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GAZETTEER 


STATE  OF  NEW  YORK: 


EMBHACINQ 


A  COMPREHENSIVE  VIEW 

OF    THE 

GEOGRAPHY,  GEOLOGY,  AND  GENERAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE, 

AND 

A  COMPLETE  HISTORY  AND  DESCRIPTION 

OP 

(tm\^  itmwUj,  City,  (tou'u,  ?illit0f,  mtX  '§m\\ity, 

WITH  FULL  TABLES  OF  STATISTICS. 


BY 


J.    H.    FRENCH, 


ME5IBER  OF  THE  AMERICAN  ASSOCIATION   FOR  THE   ADVANOEMENT   OF   SCIENCE;    CORRESPONDING  MEMBER  OF  THE   NEW  YORK 
HISTORICAL  SOCIETY.    OF   THE  ALBANY   INSTITUTE,  ETC. 


Illustrated  by  Original  Steel  Engravings, 

A:^D  ACCOMPAJ^IED  by  a  new  map  of  the  state  prom  accurate  SURVEia 

SEVENTH  EDITION. 


SOLD  ONLY  BY  SUBSCRIPTION. 
1860. 


FliY 

LIST  OF  PERSONS  EMPLOYED  UPON  THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  STATE  i«AP 
AND  THE  PREPARATION  OF  THE  GAZETTEER. 


This  list  includes  the  names  of  those  only  who  have  been  employed  for  considerable  lengths  oi  time. 

GENEHAL  SDPEHINTENDENT. 

J.  H.  FREScn. 

robeman  of  dhaftinq  depahtment. 
Fkaxcis  JIaiiler. 

fohemen  op  statistical  depahtment. 
Franklin  B.  Hough,  M.D.,  James  Johonnot. 


DKAFTSMEN. 


G.  R.  Beohler, 
S.  Beeman, 
Silas  N.  Beers, 
H.  P.  Benton, 

LORIN    BlODfiET, 

P.  J.  Browne, 
L.  H.  Chenet, 
GtTRDON  Evans, 
Lawhence  r.lGAN, 
Frank  Frbnch, 
Cteus  Gates, 
John  F.  Geil, 
Samuel  Gefl, 
Franklin  Gifford, 
Wm.  T.  Gibson, 


George  Worley, 

Wm.    BR.iCHER, 

J.  Sartain, 


Francis  Mahler, 
Frank  French, 


Wji.  E.  Wood, 
B.  W.  O'Gbadt. 


George  N.  Barnard, 


buhveyohs  ind  statisticians. 
Jay  Gould, 
H.  W.  Hardy, 
Franklin  B.  Hough, 
Chester  Hull, 
Wm.  Jay  Hunt, 
J.  W.  Huelbut, 
James  Johonnot, 
Geo.  p.  Johonnot, 
D.  J.  Lake, 
A.  D.  Lajipkins, 
Morris  Levy, 

A.    LiGOWSKY, 

Wm.  Lorey, 
Hoe.^ce  C.  Manning, 
David  E.  E.  Mix, 

enokavehs. 

On  Stone. 

Gustavus  R.  Beohler, 

Benj.   Matthias, 

On  steel. 

J.  W.  Steele, 

On  Wood. 

H.  Sebald. 

artists. 
B.  W.  0' Grady, 


Ebenezer  Mix, 
J.  B.  Moore, 
Samuel  M.  Rea, 
Thomas  W.  Rhodes, 
A.  E.  Rogerson, 
Alphoxse  Schoppe, 
J.  C.  Sidney, 
Stephen  0.  SLustoN, 
Homer  D.  L.  Sweet, 
A.  V.  Trimble, 
A.  Van  Nosteand, 
R.  B.  Van  Petten, 
Ch.irles  M.  Wilbur, 
Wm.  E.  Wood. 
S.  K.  Godshalk. 


Ch.\rle3  Reen. 


D.  L.  Glover. 


Wm.  T.  Richaeds. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1859,  by 

R.  PEARSALL  SMITH, 

in  tie  Clerk's  Offlco  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Dnited  States  for  the  Northern  District  of  New  York. 


BTEaEOrypED  by  L.  JOHNSON  k  CO. 

COLLINS,  PRINTEK. 

PERRY,  BINDER. 


By  Transftr 

Dept.  of  Agricultura 

FEB  5      194t 


v^ 


&u 


PREFACE. 


The  map  of  Westchester  County  which  was  commenced  about  ten  years  since,  and  soon 
after  published  by  Robert  Pearsall  Smitli,  was  probably  the  first  map  of  any  county  in  the 
State  of  New  York  published  from  actual  survey  of  roads  and  boundaries.  This  was  followed 
by  maps  of  other  counties  on  a  similar  plan  ;  and,  about  eight  years  since,  Mr.  Smith  conceived 
the  idea  of  publishing  a  series  of  maps  from  actual  survey,  embi'acing  all  the  counties  in  the 
State,  and,  from  these,  of  producing  a  State  Map  that  should  be  more  full,  complete,  and 
reliable  than  any  ever  before  published.  But,  about  four  yeai-s  since,  upon  careful  trial,  in 
reducing  a  large  number  of  these  county  maps  to  a  uniform  scale,  so  many  omissions  and 
discrepancies  were  found  in  them,  that  a  new  survey  of  the  State  was  deemed  necessary  to  the 
construction  of  an  accurate  map  of  the  State,  An  arrangement  was  accordingly  made  with 
the  author  to  take  the  general  superintendence  of  the  new  survey  ;  the  general  plan  for  the 
works  to  be  prepared  was  fixed  upon  ;  and  the  re-survey  of  the  State  and  the  collection  of 
statistics  were  begun. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  re-survey,  maps  of  fifty-one  counties  had  been  completed 
and  published  ;  six  counties  had  been  surveyed,  but  the  maps  Wei-e  not  yet  published  ;  and 
three  counties  were  still  unsurveyed.  Of  the  fifty-one  published  maps,  twelve  were  found  to 
be  so  deficient  in  matters  essential  to  the  completion  of  the  State  Map  according  to  the  plan 
fixed  upon,  as  to  render  entire  new  surveys  of  these  counties  necessary.  Surveyors  were 
sent  into  the  remaining  counties,  with  copies  of  the  published  or  manuscript  maps  in  hand, 
with  instructions  to  visit  every  town,  to  correct  every  error  that  should  be  found  upon  the 
maps,  to  make  additions  of  new  roads,  note  changes  in  boundaries,  and,  in  sliort,  to  return 
the  maps  properly  revised  and  corrected  for  use  in  the  i^reparation  of  the  State  Maji.  In 
many  instances  new  surveys  of  parts  of  towns,  town  lines,  roads,  and  streams  were  found 
necessary,  and  also  countless  changes  in  the  location  of  boundary  lines,  roads,  streams  and 
bodies  of  water,  and  in  the  representation  of  the  topogi-aphical  features  of  the  country.  The 
surveyors  were  instructed  to  obtain  copies  of  manuscript  and  other  local  maps,  as  far  as 
practicable,  as  these  were  generally  found  to  contain  metes  and  bounds,  and,  being  plotted  to 
large  scales,  were  of  value  in  laying  down  boundary  lines.  Draftsmen  were  also  sent  to  the 
several  private  Land  Offices  in  the  State,  and  to  Albany,  and  all  maps  of  any  value  in  the  offices 
of  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor  and  the  Secretary  of  State  were  copied,  to  be  laid  under 
contribution  in  the  preparation  of  the  State  Map.  The  Superintendent  of  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  also  furnished  copies  of  all  the  maps  in  their 
Departments  pertaining  to  the  State.  The  number  and  variety  of  maps  and  plots,  printed  and 
manuscript,  that  have  thus  been  collected  is  very  great,  and  probably  embraces  more  valuable 
matter  than  any  similar  collection  in  the  State. 

Not  the  least  diificult  part  of  the  labor  of  constructing  a  map  of  a  large  extent  of  country 
is  "making  the  projection."  In  surveys  of  small  areas  this  difficulty  does  not  occur,  as  the 
proportion  of  the  curvature  of  the  earth's  surface  to  that  part  of  its  area  contained  in  a  rect- 
angle of  thirty  to  fifty  miles,  is  so  small  that,  when  reduced  to  the  scale  of  even  an  inch  to 
the  mile,  it  is  scarcely  perceptible.  But  in  projecting  a  map  of  territory  of  as  great  extent 
as  the  State  of  New  York,  the  curvature  of  the  surface  from  a  plana  is  so  great  as  to  make 
the  departure  of  the  lines  of  latitude  and  longitude  from  right  lines  plainly  visible  upon  a 
map  even  when  plotted  to  a  scale  of  less  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch  to  a  mile. 

The  Flamstead  Improved  Projection,  being  the  one  best  adapted  to  the  correct  representa- 
tion of  a  large  extent  of  country,  was  adopted  for  the  State  Map. 

The  maps  of  the  State  heretofore  published  embrace  a  large  part  of  the  New  Englana 
States,  Pennsylvania,  and  Canada.  The  space  thus  usually  occupied  is  appropriated  to  plans 
of  the  cities,  and  to  smaller  maps  illustrating  particular  features  of  the  State.  These  marginal 
maps,  it  is  believed,  add  to  the  value  of  the  work.  By  placing  a  map  of  Long  Island  by  itself, — 
at  the  same  time  showing  its  relative  position  to  the  rest  of  the  State,  by  retaining  a  map  of 
nearly  one-third  of  the  island  in  its  proper  place, — the  map  of  the  entire  State  is  constructed 


4  PREFACE. 

on  a  scale  about  twenty  per  cent,  (linear  scale)  larger  than  can  be  done  on  a  sheet  of  the  same 
size  with  all  of  Long  Island  projecting  eastward  of  New  York  City.  This  increased  scale  will 
be  found  to  fully  compensate  for  the  change  of  place  of  the  eastern  portion  of  Long  Island. 
The  map  of  the  State  is  plotted  to  the  scale  of  sjtj'.sj^,  which  is  f  ||  or  a  small  fraction  more 
than  4.7  miles  to  an  inch  ;  and  the  city  plans  to  the  scale  of  35,^55,  which  is  §||  or  a  small 
fraction  more  than  .78  of  a  mile  to  an  inch. 

The  longitude  of  several  points  in  the  eastern  and  western  portions  of  the  State  having 
been  accurately  determined  by  the  Coast  Survey  and  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  and 
the  latitude  of  many  points  on  the  north  and  south  borders  and  within  the  State  from  nume- 
rous and  repeated  observations,  the  projection  of  the  parallels  and  meridians  was  first  made 
with  accurately  constructed  scales,  using  the  most  recent  tables  of  latitude  and  longitude  mea- 
surements as  adojitefl  by  the  Coast  Survey  and  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy  at  West  Point. 
The  boundaries  of  the  State  were  next  projected,  after  which  the  lines  of  the  counties  were 
located  on  the  map.  The  town  lines  were  next  laid  out;  and  finally  the  roads,  bodies  of 
water,  streams,  topography,  and  all  other  details  were  filled  in.  This  course  could  not  fail  to 
secure  accuracy  in  all  parts  of  the  work  ;  and,  while  the  map  does  not  agree,  in  many  points, 
with  previous  maps  of  the  State,  the  author  feels  confident  that  it  will  bear  the  closest 
scrutiny  and  ci-iticism. 

A  prominent  and  distinctive  feature  of  the  State  Map  is  the  representation  of  all  the  roads, 
railroads,  canals,  and  routes  of  travel,  every  mile  of  each  of  which  has  been  run  and  every 
angle  measured. 

The  city  plans  are  all  drawn  to  the  same  scale,  thus  presenting,  at  a  glance,  the  comparative 
extent  of  the  built-up  portions  of  each.  Albany,  Brooklyn,  and  Buflalo  have  so  great  an 
extent  of  unoccupied  or  farm  lands  that  it  was  not  jiracticable  to  show  the  entire  corporate 
limits  of  either  on  the  city  plans  ;  but  no  built-up  i:>art  of  either  city  has  been  omitted.  Tlie 
plans  of  the  other  cities  embrace  their  entire  area. 

In  the  construction  of  the  Geological  and  Land  Patent  Map,  the  geology  of  the  State 
according  to  the  New  York  System  has  been  followed ;  but  the  ditferent  strata  or  formations 
are  represented  by  a  system  of  shading  in  the  engraving, — instead  of  by  color,  as  is  usually 
done  in  geological  maps.  This  plan  was  adopted,  as  it  was  desirable  to  present  two  distinct 
features  in  the  one  map  ;  and  the  engraved  shading  for  the  geology  permits  the  use  of  colors 
for  the  land  patents.  The  size  of  the  map  would  not  admit  of  the  representation  of  tracts  of 
land  smaller  than  a  township  ;  but  a  complete  list  of  all  the  grants  will  be  found  in  this  work. 

In  tlie  year  1825  the  Regents  of  the  University  established  meteorological  stations  in  various 
parts  of  the  State,  and  reports  were  required  to  be  made  from  these  stations  annually  to  the 
Board  of  Regents.  At  the  expiration  of  twenty-five  years  the  Regents  caused  these  reports 
to  be  digested ;  and  the  mean  averages  of  the  summaries  thus  deduced — so  far  as  relates  to 
temperature,  fall  of  rain,  and  direction  of  wind — are  embraced  in  the  Meteorological  Map. 
On  this  map  the  several  stations  (including  three  established  at  military  posts,  and  not  subject 
to  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  Regents)  are  at  the  centers  of  the  small  circles.  In  each  of 
these  circles  are  either  two  or  three  numbers :  wlien  two,  the  upper  number  is  the  mean 
annual  temperature  in  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  the  lower  number  is  the  mean  annual  fall  of 
rain  in  inches ;  and  when  three,  the  upper  and  lower  numbers  indicate,  respectively,  tem- 
perature and  rain,  and  the  middle  one  the  elevation  of  the  station  above  tide,  in  feet.  The 
diagram  at  the  right  represents  the  mean  annual  direction  of  wind  at  the  several  stations, 
the  index  in  any  case  denoting  the  point  of  compass,  and  its  length  the  number  of  days, — 
one  inch  in  length  of  radius  representing  five  days.  Thus,  taking  the  index  for  Canandaigua, 
the  direction  is  S.  63°  37'  W.,  and  the  length  of  the  radius  is  3.4  inches.  This  indicates  that 
the  mean  annual  direction  of  the  wind  at  this  station  was  from  the  w.  s.  w.  for  17  days  in  the 
year  more  than  from  all  other  directions.  For  the  isothermal  lines,  or  lines  of  equal  tempe- 
rature, and  the  shading  representing  the  difl'erent  depths  of  rain,  we  are  indebted  to  LoRitf 
Blodget,  author  of  American  Climatology. 

The  Time  Indicator  has  been  prepared  from  minute  calculations,  and  will  be  found  correct 
in  every  case. 

The  diagram  showing  the  capacity  of  the  church  edifices  is  constructed  to  a  scale,  and 
correctly  represents  the  proportion  of  each  to  the  whole. 

An  examination  of  the  various  Gazetteers  heretofore  published  cannot  fail  to  satisfy  any 
one  that  a  great  part  of  the  material  from  which  they  were  compiled  was  furnished  by  corre- 


PREFACE.  5 

Bpondents.  This  plan  seemed  to  be  the  one  most  likely  to  secure  accuracy,  and  with  some 
modifications  it  was  at  first  adopted  in  collecting  materials  for  this  work.  Agents  were  sent 
into  some  portions  of  the  State,  furnished  with  printed  instructions,  questions,  and  blanks,  to 
obtain  the  desired  information,  either  by  personal  research,  or  through  the  assistance  of  such 
competent  persons  in  the  various  localities  visited  as  would  undertake  to  fill  the  blanks  and 
return  them  to  the  general  office.  While  a  few  persons  promptly  responded  to  the  request 
thus  made  of  them,  others  delayed  giving  it  immediate  attention,  and  still  others  neglected  it 
altogether.  A  large  proportion  of  the  matter  received  from  correspondents  was  found  to  be 
irrelevant,  devoted  to  specialties,  or  unreliable,  and  therefore  of  little  value.  Much  matter 
was  received  which  possesses  a  greater  or  less  amount  of  local  interest,  but  which  could  not 
be  admitted  without  giving  undue  prominence  to  some  subjects  or  localities  at  the  expense 
of  others.  After  a  fair  trial  of  the  i^lan  first  adopted,  it  was  found  subject  to  so  many  objec- 
tions that  it  was  abandoned.  The  surveyors  and  agents  were  then  instructed  to  visit  every 
city,  town,  and  village,  to  search  records,  examine  documents,  consult  the  best  living,  printed, 
and  manuscript  authorities,  and  to  make  returns  to  the  general  office  of  all  the  reliable 
matter  and  information  obtained.  They  were  instructed  to  take  no  statement  on  a  single 
authority,  and  in  cases  where  authorities  were  found  to  differ,  to  examine  diligently  and 
impartially,  and  report  all  the  facts,  so  that  in  digesting  and  arranging  them  for  the  press, 
all  the  evidence  might  be  at  hand.  They  were  particularly  cautioned  against  taking  mere 
hearsay  or  traditionary  tales  for  truth,  and  not  to  seek  wonders  and  marvels.  A  competent 
person  was  employed  to  examine  records  and  documents  in  the  State  Library  and  State  and 
other  public  offices  at  Albany  and  in  New  York  City,  for  information  that  might  be  avail- 
able in  the  preparation  of  this  work.  The  Documentary  History  and  the  State  Geology  of 
New  York,  general  and  local  histories,  biographies,  sketches,  essays,  reports,  newspapers, 
manuscripts,  and  all  other  available  authorities  that  were  likely  to  contain  any  information 
of  value,  were  collected,  and  in  turn  consulted,  and  their  accuracy  and  value  tested  as  the 
work  progressed. 

The  plan  for  the  work  finally  fixed  upon,  while  it  embraces  a  wider  range  than  is  usually 
taken  by  similar  works,  seems  to  be  one  that  cannot  fail  to  meet  the  wants  and  tastes  of  the 
peoi)le,  as  it  presents  the  wealth,  resources,  present  condition,  and  past  history  of  the  State 
in  a  form  and  style  at  once  convenient,  perspicuous,  and  concise. 

The  details  of  description  of  each  county,  city,  town,  and  village,  have  been  arranged,  as 
far  as  practicable,  according  to  a  uniform  plan  or  outline ;  as  has  been  also  the  General 
Article  embraced  in  the  first  154  pages.  The  subjects  embraced  in  this  article  seemed  to 
cover  all  the  ground  that  properly  belongs  to  the  work ;  and  they  are  treated  at  as  great 
length  as  their  proportional  importance  to  the  limits  of  the  volume  would  permit.  A 
Gazetteer  of  a  State  should  not  be  expected  to  contain,  in  a  connected  form,  a  complete 
compendium  of  knowledge  upon  whatever  pertains  to  a  State.  But  present  condition,  brief 
and  comprehensive  statements,  short  historical  sketches  of  general  interest,  tables,  facts  and 
figures  as  connected  with  the  wealth,  prosperity,  and  resources  of  a  State,  should  be  con- 
sidered to  an  extent  sufficient  for  a  work  of  reference,  such  as  a  Gazetteer  is  intended 
to  be. 

The  general  outline  of  the  county  descriptions  is  as  follows :  1st.  Date  of  formation  of  the 
county,  from  what  taken,  subsequent  changes  in  boundaries,  location  in  the  State,  and  air-line 
distance  of  geographical  center  from  the  Capitol  at  Albany.  2d.  Geology,  topography,  and 
drainage  ;  embracing  the  general  geological  formations,  general  contour  of  the  surface,  lakes, 
rivers,  and  other  watercourses.  3d.  Soil,  leading  articles  of  production,  and  occupation  of  the 
people.  4th.  Works  of  internal  improvement.  5th.  County  seat,  names  of  first  county  officers, 
and  description  of  county  buildings  and  institutions.  6th.  History  of  the  newspaper  press. 
7th.  Brief  historical  sketch  of  the  county  from  the  date  of  first  settlement  to  the  present  time. 
The  descriptions  of  the  towns  are  according  to  nearly  the  same  general  plan,  and  embrace, 
1st.  Date  of  formation,  from  what  taken,  subsequent  changes  in  boundaries,  and  location  in 
the  county.  2d.  Peculiarities  in  geological  formations  not  mentioned  in  county  description. 
3d.  Topography  and  drainage.  4th.  Names  and  description  of  villages,  hamlets,  and  local 
ities,  with  their  location  in  town,  date  of  incorporation,  institutions,  leading  branches  ot 
business,  and  population  according  to  the  most  recent  reliable  enumeration.  5th.  A  brief 
historical  sketch,  embracing  incidents  of  general  and  local  interest,  names  of  first  settlers, 
first  birth,  marriage,  and  death,  first  church,  school,  mill,  and  factory,  and  number  of  churches 


6  PREFACE. 

in  1855.  After  the  towns  in  each  county  is  a  table  compiled  from  the  last  State  census, 
except  the  valuation  and  statistics  of  schools,  which  are  from  the  returns  for  the  year  1858. 
In  many  cases,  the  population  of  villages  and  the  number  of  churches  given  are  from  enu- 
merations taken  since  1855  ;  but  the  last  State  census  has  invariably  been  taken  as  authority 
on  these  two  points,  except  in  cases  where  later  reliable  enumerations  have  been  taken.  The 
acres  of  land  as  given  in  the  tables  fall  short  of  the  area  of  the  county  as  given  at  the  com- 
mencement of  each  county  description.  The  reason  of  this  is  obvious :  the  acres  of  land  as 
shown  by  the  tables  are  from  the  returns  of  assessors,  which  seldom  embrace  marsh,  swamp, 
and  unproductive  lands,  and  lands  under  water ;  while  the  area  in  square  miles,  as  given  in 
the  county  descriptions,  has  in  every  case  been  ascertained  from  actual  measurements. 

The  steel  plate  illustrations  are  principally  from  original  views  made  expressly  for  this  work. 
The  map  has  been  engraved  on  stone,  at  great  expense,  by  the  best  artists,  and  the  mechani- 
cal execution  of  both  works  is  highly  creditable  to  the  publisher. 

The  Index  of  Subjects  at  the  commencement  of  the  work,  and  the  Index  of  Geographical 
Names  at  the  close,  cannot  fail  of  being  justly  valued  for  their  convenience.  The  uniform 
use  of  a  bold-face  letter  for  names  of  towns,  villages,  and  hamlets  will  also  be  found  to 
greatly  facilitate  rapid  search  for  this  class  of  geographical  names. 

To  many  of  the  officers  in  the  several  State  Departments,  and  to  numerous  county,  town, 
and  city  officers,  local  surveyors,  civil  engineers,  land  agents,  members  of  the  press,  and 
others,  the  author  is  indebted  for  furnishing  valuable  materials  for  these  works.  To  them, 
and  to  all  who  have  in  any  way  rendered  him  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  either  Map  or 
Gazetteer,  he  desires  to  acknowledge  his  obligations.  Many  persons  may  feel  disappoint- 
ment at  finding  that  information  furnished  by  them  has  not  been  used.  An  examination 
of  the  work,  however,  must  convince  them  that  nothing  has  been  omitted  which  was  essential 
to  the  general  plan  of  the  work,  and  that  whatever  did  not  come  within  this  plan  could  not 
be  introduced. 

The  author  would  not  be  doing  justice  to  himself  nor  to  the  public  did  he  fail  to  acknow- 
ledge his  obligations  to  those  who  have  been  associated  with  him  in  the  preparation  of  these 
works.  He  desires  to  make  particular  mention  of  the  valuable  services  of  Lieut.  Francis 
Mahler,  Franklin  B.  Hough,  M.  D.,  and  Ja«es  Johonnot.  Lieut.  Mahler  was  educated  in  a 
European  Military  Academy  for  a  Topographical  Engineer.  Ten  years  of  subsequent  practice 
rendered  him  eminently  qualified  for  the  position  he  has  occupied  on  the  Survey.  Dr.  Hough 
is  well  known  to  the  people  of  the  State  as  the  Superintendent  of  the  last  State  census  and  as 
the  author  of  several  historical  and  statistical  works.  His  services  in  searching  records  and 
documents  at  Albany,  in  New  York  City,  and  elsewhere,  have  been  invaluable,  and  to  his 
practical  knowledge  of  the  geology  of  the  State  the  author  is  mainly  indebted  for  whatever 
pertains  to  that  subject  in  this  work.  Mr.  .Johonnot  has  devoted  many  years  to  the  subject 
of  Physical  Geography.  The  topography  of  the  State,  its  counties  and  towns,  has  been 
mainly  written  by  him. 

The  intelligent  citizens  of  the  State  of  New  York  cannot  fail  to  appreciate  the  liberality 
of  the  publisher  in  the  great  expenditures  he  has  made  in  bringing  out  these  works.  The 
'cost  of  the  original  surveys  for  the  county  maps  was  about  $48,000,  and  the  expenditures  on 
the  works  from  the  commencement  of  the  re-survey  to  the  date  of  publication  have  reached 
about  S46,000  more,  making  a  total  investment  of  $94,000.  The  whole  time  spent  in  surveys, 
collection  of  materials,  writing,  engraving,  proof-reading,  &c.,  has  been  equal  to  the  time  of 
one  person  125  years.  It  is  believed  that  no  similar  enterprise  of  equal  extent,  and  involving 
the  outlay  of  so  large  a  capital,  has  ever  been  undertaken  at  private  expense  in  this  or  any 
other  country.  Time,  talents,  and  money  have  alike  been  devoted  to  the  production  of  a 
Map  and  Gazetteer  that  it  is  hoped  will  be  found  every  way  worthy  of  the  Empire  State. 


INDEX   OP  SUBJECTS. 


Abcel.  John.  Indian  trader,  414. 

Abercrombie,  Gen.  James,  29S. 

Academies,  general  article  on,  125. 
list  of  incoi-porated,  130. 
notices  of.  48. 140, 160, 161,169, 171, 172, 
173, 175, 176,  ISO,  184,  193,197,  200, 
201,202,  203,  205,  211,  212,  214,  216, 
220,  228,  229,  230,  236,  237,  239,  243, 
2U,  ZK,  a47, 248,  261,  262,  263,  259, 
260.  261,  263, 265, 270,  272,  275,  277, 
278,  282,  283,  286,  289,  300,  303, 306, 
Sll,  312,  317,  324,  326,327,  330,  331, 
332,  3.33,  343,  346, 349,  355.  356,  357, 
860,  361,  362,  303,  369,  372,  378, 383, 
384,  3S5,  390.  391,  392,  303,  398,  399, 
400,  401,  403,  405,  412,  414,  429,430, 
463,  456.  463.  464,  465,  466,  467,  46S, 

469,  471.  482,  4.S4,  48,5,  486,  489, 495, 
498,  605,  500,  608,  609,  610,  514, 615, 

616.  622.  627,  628,  632,  636,  638,  646, 
647,  548,  664,  566,  667,  668,  669,  560, 

661,  675,  677,  580,  682,  587,  6S8,  690, 
691,  592,  697,  598,  604,  606,  607,  616, 

617,  625,  627,  628,  634,  637,  638,  640, 
645,  647,  660,  652,657,  668,  663,  665, 
666,  674,  675,  679,  680,  682,  683,  684, 

686,  686,  692,  094,  695,  698,  699,  700, 
701,  704,  705,707,  708,  713,  714,  715, 
716. 

statistical  summary  of,  128. 

Academy  of  Music,  436. 

Accidents,  steamboat,  statistics,  115. 

Acid  springs.  320,  324,  326,  466,  693. 

Acres  of  land,  bv  cos..  &c.,  108. 

by  towns,  167, 177,  186, 106,  207,  217; 
222,  23i,  240,  249,  266,  266,  278, 294, 
306,  313,  319,  328,  335,  339,  350, 364, 
373,  380,  387,  394,  406,  417,  457, 472, 
491,  600,  511,  516,  629,  639,  64:!,  651, 

662,  667,  671,  683,  694,  699,  608, 612, 
818,  630,  640, 648,  653,  669,  669,  676, 

687,  695,  709,  716,  721. 
Adgate's  Patent,  48,  341,  349. 
At^utant  General,  43. 

African  Slethodist  Episcopal  Church,  139. 
.Agrarian  movement.    See  Anti  Sent. 
Agricultural  College,  616. 
fairs,  101. 
Hall,  27, 160. 
Agricultural  Implement  manufactory,160, 
166,  199,  200,  216,  244,  248,  260,  274. 
2S6,  312,  362,  368,  3S4.  387,  400,  401, 
405,  406,  407,  411,  416,  464,  466. 4S4, 
488,  496,  509.  610.  536,  666, 669,  661, 
671,  575,  598,  611,  617,  666,  681, 691, 
693,  695,  699,  716. 
products,  counties  excelting  in,  103. 
societies,  town  and  county,  83,  102, 

103,  6:5. 
Society.  27. 101,  495. 
Agriculture,  appropriations  for,  106. 
statistics  of,  by  cos.,  104  to  107. 
Albany  Institute.  101, 161. 
Aldermanic  Districts.  New  York,  420. 
Aliens,  statistics  of.  by  counties.  150. 
Allen,  Ebenezer.  3S4. 3;iS.  402, 404, 406, 711. 
Capt.  Ebenezer.  300.  301. 
Ethan,  at  Ticonderoga,  299,  305. 
family  murdered,  679. 
Nathaniel,  498. 
Almshouses.  161,  365,  393,  398,  422,  426, 

426.  609.  563. 
Ambuscade.  345.  411,  461,  604.  671.  672. 
American  Anti  Slavery  Society.  146. 
and  Foreipn  Christian  Union,  146. 
Bethel  Society.  146. 
Bible  Society.  144. 

Board  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions. 145. 
Colonization  Society,  146. 
Home  Missionary  Society,  146. 
lastitute.  435. 

Seamen's  Friend  Society.  146. 
Sunday  .School  Union,  146. 
Tract  Society,  145. 
Amherst.  Sir  Jeffrey,  49,  298,  337,  674, 

673,  674. 
.Analyses  of  .Mineral  Waters,  248, 383, 394, 

470.  480,  497,  637,  692, 607. 
.^nai^uassacook  Patent,  684. 

Anchor  manufactory,  297.  608.  610,  681. 
Andi6.  Ma,jor  J.,  604,  541,  670,  603,  699, 

700,  701,  703. 
Andrustown  plundered,  342,  349. 


Angler.  Sieur,  surveys  liy,  298. 

Anne,  t^ueen,  Germans  settle  under,  242, 

245. 
Anniversary  Week,  N.  Y.,  144. 
Anti  masonic  movement,  147,  323. 
Mission  Baptists,  139. 
rent  troubles,  157,  210,  242,  268,  269, 

209,  322,  360,  683.  602,  621,  643. 
Anti  Slavery  Society,  146. 
Antwerp  Company,  353,  355, 375. 
Appel  Patent.  685. 

Apples,  statistics  of,  by  counties,  106. 
Appling,  Major  D.,  355,  358,  626. 
Appointing  power,  31. 
Aqueducts,  60, 166,  276,  397,  418,  424, 

689.  697.  689.  714. 
Ararat,  or  resting  place  for  Jews,  291. 
Arcade,  403. 
Architecture,  436,  437. 
Arsvle  Patent,  679. 
Armories.  44,  369,  437,  489,  580. 
Armstrong.  Gen.  ,Iobn,  276. 
Arnold.  Benedict,  299,  333.  335,  338,  S42, 

410.  504.  HI.  642.  670. 687.  699,  700. 
Arsenals.  44.  46, 165, 286, 312, 326, 362, 369, 

423.  437,  466,  495,  582,  602,  606. 
Artesian  wells.  25,  362,  392,  4Si. 
Artillery  Patent,  681. 
Asia,  man-of-war,  438. 
Aspai'ngus  culture.  644. 
Assav  Office.  122,  437. 
Assembly.  28. 

districts,  28. 
As.sessments,  power  of  Supervisors  in,  .30. 
Associate  Presbyterians  and  Associate  Re- 
formed Presbyterians,  139. 
Astor  claim,  Putnam  co.,  541. 

Library.  436. 
Astronomical   Instrument   manufactory, 

392. 
Observatories,  161,  423. 
Asylums.  42,  149.  193.  276.  276,  365,  370, 

396,  398,  403, 412,  419,  426,  432,  433, 

434,  468.  483.  488,  618,  524,  666. 
Atheneum,  368,  403. 
Attainder.    See  JFhrfeiture, 
Attorney  General.  32. 
Auditor  of  Canal  Department,  54. 
Auger  manufactory,  .^93. 
Avenues,  New  York  City,  plan  of,  422. 
Awl  manufactory,  286. 
Ax  fectories.  166.  220,  236,  286.  368,  402, 

483,  484,  658,  593,  616,  068. 
Axle  manufactory,  235,  277,  668,  699. 

Bakeries,  statistics  by  counties,  109. 
Bank  note  engraving,  90. 
Banks,  agencies  of,  90. 

commissioners,  90. 

existing,  list  of,  90  to  95. 

general  article  on,  89. 

individual,  89. 

obsolete  and  closing,  95  to  99. 

savings.  99. 

suspension  of,  90. 

United  States,  90. 
Baptists,  139.  140. 

Free  Will,  140. 

Old  School,  139. 

Seventh  Day.  143. 
Barley,  counties  where  most  raised,  101. 

statistics  by  counties,  104. 

trade,  159. 
Barracks,  45.  239,  354,  368,  542, 556,  680. 
Barrel   manufactory,  220,  402,  488,  509, 

518.  520,  522. 
Barytes.  sulphate  of;  352,  356,  677,  600, 

004,  698. 
Basket  manufactory,  286. 
Batteries.  423.  437, "566. 
Batting  manufactory,  464. 
Battles.  219,  233,  234,  297,  305,  316,  342, 
343,  345,  355,  368,  371,  410,  411,4.?8, 
461.  478.  621,  525,  654,  556,  669,  574, 
676,  680,  686,  602, 604,  607,  633,  543, 
645,  661.  667,  671.  681,  698, 701,  707. 
Baum.  Col.,  defeated,  686. 
Bayard's  Patent,  601. 
Bay  of  New  York,  437. 
Beaches.  644,  647,  660,  631,  634,  635,  635, 

6iJ8,  639. 
Beacons.    See  LigMhimses. 
Beacraft,  a  tory,  602. 
Beans,  statistics  by  counties,  106, 


Beardslev.  Purchase.  210. 

Beck.  Dr.  T.  Itomeyn,  166, 160. 

Becker's  Patent,  603, 

Bedini,  Cardinal.  *i87. 

Bedstead  manufactory.  166.  291. 

Beef,  supply  to  New  York  Cit,y.  427. 42S. 

Beekman's  Patent,  269,  270,  276,  277. 

Bell,  attempt  to  steal,  343. 

founderies,  166,  661. 
Belletre,  expedition  of,  348. 
Bellevue  Hospital.  425. 
Bellows  manutactory.  286. 
Belting  manufactory.  199,  549. 
Bemis  Heights,  580,'  670. 
Benevolent  Societies,  81,  144,  370,  371, 

403.  432. 
■Bennington,  battle  of,  654,  866,  886,  680. 
Bfthel  Society.  146. 

Bible  Societies,  144.  145,  370, 403,  434,  489. 
nig  'free  Council,  322. 
Billiard  Table  manufactory,  286. 
Billop  House.  565. 

Manor,  664. 
Bird.  Col.,  699. 

Bituminous  springs.  168, 173 
Blackberry  culture,  703. 
Blackins  manufactory,  716. 
Black  Lead.  302,  303,  304. 
manulactory,  297,  304. 
Black  River  Navigation  Co.,  60. 

Tract  .375 
Black  Rock  Plat,  288. 
Blacksmith  shops  by  counties,  109. 
Blacksmiths,  number  by  counties,  152. 
Blackwells  Island,  419,  425. 
Blanchard,  Col.,  672. 
Blank  Book  manulactory.  286. 
Blenheim  Patent,  602,  61)3. 
Blind.  Institution  for  the.  432,  433. 

statistics  by  counties,  150. 
Blockhouses.   232,  297,  301,  310.  342.  343, 
346.  356,  359,  467.  469,  470, 511.  649, 
877,  682,  591,  696,  604,  640,  681, 682, 
687,  691. 
Block  manufactory,  368. 
BInomer  costume,  origin  of.  617. 
Board  of  Agriculture,  102,  106. 
Education.  New  York,  430. 
Health.  116.  428. 
Boatbuilding.  367,  402,  419,  616,  618,  657, 

662, 686. 
Bog  iron  ore,  25. 

Boiler  manufactory,  160,  2S6,  652. 
Bolt  manufactory,  166. 
Bonaparte,  Joseph.  363,  376. 
Bonded  warehouses.  111,  113, 
Bone  boiling,  372. 
manure.  368. 
pits.  361.  453,  522. 
Bony  fish,  1'24,  631. 
Bookbinderies.  160,  246,  286. 
Book  manufactory.  199. 
Boon,  Gel-rit,  462,  468. 
Boot  and  Shoe  Makers,  number  by  coun- 
ties. 162. 
Boot  and  Shoe  manufac..286,  402, 48S,  596. 

statistics  by  counties,  109. 
.Boroughs,  696,  698,  693,  706. 
Boston  Corner,  18. 

Ten  Towns.  18. 180,  199.  479,  6bU. 
Botanical  gardens,  370,  423,  430. 
Bouck's  P.atent,  605. 
Bouck.  William  C,  59. 
Boundaries.  17,  268.  290,  308.  418,  686. 
Boundary  commissions,  18,  677. 

controver.sies,  603,  645,  651,  700,  706. 
Bourbon,  reputed,  309. 
Box  manufactory,  286. 
Boyd,  Lieut.  Wm.,  384. 
Bo'ylston  Tract,  375. 
Itraddock's  defeat,  671. 
Bradford,  William,  431. 
Bradstreet,  Col..  519. 
Brautingham  Tract,  376. 
Brant,  Joseph,  219,  264,  265,  283,  315,  34i, 
34,3,  349, 409,  410,  412,  414,  454,  478, 
503, 531,  633,  686,  604. 
Brags  founderv,  166.  286. 
Breakwater,  280,  284. 
Breathing  well,  so  called,  190. 
Breweries.  109.  100.  214,  237,241.275.  286, 
367,  368,  383,  385,  399,  402,  406.  419, 
468.  483.  483,  .509,  556,  561, 563,  698, 
617,  667,  662,  691. 

J 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 


Brick  manufactory,  by  counties,  109. 
manufactory  of,  110, 160,  al6,  286,  330, 
331,  332,  398,  505, 542,  550,  563,  566, 
668,  669,  698,  632,  639,  662,  666,  691, 

696.  6U8,  699. 

Brino  springs,  26, 178, 181, 186, 197,  203, 
257. 3i5,  327,  392,  395,  400,  449,  456, 
473.  474,  47«,  479.  4S2,  483,  612,  514, 
515.  517,  622,  532,  619,  688. 

Britannia  Ware  manufactory,  163,  286. 

Brocltville  captured,  674. 

Hrooklyn  Institute,  369. 

Uroom  Corn,  statistics  by  counties,  107. 
culture  of,  101,  220,  381,  407,  413, 595, 

697,  600,  606. 

Broom  Handle  manufactory,  590,  597. 

mauufitctoiy,  243,  2S2,  413,  695,  697. 
Erothertown  Indians,  465. 
Brown,  Col.,  410,  416. 

John,  settlement  of,  349.  , 

Brown's  Tract.  341,  349.  375,  379. 
Brush  manutactory,  286,  556. 

plains,  631,  636. 
Bucliskin  manufactory,  311, 317. 
Buckwheat,  quantity  raised,  101, 104. 
Building  associations,  SI,  366,  700. 
Building  stone,  26. 

Buildings,  public.  New  York  City,  436, 437. 
Bull,  William,  surveys  by,  621. 
Burgoync,  Gen..  164.  166,  233,  299,  461, 
504,  554,  559,  586,  673, 679,  682,  686, 
687. 
Burial  Case  manufactory,  549. 
Burial  Places,  New  York  City,  428. 

See  Rural  Cemet^^ries. 
Burnetsfield  Patent.  341,  344,  345,  346. 
Burning  of  jail,  Delaware  county,  258. 

of  steamer  Sir  Robert  Peel,  360. 

springs,  208,  213,  214,  267,  491,  499, 
691. 
Bun%  Aaron,  404. 
Busti.  Paul.  322. 
Butler.  Col.  .lohn.  409,  410,  411,  415. 

Waller  N.,  347.  409.  410,  411,416,  631. 
Butler's  Patent,  317,  605. 
Butt  and  Hinge  manufactory,  166 
Buttermilk  Channel,  419. 

Falls.  505. 
Butter,  product  by  counties,  106. 
Byrne's  Patent,  006,  6S2. 


Cabinet  Making  shops,  by  counties,  109. 
Cabinet  Ware  manulactory,  203,  286,  368, 
390.  402.  614,  615.  622,  623,  598,  618. 
Cabinet  of  Natural  History,  125, 126. 
Calcareous  tufa.  391.  717. 
Calculating  machine,  161. 
Calico  Printing,  293. 
Cambridge  Patent,  680. 
Camden  Tract.  6S5. 
Campbell's  Patent,  679,  683. 
Camphene  manufactory,  3G8. 
Canada,  expeditions  against,  246, 311, 358. 

408.  49.3,  081.  6S2. 
Canada,  fortifications  in,  45. 
Canadian  canals.  119. 

railway's.  119. 

trade,  117,  118. 
Canal  Api)raiscrs.  54. 

Black  Hivur,  hi.story  of,  60,  61. 

Board.  54. 

bo.ats,  5S. 

Cayuga  &  Seneca,  history  of,  6*2. 

Celebration,  58,  59. 

Champlain,  history  of,  60. 

Chemung,  history  of,  62. 

Chenango,  history  of,  60,  61. 

Clearances,  56. 

Commissioners.  54,  59. 

Companies.  U.  356,  632,  642.  661. 

Crooked  Lake,  history  of.  62. 

Delaware  i  Hudson,  63,  602,  506. 

Department.  Auditor  of,  54. 

distances,  59. 

enlargement,  59,  60. 

Erie,  history  of,  58. 

feeders,  201,  218.  321,  389,  482,  484, 
613,  620,  624,  645,  671. 

Fund.  64. 

general  notice  of,  54. 

Uenesee  Valley,  history  of.  62,  63. 

hydraulic,  359,  454,  455,  484.  524.  593, 
637.  657. 

Manhattan  Island,  418. 

natural,  575. 

Oneida  Lake,  history  of,  61. 


Canal  Oswego,  history  of,  61,  62. 

reservoirs,  60,  61,  173,  389,  390,  393. 
statistics,  66,  56,  67,  68. 
structures,  58. 
tolls,  66,  57. 

Canals,  notices  of,  156,  169,  171,  173, 179, 
186,  187,  193,  198,  201,  '.203,  218,2-20, 
221,  224,  226,  2'28,  230,  279,  280,  '288, 
293,  330,  341, 346,  376,  331,  384,  3S5, 
387,388,  395,  397,  398,  401,  402,  403, 
404,  407,  413,  420.  449,  451, 452,  455, 
459,  406,  468,  409,  475, 482,  484,  488, 
489,  492.  602,  491,  512,  513,  514,  516, 
518,  5'20,  628,  6'i4,  626,  674,  581,  686, 
687,  593,  598, 609,  610,  611.  614,  617, 
642,  624,  654,  689,  690,  691,  693,  714, 
718. 

Canastota  Tract,  47,  389. 

Capital,  State,  26,  27. 

Car  manufactory,  286.  395,  609,  671. 

Wheel  niauufactory,  ICO,  273,286,509. 
Mills.  462,  616,  608.  694,  695. 

Carding  Machines  introduced,  683. 

Card  manufactoi-y,  199. 

Carillon  Fort,  298. 

Carleton,  Major,  300. 

Caroline  steamer  destroyed,  453. 

Carpeuters,  by  counties,  109. 152. 

Carpet  Bag  manufactory,  510. 

Carpet  man  utiictory,  199. 244, 275, 402, 407, 
411,  40S,  849,  686,  695,  707. 

Carriage  manufactory,  109,  160,  166.  228, 
229,  2;J7,  2.i5,  275,  280,  S46,  308,  399, 
401.  403,  405,  411.  419,  403,454,  487, 
494.  496,  522,  548,  561,  575,  59S,  667, 
658,  6S3.  716. 

Cartridge  manufactory,  549. 

Cary,  Trumbull,  and  others,  purchase  by, 
210. 

Cascades,  20,  21,  22,  165,  203,  210,  227, 
235,  239,  263,  255,  271,  300,  305,  310, 
31'2,  320. 324,  326,  3'28,  333,  346,  362, 
855.  360,  361, 374,  376,  377,  379,  383, 
380.  390,  395,  401,  402,  419,  467,  474, 
484,  486,  487, 505,  508,  614,  515,  517, 
621,  623,  624,  526,  627,  632,  568,  560, 
672,  579,  593,  697,  604,  605,  609,  Oil, 
613,  616,  617,  618,  646,  664,  656,  667, 
658,  664,  670,  074,  675,  715. 

Cases  before  Court  of  Sessions,  N.Y.,  421. 

Cassiltown  Manor,  564. 

Castle  Garden,  117,  427. 

Castles  of  the  Mohawks,  40S. 

Catholic  Schools,  New  York,  431.  See 
Raman  Catholics, 

Catskill  Mountain  House,  333. 
Patent,  332. 

Cattle  market.  4'27. 

statistics  by  counties,  106. 
trade,  428. 

Caughnawaga  Indians  408. 

Caves,  26,  165,  162,  163, 164,  302,  328,  351, 
356,  360,  361,  362,  393.  416,  482, 670, 
600.  604,  606,  607,  666,  674, 675,  684. 

Cayuga  Bridge,  199.  200. 
Marshes,  63,  474. 

Cazenove.  Tlieophilus,  322. 

Cement  manufactury. — See  Waterlimf!. 

Central  American    Educational    Society, 
146, 
Asylum  for  Deaf  and  Dumb.  412. 
Park,  New  York,  44,  4-ii,  424. 

Chain  across  the  Hudson,  504,  505,  508, 
609,  642. 
Lake  Champl.ain,  at  Ticonderoga,  299. 

Chain  Cable  manufactory,  681. 

Chair  manufactorv,  276, 282,  286,  343,  402, 
462,  487,  527,  610. 

Chamber  of  Commerce,  116,  436. 

Chambers.  Thomas,  661,  662,  664. 

Chambly  Canal,  119. 

Champlain  Lake,  297. 
grants  on.  298. 

Champlain.  Samuel.  233,  297.  477,  519. 

Chandleries,  109,  286,  3CS,  419,  663,  567. 

Channels  of  New  York  Harbor,  418. 

Chapel,  Queen  Anne's.  413. 

Charitable  societies,  144, 247, 287,  403,  433, 
434,  661. 

Charity  schools,  370,  4.31. 

Charles  III  of  Spiiin,  grant  to  a  New  York 
church,  435. 

Charters,  New  York  City,  418,  438. 
to  academics,  127. 

Chase,  Kev.  Philander,  266. 

Chasm,  remarkable,  in  Cliuton  CO.,  238. 
in  Lewis  CO.,  378. 


Chassanis,  Peter,  Purchase,  363,  375,  377. 
Cheesebox  manufactory,  343,  .347,  348. 
Cheesecocks  Patent,  603,  608,  668. 
Cheese  manufactory,  176,  416,  537. 

product  of;  by  counties,  107. 
Chemical  works.    See  Laboratories. 
Chenango  Tract,  47. 

Triangle,  224. 

Twenty  Towns,  52,  224,  389. 
Cherry  Valley  massacre,  410,  531. 

Patent,  532. 
Chevaux  de  frise,  542. 
Children's  Aid  Society,  370,  403,  431. 

Hospital,  432. 
Chinese,  early  trade  with,  162. 
Cholera,  308. 
Christian  Association,  146. 

Connexion,  140. 

Unions.  146. 147. 
Cryslers  Field.  311. 
Churches,  general  article  on,  139  to  144. 

New  York.  434.  435. 
Church,  John  B..  and  Philip.  169. 

propei-ty  controversy,  287. 

Tract,  321. 
Cider,  product  by  counties,  105 
Cigar  manufectoiies.    See  Tahacco. 
Cincinnati,  Society  o£  434. 
Ciscoes,  fishery  oi;  359 
Cities,  officers  of,  31. 
City  Courts,  34. 

Halls,  166,  160,  246,  275,  366,  369,403, 
423,  436.  468,  488,  624. 

Inspector's  Department,  N.  Y.,  427. 

Park,  Brooklyn,  369. 

Railroads,  307,  368,  429. 

Schools,  160. 199, 246, 275, 286, 369, 403, 
429,  430,  468,  4SS.  624.  660,  598. 
aark.  Rev.  Thomas,  686,  686. 

Willis  and  Lewis  G.,  480. 
Clarke,  Miss  Sara  J..  487. 
Clans,  Colonel  Daniel,  315,  409,  412. 
Clearances  on  Northern  lakes,  118. 
Clearing-Uouse  Association,  N.  Y.,  436. 
Clendening  Valley  Aqueduct,  4*24. 
Clergymen,  number  by  counties,  151. 

property  of.  exempt  from  taxes,  48. 
Clerks'  offices.     See  Cmnty  Buildings. 
Clermont,  steamboat,  162.  521. 
Clifton  Park  Patent,  565,  587. 

Mine,  572. 
Clinton,  Charles.  510. 

College.  r.airtield.  343. 
Clinton,  De  Witt,  68,  59, 102,  481,  606,  649. 

George,  274.  276. 

Sir  Henry.  604,  654,  699. 

General  .Tames,  410,  412,  531,  536. 

Prison,  41,  238 

Purchase,  2'24. 

Township,  47. 
Clock  manufactory,  638. 
Clover  mill,  360. 
Cloves  of  the  Catskills,  329,  334. 
Coachmakers.  number  by  counties,  151. 
Coal  formations,  329,  619. 

mining  for,  178,  407. 

Oil  manufactory,  367. 

trade.  220.  488,  618,  624,  656,  667,  661, 
662,  663,  664. 
Coasting  trade,  statistics  of,  115, 116. 
Coast  Survey,  23,  121. 
Coffee  and  Spice  manufactory.  368. 
Colden,  Cadwallader.  608,  646. 

Tract.  341,  343,  344.  345,  348. 
Collar  and  Bosom  manufactory,  657. 
Collection  districts,  coasting  trade  by,  115. 

general  article  on,  111. 

Northern  frontier,  117,  118. 

ship  building  by,  115 

tonnage  by,  112. 
Collectors  on  canals,  54. 
Collect  Pond,  N.  Y.,  418. 
Colleges,  generjU  article  upon.  125. 

notices  of,  48,  125, 126.  160.  161, 188, 
220.  25-2,  343,  3S4,  391,403,  419,  430, 
431,  455,  464,  498,  646,  660,564,  675, 
698.  610.  616,  667,  707. 

tabular  list  and  statistics  of,  126, 127 
Colonial  history,  126. 
Colonization  Society,  146. 
Colored  Home,  426,  4'26. 

schools,  136. 

statistics  of,  by  counties,  150. 
Color  manuiilctory,  272,  373. 
Comb  manufactory,  272,  286. 
Commerce,  foreign,  111,  112, 113, 114.  115, 
102,  247,  367,  418,  436,  438,  639. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 


Commerce,  lake.  118, 119, 208, 214, 237, 239, 
280,  285,  352,  395,  399,  402,  403.  452, 
517, 518,  520,  524,  525,  680,  5S2,  657. 
rivor,  166,  246,  268,  274,  276,  285,  3S0, 
332.  502,  509,  561,  680,  581,  620, 652, 
661,  662,  663.  664,  666,  699. 
Commercial  collegt-a.  287,  431,  489. 
Ci-miuissionera  of  Canal  Fund,  64. 

for  taking  acknowledgment  of  aeeda, 

35. 
of  Emigration,  117,  419,  420,  427,  649- 
of  Kxcise.  36. 
of  Health,  116. 
of  Highways,  39. 
of  Land  Office,  46,  53. 
Common  Councils  of  cities,  31,  420. 
Communities,  293,  405. 
Comptroller,  32. 
Confectioneriea,  286. 
Congregational  Churches,  140. 

Methodist  Church,  140. 
Congress,  Contiuental,  565. 

first  meeting  in  New  York,  438. 
first  Colonial,  162. 
Connecticut  Tract,  321,  613. 
Constable's  Towns,  375. 
Contracting  Board,  54. 
Contributions  tu  aid  Schenectady,  599. 
Controveray  in  Hutch  Church,  275. 
0     Convention  for  adopting  U.  S.  Const.,  276. 
Hartford,  48,  62. 
Hempstead.  544, 545. 
Bkingston.  664. 
Provincial,  260,  272,  276. 
Conventions  at  Syracuse.  488. 
Convents,  419,  431,  4a4,  701. 
Convictions,  statistics  of,  36,  421, 
Cooper  Institute,  435. 
Cooper,  .7.  Fenimore,  536. 
Cooperages.  286,  514,  691. 
Coopers,  number  by  countiea,  161. 
Copperas,  305. 

manufactory,  575. 
Copper  coinage.  509. 

ores,  25, 267, 340, 575. 577, 579. 660, 704. 
Corn,  statistics  of,  101, 104. 
Coruplanter,  an  Indian  chief^  410,414. 
Cornwall  county,  18. 
Coroners,  35,  427. 
Cortland  Manor,  705,  706,  708. 
Corporations,  general  article  on,  80. 
Cosby's  Manor  and  Patent,  341,  344,  348, 

4G9. 
Cotringer  Tract,  321. 

Cotton  m.inu factory,  110,  166,  216,   228, 
241,  247,  248,  253,  271,  274,  276,  293, 
3U,  346,  347.  348,  352,  356,  360,  362, 
368, 402,  464,  465,  466,  468,  471,  604, 
509,  510,  525,  527,  532,  633,  534,  535, 
636, 538,  554,  656,  558,  569,  660,  561, 
669.  571, 684,  590,  591,  59S,  605,  634, 
638.  662,  666,  682. 
Councils,  Indian.  322,  344,  414. 
Council  of  Appointment,  31. 
of  Kevision,  31. 
of  Safety,  6i.ll. 
Country  Roads,  Suffolk  co,,  632. 
Country  seats,  272,  275,  276,  664,  696,  703, 

794,  707.  708. 
County  Imildings,  156, 160,  168,  179,  186, 
198,  208.  218,  223,  232,  241,  251, 258, 
268,  280,  297,  307,  314,  320,  330, 337, 
341,  352,  365,  375,  381,  388,  396, 407, 
451, 458,  476,  492,  502,  512,  518,  530, 
640, 544,  553,  563,  568,  673,  584.  695. 
600, 609,  614,  620,  632,  642,  649.  654, 
661,  671,  678,  689,  697,  710,  717. 
Clerk,  35. 
courts.  34. 
Superintendent,  137. 
Tre;i9urer,  36. 
Courts  of  admiralty,  117. 
of  Appeals.  33. 

for  Tri;d  of  Impeachments,  33. 
New  York  City,  428. 
of  oyer  and  terminer,  35. 
of  sessions,  35. 
State,  33. 
United  States,  33. 
of  Wiltwyck,  ancient,  663. 
Comtenay.  E.  H.,  368. 
C^jverlet  manufact-ory,  695. 
O-twbell  manufactory,  283. 
Cowboys,  333,  698. 
Cowen,  Eseck.,  592. 
Cows,  number  by  countiea,  106. 
Craigie  Tract,  321. 
Cranberry  swamp,  528,  618. 


Cratean  lakes,  Onoo.  co.,  26,  474,  482,  484. 
Cricket  grounds.  423. 
Crime  of  New  York  City,  421. 
Criminal  convictions,  35,  36. 

courts,  35. 

statistics,  425. 
Crosby,  Enoch,  541. 

Croton  Aqueduct,  418,  422,  424,  697,  706, 
707,  708. 

Valley  surveyed,  424. 
Crown  Point,  fort  at,  297,  293.  299,  673. 
Crumhorn  Mountain  Tract,  125. 
Crystal  palace,  423.  424. 
Cuck,  George,  a  tory,  414. 
Cumberland  I3ay,  naval  victory  in,  234. 
Currents  of  rivers  reversed,  304,  579. 
Customhouses,  119,  120,  2.39,  247,  286,  355, 

356,  4o6.  524,  580.  638. 
Cutlery  manufactory,  246,  508. 

Dairying,  product  of.    See  Acres^  t£c. 

Dakin  Ore  Bed,  273. 

D'Alaiiiville.  seigniory  of,  293 

Dam.  State,  678. 

Deaf  and  dumb,  statisticsby  conntiea,150. 

Asylum,  419,  432.  433. 
Deane's  Patent,  48,  235,  471. 
Deaths,  New  York,  totals,  428. 

of  Holland  Co.  proprietors,  322. 
De  Bruyn,  John  Hendrick,  Patent  of,  247. 
Debt  of  N.  Y.  to  U.  S.,  Revolutionary,  45. 
Debtors,  imprisoned,  42. 
De  Courcelles,  expedition  of,  408. 
Deep  Spring,  so  called,  484. 
Deeds,  acknowledgment  of,  35. 
Degrees  conferred  by  Regents,  125. 
De  Lancey's  corps,  551. 
De  Lancey,  James,  701,  705. 

Patent  of,  413. 
De  la  Barre's  expedition,  358. 
Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal,  63,  642,  661, 

662.  664,  666,  668. 
Delliu's  Patent,  6S2. 
De  Nonville,  expedition  of,  493,  499. 
Dentists*  Gold  manufactory,  368. 
Denton,  Rev.  Richard,  547. 
Depots,  403,  561. 
Deserters  executed,  412, 536. 
De  Tracy's  expedition,  408. 
De  Yeaux,  Samuel,  455. 
Devendorf.  Jacob,  scalped,  416. 
Devil's  Hole,  event  at,  452,  453. 
De  Vries.  D.  P.,  564. 
Dewitt,  Simeon,  58,  657.' 
Die  manufactory.  593. 
Dioskau,  Baron,  298,  671,  672. 
Dikes,  677. 
Diluvial  valleys,  361. 
Dioceses  of  New  York.  142. 143. 
Dionondahowa  Falls,  680,  683. 
Disciples  of  Christ,  140. 
Dise's  Manor,  604. 
Dispensaries,  2S7,  370,  432. 
Distances  by  canals,  59  to  64. 

by  railroads,  66  to  73. 
DistUleries.  160.  198,  199.   201,  213,  214, 
286,  344,  367,  368,  384,  385,  391, 398, 
401,  406,  454,  462,  467, 483,  484,  487, 
497,  515,  535,  561,  593,  617,  618,  691. 
693,  699. 
Distributing  post  offices,  123,  662. 
District  attorneys,  35. 

libraries,  135. 

school  meetings,  135. 
Districts,  aldermanic,  420. 

Assembly,  28. 

collection.    See  Customhouses. 

judicial.  33,  34. 

military,  43. 

Senatorial.  23. 

of  Tryon  co.,  early,  409. 
Divisions.  Colonial,  Dutchess  co.,  269. 
Docks,  307. 

Dolomite,  41,  267,  699. 
Domestic  manufactures  by  counties.    See 

Acres,  rfc. 
Dongan,  Governor.  564. 
Dover  Stone  Church,  so  called,  271. 
Door  factory,  188. 
Dorfs  of  Palatinates,  601. 
Downie,  Commodore,  234. 
Downing,  A.  J.,  7i-'8. 
Doxtader,  Tory,  411,  4^6,  602,  607. 
Dressmakers,  number  by  counties,  151. 
Drouth,  352. 

Drowned  Lands.  501.  506.  507,  510.  611. 
Drug  manufactory,  275. 
Dry  docks,  45,  368,  618. 


Dry  goods,  scatistics  of,  113. 

Duane,  Colonel.  410. 

Dubois,  Bishop,  school  founded  by,  360. 

Colonel,  410. 
Dudley  Observatory,  161. 
Duel.  358. 

Duerville  Patent,  235. 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  674. 
Dukes  county,  18. 
DutL'h.  policy  of,  toward  Indians,  408. 

settlements  by,  366,  408,  437,  503,  601, 
663,  667. 
Duties  on  salt,  54. 
Duties,  receipts  from,  111,  113, 114. 
Dwellings,  number  and  kind  of,  108. 
Dwight.  Francis,  137- 
Dyed  Stuffs  manufacvry,  373,  563. 

works,  293, 4ti5,  5C5,  706. 

Earl  of  Moira,  574. 

Earthen  Ware  manufactory,  198, 286,  499, 

668. 
Easton's  Patent,  466. 
Eaton,  Amos,  24. 
Ebcnezer  Society,  293 
Edge  Tool  manufactory,  166,  235,  286,  300, 

347,  393,  395,  402,  480,  590. 
Edict  of  Nantes,  Revocation  of,  269,  564. 
Edmeston,  Col.,  533. 
Elections,  New  York,  420. 

canvass  of,  30. 

Inspectors  of,  40. 

military,  44. 
Electors,  cen.'ius  of,  31. 
Elephant,  fossil  remains  of.  163. 
Elevations  above  tide,  19  to  22. 

Delaware  CO.,  257. 

Steuben  co.,  619. 

Washington  co.,  677. 
Elevators,  293,  356,  399.  525. 
Eleven  Towns  on  Black  River,  so  called, 

353,  355,  357,  358,  361.  362,  375. 
Elias.  officers  of  the  ship,  564. 
Elk.  domestication  of,  192. 
Ellicott.  Joseph,  322. 
Embargo,  233.  ^7,  356,  357,  643. 
Emery  manufactory,  546. 
Emigration.    See  Commissioners  of  Em-^ 

gra.lUm. 
Emigrant  homes,  427. 
Emmons.  E.,  analysis  by.  324. 

geologist  of  Second  District,  24. 
Encroachment  upon  N.  Y.  Harbor,  46. 
Endowment  of  Union  College,  598. 
Engineers,  Canal,  54. 
English  conquest,  438. 
Engraving,  286. 

Entries  of  vessels  at  New  York,  112. 
Epidemic,  361,  579.  ^ 

Erie  Canal.    See  Canals. 

Basin,  284. 
Escheats,  48. 

EsopuB,  enemy  advance  to,  504. 
Evacuation  Day.  437.  438. 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Church,  140. 
Evans,  David  E..  322. 
Evan's  Patent,  603. 
Evans,  William,  bequest  of,  393. 
Evening  schools,  430. 
Exchange  building,  160. 
Excise,  Commissioners  of.  3''>. 
Executive  Department,  N.  Y.  City,  420. 

State,  19. 
Expeditions  against  Canada.    See  (Xinado. 
Exports,  Canadian,  118. 

total  New  York,  since  1701.  112,  114. 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmaries,  370,  432. 

Fairs,  Colonial,  101. 

State,  and  other,  102.  269,  706. 
Fall  Hill  Patent,  341,  34-3,  346. 
Families,  number  of,  by  counties.      See 

Acres,  (£c. 
Fancy  Goods  manufactory,  455. 
Fanning  Mill  manufactory.  61S,  691,  692. 
Farms,  number  of,  by  counties,  108,  151, 
Farrett,  James,  agent  of  Earl  of  Stirling, 

633,  635,  (537,  639. 
Federalist  (the)  newspaper  articles,  276. 
Feldspar,  267,  671,  674. 
FemiUes.  Asylum  for,  433,  488. 
Female  Guardian  Society,  433. 

Seminaries.     See  Acafkniies. 
Ferries,  general  act,  and  list  of.  82. 

notices  of.  200.  245,  249.  271,  272,  275, 

276.  277,  356,  367.  420,  428,  450,  609, 

546,  655,  563.  570,  580,  636,  664,  666 

699,  700,  704. 


10 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS. 


Pertilizers,  631. 
Feudal  privileges,  242. 
I'over.  425. 

Tiold  notes  of  Holland  Land  Co.,  332. 
File  manufactory,  271,  275,  510,  571. 
l-'illinore,  Millard,  203,  206.  283. 
Finance  Department  New  York  City,  420. 
Fire  arms  first  known  to  Indians  in  New 

York,  297. 
Eire  Brick  manufactory,  26,  468,  503,  567, 
699. 
Departments,  275,  369,  422.  42?,  424. 
de^tructive,  83,  162,  302,  438,  46S,  661, 

675.  593,  062,  682. 
Engine  manufactory,  402,  593,  617. 
Insurance.  83,  436. 
Wardens,  423. 
in  the  woods,  631. 
Fish  Manures,  6.31,  632,  638,  639. 

preservation  of,  124. 
Fisher.  Col.  Frederick,  415. 
Fisheries,  18,  46,  124,  232,  247,  357.  359, 
437,  530. 644,  560,  632,  634,  636,  637, 
641,  701. 
Fitch.  Dr.  Asa,  27. 
John,  83,  418. 
Five  Dutch  Towns  of  Kings  co.,  366. 
Flags,  Azariiih  C,  137. 
Flagging  Stone,  20, 197,  204,  20.5,  223,  267, 
3:9,  333,  381,  385,  449,  464,  491,  512, 
615,  581,  600,  063.  064,  666,  717. 
Flax  culture,  655,  658.  680,  686. 

statistics  of  lint  and  seed,  by  cos.,  106. 
mills,  308.  658.  569. 
Floating'  battery,  46. 

Flour  manufactorv.  160,  169, 170, 172,  173, 
176,  193,  194,  199,302,  203,  2(16,  211, 
212.  213,  214,  216,  320,  231.  222,  226, 
238,  246,  248,  259,  271,  272,  273,  274, 
276,  286,  324,  325,  328,  346,  352,  .357, 
362,  385,  390,  392,  395,  400,  401, 402, 
406,  400,  413,  464,  466, 468,  481,  4S2, 
484,  497,  614,  616,  518,  620,  621,  622, 
624,  625,  627,  528,  634,  636,  537,  63S, 
661,  622, 675,  59.3,  610,  611,  612,  617, 
618,  623. 626,  626,  627,  629,  6.34,  651, 
652,  655.  657,  658,  676,  682,  683,  686, 
600,  691,  694,  695,  712,  713,  715. 
Flower  culture.  64-8,  649. 
Floyd,  Col.  Richard,  634. 

Gen,  William,  463,  471,  634. 
Fonda,  Douw,  415, 
Foote,  Stillman,  271. 
Forrest,  Edwin.  708. 
Forfeitures,  48,  314,  316,  .342,  347,  348,  540, 

641,  602,  698,  700,  702,  704,  708. 
Forges,  26,  236,  238,  239,  240. 297,  349,  360, 
465,  482,   504,   608,   682,  681,   686, 
694, 
Fork  manufactory,  229,  390,  416,  487,  635, 

.536,  676,  61T. 
Formau,  Joshua,  68. 
Fortifications,  general  notice  of,  45. 

tabular  list  of,  46. 
Fort  Brewerton.  481,  522. 
Clinton,  603,  504. 
Columbus.  419. 
Dayton,  342,  345. 
Diamond,  .373. 
Edward,  298,  682. 
Frederick,  297. 
Gibson,  419. 
Hamilton,  373. 
Herkimer,  342,  345. 
House,  417, 
Hunter,  408,  413. 
Independence,  699. 
Jav,  419. 

Johnson,  315,  412. 
La  Fayette,  373,  699. 
Leyi.  574. 

L-.inan,  298,  671,  672. 
Miller,  591. 

Montgomery,  18,45, 237, 503,  604,  506. 
Niagara.  452. 
Plain,  410,  414. 
Porter,  236. 
Putnam,  604,  505. 
Orange,  166. 
Richmond,  665. 
Schuyler,  346,  410,  461,  467,  469,  586, 

706. 
Slongo,  638. 
Stanwix,  166,  461,  467. 
Sullivan,  219. 
Tompkins,  565. 
Wooti.  419. 
VVUliam  Uenry,  298,  672. 


Forts,  Canadian,  45. 

notices  of,  45,156,167, 162, 163, 166, 206, 
219,  220,  221,  237,  204,  274,  275,  277, 
286,  297,  298.  299,  301, 304,  305,  327, 
S42,  344,  353,  356, 358,  373,  393,  4o8, 
409,  HO,  412,  413,  414,416,  410,  417, 
419,  4.37,  462.  453, 460,  461,  467,  469, 
478,  499,  603,  604,  605,  619,  625,  642, 

646,  661,  669, 561,  665,  669,  674,  696, 
698,  599,  601,  602,  604,  606,  634,  664, 
673,  679,  681,  682,  700,  707. 

Forty  Thousand  Acre  Tract,  321. 

Founderies,  160, 189, 193,201,  206,  227,  237, 
2:39,  240,  244,  246,  248,272,  277.  286, 
344,  356,  367,  301,  400,  401,  406,464, 
466,  466.  470,  484,  487,  488,606,  509, 
610,  616,  621,  625,  633,634,538,  536, 
542,  649,  660,  657, 668,  669,  570,  691, 

693,  604,  605,  606,  607,  610,  611,  616, 
617,  618,  622,  625,  627,  647,656,  667, 

694,  702,  708,  707,  708,  715. 
Fountains,  362,  433. 

Fowling,  644,  634. 
Fox,  George,  546. 

Hall  JVIanor,  49,  662,  663. 
Franciscan  College,  188. 
Franklin  Institute,  Syracuse,  4S9. 
Frauds.  308,  311,  362. 
Free  Academy,  New  York,  429,  430. 
Freeholders,  number  of.    See  Acres>  (£c. 
Free  Masons,  147. 
Free  Schools,  137,  138,  701,  708. 
Freestone,  568,  670. 

French  cede  Canada  to  Great  Britain,  299. 
colonization,  353. 
colonies,  224. 
defeat  of.  409. 
fortifications,  297,  619. 
grants  on  Lake  Charoplain,  233,  298. 
missions,  477,  580. 
posts,  298. 

Protestants,  371,  546. 
settlements,  264,  301,  363,  376,  376, 

377,  378,  454,  477,  478,  646. 
surrender.  674. 
traces  of.  467,  477,  482. 
Tract,  224. 

War.    ^e  War,  French, 
Freshets,  167. 162, 166,  302,  329,  658,  613, 

644,  683,  683, 
Friends,  142,  360. 
cemetery,  371. 

mission  estal'lished  by,  187,  195. 
Frigates  on  Lake  Ontario,  358. 
FrisneU's  Patent,  50. 
Frontiers,  297. 
Frontenac,  expedition  of,  408,  478. 

Fort.  519. 
Fruit  culture.  198,  205,  327,  39.5,  402,  456, 
404,  481,  497,  612,  540,  609,  670,  609, 
601.  062,  088,  6S9,  690,  703,  706. 
Fur  Company,  North  Westxjrn,  525. 
dressing.  368, 
trade,  232. 
Fulton,  Robert,  83. 
Funds,  lands  belonging  to,  46. 47. 
Furnaces,  109,  195,  198,  202,  211,  212.  214, 
226,  228.  235,  238,  244,  246. 247,  270, 
273,  282,  289,  291,  293, 325,  366,  300, 
368,  382,  383.  385,  386.  390, 393,  398, 
399,  400,  402,  406,  408, 462,  466, 471, 
484. 508,  614,  516,  822,  538,  677, 667, 
682,  690,  691,  692,  693,  695, 
Furniture,  109,  286,  291,362,368,  402,  488, 
614,  615,  623.  623,  618. 
makers,  by  counties,  152. 

Gage's  Patent,  50. 

Game,  protection  of,  30. 

Gananoqui,  expedition  against,  354. 

Gansevoort,  Col.  Peter,  461,  478,  614. 

C-irdean  Tract,  711. 

Gardening,  101, 365,  398, 399,  501,  544, 546, 

647,  64S,  849.  868,  571,  696,  706. 
Garden  Seeds,  214,  243.  686. 
Gardner,  Lyon,  6.35.  638. 

Garlock,  John  Christian,  409. 

Garnets,  407. 

Gaslight  m,inufactory,  80,  317,  368,  424, 

663,  693. 

springs,  26, 186, 203,  208, 213,  214,  236, 

267,  310.  335,  386,  386, 466,  462,  491, 

499,  665,  6ii9,  592.  607,  615,  691.720. 

Gate  rights,  so  called.  550. 

Gauntlet,  running  of  the,  462. 

OavlorJ,  Willis,  486. 

Geddes,  James,  68,  69,  479,  483. 
George,  63,  474,  4S2. 


General  Assembly,  698. 

Court.  636,  640. 
Genesee  Falls  Portage,  386,  710. 

Tariff.  322. 
Genet,  Kdmund  C.,  655. 
Geographical  and  Statistical  Society,  436, 
Geological  survey,  24. 

Hall,  27,  160. 
George  III.  statue  of.  423.  438. 
German  Flats,  342.  344,  410. 

Methodists,  141. 
Ghent,  treaty  of,  18. 
Gibbs,  the  pirate,  419. 
Gilliland,  William,  299,  800,  301,  305. 
Ginseng  trade,  416,  469. 
Glass  manufactory,  164,  240,  291,  366,  368, 
462,  470,  617,  621,  649,  558,  689, 641, 
644,  668.  691. 
Glebes.  344,  666,  571,  607,  699. 
Glen's  Purchase,  341,  a43,  345,  346,  685. 
Glove  and  Mitten  manufactory,  286,  311, 

314,  317,  318. 
Glue  manufactory,  286,  368,  398. 
Goat  Island,  456. 
Gold  Beating,  286. 
Gold  Pen  manufactory,  368. 
Gold  and  Silver  Refining.  368. 
Gore  Tract)!.  224.  263.  690. 
Gospel  and  School  Lands,  47, 136,  260,  874. 
Governor,  powers,  qualiticationB,  &c.,  31. 
Governors  Island,  forts  on,  419. 

Purchase.    See  Chenango, 
Grain,  amount  by  towns.     See  AcreSj  &c, 

cradle  manufactory,  484,  510. 

destroyed,  264. 

excellence  of  the  several  countieB  in, 
101. 

trade,  Buffalo,  285. 
Grand  Island  Tract,  290. 
Granger,  Gideon.  495. 
Grape  culture,  101,  497,  628,  699. 
Graphite,  26,  267,  297,  300,  301,  302,  303, 
304,  337,  338,  340,  640,  670,  671,  685. 
Grass  Seed,  Sullivan  CO.,  641. 
Great  Nine  Partners'  Tract,  269,  277. 
Green,  Col.,  708. 

Gritfin.  first  vessel  on  upper  lakes,  462,465. 
Grindstone  manufactory.  168,  233,  471. 
Gristmills,  number  b,v  counties,  109. 

See  Fl'iur  manufactoi^. 
Grocers,  number  by  counties,  162. 
Guano  mimufactory,  637,  639. 
Gun  manufactory,  246,  286.  699. 

barrel  manufactory.  656. 
Gunpowder  explosion.  489. 
Guthrie,  Dr.  Samuel,  359, 
Gutta  Percha  Belting  m.inufactory,  649. 
Guy  Park,  412. 

Gypsum,  26, 110, 197,  203,  320,  326,340,388, 
392,  393,  394,  395. 398,  406.  468,  469, 
473,  480,  481,  482,  484,  485,  491,  497, 
613,  614,  617,  688,  690. 

Haile,  Gen.,  677. 
Ilaldi-man,  Gen.,  300. 
llalf-.Moon  Patent,  586. 

Point,  593. 

Orphan  Asylum,  N.  Y.,  433. 
Hall,  James,  Paleontologist  and  Geologist 

of  the  Fourth  District,  24. 
Hall,  N.  K.,  283. 
Hall  of  Records  N.  Y.,  423,  437. 
Halls  of  Justice  N.  Y..  426,  437. 
Hame  manufactory.  229. 
Hamilton,  Alexander.  125,  276. 

College  Telescope,  .392. 
Hammer  manufactory,  228. 
Hammond,  Jjibez  D.,  137. 
Hampton,  Gen.  Wade,  234,  310. 
Harbor  at  Black  Rock,  288. 

BuB'alo,  284. 

encroachment  N.  Y.,  46,  418. 

Hill,  Roslyn,  550. 

masters,  116, 

New  York,  418. 
Harbors  on  the  lakes,  22, 
Hardenburgh  Patent,  '258,  331,  600,  663. 
Hardware  manufactory,  216,  286,  471,  488, 
Harlem  Canal,  418. 

Harness  manufactorv.  by  counties,  109. 
Harper  Patent,  60,  •2"34. 
Harper.  Col.,  316,  410,  624. 

Robert.  235. 
Harpersfield  burned.  410. 
Harrisofi",  Charles,  349. 
Harrison's  Patent.  50. 
Hartford  Convention.  18,  ISO. 
Hartman,  John  A.,  346. 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS. 


11 


HMtwIck  Patent,  633. 
Uasenclevei-'s  Patsnt,  341,  345,  S4S. 
Uat  manufactory,  lUO,  19S,  447,  286,  368, 
610,  707. 

by  counties,  109. 
Hawley.  Gideon,  137,  605. 

Jesse,  68. 
Hay,  101,  163,  241,  331,  332,  547,  654,  665. 

product  by  counties,  104. 
He)iiltiu;irter8  of  Washington,  Newburgh, 

509. 
Health  Commissioner,  428. 

OIHcer,  116,  42S. 

Public,  116,  427,  428. 
Heathcoto,  Caleb,  701,  702,  703. 
Height  of  mountains,  table  of,  19. 

lakes  and  rivers,  20,  22. 
Hellgate,  648,  649. 
Henderson's  Patent,  341,  S48. 
Hendrick,  King,  298.  343,  671. 
Hennepin,  Father,  462,  456. 
Henry  Clay  steamer  burned,  708. 
Herkimer,  Gen.  N.,  264,  343,  345,  409,  410, 

461,  638. 
High  Bridge,  424,  707. 
High  Falls  on  Black  River,  379. 
Highlanders,  Scotch,  316. 
Highlands  of  the  Hudson,  501,  542. 
High  Itock  Spring,  Saratoga,  592. 
Highways,  39. 
Historical  Society  N.  Y.,  435. 
Hoe  manufactory,  200,  229,  390,  537,  667, 

671,675,690. 
Hoffman,  aged  118,  269. 
Holland  Land  Co.,  62,  169,  187,  210,  2S0, 
288,  321.  322,  462,  468,  516,  516. 

agent  of,  322,  390. 

CO.  buildings  erected  by,  320. 

names  of  members,  321. 

Patent,  467. 

Purchase,  280,  468,  513. 
Holley,  Myron,  59. 
4onie  AsBuciatiou,  488. 
Home  MissioDS,  14G. 
Homeopathic  Medical  Societies,  149. 
Homestead  exemption,  48. 
Honey,  product  by  counties,  106. 
Hoosick  Patent,  556. 

Hop  culture,  lol,  223.  230,  340,  388,  412, 
414,  468,  630,  537, 600,  603,  606,  607 
Hops,  product  by  counties,  105. 
Horse  mill,  373. 

races,  colonial.  546. 

Kiike  manufactory,  716. 

Shoe  manufactory.  236,  300. 
Horses,  association  for  improving  breed  of, 
S3. 

killed  by  Sullivan,  221. 

statistics  of,  by  counties,  107. 
Horticultural  Society,  Brooklyn,  370. 
Hosiery  nuinufactory,  166,  661,  617. 
UospiUils,  120,  161,  287,  366,  365.  368,  370, 

4U4,  419,  420,  425,  426,  427,  432,  606, 

624,  555,  661,  666,  702. 
House  of  Industry,  433,  434. 

of  Kcfuge,  42,  404,  420,  425. 

Lord,  death  of,  298. 
Huddlestone  e.\ecuted  as  a  spy,  276. 
Hudson,  Hendrick,  166,  437,  659,  664. 
Huguenot  settlements,  269,  603,  5I>4,  661, 

663,  666,  703. 
Hunter  Lodges,  354. 

Hoad,  642. 

grounds,  232,  636. 
Hunlerslic-ld  Patent,  607. 
Hurley  Patent.  6G3. 
Hutchinson,  Mrs.  -\nne,  704,  705. 
Hypersthene  rock,  296,  346. 

Ice,  162,  ISO.  365,  419,  484,  569,  663,  703. 

Idiotic,  statistics  of,  by  counties,  150. 
Asylum  for  tlie,  483,  488. 

Illiterate,  statistics  of.  by  counties,  160. 

Immigration,  general  statistics  of,  122. 

Impeachment,  33. 

Imports,  Canadian,  118. 

total,  since  1700, 112, 114. 

Inclined  planes  on  rail  roads,  67. 

Indi'p.-ndcnce,  Uechiration  of,  244,  697. 

Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  149. 

India  Kubber  manufactory,  419,  546,  708. 

Indian  antiquities,  180,  181,  188,  194,  200. 
202,  203,  206.  220,  253,  260,  264,  283, 
293, 327,  355,  368, 369,  360,  361,  393, 
412,  414,  463,  468,  482,  493,  494,  498, 
499,  513,  516,  634,  661,  659,  688,  693, 
6U5.  616,  643,  644,  679,  704,  706. 


Indian  disguise  worn  by  anti-renters,  268. 
hung  for  murder,  198. 
invasions.  166,  ISO,  210.  260,  262,  264, 
297,  331.  334,  342,  343,  344,  345,  346, 
347, 349,  372,  408,  410,  411,  412,  414, 
415,  416,  417,  461,  407,  477,  493,  603, 
631,  633,  536,  564,  696,  697,  602,  604, 
607,  60S,  642,  661,  662,,  664  66S,  679, 
706,   70S. 
Indian   Purchases,  46,  48,  180,  187,  224, 
2:i3,  242,  Mi,  268,  261,  270,  322,  332, 
389,  394.  39S,  437,  478,  499,  646,  661, 
690,  634,  636,  638,  639,  698,  700,  70l, 
703,  706,  707,  708. 
reservations,  48,  63,  187,  280,  308, 309, 
311,  322,  324,  327,  363,  382,  384,  385, 
389,  393,  462,  462,  469,  478,  483,  486, 
680. 
Pass  303 

settlemeiits,  180,  187.  210,  274,  2S7, 
30S,  322,  382,  389,  393,  408,415,  462, 
458,  465,  473,  476,  -183,  493,  496, 498, 
499,  557,  559,  574,  680,  601,  632,  633, 
637,  038,  655,  678. 
Btatistics,  151. 

trade.  157. 162,  415.  452,  4S5,  682. 
tradition  of,  458.  477,  482,  493. 
tribes  on  Loog  Island,  632,  634 
Indians  at  Moutauk,  635.    ** 
Industrial  schools,  161,  370,  404. 
Inebriate  Asylum,  180. 
Infirmaries.  370. 
Ink  manufactory,  593. 
Inland  Steam  A.iv.  Companies,  list  of,  82. 
Inman's  Triangle,  375. 
Inn  Keepers,  by  counties,  152. 
Insane,  statistics  of,  by  counties,  150. 
statistics  of,  409. 
See  Lunatic  Asi/lum. 
Insects  in  grain,  320. 
Inspection  of  steamboats,  115. 

of  vessels,  42S. 
Inspector,  City,  427. 
Insurance  companies,  81,  83,  436. 
obsolete,  list,  85  to  89. 
rates  lowered  by  Croton,  424. 
Intermitting  spring,  310. 
Invasions,  hostile,  180,  209,  232,  234,  236, 
260,  262,  264,  280,  28S,  290,  297,  299, 
308,  310.  311,  312,  316,  331, 334,  342, 
344,  345,  346,  347,  349,  354,  355,  356, 
358,  359,  365,  372,  404.  408,  410,  411, 
412,  413,  414,  415,  416,  417, 452,  400, 
461,  467,  477,  476,  503,  504.  513,  519, 
625,  531,  554,  556,  564,  569,  574,  578, 
579,  580,  5S7,  596,  597,  599,  602,  604. 
607,  60S,  61^4,  633.  634,  639,  642,  643, 

661,  662,  671,  679,  6Sl,  6S2,  694. 
Iron  bridge,  407. 

manufactory,  41, 110, 166, 220, 232, 235, 
236,  238,  241.  243,  245,  *i46,  261,  270, 
:i7l,  273,  275,  276,  286,  296,  297,  300, 
301,  302,  303,  304,  305,  310,  349,  352, 
360,  361,  362,  363,  395,  419,  462,  464, 
471,  501,  508,  610,  521,  533,  535,  549, 
561,  573,  575,  577,  579,  680,  582,  617, 

662,  666.  668,  681,  699. 

ores,  19,  2i,  25, 165, 165, 186,  218,  232, 
235,  236,  237,  241,  243,  245,  267,  270, 
271.  273,  277,  296,  297,  300,  301,  302, 
303, 304,  306,  307,  310,  311,  312,  337, 
348, 349,  352,  355,  360,  361,  374,  376, 
.•?77,378,  388,  392,  395,  458,  464.  470, 
471,  601.  517,  621,  528,  540,  642,  543, 

663,  572,  575,  677, 581,  582,  589,  600, 
670,  674,  675,  680,  692,  693,  695, 717. 

Iron  Band,  297,  340,  349,  374. 

Ives,  L.  S.,  .380. 

Ivory  Black  manufactory,  363,  563. 

Jail  limits,  Jefferson  co.,  352. 
Jails.  See  County  Buildings. 
Japanned  Cloth  manufactory,  368. 

Ware  manufactory,  286. 
Jay  Ore  Bed.  5S1. 

Treaty.  519. 
Jemison,  Mary,  the  white  woman.  711, 712. 
Jersey  City,  relations  with  New  York,  429. 
Jersoylield  Patent.  341,  347,  348. 
Jervig,  John  B.,  423. 
Jesuit  missiona.  468,  415,  477,  619. 
Jews,  attempt  to  collect,  290. 
Jogues,  Fatlu-'r.  4^i5,  477. 
Johnson  WAX.  316,  318,  409. 

Guy.  315,  341,  346,  409,  412. 

Sir  John.  30U,  315,  316,  409,  410,  413, 
416,  602,  605. 


Johnson,  Sir  William,  298,  315,  317,  318, 
343,  348,  409,  412,  452,  612. 592,  671, 
672. 

Indian  children  of,  315,  348. 
Johnston,  Bill,  360. 

Joucaire, ,  Frencli  adventurer,  452. 

Jones.  i:famuel,  cliaiity  fund,  049,  550. 
Judicial  Department,  33,  428. 

districts,  34. 
Julia,  encounter  of  the  echonner,  574. 
Junction  Canal  Cumpauy,  218. 
Jurisdiction,  IS,  33,  34,  418. 
Justices'  courts,  34. 
Juvenile  delinquents,  42,  420. 

Asylum,  433. 

Kakiate  Patent.  568. 

Kane  brothers,  412.  409. 

Kaolin,  301,  675,  567. 

Kast's  Patent.  341,  .".4S. 

Kayuderosseras  Patent,  585.  587. 

Kidd,  William,  the  pirate,  570. 

Kinderhook  Patent.  247. 

Kingsborough  Patent.  317,  318. 

Kingsbury  Patent,  t)85. 

King's  College,    i^ee  Vvlumbia  VoUegt. 

King's  District.  241,  243. 

Kiui-'s  Ferry,  569,  699. 

King's  Garden.  356. 

Kirkland.  Bev.  Samuel.  461,  464,  485»  499, 

Kirkwood,  James  P.,  369. 

Klocks  Field,  battle  of,  410,  417. 

Knapp,  Uzal,  509. 

Knitting  mills,  166.  558,  590. 

Korlright  Patent.  262. 

Kosciusko,  Thaddeus,  504,  586. 

Laboratories.  24S,  368,  419,  464,  506,  549. 

Laborers,  number  by  counties,  152. 

La  Cole  surprised,  234. 

La  Fayette,  Marquis  de,  27,  410,  467. 

La  Hontan,  Baron,  288,  404. 

Lakes,  general  sketch  of,  20. 

Lake  George  Steamboat  Companies,  82. 

Lake  ridges,  351.  355,  361,  395,  449,  4.53, 

512,  514,  524,  688,  693. 
Lallemant,  Father,  477,  479. 
Lamp  and  Lantern  manufactory.  368. 
Lampblack  manufactory,  593. 
Lancasteriau  schools,  125,  160,  *i46,  600, 

599,  057. 
Land  Office,  322.  323. 

Commissioners  of,  46.  494. 

attacked  by  a  mob,  210,  322. 
Land  patents,  list  of,  49. 
Landslides,  303,  413,  560. 
Land,  State,  how  sold,  46. 

tenure  and  title  of,  46 

under  water,  46,  418.  419. 
Lansing's  Patent,  ail,  343,  348. 
Lantern  manufactory,  286. 
La  Salle,  visits  Niagara  Falls,  452,  455. 
Last  manufactory,  286,  705. 
Lath  manufactory,  289. 
Law,  George,  424,  684. 
Law  Department,  New  York.  427. 

Library  &  Institute,  435. 

libraries,  287,  369. 

schools,  161,  275. 
Laws,  29,  30. 

Lawyers,  number  by  counties,  l.'J3. 
Lay,  Amos.  580. 

Lead  ore,  26,  atl.  243,  267,  340,  355.  37*, 
378.  407,  506,  528,  573,  579,  581. 646, 
660,  6S6,  704. 

Pipe  manufactory,  362.  657 
Leake  &  Watts  Asylum,  433. 
Lease,  law  respectini:  lands  under,  46. 

tenure  of.  273.  471. 

lands  under,  Delaware  co.,  258. 

Indian,  462. 
Ledyard  C.inal,  484. 
Legislature.  28. 

at  Kingston.  662. 

at  Poughkeepsio,  276. 

dispersed,  26. 

New  York  City.  420. 
Leisler,  Jacob,  700,  703. 
Le  Moyno,  Father,  479. 
Lery,  .M.  de,  460,  467. 
Lo  Koy's  Patent,  1)63. 
Le  Boy,  Bayard  A  McKvors.  321,  468. 
Lewis,  Governor  Moigan,  272. 
L*Uommedieu,  Ezra,  125. 

Patent.  341,  343,  348. 
Liancourt.  Duke  de.  498. 
Liberty  poles  cut  down,  344,  438, 


12 


INDEX    OF    SUBJECTS. 


Libraries,  27,  4S,  102.  125,  126.  127,  1?,9, 
144, 146,  24fi,  2R-,  3B9,  383,  391. 403, 
433,  434,  464,  478,  4S8,  4S9,  605,  624. 
school  district.  135, 137. 

License  question,  147. 

Lieutenaut  Governor,  powers  and  duties 
of,  32. 

Lifeboat  manufactorv,  367. 

stations,  121,  122,  365,  644,  650,  631. 

Life  leases,  242. 

and  Iiealth  insurance,  83. 

Lighthouses.  120.  216.  271.  280,  284,  297, 
355,  356,  358,  360,  399,  403,  419, 624, 
627, 580,  667,  669,  677,  C34,  635,  636, 
638,  639,  662,  694, 706. 

Lime  manufactorv.  109,  110,  186, 197,  260, 
282,  279,  301,  305,  331,  346,  381,  383, 
391,  394,  395,  462.  474,  484, 485.  612, 
668,  669,  570,  690.  613,  616,  649, 684, 
662,  666,  670,  683.  690,  693,  700. 

Limestone  terrace,  288,  292. 

Lincklaen  Purchase,  389. 

Lincoln,  General,  299. 

Lindsey's  Patent,  341,  343,  631. 

Liuen  manufactory,  237,559. 

Line  of  Property,  257,  462. 

Liquorice  manufactory,  368. 

Lispenard's  Patent,  341. 

Literary  associations  and  societies,  144, 
369,  385.  434,  489. 

Literature  Fund,  46, 125,  126. 
lauds,  47. 

Lithography,  2S6. 

Little  Beard,  384. 

Little  Nine  Partners'  Tract,  269,  272,  273. 

Liviusstou  Manor,  242,  247. 
P'atent,  242,  244,  348,  603. 
KoLert  R.,  82,  83, 147. 

Lloyd's  Neck  Manor,  561. 

Loans,  State,  statistics  of,  38. 

when  lands  are  sold  under,  46,  48. 

Lock  manufactory,  286. 

navigation,  556,  579,  596. 

Locks,  canal,  451,  454. 

Locomotive  factory,  598. 

Logan,  an  Indian  chief.  200. 

ijOg  navigation,  297,  873. 

Longee.  a  French  partisan,  672. 

Long  Island  farms,  (New  York  city  poor,) 
649. 

Lotbiniere.  grants  to,  298. 

Lotteries,  125,  428.  566. 

Louis  Philippe,  travels  in  N.  Y.,  219,  404, 


Lovelace,  Governor.  564. 

Lumber,  110,  160,  165, 166, 168,  170, 
173, 176,  183,  186, 188,  189,  190, 
194, 195,  211,  214,  216,  218.  220. 
232,  235,  236,  238,  248,  267,  280, 
263,  264,  205,  286,  290,  293,  296. 
302,  303,  304,  305,  307.  309, 311, 
314,  316,  317,  337,  338,  347, 349. 
367,  360,  363,  367,  375, 377,  390, 
399,  402,  464,  468, 470,  602,  609, 
521,  622,  623,  625.  526,  527,  629, 
876,  678,  680,  681.  684.  588,  589, 
691,  593,  018,  620,  623,  624,  626, 
629,  641, 643.  644,  646.  647,  648, 
662,  661,  663,  665,  667,  668,  671, 
680,  686,  686,  692,  693. 

Lunatic  Asylums,  31. 42, 200, 247, 365, 
398,  419,  425,  426,  432,  468,  495. 

Lush's  Patent,  347. 

Lyceums,  276,  369.  436. 

Lyine:  in  Asylum.  432. 

Lyuds,  Elara,  41,  704. 


McCrea,  Jane,  6S2. 

McDonald,  D.,  346. 

McDonough,  Commodore,  234,  2.39. 

Machine  shops.  109,  160. 166, 196, 199, 
206,  214.  227,  'iSo,  237,  238,  240, 
246,  247.  24-?.  271,  272,  286, 289, 
293.  317,  366,  367,  368,  383,  3S5, 
390,  391 .  400,  401,  402.  406,  462. 
■  487, 488,  506,  609,  610,  616,  522, 
636,  537,  648,  566,  657,  660,  669. 
691,  593,  606,  616,  617,  618,  626, 
687,  658,  682,  683,  685,  686,  691, 
693,  699. 

Machinery  manufactory.  109, 300, 362, 
411,  464,  465,  468,  488,  636,  656, 
652,  681,  686. 

Machinists,  number  by  counties,  153. 

Machin's  Patent,  48,  341,  347,  413, 
603. 

McNeil's  Patent,  342.  348. 

Macomb,  Alexander,  362,  579. 


171, 
193, 
221, 
262, 
301. 
312, 
356, 
392, 
618, 
573, 
590, 
626, 
649, 
678, 

396, 
518. 


202, 
•244, 
292, 
387, 
484, 
625, 
570, 
656, 
692, 

396, 
617, 


Macomb.  General.  234. 

Macomb's  Purchase,  48,  308, 376,  458,  672, 

674,  681. 
Magazines,  military.  44. 
Magdalen  Female  Benevolent  Society,  433. 
Mat^netic  machine.  297. 
Mail  routes  by  railroad  and  steamboat,  123. 

early,  469. 

ocean,  124. 
Mail  seiTice,  general  statistics,  122, 123. 
Malignaut  fever,  4'28. 
Malleable  iron,  471. 

Malt  manufactorv.  160,  166,  368,  618,  691. 
Manganese,  26,  241,  267,  600,  704. 
Manhattan  Company,  89,  424. 
Manor  of  Fox  Hall,  662. 

Wm.  Gilleland  attempts  to  found,  306. 

Staten  Island,  664. 

Westchester  co.,  698,  703,  706,  707. 

Fordham,  707. 

Rensselaerwyck.  See  Epnsselaerwyclc. 

Livingston.    See  Livingston. 

Cortland.    See  CurtUmd. 
Manors,  list  of  Colonial.  49. 
Manual  Labor  Schools.  283. 
Manufactures,  statistics  of,  109,  286,  4.36. 
Maple  sugar,  101. 

Marble,  26,  41,  109,  267,  271,  273,  274.  286. 
300,  301,  368,  376,  418,  677.  681, 890, 
670,  671,  696.699,  700,  702,  704,  70S. 

cemeteries,  428. 
Marine  barracks.  368. 

day.  672,  573,  580. 

court.  35,  117.  428. 

Family  Asylum,  566. 

Fund,  117. 

Hospital,  117, 120,  368. 

railways,  286,  368,  625,  581. 

Society,  434. 
Markets.  286.  427,  706. 
Marl,  186,  218.  241,  2.50,  262,  267,  273.  274, 
279,  292,  318,  3'20,  3S8,  391,  394,  395, 
468,  474,  640,  614,  619,  688,  690,  691, 
693,  710. 
Marthas  Vineyard,  18,  49. 
^lartial  law,  Delaware  CO.,  410. 
Marvin's  Patent,  347. 
Masons,  number  by  counties,  153. 
Massachusetts,  attempt  to  settle  on  the 
Hudson,  242. 

claims,  242,  494. 

lands,  62, 

pre-emption,  18,  48. 

Ten  Towns.  48,  180. 
Massacre.  Indian,  661,  664,  672,  685,  700. 
Mastodon,  skeleton  of.  501,  648. 
Matchbox  manufactory,  377. 
M,iyors.  39.  420. 

Mayville  land  office  sacked,  322. 
Mechanics'  Association,  403. 

Institute,  435. 
Mechanical  trjides,  total  number  of  per- 
sons engaged  in,  163. 
Medical  Colleges.  126,  287,  343.  430,  498. 

Societies.  126, 149, 160,  287,  431. 
Medicinal  extracts,  241,  248. 
Meigs,  Colonel,  639. 
Melodeon  manufactory,  286. 
Menageries,  706. 

Mennonites.  141,  [431,  489. 

Mercantile  Coll.  139,  161,  180,  287,  403, 

Library,  435. 
Merchants,  number  by  counties,  153. 
Merchants'  Exchange.  436. 
Meteorological  observations,  126. 
Methodist  African  Church,  139. 

Congregation.al  Church,  140. 

Kpiscopal  Church.  141. 

German  Church.  141. 

Primitive  Church,  142. 

Protestant  Church,  141. 

Reformed,  143. 

Weslevan,  144. 
Metropolitan  Police,  366.  420,  564. 
Midge,  ravages  by,  381,  383,  398,  612,  618, 

717. 
Millinery,  by  counties,  110. 
Mile  Strip,  Niagara,  48. 
Military  .\cadeniy,  45,  505. 

districts,  43. 

organization,  43. 

Road,  45.  354. 

stations,  419. 

Tract.  47,  180,  199,  224,  473,  478,  610, 
616,  655,  690.  691. 
Militia  called  out,  '^69,  269,  437. 

laws,  43,  44. 

ofiBcers,  43. 


Militia,  services  of,  565. 
.Milk  market,  101,  268,  273,  277,  501,  602, 
606,  810,  811.  640.  643,  644,  660. 564, 
667,  508,  670.  696. 
Miller.  David  C,  323. 

Rev.  IVm.,  683. 
Millers,  number  of,  by  counties,  153. 
Milliners,  number  of,  by  counties,  153. 
Mill  Iron  manufactory,  297. 
Millstone  manufactory,  286,  368,  468,  641, 

660. 
Millyard  Tract.  398. 

Mineral  localities,  26.  267,  296,  362,  .361, 
362.  374,  078,  407,  540,  663,  672, 673, 
676,  677,  679,  682,  684,  600,  604, 606, 
676,  698. 
springs,  26, 165, 169, 163, 164, 166, 168, 
170, 173,  175, 178, 186, 188, 195,  213, 
221,  229,  ail.  244,  248,  25",  267, '279, 
282,  301,  302,  305,  312,  320,  3-24,  326, 
332,  343,  346,  347,  349, 355,  356,  357, 
369,  360.  361,  363,  376,377,  378,  379, 
382,  386,  39'2,  393,  394, 402,  413,  465, 
456,  458,  462,  469,  470,  481,  482,484, 
488,  491,497,  603,  616,  632,  834,  637, 
646,  652,  564,  687,  658, 679,  590,  691, 
692,  693, 607,  620,  650,  666,  664,  679, 
683,  688,  692,  696,  702,  704. 
Mines,  26,  570,  660. 
Road,  603,  642. 
Mining,  Mechanical,  &  Chemical  Cos.,  80. 
Mimsink,  battle  of,  603. 
m!i.ssacre.  603. 
Patent.  603. 
Mint,  122,  609. 
Minuet,  Peter.  437. 
Mirage.  382,  708. 

Missions.  139.  142.  146,  187,  195,  273,  274, 
308,  370,  393,  404,  431,  434,  477,  619. 
Mitchell's  Cave,  416. 
Mobs,  210. 269,  322,  438,  649,  665,  601. 
Moliegans.  697.  704. 
Mohawk  Indians,  408. 
River  rifts,  on,  23. 

settlements.   See  Herkimer  and  Mont- 
yomtry  cos. 
Molang,  a  French  Partisan,  686. 
Molding  mill,  707. 
Montauk,  632,  633,  635,  638. 
Montcalm,  Marquis  of,  298,  619,  672. 
Montgomery,  Richard,  276,  299. 
Montour,  Captain,  624. 
Montour,  Catharine,  610. 
Montreal,  expedition  against,  408. 
Monument  to  Herkimer  voted,  343. 

to  martyrs  of  prison  ships,  talked  of, 

373. 
to  Paulding,  699. 

to  Pike  and  others,  disgraceful,  359. 
to  sliipwTecked  persons,  547. 
to  Van  Wart,  700. 
to  Washington,  (^corner  atone,)  423. 
to  Williams,  298. 
to  Gen,  Worth,  423. 
Moody.  Lady  Deborah,  .372. 
Moose  River  Tract,  342,  349. 
Moravian  mission,  273,  274. 
Morgan,  William,  323.  462,  496. 
Mormonism,  494,  497,  690,  693. 
Morris.  Chief  Justice,  705. 
Gouverneur,  68, 375. 
Honorary  Creditor  Tract,  321. 
Lewis,  702. 

Reserve,  169,  321,  3S2,  494. 
Robert,  321,  621. 
Roger.  ,540,  541. 
title  of,  494. 
Morse,  James  0..  210. 
Morse,  S.  F.  li..  274. 
Mosaic  code.  640. 

Mounds,  Indian,  200.    See  Indian  Anti- 
quities. 
Mount,  murder  of,  347. 
Mountain  Ridge,  396.  512. 

systems  of  the  State,  19. 
Mowers  and  Reapers,  405. 
Muck,  ISO.  198,  279, 292,  320, 388,  394,  474, 
618.  5S)0,  614,  617,  618,  628,  688,  692, 
683. 
Mnles.  mmiber  by  counties,  107. 
Muller,  Lewis  A.,  391. 
Munro,  Major,  attack  by,  687. 

Colonel,  672. 
Mu.seum,  '27,  432. 
Musical  Association,  287,  489. 
Mutual  iud  societies,  434. 
Mutual  Insurance  companies,  83. 
Myers  Mine,  '236. 


INDEX   OF   SUBJECTS. 


13 


NaU  manufnctory,  198,  235,  297.  300,  301, 

302,  601. 
Nantucket  formerly  in  New  York,  18. 
Narrows,  3155,  373,  563. 
Niition:il  eocietifis,  434. 

C<imp.  Emancipation  Society,  146. 
Natural  Bridge,  074,  704. 
Nautical  societv,  434. 
Naval  Depot,  368. 
Hospital,  45,  308. 
Lyceum,  369. 
storea,  245. 
Navigation,  22, 156,  272, 279,  296,  297,  418. 

companies,  64,  82. 
Navy  Yard.  308. 
Neaiider,  Dr.,  library  of,  403. 
Necks  of  land,  644,  649,  660,  551,  631,  638, 

703,  706. 
Needle  manufactory,  570. 
Newbnrgh,  diacoateat  of  troops  at,  504. 

Patent,  609. 
New  Dorlach  Patent,  603. 
New  England  Alliance,  L.  I.,  633. 
Newgale  Prison,  so  called,  41. 
New  Petersburgh  Tract,  3S9. 
Newspapers,  157, 169,178.187, 198,209.218, 
224,  233,  241,  251,  268,  268,  280,  297, 
307,315,  321,  330.  337,  841,  362,  366, 
376,  381,  3S9,  396,  407,  439,  451.  459, 
475,  492,  502,  613,  618,  530,  540, 646, 
653,  664,  568,  573,  886,  696,  602,  610, 
fil4,  620,  632,  642, 660.  655,  661,  671, 
678,  689,  697,  711,  718. 
discontinued,  New  Y'ork  City,  442. 
New  York,  before  Revolution,  431. 
New  York  State  Agricultural  College,  126. 
Harbor  encroachment,  46,  418. 
Library  Society,  436. 
Society,  101. 
system,  geological,  24. 
Niagara  River  and  falls,  449,  460,  452, 455. 
Nickel,  26. 
Nicoll's  Patent,  637. 
Nitschman,  Bishop  David,  274. 
Noah,  Mordecai  M.,  290. 
Noble,  Arthur,  337,  339,  349. 
Nobleboio'  Patent,  342,  349. 
Noble's  Patent,  48. 

Normal  School,  125, 136, 137,  369,  429. 
Northern  Inland  Lock  N'av.  Co.,  60. 
Notaries  public.  35. 
Nott,  Rev.  Eliphalet,  532,  698. 
Noxious  animals,  30. 

Nurseries,  398,  402,  498,  544.  546.  694.  703. 
for  children,  420,  425,  426,  433,  649. 

Oakum  m.anufactory,  286. 
Oats,  statistics  of,  101, 104. 
Oblong  Tract,  18,  269,  640,  703. 
Observatories,  423,  464,  505. 
Ocean  steamers,  82. 

mails,  124. 
Ocher,  176,  377. 
Odeltown.  affair  at,  234. 
Officers,  State,  county,  and  town,  40. 
Ogdeu  Samnel,  purchase  by,  321. 

Tract.  321. 
Ogdensburgh  taken,  574. 
Ohio  Basin.  2S4. 
Oil  cask  manufactory,  638. 

cloth  manufactory,  368, 468,  656.  590, 
667,  658. 

manufactory.  198,  286,  293,  357,  368, 
390,  402,  616,  632,  649,  556,  667,  618, 
632, 637,  639,  667,  691. 
Old  Fort,  so  called,  327. 

Military  Tract.  235,  237,  240. 

Prenimption  Line,  494. 

School  Baptist  Church,  139. 
Omnibus  routes.  New  York  City,  429. 
Oneida  Coaimunity.  392. 

Indians,  friendly,  410,  696. 

Reservation,  3S9. 

River  Improvement,  62. 

stone,  458. 
Oothoudt's  Patent,  48,  468. 
(>phthalmic  Hospital.  432. 
Optical  Instrument  manufactory,  392. 
Ordnance,  summary  of  45. 
Organ  manufactory,  286,  468. 
Oriskany,  battle  of,  3.42,410,  412,  414,  461, 
Orphan  Asylums,  161,  200.  247.  275,  370, 
403,  419,  425,  426,  433,  488,  618, 524, 
661. 
Oewegatchie  District.  575. 
Overseers  of  Highways,  39. 
Owasco  Lake  Improvement,  63. 
Oxen,  statistics  by  counties,  106. 


Oysters.  46,  644,  549,  650,  663,  667,  632, 
636,  638,  704. 

Page,  David  P.,  137. 

PaU  manufactory,  286,  297,  301,  386,  482, 

6315,  870,  057. 
Paine,  John,  242, 
Thomas,  703. 
P.aint  man'y.,  312,  368,  402,  419, 549,  555. 
Painted  Post,  024. 
Painters,  by  counties,  153. 
Palatinates,  242, 245, 408, 409. 412, 415,  416, 

509,  601,  603, 606,  6U6,  667, 
Palisades,  21,  25. 

Palisades,  (military,)  372,  373,  437. 
Palmer,  Edmund,  tory  spy,  099. 
Erastus  D.,  4S7 
Mine,  236. 
Purchase,  585. 
Paper  Box  manufactory.  317. 

manulactory,  110,  166.  199,  200,  215, 
228,  241,  243,  244,  247,  248,  274, 277, 
286,  297,  317,  330,  3:U,  345,  346, 352, 
362.  375,  377,  384,  3S6,  390,  402,  407, 
406;  4S4,  4-85,  487,  504,  610,  516,  627, 
638,  560,  6.i6,  667,  558,  661,  570,  684, 
689,  590,  593,  605,  606,  610,  634,  657, 
666,  704. 
Pardoning  power,  31. 
Pardons,  statistics  of,  36, 
Parish,  David,  530. 
Parker,  Col..  266. 
Parks,  369,  422,  423, 
Parsonage,  Queens,  413, 
Passengers,  statistics  of,  117, 122. 
Patchin,  Gen.,  603. 

Patent  Leather  mjinufactory,  286,  368. 
Patents,  Land,  40,  48,  49,  63,  258,  341,  408. 
Pathological  Society,  New  York,  431, 
Patriot  •'  War,"  235,  354, 367, 360, 452, 674, 

675. 
Patroon,  title  of,  159. 
Paulding,  John,  699. 
Pauw,  Michael,  5tJ4. 
Peaches,  quantity  by  counties,  107. 
Pearling  Mill.  593. 
Pearl  barley,  482,  484. 
Pears^  quantity  by  counties,  107. 
Peas,  statistics  by  counties,  105. 
Peat,  232,  237,  241,  267,  337,  394,  458,  474, 

605.  540.  670.  629,  671. 
Peg  manufactory,  317. 
Pelham  Manor,  703,  704. 
Pell,  Thomas.  700,  703,  704. 
Pemaquoit.  18. 
Pendergrast  sentenced.  269. 
Penet  Square,  48.  353,  367, 360, 
Penitentiaries,  156,  280,  366,  425,  475. 
Peppermint,  689. 

Oil  manufactury,  691. 
PerachS'e  Tract,  48. 
Percentage  of  population.  151. 
Perry,  Commodore,  gifts  to,  423. 
Personal  liabilities  of  stockholders,  80. 
Pestilence,  428,  601. 
Petrie's  Purcliase,  342. 
Petroleum  springs,  168, 173, 186. 
Pharmacy,  College  of,  431, 
Phelps  atid  Gorham  Purchase,  321, 382, 398, 

494. 
Philippe,  Louis,  404,  498. 
Philipsburgh  Manor,  700,  702,  704,  708. 
Philipse  Patent,  640.  641. 
Philosophical  Instrument  man'y.,  286. 
Physicians,  bv  counties,  153. 
Piano  m.anulaotory,  160,  228,  286,  468, 609, 

686. 
Pickle  manufactory,  707. 
Picq  uet,  Francis,  574, 
Pictured  Rnclis,  380. 
Pierrepont  Estate,  376,  378. 
Piers,  166,  280,  284,  356,  367,  419,  422,  624. 
Pike.  Z.  M..  monument  to,  359. 
Pilots,  116,  116. 
Pine  plains,  156,  312.  351,  638. 
Ptn  manufactory,  275. 
Pipe  clay.  26. 
Pistol  manufactory.  699. 
Pitcher,  Lieutenant  Governor,  685. 
Pitt,  statue  of,  438. 
Plains,  Hempstead,  644,  647,  648. 
Plane  man  ufactory,  286. 
Plan  of  union  proposed,  162. 
Planing  mills,  160.  20.5,  220.  228,  235.  2.37. 
239,  280,  289,  292,  293,  317,  347,  307. 
308,  393,  399, 401.,  402,  405,  406,  454. 
466,  600,  614,  646,  690, 698,  604,  010, 
617,  025. 


Plank  roads.  39,  80, 159, 179,  235, 236,  358, 
284,  311,  321,  354,  459,  616,  618,  .596, 
601,  542, 
Plaster  mills,  110,  206,  221,  228,  229,  2.iR, 
■iU,  247.  271,  274,  367,  385,  393,  K'S, 
400,  401, 406,  4:54,  408,  484,  569,  (.16, 
662,  667,  6S2,  6,V3, 
Plate  of  Johnson  family,  316,  400,  410, 
Plattsburgh  attacked,  234. 
Plow  manulactory,  244,  454,  406,  616,  099, 
Plums,  by  counties,  107. 
Pocket  Book  raanufiujtory,  286. 
Point  au  Fer.  233.  237. 
Police  Department,  420. 
Political  societies,  434. 
Poor,  associations  for  relief  of,  287, 370. 
county  and  town,  161,  168,  179,  IJ-6, 
198.  208,  211,  218,  223,  233.  241,  261, 
258,  268,  280,  297,  307,  314,  320,  :B0, 
341,  352,  376,  381,  388,  390,  407, 426, 
427,  434,  461,  459,  475,  492.  602.  513, 
618.  630,  646,  550,  563,  695,  60O,  614, 
634  635,  636,  637,  638,  639,  542,  1>49, 
654,  661,  671,  678,  689,  696,  711,  718. 
statistics  of.  37,  38. 
Superintendents  of,  30,  36. 
Popham,  Major  Wm.,  705. 
Population,  total,  by  counties,  160. 
by  towns.    See  Acres,  <£c. 
comparative,  151. 

of  cities,  371,  404,  436,  436,  469,  699. 
Porcelain  manufactory.  367,  308, 
Portages,  22,  23,  460,  466,  619,  628. 
Portage  Falls.  3S6,  711,  713. 
Porter  Road,  612. 
Port  of  New  Y'ork,  438. 
Portrait  gallery.  495. 
Portraits  in  Capitol,  27. 
Ports  of  entry.  111,  216,  399,  438,  638,  694. 
Port  Wardens,  116. 
Postal  arrangements,  122,  123. 
Post  office,  123,  437. 
Potash,  415,  618. 

Potato  culture,  101, 105,  639,  682, 
Potsdam  sandstone  quarries,  312. 
Potter,  Rev.  .tlonzo,  137,  270. 
Potteries.  286,  468,  691. 
Potters'  Field.  420.  423,  425.  426,  428. 
Pouchot,  M..  surrender  ol,  674. 
Powder  mills.  604,  669. 
Premiums  for  domestic  manufacture,  102. 
Presbyterian  Church,  141, 142. 

United,  139. 
Prevost  Patent,  333. 
Prideaux,  Gen..  452. 
Primitive  Methodists,  142. 
Printers'  Library.  435. 

number  by  counties,  163. 
Printing  cloths.  .509. 

offices  by  counties,  110. 
Print  manufactory,  272,  663,  505,  57(. 
Prison  Association  of  New  York,  42,  426, 

433. 
Prisoners  sold  as  slaves,  661. 
Prisons.  41,  200,  238,  426,  420,  42T. 
Prison  ships,  371.  372. 
Privateering  on  St.  Lawrence,  365, 
Prize  fighting,  Boston  Corners,  243. 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  142. 
Provident  and  Mutual  Aid  Societies,  434. 
Provincial  Congress,  662. 

Patent,  684. 
Provost,  Sir  George,  234. 
Public  health.  427. 
Schools,  135, 

School  Society  of  New  Y'orli    130. 
Pulteney.  Sir  WUliam,  321,  384,  404,  621, 

622. 
Pump  manufactory,  286, 368,  400,  405.  463, 

698,  617, 
Putnam,  Gen.  Israel,  298.  371.  460,  504, 

840,  641,  67-2,  682,  685,  686. 
Puts  Rock,  686, 

Pyroligneous  Acid  manufactory,  182. 
Pyrotechny,  286. 

Quackenboss,  John.  685. 

Quaker  settlement,  366. 
Springs.  .591. 

Quarantine.  18.  31,  116, 117,  419,  427,  428, 
663,  666.  506. 

Quarries,  26,  41, 165,165,167,168,170,172, 
173, 175,  190,  191,  102, 197,  '201,  204, 
206,  208,  213,  214,  215,  218,  2'2:i,  243, 
246, 267,  270,  271,  279.  282,  284,  301, 
305, 312,  314,  318,  320,  331,  ,332,  340, 
341,  343. 346,  347,  349,  359.  381,  383, 
386,  393, 396,  400,  407,  411,  449,  454, 


14 

Quarries,  continued. 

468,  463, 41)4,  467,  470,  471,  473, 432, 
483,  4S4,  486,  401,  497.  612,  516,  617, 
628,  630,  632, 640,  642.  666,  672,  677, 
681,  687,  690,  613.  616,  017,  660,  062, 
663,  664,  666,  68s,  692.  093,  696,  699, 
700,  702,  704,  706,  708, 713,  714,  718. 

Quarter  Sales.  167. 

Quartz  crystals,  340,  343.  649. 

Queensborough  Patent,  585. 

Quitman,  General,  277. 

Quitrents.  46,  242,  268,  699,  701,  704. 

Quogue  Purchase,  638. 

Kace  courses,  548,  549,  550. 
Eafting,  266,  382. 
Kail  Koads.  Canadian.  119. 
Commissioners.  09. 
employees,  by  counties,  153. 
gauge,  74. 

general  article  on.  66. 
notices  of.  71.112.  156.  1S9.  169.170. 
172,  173,  174,  179,  isii,  Isj.  1S4.  ISil, 
187, 189,  191,  192,  Ua.  194.  2ol.  203, 
204,  205,  208,  209,  214,  ^Is.  219.  2.>u. 
224,  232,  236,  237,  238.  241,  214,  248, 
246,  247,  248,  268,  206.  268,  270,  271, 
276,  280,  2S2,  292,  293.  307,  310,  312, 
321, 324,  326,  337,  341,  345,  346,  354, 
356, 357,  366,  367,  381,  382.  383,  384, 
386.  .388,  392.  396,  397,  398,  399,  400, 
401,  402,  403,  405,  407,  416,  4.il,  464, 
468,  459,  462,  466,  407,  408.  470.  471, 
478,  4S0,  482,  +83,  484,  iss,  4!..^,  496, 
498,  600,  602.  5114, 505,  606,  607,  608, 
610,  613,  614,  615,  618,  520,  521,  630, 
640,  642,  644,  646,  546,  548,  649.  650, 
662,  666,  667,  661,  663,  568,  669,  670, 
671,  673,  676,  676,  677,  678,  679,  580, 
681,  682,  885,  687,  690,  593,  696, 698, 
600,  609,  610,  612,  614,  617,  618,  620, 
622,  623,  024,  626,  626,  627,  028,  6.32, 
636,  637, 639,  C40,  641,  642,  650,  661, 
652,  663.  654,  666.  667,  678,  089,  690, 
691,  692,  693,  696,  697,  698,  699,  700, 
701,  702,  703,  704,  706,  706,707,  708, 
711. 
projects,  Ac,  76  to  79. 
statistics  of,  74,  76. 

Rake  manufactory,  2t)0,  667. 

Bandall.  liobert  Kichard,  666. 

Kandalls  Island.  42,  420,  425. 

Rangers,  242,  298,  305. 

Kanit  of  military  ofiicera,  43. 

Eapelje,  Sarah,  371,437. 

Raspberry  culture.  49S. 

RaUin  manufactory.  646. 

Keaches  on  the  Hudson,  542. 

Real,  Count,  356. 

Reciprocity  Treaty,  117,  524. 

Record  Commissioners,  365. 

Recorder,  420,  428. 

Records.  State,  26. 

Red  Jacket,  615. 

Reformed  Methodists.  143. 
Presbyterians,  143. 
Protestant  Dutch.  143. 

Refugees,  Canadian  and  Nova  Scotian,  235, 
237. 

Refugee  for  Juvenile  Delinquents,  432,  433. 

Regalia  manufactory,  280. 

Regents  of  the  University.  126,  126.  635. 

Registers  of  Deeds,  35,  365,  697. 

Registration   of  births,    marriages,  and 
deaths,  427. 

Religious  societies,  100, 144. 

Itemsenburgh  Patent,  48,  342, 347, 349, 466. 

Rensselaerwyck  Manor,  166,  156, 167,  165, 
563. 

Reservations,  gold  and  silver  mines,  26,  46. 
Salt  Springs.  478,  479,  480. 
See  hidian  Jieservationa. 

Reservoirs.    See  Canal  Reservoirs. 

Resident  Physician.  116. 

Revenues,  United  States,  111. 

Revolution.    See  War  of  Jievolution. 

Revolutionary  claims,  419. 

Rheimensnyders  Bush,  attack  upon,  346. 

Richmond  College,  664. 

Riileau  C.^nal,  119. 

Ridge  Road.  612,  693. 

Rifle  manufactory,  344,  402. 

Riots.    See  Mobs. 

Rivers,  general  sketch,  20. 

Roads,  opening  of,  39. 

■Robberies,  M2. 

linbert,  Louis  J.,  grant  to,  298, 


INDEX    OF    SUBJECTS. 

Robinson,  Beverly,  640.  642.  699. 
Rock  City,  so  called,  173,  192. 
Rocking  stones,  701,  706. 
Rogers,  Piatt,  300. 

Robert,  298.  674.  685.  701. 
Rolling  mills,  199,  236,  297,  669,  671,  666, 

699,  708. 
Roman  Catholic  Cliurch.  143. 
Roofing  slates,  26,  243,  267,  566,  677,  682, 

084. 
Rope  manufactoiT,  228.  286,  368,  376,  464, 

666,  658.  634,  693. 
Rosin  Oil  manufactory,  368. 
Ross  and  Butler,  410. 
Ross,  Major,  316. 
Rotunda.  N.  Y..  423.  437. 
Royal  Grant.  315.  342,  343.  346,  347,348. 
Rubber  Toy  manufactory.  272. 
Rumbout's  Patent,  209,  272. 
Rural  cemeteries.  100.  166.  200.  276,  371, 

372.  373,  398,  404,  428,  649,  577,  699, 

703,  704. 
Rye,  where  most  raised,  101. 
statistics  of,  104. 


Sable  Iron  Co.,  236. 
Sackets  Harbor.  525. 
Snckett,  Richard,  270. 
Sacondaga  Patent,  317. 
Saddle  &  Harness  manufactory,  by  cos., 
153. 
Tree  manufactory,  691. 
Safe  manufactory,  100,  308,  402,  561. 
Safety  fund.  89. 
Sail  manufactory.  286. 
Sailors'  Snug  Harbor.  566. 
St.  Hilary,  Count.  621. 
St.  Lawrence  Canal,  119. 
.St.  Leger,  Gen.,  166. 342,  410, 461,  467,  686. 
St.  Regis  Indians.  233.  308. 
Saleratus  manufactory,  401. 
Salisbury,  Aaron,  290. 
Salmon  fisheries,  124,  520. 
Salometer,  480. 
Salt  holes,  so  called,  488. 

manufactory.  110,  198.  203.  399,  405, 
479,  483,  487,488.  489,  612,  614,  616, 
622,  632.  032,  692.  693. 
marshes  and  meadows.  365,  372.  373. 
418.  544.  540,  547,  64S.  660,  563.  666, 
631.  633,  635,  636,  638,  696,  706. 
Springs  Lands.  47. 
springs.    See  Brine  Springs. 
wells,  479,  480,  483. 
Salvage.  117. 

Sandpaper  manufactory,  546. 
Sand  plain.  584. 
Sandstone  terrace.  677. 
Sandy  Creek  battle.  625. 
Sandy  Hook  fort,  665. 

light.  419. 
Sanger,  W.  P.  S..  368. 
Saratoga  Patent.  585. 
Sargent,  Henry  G.,  69. 
Sash  k  Blind  manufactory,  110,  188,  228, 
229,  244,  248,  265,  270,  286,  297,  301, 
302.  368,  3S6.  3S6,  393,  407.  413,  464, 
4()3.  484,  510,  615,  564,  676,  6S2,  690, 
696.  603.  662.  686.  716. 
Satinet  manufactory,  261,  508. 
Savings  banks.  99,  100.  166,  436,  640. 
Saw  manufactery.  280,  506. 
Sawmills,  by  counties,  110. 
S,aw  Set  manufactory.  348. 
Scale  manufactory.  402,  693. 
Scarcity  of  provisions,  204. 
Schagbticoke  Indiana.  669. 
Schoharie  invaded,  316. 
School  Commissioners.  38,  135,  137, 139. 
Districts,  31. 136,  138. 
Fund.  46.  47.  135. 
General  Article  on.  135. 
houses.  138. 
Indian.  412.  478. 
Lands.  47,  389. 

statistics,  138.    See  Acres,  dc. 
Schools.  Common.  38,  135. 

Sec  Citij  Si-hmls. 
Schuvler.  Han  Yost,  342. 
Patent.  269,  342. 
Peter.  403. 

Philip,  316.  410.  691,  592. 
Scott's  Patent,  413,  6ir2.  603. 
Screw  mMunfactory.  468. 
Scriba,  George,  519.  620.  628. 
Scriba's  Patent,  48,  619,  521. 


Scythe  mannfactory,  274, 312, 466,  483, 690, 

617. 
Sealer  of  Weights  and  Measures,  30,  38, 
Seal  of  Broome  Co.  presented,  178. 

Delaware  Co.  adopted.  257. 
Seamen's  Friend  Society,  146. 
employed,  113. 
Hospital.  120,  434. 
Retreat,  506. 
tax  upon.  117,  120,  666. 
Seamless  Bag  manulactory,  590,  683. 

clothing,  271. 
Seat  of  Government.  26,  438. 
Secretary  of  State,  32, 126. 
Secret  Societies,  147. 
Seigniories.  French.  233,  298. 
Select  schools  under  Regents.  125. 
Seminaries,  200,  463. 484. 498, 633, 602,  713. 

See  also  Academies. 
Senate,  28. 

Districts.  28. 
Seneca  Indians,  397,  462.  493. 

Lock  Navigation  Company,  62. 
River  Improvement,  61,  62. 
Turnpike.  469. 
Serpentine,  670.  675. 
Serpent,  tradition  of,  493. 
Servis's  Patent.  466,  468. 
Seventh  Day  Baptists.  143. 
Seward,  Tl'iiliam  H.,  200,  610. 
Sewers,  New  York,  426. 
Shad  fisheries.  124. 
Shakers.  143.  166,  243,  248,  384. 
Shannandhoi  Patent.  685,687. 
Shattuck,  Artemas,  714. 
Shawl  manufactory,  608,  698,  618. 
Shav,  Daniel.  166.  603. 
Sheep  husbandry,  107.  637,  686 
Sliell.  John  Christian,  345. 
Sheriff  murdered,  242. 

county,  36. 
Shingle  manufactory,  110,  286.  290.  291, 
292,  293,  801,  338,  454,  470,  623, 626, 
527,  676,  580,  690,  611,  626,  667,  694. 
Shinnecock  Indians,  638. 
Ship  building,  115,  213,  286.  297,  362,  366, 
367,  358,  369,  367,  368.  399,  520.  625, 
549,  569,  570,  632,  633,  634,  636,  639, 
662,  686. 
can.al,  284,  690. 
Timber  Co..  291. 
Shipments,  Buffalo,  285. 
Shoe  manufactory,  S46,  373,  402,  548,  668, 

670,  706. 
Shovel  manufactory,  705. 
Showmen.  706. 
Sicknes.s.  681. 

Silk  manufactory,  276. 286. 391. 666,670,657. 
Silliman,  Prof.,  analysis  by,  324. 
Silurian  rocks,  156. 
Silver  Lake  Tract.  711. 

mines,  so  called,  257,  337,  374. 
Plating,  2S6. 
traces  of.  528. 

Ware  manufactory,  110. 163,  368,  488, 
662. 
Simcoes  Queen's  Rangers,  561. 
Skanandoa.  Indian  chief,  469. 
Skene,  Philip,  299,  686. 
Skinners.  698. 

Slack  Water  Navigation  Co.,  614. 
Slate,  26. 

Slate  Cos.,  267,  270,  273. 
Slave  rescue,  489. 
Slaves,  Indians  sold  as.  661. 
Small  Pox  Hospital.  426. 
Smallwood,  Col.,  701. 
Smith.  Col.,  452. 
Gerrit.  393.  624. 
Joe,  494,  467. 
Peter,  lease  of.  462. 
purchase  of,  389,  393. 
William,  H.,  634. 
Smuggling.  233,  357. 
Snell  and  Zimmerman's  Tract.  342. 
Soap  manufactory,  109,  286,  368,  402,  509, 

693. 
Socialists,  392. 
Societies,    Agricultural,   102.     See  New 

York  Stab:  AijricuUttral  Socitlij. 
Society  for  Promoting  Agricultural  Arts 
and  Manufactures,  101,  161. 
Promoting  Useful  Arts,  101. 
Soda  mannfactory,  286. 
Solar  works.  479.  480. 
Solitary  confinement,  41. 
Sons  of  Liberty,  423,  438. 


INDEX   OF    SUBJECTS. 


15 


Eons  of  Malta,  148. 
Spanish  Brown,  25. 
relic.  477. 
invasion,  478. 
SpauIdinK,  Solomon,  532. 
Specie,  113. 122. 

payment  suspended,  90. 
Speculations.  3G6. 
Spencer,  John  C,  137,  323. 
Spies,  412. 

Spiritual  rappings.  690. 
Spoke  niauuractory,  277,  590,  667. 
Springs,  copious,  205,  277,  522,  670,  616. 
Spuytenduyvil  Creek.  418. 
Sauatters,  242,  243,  269,  290,  291,  368, 360, 

389,  304. 
Stage  boat,  469. 
licensed.  .553. 
rights,  469. 
routes,  early,  496. 
Stair  buildinu.  110. 

Stalactites,  164,  416,  600,  604,  606,  607. 
Staley's  Patent,  342,  344. 
Stamp  Act.  438. 

Starch  manufactory,  232,  237,  238,  240, 
2S6,  297,  307,  346,  468,  618,  621, 625, 
650,'681. 
Stark.  Gen,  John,  298,  656. 
State  Engineer  and  SurTeyor,  33, 6i,[SS,  69. 
Government,  28, 
Hall,  27. 
House,  26. 

Library,  27, 126. 128. 
Prisons,  36,  41,  42,  63,  200,  238,  704. 
officers.  41. 

reservations  for  villages,  288,  704. 
Boads,  322,  615,  666. 
Statue  of  George  III.  and  Pitt,  423,  438. 

Washington.  423. 
Stave  manufactory.  238,  262, 286,  290. 292, 

363,  487,  614,  622,  626,  618. 
Steamboat  Companies,  82. 
mail  routes.  123. 
statistics  oij  116. 
tax,  64. 
Steamboats.  115, 162,  200, 214, 247, 276, 286, 
2SS,  307,  354,  358,  360, 368,  375,  399, 
418,  429.  462,  489,  495,  626,  650,  651, 
561,  673,  679,  584,  611,  615,  616,  620, 
627,  628,  655,  667,  664,  673,  687, 696, 
697, 699,  700,  703,  705,  708, 
Steam  Engine  manufactory,  286,  625,  652, 

686. 
Stedman,  William,  462.  455. 
Steele,  O.  N..  miu-der  of,  269. 
Steel  manufactory,  270,  311,  608,  610,  640, 

666.  671,  701. 
Sterritt  Tract,  321. 
Steuben,  Baron,  48,  467,  484. 
Stevens,  Ebenezer,  549. 

John  C,  418. 
Stewart,  Alran,  210. 
Stilwellitos,  140. 

Stirling,  Earl  of,  18,  550,  633,  635,  639. 
Stirling,  Lord,  610,  564,  637. 
Stock,  breeding  of,  277. 

amount  of.    See  ^crcs,  (£c. 
Stockade,  469.    See  Forts. 
Stone  and  Marble  dressing,  153,  368,  663, 

666. 
Stone  Arabia  battle,  316. 
Patent,  317.  408.  416. 
Stone  Heap  Patent.  413,  603,  605. 
Stone  heaps,  242,  005. 
Stone  Ware  manufactory,  286,  408. 
Stove  manufactory,  160,  286,  561,  099. 
Strang.  Daniel,  execution  of,  699. 
Straw,  paper  factory,  166. 
Streets,  arrangement.  New  York,  422. 
Department.  422. 
inspection,  427. 
Stuart.  Charles  B.,  368. 
Sturgeon  fisheries.  124. 
Stuvvesant  pear  tree,  437. 

"Peter  Q.,  423. 
Suburban  population,  429. 
Sugar  Loaf  Hill  fortified,  299. 
Sugar  refineries.  419. 
Sullivan.  General,  219,  221,  371,  3S2,  410, 
478, 493,  531,  636,  664,  602,  609,  614, 
617. 
Sunday  schools,  146. 
Superintendent  Poor,  36. 
Superintendent  Public  Instraction,  125, 

135. 
Supervisors.  30,  39,  420. 
Tryon  County,  410. 
Supretne  Court,  34. 


Surrogate,  34. 

Survey  Fifty,  so  called,  479. 

Surveyor  General.  33. 

Surveys  of  Holland  Laud  Co..  322. 

Surveys  of  Lake  Champlain,  29S. 

Suspension  bridges,  235,  362,  412,  463, 455, 

663. 
Susquehanna  Navigation,  619. 
Swallow,  steamer,  wrecked,  331. 
Swedenborgian  Church.  139. 
Swift,  General  John,  690. 
Swine,  statistics  by  counties,  107. 

Taconic  system.  24,  25. 

TaiLu-8,  by  counties,  163. 
shops,  bv  counties,  110. 

Tallmadge,  M;yor,  634,  638,  701. 

Tammany  Society,  434. 

Tanneries,  110,  1S3.  181, 183, 188, 193, 194, 
195, 198,  202,  206,  213,  219,  225, 228, 
2.30, 238,  239,  244,  248,  267,  259,  260, 
262,  263,  265,  282,  283,  286,  289,  290, 
291,  292,  203,  297,  302,  304,  306, 311, 
314,  316,  317,  318, 319,  330,  331,  332, 
3.33,  334, 338,  339,  342,  343,  346,  347, 
348,  350,  353,  360,  362, 363,  376,  377, 
386. 3S6,  390,  391,  392,  394,  400, 402, 
454.  462.  463,  405, 466,  468,  469,  470, 
483, 484.  505,  514,  515,  616,  520,  521, 
622,  523,  626,  626, 627,  629,  632,  633, 
634,  63.5,  536,  637.  538,  641,  554,  576, 
676,  6S4,  689,  690,  591,  698,  603,  604, 
605,  606,  607,  608,  610,  611,  612,  623, 
625,  627,  628,  641,  643,  644,  646,  647, 
649,  651,  652,  655,  6.57, 661,  663,  666, 
667,  668,  671,  676,  690,  691,  693,  695, 
699. 

Tape  manufactory,  706. 

Tariffs.  111. 

Tarleton,  Gen.,  700. 

Tavern  sign  in  verse,  222. 

Taxation.  48,  422. 

Tax  sales,  48. 

Teachers'  classes,  126, 138. 
institutes,  137. 
statistics  of,  by  counties,  153. 

Tea  destroyed  in  New  York  Harbor,  438. 

Teamsters,  number,  by  counties,  153. 

Telegraph  companies,  list  of,  81. 
Instrument  manufactory. 

Temperance  Society,  New  York  State,  147. 

Ten  Governors,  425. 

Ten  Towns  on  St.  Lawrence,  47,  572,  574, 
675,  576, 677,  578,  579,  680,  681,  682. 

Tennre  of  lands.  46. 

Tertiary  cKays.  237.  296. 

Theater  at  Bath,  622. 

Theller,  E.  A.,  405. 

Theological  seminaries.  127,  200,  391,403, 
430,  431,  533,  676,  707. 

Thermal  springs,  26,  241,  247. 

Thermometer  manufactory,  248. 

Thimble  manufactory,  636. 

Thorburn,  Grant,  649. 

Thousand  Islands,  577. 

Thread  manufactory.  693,  697. 

Threshing  machine,  667. 

Ticonderoga,  29S,  299,  306,  671,  672,  673. 

Tidal  estuaries,  365, 367,  372,  544,  546, 647, 
663,  696,  706. 

Tide  mills,  371,  844,  546, 640,  696,  701, 706. 

Tides,  23,  156,  419. 

Tile  manufactory,  160,  398,  499,  691, 

Tillier,  Rodolpli,  375,  377,  378. 

Timber  stealing,  309,  311,  360,  580. 

Tin  manufactory.  368,  646,  618. 

Tinsmiths,  by  counties,  163. 

Tinware  manufactory,  by  counties,  110. 

Titanium.  26. 

Title,  controversy  about,  299,  367. 

Tobacco  and  cigar  manufactory,  110, 166, 
276.  286,  308,  468,  488,  693.  699. 

Tobacco  culture,  101, 106, 219, 220, 221, 372, 
487,  689. 
Indian  tradition,  482. 

Tompkins,  Governor,  564,  705. 

Tonawanda  Swamp,  450. 

Tonnage.  American,  compared  with  fo- 
reign, 112. 
Buffalo.  285. 

at  different  periods,  116, 116. 
by  counties,  113. 
by  districts,  112. 
coasting.  115. 
general  article  on,  115. 
on  great  lakes,  118. 
Oswego,  524. 
registered  and  enrolled,  111,  112, 115. 


Tool  manuf  y.  300,  J91,  393,  527,  590,  698. 

Topographical  outli-ie  of  State,  19. 

Topping  Purchase.  038. 

Tories,  163,  180, 345,  346, 398,  602, 607,  636. 

Tornado,  310. 

Totten  &  Crossfleld's  Purchase,  47,  337, 

342,  349. 
Town  Clock  manufactory,  390. 

halls.  239.  700,  707. 

meeting  days,  30. 

powers  of  people  at,  31. 

officers,  30,  40. 

Purchase,  638. 
Townsend  Pund,  Jamaica,  548. 
Townships   patented,    Delaware  county, 

258. 
Tract  societies,  145,  404,  489. 
Trading  posts.  452,  519,  661. 
Transit  Line,  321,  322. 

storehouse,  822,  328. 
Trap  rock.  601.  668. 
Treasure  buried,  316, 
Treasurer,  State,  32. 
Treaties,  18,  180,  224,  257,  290,  299,  344, 

382,  461,  478,  479,  661. 
Treaty,  Reciprocity,  624. 
Trial  of  Zenger,  431. 
Triangular  Tract,  321,  326,  398. 
Tribunals  of  Conciliation,  34. 
Trinity  Cemetery,  428. 

Church,  4.34. 
Triphammer  manufactory,  347,  391,  393. 
Trombois  Mine,  236. 
Trumbull.  Col.  John,  385. 
Trustees  of  Academies.  126. 

school  districts.  39 
Tryon,  Governor,  26. 

county,  ravages  in,  411. 
Tub  manufactory,  297,  466,  670,  590. 
Tufa,  26,  186,  396,  692. 
Tunnels,  68. 

Turkish  present  to  Com.  Perry,  423. 
Turner's  Purchase,  705. 
Turning,  by  counties.  110. 
Turnpikes.  39.  182,  2S4,  601. 
Tuscaror.a  Indians.  410.  452.  596. 
Twenty  Towns  on  Clienango.  224. 
Twine  manufactory.  571.  693,  597,  «o4. 
Type  manufactory,  160,  286. 

Union  College,  126,  649,  598. 

schools.  136, 138,  201.  21:4.  324,  ,346, 
359. 401,  405,  464,  4S3,  4S4,  487,  498, 
648, 630,  617,  618,  036,  691,  692, 712. 

Unitarians,  143. 

United  Presbyterians,  139. 

United  States  Courts.  33. 
Deposit  Fund,  125. 

Universal  Friend,  so  called,  713,  719,  720, 
721. 

Universalists,  143. 

Universities.    See  ColUgcs. 

Upholstery,  286. 

Upton,  Paul,  letter  from,  269. 

"V^accination,  432. 

Valu.ation  by  towns.    See  Acres,  <t«. 

Tan  Alstyue.  Eva,  411. 

Van  Buren,  Ex-President,  247. 

Tan  Cortlandt,  Jacob,  698. 

Stephen,  699. 
Tander  Donk,  708. 
Tander  Kemp,  John  J.,  322. 
Van  Driessen's  Patent,  342. 
Tan  Home's  Patent.  342,  343. 
Tan  Kleek  House.  '275.  276. 
Tan  Rensselaer,  Eillian,  156. 

Patent,  603. 

Robert,  316,  410,  417. 

Stephen,  69,  157,  553. 
Tan  Schaick,  Col.,  478. 

Mvndert,  424. 
Tan  Wart.  Is.aac,  700. 
Varnish  manufactory,  549. 
Vaughan.  Gen.,  664. 
Vaughan's  Patent.  342,  343,  346,  348. 
Verd  Antique,  303. 
Vermont  controversy.  18. 

militia  at  Platts'burgh.  234. 

negotiations  with  the  enemy,  SOO. 

Sufferers'  Tract,  224,  225. 
Verplancks  Point.  604,  669. 
Veto  power.  30,  31. 
Vice  manufactory,  286,  598. 
Villages,  officers  of,  39. 
Vineyards.  205,  628.  699. 
Tlaie.  Sacondaga,  .314.  316,  318,  337. 
Voters,  by  counties,  160. 


16 


INDEX   or   SUBJECTS. 


Vrooman's  Land,  605. 

Patent,  48,  342,  343,  348,  349,  601. 

Wadaworth,  James,  137,  382. 

Wiilk-iD-the-Water,  etoamer,  288. 

Walloomsac  Patent,  666,  686. 

•Talloons,  settlement  of,  371,  437. 

»l"alton"s  Patent,  62,  265,  342,  348. 
Tract,  4S9. 

^^■a^wo^th,  Reuben  H.,  592. 

"Wampum,  635. 

Wards,  date  of  formation.  New  York,  420. 

Wards  Island.  117,  419,  420,  427. 

War  of  1812-16  noticed,  45,  233,  363,  3S4, 
855.  356,  368,  366,  372,  373,  398, 399, 
404,  437,  513,  620,  525,  666,  674, 679, 
681,  683,  633,  639,  687,  690,  694. 

Warren,  Sir  Peter,  315,  409,  419. 

Wars,  French,  301,  306,  460,  461,  467.  503, 
519,  533,  654,  656,  558,  686,  672,  685, 
6S6. 
Indian,  408, 416, 416, 478,  493,  655,  566, 

659,  588,  697,  609,  661, 700. 
Kevolutionary,  164, 180,  233,  242,  244, 
299,  331,  3.34,  366,  371.  415,  416,  631, 
437,  438. 461,  467,  603,  604,  608,  619, 
633,  635,  537,  638,  645,  548,  540,  660, 
651,  554,  686,  5.S7, 601,  604,  624.  633, 
6.36,  636,  637,  638,  639,  642,  643,  640, 
662,  663,  664,  668,  698,  699,  701,  702, 
707,  70S. 

Washington  College,  564. 

Washington,  General  George, 273, 371, 467, 
503,  504,  609,  636,  670,  699,  700. 
inaugurated,  438. 

Washington  monument  proposed,  423. 

Water  Cures,  18ll,  204,  220,  344,  386,  470, 
497,  498,  658. 

WaterUme,  24,  26,  155,  197, 199,  204,  207, 
279,  282,  292,  305,320,  340,  357,  374, 
388, 390,  303,  394,  396,  464,  458,  469, 
473,  482,  484,  4S5,  491,  497,  612, 614, 
600,  613,  660,  661,  662,  663,  664,  666, 
717. 

Waterman's  Society,  434. 

Waterspouts,  3.52. 

Waterworks,  160,  284,  312,  362,  363,  369, 
424,  48S.  509,  648,  661, 697,  706. 

Watkins  &  Flint,  219,  610,  655. 

Watson's  Tract,  342,  349,  375. 


Wawayanda  Patent,  503,  606,  568. 

Wax,  product  by  counties,  107. 

Wayne,  Anthony,  569. 

Weavers,  number  bv  counties,  153. 

Webb,  General,  the  "coward,  461,  467,  672. 

Webster,  Ephraim,  479,  485,  489. 

Weeds,  noxious,  39. 

Weights  and  measures.  38.  39,  427. 

Welland  Canal,  119,  520,  625. 

Well,  remarkable,  271. 

Wells  family  murdered,  531. 

Wells  in  N.  Y.,  418,  424. 

Welsh  settlement,  460. 

Wesleyan  Methodists.  144. 

Western  House  of  Refuge,  42,  404. 

Inland  Lock  Navigation  Co.,  58,  346, 

461,  466,  696. 
West  India  Co.,  437. 
West  Patent,  702,  703. 
West  Point,  604. 
Whalebone  manufactory,  546. 
Whale  fisheries.  124,  247,  632, 636, 638, 639. 
Whales,  drift,  124,  635. 
Wliarves,  New  York,  422. 
Wheat,  statistics  of,  101,  104. 
Wheelbarrow  manufactory,  4S2,  484,  665. 
Wheeler,  Silas,  629. 
Whetstones,  223. 
Whip  manufactory,  286. 
Whitehouse,  Rev.  Dr.,  137. 
White  Lead  manufactory,  286,  368,  663, 

566,  666. 
Whiting  manufactorv,  368. 
WiUnir.  Hcrvey  B.,  4"sS. 
Wilkinson.  General,  expedition  of,  310, 354, 

356,  367,  674. 
Jemima,  718,  719,  720,  721. 
Wilkins  Point,  45. 
Willet's  Patent,  345. 
Willett,  Colonel,  316,  411,  461,  607. 
Williams  College  founded,  29S. 
Williimis,  David,  603,  700. 

Ephraim,  298,  671. 
Williamson,  Charles,  384,  621,  622,  690, 

692,  694. 
Willis,  N.  P.,  662. 
Will  of  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  315. 
Windmill,  battle  of,  676. 
Windmills,  635,  636,  637,  640. 
Window  Shade  manufactory,  368, 


Wire  manufactory,  099,  708. 

Wolf,  680,  681. 

bounty  frauds,  308. 

Woman's  Hospital,  432. 

Wooden  Ware  manufac.  573, 680, 581, 591. 

Woodhull,  General  N.,  371,  634. 

Woodworth,  Lieutenant  Solomon.  345. 

Woolen  manufactory,  110,  166,  175,  194, 
199,  200,  203,  206,  212,  216,  2-20. 221, 
229,  244,  248,  265,  260  261,  263, 265, 
270,  272,  283,  289,  291, 292,  293,  301, 
332, 343,  344,  346,  366,  362,  379, 3S6, 
390,  391,  392,  393,  394,  400,  401,  402, 
406,  407,  411,412,  413,  416,  454,  403, 
466,  468,  471,  485,  486,  487,  506,  510, 
614,  522, 535,  664, 661,  669,  5S4,  593, 
697,  610,  611,  617,  618,  636,  651,  655. 
658,  662,  663,  668,  681, 68-2,  683,  685, 
695,  703,  704,  713,  715. 

Wool  growing,  168, 178,  186, 198,  208,  218, 
2-23,  280,  320,  395,492,  498,  609,  620, 
628,  688,  710. 

Woolsey,  Lieutenant  .625. 

Wooster,  Ebenezer,  258, 

Workhouses,  280,  398,  425,  426,  476. 

Worth,  General,  monument  to,^42-3. 

Wreckmiisters,  117,  644,  631. 

Wright,  Benjamin,  69,  70,  619. 
Silas,  676,  686. 

Wyandauce,  Montauk  sachem,  633,  634, 
638. 

Wyoming  massacre,  265,  410. 

Yam  manufactory,  276,  346,  605,  669. 
Yellow  fever.  428. 
Yeo,  Sir  James.  399,  525,  694. 
Yorkshire,  on  Long  Island,  365,  544,  545. 
Young,  Brigham,  496. 

John.  326. 

Samuel,  59,  137,  481. 
Young  Men's  Association,  147,  161,  275, 
287,  369. 

Christian  Association,  146. 

Christian  Union,  147,  287. 
Young's  Patent,  342. 

Zenger,  Peter,  trial  of,  431, 
Zinc  ores.  -IQ.  704. 
Zinzendorf,  Count,  274. 
Zoological  .Garden,  423. 


GAZETTEER 


STATE  OF  I^EW  YORK. 


STATE   BOUNDARIES. 


The  State  of  New  York  is  situated  between  40°  29'  40"  and 
45°  0'  42"  N.  latitude,  and  between  71°  51'  and  79°  47'  25" 
longitude  w.  of  Greenwich.  It  is  bounded  on  the  n.  by 
Canada,  e.  by  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut,  s.  by 
the  ocean,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania,  and  w.  by  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Canada. 

The  Northern  Boundary,  commencing  in  the  middle  of  Lake 
Ontario,  N.  of  the  mouth  of  Niagara  River,  extends  eastward 
through  the  lake,  midway  between  the  opposite  shores,  to  its 
E.  extremity,  thence  north-easterly  through  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  to  the  45th  parallel  of  N.  latitude,  and  thence  easterly 
in  a  gradually  diverging  line  from  the  parallel,  and  terminating 
upon  Lake  Champlain  4,200  feet  N.  of  it. 
The  Eastern  Boundary  extends  s.  through  Lake  Champlain  to  its  s.  extremity,  thence  a  short 
distance  s.  e.  along  Poultney  River,  and  thence  in  an  irregular  line,  but  in  a  generally  southerly 
direction,  to  Lyons  Point,  at  the  mouth  of  Byram  River,  on  Long  Island  Sound.  From  this 
point  the  line  extends  eastward  through  the  Sound,  very  near  the  Connecticut  shore,  to  the  e. 
extremity  of  Long  Island,  including  within  the  limits  of  the  State  nearly  all  the  islands  in  the 
Sound. 

The  Southern  Boundary  extends  from  the  e.  extremity  of  Long  Island  along  the  ocean  to  the 
s.  w.  extremity  of  Staten  Island,  thence  northward  through  the  channel  between  Staten  Island 
and  New  Jersey  and  through  New  York  Bay  and  the  Hudson  to  the  41st  parallel  of  n.  latitude, 
thence  north-westerly  to  a  point  upon  the  Delaware  at  latitude  41°  20'  n.,  thence  north-westerly 
along  Delaware  River  to  latitude  42°  n.,  and  thence  w.  along  the  42d  parallel  to  a  meridian  passing 
through  the  w.  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario. 

The  Western  Boundary,  commencing  upon  the  42d  parallel,  extends  n.  to  the  middle  of  Lake 
Erie,  thence  eastward  to  the  E.  extremity  of  the  lake,  and  thence  n.  through  Niagara  River  and 
to  the  middle  of  Lake  Ontario.' 


1  Th"*  boundary throngh  Lake  Ontario  isl75mi.;  throuKhthe 
St.  Lawrence,  108  mi.;  along  the  Canada  frontier,  E.  of  the  St. 
Ln\frence.  62.75  mi.;  through  Lake  Champlain,  105  mi. ;  along 
Poultney  River.  17.25  mi. ;  the  Vt.  line,  H.  of  that  river,  54.06 
mi. ;  the  Mass,  line,  50.52  mi. ;  the  Conn,  line,  to  Lyons  Point, 
on  Long  Island  Sound,  81.20  mi.;  through  the  Sound,  96  mi.: 
along  the  ocean  to  the  N.  J.  shore,  150  mi. ;  through  the  Bay  and 


Hndson  River,  to  latitude  41°  N.,  44  mi. ;  along  the  N.  J.  line, 
w.  of  the  Hudson,  4S.50  mi. ;  thrnu(;h  Delaware  River,  78  mi. ; 
along  the  Penn.  lino,  on  latitude  42°,  225.50  mi. ;  on  the  me- 
ridian to  Lake  Erie,  1S.75  mi.,  and  npon  the  meridian  in  Lake 
Erie,  22  mi. ;  through  Uike  Eri-j  to  llutfalo.  50  mi. ;  and  through 
Niagara  River,  34  mi. 

!  II 


18 


XEW   YORK    GAZETTEER. 


The  boundaries  of  the  State  have  been  settled  from  time  to  time  by  commissioners  appointed 
by  the  several  governments  "whot^e  territories  are  contiguous.  In  several  instances  long  and 
angry  controversies  have  occurred,  which  have  extended  through  many  years  and  almost  led  to 
civil  war.  The  boundaries  are  all  now  definitely  fixed,  except  that  of  Conn.,  respecting  which  a 
controversy  is  now  pending.^ 


1  Canada  Boundary. — By  royal  proclamation,  issued  in  Oct. 
1763,  the  line  of  45°  n.  was  fixed  as  the  boundary  between  the 
provinces  of  Quebec  and  New  York,  and  this  was  confirmed  in 
council,  August  12, 176S.  The  line  was  surveyed  by  Valentine 
and  Collina,  October  20,  1774.  By  the  treaty  of  17S3  the  45th 
parallel  was  recognized  aa  the  N.  boundary  of  the  State  from 
Lake  Champlain  to  the  St.  Lawrence.  By  the  treaty  of  Ghent 
the  same  line  was  recognized  aa  the  boundary,  and  provisions 
were  made  fur  a  re-survey.  In  1818-19,  Gov.  Van  Ness  and  Peter 
B.  Porter  on  the  part  of  the  U.  S.,  and  John  Ogilvie  on  the  part 
of  Great  Britain,  ran  the  line  with  great  care;  and  it  was  found 
that  the  old  line  coincided  with  the  parallel  only  at  St.  Regis, 
and  that  from  that  point  E.  it  diverged,  until  at  Lake  Cham- 
plain  it  was  4,200  feet  too  far  N.  The  deepest  channel  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  was  not  always  adopted,  as  a  mutual  exchange  of 
islands  was  made  satisfactory  to  both  parties.  Before  the  n. 
line  was  re-surveyed,  in  1818,  the  U.  S.  Government  had  com- 
menced the  erection  of  a  fortress  at  Rouses  Point,  on  Lake 
Champlain  ;  and  this  was  found  to  be  within  the  British  terri- 
tory. By  the  treaty  of  August  9, 1S42,  the  old  line  of  Valentine 
and  Collins  was  restored,  and  the  strip  of  territory  before  talten 
off  again  came  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  U.  S.  The  com- 
missioners to  run  the  line  under  tbo  treaty  of  1842  were  Albert 
Smith  on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  and  J.  B.  B.  Estcourt 
on  the  part  of  Great  Britain. 

Vermont  Boundary. — The  territory  of  Vermont  was  originally 
claimed  by  both  New  York  and  New  Hampshire,  and  conflicting 
grants  were  made  by  the  two  governments.  Most  of  the  actual 
settlers  holding  title  under  N.  IL  resisted  the  claims  of  N.  Y,, 
and  many  actual  collisions  occurred.  Jan.  15, 1777,  the  settlers 
declared  themselves  independent,  and  laid  claim  to  the  territory 
w.  to  the  Hudson,  N.  of  Lansingburgh,  and  along  the  w.  shore 
of  Lake  Champlain.  By  an  act  of  Congress  passed  Aug.  20,1781, 
they  were  required  to  recede  from  this  claim.  A  final  agree- 
ment was  entered  into  between  Vt.  and  N.  Y.,  Oct.  7, 1790,  by 
which  N.  Y.  surrendered  all  her  claim  to  jurisdiction  to  the 
present  territory  of  Vt.,  and  Vt.  paid  $30,000  to  certain  persons 
who  had  been  deprived  of  lands  granted  by  N.Y.  The  boundary 
line  was  run  by  Robert  Yates,  Robert  R,  Livingston.  John  Lan- 
siiE,  jr.,  Guliau  C.  Vei-planck.  Simeon  De  Witt,  Egbert  Benson, 
Richard  Sill,  and  Melancthon  Smith  on  the  part  of  N.  Y.,  and 
Isaac  Tichenor,  Stephen  R.  Bradley,  Nathanit^l  Chipman,  Elijah 
Paine,  Ira  Allen,  Stephen,  Jacob,  and  Israel  Smith  on  the  part 
of  Vt.    The  final  line  was  established  June  8, 1812. 

Jlassachuaetts  Boundary. — The  charter  of  Mat^sachusetts  em- 
braced all  the  territory  between  44°  and  48°  n.  latitude  '•  throu2:h- 
out  the  Maine  lands  from  sea  to  sea."  Grants  made  under  this 
authority  conflicted  with  those  of  N.  Y.,  and  angry  controversies 
ensued,  which  in  colonial  times  often  resulted  in  violence  and 
bloodshed.  On  the  ISth  of  May,  1773,  an  agreement  was  en- 
tered into  between  John  Watts,  Wm.  Smith,  Robert  R.  Livings- 
ton, and  Wm.  Nicoll,  commissioners  ou  the  part  of  N.  Y.,  and 
Wm.  Brattle,  Joseph  Ilawk-y,  and  John  Hancock,  on  that  of 
Maes.;  but  the  Revolution  .soon  followed,  and  the  line  was  never 
nin.  Commissioners  aj'pointed  by  both  States  in  1783  failed 
to  agree;  and  December  2.  17S5,  Congress  appointed  Thomas 
Hutchins.  John  Ewing.  and  David  Kittenhouse  commissioners 
to  run  the  line  and  finally  end  the  controversy.  The  claims  of 
Mass.  to  the  hinds  westward  were  finally  settled  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Dec.  IC,  1786,  by  James  Duane,  RoV>ert  R.  Livingston, 
Robert  Yates,  John  Uaring.  Melancthon  Smith,  and  Eglx^rt 
Benson,  commissioners  on  the  part  of  N.  Y.,  and  John  Lowell, 
James  Sullivan,  Iheophil  us  Parsons,  and  Rufus  King,  on  the 
part  of  Mass.  By  this  agreement  Mass.  surrendered  the  sove- 
reignty of  the  whole  disputed  territory  to  N.  Y.,  and  received  in 
return  the  right  of  soil  and  pre-emptive  right  of  Indian  pur- 
chase w.  of  a  meridian  passing  through  the  S2d  milestone  of  the 
Penn.  line,  excepting  certain  reservations  upon  Niagara  River. 
The  title  to  a  tract  known  as  "  The  Boston  Tl-u  Towns,"  lying  E. 
of  this  meridian,  previously  granted  by  Mass.,  was  also  con- 
firmed. Nantucket,  Marthas  Vineyard,  and  the  adjacent  islands, 
were  purchased  from  the  Earl  of  Sterling  by  the  Duke  of  York, 
and  civil  jurisdiction  was  exercised  over  them,  under  the  name 
of  '■•  DvJkes  County,^*  by  the  govt^rnors  of  N.  Y.,  until  it  was  an- 
nexed to  Mass.  by  the  provincial  chart-er  of  1692.  "Pemaquid 
and  its  dependencies,"  comprising  a  considerable  part  of  the 
coa.'Jt  of  Maine,  was  also  bought  from  the  Earl  of  Sterling,  and 
governed  by  N.  Y.,  as  "  (\frnwaU  Gnuityy  until  168*3.  when  it 
vaa  transferred  to  Mass.    Boston  Corner,  a  small  arable  tract  in 


the  town  of  Mount  Washington,  separated  by  a  rugged  mountain 
from  the  convenient  jurisdiction  of  Mass.  was  surrendered  by 
that  State  May  14,  1853,  accepted  by  N.  Y.  July  21,  1653,  and 
the  transfer  was  confirmed  by  Congress,  Jan.  3,  1855.  Russell 
Dorr  was  appointed  on  the  part  of  N.  Y.,  and  John  Z.  Goodrich 
by  Massachusetts,  to  run  and  mark  the  line. 

Connecticut  Boundary. — By  the  charter  of  1662  the  territory 
of  Conn,  extended  to  the  "  South  Sea;"  and  by  patent  granted 
in  1664  the  territory  of  the  Duke  of  York  was  bounded  E.  by 
Connecticut  River.  Commissioners  sent  over  in  16&4  settled 
upon  a  line  20  mi.  E.  of  the  Hudson  as  the  boundary,  fixing  the 
starting  point  on  Mamaroneck  River.  The  decision  proving 
grossly  erroneous,  the  controversy  was  renewed,  and  in  16S;i 
another  commissioner  waa  appointed  to  settle  the  matter.  It 
was  fiually  agreed  to  allow  Conn,  to  extend  her  boundaries  w. 
along  the  Sound,  and  N.  Y.  to  receive  a  compensation  in  the  N. ; 
and  the  line  was  definitely  established  May,  1731.  By  this  agree- 
ment a  tract  called  the  "  Oblong,"  containing  61,44u  acres,  along 
the  N.  part  of  the  w.  border  of  Conn.,  was  surrendered  to  N.  Y. 
The  exact  line  of  Conn,  has  to  the  present  day  been  a  subject  of 
controversy,  and  in  1S56  commissioners  were  appointed  by  each 
State  to  effect  a  settlement,  but  without  success.  N.  Y.  owns  all 
the  islands  in  the  Sound  to  within  a  few  rods  of  the  Conn,  shore. 

I^€w  Jersey  Boundary. — The  original  patent  of  New  Jersey 
was  bounded  n.  by  a  line  running  directly  from  a  point  on  the 
Delaware,  latitude  41°  40',  to  a  point  on  the  Hudson,  latitude 
41°,  and  E.  by  Hudson  River.  The  N.  line  was  run  and  marked  in 
1774,  and  the  e.  was  claimed  by  N.  Y.  as  extending  only  to  low- 
water  mark  on  tlie  adjacent  waters.  N.  J.  claimed  "full  right 
and  lawful  authority  to  exercise  jurisdiction  in  and  over  the  said 
Hudson  River  and  the  said  main  sea,"  including  Staten  Island, 
and,  by  an  act  of  Nov.  2,  1806,  appointed  Aaron  Ogden,  Wm.  S. 
Pennington,  James  Parker,  Lewis  Condict,  and  Alexander  C. 
McWhorter  commissioners  to  settle  her  claims.  The  New  York 
Legislature,  on  the  3d  of  April,  appointed  Ezra  L'Hommedieu, 
Samuel  Jones,  Egbert  Benson,  Simeon  De  ^Vitt,  and  Joseph  C. 
Yates  to  meet  the  commissioners  of  N.  J. ;  but  their  interviews 
led  to  no  result.  The  question  of  jurisdiction  was  finally  settled 
in  1833,  by  an  agreement  between  Benj.  F.Butler,  Peter  A.  Gay, 
and  Henry  Seymour  on  the  part  of  N.  Y.,  and  Theodore  Fieling- 
huysen,  James  Parker,  and  Lucius  Q.  C.  Elmer  on  the  part  of 
N.  J. ;  confirmed  by  N.  Y.  Feb.  5,  by  N.  J.  Feb.  26,  and  by  Con- 
gress June  28, 1834.  The  right  of  each  SUite  to  land  under  water 
and  to  fisheries  extends  to  the  center  of  the  channel.  The  State 
of  N.  Y.  has  sole  jurisdiction  over  all  the  waters  of  the  bay  and 
of  the  river  w.  of  New  York  City  to  low-water  mark  on  the 
Jersey  shore,  except  to  wharves  and  vessels  attached  thereto. 
This  jurisdiction  covers  the  waters  of  Kil  Tan  Kull  and  of 
Staten  Island  Sound  to  Woodbridge  Creek,  as  for  quarantine 
purposes.  South  of  this,  N.  J.  has  exclusive  jurisdiction  over 
the  waters  of  the  Sound  and  of  Raritan  Bay  westward  of  a  line 
from  Princes  Bay  Light  to  Manhattan  Creek,  subject  to  right 
of  property  in  lands  under  water,  of  wharves,  docks,  and  ves- 
sels aground  or  fastened  to  any  wharf  or  dock,  and  the  right  of 
fishing  to  the  center  of  the  channel. 

Civil  process  in  each  State  may  be  executed  upon  the  waters 
of  the  river  and  bay,  except  on  board  of  vessels  aground  or  at- 
tached to  wharves  in  the  other  State,  or  unless  the  person  or 
property  be  under  arrest  or  seizure  by  virtue  of  authority  of 
the  other  State.  By  the  late  survey  of  N.  J.  the  point  of  de- 
parture of  the  boundary  from  the  Delaware  is  41°  20'. 

Pennsylvania  Boundaries. — The  original  boundary  line  be- 
tween New  York  and  Pennsylvania  extended  from  the  N.  w. 
corner  of  New  Jersey  along  the  center  of  Delaware  River  to 
42°  N.  latitude,  and  thence  due  w.  to  Lake  Erie.  Samuel  Hol- 
land on  the  part  of  N.  Y.,  and  David  Rittenhouse  on  the  part 
of  Penn.,  were  appointed  commissioners,  Nov.  8,  1774,  to  run 
this  boundary ;  but  the  Revolution  soon  after  commenced,  and 
nothing  was  done.  In  1785-86  the  line  was  run  w.  to  the  90th 
milestone,  and  the  survey  was  certified  Oct.  12, 1786,  by  James 
Clinton  and  Simeon  De  M'itt,  of  N.  Y.,  and  Andrew  EUiott,  of 
Penn.  By  authority  of  the  State  Legislature,  the  N.  Y.  delegates 
in  Congress,  March  1, 1781,  released  to  the  General  Government 
all  the  lands  to  which  they  had  claim  w.  of  a  meridian  extend- 
ing through  the  w.  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario.  The  trian- 
gular tract  so  surrendered  was  sold  to  Penn.  for  $151,640,  and 
secured  to  that  State  30  mi.  of  lake  coast  and  an  excellent 
harbor.  The  line  was  run  by  the  U.  S.  Surveyor  General  io 
1788-8». 


TOPOGEAPHY. 


Surface. — This  State  lies  upon  that  portion  of  the  Appalachian  Mountain  system  where  the 
mountains  generally  assume  the  character  of  hills  and  finally  sink  to  a  level  of  the  lowlands  that 
surround  the  great  depression  filled  by  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  Three  distinct 
mountain  masses  or  ranges  enter  the  State  from  the  s.  and  extend  across  it  in  a  general  n.  e.  direc- 
tion. The  first  or  most  easterly  of  these  ranges — a  continuation  of  the  Blue  Ridge  of  Va.^-enters 
the  State  from  N.  J.  and  extends  n.  e.  through  Rockland  and  Orange  cos.  to  the  Hudson,  appears 
on  the  E.  side  of  that  river,  and  forms  the  highlands  of  Putnam  and  Dutchess  cos.  A  northerly 
extension  of  the  same  range  passes  into  the  Green  Mts.  of  Western  Mass.  and  Vt.  This  range 
culminates  in  the  Highlands  upon  the  Hudson.  The  highest  peaks  are  1,000  to  1,700  feet  above 
tide.  The  rocks  which  compose  these  mountains  are  principally  primitive  or  igneous,  and  the 
mountains  themselves  are  rough,  rocky,  and  precipitous,  and  unfit  for  cultivation.  The  deep 
gorge  formed  by  the  Hudson  in  passing  through  this  range  presents  some  of  the  finest  scenery  in 
America,  and  has  often  been  compared  to  the  celebrated  valley  of  the  Rhine. 

The  second  series  of  mountains  enters  the  State  from  Penn.  and  extends  n.  e.  through  Sullivan, 
Ulster,  and  Greene  cos.,  terminating  and  culminating  in  the  Catskill  Mts.  upon  the  Hudson. 
The  highest  peaks  are  3,000  to  3,800  feet  above  tide.  The  Shawangunk  Mts.,  a  high  and  con- 
tinuous ridge  extending  between  Sullivan  and  Orange  cos.  and  into  the  s.  part  of  Ulster,  is  the 
extreme  E.  range  of  this  series.  The  Helderbergh  and  Hellibark  Mts.  are  spurs  extending  n. 
from  the  main  range  into  Albany  and  Schoharie  cos.  This  whole  mountain  system  is  principally 
composed  of  the  rocks  of  the  New  York  system  above  the  Medina  sandstone.  The  summits  are 
generally  crowned  with  old  red  sandstone  and  with  the  conglomerate  of  the  coal  measures.  The 
declivities  are  steep  and  rooky ;  and  a  large  share  of  the  surface  is  too  rough  for  cultivation.  The 
highest  peaks  overlook  the  Hudson,  and  from  their  summits  are  obtained  some  of  the  finest  views 
in  Eastern  New  York. 

The  third  series  of  mountains  enters  the  State  from  Perm,  and  extends  n.  e.  through  Broome, 
Delaware,  Otsego,  Schoharie,  Montgomery,  and  Herkimer  cos.  to  the  Mohawk,  appears  upon  the 
N.  side  of  that  river,  and  extends  n.  e.,  forming  the  whole  series  of  highlands  that  occupy  the  n.  e. 
part  of  the  State  and  generally  known  as  the  Adirondack  Mountain  region.  South  of  the  Mohawk 
this  mountain  system  assumes  the  form  of  broad,  irregular  hiUs,  occupying  a  wide  space  of  country. 
It  is  broken  by  the  deep  ravines  of  the  streams,  and  in  many  places  the' hills  are  steep  and  nearly 
precipitous.  The  valley  of  the  Mohawk  breaks  the  continuity  of  the  range,  though  the  connec- 
tion is  easily  traced  at  Little  Falls,  The  Noses,  and  other  places.  North  of  the  Mohawk  the  high- 
lands extend  n.  e.  in  several  distinct  ranges,  all  terminating  upon  Lake  Champlain.  The  cul- 
minating point  of  the  whole  system,  and  the  highest  mountain  in  the  State,  is  Mt.  Marcy,  5,467 
feet  above  tide.  The  rocks  of  all  this  region  are  principally  of  igneous  origin,  and  the  mountains 
are  usually  wild,  rugged,  and  rocky.  A  large  share  of  the  surface  is  entirely  unfit  for  cultiva- 
tion ;  but  the  region  is  rich  in  minerals,  and  especially  in  an  excellent  variety  of  iron  ore.  West 
of  these  ranges,  series  of  hills  forming  spurs  of  the  Alleganies  enter  the  State  from  Penn.  and 
occupy  the  entire  s.  half  of  the  w.  part  of  the  State.  An  irregular  line  extending  through  the 
southerly  counties  forms  the  watershed  that  separates  the  northern  and  southern  drainage ;  and 
from  it  the  surface  gradually  declines  northward  until  it  finally  terminates  in  the  level  of  Lake 
Ontario.'    The  portion  of  the  State  lying  s.  of  this  watershed  and  occupying  the  greater  part  of 

1  TABLE 
Of  Heights  of  the  Principal  Summits  in  the  State, 


NAME   or  XOUST. 

LOCATIOir. 

FEET. 

NAME   OF  MOUNT. 

LOOATION. 

FEET. 

6,467 
6,200 
6,1R3 
6,000 
6,000 
4,900 
4,900 
4,600 
4,600 
6,100 
4,0110 
3,000 
3,804 
3,718 

Pine  Orchard _ 

Mount  Piat^ah 

Greene      co 

3.000 
3.400 
2,400 
1,983 
l.OSO 
1,7  no 
1,743 
1,6S5 
1,471 
1,6S6 
1,228 
l.f)2'J 
1,418 
1,360 

I)ix  Peak 

Delaware  '* 

Mount  Mclntyre. 

"      McMartin 

"      Sandanoni 

"      NinnleToD 

(C                      (( 

u               u 

KlplcvIIill 

Onondaga  •' 

»             tl 

U                     (( 

Cortland   *' 

(C                  u 

"     Pharaoh 

"      Taylor 

u              u 

Beacon  lIiU 

Old  Bcjicon 

Bull  Hill 

Dutchess  " — 

Putnam     " 

Hamilton  " 

"      Seward 

(t           It 

((                 u 

Butti^r  Hill 

Crows  Nest 

Bear  Mount 

High  Peak 

tl                   K 

"         " 

20 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


the  two  southerly  tiers  of  counties  is  entirely  occupied  by  these  hills.  Along  the  Penn.  line  they 
are  usually  abrupt  and  are  separated  by  narrow  ravines,  but  toward  the  N.  their  summits  become 
broader  and  less  broken.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  highland  region  is  too  steep  for  profitable 
cultivation  and  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.  The  highest  summits  in  Allegany  and  Cattaraugus 
COS.  are  2,000  to  3,000  feet  above  tide. 

From  the  summits  of  the  watershed  the  highlands  usually  descend  toward  Lake  Ontario  in 
series  of  terraces,  the  edges  of  which  are  the  outcrops  of  the  different  rocks  which  underlie  the 
surface.  These  terraces  are  usually  smooth,  and,  although  inclined  toward  the  n.,  the  inclination 
is  generally  so  slight  that  they  appear  to  be  level.  Between  the  hills  of  the  s.  and  the  level  land 
of  the  N.  is  a  beautiful  rolling  region,  the  ridges  gradually  declining  toward  the  N.  In  that  part 
of  the  State  s.  of  the  most  eastern  mountain  range  the  surface  is  generally  level  or  broken  by  low 
hills.  In  New  York  and  Westchester  cos.  these  hills  are  principally  composed  of  primitive  rocks. 
The  surface  of  Long  Island  is  generally  level  or  gently  undulating.  A  ridge  150  to  200  feet  high, 
composed  of  sand,  gravel,  and  clay,  extends  E.  and  w.  across  the  island  N.  of  the  center. 

KlTers  and  Liakes. — The  river  system  of  the  State  has  two  general  divisions, — the  first 
comprising  the  streams  tributary  to  the  great  lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  second  those 
which  flow  in  a  general  southerly  direction.  The  watershed  which  separates  these  two  systems 
extends  in  an  irregular  line  eastward  from  Lake  Erie  through  the  southern  tier  of  counties  to  near 
the  N.E.  corner  of  Chemung;  thence  it  turns  N.  E.  to  the  Adirondack  Mts.  in  Essex  co.,  thence 
s.  E.  to  the  E.  extremity  of  Lake  George,  and  thence  nearly  due  E.  to  the  E.  line  of  the  State.' 

The  northerly  division  has  5  general  subdivisions.  The  most  westerly  of  these  comprises  all 
the  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Erie  and  Niagara  River  and  those  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario  w.  of 
Genesee  River.  In  Chautauqua  co.  the  streams  are  short  and  rapid,  as  the  watershed  approaches 
within  a  few  mi.  of  Lake  Erie.  Cattaraugus,  Buffalo,  Tonawanda,  and  Oak  Orchard  Creeks  are 
the  most  important  streams  in  this  division.  Bufialo  Creek  is  chiefly  noted  for  forming  Buffalo 
Harbor  at  its  mouth;  and  the  Tonawanda  for  12  miles  from  its  mouth  is  used  for  canal  navi- 
gation. Oak  Orchard  and  other  creeks  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario  descend  from  the  interior  in  a 
series  of  rapids,  affording  a  large  amount  of  water-power. 

The  second  subdivision  comprises  the  Genesee  River  and  its  tributaries.  The  Genesee  rises 
in  the  n.  part  of  Penn.  and  flows  in  a  generally  northerly  direction  to  Lake  Ontario.  Its  upper 
course  is  through  a  narrow  valley  bordered  by  steep,  rocky  hills.  Upon  the  line  of  Wyoming  and 
Livingston  cos.  it  breaks  through  a  mountain  barrier  in  a  deep  gorge  and  forms  the  Portage  Falls, 
— one  of  the  finest  waterfalls  in  the  State.  Below  this  point  the  course  of  the  river  is  through  a 
beautiful  valley  1  to  2  mi.  wide  and  bordered  by  banks  50  to  150  ft.  high.  At  Rochester  it  flows 
over  the  precipitous  edges  of  the  Niagara  limestone,  forming  the  Upper  Genesee  Falls ;  and  3  mi. 
below  it  flows  over  the  edge  of  the  Medina  sandstone,  forming  the  Lower  Genesee  Falls.  The 
principal  tributaries  of  this  stream  are  Canaseraga,  Iloneoye,  and  Conesus  Creeks  from  the  e.,  and 
Oatka  and  Black  Creeks  from  the  w.  Honeoye,  Canadice,  Hemlock,  and  Conesus  Lakes  lie  within 
the  Genesee  Basin. 

The  third  subdivision  includes  the  Oswego  River  and  its  tributaries  and  the  small  streams  flow- 
ing into  Lake  Ontario  between  Genesee  and  Oswego  Rivers.  The  basin  of  the  Oswego  includes 
most  of  the  inland  lakes  which  form  a  peculiar  feature  of  the  landscape  in  the  interior  of  the  State. 
The  principal  of  these  lakes  are  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Canandaigua,  Skaneateles,  Crooked,  and  Owasco, — 
all  occupying  long,  narrow  valleys,  and  extending  from  the  level  land  in  the  center  far  into  the 
highland  region  of  the  s.  The  valleys  which  they  occupy  appear  like  immense  ravines  formed  by 
some  tremendous  force,  which  has  torn  the  solid  rocks  from  their  original  beds,  from  the  general 
level  of  the  surrounding  summits,  down  to  the  present  bottoms  of  the  lakes.^  Oneida  and  Onondaga 

1  TABLE 
Showing  Vte  het'ght  above  tide  of  the  passed  hrlwecn  the  principal  river  ImsiTis  of  the  State. 


BETWEEN 

AT 

FEET. 

BETWEEN 

AT 

FEET. 

960 
884 
1,780 
1.699 
1,C14 
636 
1,120 
1,060 

Hudson  River  and  Raraapo  River 

"          "        "    Delaware  River 

"          "        «    Neversink  River.... 

657 
900 

427 

557 

1.373 

1,127 

1.247 

Snsquehanna  River  and  Cayuga  Lake 
"                    "       "    Seneca  Lake. 
«                   "       "    Genesee  Riv.. 

Geneseo  River  and  Allegany  River.... 

Ithaca  Summit... 

Hor.'jebeads 

Alfred  Summit... 

Wawarsing 

«          "        **    Lake  Erie 

Little  Tal.  Sum... 

Delavraro  River  and  Susquehanna  Riv. 
Susquehanna  River  and  Mohawk  Riv. 

Deposit  Summit. 

Mohawk  River  and  Lake  Ontario 

«            "        "    Black  River 

Lake  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence... 

Tully 

Chateaugay  Sum. 

The  most  remarkable  passes  through  the  mountains  are,  first,  I  ~  The  ravines  of  these  lakes,  and  the  streams  which  flow  down 
that  of  the  Hudson,  through  the  eastern  mountains;  second,  parallel  to  them,  are  usually  bordered  by  steep  hillsides,  the 
that  of  Wood  Creek,  from  the  Hudson  to  Lake  Champlain ;  and,  strata  of  which  lie  in  parallel  layers  nearly  level  e.  and  w.,  and 
Uiird,  that  of  tha  Mohawk,  through  the  central  mountains.        [  Bligbtly  inclined  toward  the  s.    Upon  the  opposite  banks  tbd 


TOPOGRAPHY.  2J 

Lakes  occupy  basins  upon  the  level  land  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  Oswego  Basin.  Mud  Creek,  the 
most  westerly  branch  of  Oswego  River,  takes  its  rise  in  Ontario  oo.,  flows  n.e.  into  Wayne,  where 
it  unites  with  Canandaigua  Outlet  and  takes  the  name  of  Clyde  River ;  thence  it  flows  E.  to  the 
w.  line  of  Cayuga  co.,  where  it  empties  into  Seneca  River.  This  latter  stream,  made  up  of  the 
outlets  of  Seneca  and  Cayuga  Lakes,  from  this  point  flows  in  a  n.  e.  course,  and  receives  success- 
ively the  outlets  of  Owasco,  Skaneateles,  Onondaga,  and  Oneida  Lakes.  From  the  mouth  of  the 
last-named  stream  it  takes  the  name  Oswego  River,  and  its  course  is  nearly  due  n.  to  Lake  Ontario. 

The  fourth  subdivision  includes  the  streams  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence  e.  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Oswego.  The  principal  of  these  are  Salmon,  Black,  Oswegatchie,  Grasse,  and 
Racket  Rivera.  These  streams  mostly  take  their  rise  upon  the  plateau  of  the  great  Northern 
wilderness,  and  in  their  course  to  the  lowlands  are  frequently  interrupted  by  falls,  furnishing  an 
abundance  of  water-power.  The  water  is  usually  very  dark,  being  colored  with  iron  and  the 
vegetation  of  swamps. 

The  fifth  subdivision  includes  all  the  streams  flowing  into  Lakes  George  and  Champlain.  They 
are  mostly  mountain  torrents,  frequently  interrupted  by  cascades.  The  principal  streams  are  the 
Chazy,  Saranao,  and  Au  Sable  Rivers,  and  Wood  Creek.  Deep  strata  of  tertiary  clay  extend  along 
the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain  and  Wood  Creek.  The  water  of  most  of  the  streams  in  this  region 
is  colored  by  the  iron  over  which  it  flows. 

The  second  general  division  of  the  river-system  of  the  State  includes  the  basins  of  the  Allegany, 
Susquehanna,  Delaware,  and  Hudson.  The  Allegany  Basin  embraces  the  southerly  half  of  Chau- 
tauqua and  Cattaraugus  cos.  and  the  s.  w.  corner  of  Allegany.  The  Allegany  River  enters  the 
State  from  the  s.  in  the  s.  E.  corner  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  flows  in  nearly  a  semicircle,  with  its  out- 
ward curve  toward  the  n.,  and  flows  out  of  the  State  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  same  co.  It  receives 
several  tributaries  from  the  n.  and  E.  These  streams  mostly  flow  in  deep  ravines  bordered  by 
steep,  rocky  hillsides.  The  watershed  between  this  basin  and  Lake  Erie  approaches  within  a  few 
miles  of  the  lake,  and  is  elevated  800  to  1,000  feet  above  it. 

The  Susquehanna  Basin  occupies  about  one-third  of  the  s.  border  of  the  State.  The  river  takes 
its  rise  in  Otsego  Lake,  and,  flowing  s.  w.  to  the  Penn.  line,  receives  Charlotte  River  from  the  s. 
and  the  Unadilla  from  the  n.  After  a  course  of  a  few  miles  in  Penn.  it  again  enters  the  State,  and 
flows  in  a  general  westerly  direction  to  near  the  w.  border  of  Tioga  co.,  whence  it  turns  s.  and 
again  enters  Penn.  Its  principal  tributary  from  the  N.  is  Chenango  River.  Tioga  River  enters 
the  State  from  Penn.  near  the  E.  border  of  Steuben  co.,  flows  n.,  receives  the  Canisteo  from  the  w. 
and  the  Conhocton  from  the  n.  From  the  mouth  of  the  latter  the  stream  takes  the  name  Chemung 
River,  and  flows  in  a  s.  E.  direction,  into  the  Susquehanna  in  Penn.,  a  few  miles  s.  of  the  State 
line.  The  upper  course  of  these  streams  is  generally  through  deep  ravines  bordered  by  steep 
hillsides ;  but  below  they  are  bordered  by  wide  and  beautiful  intervales. 

The  Delaware  Basin  occupies  Delaware  and  Sullivan  and  portions  of  several  of  the  adjacent  cos. 
The  N.  or  principal  branch  of  the  river  rises  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  Delaware  co.  and  flows  s.  w.  to 
near  the  Penn.  line;  thence  it  turns  s.  E.  and  forms  the  boundary  of  the  State  to  the  line  of  N.  J. 
Its  principal  branches  are  the  Pepacton  and  Nevcrsink  Rivers.  These  streams  all  flow  in  deep, 
narrow  ravines  bordered  by  steep,  rocky  hills. 

The  Basin  of  the  Hudson  occupies  about  two-thirds  of  the  E.  border  of  the  State,  and  a  large 
territory  extending  into  the  interior.  The  remote  sources  of  the  Hudson  are  among  the  highest 
peaks  of  the  Adirondacks,  more  than  4,000  feet  above  tide.  Several  of  the  little  lakes  which  form 
reservoirs  of  the  Upper  Hudson  are  2,500  to  3,000  feet  above  tide.  The  stream  rapidly  descends 
through  the  narrow  defiles  into  Warren  co.,  where  it  receives  from  the  e.  the  outlet  of  Schroon 
Lake,  and  Sacondaga  River  from  the  w.  Below  the  mouth  of  the  latter  the  river  turns  eastward, 
and  breaks  through  the  barrier  of  the  Luzerne  Mts.  in  a  series  of  rapids  and  falls.  At  Fort  Ed- 
ward it  again  turns  s.  and  flows  with  a  rapid  current,  frequently  interrupted  by  falls,  to  Troy, 
160  miles  from  the  ocean.  At  this  place  the  river  falls  into  an  estuary,  where  its  current  is 
affected  by  the  tide;  and  from  this  place  to  its  mouth  it  is  a  broad,  deep,  sluggish  stream.  About 
60  miles  from  its  mouth  the  Hudson  breaks  through  the  rocky  barrier  of  The  Highlands,  form- 
ing the  most  easterly  of  the  Appalachian  Mt.  Ranges ;  and  along  its  lower  course  it  is  bordered  on 
the  w.  by  a  nearly  perpendicular  wall  of  basaltic  rock  300  to  500  feet  high,  known  as  "  The  Pal 
isades."  Above  Troy  the  Hudson  receives  Hoosick  River  from  the  E.  and  the  Mohawk  from  the 
w.     The  former  stream  rises  in  Western  Mass.  and  Vt.,  and  the  latter  near  the  center  of  the  State. 

dieeeTered  edges  of  the  strata  exactly  correspond,  showing  that  I  water  from  the  N., — the  direction  being  deterrainod  by  the  cha- 
the  intermediate  portions  have  been  torn  away.  The  force  that  racter  of  the  boulders  upon  the  hills,  and  by  the  peculiar  nature 
effected  these  immense  changes  was  probably  great  currents  of  I  of  the  drift  deposits. 


22 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


At  Little  Falls  and  "  The  Noses"  the  Mohawk  breaks  through  mountain  barriers  in  a  deep,  rocky 
ravine;  and  at  Cohoes,  about  1  mile  from  its  mouth,  it  flows  down  a  perpendicular  precipice  of  70 
feet,  forming  an  excellent  water-power.  Below  Troy  the  tributaries  of  the  Hudson  are  all  com- 
paratively small  streams.  South  of  the  Highlands  the  river  spreads  out  into  a  wide  expanse  known 
as  "Tappan  Bay."  A  few  small  streams  upon  the  extreme  e.  border  of  the  State  flow  eastward 
into  the  Housatonic ;  and  several  small  branches  of  Passaic  River  rise  iu  the  s.  part  of  Rockland  co. 

Lake  Erie  forms  a  portion  of  the  w.  boundary  of  the  State.  It  is  240  miles  long,  with  an  average 
width  of  38  miles,  and  it  lies  mostly  w.  of  the  bounds  of  the  State.  It  is  334  feet  above  Lake  On- 
tario, 565  feet  above  tide,  and  has  an  average  depth  of  120  feet.  The  greatest  depth  ever  obtained 
by  soundings  is  270  feet.  The  harbors  upon  the  lake  are  Buifalo,  Silver  Creek,  Dunkirk,  and 
Barcelona. 

Niagara  River,  forming  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  is  34  miles  long,  and,  on  an  average,  more 
than  a  mile  wide.'  About  20  miles  below  Lake  Erie  the  rapids  commence;  and  2  miles  further 
below  are  Niagara  Falls.^  For  7  miles  below  the  falls  the  river  has  a  rapid  course  between 
perpendicular,  rocky  banks,  200  to  300  feet  high ;  but  below  it  emerges  from  the  Highlands  and 
flows  7  miles  to  Lake  Ontario  in  a  broad,  deep,  and  majestic  current. 

Lake  Ontario  foi-ms  a  part  of  the  n.  boundary  to  the  w.  half  of  the  State.  Its  greatest  length  is 
130  miles  and  its  greatest  width  55  miles.  It  is  232  feet, above  tide,  and  its  greatest  depth  is  600 
feet.  Its  principal  harbors  on  the  American  shore  are  Lewiston,  Youngston,  Port  Genesee,  Sodus 
and  Little  Sodus  Bays,  Oswego,  Sackets  Harbor,  and  Cape  Vincent.  St.  Lawrence  River  forms 
the  outlet  of  the  lake  and  the  n.  boundary  of  the  State  to  the  e.  line  of  St.  Lawrence  co.  It  is  a 
broad,  deep  river,  flowing  with  a  strong  yet  sluggish  current  until  it  passes  the  limits  of  this 
State.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course  it  incloses  a  great  number  of  small  islands,  known  as 
"The  Thousand  Islands."' 

The  surfaces  of  the  great  lakes  are  subject  to  variations  of  level, — probably  due  to  prevailing 
winds,  unequal  amounts  of  rain,  and  evaporation.  The  greatest  difference  known  iu  Lake  Erie  is 
7  feet,  and  in  Lake  Ontario  4J  feet.  The  time  of  these  variations  is  irregular;  and  the  interval 
between  the  extremes  often  extends  thi'ough  several  years.  A  sudden  rise  and  fall,  of  several 
feet,  has  been  noticed  upon  Lake  Ontario  at  rare  intervals,  produced  by  some  unknown  cause. 

IVavig'able  Waters. — The  natural  internal  navigation  of  the  State  is  very  extensive. 
Before  the  commencement  of  internal  improvements,  the  rivers  and  lakes  formed  the  most  easy 
means  of  communication  between  distant  portions  of  the  State ;  and  along  these  natural  channels 
of  commerce  the  early  settlements  were  principally  made.*    The  most  important  lines  of  early 


1  TABLE 
of  the  heights  above  tide  of  the  principal  lakes  in  the  State. 


NAME  OP  LAKE. 

LOCATIOPT. 

PEET. 

•2,900 

2,S51 

1,936 

1,826 

1.791 

1,776 

1,745 

1,704 

1,698 

1,665 

1,645 

1,575 

1.570 

1,567 

1,545 

1,545 

1,527 

1,500 

1.291 

1,200 

1.200 

1,193 

900 

860 

718 

670 

668 

447 

387 

369 

361 

232 
93 

tt                it 

«     Sandford 

it                     a 

«     Eckford 

Fulton  Lakes,  (6, 7,  and  8).. 

ft                 tt 

Forked    "     

it                ti 

Essex             " 

Fulton  Lakes,  (3,  4,  and  5).. 

K                       ti 

Rich                       "    

Tully                "    

Ciizenovia        "    

Skaneatelea     "    

Crooked           '*    

Yates             " 

Oneida             "    

Onondaga        "     

"     Ontario 

2  For  a  more  fall  dcacription  of  Niagara  Pallg,  see  page  450. 

3  The  river  scenery  upon  the  St.  Lawrence  is  unsurpasBed.  The 
water  is  perfectly  pure  and  nearly  transparent.  In  consequence 
of  it3  being  fed  by  the  great  lake  reservoirs,  it  is  never  subject 
to  sudden  rises,  but  steadily  pursues  its  majestic  way  to  the 
ocean,  unaffected  by  the  changes  of  the  seasons  or  other  causes. 

4  The  navigable  waters  N.  of  the  great  watershed,  before  the 
completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  were  as  follows: — 
Cattaraugus  Creek,  about  1  mi.  from  its  mouth. 

Buffalo  CrcL-Jc.  boatable  S  mi.  from  Lake  Erie. 

Tonmvanda  Creek,  boatable  30  mi.  from  its  mouth. 

Niagara  River,  navigable  for  vessels  of  any  size  from  Buffalo  to 
Schlosser,  at  the  head  of  the  Rapids, — a  distance  of  22  mi.; 
also  from  Lewiston  to  Lake  Ontario,  a  distance  of  7  mi. 

Oak  Orchard  Creek,  boatable  4  mi.  from  its  mouth. 

Gcmse".  River,  to  Carthage  Landing,  a  distance  of  5  mi.;  and 
from  Rochester  to  Mt.  Morris  for  boats. 

Oswego  River  was  navigated  with  great  difficulty  by  bateaux, 
with  a  portage  at  Oswego  Falls,  now  Fulton. 

Oneida  Outlet  and  Lake  were  naWgable  for  bateaux,  and  for 
many  years  constituted  a  portion  of  the  great  thoroughfare 
between  the  e.  and  w. 

Seneca  River  was  boatable  to  Cayuga  Lake,  and  to  Seneca  Lake 
with  one  portage  at  Seneca  Falls;  Clyde  River  was  boatable 
to  Lyons.  * 

The  Interior  Lalces,  including  Seneca,  Cayuga,  Canandaigua, 
Onondaga,  Owasco,  Skaneateles,  Crooked,  Chautauqua,  and 
Otsego,  are  all  navigable.  Steamers  have  plied  upon  each 
of;thfm. 

Fish  Creek  was  navigable  to  Rome  with  canoes.  A  portage  of 
less  than  1  mi.  intervened  between  this  stream  and  the  Mo- 
hawk River. 

SaJmnn  Rh^er  was  navigable  to  Port  Ontario. 

Salmon  Creek  was  navigable  on  each  branch,  for  small  vessels, 
about  1  mi.  from  the  lake. 

Black  River  was  navigable  for  large  vessels  from  the  lake  to 
Dexter,  a  distance  of  6  mi.,  and  for  boats  and  small  steamers 
from  Carthage  to  Lyons  Falls,  a  distance  of  43  mi. 

Lake  Ontario,  with  all  its  bays  and  inlets,  is  navigable  for  ves- 
sels of  all  sizes. 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


23 


inland  navigation  -were,  first,  x.  from  Albany,  through  the  Hudson  to  Fort  Edward,  thence  a 
portage  to  Fort  Ann,  and  thence  by  Wood  Creek  to  Lake  Champlain ;  and,  second,  w.  from  Albany, 
by  way  of  the  Mohawk,  Wood  Creek,  Oneida  Lake,  and  Oswego  River,  to  Lake  Ontario.  Upon  the 
latter  route  were  portages  at  several  of  the  rifts  of  the  Mohawk,  from  the  Mohawk  to  Wood  Creek, 
and  at  Oswego  Falls. 

Tides. — The  tides  at  New  York  Harbor  and  along  the  coast  have  been  carefully  observed, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Coast  Survey.  The  tidal  wave  from  the  Sound,  as  it  moves  forward 
in  a  wedge-shaped  channel,  becomes  augmented,  whilst  that  from  Sandy  Hook  is  slightly  dimin- 
ished.    These  two  waves  meet  in  East  River,  at  points  between  Hell  Gate  and  Throggs  Neck,^ 


Cranberry  and  French  Creeks  were  boatablo  about  2  mi.  from 
their  mouths. 

Indian  Rix^er  and  Black  Lake  were  navigable  from  Rossie  to  the 
foot  of  the  lake. 

Oswegatchie  River  is  navigable  in  high  water  for  rafts  from  Ox 
Bow  to  Ogdeusburgh. 

Racket  River  was  formerly  boatable  about  18  mi.  from  its  mouth, 
but  the  navigation  is  now  destroyed  by  dnms.  Ju  the  wil- 
derness near  the  headwaters  of  this  river  ai'e  several  miles 
of  Black  water  navigation. 

St.  R^^is  Rii'cr  is  navi|:;alile  for  steamboats  2  mi.  from  itg  mouth. 

Sainton  River,  navigable  to  Fort  Covington. 

*S'(.  Lawrence  River  is  na\igablo  for  vessels  of  any  ?ize  from  the 
lake  to  Ogdenahurgh.  Below  that  point  rafts,  arks,  and 
boats  could  descend,  but  could  a-^^cend  only  by  towing  with 
horses  and  cattle  up  the  principj^l  rifts.  Locks  and  canals 
have  been  constructed  around  the  Rapids  by  the  Canadian 
Government,  so  that  the  navigation  for  steamboats,  slonps. 
and  schooners  is  now  uninterrupted  from  Lake  Ontario  to 
the  ocean. 

Wood  Creek  was  boatable  from  Fort  Ann  to  Lake  Champlain. 

Lake  George  is  navigable  for  boats  and  steamers. 

Lake  Oiamplain  is  navigable  for  all  kinds  of  vesisels.  Rafts  were 
formerly  sent  down  to  the  St.  Lawrence ;  but  vessels  could 
not  ascend  the  Richlieu  until  after  the  construction  of  a 
canal  and  locks  around  the  Rapi<ls. 

Chazy  River  is  navigable  to  Champlain  Landing, 
The  navigable  waterse.  of  the  great  watert^h-d  were  as  follows: 

Allegany  River,  in  high  water,  is  navigable  for  small  steamers 
up  to  Clean. 

€hnneioa7tgo  Creek  and  several  of  its  tributaries  are  navigable  for 
rafts  in  high  water. 

SusqiieJtanna  River  was  navigable  for  boats,  in  high  water,  to 
Otsego  Lake. 

ITFDE 
The  following  table,  prepared  by  A.  D.  Bache,  Superintendent 

Hudson.    The  time  is  that  after  the  last  preceding  tiunsit  of  the 

is  mean  low  tide. 


VnadiUa  River  was  also  boatable  for  a  considerable  distance. 

Chenango  River  and  several  of  its  tributaries  were  boatable  in 
high  water. 

Chemung  River  was  boatable  and  navigable  for  rafts  in  high 
water. 

Conhoclon  River  was  boatable  to  Bath. 

Tioga  River  and  the  Gmistea  were  also  boatable  a  considerable 
distance. 

Delaware  River  is  navigable  for  rafts  in  high  water.  Immense 
quantities  of  lumber  have  been  floated  down  the  Delaware 
and  Susquehanna  to  the  markets  of  Philadelphia  and  Balti- 
more. 

Jludson  River  is  navigable  for  ships  to  Hudson,  and  by  sloops 
and  steamers  to  Troy.  Boats  formerly  ascended  to  Fort  Ed- 
ward, with  portages  around  the  Falls. 

RonAoul  and  Wappinger  Creeks  are  navigable  each  about  2  mi. 
from  their  mouths. 

Mofiaivk  Rii'cr  \^i\B  boatable  from  Schenectady  to  "  Fort  Stan- 
wr."  now  Rome,  with  several  interruptions.  Tlie  principal 
obstructions  were  the  *•  Six  Flats  Rift,"  6  mi.  above  Sche- 
nectady; "Fort  Hunter  Rift;"  "Canghnawaga  Rift,"  at 
Cauiijoharie;  "Ehlcs  Rift."  near  Fort  Plain;  "Kneishems 
Rift,"  near  the  Upper  Indian  Ca.=5tle ;  and  the  "  Little  Falls," 
which  was  a  complete  bar  to  upward  navigation  and  re- 
quired a  portage  around  it. 

Sacondaga  River  is  navigable  for  small  steamers  from  Hadley 
to  Northimipton, — a  distance  of  20  mi.  In  and  around  New 
York  and  Long  Island  the  bays,  creeks,  and  inlets  are  nearly 
all  navigable  in  high  tide. 

Peconic  River  is  navigable  to  Riverhwid. 

Ryram  River  is  navigable  to  Port  Cht'^iter. 

Bronx  River  is  navigable  to  West  Farms,  a  distance  of  3  mi. 

Harlem  River  can  be  navigated  by  small  craft  from  East  River 
to  High  Bridge. 
TABLES. 

of  the  Coast  Survey,  shows  the  progress  of  the  tidal  wave  up  the 
moon  across  the  meridian  at  Sandy  Hook.   The  plane  of  reference 


Time  after  last  preceding  transit  at  S.  H. 
Riseofhighest  tide  above  planeof  reference. 
Fall  of  lowest  tide  below     "     "         " 
Fall  of  mean  low  water  of  spring  tides  below 

plane  of  reference 

Height  of  mean  low  water  of  neap  tides 

above  plane  of  reference , 

Mean  rise  and  fall  of  tides 

"       "      "      "     "  spring  tides... 

«       «      «     «    "neap  tides 

Mean  duration,  reckoning  from  Tofrige... 
the  middle  of  one  stand  ■<  of  fall... 
to  the  middle  of  the  next.  I  of  stand. 


^ 

.d 

1 

1 

'I 

1 

e 

g 

1 

t 

1 

5j 

1 

-.5 
S 

I" 
63 

1 

a 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

B.N. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M, 

H.  a. 

B.  «. 

B.  M. 

H.  M. 

7.20 

8.14 

9.24 

10.10 

11.5 

13.0 

13.60 

15.41 

16.54 

17.45 

V.lft. 

6.1  ft. 

6.0  ft. 

4.7  ft. 

4.9  ft. 

5.6  ft. 

6.4  ft. 

6.0  ft. 

4.911. 

6.4  ft. 

1.4 

2.2 

0.9 

O.S 

0.8 

1.1 

1.5 

1.6 

0.8 

1.7 

0.5 

0.5 

0.3 

0.2 

0.4 

0.4 

0.5 

0.2 

0.3 

0.4 

0.5 

0.4 

0.5 

0.3 

0.3 

0.4 

0.4 

0.3 

0.3 

0.4 

4.8 

4.3 

3.59 

8.12 

2.71 

3.24 

3.95 

3.67 

2.66 

2.46 

6.6 

5.1 

4.6 

3.8 

3.4 

4.0 

4.8 

4.3 

3.3 

3.2 

4.0 

3.4 

2.7 

2.6 

2.0 

2.4 

3.0 

2.8 

1.8 

1.1 

H.  AI. 

B.  U. 

B.  N. 

H.  M. 

B.  M. 

B.  H. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

B.  M. 

B.  M. 

6.10 

6.0 

6.5 

6.26 

6.28 

5.41 

6.40 

5.18 

6.1 

4.26 

G.15 

6.23 

6.18 

7.12 

7.10 

6.44 

6.54 

7.02 

7.23 

8.4 

0.21 

0.2S 

Tide  tabu  for  the  shores  of  Long  Island  and  adjacent  places  in  X^ew  Tork.    Timeafter  moon^stranstt  andplaneof  references  above. 


Interval  between  time  of  moon's /Mean  interval 

transit  and  time  of  high  water.  |  Diff.  between  greatest  and  least  interval 

rSpring  tides 

Rise  and  fall.  -;  Xeap  tides 

(_Mean , 


{Flood  tide.. 
Ebb  tide.... 
Stand. 


^ 

■% 

s 

1 

It 

1 
1 

^ 

e 

1 

J. 

B.  U. 

H.  M. 

B.  M. 

B.  H. 

B.  M. 

n.  M. 

8.20 

9.38 

11.7 

11.13 

11.22 

U.20 

1.11 

1.7 

0.51 

0.31 

0.32 

0.39 

2.4  ft. 

2.3  fl. 

9.2  ft. 

8.9  ft. 

8.6  ft. 

9.2  ft. 

1.8 

2.9 

5.4 

6.4 

6.6 

6.1 

1.9 

2.6 

7.3 

7.7 

7.6 

7.3 

H.  M. 

n.  u. 

B.  U. 

B.  M. 

n.  M. 

B.  M. 

6.7 

6.1 

6.8 

6.65 

6.61 

6.80 

6.7 

6.21 

6.24 

6.30 

6.36 

6.33 

0.31 

0.37 

0.14 

0.12 

0.43 

S^Mrt  <jf  Oxut  Suney,  1856,  p.  122. 


GEOLOGY. 


Odr  knowledge  of  the  geology  of  the  State  is  derived  from  the  survey  made  under  State  authority 
from  1836  to  1843,  and  from  the  investigations  of  several  eminent  geologists  who  have  examined 
particular  localities.^ 

Rocks. — The  geological  formations  of  the  State  include  the  igneous  or  primary  rocks,  and  all 
the  strata  lying  between  them  and  the  coal  measures  of  Penn.  The  classification  adopted  by  the 
State  geologists,  embracing  all  the  rocks  above  the  primary,  is  known  as  the  "  New  York  system," 
the  rocks  being  analogous  to  the  Silurian  and  Devonian  system  of  the  European  geologists.  The 
igneous  or  primary  rocks,  including  granite,  gneiss,  and  other  varieties  destitute  of  organic 
remains,  occupy  the  greater  part  of  the  mountainous  region  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  State,  the 
Highlands  upon  the  Hudson,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  country  below,  including  Man- 
hattan Island.  Portions  of  these  rocks  are  imperfectly  stratified,  and  are  generally  found  in 
broken  and  disrupted  masses  with  the  strata  highly  inclined.  The  remaining  portions  of  the  State 
are  occupied  by  series  of  stratified  rocks,  generally  extending  e.  and  w.  and  varying  in  thickness 
from  a  few  inches  to  several  hundred  feet.  The  strata  overlie  each  other,  and  have  a  slight  dip 
toward  the  s.,  so  that  a  person  in  traveling  from  the  n,  border  of  the  State  to  the  Penn.  line  would 
successively  pass  over  the  exposed  edges  of  the  whole  series.  Toward  the  e.  these  strata  all  are 
bent,  and  appear  to  be  arranged  around  the  primitive  region  in  the  same  order  in  which  they  lie 
elsewhere.  The  highest  of  the  series  of  rocks  found  in  the  State  forms  the  floor  of  the  coal 
measures ;  so  that  it  is  perfectly  futile  to  search  for  coal  within  the  limits  of  the  State.  The  rocks 
are  distinguished  by  their  color,  quality,  and  situation,  and  by  the  fossils  which  they  contain. 
In  many  instances  a  stratum  disappears  entirely,  and  in  others  strata  of  several  hundred  feet  in 
thickness  in  one  place  are  but  a  few  feet  thick  in  another.  In  places  where  many  strata  are 
wanting  and  two  rocks  usually  widely  separated  are  found  in  contact,  the  geologist  is  obliged  to 
depend  entirely  upon  the  fossils  which  they  contain  to  determine  their  classification.^ 


1  In  1799,  Dr.  Samuel  L.  MitchUl,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
"  Society  for  Promoting  Agriculture,  Arts,  and  Manufactures," 
published  an  essay  upon  the  rocks  in  the  State.  While  the  Erie 
Caual  was  in  process  of  construction.  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer 
employed  Prof.  Amos  Eaton  to  prepare  an  account  of  the  rocks 
along  the  canal  route.  This  was  puhlished  in  1824.  Prof  Eaton's 
work  was  one  of  great  merit ;  and  to  him  we  are  indebted  for  the 
first  accurate  knowledge  ever  obtained  of  the  general  system  of 
rocks  in  the  State. 

On  the  15th  of  April,  1R36,  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  a 
geological  survey  of  the  State.  The  State  was  divided  into  four 
districts,  to  each  of  which  were  appointed  a  geologist  and  an 
assistant.  A  zoologist,  botanist,  mineralogist,  and  paleontologist 
were  appointed  for  the  whole  State. 

The  First  District  included  the  counties  of  Albany,  Columbia, 
Delaware,  Dutchess,  Greene,  Kings,  New  York,  Orange,  Putnam, 
Queens,  Rensselaer,  Richmond,  Rockland.  Saratoga.  Schenectady, 
Schoharie,  Suffolk,  Sullivan,  Ulster,  Washington,  and  West- 
chester.   Wm.  W.  Mather  was  appointed  Principal  Geologist, 

and  Caleb  Briggs,  J.  Lang  Cassels,  and SejTiiour,  Assistants. 

The  Report,  in  1vol.  4to,  was  published  in  1843. 

Tfie  Second  District-,  coufiisting  of  the  counties  of  Clinton,  Es- 
sex, Franklin,  Jefferson,  St.  Lawrence,  and  Warren,  was  phiced 
under  the  charge  of  Dr.  Ebenezer  Emmons.  Principal,  and  Jas. 
Hall  and  E.  Emmons,  jr.,  Assistants.  The  Report,  in  1  vol.,  was 
published  in  1842. 

The  Third  District,  consisting  of  the  counties  of  Broome, 
Cayuga.  Chenango,  Cortland,  Pulton,  Herkimer,  Lewis.  Madison. 
Montgomery,  Oneida,  Onondaga,  Oswego,  Otsego,  Tioga,  and  the 
E.  half  of  Tompkins,  was  placed  under  charge  of  Lardner  Van 
Uxcm,  Principal,  and  Jas.  Eights  and  E.  S.  Can,  Assistants.  The 
Report,  in  1  vol.,  was  published  in  1842. 

The  FrjuTth  District,  consisting  of  the  counties  of  Allegany, 
Cattaraugiis,  ChauUiuqua,  Chemung,  Erie,  Genesee,  Livingston, 
Monroe,  Niagara,  Ontario,  Orleans,  Seneca,  Steuben,  the  w.  half 
of  Tompkins,  Wayne,  Wyoming,  and  Yates,  was  assigned  to  Jas. 
ITall,  Principal,  and  J.  W.  Boyd  and  E.  N.  Ilorsford,  Assistants. 
The  Report  was  published  in  1  vol.  in  1843. 

The  Mineralogical  DcjHirtmaitwas  assigned  to  Dr.  Lewis  C. 
Beck,  Principal,  and  Wm.  Horton  and  L.  D.  Gale,  Assistants. 
The  Report,  in  1  vol.,  wiis  published  in  1S42. 

The  Zoological  Department  was  assigned  to  Dr.  Jas.  E.  De  Kay, 
Principal,  and  John  W,  Hill,  Draftsman.  The  Report,  in  5  vols., 
ivas  published  in  1842-43 : — Vol.  I,  Mammalia,  with  Genenal  In- 
troduction by  Gov.  Seward;  Vol.  II, Ornithology;  Vols.  Ill  and 
IV.  Reptiles  and  Fishes;  Vol.  V.  Mollusca  and  Crustacea. 

The  Botanicnl  Department  was  assigned  to  Dr.  John  Torry. 
Tlie  Report,  in  2  vols.,  wjis  published  in  1S43. 

The  Agricidturtd  Department  was  assigned  to  Dr.  Ebenezer 
tUnmons.     The  Report,  in  5  vols.,  waa  published  from  1846  to 

'2fi 


1854, — Vol.  I,  Soils  and  Climate;  Vol.  IT,  Analysis  and  Results 
of  Experiments;  Vols.  Ill  and  IV,  Fruits  ;  Vol.  V.  Insects. 

The  F^Uontohgical  Department  was  assig^ned  to  T.  A.  Coni'ad, 
in  1837.  He  resigned  in  1843.  and  was  succeeded  by  Prof.  Jas. 
Hall.  The  Report,  to  consist  of  5  vols.,  is  in  process  of  publica- 
tion. Two  vols,  are  already  issued ;  and  the  third  is  in  press. 
A  geological  map,  accompanying  the  Reports,  is  issued  with 
this  work. 

2  The  following  is  the  classification  of  the  New  York  system, 
with  the  position  which  the  different  strata  occupy  in  the  classi- 
fication of  English  geologists.  The  order  of  the  arrangement 
is  from  below  upward  : — ■ 

Primitive  or  Igneous  Rocks. 

Tacouic  System. 

Potsdam  Sandstone. 

Calciferous  Sandstone. 

Chazy  Limestone. 

Birdseye  Limestone. 

Black  Kiver  Limestone. 

Trenton  Limestone. 

lltica  Shite. 

Hudson  River  Group,  Lorraine  Shales. 

Oneida  Conglomerate,  Sbawangunk  Grit. 

Medina  Sandstone. 

Clinton  Group. 

Niagara  Group,  Coraline  Limestone  in  the  east. 
rUedSh.'des. 

Onondaga  Salt  Group.-;  Green  Shales, 
(_  Gypsum. 

Waterlime  Group. 

Pentamerus  Limestone. 

Delthyris  Shaly  Limestone. 

Upper  Pentamerus  Limestone. 

Oriskany  Sandstone. 

Cauda  GuUi  Grit. 

Schoharie  Grit. 

Onondaga  Limestone. 

Corniferous  Limestone. 

Marcellus  Shales. 

r  Ludlowvillo  Shales. 

Hamilton  Group.-:  Encrinal  Limestone. 
(Moscow  Shales. 

TuUy  Limestone. 

Genesee  Slate. 

rCoshaqua  Shales. 

Portage  Group.  <  Gardeau  Flag  Stones. 
(Portage  Sandstone 

Chemung  Group. 

Old  Red  Sandstone. 

Conglomerate  of  the  Coal  Measures. 


< 

fs 

^ 

\ 

'^. 

rr 

^ 

<Xi 

P^ 

\<  J 

u 

c: 

o 

'>* 

fc- 

Es] 

'i^ 

T. 

O 

P 

GEOLOGY. 


25 


The  Catskill  Mts.  are  composed  principally  of  Old  Red  Sandstone ;  and  the  tops  of  some  of  the 
higher  peaks  are  covered  with  the  conglomerate  of  the  coal  measures.  New  Red  Sandstone  is 
found  in  a  few  localities  along  the  Hudson,  below  the  Highlands.  Trap,  a  rock  of  volcanic  origiD, 
forms  the  Palisades  upon  the  Hudson ;  and  trap  dikes  are  common  in  the  primitive  region  of 
the  N.  Tertiary  clay,  in  deep  strata,  extends  aloug  the  valleys  of  Lake  Champlain  and  St.  Law- 
rence River.  Drift,  including  loose  deposits  of  boulders,  gravel,  sand,  and  clay,  is  found  in  most 
parts  of  the  State,  in  some  places  covering  the  rocks  beneath  to  the  depth  of  several  hundred 
feet.  The  character  of  this  drift,  the  peculiar  forms  which  it  has  assumed,  and  the  position  which 
it  occupies,  all  give  evidence  of  some  great  general  moving  power  which  existed  after  the  stratified 
rocks  were  lifted  from  their  original  beds,  and  ages  before  the  present  order  of  things  was 
instituted. 

"Within  more  recent  periods,  considerable  changes  have  been  wrought  by  the  action  of  present 
streams  of  water  and  the  wasting  agencies  of  the  atmosphere  and  frost.  From  these  are  derived 
marl,  alluvium,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  soils.  The  thickness  of  the  rock  strata  is  generally 
determined  by  its  outcrop  along  the  ravines  of  the  streams,  and  by  Artesian  wells,  which  have 
been  sunk  to  a  great  depth  in  different  parts  of  the  State.^ 

metallic  ]>Iinerals. — The  principal  metals  in  the  State  are  iron  and  lead,  the  former 
only  of  which  is  found  in  sufficient  quantity  and  purity  to  render  its  manufacture  profitable.  Iron 
ore  is  found  in  three  distinct  varieties,  viz.,  magnetic  oxide  or  magnetite,  specular  oxide  or  red 
hematite,  and  hydrous  peroxide  or  limonite.  Magnetic  ore  is  widely  diffused  throughout  the 
primitive  region.  It  is  usually  found  in  beds  between  the  rock  strata,  parallel  to  the  mountain 
ranges ;  and  sometimes  it  is  blended  with  the  rock.  The  beds  in  many  places  are  immense  in 
extent,  and  the  ore  is  75  to  95  per  cent,  pure  iron.^  Specular  iron  ore  is  found  in  narrow  beds 
between  tlie  igneous  and  sedimentary  rocks.  It  is  principally  found  in  St.  Lawrence  and  Jeffer- 
son cos.'  A  variety  of  this  ore,  known  as  argillaceous  iron  ore  or  clay  ironstone,  is  associated 
with  the  lower  strata  of  the  Clinton  group,  extending  from  Herkimer  to  Monroe  co.  It  is 
found  in  beds  2J  feet  thick  and  about  20  feet  apart,  and  its  general  form  is  that  of  flattened  grains. 
Limonite  is  found  also  associated  with  the  igneous  rocks  and  in  various  other  localities.  It  is 
usually  in  the  form  of  shot  or  bog  ore,  or  yellow  ocher.  It  is  wrought  to  a  considerable  extent 
in  Richmond,  Orange,  Putnam,  Dutchess,  Columbia,  Washington,  Franklin,  St.  Lawrence, 
Jefferson,  and  Lewis  cos.  Bog  ore  is  probably  found,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  in  every  co.  in 
the  State.     The  iron  made  from  it  is  usually  tough  and  soft.* 

Lead  ore  is  found  in  St.  Lawrence,  Ulster,  Dutchess,  "Westchester,  Orange,  Columbia,  Lewie, 
Jefferson,  and  Sullivan  cos. ;  and  in  several  of  them  the  mines  have  been  worked  to  some  extent. 
The  Rossie  Mines,  of  St.  Lavrrence,  are  the  only  ones  now  wrought.^    Copper  ore  in  the  form  of 


New  Red  Sandetone. 

Tertiary. 

Diluvial  or  Drift. 

Quaternary. 
The  Taconic  Bystem  is  claimed  by  fiomo  as  corresponding  to 
the  Cambrian  ByBtem  #f  Mr.  Sedgwick,  and  by  others  to  be 
newer  formations  changed  by  heat. 

I  TABLE 
Showing  the  depths  of  the  principal  Artesian  wells  in  the  State. 


County. 


Albany- 


Cayuga 

Columbia.... 
Delaware.... 

Jefferson 

Livingston. 
New  York- 


Oneida 

Onondaga. . 


Orleans.. 
Wayne ... 


Locality. 


aty 

Ferry  St 

Montezuma. 

Hudson 

Elk  Brook 

Watertown 

York 

U.S.  Hotel 

Bleeker  St 

By  Manhattan  co. 

Utica 

Syracuse 


Oak  Orchard 

Savannah 

Little  Sodua  and 
Clyde 


Depth. 


123 
617 
200 
223 
394 
127 
50 
626 
448 
280 
314 
600 
400 
0  to  390 
140 
250 

400 


Product. 


Fresh  water. 
Mineral  water. 
Brine. 

Freeh  water. 
Weak  brine. 
Fresh  water. 
Weak  brine  and  gas. 
Fresh  water. 


Brine. 
Weak  brine. 


and  gas. 


The  deepest  Artesian  well  in  the  U.  S.  is  at  St.  Lonis,  Mo., 
and  is  2199  feet  deep.  A  well  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  is  2086  feet 
deep;  and  another  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  1900  feet  deep. 


2  The  principal  mines  which  have  been  worked  in  the  northern 
primitive  region  are  in  Warren,  Essex,  Clinton,  St.  Lawrence, 
and  Franklin  cos.  So  common  are  particles  of  iron  in  the  rocks 
of  this  region  that  the  iron  sand  upon  the  banks  of  the  streams 
is  sufficiently  pure  to  repay  the  labor  of  collecting  for  the  forge. 
Magnetic  ores  are  also  abundant  in  Grange  co.,  and  mines  have 
there  been  worked  since  the  earliest  periods.  This  ore  has  also 
been  found  among  the  igneous  rocks  of  Rockland,  Westchester, 
Putnam,  Washington,  Saratoga,  Hamilton,  Herkimer,  Jefferson, 
and  Lewis  cos. 

8  The  principal  mines  in  St.  Lawrence  and  Jefferson  cos.  yield 
this  variety  of  ore.  It  is  most  abundant  in  the  towns  of  Gonver- 
neur,  Rossie,  and  Antwerp,  and  is  there  usually  associated  with 
crystaline  sulphuret  of  iron,  spathic  iron,  and  quartz.  The  ar- 
gillaceous ore  supplies  the  furnaces  in  Oneida,  Oswego,  and  Wayne 
cos.  It  is  red,  and  imparts  a  dull  red  color  to  whatever  it  comen 
in  contact  with.  In  the  region  of  mines  and  furnaces  the  clothing 
of  the  laborers,  the  trees,  fences,  and  vehicles  employed,  are  all 
colored  by  it.  It  is  used  as  a  paint,  under  the  name  of  "  Spanieb 
Brown." 

*  Bog  ore  is  deposited  in  swamps,  the  bottoms  of  which  are 
clay,  hardpan,  or  some  other  strata  impervious  to  water.  It  is 
continually  accumulating,  so  that  it  may  be  removed  two  or 
three  times  in  a  century.  It  has  various  shades  of  color,  from 
yellow  to  a  dark  brown.  In  the  primitive  region  it  sometimes 
assumes  a  stalactital  or  botryoidal  form,  with  a  fibrous  textnris 
and  a  glossy  black  surface.  A  loamy  variety,  whcu  used  in  high 
furnaces,  is  liable  to  blow  up.  Tins  is  caused  by  the  mass  molt- 
ing away  below,  leaving  a  crust  above,  and,  as  the  support  at  la«t 
gives  away,  the  moisture  contained  in  the  mass  is  suddenly  con- 
verted into  steam  by  the  intense  heat,  and  the  liquid  iron  below 
is  thrown  out  with  gi'Cat  force,  sometimes  destroying  the  fur- 
nace. 

6  A  vein  has  recently  been  opened  in  Orange  co.  that  promined 
great  richness.  Lead  ore  is  usually  found  in  the  form  of  sul- 
phurets,  or  galena.  It  is  often  associated  with  crystalized  mine- 
rala  of  great  beauty. 


26  NEW  YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 

a,  Bulphuret  has  been  found  in  Washington,  Jefferson,  and  St.  La-wrence  cos.,  but  not  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  render  mining  profitable.  Zinc  ore  in  the  form  of  a  sulphurct,  or  blende,  is  found, 
associated  with  lead,  in  St.  Lawrence  co.  Manganese,  titanium,  nickel,  and  several  other  metals, 
have  been  found  in  small  quantities,  though  they  have  never  been  reduced  except  in  the  labora- 
tories of  the  chemist.'  ' 

Kon-Metallic  minerals. — The  most  valuable  non-metallic  minerals  in  the  State  are 
limestone,  gypsum,  waterlime,  pipeclay,  clay  and  sand  suitable  for  common  and  fire  brick  and 
pottery,  graphite,  talc,  and  slate.  Nearly  every  part  of  the  State  is  well  supplied  with  building 
stone  ;  and  in  most  of  the  counties  extensive  quarries  have  been  worked.  Lime,  waterlime,  and 
gypsum  are  also  extensively  quarried.* 

Mineral  Springs  are  numerous,  and  are  found  in  nearly  every  co.  in  the  State^  The 
most  celebrated  of  these  are  the  salt  springs  of  Onondaga,  the  medicinal  springs  of  Saratoga, 
and  the  thermal  springs  of  Columbia  co.  Sulphur  and  chalybeate  springs  are  common,  and  many 
of  them  have  considerable  notoriety  for  medicinal  properties.'  In  the  w.  part  of  the  State 
springs  emitting  nitrogen  and  carburetted  hydrogen  gas  are  numerous.  In  the  limestone  regions 
of  the  State  the  water  is  generally  more  or  less  impregnated  with  carbonate  and  sulphate  of 
lime ;  and  in  many  places  tufa  is  deposited  in  large  quantities  by  the  water.  The  slow  dissolving 
of  the  limestone  rocks  has  given  a  cavernous  structure  to  several  localities,  and  in  others  it  has 
formed  deep  holes  in  the  ground.  The  caves  of  Albany,  Schoharie,  and  Jefferson  cos.  are  doubtless 
formed  in  this  manner ;  and  the  peculiar  sink-holes  and  cratean  lakes  of  Onondaga  are  probably 
formed  by  the  breaking  of  the  superincumbent  mass  into  the  caverns  beneath. 


SEAT   OF   GOVERNMENT. 


The  Seat  of  Goternment  was  originally  fixed  at  New  York  City,  and  remained  there  until  the 
Revolution,  with  occasional  adjournments  of  the  General  Assembly  and  Executive  Department  on 
account  of  prevailing  sickness.  Such  of  the  public  records  as  related  to  the  immediate  interests 
of  the  crown  were  removed,  by  order  of  Gov.  Tryon,  in  Dec.  1775,  to  the  armed  ship  Duchess  of 
Gordon^  and  remained  on  board  till  Nov.  1781,  when  most  of  them  were  returned  to  the  city.*  In 
June,  177G,  the  other  public  records  were  removed  to  Kingston,  and,  on  the  approach  of  the  enemy 
in  Oct.  1777,  they  were  hastily  taken  to  Rochester,  Ulster  county.^  They  were  soon  afterward  taken  to 
Poughkecpsie,  and  in  1784  to  New  York.  In  1797,  commissioners  were  appointed  to  erect  a  build- 
ing for  the  records  in  Albany,  and  an  order  dated  July  31,  1798,  authorized  their  removal  thither* 
and  the  permanent  location  of  the  seat  of  Government  at  that  place. 

The  State  House  was  begun  in  1803  and  finished  in  1807,  at  the  joint  expense  of  the  city  and 
county  of  Albany  and  the  State  of  New  York.     The  original  cost  exceeded  $120,000,  of  which 


1  In  many  of  the  original  patents  of  tbe  mountainoua  regions 
upon  the  HudMon.  re.'^ervationa  wore  made  of  all  the  gold  and 
silver  that  might  bo  fuvind.  To  this  day,  however,  these  metala 
have  not  been  found  ;  though  it  is  said  that  traces  of  silver  have 
been  discovered  in  eevoral  places. 

2  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  most  important  qnarries  in  the 
State  :— 

Oypswm  \a  fonnd  in  Cayuga.  Madison,  Onondaga,  Wayne,  Op- 
leanB,  and  (ienpspe. 

LinusU-ne  is  quarried  in  most  of  tbe  counties  of  the  State  ex- 
cept those  along  the  Penn.  line. 

Water- Limestone  is  quarried  in  Erie,  Jefferson.  Lewis,  Madiaon, 
Montgomery,  Niagara.  Onondaga,  and  Ulster. 

Flagging  is  found  in  most  of  the  southern  counties,  and  in 
various  other  localities.  The  thin  bedded  sandstone  of  the 
Portage  gi'oup  furnishes  the  beat  varii-ties. 

Building  stovf  of  excellent  quality  is  found  in  nearly  every 
section  of  the  State.  Granite  and  gneiss  are  extensively 
quarried  in  Now  York  and  Westchester  and  in  the  n.  e.  cos. 
of  the  State.  The  Potsdam  sandstone,  Black  Kiver  lime- 
Btone,  the  gray  and  Medina  sandstone,  and  the  Onondaga 
limestone  all  furnish  excellent  building  stone.  Most  of  tlie 
locks  upon  the  Erie  Canal  are  built  of  tlie  last  named  stone. 
The  shales  of  the  Portage  and  Chemung  group  are  sepa- 
rated into  strata  by  hard,  compact  sandstone,  excellent  for 
building  or  flagging. 

Marble  is  found  and  quarried  in  Westchester,  Putnam,  Dutchess, 
and  Grange  cos. 


Roofing  slate  is  quarried  in  Washington,  Kensselaer,  Columbia, 
and  Dutchess  cos. 

8  The  principal  of  these  springs  are  those  of  Jlassena,  St. 
Lawrence  co. ;  Kichfield,  Otsego  co.;  Avon,  Livingston  co.; 
Sharon,  Schoharie  co. :  New  Lebanon  and  Stockport,  Columbia 
CO. ;  Chittenango,  Madison  co. :  and  Alabama,  Genesee  co. 

*  Six  years'  close  confinement  on  shipboard  damaged  some 
of  these  records  almost  beyond  remedy.  The  most  valuable 
were  transcribed  in  1798,  under  the  direction  of  commissioners 
apjiointed  by  law. 

tt  The  first  State  Legislature,  then  in  session,  hastily  adjourned 
and  met  in  Jan.  at  Poughkeepsie.  The  citizens  of  Goshen 
tendered  the  hospitalities  of  their  village  and  the  use  of  rooms, 
if  tlie  Legislature  chose  to  remove  tliither.  In  March,  1778.  a 
concurrent  resolntiou  directed  the  Secretary  of  State  and  the 
clerks  of  counties  to  put  their  records  into  strong  and  light 
inclosures,  to  be  ready  for  instant  removal  in  case  of  danger. 
The  Legislature  held  its  session^  at  Poughkeepsie,  Kingston,  or 
Albany,  aa  suited  convenience,  until  17S4,  when  it  removed  to 
New  York.  Two  sessions  were  afterward  held  at  Poughkeepsie, 
and  three  at  Albany,  before  tlie  final  removal  to  the  latter  place 
in  1797. 

B  Philip  Schuyler,  Abraham  Ten  Broeck,  Jeremiah  Van  Kens- 
selaer. Daniel  Ilale.  and  Tenuis  T.  Van  Vechten  were  appointed 
commissioners.  The  edifice  stood  on  the  site  of  the  present 
Geological  and  Agricultural  Hall,  and  was  torn  down  in  1856. 


SKAT    OF    GOVERNMENT. 


27 


$34,200  was  paid  by  the  city  and  $3,000  by  the  county  of  Albany.  It  continued  to  be  used  for 
city,  county,  and  State  offices  and  courts  until  about  1832,  when  the  State  became  the  exclusive 
owner  and  the  Capitol  was  fitted  up  for  legislative  and  other  public  purposes.  It  stands  at  the 
head  of  State  Street,  130  feet  above  the  Hudson,  and  has  in  front  a  park  of  three  acres  inclosed  by 
an  iron  fence.     It  is  substantially  built  of  stone  faced  with  Nyack  red  freestone.* 

The  State  liibrary  is  a  fireproof  building  in  the  rear  of  the  State  House  and  connected 
with  it  by  a  long  corridor.  It  is  built  of  brick  and  iron  and  faced  on  its  two  fronts  with  brown 
freestone.  It  is  ah-eady  nearly  filled  with  books,  manuscripts,  and  maps,  which  the  State  has  been 
collecting  for  many  years,^ 

Tlie  State  Hall^  situated  upon  Eagle  Street,  fronting  the  Academy  Park,  was  finished  in  1842. 
It  is  built  of  cut  stone,  with  a  colonnade  in  front,  supported  by  six  Ionic  columns,  and  is  surmounted 
by  a  dome.^  It  contains  the  offices  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  Comptroller,  Treasurer,  Auditor  of  Canal 
Department,  Canal  Appraisers,  Canal  Commissioners,  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  Division  En- 
gineers, Clerk  of  Court  of  Appeals,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Superintendent  of  Bank 
Department,  Attorney  General,  and  State  Sealer  of  Weights  and  Measures. 

Tlie  State  Oeological  and  Agricultural  Hall,  corner  of  State  and  Lodge  Sts., 
is  the  depository  of  the  specimens  collected  during  the  geological  survey,  and  also  contains  the 
cabinet  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society.* 


1  It  is  90  feet  broad,  50  liigh,  and  was  originally  115  feet  long. 
In  1-S54, 15  feet  wex-e  added  to  the  w.  end.  The  eastern  front 
has  an  Ionic  portico  with  four  columns  of  Berkahii'e  marble 
each  3  feet  8  inches  in  diameter  and  SS  feet  high.  The  north 
and  south  fronts  have  each  a  pedunent  of  85  feet  base;  and  the 
doorways  are  decorated  with  columns  and  angular  pediments 
of  freestone.  The  entrance  hall  is  40  by  50  feet  and  16  feet 
high,  the  ceiling  of  which  is  supported  by  a  double  row  of 
reeded  columns,  and  the  floor  is  vaulted  and  laid  with  squares 
of  Italian  marble.  Upon  the  north  side  of  the  hall  are  the 
oflSce  of  Adjutant  General  and  the  Assembly  Library,  and  on 
the  south  side  the  Executive  Chambers.  The  remainder  of  the 
first  story  is  devoted  to  the  Assembly  Chamber  with  its  lobbies 
and  postoflBce.  This  chamber  is  now  56  by  65  feet  and  28  feet 
high.  The  Speaker's  desk  is  on  the  w.  side,  and  the  desks  of  the 
clerks  are  upon  each  side  and  in  front  of  it.  Desks  of  members 
are  arranged  in  semi-circles  in  front.  Upon  the  e.  side  is  a 
gallery  supported  by  iron  pillars.  The  ceiling  is  riclily  orna- 
mented in  stucco.  Over  the  Speaker's  seat  is  a  copy  by  Ames 
of  a  full  length  portrait  of  Stewart's  Washington.  In  the 
second  story,  over  the  entrance  hall,  is  the  Senate  chamber,  40 
Ly  50  feet  and  22  feet  high.  The  President's  desk  is  upon  the 
8.  side,  and  the  desks  of  the  Senators  are  arranged  in  a  circle  in 
front.  On  the  n.  side  are  the  library  and  cloak  room  of  the 
Senate,  and  on  the  s.  the  postoffice  and  room  of  the  Sergeant  at 
Ai'ms.  Over  the  President's  seat  is  a  crimson  canop,^,  and  oppo- 
site are  the  portraits  of  Gov.  Geo.  Clinton  and  Columbus.  I'he 
latter  was  presented  to  the  Senate  in  17S4  by  Mrs.  Farmer,  a 
grand-daughter  of  Gov.  Leislcr,  and  had  been  in  her  family 
150  years.  Over  the  Assembly  lobbies  is  the  room  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals,  and  in  the  third  story  are  the  consultation 
rooms  of  tliis  court,  committee  rooms  of  both  houses,  and  part 
of  the  Senate  Library.  The  courtroom  of  the  Court  of  Appeals 
contains  portraits  of  Chancellors  Lansing,  Sandford,  Jones,  and 
Walworth,  Chief  Justice  Spencer,  Abraham  Van  Vechten.  and 
Daniel  Cady.  The  inner  Executive  Chamber  has  a  full  size 
portrait  of  Gen.  La  Fayette,  painted  when  he  was  in  the  city  in 
1825. 

The  roof  of  the  State  house  is  pyramidal,  and  from  the  center 
rises  a  circular  cupola  20  feet  in  diameter,  supporting  a  hemi- 
spherical dome  upon  8  insulated  Ionic  columns.  Upon  the 
dome  stands  a  wooden  statue  of  Themis,  11  feet  high,  holding 
in  her  right  hand  a  sword  and  in  her  left  a  balance. 

2  The  Stiite  Library  was  founded  April  21, 1818,  and  for  nearly 
forty  years  was  kept  in  the  upper  rooms  of  the  CapitoL  Its  growth 
was  comparatively  slow  until  1844,  when  its  supervision  was 
transferred  from  the  State  officers  who  had  been  ex-offlcio  trus- 
tees to  the  Regents  of  the  University.  Their  Secretary,  the  late 
Dr.  T.  Romeyn  Beck,  was  eminently  fitted  for  the  task  of  building 
up  an  institution  of  this  character.  The  library  at  the  time  of 
the  transfer  contained  about  10,000  volumes.  The  number 
has  increased  during  the  subsequent  15  years  to  about  53,000. 
The  present  building,  erected  in  185:j-54.  is  114  feet  long  by  45 
broad,  was  built  at  a  cost  of  891,900,  and  opened  to  the  public 
Jan.  2, 1855.  The  first  floor  is  supported  by  stone  pillars  and 
groined  arches,  and  the  second  floor  and  galleries  by  arched 
spans  of  iron  filled  with  concrete.  The  roof,  rafters,  trusses, 
pillars,  shelves,  and  principal  doors  are  of  iron,  and  the  floors 
are  paved  with  colored  tile.  The  first  story  is  devoted  to  the 
law  department,  and  the  second  story  to  the  general  library,  in- 
cluding a  large  number  of  costly  presents  from  other  Govern- 
ments, a  valuable  series  of  MSS.  and  parclmients  relating  to 
our  colonial  and  early  State  history,  and  an  exteuriivo  collec- 
tion of  medals  and  coins.  The  office  of  the  Regents  of  the  L'ui- 
versity  is  in  the  library  building. 

Ih*»  library,  formerly  known  as  the  "ChariccUors'  Library,'"  \ 


was  divided  in  1849,  and,  with  additions  since  made,  now  forms 
two  public  libraries,  called  the  "  Libraries  of  the  Court  of  Ap- 
peals," one  of  which  is  located  at  Syracuse  and  the  other  at 
Kochester.  They  consist  chiefly  of  law  books,  and  are  in  charge 
of  librarians  appointed  by  the  Regents  and  paid  by  the  State. 
There  is  also  a  small  library,  for  reference,  in  the  consultation 
room  of  the  Court  of  Appeals.  Each  of  the  judges  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  and  the  Vice  Chancellor  of  the  Second  District, 
under  the  late  Constitution^  held  libraries  owned  by  the  State, 
which  are  for  the  use  of  the  four  judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals 
elected  by  the  people  of  the  State  at  large,  and  their  successors 
in  office.  There  is  also  a  small  library  for  the  use  of  the  At- 
torney General ;  and  means  are  annually  provided  for  the  in- 
crease of  each  of  these  collections,  chiefly  from  the  income  of 
moneys  known  as  the  *' Chancellors' Library  Fund"  and  "In- 
terest Fund,"  which  are  kept  invested  b}'  the  Clerk  of  the  Court 
of  Appeals  for  this  purpose. 

8  This  building  is  13S  by  SS  feet  and  65  feet  high.  The  ceilings  of 
the  basement  and  of  the  two  principal  stories  are  groined  arches, 
and  all  the  rooms,  excepting  in  the  attic  story,  are  fireproof. 
The  basement  and  attic  are  each  19  feet,  and  the  two  principal 
stories  each  22  feet,  high.    The  building  cost  about  $350,000. 

*  In  1842  the  old  State  Hall  was  converted  into  a  geological 
hall,  and  rooms  were  assigned  in  the  same  building  to  the  State 
Agricultural  Society.  The  old  building  was  torn  down,  and  the 
present  Geological  and  Agricultural  Hall  erected  in  its  place,  in 
the  summer  of  1855.  The  Agricultural  Rooms  were  dedicated 
Feb.  12. 1857,  and  the  Cabinet  was  opened  to  the  public  Feb.  22, 
185S.  The  present  building  is  of  brick,  and  is  4  stories  high, 
besidesthe  basement.  In  the  rear  is  a  spacious  wing,  of  the  same 
height  as  the  main  building.  It  contains  a  lecture  room,  the 
spacious  geological  cabinet,  and  the  rooms  of  the  State  Geological 
CoUectioa  The  basement  is  occupied  by  a  taxidermist  and  a  jani- 
tor. The  building  itself  is  subject  to  the  order  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  Land  Office.  The  Cabinet  originated  in  the  Geo- 
logical Survey,  and  in  extent  and  value  it  ranks  among  the  first 
in  America.  Within  the  past  year  a  series  of  English  fossils  has 
been  given  to  the  State  by  the  British  Government ;  and  a  valu- 
able collection  of  shells,  embracing  several  thousand  species,  has 
been  recently  presented  and  arranged  by  Philip  P.  Cai'penter, 
an  English  naturalist.  The  Museum  is  designed  to  embrace  a 
complete  representation  of  the  geological  formations  of  the  State, 
with  their  accompanying  minerals  and  fossils,  and  of  its  entire 
native  flora  and  fauna.  The  birds  and  quadrupeds  are  preserved 
by  a  skilful  taxidermist,  with  the  attitudes  and  appearance  of 
life;  and  the  reptiles  and  fishes  are  principally  preserved  in  al- 
cohol. Connected  with  this  cabinet  is  a  historical  and  anti- 
quarian department,  embracing  numerous  aboriginal  antiquities 
and  specimens  of  modern  Indian  art,  relics  of  battle  fields,  and 
other  objects  of  historical  interest.  The  whole  is  under  the 
charge  of  a  curator  appointed  by  the  Regents.  The  museum  of 
the  State  Agricultural  Society,  in  a  separate  department  of  the 
building,  contains  a  large  collection  of  obsolete  and  modern  im- 
plements of  husbandry,  spechnens  of  agricultural  and  mechanical 
products,  models  of  fruits,  samples  of  grains  and  soils,  di-awings 
illustrating  subjects  connected  with  the  useful  arts;  and  it  i8 
designed  to  include  an  extensive  collection  of  insects,  made  with 
especial  reft-rence  to  showing  their  influence  upon  the  fruit  and 
gi'ain  crops  of  the  State.  The  entomological  department  is  in 
charge  of  Dr.  Asa  Fitch,  who  has  been  for  several  years  employed 
by  the  society  in  studying  the  habits  of  destructive  insectH,  with 
the  view  to  ascertaining  the  means  of  prcvcntiBg  their  ravages. 
The  whole  of  these  collections  are  open  to  the  publii-  on  every 
weekday  except  hoUdays.  The  meetings  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  State  Agiicultural  Society,  and  the  winter  fhirs, 
are  held  in  their  rooms  in  this  building. 


STATE   GOVERNMENT. 

The  State  Government  consists  of  the  Legislative,  Executive,  Judicial,  and  Administrative 
Departments ;  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  several  officers  being  defined  by  the  Constitution  and 
regulated  by  law. 

LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

Tlie  State  I^e^islature  is  composed  of  a  Senate  and  Assembly. 

The  Senate  consists  of  32  members,  chosen  by  single  districts 
every  two  years,  the  whole  number  being  chosen  at  once.  The 
Lieut.  Governor  is  ex  officio  President  of  the  Senate,  and  has  a  cast- 
ing vote  in  case  of  a  tie.  The  Senate  appoints  a  President  p7'0  tern., 
who  presides  in  the  absence  of  the  Lieut.  Governor,  and  becomes 
j  ex  officio  Lieut.  Governor  in  case  of  a  vacancy  in  that  office.  The 
'  Senate  with  the  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  forma  a  court 
for  the  trial  of  impeachments,  and  it  ratifies  or  rejects  the  nomi- 
nations of  the  Governor  to  a  great  number  of  offices. 

The  Senate  elects  the  following  officers :  a  clerk,  sergeantrat- 
arms,  assistant  sergeant^at-arms,  doorkeeper  and  assistants,  libra- 
rian, and  such  other  officers  as  may  be  deemed  necessary.^ 

The  Assembly  consists  of  128  members,  elected  annually  by 
single  districts.  The  districts  are  re-apportioned  once  in  ten 
years,  after  the  State  census  is  taken.  The  Speaker,  or  Pre- 
siding Officer  of  the  Assembly,  is  elected  by  the  members  from 
their  number,  and  usually  appoints  all  committees.  All  bills 
upon  financial  matters  must  originate  in  the  Assembly. 

The  Assembly  elects  the  following  officers :  a  Speaker,  clerk, 
sergeant-afc-arms,  doorkeeper  and  two  assistants.  The  Speaker 
appoints  an  assistant  sergeant-at-arms,  a  postmaster  and  assist- 
ant, a  janitor,  keeper  of  the  Assembly  chamber,  and  several 
doorkeepers  and  pages.^ 


1  The  eergeant-at-arms  is  alao  librarian.  The  clerk  appoints 
his  deputies  and  assistants,  and  the  President  appoints  a  janitor, 
superintendent  of  the  Senate  chamber,  and  pages.  Committees 
are  usually  appointed  by  the  Lieut.Gov.  The  appointments  are 
made  for  two  years.  About  half  a  dozen  reporters  are  admitted 
to  seats  within  the  Senate  chamber.  Standing  committees  in 
the  Senate  consist  of  3  members. 

SENATE  DISTRICTS. 

1.  Queens,  Richmond,  and  Suffolk  Counties. 

2.  Ist,  2d,  3d,  4th,  5th,  7th,  11th,  13th,  and  19th  Wards  of 

Brooklyn. 

3.  6th,  Sth.  9th.  10th,  l'2th,  14th,  15th,  16th,  17th.  and  18th 

Wards  of  Brooklyn,  and  the  towns  of  Kinjjs  County. 

4.  1st,  2d,  3d,  4th,  Sth,  6th,  7th,  Sth,  and  14th  Wards  of  New 

York. 

5.  10th,  11th.  13th,  and  17th  Wards  of  New  York. 

6.  9th,  15th,  16th,  and  18th  Wards  of  New  York. 

7.  12th,  19th.  20th,  21st,  and  22d  Wards  of  New  York. 

8.  Putnam,  Rockland,  and  Westchester  Counties. 

9.  Orange  and  Sullivan  Counties. 

10.  Greene  and  Ulster  Counties. 

11.  Columbia  and  Dutchess  Counties. 

12.  Rensselaer  and  Washington  Counties. 

13.  Albany  County. 

14.  Delaware,  Schenectady,  and  Schoharie  Counties. 

15.  Tulton,  liamilton,  Montgomery,  and  Saratoga  Counties. 

16.  Clinton,  Essex,  and  Warren  Counties. 

17.  Franklin  and  St.  Lawrence  Counties. 

18.  Jefferson  and  Lewis  Counties. 

19.  Oneida  County. 

20.  Herkimer  and  Otsego  Counties. 

21.  Oswego  County. 

22.  Onondaca  County. 

23.  Chenango,  Cortland,  and  Madison  Counties. 

24.  Broome,  Tioga,  and  Torapkina  Counties. 

25.  Cayuga  and  Wayne  Counties. 

26.  Ontario.  Seneca,  and  Yates  Counties. 

27.  Chemung,  Schuyler,  and  Steuben  Counties. 
''S.  Monroe  County. 

28 


29.  Genes?e,  Niagara,  and  Orleans  Counties. 

30.  Allegany,  Livingston,  and  Wyoming  Counties. 

31.  Erie  County. 

32.  Cattaraugus  and  Chautauqua  Counties. 

2  The  clerk  appoints  his  assistants  and  deputies,  a  librarian 
and  assistant,  a  bank  clerk,  and  a  clerk's  messenger.  These 
ofticors  are  appointed  for  the  session,  except  pages,  who  are 
changed  in  the  middle  of  each  session.  Standing  committees  of 
the  Assembly  consist  of  5  members,  except  those  upon  Ways 
and  Meaus,  the  .Judiciary,  and  Canals,  each  of  which  has  7 
members.  About  20  reporters  are  admitted  and  provided  with 
seats  within  the  bar.  They  usually  share  with  members  in 
extra  appropriations  for  books,  and  in  the  privilege  of  mailing 
documents  at  the  public  expense. 

ASSE5IBLY  DISTRICTS. 

[Those  Counties  not  enumerated  in  this  list  form  bnt  one 
District.     Fulton  and  Hamilton  form  one  District.] 

ALBANY  COUNTY.— Four  Districts. 

1.  let  Ward  of  Albany,  Bethlehem,  Coeymans,  New  Scotland, 

Rensselaerville,  and  Westerlo. 

2.  9fh  and  10th  Wards  of  Albany.  Bern,  Guilderland,  and  Knox. 

3.  2d,  3d,  4th,  5th,  6th,  and  Sth  Wards  of  Albany. 

4.  7th  Ward  of  Albany  and  Watervliet, 

ALLEGANY  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Allen,  Almond,  Angelica.  Belfast,  Birdsall.  Burns,  Caneadea, 

Centerville.  Granger,  Grove,  Hume,  New  Hudson,  Rushford, 
and  West  Almond. 

2.  Alfred,  Alma,  Amity,  Andover,  Bolivar,  Clarksville,  Cuba, 

Friendship,  Genesee,  Independence,  Scio,  Ward,  Wellsville, 
Willing,  and  Wirt. 

CATTARAUGUS  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 
1.  Allegany,  Ashford,  Carrolton,  Elgin,  FarmersviUe,  Franklin- 
ville,   Freedom,    Hinsdale,    Humphrey,   Ischua,    Machias, 
Glean,  Portville,  and  Yorkshire. 


STATE    GOVERNMENT. 


29 


The  sessions  of  the  Legislature  commence  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  January,  and  members  can 
only  receive  pay  for  100  days.  The  business  of  each  year  begins  de  novo;  but  if  an  extra  session 
is  called  by  the  Governor,  bills  are  taken  up  where  they  were  left  at  the  last  previous  adjourn- 
ment. Each  house  decides  upon  the  qualifications  of  its  own  members;  and  both  houses  must 
concur  in  the  election  of  U.  S,  Senators,  Regents  of  the  University,  and  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction.     Bills,  except  measures  of  finance,  may  originate   in   either  house,  and  must  be 


'Z.  Bncktooth,  Coldspring,  Connowango,  Dayton,  Ellicottville, 
East  Otto,  Great  Valley,  Leon,  Little  A'alley,  Mansfield, 
Napoli,  New  AHiion,  Otto,  Perrysburgh,  Persia,  Randolph, 
and  South  Valley. 

CAYUGA  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Brutus.  Cato.  Conquest,  Ira,   Mentz,   Monteznma,  Sennett, 

Sterling,  Throop,  Victory,  and  the  Ist  and  4th  Wards  of 
Auburn. 

2.  Aurelius,  Fleming",  Genoa,  Ledyard,  Locke,  Moravia,  Nile?!, 

Owasco,    Scipio,    Sempronius,    Springport,    Summer  Ilill, 
Venice,  and  the  2d  and  3d  Wards  of  Auburn. 

CHAUTAUQUA  COUNTY. -Two  Districts. 

1.  Busti,  Chautauqua,  Clymer,  EUery,  French  Creek,  Harmony, 

Mina,  Portland.  Ripley,  Sherman,  Stockton,  and  Westfield. 

2.  Arkwright,  Carroll,  Charlotte,  Cherry  Creek,  Ellicott,  Elling- 

ton, Gerry,  Hanover,  Kiantone,  Poland,  Pomfret,  Sheridan, 
and  Villenova. 

CHENANGO  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Columbus,  Lincklaen,  New  Berlin,  North  Norwich,  Norwich, 

Otselic,    Pharsalia,    Pitcher,    Plymouth,    Sherburne,    and 
Smyrna. 

2.  Afton.  Bainbridge,  Coventry,  German.  Guilford,  Greene,  Mc- 

Donough,  Oxford,  Preston,  and  Smithville. 

COLUMBIA  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Ancram,  Claverack,   Clermont.  Copake,   Gallatin,   German- 

town.    Greenport,    Hudson  City,    Livingston,    and    Tagh- 
kanick. 

2.  Austerlitz,    Canaan,  Chatham,   Ghent.    Hillsdale,    Kinder- 

hook,  New  Lebanon,  Stockport,  and  Stuyveeant. 

DELAWARE  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Colchester.  Delhi,  Franklin,  Hamden,  Hancock,  Masonville, 

Sidney,  Tompkins,  and  Walton. 

2.  Andes.    Bovina,  Davenport,  Harpersfield,   Kortright,  Mere- 

dith, Middletown,  Roxbury,  and  Stamford, 

DUTCHESS  COUNTY.- Two  Districts. 

1.  Amenia,  Beekraan,  Dover,  East  Fisbkill,  La  Grange,  North- 

east,  Pawling,    Pine    Plains,   Stanford,    Union  Vale,   and 
Washington. 

2.  Clinton,  flyde  Park,  Milan,  Pleasant  Valley.  Poughkeepsic, 

City  of  Poughkeepsie,  Red  Hook,  and  Rhinebeck. 

ERIE  COUNTY,— Four  Districts. 

1.  1st,  2d.  3d.  4th,  5th,  and  13th  Wards  of  Buffalo. 

2.  0th,  7th,  8th,  9th,  10th,  11th,  and  12th  Wards  of  Buffalo. 

3.  Alden,    Amherst,    Chicktawauga,  Clarence,     Elma,    Grand 

Island,  Uambuvgh,   Lancaster,  Jlarilla,   Newstcad,  Tona- 
wanda,  and  Weit  Seneca, 

4.  Aurora,    Boston,    Brandt,    Golden,   Collins,   Concord,    East 

Hamburgh,  Eden,  Evans,  Holland,  North  Oollins,  Sardinia, 
and  Wales. 

HERKIMER  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Fairfield,  Herkimer,  Little  Falls,  Jlanheim,  Newport,  Nor- 

way, Ohio,  Russia,  Salisbury,  and  Wilmurt. 

2.  Columbia,   Danube,    Frankfort.    German    Flats,    Litch&eld, 

Schuyler,  Stark,  Warren,  and  Winfleld. 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY.— Three  Districts. 

1.  Adams,  Brownville,  EUisburgh,  Henderson,  Hounsfield,  Lor- 

raine, Rodman,  and  Worth. 

2.  Antwerp,  Champion,  Le  Ray,  Philadelphia,  Rutland,  Water- 

town,  and  Wilna. 

3.  Alexandria,  Capo  Vincent,  Clayton,  Lyme,  Orleans,  Pamelia, 

aud  Thereea. 

KINGS  COUNTY.— Seven  Districts. 

1.  Flathnsh,  Flatlands.  Gravesend,  New  Lots,  New  Utrecht,  and 

the  Sth,  17th.  and  ISth  Wards  of  Brooklyn. 

2.  Ist.  6th,  and  12Ih  Wards  of  Brooklyn. 

3.  4th  and  10th  Wards  of  Bnwklvn. 

4.  2d,  3d.  and  .'>th  Wards  of  Brooklyn. 

5.  9th  and  11th  Wards  of  Brooklvn. 

6.  13th.  Uth,  and  part  of  19th  Wards  of  Brooklyn. 

7".  7th,  15th,  16th,  aud  part  of  19th  Wards  of  Brooklyn. 

LIVINGSTON  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Avon,  Caledonia,  Conesns,  Geneeeo,  Groveland,   Leicester, 

Lima,  Livonia,  and  York. 

2.  Mount   Morris,  North  Dansville,   Nunda,  Ossian,   Portage, 

Sparta,  Springwator,  and  West  Si)arta. 


MADISON  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Brookfield,  De  Ruyter,  Eaton,  Georgetown,  Hamilton,  Leba- 

non, Madison,  and  Nelson. 

2.  Cazenovia,    Feuner,    Lenox,    Smithfield,    Stockbridge,  and 

Sullivan. 

MONROE  COUNTY.— Three  Districts. 

1.  Brighton,  Henrietta,  Irondequoit,  Mendon,  Penfield,    Perin- 

ton,  Pittsford,  Rush,  and  Webster. 

2.  The  City  of  Rochester. 

3.  Chili,  Clarkson,  Gates,  Greece,  Ogden,  Parma,  Riga,  Sweden, 

Union,  and  Wheatland. 

NEW  YORK  CITY  AND  COUNTY.— Seventeen  Districts. 
17  districts,  corresponding  to  Aldermanic  districts. 
NIAGARA  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Lockport,  Pendleton,  Royalton,  and  Wheatfield. 

2.  Cambria,   Hartland,   Lewiaton,  Newfane,  Niagara,  Porter, 

Somerset,  and  Wilson. 

ONEIDA  COUNTY.— Four  Districts. 

1.  Deerfiold,  City  of  Utica,  and  Wbitestown. 

2.  Augusta,  Bridgewater,  Kirkland,  Marshall,  New  Hartford, 

Paris,  Sangerfield,  Vernon,  and  Westmoreland. 

3.  Camden,  Florence,  Rome,  Verona,  and  Vienna. 

4.  AmesviUe,   Ava,   Brownville,   Floyd,  Lee,   Marcy,  Remsen, 

Steuben,  Trenton,  and  Western. 

ONONDAGA  COUNTY.— Three  Districts. 

1.  CamiUus,  Clay,  Elbridge,  Lysander,  Marcellus,  Skaneateles, 

Spafford.  and  Van  Bureu. 

2.  Cicero,  Salina,  and  Syracuse. 

3.  De  Witt,  Pabius,  Geddes,  La  Fayette,  Manlius,  Onondaga, 

Otisco,  Pompey,  and  Tully. 

ONTARIO  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Farmington,  Gorham,  Hopewell,  Manchester,  Phelps,  and 

Seneca. 

2.  Bristol,    Canadice,   Canandaigna,  East    Bloomfield,   Naples, 

Richmond,  South  Bristol,  Victor,  and  West  Bloomfield. 

ORANGE  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Blooming  Grove,  Cliester,  Cornwall,  Monroe,  Montgomery, 

Newburgh,  and  New  Windsor. 

2.  Cra'ni'nrd,    Deerpark,    Goshen,   Greenville,    Hamptonbnrgh. 

Hinisink,  Mount  Hope,  Walkill,  Warwick,  and  Waway- 
anda. 

OSWEGO  COUNTY.— TffREE  Diotricts. 

1.  City  of  Oswego,  Hannibal,  Oswego,  and  Scriba. 

2.  Conatantia,  Granby,  Hastings,  Palermo,  Schroeppel,  Volney, 

and  West  Monroe. 

3.  Albion,  Amboy,  Boyleston.  Mexico,  Orwell,  Parish,  Redfield. 

Richland,  Sandy  Creek,  New  Haven,  and  Williamstown. 

OTSEGO  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Cherry    Valley,    Decatur,    Exeter.    Maryland,    Middlefield, 

Otsego,  Plainfiold,  Richfield,  Roseboomj  Springfield,  West- 
ford,  and  Worcester. 

2.  Unadilla,    Burlington,    Butternuts.    Edmeston,    Hartwick. 

Laurens,  Milford,  Morris,  New  Lisbon,  Otego,  Oneonta,  and 
Pittsfield. 

QUEENS  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Flushing.  North  Hempstead,  and  Oyster  Bay. 

2.  Hempstead,  Jamaica,  and  Newtown. 

RENSSELAER  COUNTY.— Three  Districts. 

1.  City  of  Troy. 

2.  Berlin,  Grafton,  Hoosick,  Lansingbnrgh,  Petersburgh,  Pitta- 

town,  and  Schaghticoke. 

3.  Brunswick,  Clinton,  Greenbnsh,  Nassau.  North  Greenbush, 

Poestenkill,  Sand  Lake,  Schodack,  and  Stephentown. 
ST.  LAWRENCE  COUNTY.— Three  Districts. 

1.  De  Kalb,  De  Peyster,   Fine.  Fowler,  Gouvemeur,  Macomb, 

Morristown,  Oswegatchie,  Pitc-airn,  and  Rossie, 

2.  Canton.  Colt^n,  Edwards,  Hermon,  Lisbon,  Madrid,  Norfolk, 

Pierrepnnt,  and  Russell. 

3.  Brasher.  Hopkinton.  Lawrence,  Louisville^  Massena,  Pariah- 

Tille,  Potsdam,  and  Stockholm. 

SARATOGA  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Ballston,  Charlton,  Clifton  Park.  Galway,  Halfmoon,  Malta, 

Milton,  Stillwater,  and  Waterford. 

2.  Corinth.  D.iy, Edinburgh,  Greenfield,  Hadley,  Moreau,  Noith- 

umberland.  Providence,  Saratoga,  Saratoga  Springs,  and 
WUtou. 


30 


NEW  YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


passed  by  both,  and  receive  the  signature  of  the  Governor, — or,  if  vetoed  by  him,  the  votes  of  two- 
thirds  of  both  houses, — to  lieeome  laws.  The  original  laws  of  the  Legislature,  bearing  the  signa- 
tures of  the  presiding  officer  of  each  house  and  of  the  Governor  and  Secretary  of  State,  are  bound, 
and  preserved  in  the  Secretary's  office.  All  general  laws  are  published  in  such  newspapers  in  each 
county  as  may  be  designated  by  the  Board  of  Supervisors. 

Besides  the  State  Legislature,  a  limited  power  of  enacting  laws  is  possessed  by  the  boards  of 
supervisors  in  the  several  counties,  by  the  common  councils  of  cities,  and  by  citizens  generally 
assembled  in  town  and  school  district  meetings. 

The  Board  of  Supervisors  meets  annually  at  the  county  seat,  on  the  week  following  the 
general  election,  to  canvass  the  votes  for  State  and  county  officers ;  it  may  hold  special  meetings  at 
any  time.  It  has  power  to  appoint  a  clerk  of  the  board,  a  county  sealer  of  weights  and  measures, 
special  commissioners  for  laying  out  roads,  printers  for  publishing  the  general  laws,  inspectors  of  turn- 
pike and  plank  roads,  and,  in  some  counties,  the  Superintendent  of  the  Poor,  and  other  officers,  and  to 
fix  the  salaries  of  the  county  Judge  and  Surrogate,  and  of  School  Commissioners,  (above  |500,  allowed 
by  law, )  and,  in  some  counties,  the  salary  of  the  District  Attorney ;  to  establish  the  bounds  of  assembly 
and  school  commissioner  districts,  to  fix  upon  town  meeting  days,'  to  make  orders  concerning  property 
owned  by  the  county,  and  to  repair  or  rebuild  the  county  buildings ;  to  audit  and  settle  charges  against 
the  county,  and  the  accounts  of  town  officers ;  to  equalize  assessments  and  levy  taxes  to  meet  county 
expenses,  and  for  such  special  purposes  as  may  be  directed  by  law.  It  also  has  power  to  alter  the 
bounds  of  towns,  and  to  erect  new  towns ;  to  change  the  location  of  the  county  seat  and  purchase  sites 
for  the  erection  of  new  buildings ;  and  to  examine  annually  the  securities  held  by  loan  commis- 
sioners. It  may  pass  laws  for  the  preservation  of  game  or  fish,  and  for  the  destruction  of  noxious 
animals,  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  from  time  to  time  authorized  by  law. 


STEUBEN  COUNTY.— Three  Distkicts. 

1.  Avoca,  Bath,  Bradford,  Conliocton,  Prattsburgh,  Pulteney, 

Urbana,  Wayne,  and  Wheeler. 

2.  Addison,  Cameron,  Campbell.  Caton.  Corning.  Erwin,  Hornby, 

Lindley,  Rathlione,  Thurston,  and  Woodhull. 

3.  Canisteo,    Dansville,    Fremont,    Greenwood.    Ilomellsville, 

Howard,  UartsYille,  Jasper,  Troupsburgh,  West  Union,  and 
Wayland. 

SUFFOLK  COUNTT.— Two  Distkicts. 
].  East  Hampton,  Riverhead,  Shelter   Island,  Southampton, 

and  Southold. 
2  Brookhaven,  Huntington,  Islip,  and  Smithtown. 

ULSTER  COUNTY.— Three  Districts. 

1.  Hurley,  Kingston,  and  Saugerties. 

2.  Esopus,  Gardiner,  Lloyd.  Marbletown.  Marlborough,  New 

Palfz,  Plattekill.  Rosendale,  and  Shawangunk. 

3.  Denning,  ILirdenburgh.  Olive,  Rochester,  Sbandaken,  Wa- 

warsing,  and  Woodstock. 


WASHINGTON  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Argyle.  Cambridge.  Easton,  Fort  Edward,  Greenwich,  Jack- 

son. Salem,  and  White  Creek. 

2.  Dresden,  Fort  Ann,  Granville,  Hampton,  Hartford,  H-sbron, 

Kingsbury,  Putnam,  and  Whitehall. 

WAYNE  COUNTY.— Two  Districts. 

1.  Butler,  Galen,  Huron,  Lyons,  Rose,  SaTannah,  Sodus,  and 

Wolcott. 

2.  Arcadia,  Macedon,  Marion,-  Ontario,  Palmyra,  Walworth, 

and  Williamson. 

WESTCHESTER  COUNTY.- Three  Distkicts. 

1.  East  Chester,  Morrisania,  Westchester,  West  Farms,  and 

Yonkers. 

2.  Greenburgh,  Harrison,  Mamaroneck,  Mount  Pleasant,  New 

Rochellc.  North  Castle,  Pelham,  ]*oundridge.  Rye,  Scars- 
dale,  and  White  Plains. 

3.  Bedford,  Cortlandt,  Lewisboro,  New  Castle,  North  Salem, 

Ossining,  Somers,  and  Yorktown. 


1  TOWN  MEETINGS. 
Town  meetings  are  held  on  the  same  day  throughout  the  county ;  and  the  time  may  be  changed  once  in  3  years.    The  town 
meetings  must  come  between  the  1st  day  of  Feb.  and  the  1st  of  May.    They  are  at  present  all  held  on  Tuesdays,  as  follows : — 


Counties. 

Tuesdays  upon  ichicfi  Tuum 
Meetings  are  held. 

CODOTIES. 

Ihtesday 8  upon  which  Town 
Meetings  are  held. 

Counties. 

Tuesdays  upon  which  Town 
Meetings  are  held. 

Albany 

Allegany. ... 

Broome, 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua 
Chemung.... 
Chenango... 

Clinron 

Columbia.... 

Cortland 

Delaware. ... 

Dutchess 

Erie 

2d  in  April. 

2d  in  March. 

2d  in  Feb. 

Last  in  Feb. 

Ist  after  1st  Mon.  in  Mar. 

3d  in  Feb. 

2d  after  Ist  Mon.  in  Feb. 

Ist  in  March. 

1st  in  March. 

1st  in  March. 

3d  in  Feb. 

2d  in  Feb. 

2d  in  March. 

Ist  in  March. 

1st  in  March. 

1st  in  Feb. 

2d  in  Feb. 

Ist  in  March. 

Ist  in  Feb. 

1st  in  Feb. 

Herkimer.... 
Jefferson 

1st  in  March. 

3d  in  Feb. 

l6t  in  AprU. 

3d  in  Feb. 

let  in  April. 

1st  in  March. 

lat  after  let  Mon.  in  Mar. 

2d  in  Feb. 

2d  in  April. 

1st  in  March. 

3d  in  Feb. 

Ist  after  let  Mon.  in  April. 

1st  in  March. 

1st  in  April. 

let  in  March. 

let  in  March. 

Istafterlst  Mob.  in  April. 

Ist  in  April. 

Ist  in  March. 

Richmond ... 

Rockland 

St.  LawTence 

Saratoga 

Schenectady 
Schoharie  ... 

Schuyler 

Senec-a 

Steuben 

Suffolk. 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins ... 

Ulster 

"Warren 

"Washington 

AVavno 

"Westchester 
Wyoming.... 

2d  in  Feb. 

2d  in  April. 

2(1  in  Feb. 

1st  in  March. 

Ist  in  April. 

3d  in  Feb. 

2d  in  Feb. 

2d  in  March. 

2d  in  Feb. 

Ist  in  April. 

1st  after  Ist  Mon.  in  Mjit. 

Ist  in  Feb. 

Ist  in  April. 

1st  in  March. 

1st  in  April. 

let  in  March. 

Ist  in  March. 

Last  in  March. 

Last  in  Feb. 

Last  in  Feb. 

Lewis 

Li\ing8ton._ 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery 
New  York... 
Niagara  

Onondaga. ... 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton... 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer... 

At  these  meetings  are  elected,  by  ballot,  a  supervisor,  torwn 
clerk,  4  justices,  (with  exceptions  named  on  pi^e  34,  3  assess- 
ors, (for  3  years,  1  annually,)  a  collector.  1  or  2  overseers  of  poor, 
(at  the  option  of  the  town,  excepting  Montgomery  and  Kings 
cos-  that  are  not  inclnded  in  the  general  law.)  1  or  3  com- 
missioners of  highways,  (if  3,  one  elected  annually  for  S  years.) 
not  more  than  5  ronstables  and  2  inspectors  of  election  for 


each  election  district,  a  third  being  appointed  by  the  pre- 
siding officer  of  the  town  meetings  from  the  two  having 
the  next  highest  vote.  The  town  of  Manlius  elects  7  con- 
stables. Each  town  at  its  annual  meeting  also  elects  by  ayes 
and  noes,  or  otherwise,  as  many  overseera  of  highways  as  there 
are  road  districts,  and  as  many  pound  masters  as  the  electors 
may  determine. 


STATE    GOVERNMKNT. 


31 


The  Common  Council  in  each  of  the  cities  has  jurisdiction  over  municipal  affairs  within 
limits  fixed  by  law,  and  observes  the  usual  formalities  of  legislative  bodies  in  its  proceedings.  Two 
aldermen  are  generally  elected  from  each  ward,  who,  with  the  mayor,  constitute  the  Common 
Council ;  but  the  organization  of  no  two  cities  is  in  this  respect  exactly  alike.'  The  enactments 
of  the  Common  Council  are  usually  termed  "  ordinances,"  and  have  the  force  of  law.  The  council 
usually  has  the  appointment  of  a  large  class  of  minor  city  officers,  including  the  keepers  of  parks 
and  public  buildings,  inspectors  of  various  kinds,  and  in  some  instances  the  officers  and  membora 
of  the  police  and  fire  departments.  These  appointments  are  usually  held  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
appointing  power. 

To'wn  Meetings  may  pass  laws  regulating  roads  and  bridges,  the  height  offences,  the  support 
of  the  poor,  the  range  of  animals,  the  destruction  of  noxious  weeds,  the  preservation  of  town  pro- 
perty, and  for  such  other  purposes  as  may  be  directed  by  special  acts.  Every  town  is  a  corporate 
body,  may  sue  and  be  sued,  may  hold  and  convoy  lands  within  its  limits  for  purposes  specified 
by  law,  and  may  appropriate  moneys  for  public  objects  within  the  tovm. 

ScbOOl  Districts,  at  regular  meetings,  may  pass  rules  concerning  the  support  of  schools, 
employment  of  teachers,  repairs,  supplies,  and  similar  affairs,  which  have  the  force  of  law. 


EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

The  Governor  is  elected  once  in  two  years.^  lie  is  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  military  and  naval  forces  of  the  State,  and  possesses 
the  sole  power  of  granting  pardons  and  commutations  of  sentence 
after  conviction.^  lie  issues  requisitions  for  the  return  of  crimi- 
nals in  other  States,  and  he  is  authorized  to  offer  rewards  for  the 
arrest  of  criminals  within  this  State.  He  annually  communicates 
to  tlie  Legislature,  at  the  commencement  of  each  session,  a  state- 
ment of  the  condition  of  the  public  departments,  and  such  other 
matters  as  he  may  deem  necessai-y.  On  extraordinary  occasions 
he  may  convene  the  Senate  or  Legislature.*  Within  ten  days  after 
its  passage  by  the  Legislature,  he  may  veto  any  act,  by  returning  it 
to  the  house  in  which  it  originated,  with  his  objections;  and  such  act 

can  become  a  law  only  by  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  both  houses.^ 

The  Governor  nominates,  for  appointment  by  the  Senate,  a  large  class  of  State  and  county  and  a 

few  military  officers,*  and  may  fill  vacancies  occurring  in  these  ofl[ices  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate. 

Some  other  classes  of  officers  are  appointed  by  the  Governor  alone, — generally  for  specific  terms, 

but  in  some  cases  during  pleasure.     He  may  also  fill  vacancies  occurring  in  elective  offices,  and 


1  In  New  York,  theCommon  Council  consists  of  two  branches, — 
the  Board  of  Aldermen,  consisting  of  17  members,  chosen  for  2 
years;  dud  the  Board  of  Conncilmen,  consisting  of  24  members, 
chosen  annually,  6  from  each  senatorial  district.  Each  of  these 
branches  elects  one  of  its  own  number  president;  and  the  mayor 
pttssesses  a  veto  power  upon  their  laws  analogous  to  that  of  the 
Governor  upon  those  of  the  Stjite  Legislature. 

3  To  bo  eligible  to  the  office  of  Governor  a  person  must  be  a 
citizen  of  the  V.  S.,  a  resident  of  the  State  for  the  last  5  j'ears 
previous  to  election,  and  must  have  attained  the  age  of  30  years. 
The  colonial  governors  of  N.  Y.  were  appointed  by  the  crown. 
Under  the  Constitution  of  1777  they  were  elected  for  3  years  and 
were  required  to  be  freeholders.  Under  the  Constitution  of  1822, 
the  governor  was  elected  for  2  years,  and,  in  addition  to  the  pre- 
sent qualifications,  was  required  to  lie  a  native  of  the  U.S.  and  a 
freeholder. 

Under  the  first  State  Constitution  electors  were  classified,  and 
only  those  owning  freehold  property  worth  $250  and  upward 
were  allowed  to  vote  for  Senators  and  Governor.  The  aggregate 
of  the  several  classes  at  different  periods  has  been  as  follows : — 


■8 

o 

6oA     . 

1 

o 

11^ 

g 

Years. 

«l 

.« 

I'll 

1 

Total. 

11 

11 

s 

1T90 

19.369 

23.426 

14.674 

138 

67.606 

1795 

36.3.'?8 

4.S38 

22,698 

243 

64.017 

1801 

62.068 

6.204 

28.522 

63 

S,i.907 

1807 

71.1iJ9 

5,800 

44..3.30 

88 

121.2,89 

1814 

87.491 

e.S.'il 

69.104 

20 

l.')1.846 

1821 

100,490 

8,985 

93,036 

20 

202.510 

3  In  cases  of  treason  and  impeachment  the  Governor  can  only 
suspend  ecntence  until  the  next  session  of  the  Legislature,  that 
body  alone  poesessiug  the  pardoniug  power  in  such  cases.  Under 
the  Constitution  of  1777,  the  same  restriction  was  applied  in  cases 
of  murder. 

*  He  also  possessed  nnder  the  Constitution  of  1777  the  power 
to  prorogue  the  Legislature  for  a  period  not  exceeding  60  days 
in  one  year.  This  was  once  done  by  Gov.  Tompkins,  to  defeat 
the  passage  of  a  bank  charter,  but  without  sucLcea. 

5  The  first  court  created  a  council  of  revision,  consisting  of 
the  Governor,  Chancellor,  and  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
who  sat  with  closed  doors  and  observed  the  usual  formalities 
of  legislative  proceedings.  During  the  continuance  of  this 
council  it  rejected  144  bills,  several  of  which  became  laws  not- 
withstanding. 

6  The  fLillowing  officers  are  appointed  by  the  Governor 
and  Senate : — 1  Superintoudent  of  Bank  Department,  1  Au- 
ditor of  Canal  Department,  3  Canal  Appraisers,  1  Superin- 
tendent of  Onondaga  Salt  Springs,  6  Commissioners  of  Emi- 
gration, 5  Commissioners  of  Metropolitan  Police,  11  Harbor 
Maators,  9  Wardens  of  the  Port  of  New  York,  2  Special 
Mardeus  to  reside  at  Quarantine,  1  Harbor  Master  at  Al- 
bany, 1  Health  Officer  at  Quarantine,  1  Physician  of  Mariue 
Hospital,  1  Agent  for  the  Onondaga  Nation,  1  Attorney  to 
Seneca  Nation,  directors  in  certain  banks  of  which  tlie  State 
holds  stock  according  to  the  amount  held,  as  many  Ilellgate 
pilots  as  the  Board  of  Wardens  may  recommend.  5  trustees  of 
the  Idiot  Aaj'ium,  0  trustees  of  State  Lunatic  Asylum.  2  com 
missioners  in  each  co.  for  loaning  moneys  of  the  United  States, 
as  many  notaries  public  as  the  law  may  allow  or  the  Governor 
determine,  and  such  other  officers  and  special  commissioners  as 
are  required  from  time  to  time  by  law.  He  appoints  field 
officers  of  regiments  and  generals  of  brigades,  when  such  regi- 
ments and  brigades  are  not  fully  organized.  Under  the  firet 
constitution,  almost  every  civil  and  military  office  was  filled  by 
the  Council  of  Appointment,  consisting  of  the  Governor  and  4 
Senators,  chosen  annually  by  the  Assembly.    In  1821,  8^7 


32 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


may  remove,  under  limitations  prescribed  by  statute,  most  State  and  county  officers.^    He  has  a 
private  secretary,  with  a  salary  of  §2000,  a  clerk  and  a  doorkeeper. 

Tbe  liteutenant  Governor  is  elected  at  the  same  time  as  the  Governor,  and  must  possess 
the  same  qualifications.  He  discharges  the  duties  of  Governor  when  a  vacancy  occurs  in  that  office. 
He  is  President  of  the  Senate,  having  the  casting  vote  in  that  body,  a  Commissioner  of  the  Canal 
Fund  and  of  the  Land  Office,  a  member  of  the  Canal  Board,  a  trustee  of  the  Idiot  Asylum  and  of 
Unitm  College,  a  Regent  of  the  University,  and  a  trustee  of  the  Capitol  and  State  Hall. 

^-^=^^^^  The  Secretary  of  State^  is  keeper  of  the  State  archives ; 

is  a  Regent  of  the  University,  a  Commissioner  of  the  Land  Office 
and  of  the  Canal  Fund,  a  member  of  the  Canal  Board  and  of  the 
Board  of  State  Canvassers,  a  trustee  of  the  State  Idiot  Asylum, 
of  Union  College,  of  the  Capitol,  and  of  the  State  Hall.  He  has 
specific  duties  in  relation  to  the  publication  and  distribution  of 
the  laws ;  the  issuing  of  patents  for  land,  of  commissions,  par- 
dons, and  peddlers'  licenses ;  the  filing  of  the  declarations  of 
aliens,  and  the  articles  of  association  of  companies  under  gene- 
ral laws;  issuing  notices  of  elections,  receiving  and  reporting 
statistics  of  pauperism  and  crime  from  sheriffs  and  county 
clerks,  and  furnishing  certified  copies  of  laws  and  other  docu- 
ments in  his  office.  He  administers  the  oath  of  office  to  members  of  the  Assembly,  and  other 
State  officers.     His  deputy  is  ex  officio  Clerk  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Land  Office. 

The  Comptroller^  is  the  auditor  of  the  public  accounts, 
excepting  those  payable  from  the  Canal  and  Bank  Funds  ;  a  Com- 
missioner of  the  Land  Office  and  of  the  Canal  Fund ;  a  member  of 
the  Canal  Board  and  of  the  Board  of  State  Canvassers,  and  a 
trustee  of  the  Idiot  Asylum,  of  Union  College,  of  the  Capitol,  and 
State  Hall.  He  has  responsible  duties  in  relation  to  the  payment 
of  appropriations  made  l^y  the  Legislature,  the  collection  of 
taxes,  and  sale  of  lands  sold  for  taxes,  the  management  of  funds, 
supervision  of  fire  and  life  insurance  companies,  loaning  of 
moneys,  and  other  duties  connected  with  the  finances  of  the  State. 
He  reports  annually  to  the  Legislature  the  condition  of  the  public 
funds,  the  receipts  and  expenses  of  the  State,  the  condition  of 
insurance  companies,  and  upon  such  other  matters  as  he  may  from  time  to  time  be  called  upon  by 
the  Legislature  for  information.     He  has  a  deputy,  an  accountant,  and  about  a  dozen  clerks. 

TTie  Treasurer*  receives  all  moneys  paid  into  the  treasury,  and  pays  all  warrants  of  the  Comp- 
troller, Auditor  of  the  Canal  Department,  Superintendent  of  the  Bank  Department,  and  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction.  He  is  a  Commissioner  of  the  Land  Office  and  of  the  Canal  Fund,  a  member 
of  the  Canal  Board  and  of  the  Board  of  State  Canvassers,  and  a  trustee  of  Union  College.  He  has 
a  deputy,  and  two  or  three  clerks. 
Tlie  Attorney  General^  is  the  legal  prosecutor  and  adviser  in  behalf  of  the  State.    He  is  a 


military  and  6,663  civil  officers  held  nnder  this  appointment, 
and  most  of  them  at  will.  From  1822  to  lS46,the  Governor  and 
i^enate  appointed,  in  addition  to  moat  of  those  it  now  appointa, 
all  judicial  officers,  except  justices.  Masters  and  Examiners  in 
Chancery,  Supreme  Court  Commissioners,  inspectors  for  com- 
mercial purposes,  Commissioners  of  Deeds,  several  city  officers, 
and  State  Prison  inspectors. 

1  Representatives  in  Congress  and  members  of  the  State  Legis- 
lature can  be  elected  only.  Th(>  Goveroor  a]>points.  on  his  own 
authority.  Commissioners  for  taking  acknowledgments  of  Deeds 
in  other  States  and  countries,  wreck  masters,  and  certain  com- 
missioners directed  to  be  appointed  for  special  purposes. 

3  The  Secretary  of  State  waa  formerly  Clerk  of  the  Council  of 
Appointment  and  of  the  Council  of  Revision,  and  from  1S23  to 
1^4  was  Superintendent  of  Schools.  In  colonial  times  he  was 
appointed  by  the  crown;  from  1777  to  1822,  by  the  Council  of 
Appointment;  and  from  1822  to  1846,  by  the  Legislature. 

s  This  office  was  created  in  1797,  in  place  of  that  of  Auditor 
Oeneral,  formed  by  the  Provincial  Convention;  but  it  was  not 
permanently  organized  until  1812.  The  Comptroller  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Council  of  Appointment  until  1822.  when  the 
appointing  power  was  chnnged  to  the  Legislature  and  the  tenure 
3f  the  office  fixed  at  3  years. 

*  The  office  of  Treasurer,  nnder  the  colonial  government  and 
early  years  of  State  government,  was  a  very  important  one ;  and 
for  many  years  after  1777,  the  Treasurer  was  appointed  by  spe- 
cial act  from  year  to  year.    About  the  beginning  of  the  present 


century,  the  defalcation  of  a  Treasurer  occasioned  a  revision  of 
the  law  creating  the  department;  and.  from  his  being  the  prin- 
cipal financial  officer  of  the  government,  the  Treasurer  became 
the  most  unimportant,  and  his  powers  were  narrowed  down  to 
the  pa>Tnent  of  the  drafts  of  other  officers.  For  many  years 
previous  to  1822  he  was  appointed  by  the  Council  of  Revision  : 
and  from  1S22  to  1846.  by  the  Legislature.  The  accounts  of  the 
Treasurer  are  annually  comimred  with  those  of  tlie  Comptroller, 
Superintendent  of  Dank  Department,  and  Auditor  of  the  Canal 
Department,  by  a  commissioner  ajipointed  for  the  purpose;  and 
these  officers  thus  become  a  check  upon  each  other.  The  Trea- 
surer may  be  suspended  for  cause,  by  the  Governor,  in  the  receea 
of  the  Legislature. 

6  This  office  has  existed  almost  from  the  beginning  of  tlie 
Colonial  Government.  It  was  filled  by  the  Council  of  Appoint- 
ment from  1777  to  1822.  and  by  the  Legislature,  with  a  term  of 
3  years,  from  1S22  to  1846.  The  Attorney  General  originally 
attended  the  circtiits  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  as  prosecutor  in 
criminal  suits,  until  1706,  when  the  State  was  divided  into  8 
districts,  to  each  of  which  an  assistant  Attorney  General  was 
appointed,  except  in  New  York,  where  the  head  officer 
officiated  personally.  In  1818  each  co.  was  made  a  separate 
district,  and  a  District  Attorney  was  appointed  in  each.  Th« 
Attorney  General  still  occasion;illy  attends  upon  important 
criminal  trials ;  but  his  time  is  chiefly  occupied  in  civil  suits  in 
which  the  State  is  a  party. 


STATE    GOVERNMENT. 


33 


Commissioner  of  the  Land  Office  and  of  the  Canal  Fund,  a  member  of  the  Canal  Board  and  of  the 
Board  of  State  Canvassers,  and  a  trustee  of  Union  College,  of  the  Capitol,  and  State  Hall.  He  baa 
a  deputy  and  a  clerk. 

The  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor'  has  charge  of  the  engineering  department  of  the 
canals  and  such  land  surveys  as  involve  the  interests  of  the  State.  He  reports  annually  the  statistics 
of  these  departments  and  of  railroads.  He  is  a  Commissioner  of  the  Land  Office,  a  member  of  the 
Canal  Board  and  Board  of  State  Canvassers,  and  a  trustee  of  Union  College  and  the  State  Hall. 
He  must  be  a  practical  engineer.     He  is  assisted  by  a  deputy  and  3  clerks. 


JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT. 

United  States  Courts.— The  second  of  the  U.  S.  Courts  comprises  New  York,  Vermont, 
and  Connecticut.  A  court  is  held  twice  a  year  in  each  State  by  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
and  the  District  Judge  of  the  district  in  which  the  court  sits. 

The  State  of  New  York  is  divided  into  two  Judicial  Districts,  in  each  of  which  is  held  a  District 
Court.''  The  officers  of  this  court  in  each  district  are  a  District  Judge,  Attorney,  Marshal,  and 
Clerk.  In  the  Southern  District  a  term  is  held  in  each  month,  at  New  York ;  and  in  the  Northern 
District  one  term  is  held  each  year  at  Albany,  Utica,  Auburn,  and  Buffalo,  and  one  term  annually 
in  St.  Lawrence,  Clinton,  or  Franklin  co.,  as  the  Judge  may  direct.'  These  courts  have  nearly 
concurrent  original  jurisdiction  in  all  matters  in  which  tlie  United  States  is  a  party ;  and  they  take 
cognizance  of  offenses  against  the  laws  of  the  U.  S.  An  appeal  lies  from  the  District  to  the  Circuit 
Coui-t,  and  thence  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

State  Courts. — The  State  Courts  consist  of  a  Court  for  the 
Trial  of  Impeachments,  tjie  Court  of  Appeals,  the  Supreme  Court 
and  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  the  County  Court  and  Court  of 
Sessions,  Justices' Courts,  and  City  Courts. 

Tlie  Court  for  tlie  Trial  of  Impeacbnients  consists 
of  the  Senate  and  the  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals.  Its  judg- 
ments extend  only  to  removal  of  officials  and  to  disqualification  for 
holding  office.*  Parties  impeached  are  liable  to  all  the  penalties 
of  the  civil  and  criminal  laws.  This  court  is  a  court  of  record ;  its 
meetings  are  held  at  Albany. 


county, 
Union. 


The  Court  of  Appeals,'  instituted  in  1847,  is  wmposed  of  8 
judges,  4  of  whom  are  elected,  (one  every  2  years.)  and  4  of  whom  are 
the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  having  the  shortest  term  to  serve. 
The  judge  elected  having  the  shortest  term  to  serve  is  Chief  Judge; 

(and  6  judges  constitute  a  quorum.  This  court  has  power  to  correct 
and  reverse  all  proceedings  of  the  Supreme  Court,  or  of  the  former 
Supreme  Court,  and  Court  of  Chancery.  It  holds  4  terms  a  year 
at  the  Capital;  and  every  2  years  one  term  must  be  held  in 
each  Judicial  District.  Its  clerk  has  an  office  in  the  State  Hall, 
where  the  records  of  this  and  former  State  and  Colonial  Courts  are 
preserved.  The  State  Reporter  prepares  for  the  press  and  pub- 
lishes the  decisions  of  the  court,  copies  of  which  are  sent  to  each 
and  franked,  under  the  Governor's  hand,  to  each  of  the  other  States  and  Territories  of  the 


1  ThiB  office  takes  the  place  of  that  of  " Surveyor  General" 
which  existed  under  the  colony.  In  the  earlif-r  years  of  the 
State  Government,  numerous  and  responsible  duties  were  im- 
posed upon  this  officer,  under  acts  for  the  sale  and  settlenieut 
ol"  lands,  the  adjustment  of  disputed  titles,  boundaries,  and  In- 
dian claims,  laying  out  roads,  and  business  relating  to  the  salt 
Bprinf^s.  reserved  village  plats,  and  other  State  property.  These 
duties  were  discharged  from  1784  to  1834  by  Simeon  De  Witt, 
witli  great  integrity  and  success. 

The'  Secretary  of  State,  Comptroller,  Treasurer,  Attorney 
General,  and  State  Engineer  are  elected  biennially  at  the  .=ame 
time, — their  eItK:tion  occurring  on  alternate  years  from  those 
of  the  election  of  the  Governor  and  Lieut.  Governor. 

^  Unittd  States  District  Courts, — There  are  two  Districts  within 
thia  State.    The  Southern  District  embraces  Columbia,  Greene, 


Ulster,  Sullivan,  and  the  counties  South.  Tlie  Northern  Dis- 
trict embraces  the  remainder  of  the  State. 

8  The  United  States  has  caused  or  ordered  buildings  to  bo 
erected  in  part  for  the  occonimodation  of  these  courts  at  New 
York,  Utica.  Butfalo,  Ogdensburgh,  Canandaigua,  and  Platts- 
burgh.  These  edifices  are  of  the  most  substantial  kind,  and 
gener.ally  fireproof. 

*  This  court  has  assembled  but  once.  In  1853  it  was  con- 
vened for  the  trial  of  impeachment  of  John  C.  Mather,  Canal 
Commissioner.    He  was  acquitted, 

6  t^m^tituii'jn.  Art.  VT,  Stic.  2.  Tliis  court  takes  the  placo 
of  the  ferinr^r  ''  Cnurt  for  the  Cnrreetion  of  Errors''  and  in  scvno 
respects  fills  that  of  the  old  Supreme  Court  and  Court  of  Chan- 
cery. 


34 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Tbe  Supreme  Court. — The  State  is  divided  into  8  Judicial  DistrictSjMn  each  of  which,  ex- 
cept the  first,  4  justices  are  elected.  The  clerks  of  counties  are  clerks  of  this  court.  It  has  general 
jurisdiction  in  law  and  equity,  and  power  to  review  the  judgments  of  the  County  Courts  and  of 
the  former  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  This  court  has  three  distinct  branches, — General  TermB, 
Special  Terms,  and  Circuits.  The  General  Term  held  by  three  or  more  of  the  Supreme  Judges, 
including  the  presiding  judge,  is  an  appellate  court  for  the  review  of  cases  from  the  courts  below, 
and  for  deciding  solely  upon  questions  of  law.  Special  Terms  are  held  by  one  Supreme  Judge, 
without  a  jury,  for  the  decision  of  equity  cases;  and  Circuit  Courts  are  held  by  one  Supreme 
Judge,  with  a  jury,  for  the  trial  of  issues  of  fact.  At  least  four  general  terms  of  this  court  are 
held  in  each  district  every  year.  Every  county  (except  Hamilton)  has  at  least  one  special  and  two 
circuit  courts  annually.  A  general  term  of  the  Supreme  Court  is  held  at  the  Capital  in  January  of 
each  alternate  year,  for  the  purpose  of  arranging  the  terms  of  all  the  Circuit  Courts  and  Couns  of 
Oyer  and  Terminer,  of  assigning  the  business  and  duties  of  the  justices,  and  revising  the  rules  of 
the  court. 

County  Courts  are  held  by  the  County  Judge,"  assisted  by  two  justices  of  the  peace  elected 
annually  for  the  purpose.  The  judge  performs  the  duty  of  surrogate,  except  in  counties  where  the 
population  exceeds  40,000,  in  which  the  Legislature  may  provide  for  the  election  of  a  separate 
officer  as  surrogate.*  The  Legislature  may  direct  the  election  of  local  officers,  not  exceeding  two  in 
any  county,  to  discharge  the  duties  of  judge  and  surrogate  in  case  of  inability  or  vacancy  in  that  office, 
and  to  exercise  such  other  powers  as  may  be  provided  by  law.*  Judges  and  surrogates  receive  a 
salary  fixed  by  the  Supervisors,  and  which  cannot  be  increased  during  their  term  of  office. 

County  Courts  have  jurisdiction  in  civil  cases  when  the  real  estate,  or  all  the  defendants,  or  all 
the  parties  interested  are  within  the  co.,  and  where  the  action  of  debt,assumpsit,or  covenant  claimed 
is  not  above  $2,000,  or  in  actions  for  injury  to  the  person,  or  trespass  upon  property,  where  the 
damage  claimed  does  not  exceed  $500;  or  in  replevin  suits  where  the  value  claimed  is  not  above 
$1,000.  These  courts  have  equity  jurisdiction  for  the  foreclosure  of  mortgages,  the  sale  of  the  real 
estate  of  infants,  tlie  partition  of  lands,  admeasurement  of  dower,  the  satisfaction  of  judgment« 
over  $75,  and  the  care  and  custody  of  lunatics  and  habitual  drunkards.  Surrogate's  Courts  are 
held  by  the  County  Judge  or  Surrogate,  (in  counties  where  the  latter  is  elected,)  and  have  the  ordi- 
nary jurisdiction  of  Courts  of  Probate. 

Justices'  Courts  are  held  by  justices  of  the  peace,  who  have  jurisdiction  in  civil  suits  where 
the  sum  claimed  does  not  exceed  $100  in  value.*  They  have  jurisdiction  in  criminal  cases  for  im- 
posing fines  to  the  amount  of  $50,  and  of  inflicting  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  for  a  term  not 
exceeding  6  months.® 

Tribunals  of  Conciliation  may  be  established,  and  their  powers  and  duties  prescribed 
by  law ;  but  their  judgments  ai'e  not  obligatory  unless  the  parties  previously  agree  to  abide  by 
Buch  decision.' 

City  Courtfii.  In  each  of  the  cities  and  in  several  of  the  larger  villages  are  courts  of  local 
jurisdiction  organized  under  special  laws.* 


*  New  York  State  Judicial  Districts  under  the  Ad  of  May  8, 
1847:— 

1.  City  and  County  of  New  York. 

2.  Dutcbeps,  Kina;s,  Orange,  Pntnam.  Queens,  Richmond,  Rock- 

land, Suffolk,  and  Westcbester  Counties. 

3.  Albany.  Columbia,  Greene,  Renseelaer,  Schoharie,  Sullivan, 

and  Ulster  Counties. 

4.  Clinton,  Essex,  Franklin,  Fulton,  Hamilton.  Mnntiiomery, 

St.  Lawience,  Saratoga,  Schenectady,  Warren,  and  Waaii- 
ington  Counties. 
6.  Herkimer,  Jefferson,  Lewis,  Oneida,  Onondaga,  and  Oswego 
Counties. 

6.  Broome,  Chemung,  Chenango.  Cortland,  Delaware,  Madiflon, 

Otsego,  Schuyler.  Tioga,  and  Tompkins  Counties. 

7.  Caynga,  Liviu'-rston,  Monroe,  Ontario,  Seneca,  Steuben,Wayue, 

and  Yates  Counties. 

8.  Allegany,  Cattaraugus,  Chautauqua,  Erie,  Genesee,  Niagara, 

Orleans,  and  Wyoming  Counties. 

*  From  1777  to  1822  Judges  were  appointed  by  the  Council  of 
Appointment;  and  from  1822  to  1846,  by  the  Governor  and 
Senate.  One  in  each  co.  was  styled  "  First  Judge ;"  and  a  fixed 
anmber  (subsequently  4)  of  others  were  called  Judges. 

*  Surrogates  are  elected  in  Albany,  Cayuga.  Chautauqua, 
Oolnrabia.  Dutch'-ss,  F.rie.  Jefferson,  Kings,  Monroe.  New  York, 
Oneida.  Onondaga.  Ontario,  Orange,  Otsego,  Rensselaer,  St.  Law- 
rence, Saratoga,  rister,  Wa.-^hington,  "Wyoming,  and  Yates  cos. 

*  Omstit^itinji,  Art.  VI,  Sec.  15,  Special  acts  have  been  passed 
for  this  purpose,  as  follows : — Special  Judge  and  Special  SJirro- 
gaU  in  Cayu;^a.  Chautauqua,  Jefferson,  and  Oswego,  1849; 
WaBfaingtoQ,  1856.    Special  Judffe  in  Oneida,  Orange,  St.  Law- 


rence, and  Tioga.  1849;  Ulster,  1850;  Chenango,  1851 ;  SulIiTan, 
1854;  Essex.  1857;  and  Tompkins,  1858.  The  term  for  which 
these  officers  are  elected  is  3  years,  except  in  Chenango,  Tomp- 
kins, and  Ulster,  in  which  it  is  4  years. 

6  There  are  4  justices  elected  iu  each  town  except  Champlain, 
Ellisburgh,  Fort  Ann,  Hanover,  Harmony,  Hector.  Lenox,  Niag- 
ara. Pomfret.  and  Potsdam,  which  have  each  5.  and  Brook- 
haven,  which  has  8.  Justices  were  appointed  by  the  Council  of 
Appointment  from  1777  to  1822.  and  by  the  Supervisors  and 
JndgHfl  from  1S24  to  1827.  since  which  they  have  been  electee! 

a  Jin'isfid  Statutes,  Art.  I,  Title.  4,  Chop.  2,  Part  3. 

7  OmstituCirm.  Art.  VI,  Sec.  23. 

8  The  principal  City  Courts  are  as  follows: — 

In  Alhaiiy. — A  Mayor''s  Cburt.  held  by  the  Mayor,  Recorder, 
and  Aldermen,  or  the  Mayor  and  Recorder  jointly,  or  either 
of  them  singly.  It  is  practically  held  by  the  Recorder  only ; 
a  Onirt  of  Special  5f'.';sio»5,  held  by  the  Recorder  or  County 
Judge,  with  on©  or  more  Justices;  a  Justices'  Cburt,  held 
by  3  Justices  elected  for  the  purpose.  Two  Police  Justices 
elected. 

In  Auburn.— Jufitice^  and  Police  Courts.  Three  Justicea  of  tbe 
Peace  elected. 

In  Brooklyn.— The  Ciiy  Court.,  held  by  the  City  Judge;  Pfy 
lice  Oiwtft  and  Jiisiicrs'  Punrts,  for  whose  convenience 
the  city  is  divided  into  5  districts;  ft  Cburt  of  iSJ.vc*'a/  Ses- 
sions, held  by  a  Justice  or  Police  Justice. 

In  Buffalo.— A  Superior  Court,  held  by  3  Justices ;  Justices' 
and  Police  Oyui-ts.  Eight  Justices  of  the  Peace  and  on« 
Police  Justice  elected. 


STATE    GOVERNMENT. 


^ 


The  ofiBcers  in  each  county,  auxiliary  to  the  judiciary,  are  as  follows :—' 

Tlie  District  Attorney,^  who  is  the  official  prusecutor  in  all  criminal  cases  coming  before 
the  county  courts,  and  has  general  duties  in  relation  to  suits  in  which  the  county  has  an  interest. 

Tbe  Slierifly  who  is  charged  with  the  preservation  of  the  public  peace  and  the  execution  of 
the  orders  of  the  courts.  He  has  charge  of  the  jail  and  prisoners,  and  appoints  as  many  deputies  as 
he  may  deem  necessary.  He  can  hold  no  other  office,  and  is  ineligible  to  the  same  office  for  the 
next  3  years  after  his  term  expires.  He  is  required  to  give  bonds,  in  default  of  which  the  office 
becomes  vacant. 

Tlie  County  Clerli,  who  is  made  the  keeper  of  the  county  records.  He  attends  the  courts  and 
records  their  proceedings,  records  deeds  and  mortgages,  liles  papers  and  documents  required  by 
law  to  be  preserved  in  his  office,  and  is  the  medium  of  communication  between,  State  and  town 
officers.  He  is  the  clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  for  his  county.  He  appoints  a  deputy,  who,  when 
duly  sworn,  may  discharge  all  his  duties. 

Foiir  Coroners,  who  are  charged  with  the  duty  of  inquiring  into  the  cause  of  sudden  deaths. 
Upon  being  notified,  it  is  their  duty  to  attend  at  the  place  where  a  dead  body  is  found,  summon  a 
jury  and  witnesses,  examine  into  the  causes,  and  make  a  written  report  to  the  county  clerk.  They 
also  have  the  sole  power  of  issuing  writs  against  sherifis. 

A  Kegister,  performing  that  part  ;;f  the  duties  of  county  clerks  I'elating  to  the  recording  of 
conveyances  and  mortgages,  is  elected  in  New  York,  Kings,  and  Westchester  counties ;  and  each 
of  these  appoints  a  deputy. 

Commissioners  of  Deeds,  to  take  acknowledgments  of  deeds  and  legal  documents,  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  Common  Councils  of  cities  in  such  numbers  as  they  may  decide,  except  in  New  York, 
where  the  number  is  limited  to  300,  and  in  Syracuse  to  12.* 

JVotaries  Public  are  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  Senate  for  a  term  of  2  years,  and  have 
authority  to  demand  and  accept  payment  of  foreign  bills  of  exchange,  and  to  protest  the  same  for 
nonpayment,  and  to  exercise  the  duties  of  Commissioners  of  Deeds.  Their  number  is  limited  to  400 
in  New  York,  25  in  Troy,  and  in  other  cities  and  towns  as  many  as  the  Governor  may  deem  proper. 

Criminal  Courts.  Courts  for  the  trial  of  criminal  cases  consist  of  the  Court  of  Oyer  and 
Terminer  connected  with  the  circuit  of  the  Supreme  Court,  the  Court  of  Sessions  connected  with 
the  County  Court,  City  Criminal  Courts,  and  Justices*  Courts.* 

Courts  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  consist  of  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  associated  with 
the  County  Judge  and  two  Justices  of  the  Sessions,  (except  in  New  Y'ork  City,)  the  Supreme  Judge 
and  two  of  the  others  constituting  a  quorum  for  trials.  This  court  has  original  and  general 
jurisdiction.  ^ 

Courts  of  Sessions  are  held  by  the  County  Judge  and  two  Justices  of  Sessions.  They  have 
jurisdiction  over  cases  in  which  the  imprisonment  in  case  of  conviction  is  less  than  ten  years. 
The  inferior  City  Courts  and  Justices'  Courts  have  jurisdiction  over  petty  criminal  cases. 


Jn  Hudson. — A  Mayor'x  Crnirt.  held  by  the  Mayor,  Recorder, 
and  Aldermen,  or  tlie  Mayor  and  Rrcorder  jointly  or  singly ; 
a  Justices'  Omrtj  held  by  2  Justices.  Ouo  I'olice  Justice 
elect'-d. 

In  NfW  Torlc. — The  Superior  CouH,  consiHting  of  a  Chief 
Justice  and  6  Justices;  the  Qmrt  of  Oomincni  Pleas,  com- 
posed of  a  Justices ;  the  Marine  Onirt,  comiiosed  of  3 
Justices;  the  Oitirt  of  Oyn-  and  Terminer^  held  by  a 
Justice  of  the  Sui'reme  Court;  the  Court  of  General  .Sf-H- 
Fians,  held  by  the  Recorder  or  City  Judge;  the  Coui't  of 
Special  Sessums,  held  by  the  Kecorder  or  City  Judge  with- 
out a  jury;  Police  (hu7-ts,  held  by  Special  Justices  in  4 
separate  districts :  and  Justices'  or  l>istrict  Courts,  held 
in  (i  separate  districts. 

In  Ostvrgn. — A  Itfcordrr's  Court,  held  by  the  Recorder,  or.  In 
his  absence,  by  the  Mayor  or  any  two  Aldermen :  a  Court 
of  Special  Sessions,  held  by  the  Kecorder.  Two  Justices 
elected. 

In  Pouglikcepsie. — Justices'  and  Police  Courts. 

In  Ifochester. — Juxtices'  and  Police  Courts.  Three  Justices  of 
the  Peace  and  1  Police  Justice  elected. 

In  Sclienectady. — Justices'  and  Police  Courts.  Four  Justices 
elected. 

In  Syracuse. — JusOceji^  and  Pulice  Orurts.  Tliroo  Justices  of 
the  Peace  and  1  Police  Justice  elected. 

In  Troy. — A  Mayor's  Cum-t,  held  by  the  Mayor,  Recorder,  and 
Aldermen,  or  the  Mayor  and  Kecorder  jointly,  or  either 
singly.  Practiailly  it  is  held  by  the  Recorder:  a  Justicei' 
Court,  held  by  3  Justices  elected  for  the  pui-pose. 

In  Utica. — A  Pecordtr's  Court,  held  by  the  liecordi-r;  a  Court 
of  Special  Sessions,  held  by  the  Kecorder  and  2  Aldermen. 
Four  Justices  and  1  Police  Justice  elected. 
1  By  an  act  parsed  April  14, 18.^2.  the  supervisors  may  detor- 

miue  whether  this  shall  be  a  salaried  office,  and  may  Hx  the  com- 


pensation.   In  the  absence  of  such  action,  the  District  Attorney 
is  paid  by  fees. 

2  Constitution,  Art.  X,  Sec.  1.  From  1777  to  1822  sheriffs  wer© 
appointed  annually  by  the  Oovernor  and  Council,  and  could  not 
hold  the  office  more  than  4  snccessive  years.  They  have  be«D 
elected  since  1S22. 

*  In  towns  the  duties  of  the  office  are  performed  by  justices  of 
the  peace.  Special  commissionerf.  for  this  service  were  appointed 
in  the  several  cos.  by  the  Council  of  Appointment  under  the  first 
Constitution,  and  by  the  Oovernor  and  Senate  under  the  Cooetitn- 
tion  of  1821.  The  Governor  may  appoint,  for  a  term  of  4  years, 
any  number  of  persons  not  exceeding  5,  in  any  city  or  co.  of  other 
States  and  of  Canada,  to  take  ackuowledgmcnta  of  instruments 
or  conveyances  to  be  recoided  in  this  State.  The  consuls,  vice- 
consuls,  and  ministers  of  the  U.  S.  in  foreign  countries,  the 
mayors  of  London.  Liverpool,  and  Dublin,  the  provost  of  Ediu 
burgh,  and  pL-rsons  appointed  by  the  Governor,  not  exceeding 
3  in  each  of  the  cirles  of  London,  Liverpool.  Glasgow,  J'aris.  and 
Marseilles,  may  also  perform  this  duty,  and  administer  oaths  or 
affirmations  substantiating  proofs  to  documents  requiring  to  bo 
recorded  or  to  be  produced  in  evidence  within  this  State. 

*  In  1829.  CO.  clerks  were  requireil  to  report  to  the  Secretary 
of  State  a  transcript  of  all  convictinns  and  the  acutenccs  thercou. 
The  intention  of  this  act  was  to  establish  evidence  in  casn  of  the 
trial  of  the  same  jicrson  for  a  second  offense,  in  which  the  punish- 
ment for  the  same  crimes  is  enhanced  in  severity.  In  l.s;i7.the 
Secretary  of  State  was  re<iuired  to  report  a  statement  of  all  con- 
victions reported  under  this  act.  and  annually  alterward  to  lay 
before  the  Legislature  a  like  summary.  In  18:;9.  sheriffs  were 
also  required  to  report  the  name,  occupation,  age.  sex.  and  native 
country  of  every  person  convicted,  and  such  other  iiiliuniatioo 
a»  niiglit  indicate  degree  of  education,  the  vUvcV  of  hinnr  influ- 
ences, and  such  other  details  us  might  be  rO(]uired.  Under  the 
ftdministratioD  of  K.  W.  Leavenworth,  the  statintics  of  crime 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


ADMINISTRATIVE    DEPARTMENT. 

Under  the  head  of  the  Administrative  Department  are  classed  the  officers  charged  with  the 
general  administration  of  the  affairs  of  canals,  of  State  prisons,  of  the  salt  springs,  of  academic  and 
common  school  education,  and  other  public  interests,  each  of  which  is  particularly  noticed  elsewhere. 
It  also  includes  a  variety  of  other  offices,  the  principal  of  which  are  as  follows: — 

Tlie  County  Treasurer  is  charged  with  the  duty  of  receiving  all  moneys  collected  by  tax,  or 
otherwise  payable  into  the  county  treasury,  of  paying  all  orders  issued  by  the  Supervisors,  and  of 
accounting  to  the  Comptroller  of  the  State  for  such  moneys  as  are  due  to  the  State  treasury.  He 
is  required  to  give  bonds ;  and  in  case  of  vacancy  the  office  is  filled  by  appointment  of  the  Super- 
visors until  the  January  following  the  next  general  election. 

Superintendents  of  tUe  Poor  have  charge  of  the  county  poor  and  of  the  poorhouses, 
unless  otherwise  provided  by  law.  The  Supervisors  may  elect  to  have  1  or  3  superintendents.  In 
several  of  the  counties,  special  laws  exist  with  regard  to  this  ofiice.' 

Commissioners  of  Excise  are  appointed  by  the  County  Judge  and  the  two  Associate 
Justices,  except  in  New  York,  where  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Superior  Court,  the  presiding  Judge  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  the  Recorder,  have  the  appointing  power.  They  meet  annually  on 
the  third  Tuesday  of  May,  to  grant  licenses  for  selling  liquors  and  keeping  inns  under  restrictions 
fixed  by  law.  This  office  was  created  April  16,  1857.  Twenty  freeholders  must  unite  in  a  peti- 
tion for  a  license ;  and  the  same  person  can  sign  but  one  petition.  Licenses  cost  $30  to  $250 
each. 


from  the  first  reports  to,  and  including,  1854  were  published, 
which  gave  the  followlDg  results  : — 

iV(!«j  york  State  Prisrtn  received  from  1798  to  1827  inclusive, 
3,879  prisoners :  died.  765;  escaped,  25;  sentence  expiated,  1,262; 
pardoned.  3,160 ;  removed,  348 :  natives  of  N.  H.,  99 ;  Vt.,  114 ; 
Mass.,  392;  R.I..  110;  Ct.,  391;  N.Y..  2,426;  N.J.,  314;  Penn., 
234;  Del.,21;  Md.,  76 ;  Va.,  69;  other  States,  43;  B.A.,87;  W.I., 
141;  S.A.,12;  Eng,,247;  Ire.,  685;  Scot., 79;  Oer.,58;  Hoi.,  22; 


Fr„49;  Spain,  6;  Italy,  13;  Portugal,  6;  Sweden,  10;  Norway, 
2;  other  Kuropean  countries,  18 ;  Africa,  26;  E.I.,8;  unknown, 
152 :  crimes  against  the  person,  280 ;  against  property,  with  vio- 
lence. 291;  without  violence,  4,016;  forgery,  and  against  the  cur- 
rency, 728.  Sentence  varied  from  7  mo.  to  life,  the  most  being 
as  follows:  1  year, 242;  2  years. 259;  3 years, 581;  3  years  1  day, 
278;  4  years.  604;  6  years,  764;  7  years,  820;  10  years,  294;  14 
years,  239;  life,  603. 


Convictions  in  Courts  of  Record  from  1830  to  1856. 


Years. 

i 

III 

1 

1 

It? 

■<i<;iS 

i 

1 
1 

1 

Years. 

•si 
II 

.Pi 

ii 

Hi 

-3 

.  e 

•ill 
III 

si 
1 
s 

1 
1.689 

18.30... 

237 

101 

602 

74 

144 

1,068 

1846... 

471 

177 

467 

64 

620 

18,31... 

243 

93 

464 

63 

94 

957 

1846... 

S84 

138 

471 

38 

440 

1,471 

1832... 

289 

79 

440 

60 

98 

966 

1847... 

386 

132 

396 

24 

408 

1,296 

1833... 

362 

75 

462 

61 

163 

1,113 

1848... 

437 

120 

612 

33 

425 

1,527 

18.34... 

217 

99 

355 

53 

148 

872 

1,S49... 

397 

160 

645 

44 

404 

1,.540 

1835... 

287 

92 

428 

34 

237 

1,076 

1850... 

397 

199 

621 

36 

410 

1.603 

1836... 

316 

86 

379 

32 

160 

063 

1851... 

409 

148 

475 

49 

401 

1,482 

1837... 

393 

124 

477 

52 

145 

1,191 

18.52... 

412 

228 

480 

48 

434 

1.602 

1838... 

298 

112 

472 

42 

164 

1.086 

1R53... 

483 

186 

673 

62 

563 

1..S46 

1839... 

2S7 

115 

479 

61 

ISO 

1,118 

1854... 

432 

189 

691 

75 

836 

2.122 

1840... 

463 

120 

437 

49 

274 

1,.343 

1855... 

397 

278 

686 

37 

644 

1.842 

1841... 

468 

121 

460 

49 

427 

1,615 

1866... 

432 

248 

673 

49 

212 

1.614 

1842... 

4.84 

176 

604 

63 

376 

1,602 

1867... 

475 

350 

607 

64 

158 

1,654 

1843... 

408 

244 

504 

78 

3.36 

1.670 

1868... 

436 

332 

617 

90 

237 

1,712 

1844... 

394 

172 

489 

60 

312 

1,427 

Of  the  1712  convicted  in  185S,  1582  were  malea  and  130  females. 
Theniimbcrof  convictions  reported  by  sheriffs  falls  short  of  that 
by  clerkfl  for  the  obvious  reason  that  many  who  are  fined  pay 
down  their  penalties  and  never  come  into  the  sheriff's  hands. 
Theexcees  reported  by  clerks  from  1S39  to  1S5-4  varied  from  172 
to  1.000  annually.  Males  form  about  94  per  cent,  of  all  con- 
Tictions  reported  by  clerks,  93^  per  cent,  of  those  reported  by 
eheriffs.  and  85  per  cent,  of  those  convicted  in  courts  of  special 
Beesions.  The  results  of  trial  compared  with  total  indictments 
have  varied  In  different  years  within  the  following  limits: — 
Ratio  of  convictions  to  indictments 693  to  689. 

"     acquittals  '*     219  to  380. 

"     disagreement  of  juries  "     013  to  .025. 

"    convict'ns  on  confess'n  "     .182  to  .390. 

The  least  number  of  convictions  reported  from  1829  to  1855.  in 
proportion  to  population,  was  In  1834.  when  it  was  1  to  2,444. 
The  greatest  number  was  in  1845,  when  it  waa  1  to  1,542. 

Pardons. — The  number  of  pardons  granted  from  1778  to  1854 
inchisive,  was  8,793;  of  which  160  were  from  fines,  160  from  fines 
and  imprisonment.  1,285  from  jails  and  local  prisons.  6,747  from 
State  prison  Ibr  term  of  years,  and  559  from  State  prison  for  life. 
Of  th<^  whole  number,  1,64J)  were  conditioned  mostly  to  leaving 
the  State  or  U.  S..  807  were  restored  to  rights  of  citizens,  59  wore 
respited  from  capital  offenses.  The  pardoning  power  has  been 
■xeicised  as  tbllows : — 


George  Clinton 308 

John  Jay 160 

Morgan  Lewis 213 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins 1,693 

John  Taylor 223 

De  Witt  Chnton. 2,289 

Joseph  C.Yates 291 

Nathaniel  Pitcher 228 

Martin  Van  Buren 34 

Enoa  T.  Throop 415 


Wm.  L.  Marcy 834 

Wm.  H.  Seward 377 

Wm.  C.  Bonck 279 

Silas  "Wright 282 

John  Young 268 

Hamilton  Fi?h 97 

Washington  Hunt 346 

Horatio  Seymo\ir 456 

Myron  H.Clark 530 

John  A.  King. 426 


1  The  salary  of  these  ofBcers,  where  there  is  but  one  in  a 
county,  is  fixed  by  the  Supervisors ;  but  in  those  counties  where 
there  are  3  they  are  usually  paid  for  the  time  employed. 
Albany  has  none.  Chemung.  Clinton,  Dutchess,  Essex,  Frank- 
lin. FiiU'on,  Genesee,  HcrK-imer,  Jefferson.  Montgomery,  Orange, 
Orleans.  Otsego,  Putnam,  Sclienectady,  Schuyler,  Sullivan,  and 
UlsU'r,  have  each  one;  and  those  in  italic  are  appointed  by 
Supervisors.  In  early  times  each  town  supported  its  own  poor, 
and  where  persona  who  had  not  acquired  residence  became 
chargeable,  they  were  sent  from  torni  to  town  back  to  the  place 
where  they  had  formerly  resided.  A  very  able  report  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Senate  by  J.  V.  N.  Yates,  Secretary  of  State,  Feb. 
9. 1824,  upon  the  subject  of  the  "laws  for  the  relief  and  settle- 
ment of  the  poor,"  in  which  he  advised  the  erection  of  one  or 
more  bouses  of  employment  in  each  co.,  in  which  paupers  might 


STATE    GOVERNMENT. 


37 


State  Assessors. — The  object  of  the  offir^e  is  to  collect  the  necessary  statistics  among  the 
several  counties  to  enable  the  Board  of  Equalization  to  equalize  the  State  tax  among  the  several 
counties,  and  fis  the  amount  of  real  and  personal  estate  upon  which  the  State  tax  shall  be  levied. 
The  Assessors  are  appointed  by  the  Government  and  Senate,  and  hold  office  for  three  years. 

The  Board  of  Equalization  consists  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Land  OiEce,  and  the 
State  Assessors.  It  meets  at  Albany  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  September  of  each  year,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  equalizing  the  taxes,  &c. 


be  maintained  and  employed  at  the  county  charge,  and  that 
children  at  suitable  ages  should  bo  put  out  to  Bome  useful  trade. 
An  act  was  accordingly  passed  Nov.  27, 1S24,  authorizing  the 
establishment  of  county  poorhouses.  In  most  of  the  counties 
Buch  institutions  were  established  within  a  few  years.  They 
were  located  upon  farms,  ■which  were  designed  to  be  worked,  aa 
far  as  practicable,  by  the  inmates.  The  towns  in  Queens  and 
Suffolk  counties  have  mostly  town  poorhouses,  and  in  these  there 
are  no  county  establishments  of  this  kind.  The  county  of 
Albany  supports  its  poor  at  the  city  almshouse. 


In  most  counties  a  distinction  is  made  between  town  and 
county  poor,  the  former  including  those  who  have  gained  a  resi- 
dence ;  and  this  distinction  may  bo  made  or  not,  at  the  option  of 
the  Board  of  Supervisors.  Temporary  relief  may  be  extended 
in  cases  where  the  pauper  cannot  be  removed,  or  for  other 
causes  satisfactory  to  the  Superintendents.  Towns  may  vote  at 
town  meetings  the  sum  estimated  to  be  necessary  lor  the  support 
of  their  own  poor. 

The  following  tables  and  summaries  are  from  the  laat  annual 
Report  of  the  Secretary  of  State : — 


Statistics  of  Poorhouses  and  of  the  Support  of  the  Poor ^  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  1, 1858. 


Counties. 


Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus  „ 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua- 
Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Esses _... 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Ilamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston.  ... 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery., 

New  York 

Niagara 

Oneida.. 

Ononda^ 

Ontario , 

Orange , 

Orleans 

Oswego I 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer .... 

Richmond 

Rockland , 

St.  Lawrence 

Saratoga 

Schenectady . 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca. , 

Steuben , 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

Westchester . 

Wyoming 

Yates , 


I! 
Ill 


183 
130 
200 

96 
171.8 
175 
172 

90 
204i 
118 
200 
106 
164 
100 
162 

89 
134 
130 


65 

107 

"m 

118 

172 
134 
150 

'i20' 
150 

36i 
212 
267 
107 

60 
170 
196 


144 

125 
47 
130 
200 
113 
110 


128i 
200 


100 
60 
100 
140 
200 
174 
193 
165 
111 
123 


i^va 


$10,000  00 

8,000  00 

6,500  00 

20,000  00 

12,000  00 

13.000  00 

6,000  00 

3,000  00 

35,000  00 

6,800  00 

6,000  00 

15.000  00 

49,091  00 

4,500  00 

4,639  75 

8,000  00 

8,000  00 

10,000  00 

10,000  00 

14,000  00 

400,000  00 

3,600  00 
18,000  00 
16,500  00 
40,376  16 

7,600  00 

12,000  00 
8,100  00 
16,000  00 
21,200  00 
25,000  00 
10,113  75 
4,350  00 
15,360  00 
10,000  00 

29.000  00 

21,000  00 

11,000  00 

7,200  00 

6,000  00 

8,000  00 

6,000  00 


16J)00  00 
10,000  00 


1,500  00 
6,000  00 
6,000  00 
9,000  00 
2,600  00 

12,000  00 
7.620  00 

35.600  00 
5,000  00 
5,600  00 


Total 7,208.8  Jl,059,.339  66  $29,484  66 


$250  00 
200  00 
200  00 
800  00 

2,524  00 


449  76 
250  00 
1,000  00 
180  00 
250  00 


3,500  00 
200  00 
200  00 


600  00 
600  00 


742  90 
600  00 
1,600  00 
200  00 
700  00 


360  00 
400  00 


1,000  00 


1,380  00 
700  00 

1,500  00 
375  00 
600  00 


300  00 


600  00 
800  OO 
700  00 
600  00 
300  00 
128  00 
100  00 


300  00 
276  00 


200  00 
750  00 
600  00 
600  00 
100  00 
766  00 
325  00 
1,150  00 
160  00 
200  00 


: 


$1  02 
69 

1  12 
83 
787 
894 
72 
89 

1  09 
72 
90 

1  00 
70 

1  00 
42 


686 

I'io" 

76 
2  22 

93 

74 
1  035 

70 
1  637 

""si" 

1  00 
915 
68 
985 
1  07 
1  14 
42 
68 

'I'is' 

1  45 
805 
737 
94 
94 
77 

855 

1  00 

1  00 

83 

84 

72 

70 

49 

60 

1  275 

1  018 

801 

96 


$  90.5 


243 

1,335 

100 

2,778 

4,106 

245 

109 

2,738 

565 

250 

136 

1,771 

1,292 

44 

84 

112 

176 

97 

21 

4,908 

1,404 

37,730 

128 

286 


2,858 
1,063 

3,986 

8,102 

2,460 

2,753 

1,679 

865 

747 

63 


665 

966 

1,881 

384 

2,931 

605 

403 

57 

144 

1,536 

1.175 

66 

350 

240 

99 

1,280 

82 

2,629 

1.335 

1,312 

170 

66 


103,499 


223 
"219 


6,915 
223 


66 
117 


1,733 


2,830 
492 


381 

8,678 


206 
359 
113 


417 

49 

1,191 


666 
61 
70 
66 


223 

1.178 

271 


3,726 


103 
2,685 


172 
386 

'6,915 
136 
66 


66 
17 

4,666 

1,016 

29,881 

70 


4,614 


110,822 
3,687 
7,062 
3,638 
2,402 
1,330 

610 
3,330 

342 


1,M2 

636 

2,499 


868 
297 
160 

1,164 
870 
225 
296 
657 
14S 

2,047 


2,332 
1,163 


23,205  207.207 


4  s» 
8  «  S 


$5,879  63 
3,727  01 
2,726  44 
9,393  21 
6,094  65 
2,850  48 
3,997  33 
3,076  02 

12.168  15 
2,950  62 
3,096  93 

16,905  09 

36,023  73 

2,696  47 

1,316  79 

3.701  44 
3.079  68 
3,178  46 

400  00 

7.399  10 
6,440  96 

146.499  66 
8,564  41 
4,630  62 
6,954  37 
18,432  62 
9,680  76 
861,162  10 
6,322  80 
13,271  67 

10.169  82 
6,795  93 
9,288  86 
3,781  97 
5,126  74 

4.702  40 
1,388  84 

22,303  15 
16,172  00 
9,457  82 
3,099  07 
6,990  24 

7.400  42 
7,174  72 
2.471  70 
3,647  87 
3,918  89 
4,420  89 

12,008  79 
3,3.57  03 
3,046  81 
3,271  16 
6.721  72 
1.241  75 
4.051  40 
8.887  78 

16,981  09 
3,416  02 
8,162  80 


tiSa, 


$2,676  41 
8,250  01 
6,136  14 

16,968  47 
6,846  68 
6,613  53 
1,078  19 
6,362  84 


2.422  61 

2.948  62 

300  00 

20.474  90 

2.273  45 

1,489  11 

922  00 

2,192  46 

250  00 

100  00 

16,219  04 

11.960  67 

82,110  47 

561  26 

4,094  01 

11,781  23 

28,816  88 

13,330  00 

139,731  54 

7,552  98 

31.293  65 

40,384  84 

7,065  80 

10,765  09 

4,140  10 

43,199  99 

3,974  70 

2,690  63 

2.287  75 

80,764  00 

8,496  42 

2,417  21 

13,944  38 

"ZIMM 

4,610  44 

1.400  00 

4,019  73 

6,729  07 

4,260  00 

4,132  93 

6,462  06 

647  6.1 

9,791  36 

2.368  92 

6..391  49 

8.2,80  36 

149  98 

620  22 

112  69 


«,  s:  a  VI -Ci 
S  g  0  5,5- 


$8,665  09 

11,977  02 

8,861  58 

26,361  68 

10,941  23 

9,364  01 

6,075  62 

9,438  86 

12,168  16 

6,373  13 

6,045  66 

16,266  09 

66,603  63 

4,968  92 

2,804  90 

4,623  44 

6,272  14 

3,428  46 

600  00 

22,618  14 

18.401  62 

178,610  13 

4,126  67 

8,724  63 

18,735  60 

47,248  60 

23,010  76 

490,883  64 

12.875  78 

44,570  32 

o0,644  66 

13,861  73 

20,043  44 

7,922  07 

48,326  73 

8,677  10 

3,979  37 

24,690  90 

46.920  00 

12.054  24 

6..516  28 

20,943  62 

7,460  42 

9,331  21 

6,982  14 

4.947  87 

7,938  62 

10,149  96 

16,268  79 

7,489  96 

9,498  87  I 

3,918  66 

16,613  OS 

3,610  67 

10,412  89 

17.168  14 

10,131  07 

4,036  24 

8,275  49 


$SS4.119  78    $607,271  60   $1,491. .391  28 


During  the  year  1858,  38.682  were  admitted,  38,400  wore  dis-  [  Supportfd  m  /*oor/(f>it.s*:.—MaieH.  6,219;  Feaiiil.-H.7.'.iu3;  total, 
chaj-ged,  1,007  absconded,  849  were  born,  2,684  died,  aud  646  were  13,422.  Koreiguers,  6,6u;j;  LunaticH,  1,838;  Idiuts,  4;i7;  Muteo, 
booudout.  36.    Tcmpiirarilii  RdKKd. — foreignera,  58,700 ;  Lunatics,  2,408; 

I  Idiots,  696 ;  Mutes,  62. 


38 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


XiOa.li  Comiuissioners'  are  appointed  in  eacli  county  by  the  Governor  and  Senate,  except  in 
Onondaga,  where  they  are  elected.  They  are  paid  J  to  J  of  one  per  cent,  on  all  moneys  loaned, 
and  are  obliged  to  give  bonds  and  report  annually  to  the  Comptroller. 

ScIlOOl  Comoiissioners  are  elected  one  in  each  Assembly  District,  and  under  certain 
circumstances  another  may  be  added.  They  are  required  to  examine  and  grant  certificates  to 
teachers,  visit  schools,  apportion  the  public  moneys,  and  report  to  the  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction.  The  Board  of  Supervisors  in  the  counties  have  the  power  of  arranging  the  several 
commissioner  districts  and  of  increasing  the  salary  of  the  commissioners  above  $500.  All  cities, 
and  many  villages,  are  under  special  laws  with  regard  to  schools,  and  are  more  or  less  exempt 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  County  School  Commissioners.' 

Sealers  of  fVeiglits  and  Measures  are  appointed  for  the  State  and  for  each  county  and 
town.  The  State  Superintendent  has  an  office  at  Albany,  and  he  furnishes  to  the  several  counties 
and  towns  standard  sets  of  weights  and  measures.'     The  County  Sealer  keeps  the  Standards 


Children  under  16.— Males,  2.776;  Females,  3,04.5.  Total,  5,821. 
Number  of  children  instnicted,  3,219.  Average  8  months  in 
the  year. 


Nativities  of  Peraonarelieved  in  185S. 

United  States 

Ireland - 

Germany 

England 

Canada 

France 

Scotland 

Total 


Causes  of  Pauperism,  as  far  as 
ascertained. 


Intemperance  direct 

Children  of  intemperjite  parents.. 
Wives    with    intemperate    hus- 
bands  


Total  intemperance 

Debauchery 

Debauchery  of  parents... 

Idleness 

Vagrancy 

Idiocy - 

Lunacy 

Blindness 

Lameness 

Sickness 

Decrepitude 

Old  age 


Total  from  all  causes  reported.. 


Males. 


46,174 
42.212 
12,601 
4.183 
1,995 
1,094 
1,268 


108,627 


Females. 


69,570 
50,504 
16,173 
3,371 
2,013 
1.995 
1,068 


134,694 


16,669 
5,133 


21,802 
543 
392 

6.582 

1,417 
431 

1,206 
353 

1,329 

12,607 

608 

1,948 


48,338 


9,164 
3,140 

3,140 


16,444 
622 
376 

4,080 
904 
441 

1,833 

165 

662 

10,167 

447 

2,077 


36,917 


Total. 


104,744 
92,716 
28,774 
7,554 
4,008 
3,089 
2,336 


243,221 


25,833 
8,273 


3,140 


37,246 
1,165 

767 
9.662 
2,321 

872 
2,739 

618 
1,991 
22,834 
1,115 
4,025 


86,255 


1  The  first  State  loan  was  made  by  an  act  passed  April  18, 
1786,  creating  bills  of  credit  to  the  amount  of  $500,000,  the 
most  of  which  was  apportioned  among  the  counties  iu  propor- 
tion to  their  supposed  wants,  and  loaned  by  officers  nptwinted 
for  the  purpose.  These  bills  were  of  convenient  denominations 
aud  circulated  as  money.  They  were  receivable  in  pa,yinent  of 
tuxes,  and  for  some  purposes  were  legal  tender.  This' loan  was 
distributed  among  the  counties  then  existing,  as  follows : — 

Albiiny $55,000     New  York..  $80,000     .Suffolk $25,000 

Dutchess 42,600     Orange 25,000     Ulster 31,000 

Kings 11,260     Queens 28,750     Washington     7,500 

Montgomery  30,000  Kichmond..  11,250  Westchester  23,750 
The  sum  of  $79,447.63  remained  due  on  the  loan  of  1786  at  the 
beginning  of  1810,  and  the  whole  was  finall,v  called  in  in  1830, 

By  an  act  of  March  14,  1792,  anntlier  loan  of  $500,000  was 
made  and  distributed  among  the  counties,  as  follows ; — 

Albany 441,000     New  York..  $48,260     Saratoga....  $26,000 

Clinton S.500    Ontario 3,000     Suffolk 24,000 

Columbia 40,760     Orange 27,260     Tioga 6,600 

Dutchess 68,000     Otsego 7,600     Ulster 40.500 

Herkimer....     7,000     Orleans 21,500     Washington    33,600 

Kings 4.760    Rensselaer.    33.600    Westchester    35,250 

Montgomery,  .23,500     Richmond..     4,750 

A  third  lojin  of  $400,000  was  authorized  to  the  several  counties, 
excepting  New  York,  Kings.  Queens,  Richmond,  Suffolk,  and 
Westchester,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  their  electors.  In 
case  the  Supervisors  of  these  counties  applied  for  a  share,  a 
fiirther  sum  of  $60,000  was  authorized  to  be  issued.  In  1819 
the  above  loan  was  transferred  to  the  Common  School  Fund. 
In  1860  the  office  of  Loan  Commissioner  for  the  loans  of  1792 
«nd  1808  was  abolished,  and  the  loans  remaining  in  their  hands 
were  transferred  to  the  custody  of  the  commissioners  for  loaning 
tho  U   S.  Deposit  Fund. 


The  U.S.Deposit  Fund  originated  as  follows ;  An  Act  of 
Congress,  piissed  June  23,  1836,  directed  the  surplus  in  the  trea- 
sury on  the  1st  day  of  Jan.  1837,  excepting  $5,000,000,  to  be 
deposited  with  the  several  States  in  proportion  to  their  repre- 
sentation. The  amount  thus  deposited  was  $37,408,869.97,  of 
which  N.  Y.  received  $5,352,694.28.  This  was  apportioned  to 
the  several  counties  according  to  population,  as  follows ; — 


Albany 

$147,107.48 
86,081.22 
49,698.81 
61,604.43 

121,113.45 

110.417.63 
42,991.07 

100,337,93 
51,087.58 

100,298,64 
59.491.87 
84.165.61 

124,.810,71 

141,770.83 
60.961.74 
30.771.91 

144,217.61 
74.272.61 
89.110.77 
18,921,82 
23,867,24 

103,601,02 
93,568.65 
39,961.06 
70.174.02 
66.697.62 

101,994.55 
69,698.02 

$33,888.70 

40,699.36 

93,558.80 

98,313.76 

29.622.36 

90,803,13 

93,017.26 

96,483,74 

48,728.95 

130.079.06 

78,910.08 

39,613.81 

76,634.68 

102,747.79 

142,979.45 

119,038.36 

664,839.06 

65,206.61 

190.814.86 

149,928.42 

100,603.77 

111,000,31 

56,352.39 

94.142.19 

124.131.32 

28,433.43 

61,868.89 

136,053.25 

Allegany 

Onondaga 

Ontario 

Cattaraugus..-. 

Chautauqua 

Chemung 

Chenango 

Columbia 

Rensselaer 

Richmond 

Rockland ,. 

St.  Lawrence... 

Saratoga 

Schenectady... 
Schoharie  ...... 

Seneca 

■Steuben 

Snfl'olk 

Delaware 

Essex 

Sullivan 

Kings 

Tioga 

Lewis _... 

Livingston 

Tompkins 

Ulster  

Warren 

Washington ... 

Montgomery..-. 
New  York 

Westchester.... 

2  In  Utica  and  Schenectady  the  care  of  schools  Is  intrusted 
to  "Commissioners  of  Common  Schools;'  in  Buffalo  and  Hudson 
the  Comnion  Councils  are  ex  officio  Commissioners  of  LScbools; 
and  in  Albany.  Astoria,  Auburn,  Brooklyn,  Castleton.  and 
Southfield,  (Clifton,)  College  Point,  East  Chester,  Flushing, 
Jamaica,  Lockport,  Medina,  Newburgh,  New  York,  Oswego, 
Port  Byron,  Pougbkeepsie.  Pulaski,  Fochcster.  Salem.  Syracuse, 
Troy.  Waterford.  "Westfarms.  and  "N^' bites  town,  schools  are 
under  a  Board  of  Education,  usually  elected,  but  in  some  of  the 
cities  appointed  by  the  Common  Council.  In  most  cities  a 
Superintendent,  who  is  clerk  of  the  Board,  is  appointed  by  the 
Board  of  Education  for  the  more  immediate  supervision  of 
schools  and  iuspection  of  teachers.  In  Buffalo  the  Superin- 
tendent is  elected. 

8  A  Omnty  Standard  consists  of — 

1.  A  large  balance,  comprising  a  brass  beam  and  scales,  with 
stand  and  lever. 

2.  A  small  balance,  with  a  drawer  stand  for  ?mall  weights. 

3.  A  set  of  large  brass  weights,  namely.  501b.,  201b..  lolb.,  51b. 

4.  A  set  of  small  brass  weights,  avoiidupois,  namely,  41b., 
21b.,  lib..  8oz.,  4oz.,  2oz..  loz.,  ioz..  ^oz. 

5.  A  brass  yard  measure,  graduated  to  feet  and  inches,  and 
the  first  graduated  to  eighths  of  an  inch,  and  also  decimally ;  with 
a  graduation  to  cloth  measure  on  the  other  side;  in  a  case. 

6.  A  set  of  liquid  measures  made  of  copper,  namely,  1  gallon, 
5  gallon,  1  quart,  1  pint.  ^  pint.  1  gill;  in  a  case. 

7.  A  set  of  dry  measures  of  copper,  namely,  5  bushel,  1  peck, 
^  peck.  2  quarts,  1  quart;  in  a  case. 

There  are  also  cases  to  contain  the  large  brass  weights  and 
the  necessary  packing  boxes  included,  etc.  The  cost  of  the  set 
is$;iOO. 

A  Tenon  Standard  differs  in  some  particulars,  as  consisting 
of  but  one  medium  sized  balance,  the  large  weights  being  of 
iron  in  place  of  brass;  the  yard  measure  being  a  cast  metullic 
square  rod,  without  decimal  graduation,  etc.;  and  likewise  with- 
out cases,  in  general.    The  cost  of  the  set  is  $125. 


STATE    GOVERNMENT. 


39 


furnished  by  the  State,  and  is  required  to  have  them  compared  with  the  State  Standard  once  in  3 
years.     The  Town  Sealer  is  required  to  examine  all  weights  and  measures  in  use  once  a  year.* 

Tlie  mayors  of  cities  are  administrative  officers  of  State  laws  and  executive  officers  of  city 
ordinances.  They  are  elected  annually,  except  in  Albany  and  New  York,  where  they  hold  their 
oflSces  for  two  years. 

Tbe  .Supervisors  of  towns  are  administrators  of  the  general  laws  relating  to  towns. 

Tlie  President  and  Trusteesof  villages  havecharge  of  every  thing  pertaining  to  the 
welfare  of  their  respective  localities  within  the  limits  of  the  charter  of  incorporation. 

Trustees  of  Scbool  Districts  are  the  officers  recognized  by  law  to  whom  is  intrusted 
the  administration  of  the  school  laws  within  their  districts. 

TurnpiKe  Inspectors  are  appointed  in  every  county  in  which  there  are  turnpikes,  the 
acts  of  incorporation  of  which  do  not  require  the  appointment  of  special  inspectors.  They  are  3 
to  5  in  number,  and  must  have  no  interest  in  any  turnpike  in  the  State. 

Planb.  Road  Inspectors  are  appointed  in  every  county  having  plank  roads.  Their  duties 
are  analogous  to  those  of  the  inspectors  of  turnpikes ;  and  they  are  chiefly  intended  to  protect 
the  public  against  the  collection  of  tolls  when  plank  roads  are  unsafe  or  difficult  to  travel  from 
neglect  or  other  cause. 

Commissioners  of  HigBivi'ays  have  the  power  of  directing  repairs,  laying  out  and 
altering  roads,  discontinuing  old  roads,  and  of  ordering  new  bridges  to  be  built  and  kept  in  renair.^ 
They  must  annually  divide  the  towns  into  road  districts,  and  assign  such  inhabitants  to  ^v-ork 
upon  them  as  they  may  deem  proper ;  and  they  must  deposit  an  accurate  description  of  all  new 
roads  in  the  Town  Clerk's  office  for  record. 

Overseers  of  IIig"livvays,  or  "  Pathmasters,"  have  charge  of  road  districts.' 


1  The  statute  defines  tbe  State  Standard  of  Weights  and  Mea- 
sures to  be  the  same  as  that  approved  by  Congress  June  14. 1836, 
and  furnished  by  the  U.  S.  to  tbe  States  in  1842.  The  set  fur- 
nished consisted  of  a  yai'd,  sets  of  Troy  and  avoirdupois  weights, 
the  wino  gallon  and  tbe  half  bushel  and  their  subdivisions. 
Tbe  unit  of  length  and  surface,  from  'which  all  other  measures 
of  extension  are  derived,  whether  linear,  superficial,  or  solid,  Is 
tbe  yard,  which  is  divided  into  3  feet  of  1*2  inches  each,  except 
for  cloths  or  other  articles  sold  by  the  3-ard,  when  it  may  be 
divided  into  halves,  eighths,  and  sixteenths.  Tbo  rod  contains 
5t  yards,  and  the  mile  1.760 yards:  tbe  acre  is  160  square  rods: 
the  chain  for  land  surveying  is  22  yards  long  and  subdivided 
into  100  linlis;  tbe  Troy  pound  is  to  the  avoirdupois  as  5,760  to 
7,000,  the  one  containing  12  and  the  other  16  ounces;  lOOlbs. 
avoirdupois  form  a  hundredweight,  and  2.00011)8.  a  ton.  All 
measures  of  capacity  not  liquid  are  derived  from  tbe  half  bushel, 
the  subdivisions  of  which  are  obtained  by  dividing  repeatedly 
by  2.  Coal,  ashes,  marl,  manure,  corn  in  the  ear,  fruit,  and 
roots,  are  sold  by  heap  measure. 

Tbe  Standards  now  in  use  do  not  Tary  essentially  from  those 
ostablished  by  tbe  State  Government  belbre  stauihirds  were  fur- 
nished by  the  U.  S.  As  formerly  defined,  the  uuit  of  linear  mea- 
Bure  was  the  yard,  which  bore  tlie  ratio  of  1.000.000  to  1.086,140, 
to  a  pendulum  beating  seconds  in  a  vacuum  at  the  tempera- 
ture of  melting  ice  at  Columbia  College.  A  cubic  foot  of  water 
at  its  maximum  density  in  vacuo  was  declared  equal  to  1000 
ounces  avoirdupois.  The  liquid  gallon  to  contain  ^Ibs.,  and  the 
dry  gallon  lOlbs..  of  distilled  water  at  its  greatest  density  and 
mean  pressure  at  sea  level. 

Weights  qf  articles  per  bushel  as  fixed  hy  Standard. 


ARTICLES. 

LBS. 

ARTICLES. 

LBS. 

ARTICLES. 

LBS. 

62 
60 
58 
48 
>18 

Flaxseed 

Oats 

55 
32 
60 
60 

56 
56 
44 
60 

Cloverseed. 

Salt 

Peas         

Timothy 

Wheat   

Buckwheat 

Potatoes 

3  Roads  extending  through  several  towns  may  be  laid  out  by 
commissioners  appointed  by  the  Supervisors;  and  those  extend- 
ing through  several  counties  are  usually  laid  out  by  special  com- 
missioners appointed  by  law,  Tbe  commi^^sioners  of  highways 
are  required  to  report  annually,  at  town  meeting,  their  receipts 
and  expenditures,  and  a  statement  of  what  improvements  arc 
necessary,  and  the  cost  of  obtaining  them.  These  estimates  are 
referred  to  the  Hoard  of  Supervisors,  and  assessed  as  other  town 
charges.  They  may  summon  jurors  and  witnesses  in  opening 
and  closing  road^.  I{o.ids  through  improved  lands  must  beccr- 
tifled  ap  necessary  by  the  oath  of  twelve  respectable  freeholders : 
and  a  like  certiticate  to  tbe  contrary  is  required  in  closing  roads. 
Every  owner  may  obtain  a  road  to  his  land. 

New  roads  cannot  be  laid  through  orchards  or  gardens  of 
more  than  four  years'  growth  or  use.  or  tbrouRli  buildings  or 
yards,  and  inclosures  of  mills  and  factorips.  witlmut  the  owner's 
consent.  The  law  rcquin-s  the  cnmmisflioiier^  of  liighways  to 
erect  mileboards  along  tlie  line.and  guiiVboards  at  the  crossing 
of  post  and  such  other  important  roads  as  they  may  deem 


proper;  and  the  defacing  of  these  is  punishable  as  a  misde- 
meanor. Every  ouNTier  or  occupant  of  lands  in  any  tovra,  and 
every  male  inhabitant  above  the  age  of  21,  must  be  assessed  for 
highway  labor.  The  whole  number  of  days'  labor  annually  ex- 
pended in  the  town  must  be  at  least  three  times  the  number  of 
taxable  inhabitants;  and  every  male  inhabitant  over  21, except 
ministers,  paupers,  idiots,  and  lunatics,  must  be  assessed  at 
least  one  day.  The  residue  is  assessed  upon  the  property  of  in- 
dividuals and  corporations.  Labor  may  be  commuted  at  the 
rate  of  62J^  cts.  per  day;  and  the  moneys  bo  paid  must  be  ex- 
pended in  the  district. 

3  Overseers  of  lligbways  are  required  by  law  to  warn  out  to 
work  all  persons  assessed  lor  highway  labor  in  their  respective 
districts  ;  keep  their  roads  in  order;  superiutend  work;  receive 
and  apply  commutation  moneys ;  cause  the  noxious  weeds  upon 
the  wayside  to  be  cut  down  or  destroyed  once  before  July  and 
once  before  Sept.  of  each  year;  remove  obstructions;  and  collect 
all  fines,  whether  for  neglect  of  work,  idleness,  or  putting  up 
of  gates  contrary  to  law.  They  may  require  additional  labor,  to 
the  amount  of  one-third  of  the  first  tax.  All  roads  must  be 
fenced  by  the  owners  of  adjacent  lands,  unless  liable  to  be  over- 
flowed by  streams,  when  the  overseers  of  highways  must  erect, 
and  keep  in  repair,  good  swinging  gates  at  the  expense  of  the 
lands  benefitted ;  and  persons  leaving  such  gates  open  are  liable 
to  triple  damages.  All  rivers  where  tbe  tide  ebbs  and  flows  are 
public  highways,  without  special  law.  Many  other  streams  have 
bet'U  so  declared  by  acts,  and  obstructions  in  such  streams  and 
in  highways  are  punished  by  fine,  notwithstanding  a  plea  of 
title.  Such  obstructions  may  be  abated  as  nuisances;  and  the 
persons  causing  them  are  liable  to  actions  for  damage.  Persons 
owning  lands  upon  roads  3  rods  wide,  or  more,  may  plant  trees 
on  tbe  roadside  adjacent  to  their  line,  and  may  prosecute  for 
damages  to  such  trees.  They  may  also  construct  a  sidewalk, 
with  a  railing.  Trees  falling  into  tbe  road  from  inclosed  lands 
must  be  remove'!  by  the  occupant  within  2  days,  ntter  notice  by 
any  person,  under  a  fine  of  50  cts.  a  day.  Assessors  and  con>- 
mifisioners  of  highways  are  ex  officio  fence  viewers  in  their  sev- 
eral towns.  In  case  of  fires  in  the  woods  of  any  town,  it  is  the 
duty  of  tbe  supervisor,  justices,  and  cummissioners  of  highways 
to  order  such  and  so  many  inhabitants,  liable  to  work  upon  the 
roads,  as  may  be  deemed  necessary,  and  reside  near,  to  assist  in 
checking  the  fires,  under  penalty  of  $50.  and  hability  to  proee- 
cntion  fur  misdemeanor,  and  fiirtlier  fine  not  over  $100  or  im- 
prisonment not  more  than  60  days. 

Persons  aggrieved  at  the  decision  of  commissioners  may  ap 
peal  to  referees  appointed  by  tbe  county  judge  or  justices  of 
sessions.  Kings.  Queens,  and  Suffolk  cos,  have  from  an  early 
colonial  period  had  a  road  law  peculiar  to  themselves.  It  differs 
by  fixing  tbo  number  of  days  at  twice  the  number  of  persons 
assessed,  in  granting  private  roads  for  limited  periods,  in  allow 
ing  roads  through  gardens  and  orchards  of  less  than  ie^  j'ears* 
use  or  growth,  by  allowing  appeals  to  the  crnnty  Judge,  and  in 
a  few  other  minor  details.  Richmond  co.  baa  also  a  sptcial  law, 
which  requires  assessments  in  vKmcy  only,  to  be  cnllntL-d  wilh 
the  general  tax,  and  the  repairs  of  roads  to  be  let  out  ut  publi« 
auction  by  districts  from  year  to  year  and  to  the  lowest  bidder. 
There  are  many  other  special  laws,  chiefly  aiqjlicable  to  citiei 
and  villages,  but  too  numerous  to  mention  hero. 


40 


NEW    YORK     STATE    GAZETTEER, 


SUMMARY  OP  THE  SEVERAL  STATE,  COUNTY,  AND  TOWN  OFFICERS. 


United  States  Senators 

Representatives  in  Congress.... 

STATE  OFFICERS. 

Legislative — 

State  Senators.. 

Members  of  Asaembly 

ESECDTIVE — 

Governor 

Lieutenant  Governor 

Secretary  of  State 

Comptroller 

Treasurer 

Attorney  Gener^ 

State  Engineer  and  Sui'veyor... 

Judicial — 
Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals** 

Jiisticeg  of  the  Supreme  Court 
Clerk  of  the  Court  of  Appeals.. 

State  Reporter 

Administrative — 
fSupt.  of  Public  Instruction... 
t^  Regents  of  the  University^  ... 
bupt.  of  Banking  Department. 

Inspectors  of  State  Prisons 

Canal  Commissioners 

Auditor  of  Canal  Department.. 
Canal  Appraisers 

Supt.  of  Weights  and  Meaaures 

State  Assessors 

COUNTY  OFFICERS. 

County  Judge 

Surrogate  (in  certain  counties) 
Special  Judges  and  Sm'rogates" 

Justices  of  Sessions 

Di.strict  Attorney 

Sheriff 

Coroners 

Treasurer 

County  Clork 

Commissioners      for     loaning 

moneys  of  the  U.  S 

School  Commissioners'^ 

Superintendents  of  the  Poor.... 

Commissioners  of  Excise 

I  County  Sealer  of  Weights 
Measures. 

I  Notaries  Public 


and 


Turnpike  Inspectors*.... 
Plank  Road  Inspectors . 


TOWN  OFFICERS. 


Supervisor... 
Town  Clerk.. 


Inspectors  of  Election/ 

Justices  of  the  Peace 

Constables') 

Assessors* 

Collector 

Orerseers  of  the  Poob 

Commissioners  of  Highways... 

Overseers  of  Highways ■! 

Pound  Masters 

Town   Sealer  of  Weights  and 
Measures 

SCHOOL  DIST.  OFFICERS. 

Trustees* 

District  Clerk 

Collector 

Libi'arian 


Jbtol  Tears  Commerue- 
No.  in  in  ment  of  term 
State.       Office. 


2 
33 


82 
128 


33 
1 


1 
19 
1 
3 
3 
1 
3 


No.  in 
each  Co. 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
4 
1 
1 


1  or  3 
3 

1 

Fixed  by 

Gov. 

3 

3 

No.  in 

ea.  tou^n. 

1 

1 

3  to  18 

4ff 

1  to5 

3 

1 

lor  2 

lor  3 

1  to  each 

road  dis. 

Iiidef. 


each  dint. 

lor  3 

1 

1 

1 


Indef. 
3 


Indef. 

2 


4 
1 
3 
1 

"3 
1 

1 


January  1. 


ffow  filled. 


Legislature. 
Election. 


Date  of  appt, 


January  1. 
Date  of  appt. 


January  1. 


let  Tnes.Aug 
January  1. 

Date  of  Appt 
January  1. 


Date  of  Appt. 


j  Gov..  Lt.  Gov.. 
\  &  Atty.  Gen. 


Legislature. 

Gov.  &  Senate. 
Election. 

Gov.  &  Senate. 

/Gov.,  Lt.Gov., 
t&  Sec.  of  State. 
Gov.  &  Senate. 


January  1. 
Date  of  Elec. 


Gov.  &  Senate. 
Election. 

f  Judges  and 
\  Just,  of  Sess. 

Supervisors. 
Gov.  &  Senate. 
Supervisors. 


Superv.  &  j.  p. 
Election. 


Vacancies 
how  Jilled. 


Governor. 
Special  election. 


Lieut.  Gov. 
Pres.  j).i,  of  Sen 
Governor. 


Gov.,  Lt.Gov.,1 
&  Atty.  Gen.  j 

Governor. 

Legislature. 

Governor. 


Gov.,  Lt.  Gov.,  1 
&  Sec.  of  State.  * 


Governor. 


Supervisors. 
Governor. 


County  Judge. 
Supervisors. 

Judge  £  Justices 


SupervisorB. 

Governor. 

Supervisors. 


Sped,  town  meet. 

f  Superv.  town  1 
I  clerk,  &  jus.  J 
Governor. 

Sped,  town  meet. 
Superv.  &.  2  jus. 
Sped,  town  meet. 

Com.  highways. 
Justices. 

Superv.  k  j.  p. 


Supt-rvisor. 
Trustees. 


Compensation, 


$3,000  and  mileage. 


J  per  day  and  mileage. 


$4,000  and  house  rent. 
|6  per  day  and  mileage. 
$2,500. 


$2,000. 
$2,500. 

$2,500  before  1857  ;  $3,500 

since. 
Ditto. 
$2,000. 


$2,500. 

None. 

$5,000. 

$1,600. 

$2,000. 

?'2.500. 

$2,000. 

$500. 


Sal.  fixed  by  Supervisors. 


Per  diem. 

Fees  or  salary. 

Fees. 

Per  diem. 

Percentage. 

Fees. 

Percentage. 

Not  less  than  $500. 

Per  diem  or  salary. 

Per  diem. 

Fees. 
Fees. 
Per  diem. 


Per  diem. 

Fees  and  per  diem. 

Per  diem. 

Fees. 
Fees. 
Per  diem. 
Percentage. 
Per  diem. 


Fees. 
Fees. 


•  4  elected  for  8  yrs.,  and  4  senior  Justices  of  Supreme  Court. 

*  4  others  are  ex  officio  Regents.      e  Regulated  by  spocial  acts. 
J  One  in  each  Assembly  district.        '  In  certain  counties. 

/2  inspectors  are  elected  and  1  appointed  from  the  m-xt  high- 
est ticket,  to  each  election  dist.  by  the  chairman  of  town  mtet- 
'  ings.  In  cities  there  is  1  such  dist.  if  under  500  inhabitants  ; 
2,  if  from  500  to  800;  and  there  may  be  more  if  above  SOO.  In 
to\vns  of  over  500.  the  supervisor,  assessors,  and  clerk  meet 
annually  to  designate  or  change  these  districts.  If  vacancies  of 
supervisors,  assessors,  commissioners  of  liighways,  or  nvfrtjcers 
of  the  poor  are  not  filled  witliin  15  days,  the  justices  may  ap- 
©oi?it ;  and,  if  from  any  cause  there  be  less  than  3,  they  may  asso- 1 


elate  justices  of  neighboring  towns  in   making  appointments. 
s  Towns  in  Sullivan  co.  may  have  1  or  3:  and  if  l,he  is  chosen 
annually.    Oyster  Bay,  Oswegatchie,  and  Watervliet  have  5,  and 
Southold  6. 

*  Towns  may  decide  upon  the  number.    Manlius  has  7. 

*  In  Seneca  co.  1  in  each  town.       J  See  exceptions  on  p.  36. 

*  Annual  school  meetings  determine  whether  to  elect  1  or  3. 
Among  the  officers  of  local  jurisdiction,  not  included  in  the 

foregoing  lists,  are  harbor  masters,  wardens,  health  officers,  and 
others  connected  with  sanitary  supt-rvision.  pilots,  wreck  mas- 
cers.  superintendent  of  Onondaga  salt  springs,  and  officers 
charged  with  duties  relating  to  Indian  affairs. 


PRISONS. 

For  a  great  number  of  offenses  criminals  are  sentenced  to  be  confined  at  labor  for  different 
periods  of  time,  and  the  State  has  provided  prisons  at  several  places  for  the  security  of  these 
offenders  against  law,^  The  principal  of  these  are  the  three  State  Prisons,  an  Asylum  fur  Insane 
Convicts,  two  Houses  of  Refuge,  and  several  penitentiaries  and  jails. 

Ttie  Auburn  State  Prison  is  located  upon  a  lot  of  10  acres  near  the  center  of  the  city  of 
Auburn,  It  consists  of  the  prison  proper,  containing  800  cells  and  a  large  number  of  workshops, 
all  surrounded  by  a  high  and  strong  wall.  The  Sing"  Singr  State  Prison  is  located  upon 
a  lot  of  130  acres  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  village  of  Sing  Sing.  It  contains  a  prison  for  males  and 
another  for  females,  the  latter  the  only  one  in  the  State.  It  has  au  aggregate  of  1,000  cells  and  a 
great  variety  of  workshops.^  The  Clinton  State  Prison  is  situated  upon  a  lot  of  250 
acres  in  the  town  of  Dannemora.  About  25  acres  are  inclosed  within  the  walls  of  the  prison.  It 
contains  workshops,  forges,  and  furnaces,  and  has  an  aggregate  of  39G  folla.' 

The  general  supervision  of  the  State  Prisons  is  intrusted  to  a  Board  of  3  Inspectors,  one  of 
whom  is  elected  each  year  for  a  term  of  three  years.*  They  appoint  all  the  officers  of  the  several 
prisons  and  renew  them  at  pleasure.^  The  discipline  of  the  several  prisons  is  rigid  and  uniform, 
and  all  convicts  are  treated  alike,  irrespective  of  their  former  standing  in  society  or  of  the  crimes 
of  which  they  are  convicted.  The  rules  for  the  general  conduct  of  prisoners  are  rigidly  enforced. 
In  the  administration  of  discipline  a  leading  object  is  to  secure  the  reform  of  the  criminal  and  his 
return  to  society  with  regular  and  industrious  habits  and  correct  moral  principles.^  All  convicts 
in  health  are  required  to  labor  in  shops  by  day,  under  rigid  supervision,  and  without  exchanging 
words  or  looks  with  each  other  or  with  those  who  may  visit  the  prison.  They  observe  strict 
silence  upon  all  occasions  when  not  addressed  by  some  person  allowed  the  privilege.  In  passing 
to  and  from  the  cells,  shops,  and  dining  rooms,  they  march  in  close  single  columns,  with  their 


1  By  an  act  of  March  26, 1796,  John  Watts,  Matthew  Clarkson, 
Isaac  Sloatenburgh,  Thomas  Eddy,  and  John  Murray,  jr.  were 
appointed  commisai oners  to  build  a  State  prison  in  New  York 
City.  Ttiis  prison,  styled  ''•Newgate"  was  located  on  a  lot  of  9 
acres  on  the  Hudson,  at  the  foot  of  Amos  St.  with  its  principal 
front  on  Greenwich  St.  It  waa  204  feet  long,  and  from  each 
end  a  wing  extended  to  the  river.  It  had  54  rooms,  each  for  8 
persons,  and  cost  $208,846.  It  was  opened  Nov.  25,  1797,  and 
continued  in  use  until  May,  1828,  when  it  was  sold.  Convicts 
were  employed  in  shoe  and  nail  making  and  other  work  in 
leather  and  iron,  and  as  carpenters,  tailors,  weavers,  spinners, 
and  gardeners.  A  second  prison  was  ordered,  in  1796.  to  be 
built  at  Albany,  but  the  act  was  repealed  in  1797.  The  limited 
accommodations  and  wretched  moral  influences  of  the  New 
York  prison  led  to  the  ordering  of  another  prison,  in  1816,  which 
was  located  at  Auburn.  The  Bonth  wing  was  completed  in 
1818,  and  in  1819  the  north  wing  was  ordered  to  be  fitted  up 
with  single  cells.    The  prison  was  enlarged  in  1824. 

2  An  act  passed  March  7, 1824,  ordered  a  prison  to  he  erected 
at  Sing  Sing.  Work  was  begun  May  14, 1825,  and  the  prison 
waa  finished  in  1829,  with  800  cells,  to  which  200  were  added  in 
1830.  It  was  finally  completed  in  1831.  The  grounds  here 
occupy  130  acres,  and  include  marble  quarries,  upon  which  it 
was  designed  to  employ  the  convicts.  The  State  Ilall  at  Albany 
is  built  of  magnesian  marble  or  dolomite  quarried  and  dressed 
at  this  prison.  The  prison  for  females  is  built  of  rough  marble 
in  the  Ionic  style  of  architecture.  It  stands  on  elevated  ground 
and  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  male  prison  in  its  ofiBces  and 
management.  Previous  to  its  erection,  in  1835-40,  female  con- 
victs were  kept  by  the  city  of  New  York  at  their  prison  at 
Bellevue,  at  an  annual  cost  to  the  State  of  $100  each. 

*  Clinton  Prison  was  built,  in  1844-45.  under  the  direction  of 
Ransom  Cook,  with  the  design  of  employing  convicts  in  iron 
mining  and  manufacture. 

<  These  Inspectors  must  visit  all  the  State  prisons  four  times 
a  year,  in  company,  inspect  their  management,  discipline,  and 
financial  affairs,  keep  minutes  of  their  proceedings,  and  report 
annually  to  the  Legislature.  They  establish  rules  for  the  ob- 
servance of  the  officers  of  the  prisons,  and  may  examine 
witnesses.  One  prison  is  assigned  to  each  Inspector  for  three 
months,  and  he  is  required  to  spend  at  least  one  week  in  each 
month  at  the  prison  in  special  charge,  and  to  inform  himself 
minutely  concerning  its  details.  The  1  nspectors  are  successively 
changed  to  other  prisons.  Inspectors  can  make  no  appoint- 
ments of  relations  within  the  3d  degree,  and  they  can  have  no 
interest  in  contracts.  Their  salary  is  $1600. — Ctmstitution,  Art. 
V,  &/-.  4. 

6  The  officers  of  each  prfison  consist  of  the  following : — 

1.  An  Agentj  or  Warden,  who  is  the  principal  flscai  officer  of 


the  prison.    He  receives  a  salary  of  $1,250  to  $1,500,  and  is  re- 
quired to  give  a  bond  of  $25,000. 

2.  A  Principal  Keeper^  who  has  charge  of  police  regulations 
and  discipline  of  the  prison,  and  must  live  upon  the  premises. 
lie  keeps  a  journal  of  every  infraction  of  rules,  records,  punish- 
ments, complaints,  &c.,  and  reports  monthly  to  the  Inspectors. 
Salary,  $ . 

3.  Keepers  under  the  direction  of  the  Principal  are  appointed, 
not  to  exceed  1  for  every  25  prisoners.    Salary,  $ . 

4.  A  Clerk,  who  records  all  commitments  and  discharges, 
keeps  the  accounts,  and  reports  annually  to  the  Secretary  of 
State.    Salary.  $1,000  at  Sing  Sing  and  $900  at  the  other  prisons. 

5.  I7ie  Cliaplain  visits  prisoners  in  their  cells,  devotes  a  stated 
time  e,^ch  Sabbath  to  religious  services,  keeps  the  prison  library, 
and  allows  the  use  of  books,  under  proper  regulations,  and  is 
expected  to  counsel  and  assist  convicts  in  the  formation  of 
settled  resolutions  for  reform  upon  leaving  the  prison.  Through 
him  they  may  obtain  whatever  is  allowed  of  correspondence 
with  friends.    Salary,  $900. 

6.  A  Physician  and  Surgeon,  who  has  charge  of  the  Hospital 
and  attends  at  all  times  when  his  services  are  required.  Salary, 
$700  at  Sing  Sing  and  $600  at  the  other  prisons. 

7.  I-nstructors,  of  which  there  are  2  each  at  Auburn  and  Sing 
Sing,  1  at  Clinton,  and  1  at  the  Female  Prison,  who  give  all  ne- 
cessary instruction  to  the  prisoners  in  their  several  occupations. 

8.  A  Store  Keeper,  who  has  general  charge  of  the  provisions 
and  clothing  and  other  property  belonging  to  the  prison. 

9.  A  Guardy  under  the  command  of  a  sergeant,  who  are 
stationed  in  the  prison  and  upon  the  walls  to  prevent  escapes. 
The  number  of  privates  is  20  at  Auburn.  25  at  Clinton,  and  30 
at  Sing  Sing.  They  are  armed  and  equipped  from  the  State 
arsenals,  and  are  held  legally  justified  if  they  shoot  down 
prisoners  attempting  to  escape. 

10.  -4  i/(7/roH.  who  has  charge  of  the  Female  Prison.  Assistant 
matrons  are  appointed,  not  to  exceed  1  for  every  25  prisoners. 

fl  Solitary  confinement  without  labor  was  tried  at  Auburn  in 
1821,  but  with  the  most  unhappy  results,  and  in  1S23  the 
present  system  was  adopted  upon  the  suggestion  of  Capt.  Elam 
Lynds  and  John  D.  Cray.  Capt.  Lynds  deserves  particular 
notice  from  the  energy  and  firmness  with  which  he  brouglit 
his  favorite  system  into  successful  operation  and  to  a  degree  of 
perfection  scarcely  conceivable  to  one  who  had  not  witnessed  it. 
This  plan  has  been  adopted  in  many  prisons  and  has  received 
the  name  of  the  -'Auburn  System.''  The  labor  nut  rt-qiiired  in 
the  domestic  affairs  of  these  prisons  is  hired  upon  cuntract  to 
manufacturers,  who  put  up  the  reqiiisite  machinery  and  iinploy 
agents  and  foremen  to  superintend  the  work.  Wijllul  viDlutiou 
of  the  rules  is  punished  by  the  laah.  ball  and  cliaiii,  yoke, 
strait  jacket,  shower  bath,  dark  cell,  and  similar  means. 

41 


42 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


faces  turned  to  the  side  on  which  their  keeper  walks.  Their  shops  have  narrow  openings  in 
tJie  walls,  through  which  they  may  be  seen  without  the  possibility  of  knowing  it.  They  are  con- 
fined at  night  in  solitary  cells  ;  and  guards  with  woolen  socks  tread  silently  around  their  cells  at 
all  hours  of  the  night.  The  fare  is  abundant,  but  coarse ;  and  all  convicts  are  required  to  wear  a 
costume  peculiar  to  the  prison.' 

All  Asylum  for  Insane  Convicts  is  located  at  Auburn,  in  the  rear  of  the  prison.  It  is 
under  the  general  charge  of  a  medical  superiutendent.'' 

Tlie  Me-w  York  House  of  Refuge,  situated  upon  Randalls  Island,  near  New  York 
City,  is  an  establishment  for  the  reformation  of  juvenile  offenders.  It  is  partly  a  State  and 
partly  a  city  institution.'  TUe  Western  House  of  Refug'e,  located  upon  a  farm  of  42J 
acres  in  Rochester,  is  another  juvenile  establishment  of  a  similar  kind.  It  is  entirely  under  State 
patronage.  These  institutions  are  under  rigid  discipline ;  and  the  inmates  receive  instruction  in 
the  elementary  branches  of  education  during  certain  hours  of  the  day,  and  are  required  to  labor 
during  certain  other  hours.  The  New  York  iustitutiou  was  established  in  1821,  and  receives  both 
Bexes.     The  Rochester  institution  was  started  in  1849,  and  receives  boys  only.' 

Tlie  Prison  Association  of  :Sfe w  York,  was  formed  Dec.  6, 1844,  and  incorporated  May  9, 
1846.  It  has  for  its  objects  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  prisoners,  whether  detained  for 
trial  or  finally  convicted,  or  as  witnesses ;  the  improvement  of  prison  discipline  and  of  the  govern- 
ment of  prisons,  whether  for  cities,  counties,  or  States ;  and  the  support  and  encouragement  of 
reformed  convicts  after  their  discharge,  by  affording  them  the  means  of  obtaining  an  honest  liveli- 
hood and  sustaining  them  in  their  efforts  at  reform.^  The  association  is  supported  entirely  by 
private  contribution.     The  members  pay  $10  annually.     The  payment  of  $25  constitutes  a  member 


STATISTICS  OP  STATE  PRISONS. 


1 

CONVlnTS. 

lapENSES  mdoiirao  mpRovEMims.        i 

)^ 

SingSit)^. 

^ 

.J 

^ 

£3 

s 

».£ 

E 

Ol 

■S 

- 

^ 

s 

.o 

g 

R 

■3 

§■ 

c 

.g 

1 

? 

K 

5 

p 

N 

^ 

a; 

O 

S 

■^ 

is 

s 

S 

^ 

is 

e 

e 

1848 

497 

6S4 

so 

146 

1.387 

$53,456.71 

$51,662.77 

$6,549.46 

$110,668.94 

$66,960,41 

$97,221.41 

$39,900,98 

$204,082,80 

1849 

51  a 

6.'',7 

76 

157 

1,382 

63.021.64 

63,062,83 

13,210.97 

139.285.34 

66,777,99 

81,8.50.28 

60,126.47 

188,764.74 

1850 

GOl 

fifil 

84 

119 

1.625 

68,737.31 

71,178.99 

18,451,95 

158,368.25 

71,164.07 

96,828,64 

37,698.97 

204,686,68 

1851 

761i 

723 

73 

114 

1,663 

73,494,91 

88,385,27 

17,664,10 

179,544.23 

88,546.25 

79,606.82 

37,968.13 

206,011,20 

1862 

769 

7S8 

81 

126 

1,763 

64,986.29 

99,380.12 

29,736,20 

194,102.61 

86,291.73 

85,414.42 

39,825,20 

211,6.31,35 

1863 

753 

865 

96 

1H6 

1,900 

81,150.24 

99,082.89 

37,207,77 

217.440.90 

80,516.37 

120,818.73 

49,483.14 

250.818.24 

1854 

747 

933 

110 

199 

1.9S9 

81.994.74 

95.345,34 

41,674,04 

219,014.12 

72,417.82 

136,142.24 

61,088.75 

269.648.81 

1855 

7S0 

915 

111 

iH9 

2.005 

74,948.53 

90,904,71 

32,372.19 

198,225,43 

67,783.16 

116.774.37 

48,832.42 

233,389.94 

1856 

fiS6 

862 

101 

304 

1,963 

72,763.48 

86,440.89 

38,100.76 

197,305.13 

69,915.46 

100,623,39 

66,032.74 

226,471,57 

1867 

678 

976 

84 

278 

2,016 

69,954,08 

94,946.97 

26,882.58 

191,783.63 

74,180,36 

109,586.53 

47.947,29 

231,714,17 

The  Burplus  expenses  of  the  State  prisons  are  paid  from  the  gooeral  fund.    For  a  fuller  account  of  those  institutions,  Bee 
I?itrodiictioii  to  Natural  History  of  New  York,  Vol.  1,  pp.  181-18S. 


2  Until  1859.  persona  charf;ed  with  crime  and  provt^d  insane 
were  sent  to  tlie  State  Luuiitic  Asylum  at  Utica.  An  act  for 
the  erection  of  the  present  asylum  was  passed  April  13, 1855,  and 
the  building  was  completed  in  1858. 

8  The  New  York  Asylum  is  conducted  by  a  close  corporation, 
lonsisting  of  30  manager8,who  serve  without  pay  and  report  annu- 
ally to  the  Common  Council  of  New  York  and  to  the  State  Legis- 
lature. It  is  supported  by  the  labor  of  its  inmates,  an  annual 
appropriation  from  the  Marine  Hospital  fund,  theater  and  circus 
licenses,  school  moneys  from  the  Board  of  Education,  and  grants 
from  the  City  and  State  of  New  York.  It  can  accommodate 
1,000  inmates.  In  1858  there  were  received  378 ;  of  which  num- 
ber 304  were  boys  and  74  were  girls.  The  former  are  engaged 
in  making  shoes,  chair-seats,  wire  cloth,  weaving.  &c.;  and  the 
latter  in  needlework.  Each  day  7  hours  are  devoted  to  labor, 
4^  to  school,  Is  to  meals,  94  to  sleep,  and  H  to  recreation. 
*  Statistics  of  Houses  of  Refuge  fm-  1S57. 


Coat  per  capita 

Officers  employed 

Aggregate  salaries 

Revenue  from  labor 

Per  cent,  reformed 

Average  period  of  detention 

Deaths  since  opening 

'*       in  last  12  months 

Escapes  since  opening 

'*       in  last  12  months 

Average  age  of  inmates,. 

Cost  of  location  and  buildings.. 
Annual  cxpeuses 


New  Torl\  Rochester. 


$86 

$96 

,31 

$9,119 

$8,346 

$13,414 

$12,000 

76 

76 

16  mo. 

24  mo. 

59 

14 

3 

1 

97 

9 

4 

0 

13t 

13i 

$330,441 

$110,000 

$42,005 

30,000 

The  Western  House  of  Refuge  is  supported  by  the  labor  of 
its  inmates,  tbe  product  of  its  larm.  and  an  annual  State  appro- 
priation. Its  managers  are  appointed  for  a  term  of  3  years  by 
the  Governor  and  Senate,  and  are  so  classified  that  5  are  ap- 
pointed annually.  Its  rules  require  half  an  hour  more  at  labor 
and  an  hour  less  at  school  than  is  required  at  the  New  York 
Asylum ;  and  10  hours  are  allowed  for  sleep.  In  1859.  508  boys 
were  received  at  this  institution.  Of  these.  128  were  employed 
in  making  chains.  171  in  making  shoes,  37  in  making  brushes, 
7  upon  the  farm.  20  in  the  serving  rooms,  and  23  aa  domestics. 

&  The  condition  of  prisoners  has  from  a  remote  period  enlisted 
the  sympathies  of  the  benevolent  and  led  to  assoOiated  efforts 
for  their  relief.  A  society  was  formed  in  New  York,  soon  after 
the  Revolution,  for  the  relief  of  imprisoned  debtors.  "  The 
Philadelphia  Society  for  alleviating  the  miseries  of  Public 
Prisons"  was  formed  over  80  years  since  by  the  Friends;  and 
the  Prison  Discipline  SociL'ty  of  Boston  is  nearly  20  years  older 
than  that  of  similar  objects  in  New  York.  The  Prison  Associa- 
tion of  New  York  for  some  time  issued  a  bulletin  called  the 
'■  Monthly  Record."  The  female  department  for  some  years 
maintained  a  Home  for  tbe  temporary  residence  of  discharged 
female  prisoners  until  other  means  of  support  could  be  fourd. 
This  Association  haw  for  several  years  appointed  committees  tbr 
visiting  county  jails ;  and  the  fiicts  reported  show  abundant 
reason  for  continuing  efforts  for  reform  in  their  management. 
The  aid  furnished  by  this  association  to  dischargfd  convicts 
during  the  last  three  years  reported  has  been  as  follows :  — 
Number  of  discharged  persons  aided  with    1854.   1855.    1866. 

money 230       439       282 

Number  supplied  with  clothing 131       147       138 

Number  provided  with  situations 62       155       112 

Total 413      741      632 


MILITARY. 


43 


for  life ;  of  $100,  an  honorary  member  of  the  Executive  Committee  for  life,  and  $500  a  life  patron. 
A  department,  consisting  of  ladies,  has  in  charge  the  interests  of  prisoners  of  their  sex.  The 
managers  of  the  association  receive  no  pay  for  their  services.  They  usually  report  to  the  Legisla- 
ture annually;  but  no  reports  were  made  in  185G  and  1858.    Office,  15  Center  Street,  New  York. 


MILITARY. 

The  Governor  is  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  the  land  and  naval  forces 
of  the  State.  In  time  of  peace  the 
supervision  of  the  militia  and  mili- 
I  tary  establishments  is  intrusted  to 
the  Adjutant  General,  who  has 
an  office  of  record  at  the  capital,  ^ 
issues,  under  his  seal,  all  military 
commissions,  keeps  a  register  of 
the  names  and   residences  of  the 

officers  of  militia  throughout  the   State,  issues   all   orders  on 

behalf  of  the  Commander-in-Chief,  prescribes   the   manner  of 

reporting  from  the  several  subordinate  divisions,  and  reports  th( 

statistics   thus  obtained — through   the  Governor — to  the  Leg!.-- 

lature  annually.'     lie  has  the  rank  of  brigadier  general;  and 

his  assistant  has  the  rank  of  colonel.     The  militia  of  the  State 

is  composed   of  8   divisions,   26   brigades,  and   62  regiments 

embracing  220  companies  of  infantry,  126  of  artillery,  41  ot 

cavalry,  37  of  rifles,  and  a  total  of  18,107  officers  and  privates.' 
All  able-bodied  white  male  citizens  between  the  ages  of  18  and  45,  not  exempt  by 


law,  are 


1  OFFICKRS  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  STATE  MILITIA. 


Major  Generals 

Srigadier  Generals.. 


s-  oj  a 


*  K   M 


<^\ 


O  K   •< 

2  cd  a< 

B  z  w 

EC  «0 

O 


Adjntant  fJpneral 

Assistant  Adjutant  General 

Divisiiin  fngpectors  (Colonels)... 

Brigade  Tnspectora  (Miyors) 

Adjutants  (Lieutenants) 

Inspector  General 


Commissary  General- 


Assistant  Commissary  General... 


En^ineer-in-Chief 

I  Division  Engineers  (Colonels) 

I  Bripide  Engineers  (Majors! 

Regimental  Engineers  (Cuptains).. 


Judge  Advocate  General 

Division  Judge  Advocates  (Colonels)... 
1  Brigade  Judge  Advocates  (Majors) 


Snrgpnn  Ooneral , 

I  Ilnspital  Surgeons  (Colonels) 

Surgeons  (Captains) , 

Surgeon's  Mates  (Lieutenants).., 


E  K  w 


:     Quartermaster  General 

;  J  Division  Quartenniisters  (Lieut.  Cols.).. 
j  1  Briirade  Quartermasters  (Captains).. 


Regimental  Quartermasters  (Lieuton&nte). 

(Paymaster  Genpral , 
Pivi'tinn  Paymasters  (Majors! 
Bri'iadc  P»yni;i.ttei-ii  (CiiptainsV. 


Regimnntrtl  PaymaBters  (Lieutenants).. 
Aids -de-Camp 


f  Colonels.. 


1  Lieutenant  Colonels.. 
Majors 

[Captains 


P"  g    <  First  Lieutenants 

'-'O     l_  Second  Lieutenants 

Non-Commiaaioned  Staff 

Company  Non -Commissioned  Officers,  Mu- 
sicians, and  Privates 


St.\ff      (  Sappers  and  Miners  (attached  to  Engineer 
Corps.     \        Department) 


Total 18,107 


60 

60 

5S 
402 


460 
143 


15,874 


103 


The  office  of  the  Adjutant  General  was-  made  an  ofGce  of 
record  in  1827,  previoua  to  which  commissions  were  issued  by 
the  Secretary  of  State,  under  the  privy  seal  of  the  Governor. 

2  In  Jan.,  1859,  the  division  districts  were  as  follows: — 

1.  New  York  and  Richmond  cos. 

2.  Kings.  Orange,  Putnam,  Queens,  Rockland,    Suffolk,  and 

Westchester  cos. 

3.  Albany.  Columbia.  Dutchesa.  Greene,  Rensselaer,  Saratoga, 

Sullivan.  Ulster,  and  Washington  cos. 

4.  Clinton,  Essex,  Franklin,  Jefferson,  Lewis,  St.  Lawrence,  and 

Warren  cos. 

5.  Broome,  Chenango,  Cortland.  Delaware,  Fulton,  Hamilton, 

Herkimer,   Madison,    Montgomery,  Otsego,  Schenectady, 
and  Sclioharie  cos. 

6.  Cayugjv.  On(i.I;i,  Onondaga,  Oswego,  Schuyler,  Seneca,  Tioga, 

and  Tom])kin8  cos, 

7.  Giemung.  Livingston,  Monroe,  Ontario,  Stoubon,  Wayne,  and 

Yates  COS. 

8.  Allegany.  Cattaraugus,  Chautauqua,  Erie,  Genesee,  Niagara, 

Orleans,  and  Wyoming  cos. 
The  estimated  number  of  enrolled  militia,  at  the  beginning 

of  18.i9,  was  350,000.     Those  included  in  regimt-nts  were  as 

follows : — 

Infantry 7.400  privates,  and  8,094  including  officera. 

Artillnry  ....5.365         "  *'     6,760  «  « 

Cavalry 1.590        «  «    1.733         «  " 

Rifles J,429       «  «    1,528         "  •* 


44 


NEAV  YOKK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


liable  to  military  duty.  An  enrolment  is  made  annually  by  the  assessors.^  Militia  officers  ar© 
chosen  by  election  ;^  excepting  major  generals  and  the  Commissary  General,  who  are  appointed 
by  the  Governor  and  Senate.  Staff  ofiicers  are  appointed  by  the  commanding  officer  of  the  forces 
to  which  they  are  attached.*  The  Adjutant  General,  Judge  Advocate  General,  Quartermaster 
General,  Paymaster  General,  Surgeon  General,  Engineer-in-Chief,  and  one  Instructor  of  Artillery 
and  one  of  Cavalry  to  each  division,  are  appointed  by  the  Governor.* 

Arsenals*  An  arsenal  is  provided  for  each  division  of  the  Militia,  and  an  armory  for  each 
regiment.  The  general  custody  and  supervision  of  the  military  property  of  the  State  is  intrusted 
to  the  Commissary  General,  who  has  his  office  in  New  York,  and  reports  annually  through  the 
Governor  to  the  Lciirislature.* 


1  The  laws  of  the  U.  S.  exempt  from  military  service  the  Vice 
Preeident,  the  Judicial  and  Executive  officers  of  the  Oovern- 
ment  of  tlie  U.  S.,  membera  aod  officers  of  both  Houses  of  Con- 
gress, customhouse  officers  and  clerlts.  post  officers  and  stage 
drivers  in  charge  of  mails,  ferrymen  on  post  roads,  inspectors 
of  exports,  pilots  and  mariners  in  actual  sea  service.  The  State 
exempts,  besides  the  above,  persons  in  the  army  and  nary  and 
those  honorably  discharged  therefrom,  preachers  of  every  sect, 
commissioned  ofBcers  and  privates  of  uniformed  companies  who 
have  resigned  after  seven  years'  service,  and  certain  firemen. 
All  otliera  may  commute  by  paying  50  cts.  annually,  except  in 
Kings  and  New  York  cos.  and  the  cities  of  Albany  and  Buffalo, 
where  the  commutation  is  fixed  at  75  cts. 

These  moneys  are  paid  to  the  collectors  of  taxes  and  applied 
to  the  military  fund,— from  which  the  officers  and  men  of  regi- 
ments are  p;iid,  from  $1.25  to  $4,  according  to  rank,  for  every 
day's  military  8er\ice.  Persons  going  to,  remaining  at,  or  re- 
turning from  military  duty  are  exempt  from  arrest  upon  civil 
process.  Previous  to  the  act  of  1846,  the  State  contained  33 
divisions,  66  brigades,  272  regiments,  and  1836  companies,  and 
numbered  141,436  officers  and  men.  The  number  of  enrolled 
militia  had  been  as  follows,  at  different  periods  : — 


5J» 

i> 

c 

1 

a 

1 

"f^ 

1 

S 

Total. 

1805 

74.429 

1,700 

1,8.52 

77.982 

ISIO 

86.673 

2,619 

3.385 

92,677 

1815 

90,383 

6,364 

2,158 

98,905 

182U 

112,760 

6,638 

3,132 

123 

ITi/rse 
ArtilVy. 

122,663 

1825 

131,.561 

4.432 

2.505 

646 

146,805 

1830 

166,514 

12.803 

6.814 

1,763 

188,610 

isas 

168,786 

11,698 

7.317 

1,174 

192,083 

18-W 

163.300 

9.082 

7,336 

183,100 

1845]  141,436 

S,369 

3,849 

4,276 

162,427 

*  Under  the  Constitution  of  1777,  nearly  every  military  as  well 
as  civil  officer  in  the  State  received  his  appointment  from  the 
Council  of  Appointment,  and  mostly  held  during  their  pleasure. 
The  Constitution  of  1S22  introduced  the  following  system,  now 
in  use: — "  Militia  officers  shall  be  chosen  or  appointed,  as  fol- 
lows :  Captains,  subalterns,  and  non-commissioned  officers  shall 
be  chosen  by  the  written  votes  of  the  members  of  their  re- 
spective companies;  field  officers  of  regiments  and  separate 
battalions,  by  the  written  votes  of  tho  commissioned  officers  of 
the  respective  regiments  and  separate  battalions ;  brigadier 
generals  and  brigade  inspectors,  by  the  field  officers  of  their  re- 
spective brigades ;  major  generals,  brigadier  generals,  and  com- 
manding officers  of  regiments  or  separate  battalions  shall  ap- 
point the  staff  officers  to  their  respective  divisions,  brigades, 
regiments,  or  separate  battalions." — Cnnstitution,  1822,  Art.  IV, 
Sec.  1 ;  Constitution,  Art.  XI,  Sec.  2. 

The  above  rule  does  not  apply  to  regiments  and  brigades  not 
ftilly  organized.  If  the  former  contam  less  than  6  companies, 
the  field  officers  are  appointed  by  the  Governor ;  and  if  the 
brigades  are  not  within  the  requirements  of  the  law.  the  briga^ 
dier  generals  are  also  appoint<'d  by  tiie  Governor.    Ckmst.  1846. 

3  The  staff  of  the  Commander-in-Chief  consists  of  the  Adju- 
tantGeneral.  InspectorGeneral.  CommissaryGeneral,  Engineer- 
in-Chief,  Judge  Advocate  General,  Surgeon  General.  Quarter- 
master General,  Pajinaa ter  General,  Aids-de-Camp,  and  Military 
Secretary,  who  severally  rank  in  the  order  here  given.  The 
precedence  and  gradation  of  officers  and  non-commissioned  offi- 
cers in  the  militia  is  as  f 'Hows: — 


1.  The  Commander-in-Chief. 

8.  First  Lieutenant. 

2.  Major  Gen<^ral. 

9.  Second  Lieutenant. 

3.  Brigadier  General. 

10.  Sergeant-Major. 

4.  Colonel. 

11.  Quartermaster  Sergeant. 

5.  Lieutenant  Colonel. 

12.  First  Seigeant. 

6.  Major. 

13.  Sergeant. 

'i .  Captain. 

14.  Corporal. 

In  each  grade  precedence  ia  g 

iven  by  priority  in  date  of  elec 

tlon,  or  appointment. 

*  The  instructors,  wiOi  the  rank  of  colonel,  are  attached  to 
the  headquarters  of  the  division,  and  hold  by  the  same  tenure 
as  commissioned  officL^rs  of  the  line.  Instructors  and  division 
engineers  must  pass  an  examination  as  to  special  qualification 
before  a  board  of  not  les.s  than  five  offict-rs,  convened  by  the 
Commander-in-Chief.  Appointments  to  this  office  have  hitherto 
been  made  entirely  from  among  the  graduates  of  West  Point. 

5  The  Constitution  of  1777  ordaiued  that  a  proper  magazine 
of  warlike  stores,  proportionate  to  the  number  of  inhabitant-e, 
should  be  established  in  every  county  of  the  State;  but  this  pro- 
vision was  never  fully  carried  out.  An  arsenal  was  built  at 
New  York  at  an  early  period,  and  another  at  Albany  soon  after, 
the  latter  on  the  site  purchased  for  a  State  prison.  Under  an 
act  of  Feb.  12, 1808,  entitled  "An  Act  for  the  defense  of  the 
northern  and  western  frontiers,"  and  by  subsequent  acts,  arse- 
nals were  erected  at  Canandaigua,  Eatavia,  Onondaga  Hollow, 
Rome,  "VVatertown,  Eussell,  Malone,  Plattsburgh,  and  iClizabeth- 
town. 

The  arsenal  at  Plattsburgh  was  burned  in  1813  or  '14,  and  tho 
one  at  Rome,  which  occupied  the  present  site  of  St.  Peter's 
Church,  was  burned  with  its  contents  a  few  years  since.  Neither 
hiis  been  rebuilt.  In  1844  the  State  leased  of  the  city  of  Buffalo 
a  market  building  on  Batavia  St.  for  an  arsenal.  Magazines 
were  also  located  at  New  York,  at  Albany,  and  on  Staten  Island. 
In  1850  these  arsenals  were  mostly  ordered  to  be  sold,  together 
with  such  arms  and  other  property  as  had  become  unserviceable 
for  mihtary  purposes.  An  arsenal  occupying  the  site  of  an  old 
powder  magazine  of  the  Dutch,  between  Center,  Elm,  Franklin, 
and  White  Streets.  New  York,  was  authorized  to  be  sold  in  1844, 
and  a  new  one  was  dbected  to  be  built.  The  site  was  purchased 
by  the  city  for  $30,000,  and  a  new  city  armory  was  built,  on  the 
corner  of  White  and  Elm  Streets.  In  1808  the  city  of  New 
York  conveyed  to  the  State  a  tract  of  ground  upon  Fifth  Ave- 
nue, between  Sixty-Third  and  Sixty-Fifth  Sts..  upon  which  a 
magazine  was  erected.  In  1844  the  Legislature  authorized  a 
new  arsenal  to  be  erected  on  these  premises  with  such  moneys 
as  might  be  paid  by  the  U.  S.  for  the  military  works  upon  Stat*n 
Island.  The  sale  was  completed  in  April,  "lS47.  for  537.284.87, 
of  which  $33,284.87  was  applicable  to  the  arsenal.  The  work 
was  commenced,  but  in  March,  1848,  was  suspended  by  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Land  Office,  to  whose  charge  and  that  of 
the  Commissary  General  the  work  had  been  intrusted.  It  was 
alleged  that  the  latter  officer  had  expended  moneys  most  un- 
warrantably; and  subsequent  observation  has  proved  that  the 
structure  was  unfit  for  this  or,  in  fact,  for  any  other  pm-pose. — 
Assembli/  Doc.  1856,  No.  141.    Senate  Doc.  1S48,  No.  54. 

In  la\ing  out  the  Central  Park,  the  premises  consi.-^ting  of  152 
building  lots,  valued  in  1856  at  $206,000.  were  included  in  the 
proposed  improvement,  and  an  act  was  passed.  April  15.  1857. 
under  which  this  property,  which  the  State  purchased  in  1808 
for  $700.  was  conveyed  back  to  the  city  for  $275,000.  Of  this 
sum  $100,000  was  made  apphcable  to  the  erection  of  an  ar- 
senal at  New  York;  $45,000  for  an  arsenal  at  Buffalo;  $40,000 
for  an  arsenal  in  Brooklyn;  $25,000  for  the  improvement  of  the 
arsenal  at  Albany  and  the  erection  of  an  armory;  $17,000  for  the 
purchase  of  the  U.  S.  arsenal  at  Fvome;  $14,000  for  an  arsenal  at 
Corning,  and  for  armories;  $5,000  at  Rochester.  $6,000  at  Troy, 
$4,000  at  Auburn,  $4,000  at  Syracuse,  $4,000  at  Utica,  $3,000  at 
Ballston  Spa,  $3,000  at  Dunku-k.  $3,000  at  Ogdensburgh.  53.000  at 
Oswego,  and  $3,000  for  the  purchase  of  a  stone  fort  in  .'^choharie 
for  an  armory.  The  arsenal  in  Albany,  by  act  of  April  17, 1858, 
was  exchanged  vrith  the  city  for  a  site  on  Hudson  and  Eagle 
Streets,  and  $5,000  toward  an  arsenal  and  armory  buildings, 
which  were  erected  in  1858-59.  During  the  summer  of  1858, 
buildings  at  Albany.  Auburn,  Ballston  Spa,  Brooklyn,  Corning, 
Dunkirk.  New  York.  Ogdensburgh,  and  Syracuse  were  put  under 
contract  and  finished,  or  far  advanced,  the  same  year.  The  stone 
fort  or  church  at  Schoharie  was  purchased,  but  no  steps  were 
taken  for  the  erections  authorized  at  Troy,  Kochester.  Oswego, 
and  Utica.  The  new  arsenal  built  at  New  York  in  1858  waa 
located  on  Seventh  Avenue,  corner  of  Thirty-Fifth  St..  and  was 
nearly  completed,  when  the  roof  fell,  on  the  morning  of  Nov. 
13.  1858,  gipatly  injuring  the  building. 

Most  of  the  structures  erected  under  this  act  are  of  substantial 
workmanship  and  elegant  architectural  style.  Th<.y  were  built 
under  the  direction  of  commissioners  appointed  by  law.  When 
completed,  they  will  be  placed  in  charge  of  the  Commissary 
General,  who  also  attends  to  the  safe   keeping  of   arms  and 


MILITARY. 


45 


Tlic  fortifications  ^vithiu  the  State  are  owned  and  supported  by  the  United  States 
although  several  of  them  were  built  by  the  State  of  New  York  under  an  arrangement  for  the  settle 
nient  of  the  Revolutionary  debt.* 


military  equipmenta  belonging  to  the  State.    He  keeps  his  office 
io  New  York. 

i^mmarij  of  the  ordnance  arms  in  the  hands  of  the  troops  and 
in  the  arsenals  of  the  State  on  the  1st  day  of  January,  1859. 

222 
i.sa; 

1,1S8 
1,344 


8ix  poundors 101 

Niue  pounders 3 

Twelve  pound  howitzers  6 
Twenty-four  pound  how- 
itzers    7 

Mountain  howitners 13 

Flint  musketa  and  bayo- 
nets       671 

Percussion  muskets  and 

bayonets 11,975 

Flint  rifles 563 

Percussion  rifles 1,365 

Flint  pistols 114 

Percussion  pistols 2,254 

1  In  Feb.  1801,  there  was  due 
the  United  States,  on  account 


Musquetoous 

Carbines 

Cavalry  sabres 

Artillery  sabres- 
Artillery  swords.. 
Cartridge     boxes     and 

plates 

Cartridge  box  belts  and 

plates 

Bayonet  scabbard  belts 

and  plates 

Waist  belts  and  plates. 

Cap  pouches 

Pistol  holsters 


10,744 

10,813 

9.890 
9,258 
7.155 
1,553 

from  the  State  of  New  York  to 
of  Uevolutionary  expenses,  the 


sum  of  $2,074,816.  An  Act  of  Congress,  passed  February  15, 
1799,  allowed  any  State  to  discharge  its  debt  by  payment  into 
the  treasury  before  April,  ISOO,  or  by  expending  a  like  amount 
within  five  years  in  the  erection  of  fortifications.  New  York  waa 
tiie  only  State  that  chose  to  extiugiiish  its  debt  by  erecting 
defenses  upon  its  own  soil ;  and  acnmmittee  of  Congress  reported 
in  February,  ISOl,  that  no  other  State.'^  had  shown  any  disposi- 
tion to  pay  the  balances  reported  against  them.  The  amount 
credited  to  New  York  was  $S91,1'29.31.  and  the  remainder  of 
the  indebtedness  waa  subsequently  released. — American  State 
Papers,  Finance^  I,  697. 

The  amount  of  moneys  reduced  to  specie  vajue  received  by,  or 
paid  to,  the  State  of  New  York  from  the  beginning  of  the  Kevo 
lution  to  April,  1790.  was  as  follows,  in  dollars : — 

Received  from  State $1,545,889 

Paid  to  State 822,803 

A  descriptive  and  historical  notice  is  given  of  the  several  forti- 
fications in  the  localities  where  they  occur.  The  latest  official 
summary  that  has  been  published,  dated  in  1851,  is  given 
below: — 


United  States  Fortifications, 


t 

■a 

1  = 
P 

11 

1^ 

i 

•§. 

S 

11 

s  8b 

=  •5,  . 

S! 

s 

1. 

-^ 

■It^ 

^     S' 

1  is 

fe 

1 

s 

s6 

^11 

III 

1833 

1,250 

318 

$873,013 

$848,013 

$25,000 

1831 

) 

105 



1831 

y  800 

78 

269,467 

259,467 

10,000 

1831 

1845 

3 

U 

1841 
1841 

1S44 

80 
350 

15 

77 

5.096 
245,689 

6.096 
213.000 

32,680 

1847 

140 

605,808 

205,606 

300,202 

isJi 

isis 

1,000 

'20,081 

'"20,081 

3.608 

341.941 

1841 
1812 

1846 

370 

9 
7B 

3,508 
348.673 

6,632 

1824 

800 

118 

634,752 

614.752 

20,000 

1841 

500 

1B4 

411,497 

187.356 

224,142 

1839 

300 

30 

83,013 

78.013 

5,000 

1840 

300 

21 

84,027 

59,027 

25,000 

1842 

300 

64 

150,000 

116,500 

33,500 

c-'a'S' 


nil 


Fort  Schuyler 

Fort  Columbus 

Castle  Williams 

South  Battery 

Fort  Gibson 

Fort  Wood 

Fort  Richmond 

Fort  Tompkins 

Battery.  Hudson 

Battery.  Morton 

Fort  Lafayette 

Fort  Hamilton 

Fort  Montgomery...^ 

Fort  Ontario 

Fort  Niagara 

Fort  Porter 


Throggs  Neck 

Governors  Island- 


Ellis  Island 

Bedloes  Island.. 
Staten  Island.... 


Reef,  near  Long  Island.... 

Long  Island 

Rouses  Point 

Oswego 

Mouth  of  Niagara  River.. 
Black  Rock 


$225,040 
103.749 
79,332 
12,184 
18,672 
76,640 
124,302 
59,209 
57.060 
10,665 
75.778 
86.757 
132,384 
1S.610 
12,961 
51,208 


The  forts  on  Staten  Island  are  being  rebuilt  on  an  extensive 
pcale.  Fort  Schuyler,  on  Throggs  Neck,  has  since  been  finished, 
a  site  purchased  for  a  fort  at  Wilkins  Point,  directly  opposite, 
and  an  immense  fortress  has  been  commenced  on  Sandy  Hook, 
for  the  more  effectual  defense  of  New  York  Harbor.  These 
works  will  effectually  defend  the  approaches  to  New  York  by 
water,  but  would  not  prevent  an  attack  by  land  should  an 
enemy  effect  a  landing  upon  Long  Island.  To  guard  against 
this,  it  baa  been  proposed  to  erect  a  line  of  redoubts  across  the 
island  from  Wilkins  Point  to  Fort  Hamilton  at  such  intervals 
as  would  secure  this  object. 

The  (leneral  Government  has  appropriated  large  sums  of 
money  d  uring  many  years  to  the  construction  of  a  floating  battery 
fiir  the  defense  of  New  York  Harbor.  It  is  building  at  Hoboken, 
and  is  said  to  bo  nearly  completed.  Itisof  iron,  of  great  strength 
and  tliickness,  with  its  outer  deck  oval,  and  every  part  proof 
against  cannon  ball.  It  is  to  be  mounted  with  heavy  guns  and 
propelled  by  steam.  No  official  account  of  its  construction  has 
been  published;  and, for  obvious  reasons,  the  details  of  its  plan 
are  kept  secret.  It  is  reported  that  it  has  a  capacity  to  accom- 
modate 3000  men,  with  the  necessary  supplies  of  fuel  and 
military  stores;  and  it  is  thought  that  of  itself  it  might  oppose 
an  effectual  barri'ir  against  the  approach  of  a  hostile  fleet  in  any 
passage  which  it  might  be  brought  to  defend.  This  mighty 
engine  of  war  was  planned  by  the  late  John  C.  Stevens. 

The  other  military  establishments  of  the  National  Government 
in  New  York  are, — 

The  Military  Academy  at  West  Point. 


The  Navy  Yard,  Dry  Dock,  Naval  Hospital,  and   Labo- 
ratory at  Brooklyn. 
The  Arsenal  at  Watervliet  for  the  manufacture  of  gun  car- 
riages and  other  heavy  furniture  of  artillery  for  the  field 
and  fort. 
The  Arsenal  of  Deposit,  at  Rome. 
Plattsburgh  Barracks. 
Madison  Barracks,  at  Sackets  Harbor. 
Buffalo  Barracks. 
A  few  years  after  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  a  military 
road  waa  surveyed  and  partly  opened  by  the  United  States  from 
Plattsburgh  to  Snokets  Harbor ;  but  this  work  from  the  first  has 
been  kept  in  repair  by  the  towns  as  a  common  highway. 

Fort  fliontgomery  is  the  only  work  now  under  construction 
on  the  northern  frontier.  The  Canadians  have  the  following 
fortifications  adjacent  to  New  York  :— 

Fori  Wdlington,  at  Prescott,  erected  in  1812-15. 
Fyrt  Henry,  at  Kingston,  with  several  Martcllo  towers  and 
batteries,  for  the  protection  of  the  harbor  and  town  and  defense 
of  the  north  channel  of  the  St.  La\vrence.  Tiiey  were  partly 
built  in  the  War  of  1812-15.  and  partly  in  l.?.37-iO.  Fort  Carl- 
ton, now  witliin  the  United  States,  commanded  the  south  chan- 
nel, and  portions  of  the  work,  executed  a  century  ago.  (and  since 
the  Revolution  entirely  neglected,)  might  still  be  made  available 
upon  short  notice. 

Fort  Massasau{ja,  at  Niagara,  directly  opposite  the  AmcricaQ 
fort,  is  of  modern  origin. 


Note.— By  the  Militia  Regulations  of  thifl  State,  the  device  at  the  head  of  this  article  is  borne  upon  buttons  and  other  insignia 
worn  by  military  officei'S. 


LANDS. 


The  absolute  property  of  all  the  lands  in  the  State  is  vested  in  the  respective  owners,  liable  only 
to  (j-scheat  and  to  the  reservation  of  gold  and  silver  mines  in  such  as  derive  title  from  Colonial 
patents.* 

The  laAv  prohibits  tlie  leasing  of  agricultural  lands  for  a  longer  period  than  twelve  years.^  The  care 
and  sale  of  lands  belonging  to  the  State  are  intrusted  to  the  Commissioners  of  the  Land  Office. 
These  commissioners  have  also  the  sole  right  of  dealing  with  the  Indians  for  the  sale  and  surrender 
of  reservations,  excepting  within  the  territory  whereof  the  pre-emptive  right  of  purchase  was  ceded 
to  Massachusetts  and  is  now  held  by  the  Ogden  Company. 

The  Commissioners  of  tlie  L.and  Office  were  created  by  an  act  of  May  11,  1784, 
to  carry  into  execution  the  promises  of  bounty  lands  for  Revolutionary  services  which  had  been 
made  by  the  Legislature  in  1780.  As  now  formed,  this  Board  consists  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor  of 
the  State,  Speaker  of  Assembly,  Secretary  of  State,  Comptroller,  Treasurer,  Attorney  General,  and 
State  Engineer  and  Surveyor.  The  Deputy  Secretary  of  State  is  ex  officio  Clerk  of  the  Board,  and 
the  meetings  are  held  in  the  Secretary's  office,  upon  the  call  of  the  Secretary  of  State. 

When  State  lands  are  to  be  sold,  they  are  first  surveyed,  appraised,  and  advertised  for  sale  at 
auction,  and  their  minimum  bid  affixed.  The  lots  that  remain  without  a  bid  are  liable  to  be  taken 
by  the  first  applicant  upon  payment  of  one-fourth  of  the  price  and  giving  bonds  for  the  residue. 
If  they  remain  unsold  any  considerable  time,  they  are  re-appraised  and  offered  at  a  lower  rate.* 

The  lands  under  water  in  the  bays  around  Long  Island  are  in  most  cases  the  property  of  the 
townships,  by  virtue  of  original  patents;  and  the  privilege  of  fishing  and  taking  oysters  and  clams 
is  by  some  towns  held  as  exclusively  belonging  to  their  inhabitants.* 


1  Tlie  Dutch  Government  Bometimea  grant'-d  lands  in  tlio 
Colony  without  the  formalities  of  Indian  purchase;  but  it  Wiis 
the  rule  of  the  Knglish  to  first  extinguish  the  iiboriginiil  title. 
It  was  customary  to  apply  to  the  (iov-'mor  and  Council  for 
leave  to  purchase.  If  granted,  a  treaty  was  held  and  an  Indian 
deed  obtained,  a  warnint  was  issued  to  the  Surveyor  General 
for  a  survey,  and  the  map  and  fi'ld  notes  were  reported.  The 
Attorney  Gi^neral  waa  then  directed  to  prepare  a  draft  of  a- 
patent,  which  was  submitted  to  the  Governor  and  Council,  and, 
if  approved,  was  engrossed  upon  parchment,  recorded,  sealed, 
and  iflsued.  The  fees  incident  to  procuring  a  patent  were  im- 
portant sources  of  revenue  to  the  officers  concerned.  Only  1,000 
acres  could  be  granted  to  one  person;  but  this  rule  was  evaded 
by  associating  great  numbers  of  merely  nominal  parties ;  and 
the  officers  through  whose  hands  the  papers  parsed  were  often 
largely  interested  in  the  grants.  The  Colonial  Government  in 
this  respect  became  exceedingly  coirupt.  and  stood  greatly  in 
need  of  a  r^'form  like  that  ^\Tought  by  the  Revolution.  In  a 
few  isolated  cases  grants  of  land  were  made  directly  by  the 
crown,  and  no  records  appear  in  our  offices.  Of  this  cla.ss  was 
the  Koyal  Grant  to  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  n.  of  the  Mohawk. 
Patents  for  laud  were  generally  very  formal,  and  abounded  in 
repetiti'ius.  Tlie  grants  were  "iu  fee  and  common  socage."  as 
in  the  manor  of  East  Greenwich,  in  the  co.  of  Kent,  and  in- 
cluded with  the  land  all  "houses,  messuages,  tenements,  erec- 
tions, and  buildings,  mills,  milldams.  fences,  inclosurea.  g-.irdens, 
orchards,  fields.  pa.stuvea,  common  of  pastures,  meadows, marshes, 
Hwamps.  plains,  woods,  underwoods,  timber,  trees,  rivers,  rivu- 
lets, runs,  streams,  water,  lakes,  piinds.  pools,  pits,  brachen, 
quarries,  mines,  minerals,  (gold  and  silver  [wholly  or  in  part] 
cxcept.d.)  creeks,  harbors,  highways,  easements,  fishing,  hunt- 
ing, and  fowling,  and  all  other  franchises,  profits,  commodities, 
and  appurteuanccs  whatsoever.''  This  enumeration  of  rights. 
more  or  less  varied,  wius  embraced  in  all  land  p.atents.  Colunial 
grants  were  usuiUly  conditioned  to  the  annnaj  pa\-ment  of  a 
quitrent,  at  a  stated  time  and  place  named  in  the  patent.  This 
payment  was  sometimes  due  in  money,  and  often  in  wheat  or 
other  commodity.  Others  were  conditioned  to  the  payment  of 
the  skins  of  anim.ils  or  a  merely  nominal  article,  as  simply  an 
Rcknowlodgm-^nt  of  the  sup  ^rior  rights  of  the  grantors.  'Xhe 
quitri'nti  formed  an  important  source  of  revenue,  and,  after 
the  Revolution,  became  due  to  the  State.  In  173tf  it  was  pro- 
vided that  lands  subject  to  these  rents  might  be  released  npon 
payment  of  arrears,  and  14  shillings  to  every  shilling  of  the 
annuLiI  dues.  Large  amounts  of  land  npon  which  arrears  of 
qoitrcnta  had  accumulated  were  sold  from  time  to  time;  and 
laws  continued  to  be  passed  at  frequent  intervals  for  the  regu- 
lation of  these  rents  until  IS'24.  when  an  act  was  p-assed  for  tlie 
final  sale  of  all  lands  whiuh  h.ad  not  been  released  by  commuta- 
tion or  remitted  by  law.  Such  lands  as  then  remained  unre- 
deem -Hi  were  allowed  to  be  n^le^ased  by  payment  of  $:i.50  to  each 
flhilling  sterling  due.  The  last  sale  took  place  in  March,  ]32(5. 
Th'!  arrejirs  for  quitrents.  th^^n  amounting  to  $fi3,:{80.  were  in 
1819  taken  from  the  general  fund  and  given  io  eqoiJ  portions 
to  the  Literature  and  School  Funds. 
46 


2  Tliis  feature  was  adopted  to  prevent  the  recnrrence  of  anti- 
rent  difficulties.  The  Legislature,  in  1846.  enacted  a  law  pro- 
viding that  all  lands  previously  rented  for  a  life  or  lives,  or  for 
more  than  21  years,  shuuld  be  taxed  as  the  personal  property 
of  the  persons  receiving  the  rents,  to  an  extent  equal  to  a  sum 
that  at  legii!  interest  would  produce  the  annual  rent.  Such 
tax  B  were  made  payable  in  the  cos.  where  me  lands  lay;  and 
this  unpleasant  encumbrance  has  largely  contributed  to  reduce 
the  amount  of  lands  thus  held. 

3  Unappropriated  lands  in  the  counties  of  Clinton,  Essex, 
Franklin.  Hamilton,  Montgomery,  Saratoga,  St.  Lawrence. 
Wa,sbington.  and  Warren  may  be  sold  by  the  comniissioucrs  in 
quantities  of  not  less  than  160  acres,  if  already  surveyed,  at  such 
price  as  they  may  be  found  worth.  If  over  1,000  a>  res.  they 
may  be  surveyed  and  sold  for  their  value,  and  may  not  bfl 
assessed  at  a  higher  rate  for  five  years.  Lands  sold  under  fore- 
closure of  loan  mortgvigcs  are  bid  in  by  the  Loan  0)mmispionerB 
if  liable  to  go  for  less  than  the  sura  due.  They  are  then  sold 
by  auction,  or  otherwise,  for  the  best  interests  of  the  State, 
under  the  regulations  above  stated.  Land  under  water  may  be 
conveyed  by  the  Commiseioners  of  the  Land  Office,  under  regii- 
lations  fixeil  by  law.  jXutice  of  ai>plication  for  such  grants 
must  be  advertised  for  six  weeks  in  the  co.  newspaper  where  the 
lands  lie,  and  posted  on  the  courthouse  door.  These  notices 
must  describe  the  adjoining  lands  and  give  the  names  of  thej- 
owners.  Applicants  must  make  affidavit  th.at  they  intend  to 
appropriate  the  lands  applied  for  to  commercial  jjurposes.  The 
CO.  judge,  or  supervisor  and  town  clerk,  or  two  assessors  of  the 
town  where  the  lands  lie,  must  make  affidavit  that  the  land  is 
not  more  than  is  necessary  tor  the  purposes  of  ctmimerce,  and 
tliat  the  persons  applying  are  believed  to  he  hon-i  fi'l>  applieanta 
for  the  purposes  sUited.  Applicants  must  also  produce  an  accu- 
rate map  of  the  proposed  grant  and  the  adjacent  lands  owned 
by  them,  certified  by  the  oath  of  a  surveyor;  and  also  a  correct 
description  in  writing,  with  courses  and  distances,  and  the 
soundings  for  every  50  feet  on  the  exterior  line.  The  map  must 
show  the  general  course  of  the  shore  for  a  mile  ejxch  way.  and 
tlie  particular  course  at  the  point  applied  for.  and  include  all 
docks,  bulkhead-t.  or  other  improvements,  the  names  of  ownerii 
of  lands  adjoining,  and  the  width  of  the  channel  or  river  if  less 
than  two  milcH.  The  deduction  of  title  and  proof  that  the  lands 
belong  to  the  State  must  also  be  produced,  with  claim  of  owner 
ship  by  the  applicant,  or  by  himself  and  those  under  whom  he 
claims.    The  patent  is  conditioned  to  occupation  in  the  mod© 

agreed  upon  within years,  and  the  fees  are  $5.00.    Grants 

under  the  waters  of  navigable  rivers  and  lakes  can  only  be  made 
to  the  owners  of  the  land  along  the  shores;  and  the  com- 
missioners are  restricted  in  their  powers  ao  far  as  relates  to 
New  York  City  and  the  Hudson  Kiver  R.  R. 

*  Around  Staten  Island  the  owners  of  the  shores  possess  the 
right  of  using  or  leasing  the  adjacent  lands  under  water  for 
planting  oysters.  The  custom  of  granting  lands  under  water 
without  the  restrictions  here  enumerated  has  led  to  seriooa 
encroachments  upon  the  harbor  of  New  York,  the  details  o' 
which  are  stated  on  pa^es  418,  419. 


LANDS. 


47 


The  public  lands  are  greatly  reduced  in  quantity,  and  belong  to  the  several  permanent  funds  to 
which  they  have  from  time  to  time  been  granted.' 

Go!«pel  and  School  Lands. — Under  an  act  of  1782,  a  lot  of  400  acres  was  to  be  reserved 
in  each  township  of  the  Military  Tract  for  the  support  of  the  gospel,  and  two  lots  of  200  acres  for 
schools.' 

In  each  of  the  Twenty  Towns  of  the  Chenango  Tract  a  lot  of  250  acres  (usually  Lot  45)  was 
reserved  for  the  gospel,  and  another  (Lot  46)  of  like  extent  for  schools  ;  but  these  lots  were  sold 
with  the  lands,  and  the  Canastota  Tract,  in  Sullivan  and  Lenox,  adjoining  Oneida  Lake,  was 
in  1805-08  given  in  lieu,  and  apportioned  among  the  Twenty  Towns.' 

In  each  of  the  Ten  Towns  on  the  St.  Lawrence  a  mile  square  (usually  Lot  55)  was  granted  for 
gospel  and  schools,  and  in  some  towns  was  applied  in  early  years  to  both  these  objects.* 

Besides  these  grants  for  schools  by  the  State,  land  proprietors  have  in  some  instances  conveyed 
certain  lots  for  this  purpose,  to  encourage  settlement.  In  nearly  every  insta,nce  these  lands  have 
been  applied  for  the  benefit  of  the  original  townships  within  which  they  were  granted,  and  in 
their  subdivision  the  local  school  fund  has  been  equitably  divided.  Other  lands  were  subse- 
quently granted,  as  elsewhere  noticed  ;  and  in  1822  the  Constitution  gave  all  the  public  lands 
not  specially  appropriated  to  the  school  fund.' 


1  Tlie  quantity  now  owned  forms  about  4i  per  cent,  of  that 

held  in    1823,  and  compares    between   the   two  periods   as 
follows  ;— 

Jan.  1, 1823.  Jan.  1859. 

Lands  belongiug  to  the  School  Fund 991,669A.  9,463A. 

"              "            Literature  Fund    17,946 "  640  ■' 

"  "  Canal  "      129,769"  " 

"              "            General          "        "  39,269" 

"              "            Salt                "        "  209" 


Total 1,1.39,374  "  49,581  " 

*  These  lots  were  designated  by  the  supervisors  of  Onondaga 
and  Seneca  cos.,  under  acts  passed  in  1796  and  1808, as  follows: — 

Gospel  and  School  Lands  of  the  Military  Tract. 


Oriotnal  Town- 

flUIP  A.\D  ITS 

Ni 


1.  Lysander.... 

2.  Uannibal.... 

3.  Cato. 

4.  Bratns 

6.  Camillas.... 

6.  Cicero 

7.  Manlius 

8.  Aurelins..... 

9.  Marcellns... 

10.  Pompey 

IL  Romolus.... 

12.  Scipio 

13.  Serapronius 

14.  TuUy 

15.  Fabiiis 

16.  Ovid 

17.  Milton 

IS.  Ijocke 

19.  Homer 

20.  Solon 

21.  Ilector 

22.  Ulysses 

2.?.  Dryrfon 

M.  VirRil 

25.  Ciucinnatus 

26.  Jauius 

27.  Qalen 

28.  Sterling 


11 

P 

n 

100 

6 

14 

25 

89 

87 

68 

72 

15 

14 

16 

74 

IH 

60 

36 

22 

19 

67 

SO 

60 

55 

1 

82 

52 

25 

76 

69 

3 

36 

30 

23 

24 

56 

1.1 

94 

34 

85 

22 

41 

1 

6 

5 

24 

29 

03 

36 

20 

53 

49 

78 

79 

4.1 

.33 

73« 

88 

Present  Towns  sharing  tn  Profits 
of  School  Lot. 


Lysnnder  aod  part  of  Granby. 

Uaunibal.  Cicero,  parts  of  Os- 
wego City,  and  Granby. 

Victory,  Ira,  and  parts  of  Con- 
quest and  Cato. 

Bnitus,  and  pjirta  of  Sennett, 
Mentz,  Conqaest,  and  Cato. 

Camiihia,  Elbridge,  and  Van 
Buren. 

Clay  and  Cirero. 

De  Witt  and  Manlius. 

Owasco,  Fleming,  Aubnm,  and 
parta  of  Aureliua,  SeDnett,aQ(] 
Mentz. 

Marcellufl.  Rkaneateles,  and  parts 
of  Spafford  and  Otisco. 

Pompey,  Lafayi;tte,  and  part  of 
Otisco. 

Romulus,  Varick,  Fayette,  and 
parts  of  Seneca  Falle. 

Scipio,  Venice,  and  part  of 
Nilea. 

Sempronlas,  Moravia,  and  part 
of  Niles. 

Tully,  Preble,  Scott,  and  parts  of 
Spafford  and  Otisco. 

Fabius  and  part  of  Ti-uxton. 

Ovid.  Lodi,  and  Covert. 

Genoa  and  part  of  Landing:. 

Groton,  Summer  Hill,  and  Locke. 

Homer  and  Cortlandvillc. 

Solon  and  part  of  Truxton. 

Hector. 

Ulysses,  Enfield,  Itbaca,  and  part 
of  Lansing. 

Drydea. 

Virgil. 

Cincinnatus,  Freetown,  Mara- 
thon, and  Willet. 

Junius,  Tyre.  Waterloo,  and  part 
of  Seneca  Falls. 

Qalen  and  Savannah. 

Sterling,  Hutler,  Wolcott,  Huron, 
and  Itose. 


•  SzchaDged  for  No.  17  by  Chap.  177,  Laws  of  1812. 


•  In  each  of  the  following  townships  a  lot  of  640  acres  was 
reserved  for  schools,  viz. : — Fayette,  now  Guilford,  and  part  of 
Oxford;  Clinton,  now  Bainbridge.  Afton,  and  part  of  Coventry; 
Greene,  now  parts  of  Greene,  Smitliville,  and  Coventry ;  Warren, 
now  parts  of  Colesville,  Sanford,  and  Windsor;  Cht:ni'vgn,  novr 
parts  of  Port  Crane,  Conkliu,  Colesville,  and  Windsor;  iSWriey, 
now  parts  of  Binghamton  and  Vestal ;  Rarub-Jph,  now  parts 
of  Sanford,  Windsor,  and  ConldJn;  and  Hambden,  now  parta 
of  Vestal,  Owego,  and  Nichols. 

*  In  Plattaburgh  640  acres  was  reserved  for  the  gospel,  and 
460  for  schools;  and  in  Totten  and  Crossfield's  Purchase  16  lot« 
of  640  acres  each.  The  latter  have  been  selected  under  the 
Sackets  Harbor  and  Saratoga  R.R.Grant.  In  Benson  Town- 
ship (Hope  and  Lake  Pleasant)  4  lota  of  160  acres  each  were 
given  for  schools  and  literature. 

6  The  lands  of  the  echool  fund  were,  Jan.  1859,  as  follows: — 
4,270  acres  in  Hamilton,  2,861  in  Essex,  1,680  in  Clinton,  350  in 
Wayne,  105  in  Schoharie,  75  in  St.  Lawrence.  30  in  Washing 
ton,  28  in  Oneida,  25  in  Fulton,  16  in  Montgomery,  12  in  Her- 
kimer, 6  in  Dutchess,  and  5  in  Onondaga  cos. 

Literature  Lands  have  been  reserved  as  follows : — 1  mi.  square 
in  each  of  tht?  townships  of  Fayette,  Greene,  Clinton,  Chenango, 
Warren,  Sidney,  and  Hamden.  Townships  1,  4,  5.  8,  13,  14, 
17,  19,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,  38,  41,  in  Totten  and  Crossfield's 
Purchase.  Lot  No.  56  in  each  of  the  Ten  Town-i  of  St.  Law- 
rence CO.  A  lot  of  550  acres  (less  50  for  survey)  in  each  of  thti 
28  towns  of  the  Military  Tract.  These  lots  were  appropriated 
as  follows : — 

Mmtary  7Vac(.— Townships  7,  8,  9, 10,  11,  12,  15,  16, 17,  aiu] 

20,  to  Union  Collage. 
Township  13,  to  Oxford  Academy,  Chap.  112,  Laws  of  1800. 


6, 

"  Pompey       " 

" 

119, 

1S13. 

3, 

"  Cayuga        " 

" 

71, 

'        1S14. 

1, 

"  Onondaga    " 

u 

200, 

'        1814. 

19, 

■'  Cortland      " 

u 

10, 

'        1822. 

28, 

"  Auburn       " 

« 

266, 

"        1825. 

22, 

"  Ithaca         " 

(( 

308, 

'        1825. 

The  remainder  were  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  Literature  Fund. 

Clinton  Thwnship,  granted  to  the  town  of  Jericho,  Chap.  3, 
Laws  of  1822.  All  other  township.s  in  Broome  and  Che- 
nango COS.  were  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  Literatui-e  Fund 

Ten  Towns  in  Sf.  Lawrence  Co. — In  Potsdam,  granted  to  St. 
Lawrence  Academy,  Chap.  148,  1816.  In  Canton,  granted 
to  Lowvillo  Academy,  Chap.  134,  Laws  of  ISIS.  The  rty 
mainder  was  sold,  and  $1,000  given  to  Middlebury  Aca^ 
demy  in  1823;  $1,000  to  Kedhook  Academy  in  1824;  $2,500 
to  St.  Lawrence  Academy  in  1825;  and  the  remainder 
passed  to  the  Literature  Fund. 

Totten  and  Oros!!fiel(rs  Purchase. — 10,240  acres  absorbed  by 
8.  H.  &  S.  R.  R.  In  Benson  Township,  4  lots  of  160  acre* 
each  remain  unsold.  Of  the  unsold  lands  of  the  State  in 
Jan.  1859.  there  were  39,269  acres;  of  which  19.020  are  in 
Clinton,  5,133  in  Hamilton,  5,111  in  Essex,  4,728  in  Frank- 
lin. 1.613  in  Warren,  1,147  in  Delaware,  anj  the  same  in 
Erie,  780  in  Herkimer.  212  in  Cortland,  175  in  Seneca,  116 
in  Sullivan,  and  57  in  Washington  coa. 

The  Salt  iSpHngs  Lands  are,  by  Article  7,  Sec.  7  of  the  Consti- 
tution of  1846,  declared  as  belonging  inalienably  to  the 
State,  and  comprise  the  grounds  upon  which  salt  is  nianu- 
ftctured,  whether  by  solar  evaporation  or  artiticial  heat. 
The  Commissioners  of  the  Land  Office  may  sell,  under  au- 
thority of  law,  certain  portions  for  the  purpose  of  pur- 
chasing other  lands,  so  that  the  amount  sliall  not  bo  dimi 
nished.  Since  1846,  114.85  acres  have  been  sold,  f(k 
$153,039.50,  and  543.12  acres  porcbosed,  for  $154,16L79. 


48 


NEW    YORK   STATE    GAZETTEER. 


With  certaiiv  exceptions*  all  property,  both  real  and  personal,  is  liable  to  taxation  whether 
owned  by  individuals  or  corporations.  Real  estate  is  taxed  in  the  town  where  it  lies,  unless 
adjacent  to  lauds  of  the  same  owner  or  occupant  in  another  town  where  he  resides. 

Personal  property  is  taxed  where  the  owner  resides,  and  corporations  in  the  towns  where  their 
property  lies.  Stocks  of  corporations  are  taxed  to  the  company  and  not  to  the  holders.  Property 
may  be  sold  for  the  payment  of  taxes,  and  lands  upon  which  the  taxes  remain  unpaid  are  returned 
by  the  co.  treasurers  to  the  comptroller,  and  so  much  of  each  parcel  is  sold  at  stated  periods,  as  is 
necessary  to  pay  the  taxes,  interest,  and  charges  that  accrue  thereon.'^ 

The  pre-emptive  title  to  the  lands  of  the  State  w.  of  a  meridian  passing  through  the  82d  mile- 
stone on  the  Penn.  line,  was  conveyed  to  Massachusetts,  (except  a  mile  strip  along  the  Niagara,)  at 
a  convention  held  at  Hartford,  Dec.  IG,  1786.  These  lands  amounted  to  about  6,000,000  acres. 
Ten  towns  of  234,400  acres,  in  Broome  and  Tioga  cos.,  called  "  The  Massachusetts  Ten  Towns"  were 
also  conveyed  at  the  same  time. 

Large  tracts  of  land  remained  in  possession  of  the  government  when  it  became  a  State.  These 
and  other  portions  derived  from  forfeitures,  escheats,  tax  sales,  Indian  purchases,  and  foreclosure 
of  loan  mortgages,  have  been  sold  in  small  parcels,  as  parts  of  large  tracts,  having  a  general  name 
and  system  of  survey.  Sometimes  as  many  patents  have  been  issued  for  these  tracts  as  they  had 
lots,  and  in  others  many  lots  have  been  conveyed  to  the  same  person. 

The  largest  grant  ever  made  by  the  State  to  citizens  was  that  of  Macomb*s  Purchase,  in  Frank- 
lin, St.  Lawrence,  Jefferson,  Lewis,  Herkimer,  and  Oswego  cos.  It  embraced  3,693,755  acres,  and 
was  patented  to  Daniel  McCormick  and  Alexander  Macomb  in  1791-8.  The  State,  in  accordance 
with  Indian  treaties,  hag  conveyed  sundry  tracts,  the  principal  of  which  are  Penet  Square,  (10  mi. 
sq.,)  in  Jefferson  co..  and  Perache's,  Kirkland,  and  other  minor  tracts,  in  Oneida  co.  Others,  for 
like  cause,  have  been  assigned  for  missions  and  other  specific  objects.  The  Legislature  has  also  by 
acts  directed  the  land  commissioners  to  convey  extensive  tracts  for  the  promotion  of  roads,  rail- 
roads, and  canals,  colleges,  academies,  schools,  and  other  institutions,  and  to  reward  military  or 
other  services  to  the  State.  Of  the  latter  class  was  a  grant  of  16,000  acres  in  Oneida  co.  to  Baron 
Steuben,  in  1786. 

Of  patents  to  citizens  not  included  in  either  of  the  preceding  lists,  the  principal  are  Scriba's 
500,000  acres  in  Oswego  and  Oneida  cos. ;  Adgate's,  Coxe's,  Machin's,  Oothoudt's,  Remsen's,  Dean's, 
and  other  tracts  in  Oneida;  Vrooman*s,  Noble's,  &c.  in  Herkimer;  and  Watkins  &  Flint's  in  Che- 
mung and  adjoining  counties.  Numerous  grants  of  land  to  communities,  with  privileges  of  gov- 
ernment, were  made  upon  Long  Island,  and  in  the  counties  bordering  upon  the  Hudson,  which  will 
be  specially  noticed  in  the  localities  to  which  they  refer. 

Several  of  the  cities  have  special  laws  for  the  sale  of  real  estate  for  taxes,  and  such  sales 
are  made  under  the  direction  of  the  fiscal  officer  of  the  corporation.  All  other  tax  sales  occur  at 
Albany  once  in  three  years,  and  are  duly  advertised  by  the  Comptroller  and  in  each  co.  by  such 
newspapers  as  are  designated  by  the  supervisors. 


1  The  real  estate  not  subject  to  taxation  comprises  property 
belonging  to  the  Btate  and  United  States;  buildings  and 
grounds  for  public  uses  owned  by  counties,  cities,  villapos. 
and  towns;  colleges,  academies,  and  incorporated  eeminaries: 
oliurcbea,  school  liouses,  and  the  property  of  corporations  for 
reform  of  offenders;  public  libraries;  bank  stock  owned  by 
State  and  by  literary  and  charitable  societies;  Indian  reserva- 
tions, and  tiie  property  of  Indians  living  thereon;  the  property 
of  clergj'men  to  the  extent  of  SI, 500  each,  and  property  not 
liable  to  sale  under  eseaition  for  debt.  Tlio  la.=t  named  in- 
cludes (if  owned  by  householders)  a  spinning  wheel,  a  loom, 
stoves  put  up  or  in  use.  the  family  Bible,  family  pictures,  and 
school  books  in  use.  books  not  exceeding  $50  in  value,  a  seat  or 
pew  in  church,  ten  sheep  with  their  fleeces,  and  the  yam  or 
cloth  made  therefrom,  one  cow.  two  swine,  and  their  neces&ary 
food,  all  necessary  pork,  beef,  fish,  flour,  and  vegetables  pro- 
vided for  family  use,  and  fuel  for  Oi)  daya,  all  necessary  wearing 
apparel,  beds,  bedsteads,  and  bedding  for  the  fiimily,  arms  and 
accouterments  required  by  law  to  be  kept  for  service  in  the 
militia,  necessary  cooking  utensils,  one  table,  six  chairs,  table 
fiirniture  for  six  persons,  one  crane  and  its  appendages,  one 
pair  of  andirons,  a  shovel  and  tongs,  tools  of  mechanics  to  tho 
value  of  S25.  a  team  worth  $150,  and  land  set  apart  for  a  private 
burying  ground  not  more  than  ^  acre.  A  building  and  lot 
worth  11.000  occupied  as  a  dwelling  by  the  owner  and  his  family 
•nay  be  exempt  by  causing  a  description  of  the  premises  \^  be 


recorded  in  the  co.  clerk's  office,  but  such  record  does  not  ex- 
empt from  sale  for  taxes,  and  property  generally  is  liable  for 
debts  contracted  in  its  purchase.  Where  a  honiestead  is  ex- 
empted the  privilege  continues  for  the  benefit  of  the  widow 
and  family  after  the  death  of  the  head.  Such  of  the  above 
articles  as  are  movable  continue  exempt  while  the  family  to 
whom  they  belong  are  removing  from  one  place  of  residence  to 
another. 

2  Each  parcel  is  held  up  at  auction,  and  those  persons  com- 
peting at  the  sale  name  tho  least  amount  of  land  in  a 
square,  usually  in  the  N.w.  corner,  that  they  will  accept, 
and  pay  the  taxes  and  charges  due.  The  sale  is  declared  in 
favor  of  the  person  naming  the  least  quantity,  and  the  pur- 
chaser receives  a  certificate  naming  the  time  when  a  deed  will 
be  due.  If  not  paid,  the  Comptroller  may  in  3  months  cancel  the 
certificate  and  give  to  another  upon  payment  of  the  name 
amount,  and  any  person  may  redeem  within  2  years  by  paying 
the  taxes,  charges,  and  10  per  cent,  m  addition.  Specific  or 
undivided  parts  of  tracts  of  land  maybe  sold.  If  not  redeemed 
in  2  years  the  Comptroller  issues  a  full  deed  to  the  purchaser. 
The  portion  sold  to  pay  taxes  is  designated  by  the  comptroller 
and  varies  with  circumstancee.  If  a  village  lot,  it  is  located  eo 
as  to  front  upon  a  street,  and  in  long  narrow  tracts  it  is  taken 
off  from  one  end.  A  tax  sale  takes  place  in  1859,  and  triennally 
thereafter. 


LANDS. 


49 


TABLES  OF  MANORS,  COLONIAL  PATENTS,  PURCHASES,  AND  LAND  GRANTS. 

Manors  of  the  Colonial  Period  in  New  Ym-k  and  its  Dependencies. 


NAMES. 

PATENTEES. 

DATES. 

LOCATION  AND  EEMARK3. 

Capt.  Cli'r  Billop 

May     6, 1687 
Mar.  20, 1687 
June  17, 1697 
Sept.    6, 1694 
May  21, 1667 
Mar.  10,  1639 
June  23, 166S 
April  20, 1685 
May     9, 1697 
Oct.    25,1687 
April   1, 1680 
AprU   2,1675 
1630-37 

Oct.      5, 1693 
Mar.  21, 1701 
July  25, 1672 

July     8, 1761 

S.  W.  part  of  Staten  Island,  aometimes  called  '-Billop  Manor." 

N.  part  of  Staten  Island. 

N.  part  of  Westchester  co.,  had  1  Rep.  in  Gen.  Assembly. 

Canceled. 

Annexed  to  Kingston,  Mar.  12, 1787. 

With  full  power  as  an  independent  town. 

Columbia  co.,  had  1  Rep.  in  Gen.  Assembly. 

Since  annexed  to  Massachusetts. 

S.  point  of  Westchester  co. 

S.  E.  bni-der  of  Westchester  co. 

Putnam  co. 

Plum  and  Gull  Islands. 

Fully  organized;  represented  in  Gen.  Assembly;  confirmed 

Oct.  17, 16S5,  May  20, 17iJ-i. 
In  town  of  Brookhaven,  Suffolk  co. 
Westchester  co. 
Prudence  Island,  R.  I.    Disallowed  by  R.  I.,  and  authority 

resisted. 
Marthas  Vineyard,  now  a  part  of  Maasachuaetta. 

Cortlaudt 

Col.  Stophanus  Cortlaodt 

Capt.  .lohn  Evana 

Capt.  Tbos.  Chambers 

Earl  of  Stirling 

Fletcher  

Fox  Hall            

Gardners  Island 

Martha-s  VinL'yard.... 

Col.  Lewis  Morria 

John  Pell 

Pelham 

Plummc  Island 

Renssclacrwjxk 

Killian  Van  Rensselaer... 

Caleb  Heathcote 

Several  of  these  existed  only  in  name;  perhaps  a  few  other  patents  bore  the  name  of  Manors,  upon  which  active  settlement 
was  not  begun  under  the  Colonial  Government. 


Table  of  the  more  important  Patents 

Granted  under  the  English  OiloniaZ  Chvernment,  in  the  eastern  part  of  New  York. 


Name  op  Patent. 


Adaquataugie  Patent.... 

Amherst  Tracts 

Anaquasaacotjk  Patent. 

Argyle  Patent 

Arieskill  Patent 

I  Artillery  Patent , 

Babingt'in's  Patent 

Bagloys  Patents 


Balfour's  Patent.. 
Banyar's  Patent .. 
Batavia  Patent  .... 
Bayard's  Patent.. 


Becker's  Patent 

Bedlington  I'atent 

Beekman's  P.itent 

Beekmantown  Patent... 

Belvidere  Patent 

Bishop's  Patent 

Bleecker's  Patent 

Blenheim  Patent 

Bradshaw's  Patent 

Bradt's  Patent 


Buffington  Patent , 

Burnetsiield  Patent.. 

Cambridge  I'atent 

Campbell's  Patont^«. 


Catskill  Patent 

Caughnawaga  Patent.... 

Clarke's  Patent 

Claus's  Patent 

Caterflkill  Patent 

Cheesecoek's  Patent 

Cherry  Valley  Patent... 

Clifton  Pfirk  Patent 

Cobus  Kill  Patent 

Corry's  Patent 

Cosby'a  Manor 

Cosby'a  Patent 

Coxburgh  &  Carolina... 
Coxe'fl  Patent 


Croghan's  Patent 

Dartmouth  Patent.... 

Dean's  Patent 

De  Bcrnier'a  Patent.. 
De  Lancey's  Patent... 

Edmeston's  Patent..., 

Franklin  Patent 


Hamilton 

Washington  . 


Montgomery 

Washington 

Delaware 

Schenectady 

Montgomery 

Ham.  &  Warren. 
Otsego  &  Scho.... 

Greene 

Oneida  &  Herk.. 


Schoharie 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Clinton 

Otsego  &  Scho... 

Hamilton 

Montgomery  ... 

Schohmrie 

Washington  ... 
Schenectady ... 


Schoharie 

Herkimer 

Washington  ..... 

Essex 

Hamilton 

Greene 

Montgomery .... 

Delaware , 

Fnlton 

Greene 

Orange 

Otsego 

Saratoga 

Schoharie , 

Mont.  &  Scho.... 
Oneida  &  Herk. 

Schenectady 

Oneida 


Otsego 

Hamilton 

Clinton 

Delaware 

Montgomery . 


Date. 


Otsego.. 
Otsego.. 


May 
April 

May 

March 

Nov. 

Oct. 

May 

June 

Feb. 

M.arch 

April 

April 

June 

March 

May 

June 

Maich 

July 

AprU 

Sept. 

Nov. 

May 

Feb. 

Dec. 

July 

April 

■luly 

.Tuly 

AprU 

July 

Nov. 

May 

Sept. 

Nov. 

March 

AprU 

Sept. 

Jan. 

Nov. 

June 

Feb. 

May 

May 

Jan. 

Juno 

Oct. 

July 

May 

Nov. 

Aug. 

July 

July 

June 


Extent 
in  Acres. 


8, 1770 

6. 1774 
11. 1762 
13, 1764 
12, 1737 
24,1764 

22. 1770 

17. 1737 
9, 1838 

6. 1775 

14. 1753 
a4,  1736 

12. 1771 

19. 1754 
24, 1770 
25, 1703 
27, 1769 

6.  1769 
6.  1774 
22,  1729 

28. 1769 
18, 1762 

14. 1738 
16,  1737 

13. 1770 
30,  1725 
21, 1761 
11, 1764 

5, 1784 
11, 1767 

4, 1714 
22, 1770 
29, 1770 

1, 1695 
25,  1707 
18, 1738 
23, 1708 
15, 1770 
19, 1737 

2,1734 

9, 1738 
30, 1770 
30. 1770 

5, 1775 
29,  1770 

4, 1774 

11. 1769 

22. 1770 
12, 1737 
23,1737 
21, 1770 
20, 1770 
20, 1770 


26,000 

40,000 

10.000 

47,450 

10,000 

24,000 

2,000 

4,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

4,200 

50,000 

6,000 
27,000 


30,000 
100.000 

14.000 
4,300 

40,000 

23,000 
4.000 
3,870 
4,000 
9,400 

31,500 
5,000 
4.000 

35,500 
2.000 
2,000 
3,000 


7,050 


40,000 

25,000 

22,000 

6,000 

47,000 

29.000 

18.000 

18.030 

30,000 

2,000 

10.000 

5,426 

5,000 

6,000 

9,000 


Patentees. 


Sir  William  Johnson  and  others. 

Sir  Jeffery  Amherst,  (2  tracts.) 

R.  J.  P.  k  W.  Schermerhorn  and  others, 

Duncan  Reid  and  Others. 

James  De  Lancey. 

Joseph  Walton  and  others. 

Charles  Babington. 

Timothy  Bagley  and  others. 

Henry  Balfour,  (Totten  &.  Crossfleld's  Pur.) 

Goldsbrow  Banyar  and  others. 

Vincent  Matthews  and  others. 

Wm.  &  Rob.  Bayard  and  others,  (Freemasons' 

Patent.) 
Johannes  Becker  and  others. 
John  Leake  and  others. 
Henry  Beekman. 
William  H.  Beekman. 
George  Croghan  and  others,  (2  tracts.) 
Wm.  Bishop.  (T.  &  C.  I»nr.) 
Rutger  Bleecker  and  otliera. 
John  Weatherhead  and  others. 
James  Bradshaw. 
Krent  Bradt  and  others. 

David  Buffington. 

John  Joost  Petrie  and  others,  (Gorman  Flats.) 

Colden,  Smith,  Banyar,  and  others. 

Allen  Campbi'U. 

Duncan  Campbell,  fT.  &  C.  Pur.) 

Martin  Garretson  V.tn  Bergen  and  others. 

John  &  Margaret  Collins. 

James  Clarke. 

Daniel  Claus. 

Jacob  Lockerman. 

Ann  Bridges  and  others. 

John  Lindsley  and  others. 

N.  Hormanse  and  others,  (Shenondehowa  Pat.) 

Stephen  Skinner  and  others. 

Wm.  Corry  and  others. 

Joseph  Worrell  and  others. 

Alex.,  Ph.  A  Wm.  Cosby. 

Daniel  Coxe  and  others,  (s.  w.  of  Mohawk.) 
"'  "  "  (E.  of  Su9i]nehanna.) 

Geo.  Croghan  and  others,  (s.  of  Mohawk.) 

Jeremiah  Van  Rcns.'^elaer. 

Elkanah  Dean. 

John  De  Bernier. 

James  De  Lancey  and  others,  (s.  of  Mohawk.^ 
"  "  "  (n.  of  Mohawk.) 

Robert  Edmesfon. 

William  Edmeston. 

Walter  Franklin  and  others. 


50 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


HAHB  OP  PATENT. 


Franklin  Towoeliip 

Frank's  Patent 

Frazer'e  Patent 

Freeman's  Patent 

Friswell's  Patent 

Gage's  Patent 

Glazier's  Patent 

Glen's  Purclifiee 

Goldsborongh  Township.. 

Grant's  Patent 

Greenwich  Patent 

Guerln's  Patent 

Half  Moon  Patent 

Ilauson's  Patent 

Hardenhnrgh  Patent 

Harper's  Patent 

Ilarrison's  Patent 


Uartwick  Patent 

Ilnsenclevor's  Patent 

Henderson's  Patent 

Herkimer's  Patent 

Holland  Patent 

Hoosick  Patent 

Iluntersfield  Patent 

Hurley  Patent 

Huyk'Patent 

Hyde  To^vnship 

Ingoldsby's  Patent 

Jerseyfield  Patent 

Jessnp'a  Purchase 

Johnson's  Patent 

Judd's  Patent 

Kakiate  Patent 

Kayaderosseras  Patent.. 

Kellet'g  Patent 

Kempe's  Patent. 

Kennedy's  Patent 


Kinderhook  Patent 

Kingsborough  Patent.. 

Kingsbury  Patent 

Kiugsfifld  Manor" 

Klcck'e  Patent 

Kortright  Patent 

Lansing's  Patent 

Lawyer's  Patent 


Leake's  Patent 

Legge's  Patent 

Lindsley's  Patent.. 


Lindsay   &  LlTingston's  Patent., 

Lispen.trd's  Patent 

Livingston's  Patent 


Lett's  Patent 

Ludlow's  Patent.. 
Lyne's  Patent 


McCullock's  Patent . 
Mcintosh's  Patent... 
McKee's  Patent 


McLeod's  Patent... 
McNeile's  Patent.. 


Magin's  Patent 

Markhara's  Patent... 
Matthews's  Patent.... 
MaunseU's  Patent.... 
IMawighnnk  Patent.. 

IMayfield  Patent 

Menzies's  Patent 


Middlefield  Patent.., 
Middletou's  Patent.. 

Minieink  Patent 

Montresor's  Patent... 

Mooney's  Patent , 

Morris's  Patent , 


Munroe'a  Patent .... 
Nestigion"  Patent- 
Nettlefield  Patent... 


Delaware 

Herkimer 

Greene 

Schenectady... 

Clinton 

Oneida 

Schoharie 

Saratoga 

Delaware 

Essex 

Washington  .. 
Montgomery  . 
Saratoga 


County. 


Delaware  k  SuU. 

Delaware 

Montgomery 


Otsego 

Herkimer.. 


Oneida 

Kens.  &  Wash 

Schoharie 

Ulster 

Columbia 

Warren 

Schenectady 

Herkimer  &  Fult. 
Warren. 


Herkimer 

Essex 

Rockland 

Saratoga  &  War. 

Essex 

Washington 

Esses 

Warren 

Columbia 

Fnlton 

Washington 


Montgomery .. 

Delaware 

Herkimer 

Schoharie 


Delaware., 

Essex 

Otsego 


Herkimer 

Otsego 

Herk.  &  Mont.. 
Fulton  &  Sara.. 

Fulton 

Orange 

Herkimer 

Montgomery... 
Washington  .... 

Essex 

Delaware 


Fulton 

Otsego 

Herkimer 

Fulton 

Hamilton 

Greene 

Waehincton 

Columbia, 

Fulton  k  Ham- 
Washington 


Otsego.. 


Sull.  A  Orangt 

Essex 

Washington... 
Montgomery- 


Schoharie 

Montgomery.. 

Otsego „..- 

Washington..., 

Saratoga 

Otsego.- 


Extent 
in  Acres. 


26, 1770 
6,  ITfio 

17, 1765 
3, 1736 
7. 1765 

6. 1769 
10, 1772 
24, 1770 
15. 1770 
17, 1764 
11, 1763 

29. 1735 
13, 1665 
17, 1713 
20, 1708 

8,  1769 
11,  17.35 
March  18, 1722 
AprU  22,1761 
Feb.  27, 17C9 
1739 
April  13,1752 
March  17, 1769 
June  3, 16S8 
3, 1714 
19, 1708 
6, 1731 
10, 1774 
20,17 
12, 1770 
March  21,  1768 
April  10,1772 
"  ■  27, 1765 
16,  1765 

25,  1696 

2.  1708 
7,1764 

3,  1764 
7,1764 

26,  1774 
March  14. 1686 
June    23.  1753 

15,  1762 
12, 1695 
21,  1754 
24, 1770 
23, 1753 

29. 1768 

6. 1753 

14. 1761 
22, 1770 

26. 1769 
18.  1738 
18,  1738 

7,1741 

24. 1730 

6. 1770 

10. 1762 
8. 1760 

16, 1761 

18. 1731 

2. 1754 

12. 1736 
3,  1765 
7, 1765 

16,  1770 

30. 1770 
29. 1770 

5.  1769 
1.5.  1761 
March  31. 1761 
April  5,  1774 
April  24.  1736 
March  7,1771 
Aug.  4. 1743 
June  25, 1703 
Sept.     11, 1764 


Feb. 
Sept. 
June 
July 
^lay 

July 

Sept. 

Aug. 

June 

Aug. 

Nov. 

Aug. 

Oct. 

July 

April 

Dec. 

Oct. 


Nov. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Sept. 

Jnly 

April 


Sept. 

April 

June 

Nov. 

Aug. 

May 

Aug. 

Aug. 


May 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Feb. 

June 

Dec. 

Feb. 

Aug. 

May 

.Tune 

Aug. 

Aug. 

Oct. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Feb. 

Nov. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Jan. 

Aug. 

May 

Aug. 

Jan. 

April 

Sept. 

April 

Aug. 


April 

Feb. 

Aug. 

June 

Oct. 

Oct. 

June 

May 


Sept. 
April 
March 


18, 1761 
24, 1770 
28. 1704 
6, 1765 
28,1765 

23. 1722 

30. 1723 
24, 1726 

1769 
23. 1764 
22, 1708 
31. 1770 


30,000 
5,000 
2.000 
5,000 
3.000 

18.000 
3,000 

45,000 
6,000 
3,000 

10,000 
4,000 


2,000 


22,000 
4.000 
12,000 
21.500 
18.000 
6,000 
2,324 
20.000 


10,000 


6.000 
40.000 
10,000 
94.000 
11.6.S0 
2.000 
2.000 
2,000 


2.000 

ln.20O 
2.000 
2.000 


20.000 

26,000 

16,000 

22,000 
6.000 

36.600 
2,640 
7.000 
5,000 
5.00fl 
7.050 
1,965 
2.000 
3.000 
9.000 

20.000 
4,000 

20,000 
4,000 

20.000 
2,000 
4,000 
3,000 

40,000 

18,000 
3,000 
5,928 
4,000 
6.000 
5.000 
4.200 
5,000 


2,000 

2.000 

29.000 

5,000 


3.000 
2.000 
6,000 
6.000 
3.500 
2.000 


2,000 


13,000 


Patentees. 


Thomas  Wharton  and  others. 

Coenradt  Frank  and  others. 

Hugh  Frazer. 

Thomas  Freeman. 

John  Friswell. 

Thomas  Gage. 

Beamsley  Glazier. 

John  Glen,  jr. 

Edward  Tudor  and  others. 

Robert  Grant. 

Donald  Campbell. 

Maynard  &  Elizabeth  Guerln. 

Petersen  Philip  Schujl'T  and  others. 

Hendrick  Hansen  and  others. 

Johannes  Hardenburgh  and  othere. 

John  Harper,  jr. 

Edward  Harrison  and  others. 

Francis  Harrison  and  others. 

Christian  John  Hartwick. 

Peter  Hasenclever, 

James  Henderson  and  others. 

Joost  Johan  Herkimer  and  others. 

Lord  Henry  Holland. 

Maria  Van  Rensselaer  and  others. 

Myndert  Schuyler  and  others,  (Schoharie  Pat.) 

Cornelius  Cool  and  others. 

Burgar  Hnyk. 

Edward  Jessup  k  C.  Hyde. 

Geo.  Ingoldsby  and  others. 

Henry  Glen  and  others. 

Ebenezer  Jessup  and  others,  (2  tracts.) 

Guy  Johnson. 

James  Judd. 

Daniel  Honan  and  others,  (Yachtaucke.) 

Nanning  Hermanse  and  others,  (Queensboro.) 

Roger  Kellet. 

John  Tabor  Kempe. 

John  Kennedy. 

Robert  Kennedy. 

John  Hendrik  be  Brnpi  and  others. 

.4.reut  Stevens  and  others. 

James  Bradshaw  and  others. 

George  Klock  and  others. 
Lawrence  Rortright. 
Jacob  Lansing  and  others. 
Johannes  Lawyer  and  others. 


Robert  Leake. 
Francis  Legge. 
John  Lindsay  and  others. 


John  Lindsley  &  Ph.  Livingston. 
Leonard  Lispenard  and  others. 
Philip  Livingston  and  others. 

Abraham  Lott,  jr.,  and  others. 
Gabriel  Ludlow. 
John  Lyne  and  others. 

Nathaniel  McCullock,  (2  tracts.) 
Alexander  Mcintosh. 
Alexander  McKee  and  others. 

Norman  McLeod. 
John  McNeile. 

Sarah  Magin  and  others. 

William  Markham. 

Tiuceut  Matthews  and  others,  (3  tracts.) 

John  Maunsell. 

Stephen  Bayard  and  others. 

Alexander  Menzies. 
Thomas  Menzies. 
Godfrey  Miller  and  others. 
Peter  Middleton. 
Matthew  Ling  and  others. 
John  Montresor  and  others. 
David  Mooney. 
Lewis  Morris  and  others. 

"         "       Jr.  and  others. 

U  it  ((  (( 

Staata  Long  Morris. 
Harry  Munroe. 
John  RoEie  and  others. 
Richard  Loudon  and  others. 


«  Twenty-four  miles  above  Schenectady. 


LANDS. 


51 


NAME  OP   PATENT. 


Nine  Partners  (Great,  or  Lower)... 

"  "         (Little,  or  Upper).. 

Northampton  Patent 

Oblong  Patent 

Oothoudt'B  Patent 

Ord'a  Patent 

Orjskany  Patent 

Otsego  Patent 


Otsqnaga  Patent-. 
Palmer's  Patent..., 

Panton  Tract 

Pinefield  Patent..., 

Preston  Patent 

Prevost  Patent 


County. 


Provincial  Patent 

Queenabury  Patent 

Rhinebeck  Patent 

Ritrhtmeyer's  Patent 

Roberts's  Patent 

Rochester  Patent 

Ross's  Patent 

Royal  Grant 

Rumbout's  Patent 

Sacondaga  Patent 

Sadachqueda  or  Saghquate  Patent.. 

Salem  Patent 

Saratoga  Patent 

Sawyer's  Patent 

Schaghticoke- 

Sohermerhorn'8  Patent 

Schneider's  Patent 


Schuyler's  Patent... 
Schuyler's  Patent.. 


Scott's  Patent , 

Seaton's  Patent 

Servis's  Patent 

Sherriff's  Patent 

Skoneshnro'    Patent 

Skene's    Patent 

Skene's   Little  Patent.. 

Skinner's  Patent 

Small's  Patent  „ 

Spaight'e  Patent 

Spornheyer's  Patent 

Springfield  Patent 

Staley's  Patents 

Starnberg'a  Patent 

Steward's  Patent , 

Stewart's  Patent 


Stone  Arabia  Patent.... 

Stone  Heap  Patent 

Stmy  Hill  Tract 

Stony  Point  Tract 

Stoughton's  Patent 

Strasburgh  Township .. 

Stringer's  Patent 

Sutherland's  Patent..-. 


Swallowfield  Patent 

Ten  Eyck's  Patent 

Timberman's  Patent 

Totten  &  Croasfield's  Purchaac"....  \ 

Tnrloch  Patent 

Upton's  Patent..-.. 

Van  Bergen's  Patent 

Van  Dam's  Patent 

Van  Rensselaer  Patent _ 

Van  Slyck's  Patent 

Vaughan's  Patent- » 

Wan:ice  Patent 

"Walloomsac  Patent 

Wiilter's  Patent 

Walton's  Patent 


Fulton 

W.  Chester,  Put, 
&  Dutch. 


Essex.... 
Oneida.., 
Otsego.., 


Montgomery.. 

Richmond 

Warrea 

Delaware 

Hamilton. 

Greene 


Delaware.. 
Orange...... 


Warren 

Dutchess , 

Scho.  &  Greene.. 

Fulton 

Ulster 


Herkimer. 

Dutchess 

Fulton  &  Ham.. 

Oneida 

Washington 

Wash.  &  Sara... 
Wash,  k  Sara... 
Wash  &  Kens.... 
Washington 


Rensselaer 

Herk.  &.  Oneida.. 
Wash.  &.  Kens— 

Otsego. 

Washington 

Rensselaer 

Schoharie 

Greene 

Oneida 

Warren. 

Washington 

Essex 

Washington 

Schoharie 

Essex -— - 


Schoharie.... 

Otsego _., 

Herkimer..- 
Schoharie.  _„ 


Clinton 

Hamilton 

Greene -.. 

Mont.&  Fult. 
Mont.  &  Scho. 

Schoharie 

Rockland 

Essex 

Delaware 

Schoharie. , 

Washington... 

Essex 

Westchester... 

Schoharia , 

Herkimer 

Herk.  Ham.Ea- 
80X,  Warren. 
Schoharie. 

Otsego 

Greene 

Orange -, 

Sara,  &  Fult 

Montgomery 

Herkimer 

Hamilton 

Washington....— 

Westchester „ 

Herkimer 

Delaware _ 


::} 


May  27, 

.\prU  10, 

Oct.  17; 

I  June  8, 

j  vut  s&t. 

Aug.  18, 

.Ian.  31, 

.\prU  18, 

Feb.  3, 

Nov.  30, 

Sept.  22, 
March  31, 

Oct.  18, 

June  22, 

June  27, 

Aug.  16, 
March  10, 

Jan.  18, 

-May  2, 

May  20, 

.Tune  8, 

May  6, 

Sept.  29, 

June  25, 

AprU  16, 


,1697 
1706 
1741 

1731, 

1741 

1775 
1705 
1770 
1769 
1729 
16S7 
1776 
1775 
1770 
1766 
1768 
1770 
1776 
1764 
1762 
1703 
1754 
1770 
1703 
1766 


Extent 
in  acres. 


7,1686 

2. 1741 

25,  1736 

7,1764 

4,1684 

29, 1708 

23,  1761 

11, 1762 

23,1764 

Ma?ch  24,  1762 

1765 

19,  1737 

3, 1755 

18,  1740 

29,  1737 
2,  1770 

18,  1787 
28, 1769 
18, 1776 

March  31, 1766 

July     30,  1771 

6, 1771 

15,  1770 

6,  1774 

6.  1767 

23.  1764 

4,1741 

14, 1756 

30,  i: 
March  19,  1769 
May       7, 1765 

27.  1765 
7,1771 

19,  1723 
15,  1770 

March  25, 1' 

July     13, 1743 

25,  1764 

4.  1770 

12,  1769 

6,  1764 

7,1764 

22, 1708 

30,  1739 

30, 1766 


Oct. 

Dec. 

June 

Aug. 

Nov. 

Oct. 

July 

May 

Aug 


May 
•Tune 
July 
July 
Jan. 
July 
Feb. 
Oct. 


July 

Jan. 

April 

Nov. 

Aug. 

Nov. 

June 

.Sept. 


May 

Sept. 

Oct. 

ppt. 


July 

Dec. 

Jan. 

.Sept. 

Aug. 

April 

May 

May 


Feb.  21,  1752 
March  8,1770 
July  11,  1767 
March  23, 1709 


Oct. 

Sept. 

April 

April 

June 

Feb. 

Aug. 


4,  1774 
1,  1716 
M,  1770 
11, 1770 
16, 1739 
14, 1701 
12,  1768 


March  15,  1770 


13,000 
6,000 


69,000 
100,000 
4,300 
6,100 
2,000 
30,000 
14.000 
6,000 
6,000 


6.000 
26,000 
23,000 


8,000 
2,000 


2,000 
93,000 


28,000 

6.000 

26,000 


61.000 

10.000 

2,000 

10,000 

43.000 

11.250 

43.000 

12,000 

2,000 

42,500 

3,000 

25,000 

4,000 

25.000 

3,000 

9,000 

40,000 

5.000 

2.000 

2.000 

17.000 

34.000 

3,000 

3,000 

2,000 

24,000 

2,000 

12.700 

15,500 

18,000 


2,000 
37,000 
2,000 
2.000 
3,000 
7,630 
3,500 
3,000 


18,000 
20,000 
35,600 
3,000 
28,964 
2,000 
8.000 
6.365 
12,000 
6,000 
12,000 
20,000 


Caleb  Heatbcote  and  others. 
Sampson  Boughton  and  others. 
Jacob  Maeo  and  others. 

Thomaa  Ilawley  and  others, 

Volkert  Oofhoudt  and  others. 

Thomas  Ord. 

Thomas  Wenham  and  others. 

Charles  Read  and  others. 

Geo.  Croghau  and  99  others. 

Rutger  Bleecker  and  others. 

Capt.  John  Palmer. 

Francis  I'anton. 

John  Rapalje  and  others. 

Achilles  froston  and  others. 

Augustine  Prevost. 


James  Prevost. 

William  Cockroft  and  others. 

Daniel  Prindle  and  others. 

Henry  Beekman. 

Ury  Rightmeyer  and  others. 

Benjamin  Roberts. 

James  Ross. 

Sir  John  Johnson. 

Francis  Rumbout. 

Lendert  Gansovoort  and  others. 

Frederick  Morris  and  others. 

Alexander  and  .Tames  Tui'ner  and  othorB. 

Cornelius  Van  Dyck  and  others. 

Isaac  Sawyer. 

Cornelius  Tan  Dyck  and  others. 

Ryer  Schermerhorn. 

George  Schneider. 

Hendrick  Schneider. 

D,avid  Schuyler  and  others. 

Ahm.  David  Schuyler  and  others. 

David  Schuyler  and  others. 

John  Schuyler  and  others. 

John  Morin  Scott  and  others. 

Sir  Henry  Seat«n. 

Peter  Sends  and  others. 

Charles  Sherriff. 

Philip  Skeene  and  others. 

Philip  Skeene. 

Stephen  Skinner  and  others. 

John  Small. 

William  Spaight. 

Ernst  William  Spornheyer  and  others. 

.Tohn  Groesbeck  and  others. 

Rudolph  Staley  and  others. 

Jacob  Starnberg  and  others. 

Lambert  Starnberg  and  others. 

Peter  Stew.ard. 

James  Stewart  and  others. 

Walter  Stowiirt. 

John  Chr.  Oarlock  and  others. 

John  Bowen  and  othera. 

Michael  Byrne  and  others. 

Richard  Bradley  and  others. 

John  Stoughton. 

John  Sutler  and  others. 

Samuel  Stringer. 

Erick  Sutherland. 

Nicholas  Sutherland. 

George  Booth. 

Hendrick  Jacob  Ten  Eyck  and  others. 

Jacob  Timberman  and  others. 


J.acob  Borst  and  others. 

Clotworthy  Upton  and  others. 

Martin  G.arretson  Van  Bergen  and  others 

Rip  Van  Dam. 

Jeremiah  Van  Rensselaer. 

narmnn  Van  Slyck. 

.Tohn  Vauglian  and  others. 

Hugh  Wallace  and  others. 

Edward  Collins  and  others. 

Robert  Walters. 

William  Walton  and  others. 


**  This  tract,  embracing  50  townships,  was  surveyed  just  be- 
fore the  Revolution,  but  small  portions  only  were  granted  until 
after  the  war.  Among  those  who  received  patents  for  large 
portions  after  that  period  were  Robert  G.Livingston,  Isaac  Nor- 
ton. John  <}.  Leake,  Abij.ah  n.ammond,  Frederick  Kylander, 
Philip  Livingston,  John  Thurman,  Jacob  Watson,  Alexander 


Macomb,  Ph.  Rockafeller,  White  Matlack,  Enos  Mead,  Zephaniah 
Piatt,  Goldsbrow  Banyar,  Peter  V.  B.  Livingston.  Joshua  Mei^ 
sereau,  Jon.athan  Lawrence,  Thomas  Franklin,  Effingham  Law- 
rence, Stephen  CroHsfield,  and  others.  Extensive  tracts  havt 
been  repeatedly  sold  for  ta.\es. 


52 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


NiaiE  OF  Patent. 

(hunty. 

Dale. 

Extent 
in  Acres. 

Ftdenteet. 

Watkina'B  Patent 

Washington 

Vn-rrh     1.  177."^ 

2,000 

■'4,380 
3,000 
3,000 

38,000 
2,000 
4,000 

14,000 
2,000 
2.000 
3.000 

20,000 

14,000 

John  Watllina. 

Dr.  John  Bridgen. 

William  and  Stephen  Bayard. 

Archibald  Weir  and  others. 

John  Wli.arton. 

ITenry  White  and  others. 

Peter  Winne. 

Peter  Winne  and  others. 

Charles  Williams  and  others. 

Anne  Wilmot. 

Hartman  Windecker. 

D.aniel  Wriesberg. 

Frederick  Young. 

Theobald  Yonng  and  others. 

Orange April    29, 1703 

Columbia Anr.       4. 1743 

Feb.  18, 1776 
AprU  16,  1765 
March  10,  1770 

Essex 

Herliimer 

Montgomery 

Essex .'".".' 

Otsego  4  Scho.— . 
Herliimer. 

Oct.  6,  1741 
Oct.  10,  1741 
Aug.  29,  1735 
Aug.  29,  1735 
Nov.  12, 1731 
Feb.  18,  1775 
Oct.  11,  1762 
Aug.     26, 1762 

"WiUiama  Patent 

Wilmot  Patent 

SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  MASSACHUSETTS  PURCHASE 
Of  about  6,000,000  acres  of  Lands  ceded  to  Massachusetts  by  tlie  State  of  New  York  at  the  Hartford  Convention,  Dec.  16,  1786. 


Tracts. 


Phelps  and  Gorham'^ 

Morris  Reserve 

Triangular  Tract 

Connecticut  Tract^ 

Cragie  Tract 

Ogden  Tract 

Cottinger  Tract 

Forty  tbonaand  Acre  Tract 

Sterritt  Tract 

Church  Tract 

Morris  Honorary  Creditors'  Tract, 
Holland  Co.'s  piarchaso 

Boston  Ten  Towns 


Massachnsetta  to  Phelps  and  Gorham.. 


"  to  Robert  Morris 

Morris  to  Le  Roy,  Bayard.  &  McEvers 

"  Watson,  Cragie,  &  Greenleal". 

"  Andrew  Cragie 

"  Samuel  Ogden 

*'  Gerrit  Cottinger 

«  "WUhelm  and  Jan  Willink 

«  Samuel  Sterritt 

«  John  B.  Church 

"  Creditors , 

"  Agents  of  Holland  Co 


Massachusetts  to  Settlers Nov.    7, 178T 


Nov.  21, 1788 


May  11,1791 


2,600,000 


500,000 
87,000 

100,000 
50,000 
50.000 
50,000 
40,000 

150.000 

100,000 

58,570 

3,600,000 


230,400 


Cbunties. 


Allegany,  Livingston, 
Monroe,  Ontario, 
Schuyler,  Steuben, 
Waj-ne,  and  Yatea. 

Allegany. 

Monroe. 

Orleans  and  Genesee, 

Genesee. 

"Wyoming. 

Wyoming  and  Allegany. 

Wyoming  &  Livingston. 

Allegany. 

Allegany. 

Allegany  &  Livingston. 

Chautauqua,  Cattarau- 
gus, Allegany,  Wyo- 
ming, Erie.  Genesee, 
Orleans,  and  Niagara. 

Broome  and  Tioga. 


a  Phelps  and  Gorham  originally  contracted  for  the  whole  tract  at  Sl.000.000,  payable  in  a  kind  of  scrip  called  "  Consolidated 
Securities,"  then  much  below  par.    A  rise  to  par  prevented  them  from  fulfilUug  the  agreement. 

*  In  1801,  conveyed  in  undivided  halves  to  the  State  of  Conn,  and  Sir  Wm.Pulteney,  the  former  using  part  of  her  School  Fund 
in  the  purchase.    Divided  by  alternate  lots  in  ISll. 

c  Conveyed  in  four  tracts  to  the  agents  of  the  Holland  Co.:  viz.,  1.500,000, Dec.  24, 1792.  to  Le  Roy  and  Lincklaen;  1,000,000 
Feb.  27, 1793,  to  Le  Roy,  Lincklaen,  and  Boon;  800,000,  July  20, 1793,  to  the  same;  and  300,000,  same  date,  to  Le  Roy,  Bayard, 
and  Clarkson. 

SUBDIVISION  OP  MACOMB'S  GREAT  PURCHASE 

In  Franklin,  St.  Lawrence,  Jefferson,  Lewis,  Oswego,  and  SerJcimer  Counties. 


TKiCTS. 

Patentees. 

Date 
ofPatmt. 

Acres. 

Pemarks. 

Great  Tract  No.  1 

"          "         2 

"          "         3 

"         4...-1 

«            "          6... 
"           "          6... 

May     17, 179S 
May     17, 1798 
March    3,1796 

Jan.      10, 1792 

Dale  of  Pur- 
chase. 
AprU    12,1793 

July     15, 1795 

Dec.      18, 1792 
Feb.      20, 1793 

821,879 
663,020 
640,000 
r    460,960 
1       26,250") 
i       74,400  • 
[1,368,400. 

210,000 

290,376 

817,155 
74,400 

Twenty-seven  towns,  Franklin  CO. 
Eighteen  towns,  St.  Lawrence  co. 
Fifteen        "                 "              " 
Antwerp  and  Jefferson  cos. 

Jefferson,  Lewis,  Oawego,  and  Herkimer  cos. 
Jefferson  and  Lewis  cos. 

U                            It 

Jefferson,  Oswego,  and  Lewis,  13  towns. 

Oreig,  Lewis  co. 

Five  towns,  Lewis  co. 

Lewis  CO. 

Leyden  and  Lewis,  Lewia  co. 

Lewis  CO. 

ti               li 

Purchasers. 

Pierre  ChaBs.ani3  &  Co 

(  Harrison,  Iloffrnjin,  \ 
\   Low.  &  Henderson.../ 

Chasaanis  Tract 

Black  River  Tract 

Boylston  Tract 

BrantiDgham  Tract- 
Constable's  Towns 

Ellisburgh 

Inman's  Triangle 

Marvel  Ellis 

March  22, 1797 
Feb.      20,  1793 
April    —,1796 

52,834 
25,000 
61,433 

Chenango  Twenty  Tovmships. 

Tp. 

Acres. 

Date    of 
Patent. 

Paienteis. 

Tp. 

Acres. 

Date  of 
Palent. 

Patentees. 

1 

27,187 

June  14,  1703 

Alexander  Webster. 

n 

26,200 

Jan.  28,1793 

Leonard  M.  Cutting. 

2 

28,245 

AprU  16, 1794 

WUli,-un  S.  Smith. 

12 

24,185 

AprU  16. 1794 

Wm.  Matlack,  ar. 

R 

24.624 

«                (( 

13 

24.213 

March  2, 1793 

Thos.  Lndlow  and  J.  Shipperly. 

4 

24,400 

((        It 

t(               f 

14 

26,030 

June    1,1793 

Leonard  M.  Cutting. 

5 

20,200 

((         <e 

15 

25,335 

Dec.    29,1792 

"                " 

B 

24,384 

March  2, 1793 

Thos.  Lndlow,  jr. 

16 

18,713 

Feb.  14,1793 

John  Taylor. 

7 

24,186 

Jan.  ,^l,  1793 

Robert  C.  Livingston. 

17 

18,063 

.(        ti 

u 

S 

26,780 

April  16, 1794 

WUliam  S.  Smith. 

18 

22,565 

May     3,1793 

John  J.  Morgan. 

9 

24,205 

(,                C( 

,.                      u 

19 

20.760 

"        *' 

"             " 

10 

24,200 

Jan.  13, 1793 

Jamea  Talmadge. 

20 

24.856 

tt         u 

LANDS. 


53 


Table  of  the  Principal  Tracts 

Which  havt  been  granted  in  stnaU parcels  by  the  State,  under  the  Qmimiesioners  of  the  Land  Office. 


Name  of  Tbact. 

County. 

No.qf 
Lots. 

Hemarks. 

7 

77 

883 

13 

233 

254 

62 

4 

7 

91 

205 

IM 
25 
79 
19 
248 
100 
33 

""is 

117 
108 

68 

"62 
234 

160 
93 
33 

421 
38 

173 
....„ 

'l07 

140 

133 

52 

"soi 

"428 
130 

256 

86 
10  mi. 

S(] 

each 

111 

162 
38 

17 
62 
22 

58 
174 

West  of  Perou  Bay. 
Escheat  of  John  G.  Leake. 
Named  from  Egbert  BeuBOn. 

Part  of  Niagara  Mile  Strip. 

Surveyed  by  Geo.  Webster,  1803. 

1  Unappropriated  lauds  remaining  at  close  of  RoToIa- 

/        tiOQ. 

Part  of  Hardensburgh  Patent. 

Gospel  and  Schools  for  Chenango  Twenty  Towns. 

f  Laid  out  in  1788  by  Jas.  Clinton,  J.  Hathorn,  and  J. 

1     Can  tine. 

49,710  acres  to  A.  Hammond  and  others. 

Patented  separately.    See  table  preceding  tliia. 

Given  to  the  Vermont  suflferers. 

Given  to  schools  and  literature. 

Town  of  Windsor. 

Unappropriated  lands  remaining  after  Revolution. 

Mil©  Square  Reservation. 

Unappropriated  lands  remaining  after  Revolution. 

Given  to  Canal  Fund. 

To  Walter  Livingston,  M.  West,  and  W.  Morris. 

In  quarters. 

Robert  Morris  and  Alexander  Macomb. 

House,  out,  and  water  lots. 

Small  tracts  upon  Military  Class  rights. 

f  Twenty  eight  townsbips— 1,680,000  acres  to  Boldiers  of 
!_     the  Revolution. 

/Ten  townships,  640,000  acres  set  apart  to  soldiers, 
\     not  conveyed. 

Nine  townships,  mostly  of  modem  grant. 
Resei-ved  in  Massachusetts  cession. 

!■  Reserved  by  State  in  previous  grants. 

State,  Middle,  Rear,  and  River  Lots. 
Named  from  Paradox  Lake. 

131,420  acres  to  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia  refugees. 

West,  East,  and  Residence  Ti-acts,  Canoga  Reservation. 

Fish  Creek,  Oneida,  Castletou,  Oneida  Creek,  Otsequet, 
Pagan  Purchase,  and  Wood  Creek  Tracts  of  the  pur- 
chases of  1798, 1802, 1815, 1824, 1826, 1829, 1830, 1834, 
1840, 1842. 

See  page  478,  Bote  4. 

Various,  including  lands  at  Fort  Covington  and  Ho* 
gansburgh  Village. 

Various  purchases,  including  E.  Hill   Tract  of  fifty 
and  W.  Hill  Tract  of  forty-two  lots. 

Including  plats  of  Salina,  Geddes,  Liverpool,  Syra- 
cuse, Ac. 

Sold  at  auction  in  1^  miles  and  mile  squares,,  but  bid 
in  by  a  small  number.  Cambray,  Be  Kalb,  and 
Hague,  each  92.720  acres:  Lisbon,  Louisville,  and 
Stockholm,  each  a  little  less,  were  conveyed  to  Alex. 
Macomb,  Dec.  17, 17S7. 

61,440  acres  to  Robert  Harper  and  others. 

Hamilton  and  Fulton 

Erie 

Bulwagga  Bay  Tract » 

Butler^  Tract 

Madison,  Chenango,  Oneida 

Delaware  and  Broome 

Cram  Horn  Mountain  Tract 

Broome „ 

Fort  Ann  Tract 

Erie 

Gore,  Old  Military,  and  Refugee 

Goree,  others  iugroat  number. 

Tioga 

Islanda  in  great  number. 

St.  Lawrence 

Military  Tract i 

Military  Tract  (Old) 

Caynga,Cortland,  Onondaga, 
Oswego.  Schuyler,  Seneca, 
Tompkins  and'  Wayne. 

Hamilton  and  Herkimer.... 

North  River  llead  Tract 

Essex 

North  West  Bav  Tract 

Warren  and  Snratoga 

Paradox  Tract 

Peron  Bay  Tract 

Essex 

Refugee  Tract 

Clinton 

Reservations,  Indian: 

Oneida  and  Madison 

Onondaga, ^ 

St.  Regis 

Eaiex 

Washington. 

St.  Lawrence  Ten  Towns - 

Sidney  Townehip 

Split  Rock  Tract 

Niagara. 

Warren  Township 

Watkins  and  Flint's  Purchase 

Westfield  Tract 

Chemung  Schuyler  &  Tioga 

Essex  and  Clinton. 

Tablea  of  many  small  grants,  tracts,  and  purchases  will  be  funnd  in  the  descriptions  of  the  counties  in  which  snch  lands  are 
located. 


CANALS. 

The  Public  Ca*nals  of  the  State  are  made,  by  the  Constitution, 
inalienable.  They  were  first  constructed  for  the  purpose  of  facili- 
tating settlement  and  of  opening  an  easy  means  of  communication 
between  the  Atlantic  and  the  great  lakes.  The  canals  are  under 
the  care  of  several  State  officers,  the  powers  and  duties  of  whom 
are  as  follows : — 

Tlie  Canal  Coiiiuilssioiiers,  three  in  number,  are  elected 
one  each  year  and  hold  office  for  three  years.  They  have  the  imme- 
diate supervision  and  management  of  the  construction  and  repairs 
of  canals,  and  are  ex  officio  members  of  the  Canal  and  Contracting 
Boards.  They  have  their  office  in  the  State  Hall,  and  report  annually 
to  the  Legislature.  The  canals  have  three  general  divisions,  each  of  which  is  under  the  special 
charge  of  a  commissioner.^ 

The  State  Eug^iucer  and  Surveyor  has  general  charge  of  the  engineering  department 
of  the  canals,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Canal  and  Contracting  Boards.  He  has  an  office  in  the  State 
Hall,  and  reports  annually  to  the  Legislature.^ 

Tlie  Canal  Board  con^^ists  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Canal  Fund,  the  State  Engineer, 
and  the  Canal  Commissioners.  It  meets,  during  the  session  of  the  Legislature,  at  the  office  of  the 
Canal  Department,  fixes  the  rates  of  toll,  appoints  collectors  of  tolls,  their  assistants  and  weigh- 
masters,  directs  extraordinary  repairs;  hears  appeals  from  the  Canal  Appraisers,  remits  penalties, 
and  regulates  the  police  of  the  canals.^ 

The  Auditor  of  the  Canal  Department  draws  warrants  on  the  Treasurer  for  all 
canal  payments,  audits  accounts,  instructs  collecting  and  disbursing  officers,  and  keeps  account  of 
canal  receipts  and  expenditures.  He  is  ex  officio  Secretary  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Canal 
Fund  and  of  the  Canal  Board,  and  a  member  of  the  Contracting  Board.  His  office,  known  as  the 
"Canal  Department,"  is  in  the  State  Hall  at  Albany. 

The  Canal  Appraisers,  three  in  number,  are  appointed  one  each  year,  and  hold  office  for 
three  years.  They  appraise  all  damages  arising  from  the  canals,  whether  temporary  or  permanent 
in  their  natrure.     They  have  an  office  in  the  State  Hall. 

The  Contracting  Board  consists  of  the  State  Engineer,  the  Auditor  of  the  Canal  Depart- 
ment, and  the  Canal  Commissioners.  It  appoints  all  division,  resident,  and  first  assistant  engineers.* 
The  Coniiuissiouers  of  the  Canal  Fund  consist  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor,  Secre- 
tary of  State,  Comptroller,  Treasurer,  and  Attorney  General.  The  Auditor  of  the  Canal  Department 
is  ex  officio  Secretaj-'y  of  the  Board.  They  have  the  general  management  of  the  funds  and  debts  of 
the  cajial.^ 


1  Tlie  Eastern  Division  embraces  the  Erie  Canal  as  far  w.  as 
Oneida  Lake  Canal,  136  miles ;  Champlain  Canal  and  Glens  Falls 
Feeder,  78  miles;  Pond  above  Troy  Dam.  3  miles;  Black  Eiver 
Canal  and  Improvement,  9S  miles ;  makinj^  a  total  of  315  miles. 

The  Middle  Division  embraces  the  Erio  Canal  from  the  E. 
bank  of  Oneida  Lake  Canal  to  the  e.  line  of  Wayne  co.,  includ- 
ing feeders  and  reservoirs,  76  miles;  Cbeuango  Canal,  97  miles; 
Oneida  Lake  Canal,  7  miles;  Oswego  Caual,  38  miles;  Baldwius- 
ville  Side  Cut,  1  mile;  Oneida  lUver  Improvement,  20  miles; 
Seneca  River  towing  path,  5?  miles;  CajTiga  &  Seneca  Canal, 
23  miles;  Crooked  Lake  Canal,  8  miles;  Chemung  Canal  and 
Feeder,  39  miles;  Oneida  Creek  Feeder,  2  miles;  Seneca  Kiver 
Improvement,  12^  miles ;  making  a  total  of  331  miles. 

The  Weskrn  IHvision  embraces  the  remainder  of  the  Erie 
Canal,  155  miles,  and  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal  and  Dansville 
Side  Cut,  118  miles,  making  a  total  of  273  miles. 

2  He  prescribes  the  duties  of  engineers  and  assigns  to  them 
divisions,  visits  and  inspects  all  the  canals  at  least  onco  in  each 
year,  and  prepares  plans,  surveys,  maps,  and  estimates  for  con- 
etmction  or  improvement.  He  has  other  duties  relating  to  rail- 
roads, lands  belonging  to  the  State;  and  other  subjects  are 
also  assigned  to  liim  from  time  to  tiiue. 

In  the  Engineering  Department  are  the  following  subordinate 
officers  :— 

Division  Engineers,  one  to  each  division,  are  appointed  by 
the  Contracting  Board  with  the  consent  of  the  State  Engineer. 
They  have  special  supervision  of  the  sections  of  canals  in  their 
respective  divisions,  and  are  obliged  to  frequently  pass  over  the 
canal;  and  tliey  prepare  all  maps,  plans,  and  specifications  for 
work  to  be  put  under  contract.  They  make  full  reports  annually 
to  the  State  Engineer.  The  office  of  the  Resident  Engineer  of 
the  Eastern  Division  is  at  Albany,  of  the  Middle  Division  at 
Syracuse,  and  of  the  Western  Division  at  Rochester. 

Eesident  Engineers,  12  in  number,  have  immediate  charge  of 
certain  sections  under  the  supervision  of  resident  engineers. 
They  are  assisted  by : 
54 


First  Assistant  Engineers,  appointed  by  the  Contracting 
Board,  and 

Second  Assistartt  Engineers,  appointed  by  Resident  Engineers. 
The  number  of  these  assistants  is  regulated  by  the  amount  of 
labor  in  progress.  Levelers,  surveyors,  draftsmen,  clerks,  &c. 
are  employed  aa  the  Department  may  require,  and  are  ap- 
pointed in  the  same  manner  as  Second  Assistant  Engineers. 
No  engineer  or  other  public  officer  appointed  upon  the  canals, 
or  a  clerk,  foreman,  or  overseer  of  laborers,  is  allowed  to  have 
an  interest  in  the  boarding  of  laborers,  or  in  furnishing  teams, 
materials,  or  any  other  tlung  belonging  to  himself,  for  the  use 
of  the  public. 

s  There  are  20  collectors  of  tolls  on  the  Erie,  3  on  the  Cham- 
plain.  3  on  the  Oswego,  3  on  rhe  Seneca  &  Cayuga,  3  on  the 
Chemung.  1  on  the  Crooked  Lake,  3  on  the  Chenango,  5  on  the 
Genesee  Valley,  1  on  the  Black  River,  and  1  on  the  Oneida  Lako 
Canal.  There  are  also  41  assistant  collectors.  Collectors  may 
be  removed  by  the  Canal  Commissioners  or  the  Auditor. 

4  This  Board  was  created  AprU  15, 1854,  and  its  powers  were 
enlarged  and  defined  May  14, 1857.  Until  May  1, 1S59.  it  appointed 
superintendents  of  repairs;  but  since  that  time  all  repairs  are 
made  by  contract.  Repairs  were  formerly  jjnade  by  laborers, 
hired  by  the  day  or  month,  under  the  direction  of  superin- 
tendents; but  in  1857  the  Contracting  Board  was  authorized 
to  let  the  ordinary  repairs  upon  contract  for  a  term  of  yeai-s. 

6  The  canal  fund  was  derived  from  the  following  sources  : — 
1817-35.  Auction  duties,  (in  part,)  amounting  in 

all  to $3,592,039.05 

«      «    Salt  duties,  amounting  in  all  to 2,055,458.06 

In  1835,  these  revenues  were  restored  to 
the  general  fund,  by  a  popular  vote  of 
68.126  to  8,675. 
1817-23.  Steamboat  passenger  tax,  amounting  In 

aU  to 73.509.99 


CANALS. 


S5 


Reports  are  annually  made  to  the  Legislature  by  the  heads  of  the  various  Canal  Departments 

concerning  every  thing  pertaining  to  the  Canal  interests.     These  reports,  embodying  voluminous 
details  and  summaries,  are  printed,  and  are  easily  accessible  to  all.^ 


Loans  for  construction,  at  sundry  times,  secured 
by  State  stocks.  The  avails  for  Erie  andCham- 
plaiu  Canals,  up  to  Sept.  30,  1858,  amounted  to  SS,2T1.831.00 

Loans  for  enlargement,  &c ll.S28.nilil.0O 

Loans  for  deficiencies 10,203.8-14.10 

Loans  for  enlargement  and  completion 10,50i).OOiJ.OO 

Canal  revenue  certificates 1,512.390.75 

Temporary  loans , 1,700,000.00 

ToUs 64,429.475.-ll 

Tax  (1844,  '45,  '46,  '47, 1854,  '65,  '56,  '57,  '58) 2,936,633,31 

Sale  of  lands  for  benefiX  of  canals,  viz.:  102.635 
acres  in  Cattaraugus  co.,  given  by  the  IloUand 
Land  Co.;  3,000  acres,  by  John  Hornby;  1,000 
acres,  by  Gideon  Granger;  Grand  Island, 
(17,381 1-5  acrea,)and  S  small  ialands,  (502i  acres.) 
given  by  the  State  for  benefit  of  canals;  and  a 
tract  of  land  on  Wood  Creek,  bought  with  the 

rights  of  the  Western  Inland  Lock  N.  Co 107,430.18 

Interest  on  iuvestmrut  and  deposits 3,157.860.60 

Surplus  tolls,  from  lateral  canals 1.010.731.43 

Miscellaceous 1.101,12:i.43 

Total  receipts  Erie  and  Champlain  Canals 123,043.734.84 

Receipts  upon  all  the  State  canals 143,607,002.91 

Total  payments  upon  the  Erie  and  Champlain 

Canals 

Total  payments  upon  all  the  State  canals 141,627,845.85 


The  total  premiums  ui)on  loans  amounted  to $2,20S,744,12 

The  total  discount  upon  loans  amounted  to 290,508.04 

Special  loans  were  made  for  most  of  the  lateral  canals.  A 
tract  of  laud  from  the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs  Reservation  was 
sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  Oswego  Canal  Fund,  and  amounted  to 
$1130,000.  Stock  in  the  Western  Inland  Lock  Navigation  Co., 
amounting  to  $92,000.  wa.s  canceled  fur  the  benefit  of  the  canals, 
and  the  interesis  of  individuals  in  tliat  work  were  canceled  by 
purchase.    The  amount  appraised  was  S15-'718.52. 

Tlie  Constitution  provides  (Art.  VII)  that,  after  paying  the 
expenses  of  collection,  superintendenne.  and  repairs,  the  sum 
of  $1,300,000.  and  after  1855,  $l,700,OitO,  shall  be  applied  annu- 
ally, from  the  revenues  of  the  canals,  to  a  sinking  fund,  to  pay 
the  canal  debt.  In  1857,  the  surplus  receipts  of  tolls  failed,  for 
the  first  time  since  1846.  to  meet  this,  and  it  became  necessary 
to  raise  by  direct  tax  the  money  required  to  pny  interest  on  the 
stock.  The  clause  in  the  Constitution  prohibiting  the  creation 
of  a  debt  for  any  public  worU,  without  imposing  a  direct  tax 
for  its  pa>Tnent  and  a  submission  to  the  popular  vote,  was  sus- 
pended by  an  amendment  adopted  Feb.  14. 1854,  to  allow  of  the 
raising  of  $9,000,000,  by  the  issue  of  State  stock,  for  the  more 
speedy  enlargement  and  completion  of  the  canals.  A  measure 
was  introduced  in  the  Legislature  of  1859,  for  the  loan  of  a  fur- 
ther sum  for  this  object,  and  the  submission  of  the  question  to 
the  decision  of  a  popular  vote. 


ISUMMAEIES  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  REPORTS. 

Amount  and  value  of  property  moved,  and  miles  run,  on  all  the  State    Canals,  since  1835. 


Estimated  valce  op  pro- 

Miles run  in  each  year 

perty  TO  AND  FROM  OTHER 

BY  ALL  THE  BOATS. 

CUared    ai 

Totalnwmr 

. 

Black      Rock,      Tona- 

Toted  value  nf 

Cleared  at  New 

Buffalo, 

Cleared     at 

beroftons 

s 

properly  Tiioved 

Torh  Alhany, 

Black  Sock, 

ail  other  qffi- 

moved  on 

tH 

on  all   the  car 
nals. 

and  West  Troy. 

and     Ttma- 
vianda. 

ces. 

aU  the  ca- 
nals. 

Ihckets. 

Freight 
boats. 

Produds 

M^chandise 

cmningfrom. 

going  to. 

1R3fi 

$6,493,816 
4,813,620 

$9,723,260 

$67,634,343 

1,310,807 
1,171,296 

1837 

6,322,750 

66,809,288 

$25,784.i47 

$3,286,128 

$18,650,604 

405,050 

6,666,950 

1838 

6,369,645 

8,667,260 

65.746,669 

33,062,858 

4.864.927 

19.209,868 

1,333,011 

400,250 

5,126,800 

1839 

7,268.968 

10,259,100 

73,399,764 

40,094,302 

5,222,766 

18,854,427 

1,435,713 

290,900 

5.786,850 

1840 

7,877,358 

7,057.600 

66.403,892 

36,398,039 

6,200,829 

16.204.936 

1,417,046 

268.880 

6,952,300 

1841 

11,839.273 

11.174.400 

92.202,929 

66,798,447 

9,607,924 

16.376,503 

1,621,661 

322.860 

7,103,680 

1842 

9,216,808 

7.218,900 

60,016,608 

32,314,998 

7,641,793 

12,466,736 

1,236,931 

354,300 

6.173,200 

184:i 

11,937,943 

13,067,250 

76,276,909 

42,268,488 

9,732.616 

13,288,470 

1,613,4.39 

381,820 

6,586,700 

1844 

16,876,868 

14.846,250 

90,921,152 

63,142,403 

9,661,146 

16,822,604 

1,816,586 

427,740 

7,841,760 

1845 

14,162,239 

17,360,300 

100.629.869 

65,453.998 

10.361.749 

19.248.224 

2,977,665 

420..540 

7,921,260 

184U 

20,471,939 

20,415,600 

116,612,109 

64,628,474 

16,819,314 

18,816,639 

2,268,662 

414,340 

9,066,460 

1847 

32,666,3^4 

27,298,800 

151,663,428 

77,878.766 

28.503,746 

23.518,927 

2,869,810 

443.080 

11,733,250 

1848 

23,246,363 

30,563.920 

140,080,157 

77.477.781 

19.621,700 

11.544,421 

2,796,230 

642,300 

9.633,850 

1849 

26,713,796 

31,793.400 

144,732,285 

78.481.941 

20.647,662 

22,2.38,010 

2,894,732 

306,760 

10,163.350 

WW 

25,639,605 

41,272.491 

156.397,929 

74.826.999 

20,991,462 

31,335.626 

8.076.617 

343,475 

10.718,100 

1851 

27,007,142 

63,669,440 

159,881,801 

80,739.890 

ai.643,286 

31,784.847 

3,582,733 

206,160 

11,926,960 

1851i 

87,041,380 

79,127.640 

196,603,517 

121.087.312 

25.674,776 

22,219,056 

3,863,441 

71,725 

12,306,960 

1863 

42,367.664 

94,230,720 

207,179.570 

116.185,331 

28,866,951 

27,629,827 

4,247,852 

40,660 

12,327,060 

1854 

39,346,233 

83,470,440 

210,284,312 

116,772,966 

29,745,565 

30.613,260 

4,165.862 

24,675 

11,244,200 

1865 

43,666,a43 

79,879.680 

204,390,147 

113,443,863 

31.403,640 

24,906,992 

4,022,617 

28,875 

9,671,460 

1856 

38,043.813 

66.064,680 

218,327,062 

134.131,707 

22,873,866 

21.749.502 

4,116,032 

21,176 

9,656,700 

1867 

26,406.121 

42.525,360 

136,997.018 

71,016.241 

17,567,181 

16.470.217 

3,344.061 

10,950 

7,374,860 

1858 

36,182,405 

27,680,400 

138,568,844 

67,983.123 

25,039,901 

20.570,677 

3,665,192 

18,725 

7,886,100 

Tot. 

$513,641,202 

$793,670,521 

$2,929,665,482 

$1,669,962,083 

$377,669,607 

$451,619,063 

69,647,996 

5,746,220 

191,789,630j 

Total  amount  per  cent.,  and  averages  of  different  classes. 


CLAS8ES. 

Averages  for  periods  of  Seven  Years.                     | 

Years. 

OF  EACH. 

From  1836  to  1842. 

From  1843  to  1849. 

From  1860  to  1866. 

Ttms. 

Value. 

Tms. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Products  of  forest 

Agriculture 

Manufiictures 

Merchandise 

Other  articles 

Total 

24,516,913 

17,238.941 

4,086,894 

5.2a3,933 

8,671,266 

$207,472,063 
321.768,110 
167,860,314 

1,.594.93S,S01 
137,726,204 

41.11 

28.89 
6.sr, 
8.7S 

14.37 

7.08 
23.05 

6.73 
64.44 

4.70 

634,922 
306,004 
101.010 
119,108 
184,992 

$7,133,876 
18.400,404 

5.750,494 
34.6S7.3S9 

2,772,007 

947,120 
765,94S 
165,91;; 
189.1TII 
237,139 

$7,200,900 
4,S76,STS 

1,549,378 

1,098,289 

210,790 

330,664 

698,775 

$12,619,691 
61,083,488 

8.720.900 
lll,S62.9f>J 

9,007,96 

69.647,946  $2,929,765,482 

100.00 

100.00 

1,340,636 

$68,744,769 

2.305,289  [$117,117,411 

3,867,836 

$193,291,906 

56 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Tolls  collected  at  eacli  office  on  the  New  Tork  State  Canals,  from  1825  to  1858, 

both  inclusive. 

Offices. 

1825, 

1830. 

1835. 

1840. 

1845, 

1850. 

1855. 

1856. 

1858. 

New  York 

$286,595 

312,664 

316,042 

9,312 

10,227 

9,382 

65.614 

46,283 

78,096 

$246,124 

253,234 

301.263 

21,706 

6,222 

6,967 

41,808 

62,427 

48,2.33 

65,470 

37,830' 

10.553 

19,694 

101,087 

6,304 

26,899 

14,308 

23,467 

2.3,685 

97.679 

765.575 

8,856 

9,164 

10,608 

54.307 

21,184 

22,922 

27U59 

14,317 

27,766 

$290,280 

110,973 

349,617 

9,473 

6.015 

6:349 

37,159 

40,900 

35,102 

65,378 

29,740 

10,172 

12..357 

88,130 

18,180 

3,132 

9,656 

14.015 

34,901 

22,145 

783,9116 

3,737 

8,800 

12.030 

65.304 

20,412 

22.241 

400,813 

13,399 

21,669 

13,079 

13,766 

30,272 

44,010 

3,238 

16,827 

5,668 

2,312 

8,033 

4,934 

15,642 

6,231 

li;290 

9,235 

18,664 

605 

$78,921 

07.965 

110,837 

6,173 

4,643 

5,028 

26,720 

31,638 

31,292 

38,454 

18,821 

9,898 

14,994 

86,204 

101,171 

14.378 

10.290 

30.603 

30,291 

Albany 

$126,062 
37,181 
29,819 

$212,045 
124,793 
37,800 

$357,695 
153,402 
64,973 

$296,563 
186,947 
23,670 
10,778 
16,506 
42,006 
36,063 
69,384 

$340,667 
386,916 
9,644 
17,663 
13,389 
63,507 
65,997 
119,229 

Schenectady 

Fulfonvillo 

Little  Falls 

6,124 
40,302 
21,060 
36,349 

8,772 
46,142 
28,836 
85,876 

10,840 
60,576 
30,456 
74,756 

Utica 

Rome 

Syracuse 

Jordan 

Montezuma 

Lyons 

Palmyra 

Rochester 

Brockport 

Albion 

Medina 

Lockport 

»66,635 
11,197 
21,466 
88,494 
7,617 
»3,793 

82,611 
24,229 
48,338 
160,129 
12,314 
12,139 

93,809 
23,018 
40,180 
176,140 
24,982 
19,866 

86,681 
21,855 
61,199 
248,210 
7,687 
30,844 

103,826 
17,432 
68,021 

224,629 
10,897 
36,263 

77,837 
19:i97 
63,798 
190,632 
65,932 
26,365 

10,514 

21,553 

62,129 

23,227 

54 

321,154 

,417 

14,820 

2,262 

106,413 

181,973 

65,642 

68,4.56 

703,498 

7,012 

7,379 

8,955 

71,356 

44,666 

Black  Rocko 

786 

1,671 

12,295 

60,583 

482.636 

9,085 

15,371 

Buflalo 

Waterford 

Schuylerville 

Glens  Falls 

48,959 
10,527 
11,760 

106,213 

8,065 

16,201 

719,683 

223 

37,494 

132,023 

8,923 

17,950 

6,626 

2,308 

16,831 

32,302 

''17.318 
33;i06 

Whitehall 

Salina 

PbtBnix 

41,052 
8,662 

63,924 
61,214 

48,160 
30,063 

65.911 
63,812 

3,673 

46,850 

61,899 

138,704 

310,136 

Geneva 

Ithaca 

Uavana 

Horseheads 

Corning 

Dresden 

30,701 

35,879 

33,360 

44,336 

47,473 

6,266 
15,133 

6,574 
14,696 

16,132 
26,747 
82,400 

6,667 
26,734 

3,012 
10,415 
13:885 
21,147 

11,376 
32,853 
64.060 
9.560 
21,192 
3,177 
6.026 
7.189 
28,647 

14,486 

29,684 

65,860 
3.496 

15,370 
4:735 
2,553 
8..587 
6,985 

14,470 
6,605 

17.120 
■      12:286 

16,894 
648 

8,366 

4,096 
8,958 

6,096 
16,787 
2,767 
4;573 
2.721 
4,510 

1,029 
2,482 
4,594 
1,803 
7.703 
6,276 
4,450 

Oxford 

Binghamton 

ScottsTille 

DanBvllle 

Orjimel..- 

Boonville 

HigfiinsviUe 

18,606 

28,400 

20,383 

652 

9,124 

Olean 

$506,279 

$1,000,922 

$1,548,109 

$1,775,967 

$2,646,181 

53,273,899 

$2,806,077 

$2,748,212 

$1,838,836 

«  Collected  at  Port  Byron.         '  At  Newport.       '  Office  abolished  in  1857.        ''  At  Saratoga,  Ft.  Miller,  Ft.  Edward,  and  Ft.  Ann. 

Number  of  Clearances  issued  from  1833  to  1858,  both  inclusive,  on  the  Several  Canals. 


Teak. 

1 

i 

'2 
S 

Is 

S 

g 

1 

1 

i 
S 

1-8 

Is 

11 

3 

1833 

1834 

1836 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1846 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 

1864 

1866 

1866 

1867 

1858 

21,841 
29,441 
30.903 
31,8.37 
29,611 
30,282 
33,464 
35,231 
30.333 
3i:529 
32.629 
82,216 
35,142 
93.276 
45,255 
43.829 
37,507 
39,115 
41,663 
39,177 
39,621 
41,462 
40,850 
36,514 
31,307 
28,849 

6,938 
7,169 
7,4,38 
0,7.52 
6.967 
6.582 
5,804 
6,871 
6,067 
4.709 
4.303 
4.911 
6.128 
6,605 
6,937 
6,464 
5996 
0,958 
6.700 
7.714 
9,865 
7,781 
7.421 
7.626 
7,754 
8.807 

3.739 

6,867 

7,763 

6,870 

6,051 

7.864 

8.456 

7,472 

9,126 

6.877 

7:948 

10.204 

10.296 

11,007 

12,838 

12,406 

7,861 

7,761 

8.071 

7,844 

9,129 

13,316 

12,248 

14,827 

10.133 

13,538 

1,080 
1,891 
1,693 
1,730 
1,385 
1,361 
1,213 
1,223 
1,421 
1,397 
1,068 
1,249 
1,449 
1,881 
1,814 
1,932 
969 
886 
1,066 
964 
1.016 
1.S57 
1,971 
2,439 
2,097 
1,740 

263 
1,247 
1,802 
1.951 
1.704 
1.629 
1,624 
1,553 
2.695 
8.301 
2,469 
3,050 
3.696 
3,699 
4,440 
4,609 
3,843 
3,839 
3,828 
3,999 
5.019 
6,630 
6,267 
6,982 
5,909 
6.105 

163 

890 

1,075 

1,179 

998 

958 

930 

814 

890 

731 

964 

976 

1.495 

1.278 

1.300 

1.184 

i:026 

1,042 

916 

827 

916 

706 

760 

752 

261 

634 

""m 

1,009 

880 

763 

1,039 

816 

968 

1.128 

1,189 

1,207 

1,477 

1,645 

989 

1,295 

907 

1,603 

1,762 

1,899 

1,964 

1,923 

1,906 

1.532 

■"478 
1,096 
1,596 
1,809 
2,045 
3,223 
2,366 
2.283 
2.389 
2,102 
2.225 
2,037 
2,014 
2,897 
2.968 
2.434 
a.3.'!3 
2.405 
2.314 

6S0 
609 
074 
817 
933 
834 
900 
808 

""674 
1.101 
1,260 
1,237 
1,260 
1.089 
1,307 
1,677 
2.0.34 
393 
695 
1,187 
1,373 
2,663 
2,393 
3,177 
1.289 
1.339 

'Si' 

470 
494 

48,740 
63,726 
09.078 
67.255 
62.273 
64.796 
08,296 
60,133 
76.990 
67,616 
69,720 
76,409 
81,629 
89,936 
104.478 
98,325 
85,648 
89,124 
92,926 
93,842 
100.148 
104.902 
97,866 
98,214 
80,309 
80,986 

CANALS. 


57 


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Crooked  Lake  Canal. 


Clienango  Canal. 


Genesee  VaUey  Canal. 


Oneida  Lake  Canal. 


Simeca  River  Towing 
Path. 


Oneida  River  Improve- 
ment. 


Cayuga  Inlet, 


Black  River  Oznal. 


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58 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEEE. 


Tlie  Erie  Canal,  connecting  the  Hudson  with  Lake  Erie,  was  commenced  at  Rome,  July  4, 
1817,  and  was  completed  Oct.  26,  1825.  As  first  constructed,  it  was  363  mi.  long,  28  ft.  wide  at 
the  bottom,  40  ft.  wide  at  the  top,  and  4  ft.  deep.  The  locks  were  90  ft.  long  between  the  gates,  and 
15  ft.  wide.     The  original  cost  of  the  whole  was  $7,143,789.  86.' 


Tho  number  of  boats  upon  the  canals  at  different  periods  has 
been— in  1S«,  2,136;  in  1844,  2,126;  in  1847,  2,726;  in  1853, 
3,401 ;  and  in  1859,  about  3,500.  The  following  numbers  of  new 
boats  have  been  registered  :— 


1844,378  I  1847,1,466 
1845,297  1848,  457 
1846,477      1849,     215 


1850, 162 

1851,  213 

1852,  271 


1853,  690  I  1856,  364 

1854,  760      1867,  329 

1855,  471      1868,  256 


Some  opinion  may  be  formed  of  the  class  of  boats  used  from 
the  numbers  built.  These  were,  in  1S57,  of  scows,  106;  decked 
BCOWfl,  23;  lake  boats,  96;  bullheads,  102;  and  packets, 
3.  None  of  the  last  named  were  built  in  1858 ;  and  the  day  for 
traveliug  upon  the  canals  may  be  considered  aa  virtually  passed, 
unless  steam  canal  boats — now  being  introduced  into  use — prove 
successful  competitors  in  speed  with  steam  upon  railroads. 


The  largest  boat  registered  in  1844  was  90  tons.  In  1849,  some 
were  as  high  as  136  tons :  in  1860,  170  tons ;  in  1853,  260  tons ; 
and  in  1868,  300  tons.  The  average  tonnage  of  boats  has  been 
as  follows ; — 

1849 76 

1860 80 

1861 87 

1862 88 

1853 87 

1654 106 

1886 102 

1866 107 

1867 114 

1868 109 

General  average 100 


Structures  upon  the  New  York  State  Canals  at  the  close  of  1857. 


Lift  Locks'* 

Giiard  Locks.-... 
Weigh  Locks.... 

AqUr(lUr?|3 

Waste  Weirs 

Culverts 

Guard  Gates 

Road  Bridges.... 
Farm  Bridges... 

Tow  Bridges 

Total  Bridges'.. 
Damsc 


6 

1 

.£•53  S 

1 

5~; 

1 

e 

11 

53  § 

1 

fl. 

Total. 

1 

lis, 

■Si 

s 

II 

ee 

Ill 

76 

39 

lie 

110 

7 

18 

2 

1 

12 

27 

63 

113 

674 

4 

6 

1 

1 

6 

1 

1 

1 

3 

23 

5 

5 

85 

4 

19 

5 

4 

17 

84 

49 

23 

21 

12 

6 

3 

6 

10 

84 

163 

a43 

27 

62 

18 

2 

6 

1 

o 

103 

465 

3 

3 

63 

86 

2 

11 

1 

3 

13 

27 

103 

75 

40 

1 

1 

1 

16 

102 

13 

1 

11 

27 

16 

9 

609 

140 

212 

77 

3 

23 

1 

3 

41 

14 

69 

214 

1,296 

10 

8 

12 

1 

8 

1 

6 

1 

5 

61 

o  Double  locks,  side  by  side,  are  couuted  as  one.  The  number 
upon  the  Erie  Canal,  when  completed,  will  be  two  leBS,  by  dis- 
pensing with  those  now  at  Montezuma. 

6  Farm  bridges  are  gradually  lessening  in  number,  as  the 
clainis  of  individuala  are  from  time  to  time  commuted,  or  the 


damages  appraised  from  failure  to  rebuild  them.    The  principal 
increase  of  bridges  is  in  cities  and  villages,  from  tho  opening  of 
new  streets;  and  in  these  localities  permanent  iron  bridges  are 
now  generally  built  upon  the  principal  thoroughfares. 
"  Of  the  10  dams  in  the  first  column,  S  are  feeder  dams. 


1  Plans  for  improving  the  navigation  of  tho  Slohawk  were 
proposed  in  1720,  but  nothing  was  done  to  this  end  till  March 
30, 1792,  when  tho  "  Western  Inland  Navigation  Company"  was 
incorporated,  with  powers  to  improve  the  channel  and  build 
canals  and  locks  to  Lake  Ontario  and  Seneca  Lake.  The  cost  to 
Oneida  Lake  was  estimated  at  £39,500.  This  work  consisted 
mainly  of  the  following: — 

Ist.  A  canal  at  Little  Falls.  4,752  feet  long,  of  which  2,550  feet 
were  throuc;h  solid  rock.  Upon  it  were  5  locks,  with  a  total 
rise  of  44^  leot.  2d.  A  canal  \~  miles  long,  with  a  lock,  at  Wolf 
Rift.  German  Flats.  3d.  A  canal,  IJ  miles  long,  at  Kome,  con- 
necting the  Mohawk  with  Wood  Creek ;  and,  4th,  four  locks  upon 
Wood  Creek,  with  a  total  depth  of  25  feet.  The  work  was  begun 
at  Little  Falls,  in  1793,  but  the  want  of  funds  delayed  the  work 
until  1794,  when  a  subscription  of  200  shares  was  obtained  fi'om 
the  State.  Boats  first  passed  the  canal  and  locks  at  this  place 
Nov.  17, 1795,  and  on  that  day  and  the  next  8  large  and  1U2 
small  boats  v.'ere  passed,  at  a  toll  of  .£80  10s,  esclusive  of  9  that 
passed  free  the  first  day.  The  chambers  of  the  locks  were  74 
by  12  feet,  and  allowed  boats  of  32  tons  to  pass ;  but  other  im- 
pediments limited  boats  to  a  burden  of  10  or  11  tons.  Light 
boats  could  go  from  Schenectady  to  Fort  Stan  wis  and  back  in  9 
days ;  but  the  larger  boats  required  14  days  to  make  the  trip.  In 
1793,  Wood  Creek  was  cleared  out,  and  13  isthmuses  were  cut 
across,  shortening  the  channel  7  miles.  In  179G,  boats  passed 
through  to  Oneida  Lake;  and  the  work,  in  1797,  had  cost 
$400,000.  of  which  the  State  paid  S92.000.  The  great  cost  re- 
quired high  tolls:  and  in  1812  but  300  boats  passed,  with  1,500 
tons,  at  Little  Falls.  The  company  gave  up  its  rights  west  of 
Oneida  Lake  in  180S,  and  sold  out  to  the  State,  in  1820.  for 
$152.718.52.— i?ei»'>r(  of  WesUyn,  the  Emiticer^  Vl^&;  SpaJJbrd's 
Gazetteer,  181.1;  Hist.  iV.  T.  Canals^  II,  40. 

It  is  entirely  uncertain  who  originated  the  first  idea  of  con- 
Btmctiug  a  chain  of  water  communication  through  the  State. 
All  of  the  early  efforts  were  directed  to  effecting  a  passage 
through  the  Mohawk,  Wood  Creek,  Oneida  Lake,  and  Oswego 
River  to  Lake  Ontario.  Tho  Western  connection  was  sought 
by  locking  around  Niagara  Falls.  In  ISOO,  Gouverneur  Morris 
first  suggested  tho  idea  of  a  direct  canal  fi'om  Lake  Erie  to  tlie 
Iludaon,  thi-ough  the  center  of  the  State.  His  plan  was  to  tap 
Lako  Erie,  and  have  a  continuous  slope  from  the  lake  to  tlie 
Jiigh  land  that  borders  upon  the  Hudson,  and  a  series  of  locks 
thence  to  the  river.  In  1803  he  stated  the  outline  of  his  plan  to 
the  Surveyor-General,  Simeon  De  Witt,  who  looked  upon  it  as 


chimerical.  The  nest  year  Mr.  De  Witt,  in  a  conversation  with 
James  Geddes,  then  a  laud  surveyor  of  Onondaga  county,  stated 
the  plan  of  Mr.  Morris  aa  one  of  the  impracticable  schemes 
which  had  been  advanced.  Wr.  Geddes,  however,  looked  at  the 
matter  in  a  different  light,  and,  after  some  little  reflection,  be 
concluded  that  the  plan,  ^vith  some  modifications,  was  by  far 
the  beet  that  had  yet  been  suggested.  He  counseled  with  Jesse 
Ilawley  upon  the  subject;  and  the  latter,  convinced  of  the  feasi- 
bility of  the  project,  wrote  a  series  of  papers  which  were  pub- 
lished in  tho  Genesee  Messenger  from  Oct.  1807,  to  March,  1803. 
These  essays  were  signed  "  Hercules,"  and  were  the  first  ever 
printed  in  favor  of  the  Erie  Canal.  In  1808,  Joshua  Forman, 
an  intimate  associate  of  Mr.  Geddes.  then  a  member  of  the  As- 
sembly, introduced  a  resolution  for  the  survey  of  a  canal  route, 
to  the  end  that  Congress  might  be  led  to  grant  moneys  for  tho 
construction  of  a  canal.  Tlie  sum  of  $600  was  granted  for 
surveys  under  the  direction  of  the  Surveyor-General.  Jamea 
Geddes  was  intnisted  with  this  service,  and  was  directed  to  level 
down  from  Oneida  Lake  to  the  mouth  of  Salmon  Creek,  to  ascer- 
tain wliether  a  can.al  could  be  opened  fi-om  Oswego  Falls  to  Lake 
Ontario,  and  to  survey  the  best  route  for  a  canal  around  Niagara 
Falls.  He  was  also  directed  to  survey  a  route  eastward  from 
Lake  Erie  to  Genesee  River,  and  thence  to  the  waters  flowing 
east  into  Seneca  Lake.  He  finished  this  work,  and  made  a 
report  showing  the  practicability  of  the  last  named  route  and 
its  great  superiority  over  the  others  which  had  been  proposed. 
This  report  at  once  excited  general  attention,  and  secured  the 
influence  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  then  a  member  of  the  Senate,  and 
many  other  prominent  men.  In  1810,  commissioners,  at  the 
head  of  whom  was  Do  Witt  Clinton,  were  appointed  to  explore 
a  canal  route  through  the  center  of  the  State.  On  the  8th  of 
April,  1811,  an  act  was  passed  to  provide  for  the  improvement 
of  the  internal  navigation  of  the  State,  and  efi^orts  were  made  to 
ohtiiin  aid  from  the  General  Government,  but  without  success. 
The  report  of  the  commissioners  stated  the  importance  of  this 
measure  with  such  force  and  eloquence  that  a  law  was  passed 
the  next  year  continuing  tho  commissioners,  and  authorizing 
them  to  borrow  and  deposit  money,  and  take  cessions  of  land,  for 
tlio  proposed  canal;  but  the  war  suspended  active  operations. 
The  jiroject.  however,  continued  to  be  discussed,  and  an  act  was 
passed  on  the  17thof  April,  1816,  providing  for  a  definite  eiirvoy 
The  canal  was  begun  at  Rome,  July  4,  1817,  and  on  tlie  22d  of 
October,  1819.  the  first  boat  passed  fi:om  Utica  to  Rome. 
The  completion  of  the  canal  was  celebrated  by  extraordinary 


CANALS. 


59 


The  enlargement  of  tliis  canal  was  ordered  May  11,  1835,  and  has  been  going  on  more  or  less 
rapidly  since,  except  during  a  few  years  of  suspension  commencing  under  Gov.  Wright^s  adminis- 
tration. It  was  estimated  by  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  in  Jan.,  1859,  that  $1,565,077.75 
would  complete  the  enlargement  upon  the  present  plan,  making  the  total  cost  of  that  work 
$23,000,000.  The  length  of  the  Erie  Canal  when  enlarged  will  be  reduced  to  349.74  mi.  Its  sec- 
tion gives  a  breadth  of  70  ft.  at  the  surface  of  the  water,  52J  ft.  at  the  bottom,  and  a  depth  of  7  ft. 


civic  and  military  ceremonies  tbrougbout  the  State,  and  espe- 
ci:Uly  in  Ne\v  York  City,  ou  the  -ith  of  Nov.  1S25.  Aa  tbo  first 
boat,  with  Governor  Clinton  on  board,  entered  the  canal,  at 
Buffalo,  at  10  o'clock,  (Oct.  26,)  a  line  of  cannon,  previously  ar- 
ranged a  few  miles  apart,  passed  a  signiU  along  to  Albany,  and 
down  the  lludson  to  Sandy  Honk,  from  whence  it  was  retuiued 
in  like  manner.  The  signal  waa  heard  at  New  York,  at  11.20. 
The  flotilla  with  the  Governor  was  everywhere  greeted  with  en- 
thuBiastic  rejoicing.  Upon  reaching  New  York  it  passed  down 
to  Sandy  Hook,  and  the  waters  of  the  lake  were  mingled  with 
those  of  the  ocean  with  imposing  ceremonies. 

The  Canal  Commissioners  under  whom  the  Erie  and  Cham- 
plain  Canals  were  constructed  were  Stephen  Tan  llensaelaer,  De 
Witt   Clinton,   Joseph    Ellicott,  Samuel    Young,   aud    Myrou 


Ilolloy.  Henry  Seymour  was  appointed  in  place  of  Ellicott  iQ 
March,  1819,  and  W'ilUam  C.  Bouck  was  added  to  tho  number  in 
March,  1S21.  The  chief  engineers  were  James  Geddes,  of  Olou- 
diiga  CO.,  and  Beojaniin  Wright,  of  Home,  neither  of  whom  had 
ever  seen  a  canal,  or  enjoyed  means  of  acquiring  a  practical 
knowledge  of  engineering  other  than  that  obtained  from  survey- 
ing land.  Tbe  precision  with  which  their  canal  surveys  woro 
executed,  under  the  circumstances,  may  be  regarded  as  truly 

wonderful.    Among  the  assistant  engineers  were Peacock, 

David  Thomas,  Nathan  S.  Roberts,  David  S.  Bates,  Canvass 
White.  Davis  Hard,  Noah  Dennis,  Charles  T.  WTiippo,  William 
Jerome.  Henry  G.  Sargent.  Frederick  C.  Mills,  Isaac  J.  Thomas, 
Henry  Farnam.  Alfred  Barrett,  John  Bates,  William  H.  Price, 
John  Hopkins,  and  Seymour  Skiff. 


Tbe  Canal  Board  have  adopted  the  following  tablo  of  distances  from  place  to  place  npon  the  Erie  Canal.  The  elevations 
above  tide  are  those  shown  by  the  lockages,  and  do  not  take  into  account  the  descent  given  to  canse  a  flow  of  water  between 
locks,  which  does  not  vary  much  from  an  inch  to  a  mile.  The  long  level  is  supposed  to  be  perfectly  uniform  in  elevation  above 
tide. 

Stations^  Distances,  and  Elevations  above  Tide  on  the  Erie  CanaL 


Plages. 


5 

11 

^  a. 


Albany 

West  Troy 

JunctioD , 

Cohoes , 

Crescent 

Upper  Aqueduct , 

Schenectady , 

Iloffmans  Ferry.- , 

Port  Jackaou 

Schoharie  Creek 

Auricsville 

FultonviUe 

Yatesvilie 

Sprakera 

Cana,ioharic 

Fort  Plain 

St.  JohnsTillo 

Mindenville 

East  Canada  Creek 

Little  Falls 

Mohawk 

Ilioii 

Frankfort 

Fergusons 

ntica 

York  Mills 

AYhitesi^oro 

Orisluiuy 

Home 

New  London 

Iligfrin-sville. 

Gunbarton 

Loomis 

Durhamville 

Leno.K 

Canastota 

New  Boston  Landing... 
Canaseraga  Landing... 

Cliittenango 

Bolivar 

Pools  Hrook 

KirkTillo 

Maulius 

Limestone  Feeder 

Orrillo  Feeder. , 

Lodi 

Syracu.se 

Geddes 

Bellislo 

Nine  .Mile  Creek 

Camlllus 

Canton 

Peru 

Jorda  \ 

Cold  Spring 


I^^ 


0 
7 
7 

11 
14 
26 
30 
40 
46 
51 
63 
66 
62 
65 
68 
71 
76 
78 
82 
87 
85 
98 
101 
106 
110 
113 
114 
117 
125 
131 
135 
136 
137 
140 
143 
145 
149 
160 
151 
162 
154 
165 
158 
159 
161 
165 
168 


4 

172 

2 

174 

1 

175 

5 

ISO 

2 

1S2 

3 

185 

1 

186 

352 
345 
345 
341 
33S 
326 
322 
312 
306 
301 
299 
296 
290 
287 
2S4 
281 
278 
274 
270 
265 
267 
254 
251 
246 
a42 
239 
233 
235 
227 
221 
217 
216 
215 
212 
209 
207 
203 
202 
201 
200 
198 
197 
194 
193 
191 
187 
1S6 
184 
ISO 
178 
177 
172 
170 
167 
160 


188 
269.5 


301 
309 

360 

403 
424 


400 


Weed.sport 

Ceuterport 

Port  BjTon 

Montezuma 

Pitt  Ixjck 

Clyde 

Lock  Berlin 

Lyons ~..- 

East  Arcadia 

LockvUle 

Newark 

Port  Gibson 

Palmyra - 

Macedon 

Wayneport 

Knappville 

Fairport - 

Fullam's  Basin 

Busbuell's  Basin 

Cartersville 

Pittsford... , 

Lock  No.  65 

Brighton..., 

Rochester „ 

Greece  (6-miIo  grocery) 

Brnckways 

Spenccrport 

Adams  Basin 

Cooloys  Basin 

Brockport - 

HoUey 

Hult)orton 

BrockTille 

Hindsburgh 

Albion 

Gaines  Basin 

Eagle  Harbor 

Knowlesville 

Medina 

Shelbys  Basin... 

Middleport 

Reynales  Basin 

Mabees -.. 

Gasport 

Orangeport 

Mill.ard!! 

Lockpiirt 

Sulphur  Springs,  0.  Lock ., 

Pendleton _ 

Pickardsville 

Martin.<ville — 

Tonawanda 

Lower  Black  Rock 

Black  Rock 

Buffalo 


si 

4 
2 
2 
5 
8 
5 
4 
3 
3 
3 
1 
3 
5 
4 
3 
2 
3 
1 
3 
2 
1 
2 
3 
3 
7 
3 
2 
3 
3 
2 
5 
3 
1 
1 
4 
2 
1 
3 
4 
3 
3 
4 
1 
1 
1 
2 
3 
6 
2 
5 
3 
4 
B 
1 
3 


190 
192 
194 
199 
205 
210 
214 
217 
220 
223 
224 
227 
2.32 
236 
2.39 
241 
244 
245 
24S 
250 
261 
263 
266 
259 
266 
269 
271 
274 
277 
279 
2S4 
287 
288 
2S9 
293 
296 
298 
299 
303 


813 
314 
315 
316 
318 
321 
328 
328 
333 
336 
340 
348 
849 
362 


162 

160 

158 

163 

147 

142 

13S 

135 

132 

129 

128 

125 

120 

116 

113 

111 

lOS 

107 

104 

102 

101 

9D 

96 

93 

86 

83 

81 

78 

75 

73 

68 

65 

64 

63 

59 

57 

68 

63 

49 

48 

43 

89 

33 

37 

36 

34 

31 

26 

24 

19 

16 

12 

4 

3 

0 


445 


471 

609 


60 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


The  number  of  locks  will  be  74,  or  10  less  than  the  original  number.*  The  banks  of  the  enlarged 
canal  are  protected  from  washing  by  slope  walls,  consisting  of  stone  firmly  packed  upon  the  sloping 
Bides.  The  canal  will  allow  the  passage  of  boats  of  200  to  250  tons  burden.  Steam  has  been 
introduced  to  some  extent  in  propelling  boats,  and  the  success  of  the  experiment  has  been  so  great 
that  probably  steam  power  will  ultimately  supersede  horse  power. 

The  Clianiplain  Canal,  extending  from  the  Erie  Canal,  near  Cohoes,  to  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  was  begun  June  10,  1818,  finished  to  VVaterford  Nov.  28, 1822,  and  completed  Sep.  10,  1823, 
at  an  original  cost  of  $875,000,  exclusive  of  the  feeder  to  Glens  Falls.  It  is  64  mi.  long  and  has 
a  navigable  feeder  of  7  mi.  to  Glens  Falls,  with  a  slackwater  navigation  5  mi.  further  upon  the 
Hudson.^ 

Tlie  Chenango  Caual,^  connecting  the  Erie  Canal  at  Utica  with  the  Susquehanna  River 
at  Binghamton,  was  authorized  Feb.  23,  1833.  It  is  97  mi.  long,  exclusive  of  13J  mi.  of  feeders, 
none  of  which  are  navigable. 

The  Black  River  Canal  and  Eric  Canal  Feeder  extends  from  Rome  up  the 
valley  of  the  Mohawk  and  of  Lansing  Kil  to  Boonville,  and  thence  it  descends  the  valley  of  Black 
River  to  a  point  below  the  High  Falls.     From  the  latter  point  is  a  river  navigation  42J  mi.  to  Car- 


iThe  chambers  of  the  enlarged  locks  are  110  by  18  feet,  and 
their  lift  v.iriea  from  3  to  15^  feet.  The  canal  leaves  Lake  Erie 
at  Buffalo,  follows  the  river  bank  to  Black  Rock,  and  communi- 
cates with  tlie  dam  at  that  place.  At  a  point  10  mi.  below  Buf- 
falo it  enters  Touawanda  Creek,  follows  its  channel  12  mi.,  and 
crosses  theuce,  through  a  rock  cutting,  to  the  brow  of  the 
mountain  ridge,  at  Lockport,  where  it  descends  55.83  feet  by  5 
combined  locks.  It  continues  thence,  eastward,  from  1  to  3  mi. 
6.  of  the  ridge  road,  to  Rochester,  crosses  the  Genesee  upon  a  stone 
aqueduct,  makes  a  circuitous  sweep  across  the  Irondequoit  valley, 
along  the  top  of  a  natnral  range  of  hills,  and  finally  delivers  the 
waters  of  Lake  Erie  into  Seneca  Eiver,  after  supplying  153  mi. 
of  the  Erie  Cauiil,  and  affording  a  lai'ge  amount  of  water-power 
at  various  points  along  its  course.  It  then  rises  by  2  locks, 
descends  into  the  Onondaga  valley  by  1  lock,  and  then  rises  by 
3  locks  to  the  long  level  which  extends  from  Syracuse  to  Utica, 
from  whence  it  descends  the  Mohawk  valley,  mostly  on  its  8. 
Bide,  to  the  Iludson.  Below  Schenectady,  it  twice  crosses  the 
Mohawk,  upon  stone  aqueducts.  It  is  continued  down  the 
bank  of  the  Hndi^ion  to  Albany,  where  it  terminates  in  a  spa- 
cious basin.  At  West  Troy  it  also  opens  into  the  Hudson.  The 
total  lockages  going  w.  are  612.9  feet  up,  and  43.5  feet  down,  or 
a  total  of  656.4  feet.  The  canal  is  fed  by  numerous  streams 
along  its  course,  and  by  9  reservoirs,  all  of  which,  with  a  single 
exception,  are  upon  the  middle  division.    They  are  as  follows  : 


Erieville*" 

Hatchs  Lake 

Eatons  Brook 

Bradley  Brook 

Leland  Pond 

Woodmans  Lake.. 
Madison  Brook.... 
Skaneateles  Lake 
Cazenovia  Lake... 

Total 


^ 

S  s 

Acres  in 

11^ 

l« 

340 

46 

2U 

134 

15 

10 

254 

60 

60 

134 

30 

25 

173 

13 

8 

14S 

18 

11 

235 

65 

45 

8,320 

6 

1,778 

4i 

11,616 

^1. 


20 
086 


2 

9 

10 


150} 


a  Built  in  1857,  at  a  cost  of  $10,884.73.    In  Nelson,  Madison 

CO. 

*  Leads  to  Bradley  Brook  reservoir. 

•  Leads  to  Eaton  Brook  feeder. 

Besides  these  are  the  reservoirs  upon  the  Black  River  Canal, 
which  is  itself  but  a  feeder  to  the  loug  level  of  the  Erie  Canal. 
Several  of  the  feeders  to  the  middle  and  western  divisions  of  the 
Erie  Canal  are  navigable  for  short  distances.  Connected  with 
the  canal  at  Buffalo  are  Main  and  Hamburg  street  canals,  the 
Clark  and  Skinner  Canal,  the  Ohio  basin,  and  several  elipi?  con- 
nected with  the  canal,  and  a  ship-lock  channel  at  Black  Rock. 
At  Tonawanda  is  a  side-cut  for  a  river-lock. 

2  A  company  styled  the  "Northern  Inland  Navigation  Co." 
was  formed  at  the  same  time  as  the  Western  Co.;  but  failed  to 
raise  funds  to  accomplish  its  objects.  A  natural  water  commu- 
nication, interrupted  by  poi-tages,  extended  along  the  route  of 
this  canal,  which  was  used  by  the  natives  with  their  canoes. 
The  canal  was  built  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  Erie.  It 
crosses  the  Mohawk  in  a  pond  formed  by  a  dam  1.700  feet  in 
length,  and  follows  near  the  w.  bank  of  the  Hudson  to  Schuylor- 
viile.  where  it  crosses  into  Washington  co.  by  another  dam  700 
feet  long,  and  continues  near  the  east  bank  to  Fort  Edward. 


Here  it  leaves  the  river  and  crosses  to  the  valley  of  Wood  Creek, 
and  thence,  partly  in  the  bed  of  that  stream,  to  Whitehall. 
When  this  canal  was  first  opened  slackwater  navigation  upon 
the  Hudson  was  used  8  miles  above  and  3  miles  below  Fort 
Miller,  with  a  short  canal  and  2  locks  around  the  falls  at  that 
place.  It  was  ft-d  from  the  Hudson  by  means  of  a  high  and 
costly  dam  near  Fort  Edward.  The  use  of  the  channel  of  the 
Hudson  is  now  entirely  superseded  by  a  canal  along  its  bank, 
bnilt  in  1826-27 ;  and  the  high  dam  has  given  place  to  a  feeder  to  a 
point  above  Glens  Falls,  where  there  is  a  dam  770  feet  long  and 
12  feet  high.  The  feeder  enters  the  canal  at  the  summit  level, 
1^  miles  N.  E.  from  Fort  Edward.  The  canal  communicates 
with  the  Hudson  above  the  State  dam  at  Waterford  by  a  side- 
cut  with  3  locks.  It  has  7  locks  between  the  lake  and  the  sum- 
mit, with  54  feet  total  lift,  and  14  locks,  with  a  total  of  134  feet, 
between  the  Summit  and  the  Hudson  at  Waterford.  The  locks 
on  this  canal  are  being  enlarged  to  a  capacity  of  15?  by  100  feet. 

Stations,  Distances,  and  Elevations  upon  tlie  diamplain  CanaL 


Places. 


Albany 

West  Troy 

.Tunction 

Waterford 

Mechanicsville 

Stillwater  Tillage 

Bleeckers  Basin 

Wilburs  Basin 

Van  Deusens  Landing.. 

Schuylervillo 

Saratoga  Bridge 

Fort  Miller 

Moses  Kil 

Fort  Edward 

Glens  Falls  Feeder 

Bakers  Basin 

Smiths  Basin 

Fort  Ann 

Comstocks  Landing. 

"Whitehall 


>^t 


^^ 


0 
7 
7 
10 
18 
22 
24 
26 
31 
34 
36 
39 
42 
47 
49 
60 
65 
69 
63 
71 


£■3 


ES: 


71 
64 
64 
61 
63 
49 
47 
46 
40 
37 
35 
32 
29 
24 
22 
21 
16 
12 


100 
110 
131 

140 
150 


Glens  Ihlis  Feeder. 
Places. 


Champlain  Canal.... 

Sandy  IliU 

Olens  Falls 

Head  of  the  Feeder.. 
Head  of  the  Pond.... 

Total.... 


3Iiks  from 
place  to  place. 
0 
2 
3 
2 
5 

12 


s  This  canal  is  supplied  by  Chenango  River  and  6  reservoirs, 
viz.. — Madison  Brook,  Woodmans  Pond.  Lelands  Pond.  Bradleys 
Brooll,  Hatchs  Lake,  and  Eaton  Brook  Reservoirs, — all  of  which 
are  in  the  south  part  of  Madison  co.  The  canal  extends  across 
to  and  up  the  TiUley  of  Oriskany  Creek  to  the  summit  level,  and 
down  the  valley  of  Chenango  River.  It  was  begun  in  1833  and 
finished  in  1837.  at  a  cost  of  $1,737,703.  From  Utica  to  the 
Summit  it  rises  706  feet  by  76  locks,  and  from  thence  it  descends 
303  feet  by  38  locks  to  the  Susquehanna.  Of  its  114  locks,  2  are 
stone  and  the  remainder  composite.  Upon  the  feeders  are  12 
road  and  18  farm  bridges. 


CANALS. 


61 


thage,  on  the  liue  of  Jefferson  co.  At  Boonville  the  canal  receives  a  navigable  feeder  12  mi.  long, 
which  derives  its  water  from  Black  River.  Length  of  main  canal  36.62  mi.,  of  feeders  12.48  mi., 
and  of  reservoirs  12.05  mi.* 

Tlie  Oneida  I^ake  Canal-  connects  the  Erie  Canal  at  Higgiusville  (3J  mi.)  with  "Wood 
Creek,  and  by  slackwater,  2^  mi.  on  that  stream,  with  Oneida  Lake,  a  total  distance  of  6  mi.,  and 
a  descent  of  56  ft. 

Tlie  Os»veg"o  Canal.,  extending  from  Syracuse  to  Oswego,  was  authorized  Nov.  20,  1824. 
A  loan  of  8100,000  was  allowed  April  20, 1825 ;  it  wag  begun  in  1826,  and  was  completed  in  1828, 
at  a  cost  of  $525,115.^  It  is  38  mi.  long,and  includes  19  mi.  of  slackwater  navigation  in  Oswego 
and  Seneca  Rivers,  with  a  towing  path  on  the  e.  bank.  Connected  with  this  work  are  the  Oneida 
River  Improvement,  extending  the  whole  length  of  that  stream  from  Three  River  Point 
to  Fort  Brewerton,  at  the  outlet  of  Oneida  Lake;  the  Seneca  River  Improvement,  ex- 
tending from  Mud  Lock,  on  the  Oswego  Canal,  to  Baldwinsville,  by  slackwater  navigation;  and 


stations^  Distances,  and  Elevations  upon  the  Chenango  Canal. 


Places. 


Utica 

Road  leading  frrim  New  Hart- 
ford to  Whitesboro 

Clinton 

Deansville : 

Oriskaoy  Falls 

Solsville 

Bouckville 

Pecks  Basin 

Hamilton 

Lebanon  Factory. 

Earlsville 

Sherburne 

North  Norwich. 

Plastft'T^ille 

Norwich t 

Oxford 

Haynea  Mill 

Greene 

Forks 

Pond  Brook 

Port  Crane 

Crockers  Mills 

Binghamton 


^.^ 

g 

sl 

-^s 

*.  . 

*•! 

.1  o 

5.5 

So. 

^■5. 

:?s 

S«g 

0 

0 

97 

3 

3 

94 

6 

9 

88 

5 

14 

83 

5 

19 

78 

3 

22 

75 

2 

24 

73 

2 

26 

71 

i 

30 

67 

2 

32 

65 

4 

38 

61 

5 

41 

66 

4 

45 

52 

2 

47 

60 

4 

61 

46 

9 

60 

37 

10 

70 

27 

4 

74 

23 

8 

S2 

15 

2 

84 

13 

5 

89 

8 

1 

90 

7 

7 

97 

0 

572 

775 

666 

1,109 

1,128 

1,112 

1.078 
1,033 
1,018 

996 
958 

924 

881 


1  This  canal  was  authorized  April  19, 1836,  and  began  the  next 
summer.  The  summit  level  is  693  feet  aboTO  the  canal  at  Rome, 
to  which  it  descends  by  70  locks.  Northward  the  canal  descends 
3S6  feet,  by  39  locks.  The  feeder  has  but  one  level.  The  State 
has  caused  reservoirs  to  be  formed  by  damming  the  outlet  of 
Woodhnll,  Chub,  North  and  South  Branch,  and  other  lakes  in 
Herkimer  co.  The  Eight  Lakes  near  the  source  of  Moose  River 
are  available  as  reservoirs  to  supply  Black  River  with  water, 
withdrawn  to  feed  the  canal  southward. 

Tabu  of  the  principal  Lakes  which  are  used  or  avaHabU  as 
reservcfirs. 


Lakes. 


Chub  Lake 

Sand    "    

Mud     "    

Woodhull  Lake. 
South  Branch... 
North        "     ... 

Jocks  Lalce 

Moose    "    

First      "    

Second  "    

Third     "    

Fourth  "    

Jifth      «    

Sixth     "    

Seventh"    

Eighth  "    


Area  in 

^d  ahfyve 

acres. 

tide. 

630 

1,599 

1.793 

1,799 

1,236 

1,854 

618 

2,019 

423 

1,821 

2,183 

1,772 

403 

1,684 

175 

1,684 

166 

1,684 

1,979 

1,687 

9 

1,091 

53 

1,760 

1,609 

1,762 

309 

1,776 

In  September.  1S57.  the  Canal  Board  abandoned  its  plans  for 
Improying  the  channel  of  Black  River  by  wing-dams  and  piers, 
and  ordered  a  dam  and  lock  to  be  built  at  the  month  of  Ottor 


Creek.  The  river  has  no  towing  path,  and  boats  are  towed  by 
Bteaniers.  The  State  has  built  a  dam  and  bridge  at  Carthage, 
and  the  piers  of  two  other  bridges,  of  which  the  auperstmctnre 
is  built  by  the  towns. 


Stations,  Distances^  and  Elevations  upon  the  Black  Eiver 
Canal. 


Plaoeb. 


Rome 

Ridge  Mills , 

Lock  No.  7 

Walworth's  Storehouse 

Westernville 

Wells  Brook  Aqueduct 

Stringers  Creek 

Lansing  Kil 

Lock  No.  31 , 

Lansing  Kil  Bam  or  Feeder  . 

Lower  Falls,  Lansing  Kil 

Upper  Falls,  Lansing  Kil  .... 

Lock  No.  70 

Boonville 

Sugar  River 

Little  Falls,  Black  River , 

Port  Leyden 

Lock  No.  97 

Lyons  Falls 


427 


595 
643 
683 


1,130 
1,120 


892 
734 


'JBoonvUle  Feeder. 

Hawkinsville,  on  Feeder 3  miles  from  Boonville. 

A.  Lee's,  on  "  5      "        "  " 

R.  B.  Miller's,  on     "  6      "       «  « 

State  Dam,  on  "  10      "        "  " 

Head  of  Reservoir  12      «       «  « 


1. 

|§ 

58 

11 

II 

0 

0 

35 

2 

2 

33 

3 

5 

M 

1 

6 

29 

.1 

9 

56 

2 

11 

■u 

2 

13 

22 

1 

14 

21 

2 

16 

19 

1 

17 

18 

2 

19 

16 

2 

21 

14 

2 

23 

13 

2 

25 

10 

3 

28 

7 

1 

29 

a 

3 

.32 

3 

1 

33 

2 

a 

35 

0 

8  This  canal  was  completed  in  the  fall  of  1835  by  a  company 
incorporated  March  22,  1832, as  the  "Oneida  Lake  Canal  Co." 
The  company  having  to  nse  the  waters  of  the  Erie  Canal  from 
the  long  level,  were  required  to  supply  on  equivalent  amount. 
A  feeder  was  constructed  5  miles  west,  drawing  its  waters  from 
Oneida  Creek.  It  is  2  miles  long,  and  not  navigable.  The 
company  had  authority  to  extend  its  improvements  4  miles  up 
Wood  Creek,  but  nothing  was  ever  done  in  that  direction.  By 
an  act  of  May  11, 1840,  the  Canal  Commissioners  were  authorized 
to  purchase  it  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  $50,000,  which  was  done 
April  12;  1841,  and  State  stock  bearing  5  per  cent,  interest,  and 
redeemable  in  10  years,  was  isflued  in  payment.  The  first  cost 
of  the  canal  and  feeder  was  $78,824.85. 

This  canal  forma  an  important  link  in  the  internal  water 
communication  of  the  State,  extending  navigation  from  the 
Erie  Canal  to  Oneida  Lake,  and  by  the  Oneida  Outlet  to  the 
Oswego  Canal  and  River.  Before  the  Erie  Canal  was  built  the 
Oneida  Lake  route  was  the  great  thoroughfare  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  goods  westward. 

s  The  act  did  not  ori^nally  authorize  a  connection  with  the 
Erie  Canal,  but  only  a  communication  with  Onondaga  Lake. 
The  connection  was  recommended  by  the  commissioners  in  1827. 
and  it  was  authorized  soon  after.  Tliis  canal  has  a  fail  of  123 
feet  by  IS  locks. 

The  Oneida  River  Improvement  has  2  steamboat  locks,  one 
of  3  and  one  of  3^  feet  lift,  120  feet  long  and  30  wido,  passing 
boats  drawing  4  feet  of  water.  It  also  has  one  dam  and  on» 
draw  bridge  at  Oak  Orchard  and  Browerton. 


62 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


thence  by  a  canal  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long,  with  one  lift  and  one  guard  lock,  and  by  slack- 
water  on  the  Seneca  River  to  Jacks  Reef. 

Cayuga  and  .Seneca  Canal  connects  the  Erie  Canal  at  Montezuma  with  Cayuga  Lake  at 
East  Cayuga  and  with  Seneca  Lake  at  Geneva.  About  half  of  the  canal  is  formed  by  slackwater 
navigation  upon  Seneca  River,  and  the  remainder  is  a  channel  parallel  to  the  river.  As  enlarged, 
this  canal  admits  the  passage  of  large  boats  from  the  Erie  Canal  to  the  head  of  Cayuga  and  Seneca 
Lakes.' 

Crooked  liake  Canal  connects  Crooked  Lake  at  Penn  Yan  with  Seneca  Lake  at  Dresden.' 

Chemung  Canal  and  Feeder  connects  Seneca  Lake  at  Watkins  with  Chemung  River 
at  Elmira,  with  a  navigable  feeder  from  Knoxville  on  Chemung  River  to  Horseheads,  on  the 
summit  level  of  the  Chemung  Canal,  including  slackwater  navigation  from  the  dam  and  guard 
lock  at  Gibson  to  Knoxville.' 

The  Genesee  Talley  Canal  extends  from  Rochester  up  the  Genesee  Valley  to  Olean 
upon  the  Allegany.  The  summit  level  is  978  ft.  above  Rochester  and  86  ft.  above  the  Allegany 
River,  at  Olean,  and  from  it  97  locks  descend  toward  the  n.  and  9  toward  the  s.* 


Stations,  Distances,  and  Elevations  upon  the  Oswego  Canal. 


Syracuse 

Salina 

LWerpooI 

Mud  Lock 

Cold  .Spring 

New  Bridge 

Tliree  River  Point. 

Pbcenix 

Sweet's  Lock 

Ox  Creek 

Fulton 

Braddock'8  Rapid.. 
Tilfany's  Landing.. 

High  Dam 

Oswego 


it 

s  . 

g 

■i.| 

*.a 

^t 

:s<^ 

^« 

0 

n 

.IS 

2 

2 

36 

■A 

.1 

:« 

•I 

7 

31 

1 

S 

30 

h 

i:i 

•& 

2 

V\ 

23 

2 

17 

21 

3 

20 

18 

3 

2S 

15 

4 

27 

11 

4 

31 

7 

4 

3,'> 

3 

1 

36 

2 

2 

3S 

0 

345 


243 


OnHda.  River  Improvement. 

Places.  Miles  frmi 
place  to  place. 

Tliree  River  Point 0 

Peter  gcott  Creek 4 

Oak  Orchard 4 

Caughilenoy 7 

llrewerton 5 

Total 20 

Serieca  River  Improvement. 

Mud  Lock •       0 

HaldwiiiBville 6 

Jacks   Reef. 12 

Total 18 

1  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal— Stations  and  Distances. 

Places.  Miksfrom 
place  to  place. 

Monteznma 0 

PenecaKiver 6 

S.  Dermont'8 2 

Seueca  Falls 3 

Chamberlain's  Mills 2 

Waterloo 2 

Tears 5 

Geneva 2 

Lateral  Canal  to  East 0 

Cayuga 2 

Total 23 

The  Seneca  Lock  Navigation  Co.  was  incorporated  April  6, 
1813,  for  the  purpose  of  improving  the  outlet  of  Seneca  and 
Cayuga  Lakes:  and  the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal  Co.  was  char- 
tered April  20, 1815.  Its  capital  was  increased  in  1816  to  $60,000, 
and  in  1817  a  fiirthor  call  of  25  per  cent,  upon  the  original  stock 
was  anthoiized,  including  a  like  extension  of  payment  on  stock 
held  by  the  State.  The  proposition  for  assuming  this  work  by  the 
State  was  approved  in  1S25,  and  the  interest  of  the  company  was 
purchased  for  $33,867.18,  exclusive  of  the  amount  owned  by  the 
State.    The  work  waa  begun  in  1826,  and  finished  in  1828,  at  a 


cost  of  $214,000.  The  inlet  to  Cayuga  Lake  is  navigable  1^ 
miles  to  Ithaca.  The  locks  of  this  canal  are  all  enlarged,  ex- 
cepting one  at  Chamberlain's  Dam.  which  will  be  dispensed 
with  so  as  to  include  the  distance  from  Seneca  Falls  to  "Waterloo 
in  one  level.  The  descent  from  Geneva  to  Montezuma  is  74  feet 
by  12  locks. 

2  The  survey  of  this  canal  was  authorized  by  the  Legislature 
in  1828.  The  canal  was  ordered  to  be  built  by  an  act  of  April 
11. 1829.  It  was  begun  in  1830  and  finished  in  1833.  It  has  a 
descent  of  269  feet  by  27  locks.  It  extends  water  communicar 
tiou  to  the  various  ports  upon  Crooked  Lake. 

Crooked  Ldice  Canal — Stations  and  Distances. 

Places.  Miles  from 
^■^'-'■^-                                   place  toplactK 

Dresden 0 

Blallory's 3 

Andrews  and  Ways 2 

Penn  Yan 2 

Crooked  Lake 1 


Total.. 


3  This  canal  was  authorized  April  15, 1S29,  and  its  construc- 
tion was  begun  in  that  year  and  finished  in  1S33.  The  total 
lockages  on  both  the  canal  and  feeder  are  516  feet  by  53  locks,  and 
the  original  cost  was?344,000.  From  Corning,  the  Blossburg  k 
Corning  R.  K.  ascends  into  the  bituminous  coal  region  of  Tioga 
CO.,  Penn.,  and  this  article  forms  a  very  important  item  in  the 
business  of  the  canal.  It  also  communicates  with  the  Erie 
R.  R.  The  .Junction  Canal,  a  privato  enterprise  connecting  the 
Chemung  Canal  at  Elmira  with  the  North  Branch  Canal  of 
Penn.  at  Athens,  19  mi.  8.,  pi-omises  to  become  an  important 
tributary  to  the  trade  of  this  canal  by  opening  access  to  the 
coal  region.  The  diversion  of  Chemung  River  into  our  canals 
has  been  made  a  subject  of  complaint  and  remonstrance  by  the 
State  of  Penn.  Plans  have  been  proposed  for  using  Mud  Lake. 
(459  acres)  and  Little  Lake,  (708^  acres,)  in  Tyi-ono,  as  reser- 
voirs to  relieve  this  canal  from  the  inconvenience  felt  in  di-y 
seasons  from  low  water. 

Chemung  Canal  and  Feeder — Sta(io7is  and  Distances. 


PLACES.  MILES. 

Seneca  Lake 0 

Havana 4 

Millport 6 

ITorseheads 7 

Elmira 6 

Knoxville 22 


Total.. 


47 


Feeder. 

PLACES-  MILES. 

Hoi-seheads 0 

Miller's  Basin. 7 

Dam  at  head  of  Feeder..  7 

Knoxville 2 


Total.. 


16 


<  This  canal  was  authorized  by  act  of  May  6, 1836,  and  was 
begun  the  same  year.  The  portion  from  the  Junction  to 
Rochester  and  the  Dansville  side-cut,  in  all  52  miles,  was 
finished  in  1840;  to  Ornmel,  36  miles  further,  with  the  Genesee 
Fender  at  that  place,  in  ]s51;  to  Belfast,  2  miles,  in  1833;  to 
Rockville,  3  miles,  in  1S54,  and  to  Clean,  24  miles,  in  1856.  A 
section  of  one  mile,  with  2  lift  locks  and  2  bridges,  still  remains 
to  be  finished. 

The  repairs  of  the  first  and  second  sections  of  this  canal  were 
put  xinder  contract  for  five  years  in  Dec.  1855.  the  former  for 
iS,440  and  the  latter  for  $13,900  per  annum.  In  consequence 
of  heavy  freshets  and  unexpected  damages,  the  contractor  on 
the  first  section  abandoned  his  contract  In  June.  1857. 

An  act  passed,  1857,  authorized  the  extension  of  this  canal 
fi-om  Olean  eastward  across  Olean  Creek  and  the  bottom  lands 
along  the  n.  bank  of  the  Allegany  to  its  entrance  into  Mill  Grove 
Pond,  6.52  miles. 


CANALS. 


63 


Besides  the  foregoing  navigable  improvements  by  the  State,  the  following  have  been  placed 
under  the  direction  of  the  Canal  Commissioner  for  construction : 

Tlie  Owasco  Liake  Improvement,  ordered  in  1852,  and  designed  to  make  this  lake  a 
reservoir  for  supplying  a  vrater  power  for  the  machinery  in  Auburn  State  Prison.' 

Tlie  draining  of  Cayuga  niarslies,  for  reclaiming  a  large  amount  of  land,  estimated 
at  40,000  acres,  at  the  outlet  of  Cayuga  Lake  and  along  Seneca  River.  By  an  act  of  April  12, 
1853,  the  channel  of  the  river  was  ordered  to  be  lowered,  and  the  lands  benefitted  to  be  taxed  for 
the  expense.  Surveys  have  been  made  and  the  work  partly  accomplished  under  the  direction  of 
the  Canal  Commissioners.'' 

Several  companies  have  been  incorporated  for  the  purpose  of  constructing  navigable  canals,  but, 
with  two  or  three  exceptions,  none  of  these  have  at  present  a  corporate  existence. 

Ttae  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  extending  from  Rondout  on  the  Hudson  to  Hones- 
dale,  Penn.,  is  the  most  important  of  these.  It  is  connected  with  the  Lackawanna  coal  region  by  a 
R.  R.  16  mi.  long,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  routes  by  which  coal  is  brought  to  the  market  upon 
the  Hudson.^ 


StaHonSy  DUtances,  and  Elevations  upon  Vie  Genesee  VaUey  Canal. 


Kochpster 

Rapids  (Lock  No.  1) 

Tone's  Basin 

Scottsville 

Canawaugus  (ATon  road) 

Sackett's  Basin 

FowleryJlle  UoatL — - 

Barclay's  Mill , 

PilTardinia - 

Spencer'^  Basin... 

Tracy's  Basin ~ 

Cuylerville — - — 

Leicester,  Moscow  Landing 

Genesee  River  Dam 

Mount  Morris - 

Shaker  Settlement 

BrushTille - 

Nunda 

Messenger's  Hollow 

Genesee  Falls  (Tunnel  section) 

Portageville. - 

Lock  No.  01 

Mixville  Landing,  Wiscoy  Feeder. 

Fillmore 

Burrville 

Caneadea  Center. 

Oramel 

Belfast 

Rockville 

Caseville — 

Black  Creek  Cornera— 

Cuba 

lechua  Feeder 

Hinsdale— 

Clean 


"=>s 


0 
2 

8 
12 
20 
22 
24 
26 
29 
30 
32 
33 
34 
36 
37 
41 
46 
61 
53 
67 
59 
64 
65 
69 
75 
76 
78 


84 
88 
93 
99 
100 
107 


107 
105 
99 
95 
87 
85 
83 
81 
78 
77 
75 
74 
73 
71 
70 
66 
61 
56 
64 
60 
48 
43 
42 
38 
32 
31 
29 
27 
24 
23 
19 
14 
8 
7 
0 


11 


507 


689 
600 


796 
947 


1,162 
1,222 

1,315 

1,410 

1,485 


DansvUU  Branch. 

Places. 


Shaker  Settlement-.. 

Fitzhugh'8  Basin 

Kysorville 

Rock  Spring , 

Sherwoods  Landing... 

Steam  Sawmill 

McNairs  Landing 

Woodville 

CommonsviUe 

Dansville 


Miles  frcmi 
placeto  place. 
0 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


Total. 


11 


1  This  work  was  2  years  in  charge  of  the  Agent  of  the  State 
Prison  and  the  Mayor  of  Auburn,  but  in  1855  it  was  placed  in 
the  hands  of  the  Canal  Commissioners.  The  work,  up  to  1867, 
was  greatly  injured  by  a  Spring  flood.  From  1852  to  1S57  in- 
clusive, $33,485  had  been  appropriated  for  this  work. 

2  In  1S24,  and  several  times  afterward,  the  drainage  of  these 
marshes  was  made  the  subject  of  legisLntive  enactment,  but 
without  other  results  than  surveys.  A  concise  history  of  this 
movement  is  given  in  Senate  Doc.  35,  1853.  The  work  was 
placed  in  1853  under  the  direction  of  George  Geddes,  and  up  to 
1858,  $175,000  had  been  appropriated  and  mostly  expended. — 
Report  Canal  Commissioners^  1858,  p.  110. 

3  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Company  was  incorporated 
April  23,  1823,  with  a  capital  of  $1,600,000,  with  the  right  of 
usingS600,000  in  banking  until  1844.  The  credit  of  the  State 
was  loaned  for  $800,000,  in  stock,  bearing  Interest  of  45  or  5  per 
cent.  The  canal  was  begun  in  July,  1825,  and  opened  for  use  in 
Oct.  1S28.  Its  length  from  Rondout  to  Port  .Tervis,  on  the  Dela- 
ware, is  59  miles ;  and  from  Port  Jervis,  up  the  Delaware  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Lakawasen,  24  miles.  It  crosses  the  river  at  the 
latter  place,  and  extends  26  miles  furthf^r  to  Honesdale.  Its 
highest  summit  between  the  Hudson  and  Delaware  Rivers  is  685 
feet  above  tide.  Its  descent  to  the  Delaw.are  is  80  feet:  its  rise 
along  the  Delaware  isl48  feet;  and  its  rise  between  the  Delaware 
and  Honesdale  187  feet.  The  aggregate  number  of  locks  is  109. 
and  the  total  rise  and  fall  is  950  feet.  The  railroad  to  the  coal 
mines  is  also  o^vned  by  the  Canal  Company.  The  original  cost 
of  the  New  York  section  of  the  canal  was  $1,424,994,  and  of  tiio 
Penn.  section  $612,123.  The  company  o^vn  most  of  the  lK)at8 
used  upon  the  canal,  and  conduct  the  mining  operations  at  Car- 
bondale.  Present  capital,  $7,500,000.  The  canal  was  originally 
constructed  to  afford  4  feet  of  depth,  and  to  accommodate  boats 
of  30  tons.  In  Sept.,  1842,  a  plan  of  enlargement  was  adopted, 
and  5  feetof  water  was  obtained,  accommodating  boats  of  40  tons 
each.  In  1851  a  further  enlargement  was  completed,  obtaining 
6  feet  of  water,  and  accommixlating  boats  of  120  tons.  The 
locks  are  now  constructed  with  a  single  gate  at  the  upper  end, 
which  turns  down  upon  hinges  like  a  door.  It  is  found  to  bo 
very  serviceable,  and  much  quicker  to  operate  than  the  double 
gate. 

Annual  Receipts  of  Tolls  on  the  Delaware  aTid  Hudson  Canal 
since  its  completion. 


1830.. 
1831.. 
1832.. 
1833.. 
1834.. 
1835.. 
1836.. 
1837.. 
1838.. 
1839... 
1840.. 
1841.. 
1842.. 
1843.. 
1844.. 


$16, 
20, 

28: 
37; 

36, 
41, 
45, 
41, 
40, 
40, 
35, 
39, 
33. 
30, 
33,1 


,422,44 
,664,64 
,717,51 
,004,68 
,946.07 
,154.73 
,164.73 
,832.42 
,323.38 
,095.26 
,460.46 
,388.19 
894.93 
996.53 
,525.61 


1845 

1846 

1847 

1843 

1849 

1860 

1851 

1862 

1853 

1864 

1856 

1860 

1857.—.. 
1868 


$25,880.92 

26,068.66 

38,971.34 

46.548.64 

34,817.96 

97.999.16 

168,441,96 

293.174.67 

378,479.83 

687,349.52 

652,362.94 

583.737.86 

435A98.44 


J 


64 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Distances  on  the  Delaivare  and  Hudson  Canal. 


Names  of  Places. 


Eddyrille 

Greenkill 

Hombeck's  Bridge 

Head  of  I'onrl 

Hardenburgh's  Basin..... 

Le  Fever's  Falls 

RoBendale 

Lawrence'9  Mills 

JIarble  Quarries 

High  Fulls 

Hasbrouck's  Basin 

Pliilip  llasbrouck's 

Clove  Church 

Alligerville 

John  P.  Di:-puy"8  Basin... 

Enoch  Freeland's , 

Stony  Hill  Aqueduct 

Port  Jackson 

David  Vt-nooy's 

C.  P.  Hornbeck's 

Mountain  Brook 

Middleport 

Bruyn's  Basin 

Port  Hyxson 

Port  Benjamin , 

Heirstard'a  Bridge 

Southwick'a  Brick  Yard 

TeiTvilliger's  Feeder 

EUenville 

Cutler's  Basin 

Broadhead's  Brickhill.... 

Jared  Ritche'a 

Penney "s  Basin 

Red  Bridge 

Phillipsport 

Davis — Summit  Level.... 

Beatysburgh 

Log  House  in  Swamp 

South  Side  of  Swamp.... 

Gumare's  Brook 

Wurtsboro' 

Sneed's  Basin 


"S-  • 

li 

.sis 

s* 

&  s 

1^4 

«=? 

SiS 

No.  1 

0 

lOS 

1 

2 
3 

107 
106 

100 

2     to    4 

6 

4 

104 

6 

6 

103 

7 

6 

102 

Sand    9 

7 

101 

10  and  11 

8 

100 

12  to  19 

9 

99 

20  and  21 

10 

98 

11 
12 
13 

97 
96 
95 

•T) 

23 

14 

94 

15 
16 

93 
92 

24 

17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

91 

90 
89 

88 
87 

25 

22 
23 

86 
85 

26 

27 

24 

84 

25 
20 

83 
82 

28 

29  and  30 

27 

81 

31  and  32 

2S 

80 

33 

29 

79 

24 

30 

78 

35  and  36 

31 

77 

37  and  38 

32 

76 

39    to  41 

33 

75 

42    to  61 

34 

74 

62    to   54 

36 

73 

36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 

72 
71 
70 
69 
68 
67 

Names  op  Places. 


Graham's  Basin 

Manerza  Smith's 

Brown  Haven 

Oak  Brook  Aqueduct 

Indian  Spring 

Tunnel  Uill , 

Westbrookville 

Samuel  Staunten's 

Van  Inweigen's  Basin 

CuddebackviUe 

Neversink  Aqueduct 

Piersonville 

Solomon  Van  Etten's  Bridge. 

Canal  Store 

Hornbeck's  Culvert 

Bird's  Nest  Bock 

Stop  Gate — Pine  Woods 

Benjamin  Cuddeback'a 

Port  Jervis , 

Stop  Gate — Westfall's  Basin. 

Sparrow  Bush  Brook 

Honesville 

Bolton 

Butler's  Falls 

Mongaup , 

Dickerson's  Eddy 

Stairway  Brook , 

Vanaukin"a  Bridge 

Fish  Cabin  Brook , 

Tucker's  Aqueduct 

Pond  Eddy , 

Van  Tuyl's  Brook. 

Van  Tuyls  Basin 

Craigsville 

Buttermilk  Falls 

Handsome  Eddy 

David  Johnston's 

Barrysville 

Panther  Brook 

Beaver  Brook 

Stop  Lock 

Delaware  Dam 


55    to  69 
60 


61 
62  and  63 


67 


69  and  70 

71 

72"and'73 


G'nd  L'k. 


35 
34 


29 

28 
27 
26 
25 


Table  of  Companies  which  have  been  organized  for  Constructing  Canals  and  Extending  Navigation 

in  the  State. 


Names  of  Canals. 


Allegany  River  Slackwater  Na- 
vigation Co. 

Auburn  Canal  and  R.R.  Co 

Auburn  &  Owasco  Canal  Co 

Binghamton,  Owego,  &   Penn. 
Slackwater  Navigation  Co. 

Black  River  Canal  Co 

Black  River  Navigation  Co 

;a  Navigation  Co 


Catatunk  Dock  Navigation  Co.. 


Cayuga  &  Seneca  Canal  Co 

Chenango  Junction  Canal  Co.... 
Chittenango  Canal  Co 


Delaware  &  Susquehanna  Na- 
vigation Co. 

EUicotts  Creek  Slackwater  Na- 
vigation Co. 

Gowanus  Bay  &  East  River 

Great  Chazy  Navigation  Co 

Granville  Canal  Co 

Uarlem  Canal  Co 

Harlem  River  Canal  Co , 

Hudson  River  &  Channel  Co 

Jefferson  County  Canal  Co 

Junction  Canal  Co 


Dat''  of 
Organization. 


April     7, 1S57 

April  24, 1832 
April    21,1828 

April      9, 1855 

March  20, 1828 
April  5, 1810 
AprU    lb,  1827 

March    3, 1S15 


April  20, 1S15 
May  12, 1S46 
March    1,1818 


AprU  20, 

April  23, 

April  24, 

May  11, 

AprU  IS, 

April  18, 

April  16, 

AprU  4, 1806 


182! 

1829 

183' 

1836 

1825 

1826 
1S27 


April    15, 
April    21, 


182S 
1828 


Capital. 


$30,000 

150.000 
100,000 

100,000 

400.000 
10,000 
20,000 

70,000 


5,000 


5,000 


550,000 
500,000 


300,000 
100.000 


Aubtirn  and  Erie  Canal 

Auburn  and  Owasco  Lake 

Erie  Canal  and  Black  River 

Browuville  and  Lake  Ontario.... 

Montezuma  and  Seneca  Lake.... 

Binghamton  to  State  line 

Chittenango  Village   and    Erie 
Canal. 


Delaware 
River. 


and     Susquehanna 


City  of  Brooklyn  may  cause  to 
be  constructed. 

Lake  and  Lower  Bridge  at 
Champlain. 

Champlain  Canal  and  Bishops 
Corners. 

East  River  and  Manhattanville. 

Spuyten  Dnyvil  Creek  and  Har- 
lem River. 

For  raft  navigation  on  upper 
water. 

Carthage  and  Sackcts  Harbor.... 

From  Erie  Canal  near  Cham- 
plain Junction  to  Hudson 
River. 


To  improve  Allegany  River  be- 
low Olean. 

Nothing  done. 

Charter  renewed  in  1834;  not 
finished. 

Act  amended  in  1857. 

Nothing  done. 
Not  constructed, 
Toimpi-oveCiissadagaCreek;  not 

completed. 
To    improve    Cattatunk   Creek 

from    its      mouth    to    N.  w. 

branch.    Nothing  done. 
Rights  purchased  by  the  State. 
Nothing  done. 
Assumed  by  the  State,  and  used 

as  a  navigable  feeder  to  Erie 

Canal. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Partially  improved. 


Nothing  done. 

Partly  done  and  abandoned. 
Surveyed  but  not  constructed. 


Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 


CANALS. 


65 


Table  of  Companies  which  have  been  organized  for  Constructing  Canals  and  Extending  Navigation 

in  the  State^  continued. 


Names  op  Canals. 


Junction  Canal  Co 

Long  Island  Canal  Co 

Long  Island  Canal  &  Navigar 

tjon  Co. 
Maulius  Canal  Co 

Mohawk     &      Hudson     Lock 

Naviffation  Co. 
Nevereink  Navigation  Co 

New  York  &  Sharon 

Niagara  Canal  Co 

Northern  Inland  Lock  Naviga- 
tion Co. 

Northern  Slackwater  &  Rail- 
way Co. 

Oneida  Lake  Canal  Co 

Onondaga  Canal  Co 

Ontario  Canal  Co 

Orange  &  Snsscx  Canal  Co 

Oswegatchie  Navigation  Co 

Owasco  &  Erie  Canal  Co 

Pecouic  River  Lock  Navigation 
Co. 

Rochester  Canal  &  R.R.  Co. 

St.  Lawrence  Lock  Co 

Salmon  River  HarborCanal  Co.. 

ScottsviUe  Canal  Co 

Seneca  Lock  Navigation  Co 

Seneca  &   Susquehanna    Lock 

Navigation  Co. 
Sodus  Canal  Co 

Susquehanna  &  Chenango 

Wallabout  Canal  Co 

Wallabout  Canal  Co 

Weetem  Inland  Lock  Naviga- 
tion Co. 


Date  of 
Organization. 


May     11, 1845 

April    15,1828 

April  8, 1S48 

April  15,1828 

April  17,1816 

AprU  16,1816 

Apra    19,1823 

April      5, 179S 
March  30, 1792 

May     13, 1846 

March  22, 1832 

Nov.     25,  IS^ 

March  31, 1821 

April    11,1825 

April    25,1831 


Capital. 


$200,000 

300,000 
50,000 

500,000 
50,000 


May 
April 


1, 1829 
8, 1808 


March  26, 1831 
AprU      1, 1808 

May  16, 1837 
AprU  30, 1829 
AprU      6,  1813 

March  31, 1815 
March  19, 1829 

Mav  20, 1836 
Apnl      9, 1828 

April    18,1838 

March  30, 1792 


40,000 


100,000 


150,000 
30,000 


350,000 
15.000 
50,000 


300,000 
200,000 

"20J0OO 
25,000 


Omncction. 


From  Chemung  Canal  at  Elmira 
to  State  Hue  to  connect  with 
North  Branch  Canal. 

To  connect  Bays  on  8.  side  and 
to  cross  Canoe  Place  to  Peco- 
nic  Bay. 

The  same 


Erie  Canal  and  Manliua  Slack- 
water  Navigation. 
Coboes  Falls  and  Schenectady... 


From  Sharon,  Conn.,  to  tide 
water  to  any  point  on  the 
Hudson  or  in  the  City  of 
New  York. 

Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario 

Hudson  River  and  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

Port  Kent  and  Saranac 


Erie     Canal     and     Onondaga 

Hollow. 
Canandaigua    Lake    and   Erie 

Canal. 
From   Columbia,  on    the  Dela- 
ware, through  Orange  co.,  to 

the  Hudson. 
From  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Black 

Lake  and  Canton. 

Owasco  Lake  and  Erie  Canal 

To  construct  Locks  and  Dams 

in  Peconic  River. 

Rochester  and  Lake  Ontario 

For  building  Locks  at  Isle  au 

Rapid. 
Lake  Ontario  and  Port  Ontario.. 
ScottsviUe  and  Genesee  River. 
For       improving       navigation 

between  Seneca  and  Cayuga 

Lakes. 
From  Seneca  Lake  to  Chemung 

River  near  Eimira. 
From  Seneca  River  or  Canan- 
daigua outlet  to  Great  Sodus 

Bay. 
From  river  to  Chenango  Canal. 
Wallsibout  Bay  and  TUlory  St. 

Brooklyn. 
Wallabout  Bay  to  Kent  Avenue, 

Brooklyn. 
To  open  navigation  on  the  Mo- 

luiwk,  Wood  Creek,  Oneida, 

ami  Oswego  Rivers  to  Lake 

Ontario. 


Remarlcs. 


Completed  in  1858. 

Nothing  done  but  survey. 

Nothing  done. 
State  Canal  Feeder. 
Nothing  done. 

The  project  failed.  The  State 
loaned  its  cre.Ut  for  $10,000 
and  lost  the  whole  Biun. 

Surveyed  nearly  on  the  preseat 
line  of  the  Harlem  R.  R. 


Nothing  done. 

Work  commenced  bat  no  part 

completed. 
Nothing  done. 

Finished  in  1835,  and  purchased 

by  the  State  in  1841. 
Not  constructed. 

Nothing  done. 

The  right  granted  in  1828  to 
build  a  R.  B.  on  the  line. 
Nothing  done  on  either. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Railroad  only  constructed. 
Locks  completed  but  too  small 

for  general  use. 
Never  completed. 

Merged  in  Cayuga  &  Seneca 
Canal. 

Nothing  done. 

Partly  coustmcted,  but  never 
used. 


Not  constructed. 


Completed  to  Oneida  Lake  in 
1797.  The  rights  were  after- 
ward vested  in  the  State, 
and  such  as  were  avaUable 
were  used  for  the  Erie  Canal. 


RAIL   ROADS. 

The  first  rail  road  in  the  State,  and  the  second  in  the  U.  S.,  was  opened  from  Albany  to 
Schenectady  in  1831.  Although  rudely  constructed,  at  great  and  much  needless  expense,  the 
advantages  of  this  means  of  communication  became  so  apparent  that  within  3  years  rail  roads, 
duly  chartered  by  law,  were  projected  in  every  part  of  the  State.^  These  early  grants  were  gene- 
rally limited  to  50  years,  and  work  was  required  to  be  commenced  within  3  years,  the  State  being 
allowed  to  become  purchaser  at  the  espiratiou  of  the  charter.  The  charters  contained  the  neces- 
sary provisions  for  the  taking  of  property  by  appraisements,  named  the  commissioners  for  opening 
subscriptions,  and  sometimes  for  locating  and  surveying  the  road,  which  in  a  few  instances  was 
done  at  the  expense  of  the  State. 

At  an  early  period  the  aid  of  the  General  Government  was  solicited,  in  view  of  the  utility  of  these 
roads  in  the  transportation  of  the  mails,  and,  in  case  of  war,  of  military  supplies ;  but,  with  the 
exception  of  surveys  made  in  two  instances,  no  aid  was  obtained  from  this  source.     The  State  has 


1  Albany,  Vermont,  &  Canada  Rail  Road,  for- 
merly the  Albany  Northern  R.  R.  Company  organized 
Feb.  12,  1S51.  Connects  Albany  and  Eaglo  Bridge.  Road 
opened  through  about  the  1st  of  July,  1853.  It  was  sold 
under  foreclosure  of  mortgage  Oct.  16,  1856,  and  assumed 
its  present  name  Nov.  7,  following. 

Albany,  Vcnnont,  and  Canada  RaU  Road, 
Stations  and  Distances. 


Albany 

Cemetery. — 

West  Troy  .„ , 

Cohoes  

Waterford 

Saratoga  Junction, 

Schaghticoke 

Pittstown , 

Johnsonville 

Buskirks 

Eagle  Bridge 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between         From  From 

Staiions.      Albany.     EagleB'dg. 


0 

0 

i 

4 

2 

6 

3 

9 

2 

11 

1 

12 

10 

22 

1 

23 

3 

20 

5 

31 

2 

33 

33 
29 
27 
24 
22 
21 
11 
10 
7 
2 

0 


Albany  &  West  Stockbrldge  Rail  Road,  for- 
merly Caatlftou  &  West  Stockbridge  R.  R.  Company  or- 
ganized April  19, 1830,  but  nothing  ivns  done  under  the  first 
name.  Present  name  assumed  May  5, 1836.  Road  opened 
from  Qreenbnsh  to  Chatham  Dec.  21,  1841,  and  to  the  State 
line  Sept.  12,  1842.  It  was  leased  to  the  Western  (Mass.) 
R.  R.  Nov.  18, 1841,  for  the  term  of  its  charter ;  and  has 
since  been  operated  as  a  part  of  that  road.  inclndin<;  tho 
ferry  at  Albany.  Tho  city  of  Albany,  at  different  times, 
issued  its  bonds  for  $1,000,000,  to  aid  in  building  the  road, 
the  lessees  paying  tho  interest  and  $10,000  annually  toward 
the  sinking  fund.  It  connects  Albany  with  Springfield  and 
Boston. 

Western  RaU  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances. 


Stations. 


Albany 

Qreenbnsh 

Scbodiick 

Kinderhook 

Chathimi  Center 

Chatham  Four  Corners^. 

East  Chatham 

Canaan 

State  Line.- — 

Pittsfield,     Mass. 

Springfield,     "     — . 

Worcester,      "    

Boston,  ''     


Distances  in  Miles. 


Bfjioeen         Prom 
Stations.       Albani/. 


0 
1 

7 

8 

3 

4 

5 

5 

S 

11 

63 

54 

44 


0 
1 

8 
16 
19 
23 
28 
33 
38 
49 
102 
156 
200 


Proni 
Boston. 


2(10 
199 
192 
184 
181 
177 
172 
167 
162 
151 
98 
44 
0 


Atlantic  Si  Great  AVestern  Rail  Road  Co.  was 

formed  Dec.  9, 1858.     The  line  extends  from  the  New  York 
&  Erie  R.  R.  at  Little  Valley  to  tho  8.  line  of  ChauUuqua 
county. 
66 


Attica  t£  fformUsville  RaU  Road.  Company  incorporated  May 
14,  1845 ;  capital  $760,000.  Time  extended  April  11,  1849. 
Other  roads  allowed  to  take  stock  April  9, 1861.  Capital  in- 
creased and  company  allowed  to  purchase  the  Buffalo  & 
Rochester  R.  R.,  from  Attica  to  Buflalo,  and  to  change  its 
name  March  3,  1851.  Name  changed  to  Buffalo  &  New 
York  City  R.  R.,  April  16,  1861. 

Black  River  &  Utica  Rail  Road.  Company 
f  irmed  Jan.  29.  1853.  Road  opened  to  Trenton  .Tan.  1, 1855, 
and  to  Boonville  Dec.  18,  1865.  The  city  of  Utica  has  is- 
sued its  bonds  for  $250,000,  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  the 
road.    It  is  designed  to  connect  Utica  and  Clayton. 

Black  River  <£-  Utica  RaU  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Utica. 

Marcy.- 

rioyd'Road 

Stittsrtlle 

Holland  Patent. 

Trenton _. 

Trenton  Falls... 

Prospect 

Remsen 

Alder  Creek 

Boonville 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between 
Stations, 


4 

li 

1 

2} 

7 

7 


From 
Utica. 


0 

6 

8 
10 
12 
16 
17A 
18i 
21 
28 
35 


Prom, 
Boonville. 


36 

29 

27 

25 

23 

19 

17i 

16i 

14 

7 

0 


Blossljure  &  Corning  Rail  Road,  formerly  the 
Cc)rning  &  Blossbnrg  R.R..  and  previously  the  Tioga  Coal, 
Iron  Mining,  &  Manufacturing  Co.  R.  R.  Was  leased  for  a 
term  of  ve.ars  to  the  Tioga  (Pa.)  R.  R.  Co.  In  1S54  it  wa3 
sold  for  $250,000,  subject  to  a  mortgiige  of  $246,000  and  a 
ten  years  lease  to  the  Tioga  Co.  It  is  operated  at  present 
by  the  lessees. 

Blossburg  and  Corning  RaUroad. 


Distances  in  Miles. 

Stations. 

Between 
Stations. 

From 
Coming. 

From 
Zawrencev. 

0 
8J 
12i 
16 

0 

8S 
21 
36 

36 

27S 

16 

0 

Brooklyn  City  Rail  Road*    Company  formed  Dec.  16, 
1S53.    Opened  as  follows : 
flushing  Avenue  Route.    Fulton  St.  to  Throop 

Avenue  in July,    1S54 

Tulton  Avenue  Route.     Ferry  to  Washington 

Avenue  in July,  1S54 

Myrtle  Avenue  Route.    Fulton  St.  to  Nortram 

Avenue  in July,    1854 

Greenwood  Route.  Fulton  St.  to  Gowanus  Creek 

in Aug.    1854 

'Wftshiugton  Avenue  to  Brooklyn  Avenue  in Sept.    1864 

Kent  Avenue  to  Bushwick  Creek  in Oct.      1S54 

Gowanus  Creek  to  36th  St.  in Nov.    1864 

Nortram  Avenue  to  Division  Avenue  in Nov.    1S54 


KAIL    ROADS. 


67 


upon  several  occasions  loaned  its  credit  to  r.  r.  companies  by  issuing  stock  and  retaining  a  lien 
upon  the  roads,  which  in  some  cases  was  afterward  relinquished,  and  in  others  sacrificed  by  sale 
at  nominal  prices. 


Throop  Aveuue  to  DivisioujAvenue  in. April,  1855 

IlamiltoD  Avenue  Route.  Court  St.  to  Ferry  in  May,    1865 
This  road  is  used  for  passengers  only,  und 
horse  power  ia  exclusively  employed. 

36th  St.  to  City  Line July,   1855 

iUishwick  Creek  to  Kent  St.  in Oct.      1855 

Kent  St.  to  Furman  St.  in Dec.     1865 

City  Line  to  Yellow  Hooklandin July,   1856 

Brooklyn  &•  Jamaica  Rail  R-oad.  Company  formed 
April  25,  183:i,  In  1836  the  road  was  leased  to  tho  Long 
Island  R.  R.  Co.  for  the  term  of  its  charter.  The  lessees 
built  a  tunnel  2,550  feet  long  under  Atlautic  St.,  bought 
access  to  the  river,  erected  buildings  and  docks  at  a  cost  of 
over  $300,000,  and  have  since  maint;dned  and  operated  the 
road  In  connection  with  the  Long  Island  R.  K.,  of  which  it 
is  virtually  a  part. 

BnflTalo,  Bradford,  &  Pittsburgli  Rail  Road 

Co.  was  formed 1S59,  by  the  consolidation  of  tho 

Buffalo  &  Bradford  and  Buffalo  &  Pittsburgh  K.  R's. 

Buffalo  i&Ntm  York  OUy  Rail  Road,  formerly  Attica  &  Homells- 
ville  R.  R.  Articles  filed  Jan.  22, 1S51.  31  mi.  sold  to  Buf- 
falo, New  York,  &  Erie  R.  R.  Oct.  31,  1857,  and  name 
changed  to 

Buflalo,  New  York,  &■  Erie  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.  (Official.) 


STAnONS, 

Distances  in  Milbs. 

Beiwctn 
Stations. 

From 
Buffalo. 

From 
Corning. 

Buffalo  scorning. 

0 
1 

9.4S 
4.05 
4.95 
6.47 
6.14 
3.40 
7.20 
5.60 
4.32 
7.31 
6.93 
9.05 
2.56 
3M 
3.71 
6.66 
4.76 
5.91 
4.36 
4.S7 
2.88 
3.64 
3.7T 
6.15 
4.71 
1.67 
2.60 
3.22 
1.60 

0 
1 
10.45 
14.5 
19.45 
24.92 
31.06 
34.46 
41.66 
47.26 
51.58 
58.89 
66.82 
74.87 
77.43 
81.07 
84.78 
91.43 
96.19 
102.1 
106.46 
111.33 
114.21 
117.85 
121.62 
127.77 
132.48 
134.15 
136.75 
139.97 
141.57 

141.67 

140.57 

131.12 

127.07 

122.12 

116.65 

110.51 

107.11 

99.91 

94.31 

89.99 

82.63 

75.75 

66.7 

64.14 

60.5 

66.79 

50.14 

45.38 

39.47 

36.11 

A,ldGa     

Bloods    

Wallaces 

30.24 

27.36 

23.72 

Bath 

19.95 

13.8 

Camnbell 

9.09 

7.42 

4.82 

1.6 

Corning 

0 

New  York 

432.63 

291.06 

Rochester  Dimsion. 

0 

8.45 

3.27 

2.27 

4.26 

From 
RocJiestcr. 

\From 
Avon. 

0 

8.46 
11.72 
13.99 
18.25 

18.25 

9.8 

Scottsville    

6.63 

4.20 

0 

BomdlsvW£  Division. 

0 

6.87 
4.33 
B.78 
6.77 
2.76 
3.61 
4.07 
2.07 
7.17 
4.43 
4.10 
8.30 

From 
AUica. 

From 

Hormlls- 

ville. 

0 

6.87 
11.2 
16.98 
23.75 
26.61 
30.12 
34.19 
86.26 
43.43 
47.86 
61.96 
60.26 

60.26 

63.39 

Middloburv 

49.06 

43.28 

36.51 

33.75 

Portage » 

30.14 
20.07 

24 

16.83 

12.4 

8.3 

0 



Buffalo  <£  State  Line  Rail  Road.  Company  formed  June  6, 
1849.  Road  opened  from  Duokii-k  to  the  State  Line  Jan.  1, 
1852,  and  to  Buffalo  Feb.  22  following.  The  Company  pur- 
chased the  North  East  (Penu.)  R.  R.  under  act  of  April  13, 
1857,  and  now  form  oue  company  from  Buffalo  to  Erie,  Poan. 
It  is  now  operated  under  the  name  of 

Buffalo  aud  S^rle  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (OflScial.) 


Buffalo , 

Uamburg , 

18  Mile  Creek . 
Evans  Center.. 

Saw  Mill 

Irving 

Silver  Creek.... 

Dunkirk 

Salem 

Portland 

Westfield 

Ripley , 

Quincy 

State  Line , 

Erie,  Penn 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Bdwtnl 

From 

From 

Stations. 

Buffalo. 

Erie,Penn. 

0 

0 

83 

10 

10 

78 

6 

15 

73 

6 

21 

67 

5 

26 

62 

3 

29 

69 

2 

31 

57 

7 

40 

43 

8 

48 

40 

2 

50 

33 

7 

67 

31 

6 

62 

26 

3 

65 

23 

3 

68 

20 

20 

83 

0 

Chnandaigtta  <£•  Coming  Rail  Road.  Company  incorporated  May 
11, 1845;  capital  $1,600,000  Time  extended  April  15, 1847, 
and  again  Rlarch  24, 1849.  Surveys  were  beguu  June,  1845, 
and  the  construction  in  Aug.  1850.  Road  opened  from 
Canandaigua  to  '■'Jefferson"  (now  Watkins)  46j\^  mi.,  Sept. 
15, 1851,  the  New  York  &  Erie  R.R.  furnishing  engines,  cars, 
&c.,  for  a  specific  rate  per  mile.  The  road  was  allowed  to  con- 
nect with  the  Chemung  R.  R.  at  Jefferson,  and  to  change 
name  Sept.  11. 1852,  to  Canandaigua  and  Elmira  R.  R. 

Ca.na.7idaigua  i£-EImira  Rail  Road,  changed  from  Canandaigua 
&  Corning  R.  R.  Sept.  11, 1852.  Leased  the  Chemung  R.  R. 
ITi^Jo  ™i'  ^^^  ^  ^^-  of  Erie  R.R.  Sold  to  parties  in  Elmira, 
Penn  Yan,  and  Providence.  R.  I.  April  23, 1S57,  and  possessioa 
given  May  1.  Price  $35,000,  subject  to  SoOO.OOO  due  bond- 
holders, and  name  changed  to  the  Elmira,  Canandaigua,  & 
Niagara  Falls  R.R.  the  nest  day. 

Oina ndiiigua  <&Niagara  Falls  Ra il  Road.  Company  incoi-porated 
Dec.  10, 1850;  capital  $1,000,000.  Road  opened  to  Batavia, 
50  mi.,  Jan.  1, 1853.  to  Niagara  Falls  47  mi.  July  1. 1853.  and 
to  Suspension  Bridge  1^  mi.  April  1, 1S54.  Sold  March  22, 
1857,  to  Jas.  M.  Brown  and  others,  and  name  changed  to 
Niagai-a  Bridge  &  Canandaigua  R.  R.  Now  leased  and  run 
by  New  York  Central  R.  R. 

Cayuga  &.  Swsquelianiia  Rail  Road,  formerly 
the  Ithaca  &  Owego  R.  R.,  was  chartered  Jan.  2S.  1828,— the 
second  R.R.  charter  granted  in  the  State.  The  road  was  opened 
in  April,  1834.  An  inclined  plane  at  Ithaca  rose  1  foot  in 
4i^,**o  ft.  and  stationary  horse  power  was  used  for  drawing 
up  the  cars.  Above  this  was  another  inclined  plane,  that 
rose  one  foot  in  21  ft.,  on  which  horso  power  was  used.  The 
road  was  subsequently  sold  by  the  Comptroller  on  stock 
issued  by  tho  State,  on  which  the  company  had  failed  to  pay 
interest.  A  new  company  was  organized  and  the  present 
name  assumed  April  18, 1843;  the  road  was  reconstructed, 
the  inclined  planes  were  done  away  with,  aud  Jan.  1. 1855,  it 
was  leased  to  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  ii  Western  R  R. 
Co.,  and  is  operated  by  them  as  the  Cayuga  Division.  This 
is  an  important  route  from  the  coal  mines  of  Penn.,  and  coal 
forms  the  principal  item  of  business. 

Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Stations. 


Ithaca  Pier... 

Ithaca 

Pugsleys 

"Willseyville  . 

Candor 

Catatunk 

Owego 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between 
Stations. 


0 
2 
13 
6 
4 
6 
4 


From 
ItJiaca 
IHer. 


0 
2 
15 
21 
25 
31 
35 


Prom 

Otvego. 


35 
33 
20 
14 
10 
4 
0 


CUamplaln  4>  St.  I-arrrence  Rail  Road.  Com- 
pany formed  Feb.  26, 1S51.  The  Road  extends  from  Rouses 
Point  to  the  Canada  line  2i  miles,  and  is  leased  to  ii  road  in 
Canada  of  tho  same  name,  which  extends  to  St  Johns  and 
La  Pruirio  opposite  Montreal. 


68 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


By  resolution  of  Assembly  of  Feb.  2,  1843,  r.  k.  companies  were  required  to  report  annually  to 
the  Secretary  of  State;  and  by  an  act  of  April  11,  1849,  to  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor;  a 


Cbcmuiig  Rail  Road.  Company  formed  May  14. 1845. 
The  road  exteuiis  from  Watkins,  at  the  head  of  Seneca 
Lake,  to  the  New  York  &  Erie  K.  K.,  4  mi.  N.  w.  of  Elmiiu. 
It  wao  opened  in  Dec.  1S49 ;  leased  to  the  New  York  ic  Erie 
R.  R.  Co.  for  ten  years  from  Jan.  1, 18y0,  for  $36,000  per  an- 
num :  and  sub-let  to  the  Canandaigua  and  Elmira  K.  K.  Co., 
for  the  same.  It  is  now  operated  by  the  New  York  &  Erie 
R.  K.  Co. 

Chemung  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Jefferson  (Watkins), 

Havana - 

Groton  Corners 

Millport 

Pine  Valley , 

Horseheads 

Junction - 

Elmira 


DisT-\NCES  IN  Miles. 


Betiveen 
Nations. 


0 

3.2 

3.7 


4.4 
1.2 
4.3 


From 
Watkins. 


0 

3.2 
6.9 
8.9 
11.7 
16.1 
17.3 
21.6 


From. 
Elmira. 


21.6 
18.4 
14.7 
12.7 
9.9 
6.5 
4.3 
0 


Elmira^  Canandaiqua  d. Niagara  Falls  Rail  Road.  Changed 
from  Canandaigua  &  Niagara  Falls  R.  R.  April  24,  1857. 
The  name  w,as  chiinged  to 

XSlmira,     Jeflfei'son      &•    Canaudalgua     Rail 

Road  Co.  Feb.  18,  1859.    The  road  is  now  leased  and 
run  by  the  New  Y'ork  &  Erie  R.  R.  Co. 

Elmira,  Jcjferson  t&  Canandaigua  Rail  Road. 

Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Canand.Higua , 

Hopewell 

Gorham 

Halls  Comers 

Bellona 

Benton  Center 

Penn  Y'an 

Wilo  Center 

Himrods 

Starkey 

Big  Stream 

Rock  Stream 

Jefferson  (Watkins) 

Elmira _ 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between 
Stations. 


0 
6.4 

6.3 

2.8 

3.8 

1.9 

4 

4.1 

3.8 

3.9 

2.6 

1.9 

6.6 


21.6 


From 
Canan- 
daigua. 


0 

6.4 
11.7 
14.6 
18..3 
20.2 
24.2 
2S.3 
.31.9 
35.8 
38.4 
40.3 
46.9 


From 
Watkins, 
{Jefferson 
Station.) 


46.9 

40.5 

35.2 

32.4 

2S.6 

20.7 

22.7 

1,8.6 

15 

11.1 

8.5 

6.6 

0 


21.6 


Flushing  Rail  Road.  Company  formed  Feb.  24, 1S52. 
Opened  June  26,  1854.  The  road  e.vtends  from  Flushing  to 
Hunters  Creek,  and  the  Co.  runs  a  steamer  to  Fulton  street, 

/       New  York. 

Flushing  Rail  Road. 
Stations  .and  Distances,  (Official,) 


SliTIONS. 

Distances  in  Miles, 

Between 
Statioms. 

Fi-om 
New  Ym-k. 

From 
Flushing. 

0 

4 

1 

2i 

1 

14 

2 

0 

4 

5 

7J 

84 
10 
12 

12 

8 

Penny  Bridge 

Winsfield 

44 
84 

0 

National  Race  Course 

Flushing 

<»  By  steamboat  between  New  York  and  Hunters  Point, 
Eicksnith  i£-  Chid  Spring  Branch  Rait  Road.  Company  formed 
June  28,  1851,  and  organized  Nov.  3,  1853.  The  road  was 
to  extend  from  Hicksville  to  Cold  Spring  Harbor.  It  was 
opened  to  Syosset,  July  3,  1854.  Nothing  ha.?  been  done 
beyond  there.  It  has  been  leased  to  the  Long  Island  K.  R. 
Gk,  and  is  operated  by  them. 


Hudson  &  Boston  Rail  Road.  Company  allowed 
to  organize  Feb.  22,  1856;  the  organization  took  place  Dec. 
1,  1855.  The  company  own  and  operate  tlie  road  from  Hud- 
son to  Chatham  Four  Corners,  with  a  leased  right  to  West 
Stockbridge. 

Hudson  <£  Boston  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Hudson 

"       Upper  Station .. 

Claverack „_ 

Mellenville 

Pulvers 

Ghent 

Chatham  Fotir  Corners 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between 
Stations. 


From 
Hudson. 


0 
1 
4 
9 
12 
15 
17 


From 
Chatham 
4  Corners. 


17 
16 
13 
8 
5 
2 
0 


Hudson  Ri-rer  Rail  Road.  Company  formed  May 
12.  1S46.  Opened  from  New  York  to  Peekskill  Sept.  29, 
1849 ;  to  Hamburgh,  Dec.  6,  1849 ;  to  Ponghkeepsie,  Dec.  31, 
1849 ;  from  Albany  to  Hudson,  June  16,  1851 ;  to  Tivoli, 
Aug.  4 ;  and  through,  Oct.  1, 1851.  The  road  extends  Irom 
Albany  to  New  York,  along  the  east  bank  of  the  river.  It 
has  tunnels  of  226.  60,  70,  358,  600,  618,  836,  124, 145,  and 
82  feet;  in  the  whole  6,018  feet. 

Hudson  River  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Offici.il.) 


Stations. 


Chambers  Street,  N.Y, 

31st  Street  

62d  Street 

Burnhams 

Strykers  Bay 

Manhattan 

152d  Street 

Fort  Washington 

Tubby  Hook  

Spuj-ten  Duyvil 

Riverdale 

Y'onkers 

Gleuwood 

Hastings 

Dobb's  Ferry 

Irvington 

Tarry  town 

Scarborough 

Sing  Sing 

Croton 

Crugers 

Verplancks 

Peekskill , 

Fort  Montgomery 

Garrisons ; 

Cold  Spring 

Cornwall 

FisbkUl „ 

Carthage 

New  Hamburgh 

Milton  Ferry. 

Pougbkeepsie 

Hyde  Park 

Staatsburgh 

Rhinebeck 

Bjirrytown 

Tivoli 

Germantown 

Oak  IIUI 

Hudson 

Stockport 

Coxsackie,.. 

Stuyvesant 

Schodack  

Castleton 

East  Albany 

Troy 


Distances  in  Miles, 


Between 
Stations. 


0 
24 
1 
1 
li 
U 
1 

14 

14 

i 

24 
i 
34 
14 
2 
24 
44 
14 
34 
34 
1* 
2 
3J 
U 
24 
2i 
34 
34 
24 
44 
4 
6 
4 
H 
64 
4 
4} 
64 
6* 
6 
24 
24 
6* 
3J 
7} 


F^om 
New  York. 


0 

24 

34 
44 
6J 
74 
84 
10 

114 

124 

14 

164 

17 

204 

21J 

23J 

264 

304 

32 

354 

38} 

404 

424 

464 

61 

634 

664 

69j 

634 

65* 

704 

744 

804 

844 

90 

964 

994 

1044 

1094 

116J 

1204 

122* 

1254 

132 

135} 

1434 


1494 


From 
Albany. 


1434 

141 

140 

139 

137} 

136 

135 

1334 

132 

1314 

129i 

1274 

1264 

123 

121} 

119} 

1174 

113 

1114 

1084 

104} 

103 

101 


83} 

80J- 

77} 

73i 

694 

634 

694 

634 

48 

44 

394 

34 

2Si 

23i 

20} 

184 

114 

7} 
0 


RAIL    ROADS. 


69 


custom  that  has  since  been  continued,  except  during  the  short  period  in  which  the  office  of  R.  R. 
Commissioners  -was  in  existence.  This  Board  was  created  April  14,  1855,  and  abolished  April  16, 
1857.  The  expenses  of  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor's  office  chargeable  to  rail  roads  are  assessed 
upon  the  several  companies  in  proportion  to  their  earnings.  The  general  act  to  authorize  the  for- 
mation of  K.  K.  companies  was  passed  March  27, 1848.  There  are  at  present  within  the  State  2,554  J 
mi.  of  R.  R.,  besides  double  tracks  and  turn  outs.     The  rail  roads  give  employment  to  about  18,000 


Xiong  Islaud  Rail  Road*  Company  organized  Jud(>  15, 
lh'A5.  Opened  throngh  in  July.  1844.  The  roaii  extends 
from  Brooklyn  to  Greenport ;  $100,000  in  State  stocks  was 
issued  to  aid  in  the  construction.  The  company  have  leased 
the  Brooklyn  &  Jamaica  and  the  HicksviUo  &  Cold  Spring 
Branch  R.  Roads,  which  they  operate  as  a  part  of  tliis  road. 
Long  Island  EaU  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Stations. 


South  Ferry 

Bedford 

East  New  York 

Cypress  Avenue 

Union  Coarse 

Woodharen 

Jamaica 

Willow  Tree 

Queens  (Brush ville).. 

Hyde  Park 

Hempstead  Branch... 

Hempstead 

Westbury 

Hicksville 


Jerusalem 

Farmingdale 

Deer  Park , 

Tliompson 

N.  Islip  (Suffolk).. 

Lakeland 

Waverly 

Medford ^ 

Bcllport 

Yaphank 

Manor 

Riverhead  

Jamesport 

Mattituck.„ < 

Cutcliogue 

Hermitage 

Southold 

Greenport 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between         From  From 

Stations.     Brooklr/n.   Greenport. 


H 
i 
i 

2} 

1 

2 

3J 

2i 

24 

3 

S 

4 

3 

2 

6 

4 

oi 

II 

i 

2 

2i 

2J 

6 

8 

5 

4 

3 

3 

2 

4 


0 
2i 
6i 
7 

■a 
11 

12 
14 
17i 
20 

2i 
23 
26 

4 
29 
31 
S7 
41 
43i 
49 
63 
65 
674 
60 
66 
74 
79 
S3 
86 
89 
91 
95 


95 

924 

894 

88 

874 

86} 

84 

83 

81 

774 

76 

2i 
72 
69 

4 
66 
64 
6S 
64 
614 
46 
42 
40 
374 
35 
29 
21 
16 
12 

9 

6 

4 

0 


Nemrbureh  Branch  of  New  York  &  Erie 
Rail  Road.  Branch  allowed  to  Newburgh  April  8, 
1845.    Opened  Jan.  8, 1850. 

Neiv  Tork  Central  Rail  Road.  Company  formed 
by  consolidating  the  several  roads  in  operation,  and  some 
projected  roads  between  Albany,  Troy  and  Buffalo,  and 
Niagara  Falls.  The  act  allowing  the  consolidation  was 
passed  April  2, 1853,  and  was  carried  into  effect  the  17th 
of  May  following.  The  consolidated  capital  amounted  to 
$23,085,600,  and  debts  were  assumed  to  the  amount  of 
$1,947,815.72.  The  stock  of  the  several  companies  was  ro- 
ceived  at  the  following  rates,  viz. : — 


Rochester  &  Syracuse 130 

Rochester,  Lockport  &  Ni- 
agara Falls 125 

Buffalo  &  Rochester. .140 

Buffalo  &  Lockport 125 


Albany  &  Schenectady .117 

Syracuse  &  Ctica  Direct  ....150 

Schenectady  &  Troy 75 

Ctica  4  Schenectady 115 

Mohawk  Valley 155 

Syracuse  &  Utica. 160 

Each  stockbolder  received  a  like  amount  of  stock  of  the  new 
company,  at  par,  (the  Troy  &  Schenectady  upon  payment  of 
$25  per  share.)  and  for  the  differences,  certificates  or  premium 
bonds  bearing  Mx  per  cent,  interest,  semi-annually,  and  pay- 
able May  1, 1883.  These  certificates  amounted  to  $8,892,600. 
The  Rochester  &  Lake  Ontario  R.  R.,  and  the  Buffalo  &  Niagara 
Falls  R.  R.,  have  since  been  merged  in  this  road. 
Data  of  opening  V\6  several  roads  now  forming  the  New  Tork 
Central  RaU  Road. 


Albany  4  Schenectady.....lS31 

Schenectady  4  Troy 1843 

Utica  4  Schenectady 1835 

Syracuse  4  Utica 1839 

Rochester  4  Syracuse 1853 

Auburn  4  Syracuse 1836 

Auburn  4  Rochester .1840 

Tonawanda ...1836 


Batavia  4  Attica 1843 

Attica  4  Buffalo 1845 

Rochester  4  Buffalo 1862 

Rochester,  Lockport  4  Nia- 
gara Falls 1862 

Niagara  Falls  4  L6wiston...l854 
Lockport  4  Tonawanda.. ...1853 
Rochester  4  Charlotte 1853 


Kew  Tork  Ckntral  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Stations. 


Albany  <£  Buffalo. 

Albany  

West  Albany 

Center 

Schenectady 

Hoffmans 

Cranes  Village 

Amsterdam 

Tribes  Uill 

Fonda 

Yosts 

Sprakers  

Palatine  Bridge 

Fort  Plain 

Palatine  Church 

St.  Johnsville 

East  Creek 

Little  Falls 

Herkimer 

Ilion 

Frankfort 

Utica 

Whitesboro 

Oriskany 

Rome 

Greens  Comers 

Verona 

Oneida 

Wampsville 

Canastota 

Canaseraga 

Chittenango 

KirkvUle 

]Manliu8 

Syracuse 

Warners. 

Canton  

Jordan 

Weedsport 

Port  BjTon 

Savannah 

Clyde 

Lyons 

Newark 

East  Palmyra 

Palm.vra..» 

Macedon 

Fairport 

Rochester 

Coldwater , 

Chili 

Churchville .t; 

Bergen 

West  Bergen. 

Byron 

Batavia 

Crofts 

Pembroke 

Alden  

Wendo 

Town  Lino 

Lancaster. 

Forks 

Buffalo 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between         From  From 

Stations.      Albany.       Buffalo. 


0 

34 

6 

8} 

9i 

34 

3i 

64 

5 

64 

34 

3 

3 

2« 

S 

34 

64 

74 

24 

24 

94 

3* 

3 

74 

44 

44 


2 

3} 

24 

4 

24 

7} 

94 

24 

64 

44 

34 

7 

6 

64 
34 
Si 
6 

71 
164 
64 
4 
44 
84 
34 
84 
74 
6 
64 

a 

2» 

u 

6 
2» 

n 


Troy  d-  Schcneeiady 
Branch. 


Troy 

echoes 

Summit  Bridge. 

Niskayuna 

Aqueduct 

Schenectady — 


17 

264 
29» 


434 
48* 
62 
65 
68 
60} 
63} 
67 
734 
80} 
83 
854 
94} 
984 
1014 
109 
1134 
1174 
121} 
125 
127 
130} 
1334 
1374 
1*9} 
1474 
157 
1594 
164} 
1694 
1724 
1794 
1S54 
192} 
1984 
201} 
2064 
2104 
2184 
22S4 
234} 
238} 
243 
2464 
2404 
263 
2604 
2664 
271} 
2764 
279 
280} 
285} 
2884 
2964 


2964 

293 

«SS 

2794 

270 

2664 

2634 

257} 

262} 

2474 

2444 

2414 

2384 

2364 

2334 

2294 

222} 

2154 

2134 

211 

2014 

197} 

194} 

1874 

183 

178} 

1744 

1714 

1694 

1654 

163 

159 

1564 

148} 

1394 

136} 

1314 

127 

123} 

116} 

110} 

1034 

98 

044 

90} 

85} 

78 

67} 

614 

674 

634 

60 

46} 

434 

36} 

29} 

244 

20 

174 

154 

104 

7} 

0 


From 

0 

Troy. 

0 

34 

34 

24 

6 

64 

114 

6 

174 

8} 

214 

From 

Schenec- 
tady. 


214 

17} 
164 
9} 
3} 


70 


NEW  YORK   STATE    GAZETTEER. 


men,  and  have  an  aggregate  of  §74,634,954.76  of  stock  paid  in,  and  a  capital  of  stocks  and  debta 
amounting  to  §149,262,311.81,  or  more  than  one-tenth  of  the  total  valuation  of  the  property  of  the 
State. 


Syraaise  t£  Rochesta-j 
via  Auburn. 


Syracuse 

Camillus 

MarcellHS 

Halfway 

Skaneateles  Junctioa 

Sennott 

Auburn 

Cayuga ., 

Seneca  Falls 

Waterloo 

Geneva  

Oaks  Cornera 

Phelps 

Clifton  Springs 

Shortsville 

Canandaigua 

Milk  Station 

Victor 

Fishers 

Pittsford 

Rochester 


Between 
Staiiom, 


0 

8i 
2i 
3 
Si 
3i 
64 
10} 
« 
3i 
6i 
4J 
Si 
*i 

a 

6 
6 

Si 
3} 
6J 

H 


From 
Si/racu^e, 


0 

84 
10} 
1-3} 
174 
20} 
26i 
37 
41} 
45 
614 
66i 
594 
63} 
684 
744 
804 
84 
87} 
944 
102} 


Frrnn 
Rocliester. 


102} 
944 
92 
89 
864 
82 
764 
66} 
61 
67} 
614 
464 
434 
39 
344 
284 
224 
18} 
15 


Rochester,  LocJcport,  t£  Ni- 
agara. FaUs  Branch. 


Rochester _ 

Spencerport 

Adams  Basin 

Brockport 

HoUey 

Murray 

Albion 

Knowlesville 

Medina 

Middleport 

Gasport 

Lockport 

Lockport  Junction. 

Pekin 

Suspension  Bridge. 
Niagara  Falls 


0 

10 
24 
44 
4} 
34 
54 
64 
44 
44 
6 
6 
34 
6} 
9 
« 


From 
Rochester. 


0 
10 
124 
17 
21} 
254 
30} 
36J 
404 
46 
60 
66 
594 
664 
754 
77 


77 

67' 

Mi 

60 

564 

51} 

464 

40} 

364 

32 

27 

21 

174 

10} 

1} 

0 


Lockport  Junction  to 
Tonawanda. 


Lockport  Junction, 

Halls  Station 

Tonawanda 


0 

64 

6 


From 
Loclcport 
Junction. 


0 
64 

114 


From 
Tona- 
wanda. 


IIJ 
6 
0 


Buffalo  f£  Lcvmton. 


Buffalo 

Black  Rock 

Tonawanda 

La  Salle 

Niagara  Falls 

Suspension  Bridge 
Lewiston 


6 
6 

1} 
44 


Canandaigua,  <£  Niagara 
Bridge  Branch. 


Canandaigua. 

Gunns  Crossing 

East  Bloomfield 

Millers  Corners 

West  Bloomfield 

Honeove  Falls 

West  Rush 

Genesee  Valley  R.  R.  June, 

Canal 

Caledonia 

Le  Roy 

Stafford 

Rata  via , 

East  Pembroke 

Rlchville , 

Akron 

Clarence  Center 

Transit 

Getzville 

Vincent 

Tonawanda 


0 

4.2 

3.S 

4.6 

3 

3.1 

6.2 

1.1 

1.2 

6.8 

7.1 

4.1 

6.9 

6.2 

6.6 

3.4 

7 

3.2 

3 

3 

3.1 


From 
Buffalo. 


0 
4 

104 

164 

214 

23 

274 


From 
Levjiston. 


274 
234 
174 
114 
64 
44 
0 


From 
Canan- 
daigua. 


0 

4.2 

8 
12.6 
16.6 
18.7 
24.9 
26 
27.2 
33 
40.1 
44.2 
50.1 
66.3 
62.9 
66.3 
73.3 
76.6 
79.6 
82.5 
85.6 


Front 
Tona- 
wanda. 


85.6 
81.4 
77.6 
73 
70 
66.9 
60.7 
59.6 
68.4 
62.6 
46.5 
41.4 
35.5 
29.3 
22.7 
19.3 
12.3 
9.1 
6.1 
3.1 
0 


Attica  Branch. 


Rata  via — 
Alexander 
Attica 


Between 
Stations. 


From 
Batavia, 


0 

8 

11 


From 
Attica. 


11 
3 
0 


CItarlotte  Branch. 


Rochester ., 
Charlotte .. 


0 

84 


From 
Rochester. 


0 

84 


From 
Cliarlottc 


84 
0 


Neiv  Tork  and  Krle  Rail  Road.  Company  organ- 
ized in  July,  1S33.  The  act  authorizing  the  road  was  passed 
April  24,  1832.  The  first  preliminary  survey  was  made  in 
1832,  by  De  Witt  Clinton,  jr.,  by  order  of  the  government. 
In  1834  the  Governor  appointed  Benj.  Wright  to  survey  the 
route ;  who,  assisted  by  Jas.  Seymnnr  and  Charles  Ellett, 
began  the  survey  May  23d,  and  finished  it  the  game  year. 
In  1835  the  Co.  was  reorganized,  and  40  mi.  were  put  under 
contract.  In  1836  the  Comptroller  was  directed  to  issue 
$3,000,000  State  stock  to  aid  in  constructing  the  road.  In 
1845  the  St.ate  released  its  lien  on  the  road,  and  authorized 
the  original  stockholders  to  surrender  two  shares  of  old 
stock,  and  receive  one  share  of  new.  April  8, 1845,  a  branch 
was  allowed  to  be  built  from  Chester  to  Newburgh,  19  mi. 
The  road  waa  opened  as  follows :  from  Piermont  to  Goshen, 
Sept.  22,  1841 ;  to  Middletown,  Juno  7,  1843 ;  to  Port  Jervis, 
Jan.  6,  1848 ;  to  Binghamton,  Dec.  28, 1848 ;  to  Owego.  June 
1,  1849 ;  to  Elmira,  Oct.  1849 ;  to  Coming,  .Tan.  1, 1860 ;  and 
to  Dunkirk,  May  14, 1851.  The  Newburgh  Branch  opened 
Jan.  8,  1850.  The  road  is  compelled  to  pay  a  bonus  of 
S10,000  annually  to  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  for  the  priv- 
ilege of  passing  a  short  distance  in  that  State.  Ample  details 
will  be  found  in  The  New  York  &  Erie  R.  R.  Guide,  the  annual 
and  special  reports  of  the  company,  and  especially  that  of 
Nov.  1.S53,  and  in  the  following  documents  of  the  New  York 
Legislature:  Senate  Doc.  No.  12,  of  1836;  Nos.  37,  38,  of 
1S39 ;  Nos.  18,  68,  of  1842.  Assem.  Docs.  Nos.  27,'  171  of 
1838;  No.  47,  of  1839;  No.  215,  of  1840;  Nos.  113,  297,  of 
1841 ;  and  No.  60,  of  1842.  The  Patterson  &  Ramapo  (N. 
.t)  R.  R.,  294  mi.,  and  the  Union  R.  R..  ,%  ™'->  "i«  Che- 
mung R.  R.,  and  the  Ehnira,  Jefferson,  &  Canandaigua  R.  R- 
are  leased  and  operated  by  the  this  company. 

New  York  c£  Erie  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


STiTIONS. 


New  York 

Pier 

Piermont 

Blauveltville 

Clarkstown 

Spring  Valley 

Monsey 

15  Mile  Turnout 

Jersey  City 

Bergen 

Germantown 

Hackensack  Br 

Boiling  Spring 

Pass.aic  Bridge.- 

Huylers 

Paterson. 

Gravel  Switch.- 

Godwinville 

Hohokus 

Allendale 

Ramseya 

Sufferns 

Ramapo 

Sloatsburg. 

Southflelds 

Greenwood 

Turners. 

Monroe 

Oxford 

East  Junction,  N.  B, 
West      "  " 


Distances  is  Miles. 


Si: 

ciS5 


24.00 
1.00 
3.48 
4.26 
2.67 
1.30 
2.47 

.00 
2.47 
2.2S 
1.49 
3.05 
1.80 

.83 
4.68 
3.21 
1.91 
1.68 
2.20 
1.94 
4.23 
1.95 
1.70 
6,53 
2.21 
3.19 
2.15 
2.62 
1.68 

.46 


iS;£:s; 


24.00 


1.00 
4.48 
8.73 
11.30 
12.60 
15.07 


17.90 
19.85 
21.55 
28.03 
30.29 
33.48 
35.63 
38.25 
39.83 
40.29 


.Kb? 


.00 
2.47 
4.75 
6.24 
9.29 
11.09 
11.92 
16.50 
19.71 
21.62 
28.30 
25.60 
27.44 
31.67 
33.62 
35.32 
41.S5 
44.06 
47.25 
49.40 
52.02 
63.60 
54.06 


460.72 
445.95 
444.96 
441.47 
437.22 
434.65 
433.35 
430.88 
4.59.72 
457.25 
454.97 
463.48 
450.43 
44«.63 
447.80 
443.22 
440.01 
438.10 
436.42 
434.22 
432.28 
42S.05 
426.10 
424.40 
417.87 
415.66 
412.47 
410.32 
407.70 
406.12 
405.66 


RAIL    ROADS. 


71 


JTete  Tm-k  <t  Erie  RaS  Road,  cmtinwd. 


Stations. 


Chester 

Gosheu 

Hampton 

Middletown 

ilowells 

OttsTille 

Sbin  Hollow. , 

Port  Jervis 

McCIuers  Turnout 

Roaa  Switch 

Pond  Eddy 

Mlddaughs 

Shohola 

Lackawaxon 

Mast  Hope 

Narrowsburg 

Nobodys 

Cochecton 

Callicoon 

Hankins 

Basket 

Lordville 

Stockport 

Hancock 

Dickineong 

Hales  Eddy 

Deposit 

Gulf  Summit 

Cascade  Bridge. 

Canewacta  Bridge , 

Susquehanna 

Great  Bend 

Kirkwood 

Binghamton 

Union 

CampviUe 

Owego 

Tioga 

Smithboro' 

Barton 

Waverly 

Chemung 

Wellsburgh 

Elmira 

Junction  Chemung  Br.. 

Big  Flats 

Noyes  Switch 

Coming 

Painted  Post 

Addison 

Rathboneville 

Cameron , 

Crosbyville 

Canisteo 

Hornellsville 

Almond 

Alfred 

Tip  Top  Summit 

Andover 

Elm  Valley 

Geneaee 

Scio 

Phillipsville._ 

Belvidere 

Friendship 

Cuba  Summit 

Cuba 

Hinsdale 

Olean 

Allegany .• 

Tunnngwant— 

Great  Valley.™ 

Bucktooth 

Little  V.illey 

Cattaraugus 

Persia  Turnout 

Dayton 

Perrysburgh 

Smiths  Mills 

Fores  tville 

Sheridan 

Dunkirk 


Distances  in  Mues. 


c  5 
lis 


.97 
4.43 
4.110 
3.37 
3.8S 
4.69 
6.40 
6.31 
3.S3 
n.70 
l.RB 
2.0V 
6.21 
3.98 
5.35 
6.01 
3.74 
4.76 
S.19 
6.92 
3.65 
6.92 
6.76 
4.58 
6.51 
2.53 
4.91 
7.28 
4.03 
2.81 
1.38 
8.28 
6.61 
6.64 
8.55 
6.57 
6.82 
5.43 
4.42 
2.42 
6.91 
4.78 
5.77 
7.00 
4.09 
6.98 
1.84 
6.76 
1.55 
9.21 
5.U 
7.63 
8.19 
4.92 
4.21 
4.94 
4.17 
3.65 
4.S0 
2.68 
6.01 
3.72 
4.14 
3.56 
4.43 
4.04 
4.81 


5.56 
3.41 
7.20 
5.36 
3.81 
6.27 
7.31 
6.11 
3.29 
2.93 
6.92 
3.87 
3.49 
4.68 


&;s;s; 


41.26 
45.69 
49.69 
53.06 
66.94 
61.63 
6S.03 
74.34 
78.17 
83.87 
85.73 
87.80 
93.01 
90.99 
102..34 
108.35 
112.09 
116.85 
122.04 
128.96 
132.61 
139.63 
145.29 
149.87 
165.4S 
15S.01 
162.92 
170.20 
174.23 
177.04 
178.42 
186.70 
192.31 
200.95 
209.50 
216.07 
222.89 
228.32 
232.74 
235.16 
242.07 
246.86 
262.62 
259.02 
263.71 
269.69 
271.53 
277.29 
278.84 
2SS.05 
293.16 
300.79 
308.98 
313.90 
318.11 
323.05 
327.22 
830.77 
335.57 
338.26 
344.26 
347.98 
352.12 
366.67 
360.10 
<S64.14 
368.95 
375.77 
881.32 
384.73 
891.93 
397.29 
401.10 
407.37 
414.68 
420.79 
424.08 
427.01 
433.93 
437.80 
441.29 
445.95 


66.03 
69.46 
63.46 
66.83 
70.71 
76.40 
81.80 
88.11 
91.94 
97.64 
99.50 
101.57 
106.78 
110.76 
116.11 
122.12 
126.86 
130.62 
135.81 
142.73 
140.38 
163..30 
159.06 
163.64 
169.26 
171.78 
176.69 
183.97 
188.00 
190.81 
192.19 
200.47 
206.08 
214.72 
228.27 
229.84 
236.66 
242.09 
246.51 
248.93 
266.84 
260.62 
266.39 
273.39 
277.48 
283.46 
286.30 
291.06 
292.61 
301.82 
306.93 
314.56 
322.75 
327.67 
331.88 
336.82 
340.99 
344.54 
349.34 
352.02 
358.03 
861.75 
365.89 
269.44 
873.87 
377.91 
382.72 
889.54 
395.09 
398.50 
406.70 
411.06 
414.87 
421.14 
428.45 
434.56 
437.85 
440.78 
447.70 
461.57 
455.06 
469.72 


il_ 

404.69 
400.26 
396.26 
392.89 
389.01 
384.32 
377.92 
371.61 
367.78 
362.08 

358.15 
352.94 
3+S.96 
343.61 
337.60 
333.88 
329.10 
323.91 
816.99 
313.34 
306.42 
300.68 
296.08 
290.47 
'!87.94 
283.03 
275.75 
271.72 
268.91 
267.63 
269.26 
253.64 
245.00 
236.45 
229.88 
223.06 
217,63 
213.21 
210.79 
203.88 
199.10 
193.33 
1S6..33 
182.24 
176.26 
174.42 
168.66 
167.11 
157.90 
162.79 
145.16 
136.97 
132.06 
127.84 
122.90 
118.73 
115.18 
110.38 
107.70 
101.69 
97.97 
93.83 
90.28 
85.85 
81.81 
77.00 
70.18 
64.63 
61.22 
64.02 
48.66 
44.85 
38.58 
31.27 
25.16 
31.87 
18.94 
12.02 
8.15 
4.66 


"'Tjl^'^^t  ^f?'?*"*  ^"U  I^»««».  Company  formed 
April  ..1831.  V,  „rk  was  commenced  Feb.  24, 1S32,  and  the 
first  m.le  opened  in  Oct.  following.  The  company  was 
?ir  v  '",!'^',''"?  'he  road  north  of  Harlem  River,  to  meet 
the  New  lork  i  Albany  R.  K.   at  such  point  as  might 


bo  agreed  upon,  in  May,  1840;  and  to  continue  to  Albany, 
May  14, 1845.  The  road  was  opened  to  Chatham  4  Corners 
Jan.  19, 1852,  connecting  at  that  place  with  the  Albany  & 
West  Stockbridge  R,  R.  ' 

New  York  d-  Harlem  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Stations. 


■White  and  Center  Sts.,  N.Y, 

26th  Street 

Yorkville 

Harlem. 

Mott  Haven 

Melrose 

Morrisania 

Tremont 

Fordham 

AViUiams  Bridge 

West  Mt.  Vernon 

Bronxville 

Tuckahoe 

Scarsdale 

Harts  Corners 

White  Plains 

Washingtons  Quarters. 

Kensico.- 

Unionville 

Pleasantville 

Chappaqua 

Mount  lusko 

Bedford 

Whitlockville 

Goldens  Bridge 

Purdys 

Croton  Falls 

Brewsters.- 

Dykomans 

Townors 

Patersou 

Pawlings , 

South  Dover , 

Dover  Furnace 

Dover  Plains 

Wassaic 

Amenia 

Sharon  Station 

Millerton 

Mount  Riga 

Boston  Corners 

Copake 

Hillsdale 

Bains 

Martindale 

Pbilmont 

Ghent 

Chatham  Four  Corners.. 

East  Albany 


Distances  in  Mhjs. 


Between 
Stations. 


0 

2J 

2* 

i 
1 

i 

li 

lA 

li 

2* 
2 

i 

3 
li 


* 

3 

f 

n 

2J 

2 

2 

2 

H 

2i 

S 

2i 

3i 

6 

21 

*J 

H 
Si 

3i 

4* 

H 

3i 

6i 

4 

2i 

3* 

3i 

6 

2i 


J^rom 
New  York. 


23 


0 

2} 
5i 
7* 
H 
9i 
10 

Hi 

12i 
14 
16} 
18* 
19i 
22i 
24 
26 
28 
28} 
31} 
84 
38 
40i 
42J 
46i 
47i 
49i 
61i 
65i 
bil 
61i 
63} 
67i 
73i 
78 
80i 
84} 
88 
91i 
96 
99i 
103 
108i 
112i 
115 
118} 
122i 
128i 
130} 


Prom 
Chatham 
4  Com^rg. 


153} 


130} 

128 

126i 

123 

122i 

121i 

120} 

119i 

118J 

116} 

114 

112 

llli 
108i 
166} 
104} 
102} 
102 
99 
96 
94} 
90i 
88i 
85  i 
834 
81i 
79i 
75i 
72i 
69i 
67 
63J 
67i 
64} 
60i 
46 
42} 
39i 
34} 
31} 
27} 
22} 
18} 
16} 
12 
8} 
2i 
0 


23 


Kew  York  &  New  Haven  Railroad.  This  com- 
pany was  allowed  to  extend  their  road  from  the  State 
line  to  the  Harlem  K.  R.  near  Willi.ams  Bridge.  The  com- 
pany run  their  trains  15  miles  on  the  Harlem  track  for 
which  they  pay  that  company  tho  net  profits.  The  road 
was  opened  Dec.  28, 18+8. 

New  Yerrk  <£  New  Haven  Railroad. 
Stations  and  Distances. 


Stations. 


Twenty-seventh   St.,   New 

York 

Thirty-second  St 

Harlem 

Williams  Bridge 

Mount  Vernon 

New  Rochelle 

Mamaroneck 

Bye 

Port  Chester. 

Greenwich 

Cos  Cob 

Stamford  (Conn.) 

Norwalk        "    

Bridgeport    "     

New  Haven   "     


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between 
Stations. 


0 
3 
4 
6 
4 
3 
3 
4 
2 
2 
2 
3 
8 
14 
18 


Prom      Prom  Nev 
New  York.      Haven. 


0 
3 
7 
13 
17 
20 
23 
27 
29 
81 
33 
36 
44 
»8 
76 


76 
73 
69 
63 
69 
66 
63 
49 
47 
4S 
43 
40 
32 
18 
0 


72 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


Ogdensburgb  Railroad.  This  company  was  formed 
hy  the  second  mortgage  bondholders  of  the  Northern  R.  R., 
from  wMoh  its  name  was  changed.  The  road  extends  from 
Oedensburgh  to  Rouses  Point,  and  includes  a  branch  to 
Champlain  Landing. 

OydiMshurfiU  (Norifiern)  Itaiiroad. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (OfBcial.) 


Stations. 


Ogdenaliurgh. 

Lisbon 

Madrid 

Potsdam 

Enapps 

Brasher  Falls  k  Stockholm., 

Lawrence 

Moira 

Brush's  Mills. 

Bangor 

Malone 

Burke 

Chateaugay 

Summit 

Brandy  Brook 

EUenburgh 

Chay.y 

CenterTille 

Mooers 

Perrys  Mills 

Champlain 

RonswB  Point 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Beitvecn 
Stations. 


0 

S} 

8i 

Vi 

3 

V} 

6* 

H 

2J 

6* 

6 

■a 

Jt 
vl 

1 

8 
&i 


From  Og- 
(knsburgh. 


0 
8J 
ITi 
24} 
27} 
Sbi 
41i 
47 
49i 
66i 
6U 
68} 
73i 
80} 
8Si 
89J 
971 
102} 
106J 

1131 

lis 


From 
Houses 
l^int. 


118 
lO'.ii 
100} 
931 

mi 

82i 

76* 

71 

6Si 

62} 

66} 

401 

44} 

37i 

29} 

28} 

20} 

16i 

11} 

4i 
0 


Oswego  &  Syracuse  Railroad.  Company  formed 
April  29. 1839.  Route  surveyed  during  the  summer  of  that 
3'ear.  The  company  was  fully  organized  March  25, 1847,  and 
the  Road  was  opened  in  Oct.  1848. 

Oswego  <£  Syracuse  Railroad. 
StAtions  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Oswego 

Minetto 

Fulton 

Pouth  Granby, 

Lamsons , 

Baldwiusville , 
Syracuse 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between        From  From 

Stations.       Oswego.      Sj^racuse. 


4} 


4} 
12S 


0 

a 

18J 
181 
23 
35J 


36i 
31 

241 

m 

171 
121 
0 


I, 

Plattsburgh  &.  Montreal  Railroad.  Cnmpnny 
formed  Feb.  25, 1850.  Rorui  commenced  in  Aur.  l^ol,  and 
opened  July  20,  1852.  It  connects  with  the  Lake,  St.  Louis, 
&  Province  Lino  R.  R.  It  crosses  the  Ogdensburgh  R.  R.  at 
Mooers  Junction. 

Plattsburgh  and  Montreal  Sailroad. 
Stations  and  Distances. 


STATIOIffl. 


Plattsburgh 

Beekmantown 

West  Chaay 

Sciota 

Mooers 

Montreal  (Canada).. 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between  From  From 

Stations.     Plattsburgh.    Mimtreal. 


0 
5 
6 
5 

6 

42 


0 
5 
10 
15 
20 
62 


57 
52 
47 
42 
0 


Sackets    Harbor    &    EUlsburgb    Rail    Road. 

Company  formed  May  23, 1850.    Ro.id  opened  Juue  1.  1853. 
It  connects  with  W.  R.  4  C.  V.  K.  R.  at  Pierrepont  Manor. 
Sackets  Harbor  <8  FMisburgh  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Stations. 


Sackets  Harbor 

Smith  ville 

Henderson 

Belleville 

Pierrepont  Manor .. 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Beiwe/m 
Stations. 


From 
Sackets 
Sarbor. 


0 
5 
9 
13 
18 


From 

Pierrepont 

Manor. 


IS 
13 
9 
6 
0 


Potsdam  &•  Waterto-wn  Railroad.  Company  formeel 
Jan.  8, 1852.    Road  opened  through  in  Jan.,  1857,  and  ope- 
rated by  contractors  for  construction  to  April  1  following. 
Potsdam  t£  Watertmvn  Railroad. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Stations. 


AVatertown  Junction. 

Watertown 

Sanfords  Comers 

Evans  Mills 

Philadelphia 

Antwerp 

Keene 

Gouverneur 

Richville 

De  Kalb 

Herman 

Canton 

Potsdam 

Potsdam  Junction 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between  From 

Stations.      Waicrtoum. 


0 
1 
5 

4} 
7 

H 

5 

7 

7} 
4 
4l 
7i 
10} 
6i 


0 
1 

6 
10} 
17} 

at 

29 
36 

43} 
47} 
52 
691 


From 
Potsdam. 


76i 
761 
701 
66i 
6Si 
621 
471 
401 
32i 
2Si 
241 
17 

6i 

0 


Rensselaer  &■  Saratoga  Rail  Road.  Company 
formed  April  14,  1832.  Fully  organized  in  May,  1833.  and 
surveys  commenced  the  same  year.  Opened  from  Waterford 
to  Bailston  Aug  19,  1835.  and  to  Troy  in  the  spring  of  1836. 
The  Co.  leases  and  runs  the  Saratoga  and  Schenectady  R.  R. 
Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  Rait  Road, 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Troy  Union  Depot.. 

Green  Island 

Waterford 

A.  Junction 

Mechanicsville 

Bailston 

Saratoga 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between 
Stations. 


3.676 
1.402 
6.530 
13.108 
6.707 


From 
Troy. 


4.553 
6.965 
12.485 
25.593 
32.3 


From 
Saratoga. 


32.3 
31.423 
27. m 
26.845 
19.815 

6.707 

0 


Rochester  &.  Genesee  Valley  Rail  Road.  Com- 
pany formed  June  7,  1851 ;  allowed  to  extend  their  road  to 
Portage.  Work  was  commenced  in  1852,  and  the  road 
opened  to  Avon  in  1854.  It  connects  at  Avon  with  the 
Buffalo,  New  Tork  &  Erie  R.  R. 

Rutland  &.  "Wasiiington  Rail  Road  extends  from 
Kutlaud  to  Eagle  l{ri«lge,  63  mi.  We  have  not  been  able  to 
obtifti  statistics  of  this  road,  as  it  has  made  no  report  for  seve- 
ral years. 

Rutland  t£  Washington  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances. 


Distances  in  Miles. 

Stations. 

Between 
Stations. 

From 
Eagle 
Bridge. 

FYam 
Rutland. 

0 
10 
23 
6 
5 
7 
IS 
2 
6 
7 
11 

0 
10 
33 
39 
44 
61 
69 
71 
77 
84 
•     95 

95 
85 
62 
56 
61 
44 
26 
21 
18 
11 
0 

flranville 

Middle  Granville 

Ca'JtIetoa    "   

Saratoga  &  Sclieuectady  Rail  Road.  Company 
formed  Feb.  16, 1831.  Work  commenced  in  Sept.  1S31.  Koad 
opened  to  Bailston  July  12, 1832,  and  to  Saratoga  Springs 
in  1S33.  The  road  is  leased  and  operated  by  the  Keosselaer 
&  Saratoga  R.  K.  Co. 

Saratoga  £  Scfienectady  Rail  Eoad. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (Official.) 


Distances  in  Miles. 

Stations. 

Between 
Stations. 

Prom 
Schenec- 
tady. 

From 
Saratoga. 

0 

8 

7i 

6i 

0 

8 
151 
22 

22 
14 

6* 

0 

RAIL    ROADS. 


7» 


Saratoga  <6  WusM-ngton  Hail  Hoad.  Chartered  ftlay  2,  1834. 
Capital,  $600,000.  Company  organized  April  20. 1H35.  The 
work  was  begun  and  over  S<iO,000  espeuded,  when  it  waa 
stopped  in  1836.  The  time  was  extended  Aiiril  13. 1S40.  May 
4,  IS-W,  and  April  -1, 1850,  and  the  stock  was  increased  $250,000 
April  7. 1847.  Company  allowed  to  extend  the  road  east  to 
Vt.,  March  7, 18-48.  A  new  route  was  in  part  adopted  upon 
resuming  work.  Began  laying  rails  April  10,  184S.  Road 
opened  to  Qansevoort  Aug.  15. 1S48,  to  WHiiteliall  Dec.  10, 
1S4S,  and  to  Lake  Station  April  9,  liSl.  ?old  Feb.  27,  1S55, 
on  foreclosure  of  Hecond  mortcitre.  and  name  changed  to 

Saratogas  W^li  itch  nil  Rn  11  Road.  Company  formed 

June  8,  1S55.     iVipital  -. .miki.      This  company  leases  and 

runs  the  Ruthiiul  aiul  \\  liitcljiill  U.  R.  to  Castleton,  Vt. 

S-iratoga  d>  WhiMuiU  Rail  Road. 

Stations  and  Distances. 


Stations. 

Distances  in  Miles. 

Between 
Staiwns. 

Frmn 
Saratoga. 

From 
Whitehall 

0 

10.66 
6.3 
.8 
3.32 
4.6 
3.91 
3.91 
6.6 
1.88 
6.62 
1.85 
1.75 
3.2S 

0 
10.66 
15.96 
16.76 
20.08 
24.58 
28.49 
32.4 
39 

40.SS 
45.62 
47.47 
49.22 
52.5 

39 

28  34 

18  92 

14.43 

Comstocks 

66 

Whitehall  Junction 

0 

188 

8  47 

Castleton       " 

13.5 

Seeond  ATenue  Rail  Road  Company  of  the  City  of 
New  York  was  formed  Jan.  19,  1S53.  Koad  to  extend  from 
Harlem  River  to  I'eck  Slip.  In  1855  the  company  were 
allowed  to  bridge  Harlem  (ind  Bronx  Kivers,  to  discon- 
tinue the  road  from  Chatham  St.  through  Oliver  and  South 
S^ts.,  and  to  lay  a  new  track  on  Bowery  to  Pearl  St. 

Sixth  Avenue  Rail  Road  Company  of  the  City  of  New 
York  wits  formed  Dec.  7, 1851.  The  road  extends  from 
Chambers  St.  to  Central  Park  and  was  opened  fi'om  Broad- 
way to  Forty-Fourth  St.  Aus.  19, 1S62. 

Syracuse,  BiugUaniton,  ^  New  Ifork  Rati 
Road.  Compatiy  originally  formed  July  2,  1S51,  as  the 
Syracuse  &  Binghamton  K.  R.  Road  opened  through 
Oct.  23, 1854.  It  was  said  Oct.  13.  1S56,  on  foreclosure  of 
mortgage,  and  name  changed  to  the  Syracuse  &  Southern 
R.R.  Its  ju'esent  name  was  assumed  under  act  of  March 
31, 1857.  Ill  1S58  the  company  were  authorized  to  purchase 
the  Union  II.  R.  to  the  canal  at  Geddes. 

Syracuse^  Bmghamltm,  <&  New  Yrrrk  RaU  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.   (Official.) 


Stations. 


Syracuse 

Jamesville 

La  Fayette. 

Apulia 

Tully 

Preble 

Little  York 

Homer 

Cortland 

Blodgets  Mills 

State  Bridge 

Marathon 

Killawog 

Lisle 

Whitueys  Point... 
Chenango  Forks.. 

Chenango 

Binghamton 


Distances  in  Maes. 


Betwmn 
Stations. 


0 

6.69 

7.07 

6.10 

1.97 

6.33 

2.71 

4.28 

2.67 

ZU 

e.M 

3.90 

2.90 

3.65 

2.14 

9.23 

6.14 

6.13 


From 
Syramse. 


0 

6.69 
14.36 
19.46 
21.43 
26.76 
29.47 
33.73 
36.4 
39.94 
46.19 
60.09 
52.99 
66.64 
88.78 
08.06 
74.2 
79.33 


J?V077» 

Bingham^ 
ton. 


79.33 

72.64 

64.97 

59.87 

57.9 

62.97 

49.86 

45.6 

42.93 

39.39 

33.14 

29.21 

26.34 

22.69 

20.55 

11.27 

6.13 

0 


Tllird  A-venne  Rail  Road  Company  of  the  City  of 
New  York  was  formed  Oct.  6, 1853.  The  road  extends  from 
the  intersection  of  Park  Row  and  Broadway  through  Park 
Row,  Chatham  St.,  Bowery,  and  Third  Avenue  to  Harlem 
River.  It  was  opened  from  Ann  to  Sixty-First  St.  in  18KJ, 
to  Eighty-Sixth  St.  July  4. 1854,  and  to  Harlem  in  1859. 

Troy  &.  Bcnulugton  Kail  Koad.  Comtiany  firmed 
May  15, 18.51.  ^Vurkcommoncedln  June,  1851.  Road  opened 
Aug.  1,  1852.  Connects  the  Trov  &  Boston  R.  R.  with  the 
Western  Vt.  R.  R.    It  is  leased  to  the  Tloy  &  Boston  R.  R. Co. 

Troy  6^  Boston  Rail  Road.  Company  formed  Nov.  20, 
1^49.  Work  couiinenced  in  .Mine.  1850.  Itoad  opened  from 
Troy  to  Hoosick  Falls  in  Aug.  1853.  Most  of  the  remainder 
to  the  State  Line  is  gi-aded.  The  company  leases  the  Troy  & 
BenoingtOQ  R.  R.  and  7  mL  of  the  Vermont  WcBtem  R.  It. 


Troy  (£  Bennington  Rail  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances. 


Stations. 


Troy 

Lansingburgh 

Junction 

Schaghticoke 

Pittstown 

Jobnsonville 

Buskirks  Bridge 

Eagle  Bridge 

Hoosick  Falls  Junction.. 

Hoosick  Falls 

Hoosick  Corners 

Petersburgh 

North  Adams,  Mass 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between 
Stations. 


0 
3 
6 
4 
2 
2 
5 
2 
2 

3 
2 
16 


From 
Troy. 


0 
3 

8 
12 
14 
16 
21 
23 
25 
27 
30 
32 
47 


Western  Vermont  Rail  Road. 


Stations. 

• 

From 
North 
Soosicic 

0 
2 

4 
64 

0 

2 

North  Bennington,  Vt 

Rutland                     " 

6 

60 

Troy  &  Oreenbush  Rail  Road.  Company  organized 
May  14,  1845  under  a  lease  from  the  New  Y'ork  &  Albany 
R.  R.  The  road  had  been  commenced  .about  1842,  and  operar 
tions  suspended.  It  was  opened  in  June,  1845.  It  ia 
operated  by  the  Hudson  River  R.  R.  Co.  under  a  lease. 

Troy  &  Rutland  Rail  Road.  Company  formed  March 
6,  1851.  The  road  extends  from  Hoosick  near  Eagle  Bridge 
to  Salem.  It  was  opened  June  28, 1852,  and  leased  to  the 
Rutland  &  Washington  ( Vt.)  R.  R.,  until  March,  1S55.  when 
it  waa  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver,  and  run  by  the 
Albany  Northern  R.  R. 

Troy  Union  Rail  Road.  Csmpanyformed  July21,1861. 
Road  commenced  in  Feb.  1853.  and  oi>ened  Feb.  22. 1854.  It 
is  owned  by  parties  representing  the  interests  of  the  Troy 
&  Greenbush,  Troy  &  Boston,  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga,  and 
New  York  Centr.al  R.  Reads,  and  is  used  by  the  above  com- 
panies in  common. 

Union  Rail  Road.  Company  formed  Jan.  10, 1851.  The 
road  extends  from  Patterson  and  Ramapo  (N.  J.)  to  tlie  New 
York  &,  Erie  R.  R.  at  Sufferns.  It  is  operated  by  the  latter 
road  under  a  lease. 

Union  Rail  Road.  Company  formed  Nov.  13, 1856,  The  road 
extends  from  the  6th  Ward  in  Syracuse  to  the  Erie  Canal  in 
Geddes.  By  an  act  of  April  16. 1858.  the  Co.  were  authorized 
to  sell  the  road  to  the  Syracuse.  Binghamton,  i  N.  Y.  R.  R.  Co. 

■Waterto-wn  6l  Rome  Rail  Road.  Company  formed 
April  17, 1832.  Work  commenced  at  Rome  in  Nov.  184S. 
Road  opened  to  Camden  in  1849,  to  Pierrepont  Manor  in  May, 
1851,  to  Watertown  in  Sept.  1851,  to  Chaumont  in  Nov.  1S51, 
and  to  Cape  Vincent  May  1, 1852. 

Watertown,  Rome,  d:  Cape  Vincent  Rait  Road. 
Stations  and  Distances.    (OfQcial) 


Stations. 


Cape  Vincent 

Throe  Mile  Bay 

Chaumont 

Lknerick 

Brownvillo 

Watertown 

Adkms  Center 

Adams 7..,. 

Pierrepont  Manor.. 

Mannsville 

Sandy  Creek 

Richland..... 

Albion I 

Kasuag 

Williiuustown 

West  Camden , 

Camden 

McConnelsvillo 

Taberg  

Rome 


Distances  in  Miles. 


Between 
Stations. 


0 
8 
3 
6 
4 
4 

10 
3 
6 
2 
5 
6 
6 
G 
3 
5 
6 
9 
2 

11 


From 
Oipe  Vin- 
cent. 


11 

17 
21 
25 
35 
38 
43 
45 
60 
6S 
60 
66 
69 
74 
79 
84 
86 
97 


From 
Rome. 


89 
86 
SO 
70 
72 
62 
69 
64 
62 
47 
42 
37 
31 
38 
23 
18 
13 
11 
0 


IViUiamsport  &.  Elmira  Rail  Road.  Incorporated 
by  Penn.  April  9, 1850.  and  allowed  to  extend  the  road  to  the 
New  York  &  l)rie  B.  R.  at  Elmira.  The  village  of  Elmira  waa 
authorized  to  loan  its  credit  for  $100,000  toward  the  con- 
structioo.    Kifibt  mUea  of  the  road  ore  in  this  State. 


NE"W    YOKK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 

Official  Summary  of  Bail  Road  Statistics 


Names. 


Albany,  Vermont  &  Canada. 

Albany  &  West  StockbriJge 

Black  River  &  Utica 

Bloaaburg    &   Corning 

Brooklyn  City 

Butfalo,  New  York  &  Erie 

Buflfalo  &  State  Line 

Cayuga  &  Susquehanna 

Chemung 

Eighth  Avenue 

Elmira,  Canandaigua  &  Niagara  Falla, 

Fluehing 

Hudson  &  Boston , 

Hudson  River 

Long  Island 

New  York  Central 

New  York  &  Erie 

New  York  &  Harlem , 

New  Y'ork  &  New  Haven 

Ogdensburgh 

Oswego  &  Syracuse 

Potsdam  &  Watertown 

Rensselaer  &  Saratoga 

Rochester  &  Genesee  Valley. 

S^kets  Harbur  &  ElHsburgli. 

Saratoga  &  Schenectady 

Saratoga  &  Whitehall 

Second  Avenue 

Sixth  Avenue 

Syracuse,  Binghamton  &  New  York... 

Third  Avenue 

Troy  &  Bennington 

Troy  &  Boston 

Troy  &  Greenbush 

Troy  &  Rutland 

Troy  Union 

Watertown  &  Rome , 

Total 


o» 

IE 

^1 

1 

c 

i^ 

1:2 
"s-s 

•«-S 

.«  s 

£  0  ^ 

S'S 

~i 

S'S-? 

■5," 

^.a   . 

l^'^ 

§8, 

^1 

^11 

ii-i 

II 

^< 

32.95 

3.39 

$   600.000 

$   4.39,004.97 

$  1,576,098.79 

$  1,625,098.79 

38 

34 

1,000,000 

1,000,000.00 

1,289,933.98 

1,2.89,933.98 

34.94 

1,600,000 
250,000 

804,647.99 

14.81 

1.60 

260,000.00 

220,000.00 

220,000.00 

2(1.15 

19.95 

1,000,000 

1,000,000.00 
680,000.00 

142 

11.33 

1,500,000 

2,409,693.88 

2,574,632.19 

68.34 

18 

1,300,000 

1,913,000.00 

1,049.000.00 

1,221,378.49 

34.61 

3.49 

1,600,000 

687,000.00 

473,000.00 

480.402.28 

17.36 

2.06 

380,000 

380,000.00 

70,000.00 

70,000.00 

6 

800,000 

800,000.00 

46.84 

7.sn 

2.90 
.39 

300,000 
200,000 

131,339.90 

230,600.00 

269,913.32 

17.33 

.60 

175.000 

176,000.00 

144 

106.50 

4,000,000 

3,758,466.59 

8,842,000.00 

9,297,003.04 

95 

10.08 

3,000,000 

1,852,715.79 

639,497.67 

653.203.02 

665.88 

311.80 

24.182.400 

24,182,400.00 

14.402,634.69 

14.402,634.69 

446 

2S2.60 

10,600.000 

11,000.000.00 

26,438.016.65 

27.170.274.41 

130.75 

28.84 

8,000,000 

6,717,100.00 

6,161,287.21 

6,298,927.88 

62.25 

63.82 

3,000,000 

2,980,839.33 

2,163,600.00 

2,194,061.07 

118 

17.75 

4,671,900 
360,000 

35.91 

2.21 

396,340.00 

197,000.00 

213.414.94 

75.36 

2 

2,000,000 

633,077.15 

818,600.00 

998.638.47 

25.22 

2.01 

610,000 

610,000.00 

140,000.00 

140,000.00 

18.45 

1.25 

800,000 

665,4.50.10 

1.50,000.00 

180.417.13 

18 

1 

175.000 

167,485.89 

278,400.00 

30li.S10.47 

21 

1.67 

300.000 

300,000.00 

86,500.00 

86,500.00 

40.86 

3.87 

600.000 

600,000.00 

395,000.00 

400,455.94 

8 

8 

800,000 

627,200.00 

350,000.00 

380,000.00 

4 

4.38 

760  000 

760,000.00 
1,200,130.00 

81 

7.09 

1,201,300 

1,500,000.00 

1,763,486.80 

6 

6.50 

1,170,000 

1,170,000.00 

50,000.60 

90,600.00 

6.38 

.28 

80,000 

75.358.00 

171,200.00 

172.295.37 

27.23 

3.23 

1,000,000 

668,297.22 

797,800.00 

1,028,682.99 

6 

.04 

276,000 
325.000 

17.27 

2.75 

249,939.60 
30,000.00 

2.14 

2.14 

30,000 

680,000.00 

680,000.00 

98.76 

11 

1.500,000 

1,498,400.00 

688,500.00 

769,250.76 

2,520.59 

978.12 

$79,625,600 

567,358,192.43 

$71,925,162.77 

574,692,936.63 

The  Plattsburgh  &  Montreal  R.  R.,  23.17  mi.;  Champlain  &  St.  Lawrence  R.  R.,  2.5  mi.  to  Canada  line;  and  Williamsport  & 
Elmira  R.  R.,  8  mi.  to  Pennsylvania  line,  are  not  included  in  the  above  table,  from  default  in  reports.  The  gauge  of  the  New 
Tork  &  Erie  R.  R.  and  of  the  connecting  roads  ia  6  ft.,  the  same  as  that  of  several  roads  in  Penn.    The  New  York  Centra!  R.  R. 


General  Summary  of  Hail  Road  Statistics  for 
the  year  ending  September  30,  1858. 

Length  of  roads  in  miles 3,124.71 

Length  of  roads  laid 2,442.91 

Length  of  roads  in  operation,  excluding  city  roads 2.397.62 

Length  of  double  track,  including  sidings 970.4S 

Length  of  branches  owned  by  company  and  laid 373.44 

Length  of  double  track  on  same 6.37 

Length  of  equivalent  single  track,  exclusive  of  city 

roads 3,709.08 

Number  of  engine  houses  and  shops 183 

Number  of  engines 738 

Number  of  first-class  passenger  cars,  rated  as  eight- 
wheeled 1.071 

Number  of  second-class  and  emigrant  cars 175 

Number  of  baggage,  mail,  and  express  cars 239 

Number  of  freight  cars 9,014 

Excludinff  City  Roads.                        Miles. 
Average  rate  of  speed  of  ordinary  passenger  trains,  inclu- 
ding stops 20.72 

Average  rate  of  same  when  in  motion 25.53 

Average  rate  of  speed  of  express  passenger  trains,  including 

stops * 25.44 

Average  rate  of  same  when  in  motion, 29.39 

Average  rate  of  speed  of  freight  trains,  including  stops 10.69 

Average  rate  of  same  when  in  motion .13.95 

Tbns. 
Average  weight  in  tons  of  passenger  trains,  exclusive  of 

passengers  and  baggage 73.09 

Average  weight  in  tons  of  freight  trains,  exclusive  of 

freight 129.27 

MUc3  run  by  passenger  trains 11,578,745 

The  same,  excluding  city  roads 6,145,862 

Number  of  passengers  of  all  classes  carried  in  cars...  43.786,579 

The  same,  excluding  city  roads 11,250,073 

Kumber  of  miles  traveled  by  passengers,  or  number 
of  passengers  carried  one  mile,  city  roads  not  in- 
cluded  373,159,179 


Miles  run  by  freight  trains 5,417,456 

Number  of  tons  carried  on  freight  trains 3,473,725 

Total  movement  of  freight,  or  number  of  tons  carried 

one  mile 420,604,609 

Classification  of  Freight. 

Tons. 

Prodncts  of  the  forest 303^6 

Products  of  animals 734,995 

Vegetable  food 914,206 

Other  agricultural  products 77,174 

Manufactures 325,596 

Merchandise 562,378 

Other  articles 556,140 

Total  tonnage 3,473,725 

Costs. 

Repairs  of  road  bed $2,282,807.73 

Cost  of  iron  for  repair 464.712.95 

Repairs  of  buildings 207,846.56 

Repairs  of  fencesand  gates 48,660.36 

Tuxes  on  real  estate 290,771.47 

Other  road  expenses 398,329.66 

Total  road  expenses $3,693.129.72 

Repairs  of  engines $  930.627.16 

Repairs  of  cars 1,003.906.26 

Repairs  of  tools 82.975.15 

Oil,  waste,  Ac 112,518.64 

Other  coats 43,759.29 

Total  cost  of  repairs  of  machinery $2,173,786.69 

OflBce  expenses,  stationery,  Ac $  S6;427.S1 

Agents  and  clerks 622,981.68 

Labor,  loading  and  unloading  freight 449,060.96 

Porters,  watchmen,  and  switchmen  attendance....  420,180.66 

Wood  and  water  stution  attendance 96,958.14 


RAIL    ROADS. 


75 


for  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1858. 


§1 


I  a 


S  2,010,634.64 
2,--'89,933.93 
1,234,614.64 
496.661.28 
1,038,839.97 
2.975,325.66 
2.772,987.09 
i;iS3.ni2.71 

400,000.00 
833.642,87 
200,000.00 
308,891.,').8 
175,000,00 
11,328,989.96 

2.560.270.07 
30.732.517.54 
34.058,632.63 

7,948,116..35 

6,324,627.09 

-4,788,791.26 

761,380.11 

1,587,028.08 
900,550.58 
663,539.64 
389,170.84 
480,684.15 
903,890.92 

1,005,403.71 
855,957.22 

2.837,607.66 

1,378,090.74 
263,931.19 

1,422,188.86 
294,731,43 
338.688.87 
732,114.72 

2.159,295.04 


lis 


$  84,119.86 

'"60,624.33 
23.554.24 
395,026.80 
420,763.89 
840,116.71 
97,151.68 

Ji38.410.16 

17,989.46 

40,072.62 

68.207.21 

1,636.412.28 

320.588.93 

6,528,412.70 

6,151,616.43 

975.853.86 

836,612.14 

— 410,806.66 

115.996.68 

94.385.03 

208.222.S6 

S7.280.67 

48;358.60 

30.160.00 

139,383.67 

227,457.70 

280,617.86 

177,027.85 

403,065.03 

3,164.88 

125,042.65 


391,973.40 


!l 

II 


$   72,904.83 

28,091.92 

""288,'7'7i'.22 
301,632.09 
480,507.05 
77,285.40 

177,753.91 

11,947.28 

41,666.29 

47,367.60 

1,041,773.43 

174.215.05 

3,487,292.67 

3,791.467.62 

617,061.47 

632,477.85 

283,793.93 

64.549.63 

49:672.54 

110,982.77 

3,514.02 


95,723.46 
119.704.37 
178,226.24 
100,700.61 
242,811.63 

71,753.69 


232,667.41 


a, 
■3 


$  12.500.00 
80,000.00. 

"' ios','6b6.o6 

96,000.00 


10,600.00 

"i'Sm&i.oo 


2,108.75 
37,097.93 

"i8,3b6!o6 


12,544.00 
76,000.00 


44,952.00 


Passenger  Transporta- 
tion. 


Number. 


196,911 
171,046 
63,647 
9,364 
7,606,869 
186,876 
296,194 
26,253 

6,768,203 

15.852 

226,779 

37,110 

1,416.339 

360.130 

2,124,439 

793,662 

720,070 

963,819 

71,764 

92,492 

71,850 

161,676 

43,948 

7,340 

93,036 

4,604,645 

6,612.367 

107,504 

7,946,462 

87,432 


127,285 


MiUage. 


1,864,210 

5,094,681 

1,121.012 

103,847 

"8',192,'6o6 

17,864,082 

623,886 


479,841 

1,483,454 

413,355 

66,668,109 

7,380,760 

136,091,023 

64,931,456 

17,940.971 

82.908,967 

2,767,920 

2,131,962 

1,725,177 

3,602,026 

703,184 

68,913 

2,452,281 


2,753,962 


1,798,203 


rRiiaST  Transporta- 
tion, iM  Tons. 


Nuw^er. 


34,918 
228,035 
13,1.36 
73,908 

"l43,'709 

290,632 

85,666 


4,293 

1,460 

60,806 

160,197 

89,480 

766,407 

816,965 

122,371 

64,053 

160,432 

42,810 

21,142 

69,903 

27,700 

8,342 

62,863 


73,410 
66,049 

"l23,'599 


MUeage. 


698,360 

7,611,341 

316,660 

831,679 

'i4,300,'oo6 
19,809,225 
2,674,375 


880, 

18,416, 

2,236. 

142,691 

165,895, 

7,446, 

3,715. 

13,210. 

,  1,375, 

699, 

1,580. 

470, 

74; 


1,871,411 
6,058,890 
1,482,292 

"9','899,'i28 


Acci- 
dents. 


$129,621,642.88 


$20,527,961.53 


$12,716,306.68 


$2,517,667.08 


40,977,229 


375,336,441 


3,669,082 


423,362,032 


117 


aDd  its  connecting  roads  have  a  gauge  of  4.71  ft.,  the  same  as  New  England  roads  generally.  The  Buffalo  &  State  Line  R.  K-  has 
a  gauge  of  4.83  feet,  like  the  Ohio  roads ;  and  a  few  tracks  near  Suspension  Bridge  have  a  gauge  of  6.6  feet,  like  that  of  the 
principal  roads  in  Canada. 


Conductors,  baggagemen,  and  brakesmen 663,122.23 

Enginemen  and  firemen 652,985.29 

Fuel  and  cost  of  labor  in  preparing  for  use 1,698,260.16 

Oil  and  waste  for  engines  and  tenders 204,078.43 

Oil  and  waste  for  cars 54  202.29 

Loss  and  damage  to  goods  and  baggage. 9,8',939.93 

Damages  for  injuries  to  persons 135,214.26 

Damages  for  property  and  for  cattle  killed 18,519.15 

General  superintendence 203,.301.81 

Contingencies 645,259.03 

Other  costs 906,669.45 

Total  cost  of  operating  roads $6,6.36,061.33 

Eaminffs. 

From  passenger  business $  9,016,747.50 

From  freight  business,  city  rcids  excluded 10,632,714.97 

From  other  sources 759,691.38 

Total  earnings  for  all  roads $20,309,053.85 

Payments  for  transportation  expenses $12,830,626.87 

Payments  for  interest 4,156,997.05 

Payments  for  dividends  on  stock 2,503,013,93 

Amount  carried  to  surplus  fund 218,641.42 

Total  payment  for  all  roads $19,709,079.27 

Accidents. 

Number  of  passengers  killed 20 

Number  of  passengers  injured .142 

Number  of  employees  killed 29 

NumbrT  of  employees  injured 24 

Number  of  others  killed. 68 

Number  of  others  injured 36 

Total  number  killed 117 

Total  number  iiyured 202 

Total  number  killed,  excluding  city  roads. 114 

Total  number  ityured,  excluding  city  roads 191 


Cost  of  OmstrucKan  and  of  Equipment. 

Grading  and  masonry..... $58,355,306.85 

Bridges 2,396,300.42 

Superstructure,  including  iron 28,166,443.55 

Passenger  and  freight  stations,  buildings  and  fix- 
tures   4,777,786.65 

Engine  and  car  houses,  machine  shops,   ma- 
chinery and  fixtures 1,920,498,40 

Land  damages,  and  fences 9,047,417.34 

Locomotives  and  fixtures  and  snow  plows 6,884,500.70 

Passenger  and  bflggage  cars 2,670,601.01 

Freight  and  other  cars 6,586,736.19 

Engineering  and  agencies 12,102,948.10 

Total  cost  of  construction  and  equipment 131,907,445.21 

Total  cost  of  same,  excluding  city  roads 126,873,010.70 

Excluding  City  Hail  Roads,  thefoUoioing  deductions  per  MiU. 

Average  cost  per  mile $52,916.23 

Average  cost  single  track  per  mile 34,206.06 

Average  number  of  miles  traveled  by  each  passenger  33.17 

Average  number  of  passengers  to  each  train 60.72 

Average  distance  each  ton  of  freight  is  transported 

in  miles 120.91 

Average  number  of  tons  in  each  freight  train 77.64 

Average  number  of  trains  over  each  track  daily. ...  8.54 

Average  Cost  per  MUe  of  Road. 

For  maintaining  of  road  way $1,511.70 

Forrepairs  of  machinery 692.47 

For  operating  road 2,415.49 

Average  Cost  per  Mile  of  Single  Track. 

For  maintaining  of  roadway $      677.19 

For  repairs  of  machinery 677.45 

For  operating  road 1,661.42 

Average  amount  received  for  passengers  per  mile,  1.98  cts. 
Proportion  of  passengers  killed  to  miles  traveled,  1  to  18,657,969. 
Proportion  of  passengers  killed  to  passengers  traveling,  1  t* 

662,504. 
Proportion  of  expenses  to  earnings,  63  to  100.32. 


76 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Rail  Roads  Projected^  Abandoned,  or  merged  in  other  Roads. 


Names  of  Rail  Roads. 


Adirondack 

Albany,  Bennington  &  Rutland 

Albany  Northern 

Albany  &  Cohoes 

Albany  &  Saratoga 

Albany  &  Saratoga  Springs 

Albany  &  Schenectady 


April  1, 1S39 

April  23,1850 

Feb.  12, 1851 

Co.  not  organ'd 

June  28,  1852 

Sept.  20,1852 

April  19,1847 


Albany  &  Susquehanna 

Albion  &  Tonawanda 

Atlantic  &,  Great  Western.. 

Attica  &  Allegany  Valley.... 
Attica  &  Buffalo 


Attica  &  HomellBTille . 


Attica  &  Pheldon 

Auburn  &  Caned 

Auburn  &  Ithaca 

Auburn  &  Rochester... 

Auburn  &  Syracuse.-., 


Aurora  &  Buffalo 

B.itavia  &  Chicktawauga 

Bath  &  Coney  Island. 

Bath  &  Crooked  Lake 

Binghamton  &  Susquehanna..... 

Black  River 

Black  River 

Black  River 

Brewerton  &  Syracuse 

Broadway  R.  R.  Co.  of  Brooklyn 
Brooklyn,  Jort  llamilton 

Buffalo  International 


Biifalo,  New  York  &  Erie.... 


Buffalo 
Buffalo 

Buffalo 
Buffalo 
Buffalo, 

Buffalo 
Buffalo 
Buffalo 

Buffalo 

Buffalo 


&  Allegany  Valley 

&  Batavia.., 

&  Black  Rock. 

&  Conhocton  Valley..., 
Corning  &  New  York.. 


&  Erie 

&.  Hinsdale 

&  Lake  Huron  (Canada) 

&  Lockport 

&  New  York 


Buffalo  &  New  York  City- 


Buffalo,  Tonawanda  &  Niagara 

Falls 

Buffalo  &  Niagara  Falls 


Buffalo  &  Pittsburg , 

Buffalo,  Pittsburg  &  St.  Louis- 
Buffalo  &  Rochester 


Canandaigua  Railway  &  Trans- 
portation Co 

Canandaigua  A  Corning 


Canandaigua  &  Elmira... 


Date  of 
Organization. 


Ckipital. 


April 
April 


Sept. 
May 


2. 1851 
17, 1832 

1, 1858 

16, 1S52 


May     14, 1S45 


May 
April 
May 
May 


21, 1836 
24, 1832 
21, 1836 
13, 1S36 


May   1, 1834 

Apra  14,1832 
Aug.     17, 1850 

March  24, 1831 
AprU  29,1833 
AprU    17,1832 

May      21, 1836 
27, 1853 


Jan. 

May 

Aug. 
May 


1, 1836 

11, 1858 
12, 1836 


Feb.     25, 1857 

Sept.      1, 1857 

May  21,  1853 
AprU    18,1838 

April  29,1833 
June  26, 1850 
March  IS,  1852 

April  14,1832 
May     12, 1846 


April    27,1852 
Jan.      16, 1S51 


April      8, 1851 


June  23.1853 

May  3. 1834 

Oct  7, 1S62 

Oct.  11, 1852 

Oct.  8, 1850 

April  12,1828 

May  11, 1845 


Sept.  11,1852 


$100,000 
400,000 
335,000 

"soo.ouo 

200,000 


4,000,000 
200,000 


1.000,000 
350,000 


750,000 

50,000 

150.000 

500.000 

2,000,000 

400,000 

300,000 
300,000 

20,000 
150,000 

900,000 

200,000 
120,000 

80,000 

200.000 
150,000 

150,000 


1.500,000 

300,000 
500,000 

100,000 
1,400,000 


650.000 
500,000 


600,000 
350,000 


250.000 
110,000 

750,000 

*  1,825,000 

60,000 
1,600,000 


Qmmcitons. 


Adirondack  Iron  Works  and  > 

Clear  Pond J 

Albuny.    Bennington,    and  1 

Rutland ( 

Albany  and  Troy,  and  Rutland 
R.  R.  at  Eagle  Bridge. 

Albany  and  Cohoes 

Albany  and  Green  Island 

/Albany  Northern  R.  R.  and) 

\     Saratoga  Springs j" 

Albany  and  Schenectady. 

Albany  and  Binghamton 

Albion  and  Batavia 

f  Buffalo  &  New  York  Central  \ 
\     R.  R.  and  Penn.  State  Line  J 

Attica  to  Penn.  State  Line 

Attica  and  Buffido 

Attica  and  Homellsville. 

Attica  and  Sheldon 

Auburn  and  Canal 

Auburn  and  Ithaca. 

Aubuin  and  Rochester. 

Auburn  and  Syracuse 

Aurora  and  Buffalo 

Bata-via  and  Attica  &BuffaloE.R. 

Bath  and  Crooked  Lake 

Binghamton  and  Penn.  S.  Line 
(  Rome  or  Herkimer  and  River  \ 
\     St.  Lawrence J 

Clayton  and  Carthage 

Clayton  and  Mohawk  Village.... 
f  Outlet  of  Oneida  Lake  and  > 
1      SjTacuse. j 

Through  a  part  of  Brooklyn 

{Buffalo  and  proposed  iater-'j 
national  bridge,  opposite  > 
Squaw  Island J 

/Buffalo,  New  York  &  Brie) 
\     R.  R.  at  Corning / 

/Buffalo  and  Attica  &  Allfr-) 

)      ganyR.  R / 

Buffalo  and  Batavia, 

Buffalo  and  Black  Rock 

/  Buffalo.  New  York  &  Erie  R.  R. 
\     at  Corning. 

Buffalo  and  Erie,  Penn 

Buffalo  and  Hinsdale... 

Buffalo  and  Lockport 

Buffalo  and  Attica. 

Buffalo  and  nornellsville 

Tonawanda  and  Black  Rock...... 

Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls 

/  Buffalo  and  State  Line  near") 
t     Olean J 

Buffalo  and  Rochester. 

Canandaigua  and  Watson 

Canandaigua  and  Elmira 


Canandaigua  and  Niagara  Edge. 


Nothing  done. 

Merged  in  Albany  Northern  R.R. 

Sold,  and  succeeded  by  Albany, 

Vermont,  &  Canada  R.  R. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Changed  from  Mohawk  &  Hud- 
son, and  merged  in  the  New 
York  Central  R.  R.,  May  17, 
1853. 

Partly  graded. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Partly  graded. 

Consolidated  as  Buffalo  &  Roches- 
ter, afterward  as  Buffalo  A  N. 
York  City  R.  E.,  at  present 
as  Buffalo,  New  York,  &  Erie. 

Consolidated,  and  is  now  the  Buf- 
falo &  New  York  City  R.  R. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Consolidated  in  New  York  Cen- 
tral R.  R. 

Consolidated  in  New  York  Cen- 
tral R.  R. 

Not  constructed. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Not  constructed. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Consolidation  of  the  Buffalo. 
Corning,  and  New  York  R.  R. 
and  part  of  Buffalo  &  New 
York  City  R.  R. 

Partly  done. 

Not  constructed  by  this  organi- 
zation. 

Horse-power.    Since  abandoned. 

Now  the  Birffalo,  New  York  &\ 
Erie  R.  R. 

Name  changed  from  Buffalo  & 
Conhocton  Valley  R.  R. 

Surveyed  and  located. 

Nothing  dona. 

Allowed  to  purchase  real  estate 
in  1857. 

Consolidated  with  New  York  Cen- 
tml  R.  R.,  1853. 

Connected  with  Attica  &  Homells- 
ville R.  R.,  and  name  changed 
to  Buffalo  &  New  York  City 
R.R. 

Consolidation  of  Attica  A  Bufftilo 
R.  R.  and  Buffalo  &  New  York 
R.R. 

Not  constructed. 

Leased  to  Xew  York  Central  R.  B. 

Co.  in  1853. 
Reorganized  as  the  Buffalo,  Pitts- 
burg &  St.  Louis  R.  R. 
Partly  graded. 
Formed  by  union  of  Tonawanda 

and  Attica  &  Buffalo  R.  Roads, 
/  Connected  with  Chemung  R.  R. 
\         to  Elmira. 
Formed  from  Canandaigna  ACorn- 

ing  and  Chemung  R.  Roads. 

Le;ised  to  New  York  &  Erie 

R.  R.  Co. 
Leased  to  New  York  Central  R.  R. 

Co. in  1858. 


RAIL    ROADS. 
Sail  Roads  Projected,  Abandoned,  or  merged  in  other  Roads,  continued. 


77 


NA5tE3  OP  Ria  Roads. 


Canandaigua  &  Niagara  Falls... 
Canaudaigua  &■  Syracuse 

Casaadaga  &  Erie 

Castleton  &  West  Stockbridge.. 


Date  of 
Orgaiiization, 


Capital. 


Dec. 
Nov, 


10,  1850 
26,  1853 

May      21, 1836 

May        6, 1834 


Catskill  &  Canajoharie. 

Cat8kill  &  Ithaca 

Chautauqua  County 

Chemung  &  Ithaca 

Cherry  Valley  &  Susquehanna.. 

Clifton  A  South  Clifton 

ayde  &  Sodus  Bay 

Coeymans 

Cold  Spring 


Cooperstown  &  Cherry  Valley... 

Corning  &  Blossburg 

Corning  &  Olean 

Cossackie&  Schenectady 

Danaville  &  Rochester 

Delaware 

Division  Avenue 

Dunkirk  &  State  Line 

Dutchess 

Dutchess 


Elmira,  Canandaigua   &  Nia-) 
gara  Falls J 


Elmira  &  Williamsport.. 
Erie  &  Cattaraugus 


Erie  &  New  York  City , 

Fishhouse  &  Amsterdam 

Fislikill  Landing  &  State  Line., 

Fredonia  &  Van  Buren , 

Geneseo  Valley 

Genesee  &  Cattaraugus , 

Genesee  &  Hudson  River 

Geneseo 

Geneseo  &  Pittaford 

Geneva  &  Canandaigua 

Giiboa 

Goshen  &  Albany 

Goshen  &  New  York. 

Great  Ausahle 


Greene 

Harlem  &  High  Bridge.. 

Herkimer  &  Trenton 

Honeoye 

Hudson  &  Berkshire 


Hudson  &  Delaware- 
Ithaca  &  Geneva 

Ithaca*  Owego. 


Ithaca  &  Port  Renwick.. 
Jamesville 

Johnstown 


Jordan*  Skaneatelea 

Kingston  Turnpike  &  R.  R. 
LakeChamplain  &  Ogdenabui-gl 
Li\ke  Ontario,  Auburn  &  New' 

York 

Lake  Ontario,  Auburn  &  New 

York , 

Lake  Ontario  &  Hudson  River.'. 


Lake  Ontario  &  Now  York.. 

Lansingburgh  &  Troy 

Lansingburgh  &  Troy 

Lebanon  Sprhigs 


April  19, 

AprU  21, 

July  23, 

May  16, 

May  10, 

March  8, 

Jan.  22, 

May  21. 

April  30, 


1830 

1828 
1851 
1837 
1836 

1853 

1853 
1830 
1839 


May     15, 1837 
AprU      5, 1851 


$1,000,000 
1,000,000 

250,000 

300,000 

600,000 

1,500,000 

50,000 

200,000 

500,000 

350,000 

150.000 

75,000 

2.500 

150,000 


Feb. 

May 

March 

May 

March 

April 

March 


5, 1853 
15, 1837 
22,  1832 
21, 1836 

1, 1853 
15,  1S50 
28, 1832 


May      25, 1836 

April    24,1857 

April    21, 1832 
May     15, 183^ 

11, 1851 

2fi,  1832 

12, 1S4S 

21. 1.S36 

2, 1856 


July 

April 
April 
May 
June 

May 

Dec. 

April 

May 

April 

April 

April 

May 

April 

April 

Aug. 
May 
May 
April 


15, 183: 

11, 1S.=)2 
11, 1848 
11, 1836 
21, 1828 
15, 1839 
12, 1842 
13,  18.'',7 
17, 1828 

18, 1838 

25. 1853 
13, 1836 
21,  1836 
21, 1858 


April  19,1830 
April  0, 1832 
Jan.      28, 1S2S 


April 
May 

May 

May 

April 

April 

April 

May 
April 


16, 1834 
21, 1S3G 

13, 1836 

6, 1837 
23,  1835 
20,  1832 

15, 1851 

9. 1856 

6. 1857 


Aug. 

May 
Nov. 
Dec. 


19, 1836 

13, 1853 

1, 1S51 


May       6, 1836 


850,000 
500,000 
300,000 
400.000 
500.000 
500.000 
600,000 

1,000,000 


75,000 
200,000 

750,000 
250,000 

'"i'iooo 

300,000 
400,000 

7,000,000 

15.000 

150,000 

100.000 

150.000 

1,500.000 
150,000 
150,000 

20,000 

150,000 
200,000 
250,000 
350,000 

500,000 
800,000 
150,000 

15.000 
25,000 


20,000 
,000,000 

,500  000 
,500,000 


Canandaigua  and  Erie  Canal 

Canaudaigua  and  Syracuse 

f  Cassadaga  Creek  and  Penn.  1 
X     State  Line / 

Castleton  and  West  Stockbridge 

Catskill  and  Canajoharie 


Catskil!  and  Ithaca 

Now  York  &  Erie  R.  R.  and  ) 

Penn.  State  Line j 

Head  of  Cayuga  and  Penn.  Lint 
'  Utica  &  Syracuse  R.  R.  and  ) 

Now  York  &  Erie  R.  It i 

Clifton  and  Vreeland  Farm,  \ 

on  Lower  Bay j 

Clyde  and  Lake  Ontario 

Landing  and  Moss  Hill  Quarries 
In  Cattaraugus  co 


f  Cooperstown  and  Canandai- 1 

1      gua  &  Syracuse  R.  R | 

J  Corning  and   IJIosebui"g  Coal 
\     Reidon  iu  Penn, 

Corning  and  Glean 

Coxsackie  and  Schenectady 

Dansville  and  Rochester. 

Delhi  and  Deposit 

BrookljTi 

Dunkirk  and  State  Line 

Poui,^hkeepsie  and  State  Line 

I  Pout;hkeepsie  and  Jilass.  ov\ 
\     Conn,  lioe J 

Elmira  and  Suspension  Bridge... 

Elmira  and  Williamsport,  Penn. 

'  Attica  &  Buffalo  11.  R.  and  1 

Genesee  &  Cattaraugus  R.R.  j" 

Little    V.dley    Creek    and ) 

Penn.  State  Line ) 

Fisbhouae  and  Amsterdam 


150,000 

40.000 
10.000 
500,000 


Fredonia  and  Vau  Buren , 

Avon  and  Mount  Morris 

f  Attica    and    New    York    & 

I     Erio  R.  R 

Rochester  and  Albany 

Gent'eeo  and  Canal  in  York.... 

Geneseo  and  Pittsford 

Geneva  and  Canandaigua 

Giiboa  to  Canajoharie 

Albany  and  Goshen , 

Goshen  to  New  Jersey  State  line 
Port  Kent  and  Ausable  Forks, 
f  Greene    and  New  York    * 

t     ErieR.  R 

East  River  and  High  Bridge.... 

Herkimer  and  Trenton 

Erie  Canal  and  Ilonooye  Lake- 
Hudson  and  Berkshire , 


Newburgh  and  Delaware  River., 
f  Ithaca  and  Geneva  &  Canau-  "l 
(     daigua  R.R j 

Ithaca  and  Owega 


Ithaca  and  Cayuga  Lake 

Jamesville  to  Erie  Canal 

Johnsto^vn  and  Ctica  &  Sy-  \ 

racuae  R.R f 

Jordan  and  terminus  Ska-) 

neateles  R.R J 

Esopus  Creek  and  Kingston 

Ogdensburgh  and  L.Chaniplain, 
f  Little  Sodus  Bay  and  Cayuga 
X  and  Susquehanna  R.  R. 
The  same 


J  Lewiston  and  mouth  of  Ni-) 

X     agara  River | 

Lansingburgh  and  Troy 

Tlio  same 

Lebanon  Springs  and  Chatham. 

Lewiston  and  Niagara  Falls 


Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done  under  this  organi- 
zation. 

Partly  constructed,  and  after- 
wards abandoned. 

Nothing  done. 

Not  constructed. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done  but  survey. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  dune.    Intended  for  lum- 
bering pui-posea. 

Nothing  done. 

Changed  in  1854  to  Blossburg  & 

Corning  R.  R. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Surveyed.    Nothing  further  done, 
Nothing  done. 
Not  constructed. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothiug  done. 

Nothing  done, 

f  Formed  by  connection  of  Ca^ 
1      nandaigua  &  Elmira  and  Ca- 
1      nandaigua  &  Niagara  Falls 
[     R.  Roads. 
Nothing  done  by  this  Corporation, 

Nothing  done. 

Partly  graded. 

Nothing  done. 

Company  never  organized. 

Nothing  done. 

Trains  commenced  in  March  1859. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Notliing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Not  constructed. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Merged  in  Hudson  and  Boston 

R.R. 
Graded,  but  nothing  further  done. 

Not  constructed. 

Changed  to  Cayuga  and  Susque- 
hanna R.  R. 
Not  constructed. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Not  constructed. 

Not  constructed. 

Sui-veyod,  but  not  constructed. 

Grading  commenced,  but  no  part 

completed. 
("Work  resumed,  but  no   part 

X     completed. 

Name  changed  from  Sackets  Har- 
bor &  Saratoga  R.R.  No  part 
completed. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  dono. 
Notliing  dono. 
Grading  commenced,  but  no  part 

completed. 
Leased  to  the  New  York  Central 
R.  R.  Co. 


78 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Mail  Roads  Projected,  Abandoned,  or  merged  in  other  Roads,  continued. 


NiMES  OF  Kail  ROii>s.  orfa'^Uon.      <^P^- 


LockportA  Batavia May     21, 1836 

liockport  &  Niagara  Falls April    24, 183-1  $   175,000 


Lockport  &  Youngetown... 
Madisou  County 


Maiden 

ManhattaQ 

Maiiheiiii&  Salisbury.. 


Mayrille  &  Portland 

Medina  &  Darien 

Medina  &  Lake  Ontario 

Mohawk  Valley. 

Mohawk  &  Uudson 


Mohawk  &  MooBe  River.. 


.Mohawk  &  St.  Lawrence  R.  R. 
&  Navigation  Co 


Newark  . 

New  York  City , 

New  York  &  Albany. , 

New  York  &  Connecticut  .... 
New  York  &  Newburgh 

New  York  &  New  Rochelle... 

New  York  &  Troy 


New  York  &  Western 

New  York  &  Jamaica 

Niagara  Bridge  &.  Canandaigua.. 

Niagara  Falls,  Buffalo  &  N.Y.... 
Niagara  Falls  &  Lake  Ontario  ... 

Niagara  Falls  &  Lewistown 

Niagara  River 

Northern 


Northern  (N.J.).. 


Northern  Slackwater  &  Railway 
Co 


Ogdensburgh 

OgdfDflburgh,  Clayton  &  Rome. 
Orange  &.  Sussex  Canal  Co 


OswegOjBinghamton  &  NewY'ork 

Oswego  Northern  &  Eastern 

Oawego  &  Troy 

Oswego  &  Utica 

Otsego 

Owego  &  Cortland 

Penfit-ld  &  Canal 


Piermont  West  Shore.. 


Plattsburgh  &  Rouses  Point.. 

Port  Byron  &  Auburn , 

Rochester,  Lockport  &  Niagara 
Falls 


Rochester  &  Canal  Rail  Road.. 

Rochester  &  Lake  Ontario 

Rochester  &  Lockport 


Rochester  &  Pittsburgh.. 

Rochester  &  Southern 

Rochester  &  Syracuse 


Rome  &  Port  Ontario , 

Rutland  &  Wliitehall  , 

Sackets  Harbor  &  Saratoga... 


Sackets  Harbor  &  Watertown..., 


May     21, 1836 
AprU    17, 1829 


May  13, 1837 

Nov.  28, 1853 

AprU  23,1834 

March  29, 1832 

May  15, 1834 

May  13,  1836 

Jan.  11, 1851 

April  17, 1S26 


April    14,1857 


11, 1837 
21,  1S36 


May 
May 

May  12, 1851 

AprU  17,1832 

May  12, 1846 
March  27, 1854 

Feb.  18, 1852 

Jan.  30, 1852 

June  10, 1853 

Aug.  1859 

Aug.  23, 185S 


June 
Sept. 
^ept. 
July 
May 


4. 1S52 
3,  1852 
1.  1847 
3,  185: 
14, 1S45 


AprU    15, 1S5S 


May      13,  1S46 


31, 1857 

19, 1853 

9,1829 


Dec. 

Feb. 
April 


14, 1855 

12. 1853 

21. 1854 
13, 1836 
26. 1832 
21. 1S36 

6,  1S3' 


Aug. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

May 

AprU 

May 

May 

Dec.  4, 1857 

March  17- 1851 

April  17,1829 

Dec.  10, 1850 

March  26, 1831 

May  3, 1852 

May  15, 183! 

July  18, 1853 

Dec.  27, 1852 

Aug.  1, 1850 

May  13, 1837 

May  21, 1836 

AprU  10,1848 

Aug.  25, 1855 


350.000 

70,UUt) 


310,000 
75,000 

150,000 
100,000 
200.000 
2,000,000 
300,000 


1,000,000 
100,000 

120,000 

3,000,000 

150,000 
500,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

12,000,000 

150,000 
1,000,000 

250.000 
100,000 
150.000 
175,000 
2,000,000 


1,538.500 
2,000.000 


Omnections. 


Lockport  and  Batavia. 

Lockport  and  Niagara  Falls.. 

Lockport  and  Yonngstown.... 
CUitteuango  and  Cazenovia... 


pusV 


TMalden    and    junction 
<     Smitbbush   and    Esopus 

(     Roads ^ 

ManhattanviUeand  South  Ferry 
Little  FaUs  and  NicholvUle. 


Mayville  and  Portland , 

Medina  and  Alexander 

Medina  and  Carlton. 

Utica  and  Schenectady 

Albany  and  Schenectady... 


["New  York  Central  R.  R.  in"| 

Montgomery  county  and  > 

[^     Moose  River  Lakes J 


Nicholville  and  Piseco  Lake 

Vienna  and  Lake  Ontario 

(Lower  part  of  the  city  and) 
\     Macombs  Bridge j 

New  York  and  Albany 


Ridgcfield,  Conn.,  and  Harlem. 
'Newburgh  and  New  Jersey  ' 

State  line 

New  Rochelle  and  New  York ' 

City 

New  York  &  Harlem  R.  R. 

ia  Ghent  and  Troy 

State  Line  in  Rockland  Co. ' 

and    Canandaigua , 

Jamaica  and  Hunters  Point 

Niagara  Bridge  and  Canandaigua 


Suspension  Bridge  and  Buffalo... 
Niagara  Falls  and  Young8town„ 

Ni.agara  FaUs  and  Lewiston. 

Niagara  Falls  and  Lewiston 

Rouses  Point  and  Ogdensburgh. 


Remarks. 


Piermont  and  Jersey  City.. 


Port  Kent  and  BoonvUle.. 


Ogdensburgh  and  Rome.. 


400,000 

;400,000 

2,000,000 

750.000 
200,000 
500,000 

12,000 

40,000 

500.000 
50,000 


30,000 
100,000 
400,000 

1,000,000 

200.000 
4,200,000 

350.000 

100,000 

2,000,000 

110,000 


Oswego  and  Syracuse 

f  Oswego  andWhitehall  Sl  Rut- ) 

\     land  R.  R j" 

Oswego  and  Troy 

Oswego  and  Utica 

Cooperstown  and  Milford 

Owego  and  Cortland  or  Homer  ... 
Peufiild  and  Erie  Canal 

("Piermont  and  terminus  of") 
-{      Northern  R.  R.  (N.  J.)  at  V 

1      State  Line j 

Plattsburgh  and  Rouses  Point... 
Aubiu-n  and  Port  Byron 


Rochester  and  Niagara  Falls.. 
Rochester  and  Lake  Ontario... 

Rochester  and  Charlotte 

Rochester  and  Lockport 


f  Genesee  Valley  R.  R.  and> 
\     Allegany  Valley  R.  R j" 

Rochester  and  Mendon 

Rochester  and  Sjxacuse 


Rome  and  Port  Ontario 

WHiitehall  and  Rutland 

Sackets  Harbor  and  Saratoga.... 


Sackets  Harbor  and  Watertown 


Nothing  done. 

Merged  in  the  New  York  Central 
R.  R. 

Nothing  done. 

Preliminary  surveya  made.  Noth- 
ing else  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Name  changed  to  Mohawk  &  St. 

Lawrence  R.  R. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Surveyed,  but  not  constructed. 
Name  changed  to  Albany  k  Sche- 

nectadv  R.  R.    First  R.  R.  in 

the  State. 

Nothing  done. 


Not  constructed. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

No  part  of  the  road  completed 

by  this  Company. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

No  part  constructed.. 

Nothing  done. 

Surveyed,  nothing  further  done. 

In  progress  of  construction. 
Changed    from    Canandaigua   & 

Niagara  Falls  R.  R.    Leased  to 

New  York  Central  R.  R. 
Nothing  done. 

Graded  and  rails  laid,  but  not  used. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Since  changed  to    Ogdensburgh 

R.R. 
AUowed  to  extend  from  State  Line 

to  Piermont.    Constructed. 

Route  explored,  nothing  further 

done. 
Name  changed  from  Northern. 
Partly  graded,  and  abandoned. 
AUowed  to  build  a  R.  E.  on  the 

line  of  their  route.      Notliing 

done, 
Nothing  done  beyond  surveys. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done  but  survey. 
Nothing  done  but  survey. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Superseded  by  extension  of  North- 
ern R.R. to  Piermont. 

Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Consolidated  In  New  York  Cen- 
tral R.  R, 

Completed  to  near  the  Landing 
in  1832. 

Leased  to  New  York  Central  R.  R. 
Co.  on  consolidation. 

Nothing  done  under  this  organi- 
zation. 

Not  conatructed. 

Not  conatructed. 

Consolidated  with  New  York  Ccu- 

tral  in  1855. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Partly  graded.     Name  changed 

to  Lake  Ontario  and  Hudson 

R.R. 
Surveyed,  but   nothing   further 

done. 


RAIL    ROADS. 


79 


Bail  Roads  Projected^  Abandoned,  or  merged  in  oilier  Eoads,  continued* 


Names  of  Rail  Roads. 


Date  of 
Organization. 


Salina  &  Port  Watson 

Saratoga  Springs  &  Schujlerrille 

Saratoga  &  Fort  Edward 

Saratoga  &  Montgomery 

Saratoga  &  Waaliington , 

Schenectady  &  Catskill 

Schenectady  &  Susquehanna 
Schenectady  &  Troy 


Schoharie  &  Otsego 

Scottsville  &  Canandaigua.. 
ScottsvilleA  LeRoy 


Sharon  &  Root.. 


Skaneateles 

Skaneateles  &  Jordan 

Sodus  Point  &  Southern .. 
Staten  Island 


Staten  Island 

Syracuse,  Cortland    &    Bing-' 

hamtOQ ^ 

Syracuse  Stone .' 

Syracuse  &  Binghamtou 


Syracuse  &  Southern .. 


Syracuse  &  Utica 

Syracuse  &  Utica  Direct 

Tioga   Coal.   Iron  Mining    &  1 
Manufacturing  Co j 

Tonawanda 


Trenton  &  SacketB  Harbor.... 
Troy  Turnpike  &  Rail  Road- 
Troy  &  Utica 

Troy  &  West  Stockbridge 

Tyrone  &  Geneva 


Ulster  County .. 


UnadiUa  &  Schoharie.. 

Utica  &  Binghamton... 
Utica  &  Schenectady... 


Utica  &  Susquehanna 

Utica  &  Syracuse  Straight  Line. 

Utica  &  Waterville. , 

Warren  County 

Warsaw  &  LeRoy 

Warwick 


Waahington  County  Central.. 
Watertown  &  Cape  Vincent... 


Watervliet  &  Schenectady.. 

Westchester  County 

West  Side 

Whitehall  &  Plattsburgh... 
Whitehall  &  Rutland.. 


Williamsburgh,  Brooklyn,  ) 
Bushwick  &  New  Lots  j" "' 


April 
April 
April 
May 
May 

May 
May 
May 


•27, 1S29 
6, 1S32 

17, 183'J 
6, 1836 
2,1834 

13, 1846 
13,1846 
21, 1836 


Capital. 


April  25, 1832 
April  12, 183S 
May      21, 1836 

April    18, 183S 

May     19, 183' 

March  13, 1838 
March    8,1852 


May 
Aug. 
May 

May 

July 

Oct. 


May 
Jan. 


21, 1836 

2, 1851 

21, 1S36 

13,  1836 
2,  1851 

13, 1856 


11, 1836 

20, 1853 

1841 


April    14,1832 


May 
April 
Feb. 
May 

May 


15, 1837 
18, 1831 
10,  1853 

10. 1836 

16. 1837 


May     21, 1836 
May       9, 1836 


May 
April 

April 

Sept. 
June 
April 
May 

May 

Dec, 


18. 1853 
29,1833 

25, 1832 
18, 1852 

26. 1854 
17,  1832 

5,1834 

13, 1837 
8, 1853 


May     13, 1836 


May 
Nov. 
Feb. 
Dec. 
April 

Juno 


21, 1836 
7, 1856 
1854 
15, 1852 
26, 1833 

29,  1853 


$  375,000 
100,000 
200,000 
150,000 
600,000 

1,000,000 

1,500,000 

500,000 

300,000 

100,000 
200,000 

80,000 


350,000 

250,000 

300,000 

500,000 

75.000 
1,200,000 

1,201,300 


1,000,000 
600,000 


500,000 

500,000 

100,000 

2,500.000 

600,000 

500,000 
500,000 


1,000,000 
2,000,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

300,000 

250,000 

100,000 

100,000 

200,000 

50,000 

500.000 

500,000 

6,000,000 

1,000.000 

100,000 


Omnectiom. 


Syracuse  and  Port  Watson 

j  Saratopi  Springs  and  Schuy- ) 

t     lerville J 

Saratoga  and  Fort  Edward 

J  Ballston  Spa  and  W.  branch  1 

\     of  North  River j 

Samtoga  and  Vt.  Stite  Line 


Schenectady  and  Catskill 

f  Schenectady  and  New  York ) 
\     AErieR.R / 

Schenectady  and  Troy 


("Catskill  &.  Central R.R. and) 
\     Susquehanna j 

Scottsvillo  and  Canandaigua 

Scottsville  and  LeRoy._ 


Hemarks. 


Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done  by  this  company. 

Nothing  done. 

Name    changed    to    Saratoga    & 

Whitehall  R.R. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Consolidated  with  New  York  Cen- 
tral R.  R.  in  1853. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 
Partly  constructed  but  aflervards 
abandoned. 


Nothing  done. 


1  Branch  of  Catskill  &  Cana-\ 
joharieR.R j" 
Skaneateles  and  some  point } 
on  Skaneateles  &  Jordan  >  Constructed,  but  since  abandoned 
R.R J 

Skaneateles  and  Jordan 

f  Sodus  Point   and  Catskill  & 

\     Ithaca  R.R. 

/From   near  Quarantine   to) 

1      opposite  Amboy J 

Clifton  and  Tottenville 


Syracuse  and  Binghamton 

Syracuse  and  Stone  quarries.. 
Syracuse  and  Binghamton , 

Syracuse  and  Binghamton 


Syracuse  and  Utica.. 
Syracuse  and  Utica... 


/  Bituminous  coal  region  and ) 
\     Chemung  Canal J 

Rochester  and  Attica 


Trenton  and  Sackets  Harbor.. 

Troy  and  Bennington,  Vt 

Troy  and  Utica 

Troy  and  West  Stockbridge... 
'  Geneva   and   New  York  &  ] 

Erie  R.R 

Kingston  and  New  York  &] 

Erie  R.R 

Mouth    of   Unadilla    River  1 
and  New  York  &  Erie  ; 

R.R 

Utica  and  Binghamton 

Utica  and  Schenectady 


Utica  and  Susquehanna 

Utica  and  Syracuse 

Utica  and  Waterville 

Glens  Falls  and  CaldwelL 

Warsaw  and  LeRoy 

'  Branch  of  New  York  &  Erie  ) 

near  Chester j 

Pittstown  and  Greenwich 


Watertown  and  Cape  Vincent- 


West  Troy  and  Schenectady 

Harbor  River  and  NewRochelle.. 

Albany  and  Sufferns. 

Whitehall  and  Plattsburgh. 

Whitehall  and  Rutland,  Vt 

Williamsburgh  and  New  Lots.... 


Changed  from  Skaneateles  R.R 
Partly  graded;  work  stopped  in 
1854. 

Not  constructed. 

Not  constructed. 

Surveyed.    Nothing  further  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Opened  in  1854.  Name  changed 
to  Syracuse  &  Southern  R.  K. 

Successor  of  Syracuse  &  Bing- 
hamton R.  R.  Name  changed 
to  Syracuse,  Binghamton  & 
New  York  R.R. 

Consolidated  with  New  York  Cen- 
tral R.R.  in  1853. 

Not  constructed. 
(  Sold  in  1852,  and  name  changed 

-l         to  Corning    &    Blossburj 
t        R.R. 

Consolidated  with  Attica  &  Buffalo 
R.R.  in  1850. 

Nothing  done. 

Not  constructed. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothmg  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Consolidated    with     New    York 

Central  R.  R.  in  1853. 
Not  constructed. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Not  constructed. 
Nothing  done. 

Nothing  done. 

Surveyed    and   nothing    further 

done. 
Surveyed    and   nothing   further 

done. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 
Nothing  done. 

Surveyed,  but  not  constructed. 
Not  constructed  by  this  company. 

Allowed  to  build  Horse  R.  Road, 
for  21  years. 


CORPORATIONS. 


Corporations  were  generally  formed  under  special  acts  until  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of 
1846,  which  directed  that  general  laws  should  be  passed  for  this  purpose,  and  forbade  special  legis- 
lation, except  for  municipal  purposes  and  in  cases  where  the  purpose  to  be  attained  could  not  other- 
wise be  effected.  The  Legislature  has  power  to  alter  and  repeal  the  powers  of  any  corporation 
formed  under  the  general  laws.  The  articles  of  association  or  declaration  of  intention  must  in  all 
cases  be  filed  in  some  office  of  record  specified  in  the  general  acts ;  and  limitations  of  time,  capital, 
and  location  must  be  specified.  The  stockholders  of  the  more  important  classes  of  corporations 
are  personally  liable  to  an  extent  equal  to  the  amount  of  stock  owned.  Under  the  present  Con- 
stitution, general  acts  of  incorporation  have  been  passed  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  all  of  which 
belong  to  one  of  4  general  classes.^ 

Class  I.  includes  those  whose  articles  are  filed  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State. 

1.  "A}i  Act  to  provide  for  the  Incorporation  of  Companies  to  construct  Plank  Roads  and 
Turnpilies.'^- 

2.  ^' Ari  Act  to  auihorize  the  formation  of  Companies  for  Mining',  Meclianical,  and 
Clieiulcal  Purposes"  was  passed  Feb.  8,  1848.^ 

3.  "  An  Act  to  authorize  the  formation  of  Gas  Lig'lit  Companies''  was  passed  Feb.  16, 1848.* 


1  ConstiUdwn,  KTt.Wll,  Revised  Statutes.  Previous  to  1S46, 
general  laws  existed  for  the  organization  of  religious  aocieties, 
(X784 ;)  colleges  and  academiea,  (1787;)  public  librariea,  (1796;^ 
medical  societies,  (1S06:)  manufacturing  companies,  (ISll;) 
banks,  (1838;)  and  agricultural  Bocietiee,  (1S19, 1841.) 

2  Several  hundred  of  these  corporations  were  formed  and 
several  thousand  miles  of  plank  road  built  in  lS4S-o2.  It  is 
probable  that  leas  than  5  per  cent,  of  these  are  now  in  use, 


having  mostly  been  abandoned  and  divided  into  road  diBtricte 
as  public  highways.  The  companiea  were  required  to  report, 
but  generally  neglected  to  do  eo;  and  few  general  statistics  are 
preserved  concerning  them. 

s  These  companies,  though  quite  numerous,  were  not  required 
to  report;  and  statistics  concerning  tbem  cannot  be  obtained. 
Many  companies  that  filed  their  articles  never  went  into 
operation. 


*  Gas  Light  Companies. 
A  *  indicates  companies  not  in  operation. 


Names  of  Companies. 


Albany  Gas  Light  Consumers'  Co.* 

Albion  Gas  Light  Co.* 

Albion  Gas  Light  Co 

Astoria  Gas  Co 

Auburn  Gas  Light  Co 

Batavia  Gas  Liglit  Co 

Biugharaton  Gas  Light  Co 

Brockport  Gas  Light  Co 

Brooklyn  Gas  Co.* 

Brooklyn  Consolidated  Gas  Light  Co 

Buffalo  City  Gas  Light  Co 

Buffalo  Gas  Light  Co , 

Canandaigua  Gas  Light  Co 

Catskill  Gas  Light  Co 

Citizens'  Gaa  Light  Co.  Brooklyn 

Citizens'  Gas  Liglit  Co.  of  the  City  of  Rochester., 

Citizens'  Independent  Gaa  Co 

Cohoes  Gaa  Light  Co 

Elmira  Gas  Light  Co 

Fishkill  Gas  Light  Co , 

Flushing  Gas  Liglit  Co 

Fulton  Gas  Light  Co , 

Gas  Light  Co.  of  Syracuse 

Geneva  Gas  Light  Co 

Glens  Falls  Gas  Light  Co , 

Green  Point  Gas  Light  Co 

Harlem  Gas  Light  Co 

Hempstead  Gas  Light  Co „ 

Hempstead  Gas  Light  Cp 

Hudson  Gas  Co , 

Hudson  Gas  Light  Co.* 

Ithaca  Gaa  Light  Co 

Jamaica  Gas  Light  Co 

Johnstown  Gas  Light  Co 

Lansingbnrgh  Gas  Light  Co 

Lockport  Gas  Light  Co 

Lyons  Gas  Light  Co 

Blanhattan  Gas  Light  Co 

Metropolitan  Gaa  Light  Co 

Morrisania  Gaa  Light  Co .'... 

Newburgb  Gas  Light  Co 

New  York  Gas  Light  Co 

New  York  Mutual  Saving  Gas  Light  Co.* 

Ogdenaburgh  Gas  Co 

Ogdensburgh  Gas  Light  Co 

Ogdensburgh  Gas  Light  &  Coke  Co 

Oswego  Gas  Light  Co 

Owego  Gas  Light  Co 

SO 


Date  of  Organization. 

Original  Capital. 

Present  Capital. 

Feb.     18, 1S56 

$75,000 

$75,000 

March  13, 1S56 

20,000 

20,000 

May     13, 1S68 

30,000 

30,000 

Deo.        1, 1853 

20,000 

20.000 

Jan.     29, 1850 

20,000 

60.000 

June    11, 1S65 

82,000 

32.000 

Juno     25,  1863 

60,000 

60,000 

Jan.     17, 1S59 

Oct.      21, 1848 

200,000 

200,000 

Oct.      24, 1850 

500,000 

600.000 

March  12, 1863 

160.000 

160,000 

Teb.      29,  1848 

150.000 

760.000 

Aug.       3, 1863 

60.000 

60.000 

July     13, 1855 

40,000 

40,000 

Oct.      26, 1868 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

Jan.     22, 1852 

60.000 

60,000 

Juno     13,  1859 

Sept.    13,1852 

60,000 

60.000 

May       8, 1852 

60,000 

60.000 

July     20, 1853 

15,000 

16.000 

July     18, 1S55 

40,000 

61.000 

Juno    12,1868 

12,000 

12,000 

Feb.       9, 1849 

100.000 

100,000 

Nov.     24, 1852 

75.000 

76,000 

June    17,18.64 

85,000 

36,000 

Nov.     29, 1853 

100,000 

40,000 

Feb.        5,  1855 

120,000 

860.000 

April    18,1867 

15,000 

16,000 

AprU      9, 1859 

Feb.      23, 1853 

60,000 

60,000 

Mav     22,  1662 

60,000 

60.000 

Oct.      28,  1852 

76.000 

75.000 

June      2, 1856 

30.000 

20.000 

March  16. 1867 

18,000 

18.000 

Feb.      28,  1853 

100.000 

100.000 

March  17, 1851 

17.000 

40,000 

Jan.     25,  1859 

60(1,000 

400,000 

Feb.      26,  1S30 

600,000 

2,000,000 

April   17,1855 

2,500.000 

2,500,000 

Oct.      28,  1862 

200.000 

200,000 

May     17,  1862 

60,000 

70,000 

March  26,  1823 

600,000 

600,000 

Sept.    20,  1852 

1,500,000 

1,500.000 

Aug.    23,1854 

76,000 

78,000 

Juno    15,1853 

100,000 

100.000 

June    11,  18.54 

76,000 

76,000 

April    22,  1852 

65,000 

C6.000 

March  24,  1856 

40,000 

40.000 

CORPORATIONS. 


81 


4.  "  Jn  Act  for  the  incorporation  0/ Benevolent,  Cliar  liable.  Scientific,  and  Mis- 
sionary Societies"  -was  passed  April  12,  1848.^ 

0.  '■'An  Act  to  provide  for  thcincorporation  and  regulation  o/"  Telegraph  Companies" 

was  passed  April  12,  1848,  and  amended  June  24,  1853.^ 

6.  ''  An  Act  for  the  incorporation  of '^uliiWwi^^  Mutual  liOan,  and  AccuniulatingT 
Fund  Associations"  was  passed  April  10,  1851.^ 

7.  "  An  Act  to  provide  for  the  formation  of  Insurance  Companies"  was  passed  Aprix 
10,  1849.* 

Gas  Light  Companies^  continued. 


Names  of  Companies. 


Date  of  Organization. 


Original  Capital. 


Present  Capital. 


Palmyra  Gas  Light  Co 

PeekakiU  Gas  Light  Co 

Plattshui'gh  Gas  Light  Co 

Pouphkeepsie  Gas  Light  Co 

Richmond  County  Gaa  Light  Co 

Kocbester  Gas  Light  Co 

Rome  Gas  Light  Co 

Readout  &  Kingston  Gas  Light  Cow 

Saratoga  Gas  Light  Co 

Schenectady  Gas  Light  Co 

Seneca  Falls  Gas  Liglit  Co.* , 

Seneca  Falls  &  Waterloo  Gas  Light  Co 

Sing  Sing  Gas  Light  Co 

Sing  Sing  Gas  Manufacturing  Co 

Staten  Island  Gas  Light  Co 

gjTacuse  Gas  Light  Co 

TarrytowTi  and  Irvington  Union  Gas  Light  Co 

The  Consumers'  Gas  Light  Co.  of  Saratoga  Springs- 
Troy  Gas  Light  Co 

UticaGas  Light  Co 

Waterford  Gas  Light  Co 

Watcrtown  Gas  Light  Co , 

West  Farms  Gas  Light  Co 

West  Troy  Gas  Light  Co 

Williamsburgh  Gas  Light  Co 

Yonkers  Gas  Light  Co 


Oct. 

29,  1866 

July 

18,  1855 

July 

6,  1859 

Bee. 

18,  1860 

April 

26, 1866 

May 

12, 1848 

Dec. 

28, 1860 

May 

27, 1864 

Aug. 

4, 1853 

June 

19,  1849 

July 

17,  1866 

Dec. 

ai,  1866 

May 

3,1864 

July 

26, 1S55 

March  14,  1866 

Nov. 

30,  1848 

March 

4, 1869 

Aug. 

23, 1858 

April 

6, 1848 

Nov. 

23, 1848 

Oct. 

4, 1858 

Feb. 

28,  1852 

Nov. 

18,  1862 

Jan. 

31. 1853 

July 

6,  1850 

May 

12,  1854 

12,500 
40,000 

70,000 
200.000 
100,000 
20,000 
66.000 
16,000 
60.0D0 
60.000 
80,000 
80,000 
35,000 
150,000 
100,000 

30,000 
100,000 
100,000 
12,000 
20,000 
200,000 
100,000 
80,000 
70,000 


12,500 
31,000 

70.000 
360,000 
200,000 
30,000 
66,000 
76,000 
70.000 
60,000 
80.000 
80,000 
36,000 
160,000 
100,000 

30,000 
200,000 
80,000 
12,000 
20,000 
200,000 
100,000 
449,500 
70,000 


1  Tliese  companies  ore  not  required  to  report.  I  solidated.    The  N.  Y.  A  Erie  R.  R.  have  a  telegraph  for  regu- 

2  These  companies  mako  no  report;  and  there  is  no  official  lating  the  trains  upon  that  road.  The  N.  Y.  Central  and  some 
knowledge  concerning  those  now  existing.  Several  of  those  other  road.s  have  the  exclusive  or  preferred  use  of  telegrapii 
formed  never  went  into  operation,  and  others  have  been  con- 1  wiies  along  their  route  for  like  purposes. 

Telegraph  Companies. 
A  *  indicates  companies  not  in  operation. 


Name. 


Albany,  Springfield  &  Boston  Di- 
rect Telegraph  Co 

American  Telegraph  Co.* 

Atlantic  &  Pacific  Telegraph  Co.*. 

Baldwinsville  Electro  Magnetic 
Telegraph  Co.* 

Buffalo,  Coming  &  New  York 
Telegraph  Co 

Central  &  Southern  Telegraph  Co.* 

Kafitern  &  Western  Telegraph  Co.* 

Erie  &  Central  Junction  Tel,  Co.* 

Erie  &  Central  Junction  Tel  Co... 

Genesee  Valley  Turnpike  Co 

Long  Island,  Marino  k  Inland 
Telegraph  Co 

Merchants'  Telegraph  Co.*. 

New  York.  Albany  &  Buffalo  Elec- 
tro Magnetic  Telegraph  Co. 

New  York,  Albany  Hi  Buffalo  Tele- 
gr.iph  Co.,  incorp.  by  special  act* 

New  York  &  Canada  House's  Print- 
ing Telegraph  Co 

New  York  &  Mississippi  Tel.  Co.* 

New  York  &  Mississippi  Valley 
Printing  Telegraph  Co.* 

New  York  &  Montreal  Printing 
Telegraph  Co.* , 


May 
Dec. 
June 


Date  of 
Organization. 


19. 1864 

12. 1865 
16, 1867 


Dec.        4, 1852 


Jan, 

Nov. 

May 

April 

July 

April 

March 
Sept. 

May 

Jan. 

Nov. 
April 


Sept. 


26, 1856 
13, 1864 

30. 1866 
24, 185; 
19,  1853 

10. 1867 

24,  1868 
23, 1862 

31, 1848 

26, 1856 

19, 1855 
8, 1861 

21, 1864 

16, 1853 


Capital, 


$  35,000 
200,000 
300,000 

400 

16.000 
11.280 
20,000 
11.260 
11.260 
80,000 

40,000 
40,000 


40,000 
300,000 


170,000 
60,000 


NiMH. 


New  York  &  Montreal  Telegraph  Co.* 

New  York  &  New  Kn^'buid  T.l.  Co.*.. 

New  York  &  New  En -Ian. 1  TrI.  Co 

New  York  &  Philadiliiliia  llranch 
Telegraph  Co 

New  York  &  Sandy  Hook  Telegraph 
Co 

New  Y'ork  &  Washington  Printing 
Telegraph  Co 

New  York  &  Western  Union  Tele- 
graph Co 

New  York,  St.  Louis  A  New  Orleans 
Junction  Telegraph  Co 

New  York  State  Printing  Telegraph 
Co.* 

New  York  State  Telegraph  Co.*... 

Otsego  Telegraph  Co 

Syracuse,  Oswego  &  Ogdensburgh 
Telegraph  Co 

Transatlantic  Telegraph  Co.* 

Transatlantic  &  Submarine  Tele- 
graph Co 

Troy,  Albany  k  Boston  Telegraph  Co.. 

Utica  A  OxfoEd  Magnetic  Telegraph 
Co 

West  Troy,  LansingburghjWaterford 
&  Cohoes  Telegraph  Co 


Oate  of 
OrganizaXion. 


Oct. 

April 

July 

April 

Aug. 

May 

Dec. 

Aug. 

July 
May 
Sept. 

Sept. 
May. 

Jan. 
July 

Aug. 

July 


23,  1862 
26,  1849 
3, 1862 

24,1848 

13, 1862 

26, 1852 

22, 1852 

26, 1860 

16. 1850 
16,  1860 

30. 1851 

22,  1856 

19. 1857 

18. 1858 
26,  1867 

2,1852 

14, 1866 


Capital. 


%  40.000 
42,300 
30,000 

16,000 

26,000 

200,000 
10,000 

200,000 

200,000 
26,000 
4,000 

20,000 
100,000 

100.000 
60,000 

6,400 

3,000 


>  These  associations  wore  chiefly  limited  to  the  vicinity  of  New 
Y'>rk,  numbering  72  in  New  York  Co..  about  40  in  Kings  Co., 
with  a  few  in  Queens,  Richmond,  and  Westchester.  Their  ope- 
rations consisted  in  raising  money  by  subscription  of  the  mem- 
bers, to  be  loaned  to  that  member  who  would  allow  the  highest 
premium,— the  avowed  intention  being  to  afford  to  people  of  hum- 
ble means  the  opportunity  of  securing  for  each  a  home.  This 
absurd  fallacy  found  multitudes  of  dupes ;  and  in  the  competition 
for  loans  the  premiums  paid  in  some  instances  ran  as  high  as 
one  half  of  the  amount  loaned.  The  mode  of  appropriating 
loans  varied.  It  appeared  in  evidence  before  the  legislative 
committee  of  1865  that  in  one  instance  it  was  as  follows : — "  The 


names  of  all  the  shareholders  who  are  not  more  than  fonr  weeks 
in  arreaj  are  put  in  the  end  of  a  quill,  and  all  put  into  ft  bottle; 
the  whole  is  then  shaken,  and  the  name  which  first  cornea  ont 
on  reversing  the  buttle  baa  the  right  to  tho  appropriation." 
Nearly  or  quite  all  of  these  assrtciations  have  been  abandoned^ 
a  few  oidy  being  kept  together  by  the  complexity  of  their  inter- 
ests and  obligations,  which  are  ih»t  readily  ad.iu3ted.  A  statement 
showing  the  operation  of  these  associations  was  reported  by  a  spe- 
cial legislative  connnittee  in  \%b^.~Asstm.  Doc.,  1856,  iVo.  4t>,jj.  16. 
*  This  act  relates  to  Marine  Insurance  Companioa  which  mak» 
no  report.  .\  list  of  them  will  bo  found  in  tho  gQueral  liati}e 
Insurance  Couipanics,  pp.  83  to  89. 


82 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


8.  "  An  Act    for   the   Incorporation  of  Companies  formed  to  JVavigT^^te  tlie  Ocean  by 
Steamsltips"  was  passed  April  12,  1852.i 

9.  "An  Act  to  authorize  the  formation  of  Companies  for  Ferry  Purposes"   was  passed 
April  9,  1853.2 

10.  "  An  Act  for  the  Incorporation  of  Companies  formed  to  IVavi^ate  the  fVaters    of 
L.ake  George  by  Steamboats"  was  passed  January  14,  1854.' 

11.  "  An  Act  for  the  Incorporation  of  Companies  formed  to  IVavigate  tlie  liakes  and 

Rivers"  was  passed  April  15,  1854.     Cos.  report  annually  to  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor.* 

1  Previous  to  1862,  Steamship  Cos.  were  incorp.  by  special  acts;  since  that  time  they  have  organized  under  the  general  act. 

Ocean  Steam  Navigation  Companies. 


Names  of  Companies. 

Date  of  Or- 
gariizalion. 

Capital. 

Names  op  Companies. 

Dale  nf  Or- 
ganisation. 

Capilal. 

Dec.      26. 1853 
/Feb.  23. 1839.) 
i&  May  8. 1845/ 
Jan.        6, 1854 
May      26,  1855 
Oct.        1,  1858 
Oct.        1,  1859 
Jnly       7,  1852 
Jan.      26, 1863 
Oct.       27, 1852 
April    19,  1828 
March  16, 1853 
Sept.       6, 1853 
March  11, 1853 
Jan.      14.  1859 

$55,000 

2,000,000 

300,000 
686.000 
600,000 

400,000 
1,500,000 

120,000 

160,000 
1,600,000 
1.000,000 

100,000 

N.  Y.  &  Havre  Steamship  Co 

Jiin.      1.3, 1855 
Jan.      16,  1859 
Sept.     12.  18.54 
April    14,  1827 
Sept.     29,  1863 
April    10,1850 
M.iy        1, 1839 
May        8,1  S46 
May       6, 1839 
AprU      7,  1S19 
Dec.      26, 1853 
March  17, 1863 
June    25, 1869 
March  13, 1864 
March    8, 1866 

$700,000 

360,000 

100.000 

600.000 

300.000 

1,500,000 

1,000,000 

1,000.000 

2.50,000 

1,000,000 

60,000 

loo.oon 

160,000 

Amer.  Atlantic  Steam  Nav.  Co.... 
Amsterdam  Steamship  Co 

N.  Y.  &  Matanzas  Steamship  Co.... 
N.  Y.  &  New  Orleans  Steamsliip  Co. 
X.  Y.  South  American  Steamboat  Co 

N.  Y.  &  Southern  Steamship  Co 

N.  Y.  &  Virginia  Steamship  Co 

North  .\merican  Steam  Nav.  Co.... 

Cal.,  N.Y.,  &  Europ.  Steamship  Co. 
Cal.,  N.Y.,  &  Kurop.  Steamship  Co. 
Cent.  Amer.  &  Cal.  Steamship  Co- 
Mexican  Oc^*an  Mail  &  Inland  Co. 
N.  T.,  Bait.  &  Alex.  Steamship  Co.. 

N.  T.  &  Boston  Steamboat  Co 

N,  y.  4  California  Steamsliip  Co... 
N.  T.  &  Galway  Steamship  Co.... 
N.  Y.  Harbor  Steam  Freight  Co... 
N.  Y.  4  Havana  Steamship  Co..-. 

Staten  Island  &  N.J.  Steam  Nav.  Co. 
U.  S.  &  Cent.  American  Transit  Co. 
U.S.  &  Liberia  Steamship  Co 

W.  India  &  Venezuela  Steamship  Co 

S  The  Ferry  Companies  axe  required  to  report  annually  to  the  Secretary  of  State ;  but  the  reports  are  not  published. 

Feny  Companies  formed  under  the  General  Act. 


Names  of  Companies. 

Pate,  of  Or. 
ganization. 

Capital. 

Names  op  Companies. 

Date  nf  Or- 
ganization. 

Oipital 

Feb.      26,  1855 
Nov.  7,       1864 
April    19, 1863 

June    29,1859 
Jan.     21, 1854 

May      9, 1859 
June    20, 1860 

$100,000 

3,000 

600,000 

12,000 

People's  Ferry  Co.  (N.  Y.  to  Wil- 

April    21,1853 
Sept.       5,  1863 
May        7,  1863 

April    26.18,63 
April    26,  1S66 
Oct.      26, 1863 
Nov.       9, 1854 

$300,000 
60.000 
8,000 

250,000 

100 

900,000 

800.000 

EsopuB  &  Hyde  Park  Ferry  Co... 

Fort  Montgomery  Ferry  Co 

Flushing.  College  Point  &  N.  Y. 

Piermont  &  Dearman  Ferry  Co..... 

Rliinebeck  &  Kingston  Ferry  Co... 

Kosevelt   &    Briiige   St.  Ferry  Co. 

(N  Y  to  Brooklyn) 

Garrison  A  West  Point  Ferry  Co. 
Long  Island  Ferry  Co.  (N.  Y.  & 

Sidney  &  Unadilla  Ferry  Co. 

Staten  Island  &  N.  Y.  Ferry  Co 

Union  Ferry  Co.  of  Brooklyn 

3  The  only  Company  formed  under  this  act  is  the  Lake  George  Steamboat  Co.,  incorp.  Jan.  20, 1S54.  It  has  a  capital  of  $20,000. 
*  Inland  S^eam.  Kav'tgailon  Companies. 


Names  op  Companies. 


American  Steamboat  Co 

American  TransportrUi'  n  Co." 

Archimedean  Propeller  Co 

Black  Hiver  Steamboat  Co 

Black  River  Steamboat  Co 

Blanchanl  Steamboat  Co 

Buffalo  k  Toledo  Transportation  Co, 
Catskill  Steamboat  Transport.  Co., 
Cayuga  Lake  &  Inlet  Steamboat  Co, 

Chautauqua  Steamboat  Co 

Crooked  Lake  Steamboat  Co 

Dutchess  &  Orange  Steamboat  Co. 

Essex  Steam  Navigation  Co 

Flushing  Steamboat  Co 

Fulton  Steamboat  Co 

Harlem  A  New  York  Nav.  Co 

Hudson  River  Steamboat  Co 

Hudson  Kiver  Steamboat  Co 

Lake  Cbamplain  Steamboat  Co.6... 
Lake  Cbamplain  Steamboat  Navi- 
gation Co 

Lake  Erie  Steamboat  Co 

Lake  Erie  Transportation  Co 

Lake  Erie  &  Buffalo  Steamboat  Co. 
Lake  Ontario  Steamboat  Co^ 


Date  of 
Ofganizatimi. 

Capital. 

Feb.        3, 1858 

$80,000 

Jan.     11, 1865 

640.000 

June       1,  1859 

200,000 

April    12,1S4S 

26,000 

April    at,  1866 

10,000 

Feb.      25,  1856 

25,000 

May        6, 18.66 

120,000 

Aug.     1.5.18.54 

20,000 

Feb.      25, 1828 

60,000 

May        4,  1829 

10.000 

April    18.1826 

6.000 

April    20.  1826 

100,000 

April    24,  1S29 

20,000 

April    21.  1829 

1.5,000 

April    IS.  1816 

250,000 

Jan.     14. 1866 

27.000 

April    20,1825 

200,000 

Sept.     16, 1866 

20,000 

March  12,  1813 

200,000 

May      11, 1835 

100.000 

March  10, 1820 

114.000 

Nov.      20, 1866 

100.000 

March  23, 1859 

50.000 

Jan.      28,  1831 

100,000 

Names  of  Companies. 


Lake  Navigation  Co 

New  York  Transportation  Co.... 

New  York  &  Albiiny  Propeller  Line 

New  York  &  Western  Towing  Co.., 

Niagara  Falls  Steamboat  Assoc 

Northern  Tmnsportation  Co 

Northern  Tran.'^portation  I-ioe 

North  niver  Steamboat  Co."^ 

Old  Oswego  Line 

Oneida  Lake  &  River  Steamboat 
Co.« 

Ontario  Steam  &  Canal  Boat  Co/..-. 

Ontario  Steamboat  Co 

Ontario  &  St.  Lawrence  Steam- 
boat Co.* 

Orangetown  Point  Steamboat  Co... 

Poughkeepsie  Steamboat  Co 

St.  Lawrence  Steamboat  Co 

Seneca  Lake  Steamboat  Co 

Suffolk  Steamboat  Co 

Susquehanna  Steam  Navigation  Co. 

Troy  Steamboat  Co 

United  States  Mail  Steamship  Go... 

Western  Transportation  Co 


Dati-  of 
Organization. 

Capital. 

Feb.      20,  1856 

500,000 

April    15,  1864 

100,000 

Dec.        1,  1856 

40.000 

Sept.     21,  1857 

66,000 

Sept.       2. 1854 

60,000 

Feb.        6.  1866 

300,000 

April      6,  18.57 

59,500 

March  10, 1820 

600,000 

May       2,  1856 

300,000 

April      2. 1838 

10,000 

1842 

May     12,  1369 

100,000 

1848 

April    16.1830 

10.000 

March  30,  1827 

60,000 

1842 

April      6,  1826 

20,000 

March  25, 1829 

8,000 

May     11,  1836 

60,000 

March  31,  1825 

80,000 

AprU      6, 

1,600,000 

Dec.        8, 1865 

800,000 

«  Capital  retluced  to  S270.O0O  Jan.  15. 1859.  I 

*  Charter   expired  April  11,  1838.    The  first   steamboat  on 
Lake  Champlaiu  wag  in  ISIO. 
«  Merged  in  the  Ontario  &  St.  Lawrence  Steamboat  Co.  in  1S48.  | 

Exclusive  individual  and  corporate  rights  for  steam  naviga- 
tioq  upon  the  waters  of  this  State  have  been  granted  und^r 
special  acts,  as  follows : — An  act  was  passed  March  10, 1797, 
(ranting  to  John  Fitch  the  sole  right  of  steam  navigation  in 
the  waters  of  the  State  for  a  period  of  fourteen  years.    Having 


d  Charter  expired  April  11, 1S3S. 

«  Charter  limited  to  20  years.  Reincorporated  April  12, 1842. 
/  Merged  in  the  Ontario  &  St.  Lawrence  Steaniboat  Co.  in  1848. 
ff  Merged  in  the  American  Steamboat  Co.  in  1858. 

done  nothing  for  ten  years,  this  act  was  repealed  in  1798.  An 
act  was  passed  March  27, 179S.  granting  to  Robert  R.  Livingston 
the  sole  right  of  navigating  by  steaui  for  twenty  years,  con- 
ditioned to  building  a  boat  of  at  least  20  tons,  capaljle  of  moving 
four  miles  per  hour  against  the  current  of  Iludson  River.   This 


CORPORATIONS. 


83 


12.  "  An  Act  for  the  Incorporation  of  Associations  for  Improving  tlie  Breed  of 

Horses"  was  passed  April  15, 1854.' 

13.  "  An  Act  to  facilitate  the  formation  o/ Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Socie- 
ties" was  passed  June  8,  1853,  and  amended  April  15,  1855.^ 

Class  II.  includes  all  those  whose  certificates  are  required  to  be  filed  in  the  Comptroller's  ofiice 

1.  "  An  Act  to  provide  for  the  Incorporation  of  lulfe  and  Healtb  Insurance  Com- 
panies, and  in  relation  to  Agencies  of  such  Companies,"  was  passed  June  24,  1853.' 

2.  "  An  Act  to  provide  for  the  Incorporation  o/Pire  Insurance  Companies"  was  passed 
June  25,  1853.* 


1  The  followiue  compauies  have  been  formed  under  this  act:- 

- 

Names. 

Place. 

When  fcn-med. 

Newtown... 
Newtown... 

Goshen 

Jamaica.... 

Nov.     26, 1855 
Mav     29, 1854 
July     31, 18.o5 
July     31, 1858 

Orange  County  Central  Horse  Co. 

2  For  Table  of  Agricultural  SocietieB,  see  pp.  102, 103. 


privilege  was  extended  two  years,  March  29,  1799,  to  enable 
Nicholas  J.  Kosevelt  to  complete  experiments.  By  act  pjissed 
iu  179S,  Robert  R.  Livingston  and  Robert  Fulton  secured  the 
exclusive  right  of  navigating  by  steam  for  a  period  of  twenty 
years  ;  and  by  an  act  passed  April  11, 1808,  an  extension  of  five 
years  was  granted  for  each  new  boat — the  whole  time,  however, 
not  to  exceed  thirty  years.  This  monopoly  was  contested  in 
the  State  and  Federal  Courts,  in  a  suit  begun  in  1819,  and 
finally  decidi;d  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  U.  S.  in  Feb.  1S24, 
as  repugnant  to  the  Constitution,  which  authorizes  Congress  to 
regulate  commerce.  So  far  as  these  acts  prohibited  vessels 
licensed  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States  from  carrying  on  a 
coasting  trade,  they  were  void. — Johnson's  ItfiJtyrtSf  IV,  I-IS ; 
Cowen's  Reports,  III,  713 ;  Wheaton's  Eeports,  IX,  1. 

3  These  companies  report  annually  to  the  Comptroller.  A  list 
of  them  ia  given  in  the  general  list  of  Insurance  Companies. 

*  These  companies  were  formerly  created  by  special  acts, 
— generally  for  periods  of  20,  21,  or  30  years.  Until  about  1834 
they  were  almost  invariably  upon  the  joint  stock  principle.  For 
many  years  this  class  of  investments  was  considered  extremely 
relialde,  and  large  dividends  were  often  paid  to  the  stock- 
holders. The  great  fire  in  New  York  in  Dec.  1835,  proved  a 
heavy  disaster  to  almost  all  the  Insurance  companies  then 
formed,  and  many  of  them  were  prostrated  by  it.  This  event 
soon  led  to  the  formation  of  Mutual  Insurance  Companies  in 
almost  every  county  in  the  State:  most  of  these  companies  have 
since  become  insolvent.  A  graphic  and  truthful  statement  of 
the  operations  that  ruined  these  companies  is  given  in  the  Comp- 
trollers Report  on  Fire  Insurance  Cos.  of  1854.  A  general  law, 
passed  April  10, 1849,  provided  for  the  incorporation  of  these 
companies,  under  which  risks  of  every  kind  might  be  taken. 
The  frauds  pei^ietrated  nndcr  this  system  rendered  a  revision 
indispensable:  and  in  1853  two  general  laws  were  enacted, — one 
for  the  formation  of  companies  for  insurance  of  life  and  health, 
and  the  other  against  loss  by  fire,  or  inland  navigation,  and 
transportation.  The  articles  of  association  (under  the  law  of 
1849,  required  to  be  filed  in  tlie  Secretary's  office)   were,  by 


these  acts,  filed  iu  the  Comptroller's  office,  and  general  powers 
wore  conferred  upon  the  Comptroller,  with  the  view  of  protecting 
the  public  from  any  frauds  that  might  be  attempted,  and  t« 
secure  the  equal  and  uniform  operation  of  the  laws  relating  to 
insurance.  Annual  reports  are  made  to  the  Comptroller,  and  by 
him  to  the  Legislature,  under  each  of  these  laws.  Marine  In- 
surance companies  are  still  filed  in  the  Secretary's  office,  but 
are  required  to  make  no  report. 

Insurance  companies  formed  under  the  laws  of  other  States 
or  countries  cannot  establish  agencies  in  this  State  without 
first  depositing  with  the  Comptroller  a  certified  copy  of  their 
charters,  and  of  the  vote  or  resolution  creating  the  agency,  a 
statement  of  their  condition,  and  proof  that  their  capital  is 
equal  to  that  required  by  the  laws  of  this  State,  and,  if  a 
Life  Insurance  company,  securities  to  the  amount  of  $100,000, 
for  the  benefit  of  policy  holders.  Foreign  Marine  Insurance 
companies  are  required  to  pay  2  per  cent,  upon  all  premiums 
received  by  any  agent;  and  a  bond  in  the  penal  sum  of  $1,000 
is  required  of  every  agent  of  such  companies  for  the  pay- 
ment of  this  tax.  This  tax  was  first  collected  in  1858,  and 
amounted  to  $3,742.55.  Several  companies  are  not  required  to 
report  their  statistics  to  the  Legislature.  The  aggregate  reports 
of  Fire  Insurance  Companies  for  1857  show  the  following 
results : — 

Capital  invested $16,731,010.00 

Cash  premiums  received. ™.    6,051.304.87 

Gross  amount  of  income 7,577,872.62 

Losses  paid 2,898.106.11 

Dividends  paid 2,240,434.72 

Taxes  paid 243,062.79 

Gross  expenditures 6,855,953.83 

Unpaid  claims 968,083.00 

The  following  tables  comprise  the  companies  which  have 
been  incorporated  under  special  acts  or  the  general  laws  of  the 
State.  Foreign  companies  authorized  to  transact  bufiineas  in 
the  State  are  not  included  in  the  list: — 


Insurance  Companies  in  the  State  on  Isi  day  of  Jan.  1858, 


Name. 


^tna  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  New  York.*... 

Adriatic  Fire  Insurance  Co 

AcricuUural  Mutual  Insurance  Co.* 

Albany  Insurance  Co.«. 

American  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Arctic  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Ast^ir  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Aator  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Atbtntic  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Atlantic  Mutual  Insurance  Co , 

Beekman  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Brovnort  Fire  Insurance  Co , 

Broadway  Insurance  Co , 

Brooklyn  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Chautauqua  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 

Citizens'  Fire  Insurance  Co."* 

City  Fire  Insiu-anceCo 


Location. 


Now  York... 
New  York... 
Watertown 

Albany „. 

New  York.., 
New  York... 
New  York.., 
Now  York... 
Brooklyn.... 
New  York.., 
New  York.., 
New  York.., 
New  York.., 
Brooklyn..- 
Fredonia.... 
New  York.. 
New  York.. 


Date  of  Act,  or 
of  filing  artir 
cles  of  associ- 
ation. 


March  31. 
Nov.  24, 
Sept.  25, 
March  8, 
Apfil  21. 
July  16, 
June  11. 
April  18. 
Feb.  20. 
April  li; 
March  4. 
Feb. 
Oct. 
April 
April 
April 
April 


1824 
1858 
1851 
1811 
18.57 
1S53 


Expiration 
of  charter. 


March  31, 
Nov.  24, 
Sept.  25. 
Feb.  18, 
April  21, 
July     -  - 


1851  [June 

1843 

1851 

1842 

1853 

1857 

1849 

1824 

1836 

1836 

1833 


1878 
1888 
1S81 
1881 
1887 
1883 
1881 


Feb. 

April 

March 

Feb. 

Oct. 

April 

April 

April 

April 


1881 
1872 
1883 
1S87 
1879 
1866 
1876 
1866 
1863 


S. 
S. 
M, 

S. 

s. 

S. 

s. 

M. 

s. 

M. 

S. 

s. 
s. 

S. 
M. 
S. 

s. 


f. 

f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
m. 
f.n. 
m.  n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 

f. 

f. 

f. 

f. 


Present 
capital  of 

stock 
companies. 


$200,000 
150,000 

125,000 
200,000 
250,000 
150,000 

150,000 

200,000 
150.000 
200,000 
102,000 

150,000 
210,000 


a  Reorganized  Feb.  12, 1836,  under  act  of  Feb.  12, 1836. 

*  Removed  from  Evans  Mills  April  10, 1855. 

•  Reorganized   Feb.  18.  1851.    Capital,  $100,000.    Originally 
Albany  Fire  Insurance  Co.    Capital,  $100,000,  and  allowed  to 


take  fire,  marine,  and  life  risks.    Once  extended.    Expired 
June  1.1851. 
'^  Changed  to  Citizens'  Fire  Insurance  Co.  April  5, 1849. 


84 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 
Existing  Insurance  Companies,  continued. 


iCliiiton  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Columbia  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Columbian  Insurance  Co 

Commercial  Insurance  Co 

Commercial  Firo  Insurance  Co 

Commonwealth  Firo  Insurance  Co 

Contineutiil  Fire  Ineurance  Co 

Corn  Exchange  Fire  &  Inland  Nav.  Ins.  Co 

Dividend  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Dutchess  Co.  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Kagle  Fire  Company  of  New  York.o 

East  River  Insurance  Co.'' 

Empire  City  Insurance  Co 

Empire  Insurance  Co 

Everett  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Esceleior  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Exchange  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Farmers'  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Farmers'  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Firemen's  Fund  Insurance  Co 

Firemt-n's  Insurance  Co.c 

Franklin  Co.  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Fulton  Fire  Insurance  Co.<.-» 

Gallatin  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Gebhard  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Glen  Cove  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Globe  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Goodhue  Fire  Insurance  Co..- 

Great  Western  Marine  Insurance  Co 

Greenwich  Insurance  Co 

Grocers'  Fire  Insurance  Co 

H;ijniIton  Fire  Insurance  Co.*. 

Hanover  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Harmony  Fire  InsuraDce  Co 

Home  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Homestead  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Hope  I'"ire  Insurance  Co.  (The) 

Howard  Insurance  Co./. 

Humboldt  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Huntinpton  IMutual  Fire  Insurance  Co.ff 

Income  Insurance  Co 

Indi-mnity  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Irving  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Jamestown  Farmers'  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Jeft'eison  Insurance  Co 

Kings  County  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Kingston  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Knickerbocker  Life  Insurance  Co. 

Knickerbocker  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  N.  Y." 

Lafarge  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Ija  Fayette  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Laman  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Lenox  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Long  Island  Insurance  Co 

Lorillard  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Manliattan  Life  Insurance  Co 

Manhattan  Fire  Insurance  Co.*. , 

Market  Fire  Insurance  Co , 

Mechanics'  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Mechanics'  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Mechanics'  k  Traders'  Fire  Insurance  Co , 

Mercantile  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Mercantile  IMutual  Insiirance  Co , 

Merchants'  Insurance  Co , 

Metropolitan  Fire  Insurance  Co , 

M->nroe  Co.  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Montauk  Fire  Insurance  Co , 

Montgomery  Co.  Mutual  Insurance  Co , 

Mutual  Ins.  Co.  of  the  City  and  Co.  of  Albany.. 

Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co. 

Nassau  Fire  Insurance  Co 

National  Fire  Insurance  Co.J 

New  Amsterdam  Fire  Insurance  Co 

New  World  Fire  Insurance  Co 

New  York  Uowery  Fire  Insurance  Co 

New  York  Equitable  Insurance  Co.* 


New  York..„ 

New  York 

New  York..„ 

Albany _ 

New  York..., 

New  York.._ 

New  York..- 

New  York 

Olens  Falls 

I'ouglikeepsie...., 

New  York.,_ 

New  York..- 

New  York 

Union  Springs... 
Cayuga  co.  N.Y. 

New  York..- 

New  York 

Meridian...... 

Buffalo 

New  York..- 

New  York..- 

Malone 

New  York.. 

New  York— 

New  York..- 

GlenCoTO.., 

New  York 

New  York..- 

New  York 

New  York..., 

New  York..- 

New  York.. 

New  York..- 

New  York 

New  York..- 

New  York..- 

New  York..- 

New  York..- 

New  York 

Huntington 

New  York 

New  York.— 

New  York 

Jamestown , 

New  York..- 

New  York 

Kingston 

New  York 

New  York.... 

Now  York 

Brooklyn 

New  York , 

New  York , 

Brooklyn 

New  York , 

New  York 

New  York , 

New  York 

Troy 

Brooklyn 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

Rochester. 

Brooklyn 

Canajoharie 

Albany 

New  York 

Brooklyn 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 


Daie  of  Act,  or 
of  filing  arti' 
d^  of  associa- 
tion. 


July  9, 
March  9, 
Ang.       8, 

May     14, 


March 

Feb. 

April 

April 

April 

April 

Sept. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Jnly 

May 

April 

May 

May 

April 

May 

Feb, 

Aug. 

Aug. 

March 

March 

Aug. 

Aug. 

May 

Jan. 

May 

April 

Dec. 

April 

Dec. 

June 

Slarch 

May 

April 

April 

April 

Jan. 

Aug. 

March 

Oct. 

March 

March 

March 

May 

Dec. 

Dec. 

April 

April 

Jan. 

May 

March 

Jan. 

May 

May 

Feb. 

Dec. 

April 

Feb. 

Oct. 

March 

May 

March 

May 

April 

Oct. 

April 

Feb. 

Oct. 

April 

April 


1850 
1S53 
1857 
1858 
1850 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1850 
1S36 
1S06 
1S33 
1850 
1861 
1858 
1853 
1853 
1853 
1S45 
185S 
1825 
1836 
1853 
1857 
1S57 
1857 
1855 
1857 
1855 
1834 
1850 
1852 
1852 
1853 
1853 
1S58 
1856, 
1825 
1S.5' 
1838 
1858 
1856 
1852 
1851 
1834 
1858 
1836 
1853 
1798 
1853 
1856 
1856 
1853 
1833 
1852 
1850 
1821 
1853 
1836 
1857 
1853 
1851 
1842 
1850 
1852 
1836 
1857 
1836 
1836 
1842 
1851 
1838 
1853 
1856 
1833 
1823 


Expiration 
of  charter. 


July  9,  1880 
March  9, 1883 
Aug.      8, 1887 

March  14, 1880 
1883 
March  9,1883 
Feb.  16, 1883 
April  15,1880 
April  12,  1876 
Unlimited. 


Dec. 
July 
May 


Sept.  17, 1880 
Dec.  22,  1881 
15, 18S8 
25, 1883 
20, 1883 
April  23,1883 
May  14, 1865 
May        1, 1888 

May  12. 1876 
Feb.  23, 1883 
Aug.  11, 1887 
Aug.  6, 1887 
March  29, 1877 
March  22, 1885 
.Aug.  29. 1887 
29,  1885 
5,1864 
16, 1880 
22,  18S2 
1,  1882 
1883 
11, 1883 
15, 1888 
16, 1886 
16,  1866 
5, 1887 
2, 1858 


Aug. 

May 

Jan. 

May 

April 

Dec. 

April 

Dec. 

June 

Jnne 

May 

April 


April  11. 1886 
Jan.  9, 1882 
Aug.     25, 1881 


March  12, 1876 
March  29, 1883 


9, 1883 

3,  1886 
10, 1886 

1, 1883 
April  26,1863 
Jan.      16, 18S2 

17. 1880 
1866 

26, 18S3 

14. 1876 

5. 188' 

4,  1883 

24. 1881 
April  12,1872 
Feb.  20, 1880 
Oct.  1, 1882 
March  21, 1876 
May  19, 1887 
March  30, 1876 
May       3,  1886 

Till  repealed. 
Oct.      31, 1881 

Fe'b."""28, 1883 
Oct.  13, 1886 
April    24,  1863 


May 
Dec. 
Dec. 
April 


May 

Jan. 
May 

May 
Feb. 
Dec. 


.!-1 

Sll 

55^ 

^•^^ 

8. 

f.n. 

S. 

f.n. 

S. 

m. 

S. 

f.n. 

S. 

f.n. 

S. 

f  n. 

s. 

f.n. 

M. 

f  n. 

M. 

f. 

S. 

i. 

s. 

i. 

s. 

M. 

S. 

f.n. 

s. 

f. 

8. 

f.n. 

M. 

f.n. 

M. 

i. 

S. 

fn. 

S. 

t. 

M. 

f. 

8. 

f  n. 

S. 

f.n. 

8. 

f  n. 

M. 

f  n. 

M. 

m. 

S. 

fn. 

S. 

m. 

8. 

f. 

S. 

f. 

8. 

f. 

S. 

£ 

8. 

f.n. 

8. 

f.n. 

8. 

f.n. 

S. 

f  n. 

S. 

f.n. 

S. 

f.n. 

M. 

f  n. 

8. 

8. 

f.n. 

8. 

f.n. 

M. 

f.n. 

S. 

f. 

8. 

f.n. 

M. 

S. 

I. 

S. 

8. 

f.n. 

8. 

f.n. 

S. 

fn. 

8. 

f  n. 

S. 

f. 

8. 

f  n. 

S. 

1. 

s. 

f  n. 

s. 

f.n. 

M. 

t 

8. 

f.n. 

S. 

f.n. 

S. 

f.n. 

M. 

m.  n. 

S. 

f.n. 

S. 

f.n. 

M. 

f 

8. 

f  n. 

M. 

f. 

M. 

t. 

M. 

1. 

S. 

fn. 

8. 

f.n. 

S. 

f.n. 

8. 

f.n. 

S. 

f. 

8. 

f.1. 

Present 
capital  of 

stock 
companies. 


5260,000 
200,000 
600,000 

200,000 
2.50,000 
200,000 
200,000 


300,000 
150,000 
200,000 

150,000 
200,000 
160,000 


150,000 
20i,000 

150,000 
150.000 
200,000 

300,000 
200,000 
1,000,000 
200,000 
200,000 
160.000 
200,000 
160.000 
600,000 
160,000 
150,000 
250,000 
200,000 

100.000 
150,000 
200,000 

200,000 
150,000 

100.000 
280,000 
160,000 
150,000 
200,000 
160,000 
200,000 
200.000 
112.000 
260,000 
200,000 

160.000 
200,000 
200,000 

200,000 
300,000 


136,000 
160,000 
200,000 
200,000 
200,000 
300,000 
210,000 


<'  Original  capital  ^600,000.  Special  relief  on  account  of  fire 
Bf  July  19, 1845.  granted  by  act  of  May  12, 1846. 

6  Organized  March,  1835.  Allowed  to  take  inland  transporta- 
tion riaks  April  29, 1840.  Changed  to  East  River  Mutual  In- 
turance  Co.  April  12,  1842. 

e  Original  capital  $300,000,  reduced  May  12, 1846,  by  the  fire 
of  July,  1845. 

d  Allowed  to  remove  from  Williamsburgh  April  13,  1855. 
Changed  from  Williamsburgh  City  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

•  Changed  from  Building  Association  Fire  Insurance  Co. 
Uarcb  8, 1853. 


/Reorganized  1836.    Original  capital  $300,000. 

It  Organized  March,  1840,  under  act  March  12, 1840. 

*  Changed  from  Mutual  Insurance  Co.  of  the  City  of  New 
York.  May  12.  1846,  having  been  twice  extended.  Originally 
named  the  Mutual  Insurance  Co.  of  New  York. 

»  Reorganized  June  7,  1836. 

i  Changed  May  24,  1841,  from  Seventeenth  Ward  Fire  In- 
surance Co.    Amended  charter  March,  1857. 

*  Reduced  fi-om  $300,000  Feb.  18, 1848. 


CORPORATIONS. 
Existing  Insurance  Companies,  continued. 


85 


Name. 


New  York  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Co.a 

New  York  Indemnity  Insurance  Co.* 

New  York  Life  Insurance  Co." 

New  York  Life  Insurance  &  Trust  Co 

New  York  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

New  York  &  Krie  Insurance  Co.- 

Niagara  Fire  Insurance  Co 

North  American  Insurance  Co 

Northern  New  York  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

North  River  Insurance  Co.<^. 

North  Western  Insurance  Co.". 

Ocean  Insurance  Co/..- 

Ocean  Insurance  Co 

Ontario  &  Livingston  Co.  Mutual  losurance  Co.... 

Orange  Co.  Mutual  Insurance  Co..-- 

OrientMutual  Insurance  Co 

Pacific  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Pacilic  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Park  Fire  Insurance  Co * 

People's  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Peter  Cooper  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Phoenix  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Pou:4:hkeepsie  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Relief  Fir«  Insurance  Co.-- 

Republic  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Resolute  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Richmond  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Rutgers  Fire  Insurance  Co 

St.  Lawrence  Co.  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

St.  Marks  Fire  Insurance  Co....- 

St.  Nicholas  Insurance  Co..- 

Schenectady  Insurance  Co.? 

Security  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Star  Insurance  Co 

Stuyvesant  Insurance  Co 

Suffolk  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co...., 

Sun  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Tradesmen's  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Union  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

United  States  Fire  Insurance  Co 

United  States  Life  Insurance  Co 

Wall  St.  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Washington  Insurance  Co _ 

Waterville  Protection  Insurance  Co 

Wayne  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Westchester  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Western  Farmers'  Mutual  Insui-ance  Co 

Williamsburgh  City  Fire  Insuriince  Co.- 

Wyoming  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co 


New  York 

Albany 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

Middletown. 

New  York 

New  York 

Plattsburgh 

New  York 

Oswego 

New  York 

New  York 

West  Bloomfield. 

Goshen 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  Y'ork 

Brooklyn 

Poughkeepsie 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

Richmond 

New  York 

Ogdensburgh 

New  York 

New  York 

Schenectady 

New  York 

Ogdensburgh 

New  York 

Southold 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  Y'ork 

New  Y'ork 

New  York 

Waterville 

Newiirk 

New  Rochelle  ..... 

Batavia. 

Williamsburgh.... 
Warsaw 


Date  of  act,  or 
of  filing  arti- 
cUs  of  associa- 
tion. 


April  18, 
July  29, 
May  21, 
March  9, 
March, 
Nov.  29, 
June  22, 
Jan.  1, 
Sept.  18, 
Feb.  6, 
April  26, 
Jan.  29, 
April  3, 
March  21, 
March  16, 
Jan.  18, 
AprU  17, 
Dec.  18, 
Feb.  1, 
April  22, 
March  30, 
M.arch  14, 
July  30, 
Dec.  17, 
March  22, 
July  10, 
March  30, 
Sept.  12, 
May  12, 
July  14, 
July  23, 
May  26, 
Juno  20, 
Nov.  30, 
Jan.  7, 
April  30. 
May  22, 
Dec.  20, 
May  14, 
March  31, 
Jan.  20, 
Oct.  19, 
Feb.  11, 
Feb.  3, 
April  1, 
March  14, 
April  23, 
Dec.  13, 
Nov.     25, 


1832 
1861 
1841 
1830 
1851 
1S62 
1850 
1836 
1852 
1822 
1832 
1863 
1856 
1836 
1837 
1859 
1861 
1854 
1863 
1851 
1863 
1863 
1860 
1865 
1852 
186: 
1836 
1853 
1831 
1863 
1862 
1841 
1866 
1863 
1861 
1836 
1841 
1868 
1845 
1824 
1850 
1858 
1860 
1861 
1853 
1837 
1844 
1862 
1851 


Expiration 
of  charter. 


April  18,1862 
July  29. 1881 
Unlimited 
Unlimited 
March,  1881 
Nov.  29.  1882 
June    22, 1880 


Sept. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
April 


April 
Dec. 
Feb. 
April 


18. 1882 
6,  1862 
1, 1877 

29. 1883 
3, 1885 

March  20, 1876 
March  16,  1877 
Jan.     18, 18S9 
7, 1881 

18. 1884 

1. 1883 
11, 18,81 

March  30, 1883 
March  14, 1883 
July  80, 1880 
Dec.  17, 1886 
March  22, 1882 
July  10, 1887 
March  30, 1876 
Sept.  12,  1883 
May  12, 1876 
14,  1883 

23. 1882 
26, 1891 
20, 1886 

30. 1883 
7, 1881 

30. 1876 
22, 1861 
20,  1888 
14. 1876 

1. 1884 
26,  1880 
19, 1888 
11, 18S0 

3, 1881 
1, 1883 
March  14. 1877 
AprU  23,1864 
Dec.  12,  1882 
Nov.     25, 1881 


July 

July 

M.ay 

June 

Nov. 

Jan. 

April 

May 

Dec. 

May 

April 

Jan. 

Oct. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

April 


■SI 


M. 
M. 
S. 
S. 
M. 
S. 


gS'B 


f.m. 
f.n. 

1. 

1. 
m.  n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 

f. 

f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
m. 
f.  m.  n. 

f. 

f 
m.  n. 
f.n. 
m.  n. 
f  n. 
f  n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f  n. 
f.n. 
f  n. 

f. 
f.n. 

f. 

f  n. 
f  n. 

f. 

f  n. 
f  n. 

f. 

f. 

f.  m.  n 

f.n. 

f  m. 

f. 

1. 

f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 
f.n. 

f. 

f. 

f 

f. 


Present 
capital  qf 

stock 
companies. 


5200,000 

108.800 
100,000 


200,000 
250,000 

350,000 
150,000 
300,000 
300,000 


200,000 

200,000 
160.000 
160.000 
200,000 
100,000 
160,000 
160.000 
200,000 

200,000 

150,000 
150,000 

200.000 
150.000 
200,000 


150,000 

260.000 
100,000 
200,000 
200,000 


160,000 


<»  Changed  from  New  York  Fire  Insurance  Co.  May  10, 1847, 
^nd  allowed  to  take  marine  risks. 

6  Removed  from  Broadalbin  April  15, 1867. 

c  Changed  from  Nautilus  Insurance  Co.  April  6,  1849.  and 
limited  to  life  risks.  First  organized  April  12, 1845,  and  allowed 
m.  n.  and  t.  risks.    Capital,  $200,000. 


<*  Reorganized  July  18, 1862.    Originally  allowed  marme  risks, 
e  Organized  Jan.  1834. 
/  Enjoiuder. 

ff  Changed  from  Schenectady  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 
April  7, 1858. 


Obsolete  Insurance  Companies  in  tlie  State, 

Jan.  1,  1859. 

VJlXE. 

Location. 

Date  of  act  of 

incorporation 

or  of  fling 

articles. 

°1 
11 

Remarks, 

1 

Utica. 

March  14, 1851 
May       3, 1836 
April    13,1857 
April    —,1857 
April    30,1839 
April    10,  1843 
AprU    18,1825 

June    18,1812 

June    12,1856 
Sept.      6, 1862 

March  30, 1832 
April    23, 1850 
April      1,  1843 
AprU      6, 1826 

Feb.      27, 1824 

M. 
M. 
M. 

f.- 
M. 

S. 

S. 

M. 
M. 

M. 
S. 

S. 

f.m. 
f.n. 

m. 

f. 
f.m. 

m. 

Receiver  appointed  Jan.  1864. 

Closed. 

Closing  business.    No  receiver. 

Cap.  $260,000. 

Cap. $300.000, 21  years;  AprU  20,1832, 

$200,000,  30  years. 
Successor  to  Marine  Ins.  Co.,  15  years, 

from  May  12 :  cap.  $250,000.  In  1814, 

marine,  not  exceeding  $1,000,000. 

Extended  to  May  12, 1867.    Closed 

in  1846. 

Receiver  appointed  April,  1865. 

Receiver  appointed  Dec.  1854. 

Changed  from  La  Fayette  Ins.  Co.  of 
the  City  of  New  York. 

Cap.  $.600,000.  Discon.  in  1828;  al- 
lowed to  close  up  and  reorganize 
new  company. 

Albany  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Allegany  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Allegany  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Albany 

Alliance  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

American  Fire  Ins.  Co.  of  Now  York.. 

American  Ins.  Co.  of  New  York 

American  Insurance  Co.  of  the  City 

New  York 

Utica. 

American    Miinufacturers'    Mutual 

New  York 

American  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

American  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Amsterdam 

Atlantic  Insurance  Co.  of  New  York.. 

New  York 

NEW   YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Obsolete  Insurance  Companies,  continued. 


Name. 

Location. 

Dale  of  ad  of 

incorporation 

or  0/ filing 

articles. 

N 

Remarks. 

Atlas  Insurance  Co.  of  New  York.... 

April      8,  1825 
April    14,1836 
April    10,  1843 
March  14,  1825 
AprU    24,1833 
AprU    10,1837 
May      25,  1836 
April      3, 1844 
April      1, 1830 
March  17, 1.837 
May        3,  1852 

March  14, 1825 

May      25, 1836 
May     17, 1837 
March  20, 1837 

April    16,1822 
April    29,  18.39 
AprU      2,  183S 
May       3, 1838 
AprU    12,  1842 

AprU    26,1831 

May       4, 1,S29 
May      12, 1836 
May     12, 1836 

May      25, 1836 

March  21,  1801 
June      4,  1851 
April      4, 1805 

AprU    12,1842 

May     12, 1836 
April    10, 1849 
April    10,1843 
May       9.  1S37 
April    15,  1814 
AprU    25,1836 

April    30.  1S36 
AprU      6,  1839 
Dec.        8,  1,849 
Aug.     — ,  1855 

Feb.      28, 1822 
Judo    26, 1861 

Oct.      29,  1850 

May     13, 1845 
April    13,  1836 

April      3, 1831 
AprU    29,1833 

March  13, 1818 

April      2.  1819 
March    6,  1851 

AprU    12,1852 

AprU      2. 1819 
May      14. 1840 
May      25.  1841 
May        3,  1836 

March    4,1839 
May        2,  1837 

March  18, 1814 

June      6, 1852 
Oct.       21, 1852 

March  30. 1836 
March  31.  182J 
April    2.5,  1862 
AprU    24,  1833 

AprU    25,1836 

s. 
s. 

M. 
S. 

s. 

M. 
S. 

s. 

M. 

S. 

s. 
s. 

M. 
M. 

S. 

s. 

M. 
M. 
M. 

S. 

S. 
M. 
M. 

S. 

s. 
"s." 

s. 

M. 
M. 

M. 

S. 

s. 
s. 

M. 

s. 

'M. 
S. 

M. 
S. 

s. 
s. 

s. 
s. 

M. 

s. 
s. 

M. 
M. 

3. 
S. 

S. 

M. 
M. 

M. 
S. 
S. 
S. 

S. 

m. 

Ul. 

m. 
f.  n. 
f. 

f. 

£m.  n. 

f.  n. 

f. 

f. 

f. 

f. 

f. 

{'• 
f.  1.  m. 

f.  1.  n. 

f.  m.  n. 

f.  m.  n. 
m. 

f. 
f. 

{ 

I 

f.  1.  ann. 

f.  m.  n. 
f.n. 

m. 
f. 

f. 

Cap.  $.300,000. 

Cap.  $360,000.  KevlTcd  April  14, 1833. 

Cap.  $160,000. 
Cap.  $300,000. 

Cap.  $150,000. 
Cap.  $150,000. 
Cap.  $100,000. 

Changed  March  8, 1853,  to  HamUton 

Fire  Insurance  Co. 
Cap.  $300,000.    RoTived  AprU  21, 1823, 

cap.  $150,000. 
Cap.  $300,000. 

Closed  business  in  1853. 

Cap.  $400,000. 
Cap.  $250,000. 

Cap.  $300,000;  time  extended  1832-33. 

Cap.  $300,000. 

Receiver  appointed  Jan.  1S54. 

Cap.  $300,000.    Revived  April  6, 1839, 

cap.  $250,000. 
Cap.  $500,000. 

Eeceiver  appointed  Jan.  1853. 
Cap.  $250,000.      Extended    21    years 

April  3,  1811. 
Changed  June  16, 1853,  to  Commercial 

Mutual  Insurance  Co. 
Closed  about  1852. 

Cap.  $250,000. 
Cap.  $200,000. 

Original  cap,  $300,000.     Changed  to 
Trust  Fire  Ins.  Co.  April  25,  1839. 

Cap.  $250,000. 

Receiver  appointed  June  1855. 

Enjoined  Dec.  28, 1855 ;  injunction  re- 
moved Jan.  81, 1856.    Closing. 

Cap.  $500,000. 

Receiver  appointed  Nov.  1854. 

Cbangii'd  to  Rochester  Insurance  Co. 
March  20,  1862. 

Receiver  appointed. 

Cap.  $500,000;    reduced  to    $200,000 

April  21.  1837. 
Cap.  $150,000.    M.  risks  allowed  AprU 

20,  1S32.    To  expire  June,  1S61. 
Cap.  $150,000.    Changed  to  Brooklyn 

Firemen's  Ins.  Co.  May  26,  1836. 
Cap.  $500,000.  Reduced  one-half.  1828. 

Continued  in  1835  to  '66.    Reduced 

by  the  great  fire  of  1835. 

Cap.  $500,000. 

Receiver  appointed  June,  1855. 

Receiver  appointed  Sept.  1854. 

Cap.  $500,000. 
Cap.  $250,000. 

Receiver  appointed  Oct.  1851. 

Cap.  $250,000. 

Cap.  $500,000.  Company  of  Uke  name 
incorp.  July  24,  1851.  cap.  $200,000. 

Cap.  $1,000,000.  Reduced  one-Lalf 
March  17.  1S36. 

Receiver  appointed  August,  1855. 

Removed  from  Utica  April.  1S59.  Re- 
ceiver appointed  Feb.  1856. 

Cap.  $'250,000. 
Cap.  $300,000. 

Cap.  $500,000. 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York« 

BrooklyD  Firemen's  Insurance  Co... 

Buffalo  Fire  k  Marine  Insurance  Co. 

Building  Association  Fire  Ins.  Co 

New  York 

Canal  Ins.  Co.  of  the  City  of  NewYork 
Cattaraugus  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co. 

Cayuga  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Chatham  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  the 

New  York    

Ellicottville 

NewYork 

Chemung  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Cherry  Valley.... 

Clinton  Fire   Insuritnce  Co.  of  the 
City  of  New  York 

Clinton  Insurance  Co.  in  the  City  of 

Clinton  &  Essex  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Columbia  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Columbi;in  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  1 
the  City  of  New  York J 

Keeseville 

New  Tork 

Amsterdam 

New  York 

Cijrtland  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Cortlandville 

New  York. 

Dunkirk  Marino  Insurance  Co 

Dutchesa  County  Insurance  Co 

Eighth  Ward  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Eighth  Ward  Mutual  Insurance  Co.. 

Poughkeepsie 

New  York 

NewYork 

Saratoga  Springs 

Empire  State  Mutu:iJ  Insurance  Co.. 

Farmers'  Fire  Ins.  &  Loan  Co 

Farmers'  Ins.  Co.  of  Oneida  County.. 
Farmers    and    Merchants*   Ins.   ) 

Co.  of  Western  New  York j 

Farmers*  Mutual  Insurance  Co.  of 

New  York 

Utica 

Sherburne 

New  York 

Fifth  Ward  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  \ 
the  City  of  New  York f 

Firemen's    Insurance    Co.  of  thej 
City  of  Albany J 

New  York 

Franklin  Fire  Insurance  Co.  in  the 
City  of  New  York 

Franklin  Fire  Ins.  Co.  of  NewYork.. 
Franklin  Marine  &,  Fire  Insurance 

Saratoga  Springs 
Saratoga  Springs 

Fulton  Fire  Insurance    Co.  in   the 

Girard    Fire   Insurance   Co.  of  the 

New  York 

New  York 

Utica 

Greene  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 

Catskill      

Good  Hope  Ins.  Co.  of  New  York 

New  York 

Hamilton  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  the 

New  Vnrk____ 

CORPORATIONS. 


87 


Obsolete  Insurance  Companies,  continued. 


Name. 

Location. 

DaU  of  act  of 

incorporation 

or  of  filing 

articles. 

1 

Remarks. 

1 

Hamilton  Marino  Insurance  Co 

April 

4, 1838 

s. 
s. 

M. 

s. 

M. 

S. 

S. 

S. 

S. 
M. 

M. 

s. 
s. 

M. 

M. 

M. 
S. 
M. 

S. 
M. 
M. 

s. 

M.' 

M. 

S. 

"s." 

M. 

s. 

s. 
s. 
s. 

M. 
M. 

s. 

M. 

M. 

S. 

"s!" 
"s." 

f.  m.           Cap.  $250,000. 

f.                Changed  to  Harmony  Fire  &  Marine 
Insurance  Co.  April  17,  1858. 

f.  m.  u.      Changed  from  Harmony  Fire  Insu- 
rance Co.  April  17,  1S6S. 
Keceiver  appointed  Dec.  1855. 
Receiver  appointed  1853. 
Changed  from  New  York   Firemen's 
Insurance  Co.    Cap.  $300,000. 

f.  (Pictures,  furniture,  Ac.)    Repealed  AprU  17, 
1843.       Changed    to   Merchants  & 
Householders'  Mutu.al  Ins.  Co. 

1.                 Discontinued  issuing  policies  1856  or 
'57.    See  Comp.  Key  1869,  p.  53. 

f.  n.            Cap.  $200,000.    Keduccl  to  $150,000 
April  17. 1843. 

f.                 Cap.  $200,000. 

m.              Cap.  $300,000. 

f  m.  n.       Receiver  appointed  Aug.  1854. 
f               Business  transferred  to  Hudson  River 
I                  Marine  &  Fire  Insurance  Co. 

Cap.  $600,000. 

Changed  from  Kings  County  Mutual 
Ins.  Co. 
(f.  m.        Cap.  $400,000.      Reduced  to  $300,000 
J                     April  24, 1840.    Reduced  to  $200,000 
1^                  and  tire  risks  allowed. 

Changed   to   International  Ins.  Co. 

AprU  11. 1846. 
Receiver  appointed  July.  1855. 
(                Cap.  $300,000.     Changed  to  Anchor 
J                   Ins.  Co.  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
1_                   April  8, 1826. 

f.                Took  but  one  insurance.    Never  fully 
organized. 

Cap.  $50,000.    Revived  May  2, 1835. 

Closed  under  act  of  Jan.  25, 1854. 

m.              Cap.  $300,000. 

m.              Cap.  $250,000.    Closed  up  under  act  of 
June  18, 1812,  by  the  American  Ins. 
Co.  of  New  York  having  become  in- 
solvent, 
f                Original  cap.  $500,000.     Reduced  to 
I                    $300,000  Jan.  12, 1828. 
f.  1.              Caji.  $300,000.    Reduced  to  $260,000. 
Made  assignment  and  diss.  Jan.  1852. 
f               Changed  from  Householders'  Mutual 
\                  Ins.  Co. 

f.  m.  n.      Cap.  $250,000. 

Closed, 
f.  m.           Cap.  $400,000. 
f.  m.  n. 

f               Changed  to  Ocean  Ins.  Co.  of  the  City 
\                   of  New  York  April  3, 1865. 
Cap.  $250,000. 

Cap.  .$500,000.    Never  organized. 
Cap.  $.500,000. 

Receiver  appointed  Oct.  1854. 
Receiver  appointed  Jan.  18.55. 
Cap.  $250,000.    Revived  April  17, 1826. 
f.                Renewed  1808  as  Mutual  Ins.  Co.  of 
New  Y'ork.    Cap.  $350,000.    To  con- 
tinue   till    repealed.      Changed    to 
Knickerbocker  Fire  Ins.  Co.  of  New 
York  May  1-2, 1S40. 
f.  m.  n. 
f.  m.  n.      Cap.  $200,000. 

f.  n. 

f.  m.          Extended  April  12, 1843. 

Receiver  appointed  Sept.  1855. 
1.  m.  n.       Original  cap.  $100,000. 

Cap.  $1.50.000. 

Receiver  appointed  Aug.  1855. 

April  5,  1849.  changed  to  New  York 
Life  Ins.  Co.  and  limited  to  life  risks. 

Closing  up.    No  new  policies  issued. 

Receiver  appointed  Sept.  1855. 
f.  n.            Cap.  $'250,(IOO. 

Cap.$30O,OOO.  SimUaractMay6,1844. 

Harmony  Firo  &  Maiine  Ins.  Co 

New  York 

Doc.  29.  1855 
April  28.  1836 
Jan.      20, 1S21 

May     25, 1841 

June     20,1852 

April      6, 1838 

April      4, 1811 

April  8, 1825 
Juno      1, 1862 

Aug.       8, 1850 

AprU  13,  18.36 
May  2,  1810 
Apiil    11,  1855 

AprU    23,1831 

March  8.1836 
April    15,1844 

May     15, 1852 

April     8, 1825 

Feb.     27, 1837 

Aprfl  29,1833 
April  30,  1S36 
March  23, 1830 

AprU  8, 1825 
March  16, 1802 

April      7, 1819 

AprU  2, 1810 
Feb.        4,  1850 

AprU    17,1843 

AprU  7, 1824 
Feb.  4,  1S51 
April  26,1836 
AprU    10,1843 

Jan.      29, 1853 

April  29,1839 
Oct.         2,  18.52 

April    3,  isai 

June  27.1851 
June  C,  1861 
March  0.1825 
March  23, 1708 

AprU  18,1843 
May     25, 1841 

May  7, 1844 
Apfil  17,1838 
May,  1855 
AprU  14,1815 
AprU  9, 1838 
Feb.      22, 1861 

Herkimer  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co.... 

Little  Falls 

Householders'  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 

New  York 

Hudson  Insurance  Co.  of  the  City  of 

Hudson  River  Marine  &  Fire  Ins.  Co. 
Hudson  River  Mutual  Insurance) 

Co.  at  Waterford j 

Indemnity  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  the 

Insumnce  Company  of  Firemen 

Now  York 

Jackson  Marine  Ins.  Co.  of  the  City  \ 

New  York 

Jefferson  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Kings  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 

Watertown 

Waterford 

La  Fayette  Ins.  Co.  of  the  City  of) 
New  York ] 

Lewis  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 
Long  Island  Farmers'  Ins.  Co.  in  the 

Hempstead 

Long  Island  Mutual  Insurance  Co... 

Madison  Marine  Ids.  Co.  of  the  City 
of  New  York                   

Marine  Insurance  Co.  of  Now  York.. 

Mechanics'Tire  Ins.  Co.  of  the  City) 
of  New  York / 

New  York 

New  York 

Merchants'  Mutual  Ins.  Co.  of  Bnffiilo 
Merchants  &  Householders'Mutual) 

Ins.  Co ; 

Merchants'   Ins.  Co.  in  tho  City  of 

Merchants'  Marine  Insurance  Co.... 

Merchants'  Mutual  Insurance  Co.... 

Metropolis  Ins.  Co.  of  the  City  of  ) 

New  York j 

New  York    

New  York    

Now  York 

New  York 

Mohawk  Insurance  Co.  of  New  York 
Mohawk  Valley  Farmers'  Ins.  Co.... 

Scotia 

Amsterdam 

Mutual  Assurance  Co.  of  New  York 

Mutual  Insurance  Co.  of  Buffalo 

Mutual  Protection  Insurance  Co 

Mutual  Protection  Ins.  Co.  of  Roches 

New  York 

Buffalo 

\ew  York   . 

Rochester 

National  Exchange  Ineiirauce  Co.... 

New  York   

National  Protection  Insurance  Co.... 

Saratoga  Springs. 

New  York  Central  Insurance  Co 

Cherry  Valley 

.Tan.  16, 18.51 
Nov.  13, 1852 
March  22, 1825 
AprU      5,  lti24 

New  York 

New  York   

New  York  Contributionship  Ins.Co." 

» The  New  York  Contributionship  for  the  Insurance  of  Houses  &  Property  from  Loss  by  Fire,  incorp.  April  S,  1822,    Changed 

to  above. 


88 


NEW  YORK   STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Obsolete  Insurance  Companies,  continued. 


Naue. 

Location. 

Date  of  act  of 

incorporatum 

or  nf/ding 

ai-Ucks. 

1^ 

EemarlL-s. 

New  York  Fire  Ins.  Co.  of  the  City  1 

of  New  York j 

Nsw  York  Protection  Insurance  Co- 
New  York  State  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

New  York  Union  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

New  York  firemen  Insurance  Co 

New  York  Guardian  Tneurance  Co... 

New  York 

Rome 

Newark 

Johnstown 

July      23, 1849 

Oct.      31,  1849 
May       9, 1860 
March    2,1810 

April      6, 1838 
AprU      2, 1798 
AprU    14,  1826 
AprU      2, 1798 

Feb.      28,  1822 

March  28, 1809 
May       4, 1829 

AprU     8, 1825 

May       9, 1850 

April    11,1825 

AprU    22,1831 

April    13,1837 
AprU      8, 1836 

AprU    13,1826 
May      26, 1851 
July       8, 1851 
Sept.     17,  1862 
Nov.     14.  1851 
March    2,1810 

AprU    28,18.36 
March  23,  1832 
March    8,1863 
AprU    13,1836 
March  21, 1826 
AprU      7, 1819 
June      1, 1850 
AprU    28,  18.36 
AprU    14,1816 
AprU    20,1832 

AprU    10,1843 
Feb.      20, 1807 
March  29, 1823 

May     14. 1851 
AprU      8, 1826 
AprU      7,1824 

March  31, 1836 
April    29,1836 

AprU    15,18.52 
AprU    16,1819 
March  20, 1852 

May       S,  1834 
July,          1852 
May       6, 1834 

May     26, 1841 

April    22,1831 
Dec.        3, 1850 
May      6, 1834 

AprU    12,1839 
April    29,1839 
AprU      9, 1838 

March  29, 1837 

Sept.     29, 1861 
Aug.           1854 

April    26,1833 
April      1,  1837 

M. 
M. 

S. 

S. 


"s!" 

M. 

M. 
S. 

S. 

M. 
S. 

M. 

S. 
M. 
M. 
S. 

s. 

"m.' 

s. 
s. 

..„.. 

s. 

M. 

S. 
S. 

M. 

"si" 

M. 

"ii'.' 
s. 

M. 

s. 
s. 

"s." 

s. 

M. 

j               Changed  May  10, 1847,  to  New  York 
\                    Fire  &  Marine  Ins.  Co. 

Made  assignment  Jan.  1852,  and  closed 
np. 

Receiver  appointed. 

Receiver  appointed  July,  1855. 

Cap.  $600,000.    Closed  by  losses    1818 
and  reorganized.    Changed  to  Hope 
Ins.  Co.  Jan.  26, 1821. 

Cap.  $300,000. 

Expired  1.S20.    Extended  to  Jan.  1860. 
f.n.           O.i'  ^-■". 

C:r  ■ 

f,              Cij.,- J I'lianged  AprU  15, 1823, 

\                    to  Life  i  fire  Ins.  Co. 

Changed  from  Sun  Fire  Ing.  Co.    Cap. 

$440,000. 
Cap.  $400,000.  Rerived  AprU  25, 1831. 

Cap.  $300,000. 

Cm.          Cap.  $250,000.     Changed  to  Neptune 
■1                    Bell  Mutual  Ins.  Co.  of  New  York, 
1                     AprU  22,  1831. 

j"m.           Clianged  from  Neptune  Ins.  Co.    Cap. 
\                    $250,000.    Revived  AprU,  1832. 

f.  Cap.  $250,000.  Clanged  from  Phoenix 
Firelns.Co.  Allowed  to  fcike  inland 
navigation  risks  May  7,  1846. 

Cap.  $300,000. 

Receiver  appointed  June,  1855. 

Receiver  appointed  Oct.  1854. 
m.  n.          Cap.  $500,000.    Extended  to  Jan.  1860. 
Capital  reduced  to  $350,000. 

Closed, 
f.  n.            Cap.  $260,000. 

Closed. 

Closing  up. 
f.  n.            Cap.  $250,000. 

Cap.  $400,000. 

Receiver  .appointed  March,  1852. 

Cap.  $500,000. 
f.                Cap.  $300,000.    Reincorporated  May 
3,  1839.    Cap.  $260,000. 

f.  1.  m.  n.  Cap.  $600,000. 

Original  cap.  $250,000.      Changed  to 
North  America  Fire  Insurance  Co.. 
AprU  8, 1836. 
Receiver  appointed  March,  1864. 
f.  n.             Cap.  $100,000. 

Cap.  $300,000. 

Keorganizcd  Oct.  11,  1851.    Receiver 

appointed  Feb.  1855. 
Cap.  $50,000. 
f.  I.  n.         Cap.  orijrin.ally,  $500,000.     Closed  np. 
f.                  Changed  from  Farmers  &  Merchants' 

Insurance  Co.  of  Western  N.  Y. 
f. 

f.                Receiver  appointed  Jan.  1857. 
f.  n.            Cap.  $100,000.    Stopped  issuing  poli- 
cies by  act  May  25, 1841. 
Changed  by  dropping   "County  Mu- 
tual" AprU  7,  1858.    Extended  30 
years. 
Revived  May  9,  1836. 
Receiver  appointed, 
m.  n.          Cap.  $250,000.     Time  for  final  divi- 
dend extended  1840  to  June  28, 1841. 
f. 

f.                 Cap.  $250,000. 

f.  n.            Cap.  $200,000.    Changed  to  National 
Fire  Insurance  Co.  May  24, 1841. 

Keceiver  appointed  Nov.  1856. 
Changed  from  Cooperstown  Feb.  1855. 

Receiver  appointed. 
Cap.  $100,000. 

New  York 

New  York  Marine  Ineurauce  Co 

New  York  Mechanics'  Lil'e  Ins.  &\ 

Coal  Co j" 

New  York  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

New  York 

New  Tork  State  Marine  Ins.  Co 

New  York  Union  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Neptune  Ins.  Co.  of  the  City  of  New  } 
York ; 

Neptune  Bell  Marine  Ins.  Co.  of) 

New  York / 

Niagara  County  Mutual  Ine.  Co 

North  American  Fire  Insurance  Co.. 

New  Tork 

New  York 

North  American  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Northern  New  York  Live  Stock  Ins.Co 
Northern  New  York  Mutual  Ins.  Co. 
Northern  Protection  Insurance  Co... 

Brasher  Falls 

Plattsburgh 

riattsburgh 

Oneida  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Utica 

Oneida  Lake  Mutual  Insurance  Co... 
Onondaga  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Cleveland 

Baldwinsville 

Albion 

Oswego  County  Mutual  Ing.  Co 

Pacific  Insurance  Co.  of  New  York... 

New  York 

Phwnis  Insurance  Co.  of  New  York 

New  York 

People's  Ins.  Co.  of  the  State  of  N.  Y. 
Poughkeepsie  Insurance  Co 

Kingston 

Poughkeepsie 

Renovation  Fire  Insurance  of  the 
City  of  New  York 

Rensselaer  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co..-. 

Lausingburgh  ... 

Langingburgh  ... 
Trov 

Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  Ins.  Co.*. 

Rochester 

Saratoga  Springs 

Saratoga  County  Mutual  Fire  Ins.  Co. 

Schenectady  County  Mutual  Ins.Co. 

Schoharie  Mutual  Insurance  Co 

Schoharie  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Schenectady 

Cobleskill 

Waterloo   . 

Seventh  Ward  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Seventeenth  Ward  Fire  Ins.Co 

Steuben  Farmers  &  Merchants'  In- 

Susquehanna  Fire  Insurance  Co.*..... 

Tioga  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co.. 

Owego 

»  Capital  reduced  from  $199,880.90  to  $87,636.46  by  the  great  Troy  firo  of  1820.    Life  insurance  taken  away  in  1831.    Directed 
to  close  up  by  act  of  AprU  IS,  1843.  l  See  Comptroller's  Report,  1858,  p.  45. 


CORPORATIONS. 


89 


Class  III.  includes  those  whose  certificates  are  filed  in  the  Banking  Department. 

"An  Ad  to  authorize  the  Business  of  Banking"  was 

passed  April  18,  1838,  and  was  modified  April  12,  1851,  upon 
the  creation  of  a  Bank  Department.  Reports  previously 
made  to  the  Comptroller  are  now  made  to  this  Department.  In 
1853  the  articles  of  association  previously  filed  in  the  Secre- 
tary's oifice  were  transferred  to  this  department.' 

Individuals  or  copartners  may  obtain  bills  from  the  depart- 
ment for  circulation  as  individual  bankers,  and  are  liable  to 
the  full  extent  of  their  property  for  the  redemption  of  the 
notes  and  the  payment  of  tlie  debts  of  such  private  banks. 
The  name  of  individual  banks  must  now  be  that  of  their 
owners ;  and  the  privilege  cannot  be  sold,  or  the  bills  be  signed  by  an  agent.     It  may,  however,  be 

Obsolete  Insurance  Companies,  continued. 


Name. 


Date  of  act  of 

incorporation 

or  of  filing 

articles. 

April    25,  1840 
March    9,  1825 

M. 

S. 

March  14, 1825 
AprU      4,  1838 

S. 

s. 

May,          1855 
AprU      6, 1831 

"s!" 

May       7, 1844 
AprU    26,1830 
Jan.     29,  1853 

s. 

April    25,1839 

s. 

May     12, 1836 

M. 

AprU    24,1833 
March  18, 1818 

s. 
s. 

May     21, 1850 

M. 

May     14, 1840 
M,-vrch  10,  1798 

s. 
s. 

March  31,  1837 

s. 

Nov.       8, 1850 
reb.      22, 1861 
March  29,  1816 

M. 
M. 

April    12,1852 
AprU    22,1807 

S. 
M. 

April    29,1839 
AprU    24,1832 

S. 
S. 

AprU    27,1833 

s. 

March  30, 1802 
AprU    11,1842 
May     12, 1836 
JIarch,       1865 
AprU      3,  1824 
Jan.     22, 1863 

s. 

M. 

AprU     7, 1817 

AprU    15,1862 
AprU    17,1843 
Mareh    9,1837 

S. 
M. 

Tompkins  Conntv  Mutual  Ins.  Co.... 
Traders'  Ins.  Co."in  the  City  of  N.  Y. 
Tradesmen's    Insurance  Co.  in  the 

City  of  New  York 

Triton  Insurance  Co 


Ithaca 

New  York.. 


New  York.. 
New  York.. 


f.  n. 
f.  m.  D. 


Tontine  Fire  Insurance  Co.- 
Troy  Insurance  Co 


New  York.. 
Troy. 


Troy  Mutual  Safety  Insurance  Co....  Troy 

Trust  Fire  Insurance  Co New  York.. 

Tempest  Insurance  Co Meridian.... 


Trust  Fire  Insurance  Co.. 


Unadilla  Mutual  TnBurance  Co 

Union  Fire  Insurance  Co.  of  the  City 

of  New  York 

Union  Insurance  Co„ 


Union  Mutual  Ins.  Co.  at  Fort  Plain 


United  Insurance  Co 

United  Ins.  Co.  in  the  City  of  N.  Y... 
United  Slates  Insurance  Co.  of  the  ) 

City  of  New  York. J 

United  States  Mutual  lusurance  Co. 

United  States  Insurance  Co 

Utica  Insurance  Co 


Utica  Live  Stock  Insurance  Co 

Woflhington  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co. 


Washin^on  Insurance  Co 

Washington  County  Insurance  Co... 

Washington  Marine  Insurance  Co. ) 
of  the  City  of  New  York J 

Washington  Mutual  Assurance  Co. 

of  the  City  uf  New  York 

Washington  Mutual  Insurance  Co... 

Wayne  County  Mutual  Ins.  Co 

Webster  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Western  Fire  Insurance  Co 

Western  Insurance  Co.  of  Olean 

Western  Insurance  Co.  of  the  village 

of  RuffiUo.- 

Western    New    York    Agricultural 

Live  Stock  Insurance  Co. 
Williamsburgh  Fire  Insurance  Co... 
Yates  County  Mutual  Insurance  Co. 


New  York.. 
Unadilla.... 


f.  n. 

f. 


Cap.  $250,000. 

Cap.  $200,000. 

Cap.  $2.50,000.    Reduced  to  $160,000 

May  26,  1841. 
Receiver  appointed  Oct.  1856. 
Cap.  $200,000.   Directed  to  close  up  by 

act  of  April  21, 18-10. 

Cap.  $150,000. 

A  committee  appointed  in  1855  could 

not  find  the  books  or  Secretary  of 

this  Co. 
Changed  from  Eighth  Ward  Fire  Ina. 

Co.    Cap.  may  increase  $200,000. 


New  York.. 
New  York.. 


New  York.. 
New  York.. 


West  Potsdam.... 
Saratoga  Springs 
Utica 


m.  n. 
f.  1.  m. 


f.  m. 


Utica 

Granville.. 


New  York.. 


New  York- 
New  York.. 


New  York 

Canandaigua.. 
Olean 


Buffalo 

Cleveland,  Oswe- 
go CO 

Williamsburgh 


f.  Cap.  $400,000. 

l.ann.       Cap.  $500,000.    In  1837  extended  to 

Jan.  1, 1862. 
Changed  to  UniOD  Insurance  Co.  July 

8, 1S51. 
Cap.  $500,000. 

Cap.  $500,000.    Twice  extended. 
Cap.  $1,000,000--  Fire  risks  allowed 

May  5, 1840. 
Receiver  appointed  Feb.  1855. 
Receiver  appointed  Feb.  1859. 
Receiver  to  be  appointed  by  act  of 

May  26, 1S41. 
(insured  live  stock.)    Cap.  $25,000. 

Reorganized  Dec.  13,  ISiO.    Receiver 

appointed  Sept.  1856. 
Cap.  $250,000. 
f.  Cap.  $50,000. 

Cap.  $300,000.    Reduced  to  $100,000, 

1833,  and  changed  to  Marino  Mutual 

Fire  Insurance  Co.    Allowed  to  take 

fire  risks  April  27  1833. 

f. 


Referee  appointed  Sept.  1855. 

Cap.  $250,000.' 

Receiver  appointed  Dec.  1855. 

f.  m.  n.       Cap.  not  over  $400,000. 


1  The  first  bank  organized  in  the  State  was  the  Bank  of  New 
York,  which  had  existed  several  years  previously  as  a  private 
partnership.  In  many  of  the  earlier  banks  the  State  reserved 
the  riglit  of  subscribing  stock,  and  of  appointing  directors  to 
represent  their  interest  in  proportion  to  the  amount  held.  Hank- 
ing powtTs  could  only  be  enjoyed  by  special  act  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, and  were  commonly  limited  to  a  period  of  30  years.  In 
1S38  a  general  I.iw  was  enacted,  allowing  the  organization  of  ns- 
Bociations  for  banking,  upou  depositing  the  requisite  securities 
with  the  Comptroller  and  filing  articles  of  association  in  tho 
Secretary's  Office.  Up  to  the  date  of  the  general  law,  lOG  banks 
had  been  created, — of  which  31  are  still  in  existence,  36  have 


reorganized,  and  39  have  failed,  closed,  or  changed  tJieirnaiues. 
The  Manhattan  Co..  created  "  for  supplying  the  city  of  New 
York  with  pure  and  wholesome  water,"  and  the  Now  York  Dry 
Dock  Co.  posae.'is  perpetual  banking  powers.  Other  corporations 
for  manufacturing  or  commercial  purposes  were  nllowrd  like 
privileges  for  limited  periods,  all  of  which  have  expired.  In 
1829  a  "safety  fund"  was  created,  by  requiring  an  annual  con- 
tribution of  ^  per  cent,  of  its  capital  p:iid  in  fmin  each  bank 
formed  nr  extended  after  that  time,  until  ench  had  paid  3  jier 
cent.  Tliis  fund  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Comptroller,  and 
applied  to  tho  redemption  of  the  bills  of  insolvent  banks  con- 
tributing to  this  fund,  after  their  other  means  had  been  ex- 


90 


NEW    YORK     STATE     GAZETTEER. 


bequeathed.  All  banks,  excepting  those  in  New  York,  Brooklyn,  Albany,  and  Troy,  must  have 
an  agency  in  New  York,  Albany,  or  Troy,  for  the  redemption  of  their  bills  within  one-fourth  of 
one  per  cent,  of  par. 


hausted.  Tlie  bank  fund  has  long  since  been  exbatistecl,  the 
draft  upnn  it  far  exceeding  tbe  income.  In  1S4S,  11  insolvent 
banks,  that  hal  contributed  but  $Sij.2S2  to  this  fund,  had  drawn 
from  it  $-2,bu, 927. —Omptrolkr's  RepoH.  1S48,  p.  55. 

The  same  law  ijrovided  for  the  appointment  of  3  Bank  Com- 
missioners, who  were  required  to  visit  the  banks  thrice  annually, 
to  ascertain  their  condition,  take  measures  to  secure  the  public 
against  li-aud  or  loss,  and  report  annually  to  the  Legislature. 
This  office  was  abolished  April  IS,  1843,  and  the  Comptroller 
was  invested  with  general  powers  relating  to  banks,  from  which 
he  was  relieved  by  the  creation  of  a  special  Bank  Dcpaitmeut  in 
1851.  Thia  department  is  under  a  superintendent  appointed  by 
the  Governor  and  Senate  for  3  years.    It  has  the  custody  of  all 

Elates  fbr  printing  bank  bills ;  registers,  numbers,  and  issues  to 
anks  such  bills  as  their  charters  and  securities  entitle  them 
to;  destroys  the  same  when  withdrawn  ft'om  circulation;  and 
destroys  the  plates  when  the  bank  is  closed.  It  appoints  special 
agents  for  examining  the  condition  of  doubtful  banks,  directs 
prosecutions  in  behalf  of  the  State,  sells  the  securities  of  broken 
banks  to  redeem  their  circulation,  and  reports  the  condition  of 
banks  to  the  Legislature  annually.  Banks  can  only  obtain  bills 
for  circulationtby  dt-positiug  New  York  SUUe  or  United  States 
stocks  boaring  interest  equivalent  to  6  per  cent.,  or  bonds  and 
mortgagts  of  not  over  So.OOt)  each  upon  unincumbered  improved 
lands  at  two-fifths  value,  exclusive  of  buildings,  and  bearing  7  per 
cent,  interest.  Closing  banks,  after  calling  in  90  per  cent,  of  their 


circulation,  may  withdraw  their  stocks  or  mortgages,  and  substi- 
tute c;\sh  for  the  redemption  of  the  remaining  10  per  cent,  of 
circulation.  Stockholders  of  banking  associations  are  personally 
liable  to  an  extent  equal  to  their  capital  stock.  Experience  has 
shown  that  under  our  free  bank  system  bonds  and  mortgages 
have  re^alized  but  about  88  per  cent,  on  the  sum  for  which  notes 
were  issued,  while  the  aggregate  securities,  including  stocks, 
have  almost  always  sold  for  more  than  enough  to  redeem  the 
circulation  based  upon  them. — RepoH,  1859,  p.  8. 

Bank  JVote  Engraving  is  now  done  by  a  company,  formed  in 
1S58  by  the  union  of  most  of  the  establishments  previously  ex- 
isting. 

The  Bank  of  the  United  States  had  branches  for  discount  and 
deposit  at  New  York,  Utica,  and  Buffalo,  in  this  State. 

Specie  payment  has  been  generally  suspended  three  times  by 
the  banks  of  New  York  State.  In  tb«  fall  of  1814  all  the  banks 
of  the  Union,  except  those  of  New  England,  suspended  until  the 
spring  of  1817.  In  May,  1837,  there  was  a  second  suspension, 
which  continued  until  the  spring  of  1838.  On  the  13th  of  Oct. 
1857,  a  third  suspension  took  place  in  all  the  banks  of  New 
York  City,  mth  one  exception,  (Chemical  Bank,)  and  this  was 
soon  followed  by  the  banks  of  the  State  generally;  but  specie 
payment  was  resumed  in  about  60  days. 

The  following  tables,  derived  from  returns  in  tbe  Bank  De- 
partment, are  corrected  up  to  Jan.  1, 1859.  The  amount  of 
capital  is  reported  for  Dec.  IS,  1858: 


Existing  Banks  in  the  State,  Jan.  1,  1859. 


CoEPOEATE  Name. 


Addison  Bank 

Albany  City  Bank 

Albany  Exchange  Bank — 

American  Exchange  Bank.. 

Artisans*  Bank" 

Atlantic  Bank 

Atlantic  Bank  of  the  City 
of  New  York 

Auburn  City  Bank -. 

Auburn  Exchange  Bank.... 

Ballston  Spa  Bank 

Bank  of  Albany^ 

Bank  of  Albion 

Bank  of  America" 

Bank  of  Attica 

Bank  of  Auburn''. 

Bank  of  Bath 

Bank  of  Binghamton 

Bank  of  Canandaigua 

Bank  of  the  Capitol 

Bank  of  Cayuga  Lake" 

Bank  of  Cazenovia 

Bank  of  Central  New  York 

Bank  of  Chemung 

Bank  of  Chenango/. 

Bank  of  Cohoes 

Bank  of  Commerce  in  New 
York 

Bank  of  Commerce  of  Put- 
nam County. 

Bank  of  Cooperstown 

Bank  of  thoCommonwciUth 

Bank  of  Corning 

Bank  of  Coxsackie 

Bank  of  Dauaville 

Bank  of  Fayetteville 

Bank  of  Fishkill 

Bank  of  Fort  Edward 

Bank  of  Geneseef. 


Location, 


111 
I  si 

1. 1. 1 


Addifion 

Albany  

Albany 

New  York 

New  Toik 

Brooklyn 

New  York 

Auburn  

Auburn 

Ballston  Spa. 

Albany  

Albion 

New  York 

Buffalo 

Auburn  

Bath 

Binghamton.. 
Canandaigua 

Albany  

Painted  Post. 

Cazenovia 

Utica. 

Elmira 

Norwich 

Cohoes 

Now  York.... 

Carmel 

Cooperetown 
New  York...., 

Coming 

Coxsackie  .... 

Dansville 

Fayetteville.. 

Fishkill 

Fort  Edward 
Batavia 


OffJing  arti- 
cled. 


Dec.  12, 1838 
Oct.  1, 1S38 
Aug.  22, 1856 


May  27. 1 
.Inly   -  ■ 


1S63 
1S.53 
1866 
1839 
1S54 
1839 
Dec.  30, 1852 
"  ^"  1850 
1850 


16,1 
31,' 
15,1 


July      16,  1 


AprQ    24, 
Jan.       2, 1 


1862 


Nov.  17, 

Jan.  3, 

Feb.  28. 

Sept.  17, 

Dec.  11, 

Dec.  28, 
March  18, 

Feb.  15, 1839 


1863 
1847 
1856 
1838 
1882 
1856 
1859 


Feb.  1,  1863 
iNlarch  22, 1853 
.Ian.  17,  1839 
March  14, 1853 
June  10.  1839 
19, 1854 
28,  1.V50 
3, 1851 
22,  1861 


Tan. 
Feb. 
Oct. 
Dec. 


Of  beginning 
hicsineas  or  of 
act  of  incorpo- 
ration. 


May  17,  1866 
AprU  30,  1834 
Jan.  1,  1839 
Sept.  14,  1838 
July  10, 1856 
March  10, 1836 


July  2, 

July  25. 

Feb.  1, 

Dec.  10, 

Dec.  30, 

July  16, 

Dec.  1, 

March  1, 

Doc.  31, 

AprU  11, 

July  29, 

April  4, 

Feb.  1, 
Sept. 

Feb.  21. 

Sept.  8, 

Jan.  1, 

Dec.  31, 
May 


1853 
1853 
1850 
1838 
1854 
1839 
1852 
1850 
1849 
1864 
1862 
1864 
1853 
1847 
1856 
1838 
1863 
1865 
1859 


Jan.   1, 1839 


April, 
J.in.  1, 
March  1, 
Jan.  12, 
March  4, 
June  10, 
Jan.  9, 
June  1, 
Oct.  1, 
Dec.       1, 


1853 
1853 
1853 
1839 


Of  expiration 

of  charter  or 

privilege. 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Sept. 
July 
Jan. 

July 
July 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


1, 1S64 
1,  2600 
14, 1938 

1,  1966 
1, 1866 

2,  1953 
6,  1963 
1, 1956 

10, 1938 

1,  1904 

2,  2039 
1, 1963 
1,  2000 
1,  1960 


Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


1,  2000 

'  "i','2606 

"l",'l96o 
15, 1889 
1,  1893 
1, 1966 


Jan.       1, 1889 


Jan. 

March 

Jan. 
18531. Tan. 
1839  June 
1864  Jan. 

1850  Dec. 

1851  In  year 
1851  Dec.   31 


1953 
1963 
19.39 
1900 
1539 
1954 
1899 
1951 
1961 


600 
100 
600 
600 
600 

400 
200 
150 
100 
360 
100 
2,000 
160 
200 

"156 


120 
100 
100 
120 


150 
750 
117 
120 
100 
110 
120 
100 
100 


Present 
capital. 


i  60.000 
600,000 
311,100 

4,999,550 
600,000 
600,000 

400,000 
200,000 
200,000 
125,000 
600.340 
100,000 
3,000,000 
250,000 
200,000 

60,000 
200,000 

26,000 
619,600 

10,000 
120,000 
110,200 

80,000 
160,000 
100,000 

8,861,760 

63,012 
200,000 
750,000 

78,500 
142.000 
160,260 
115,400 
160,000 
200,000 
160,000 


|1 
S5  I. 


S.  E. 


S.  E. 
S. 


S. 
S. 

S.  E. 
S. 

S.  E. 
S. 

S.  E. 
S. 

S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S.  E. 


s. 

9.  E. 
S.  E. 

S. 

S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S. 

S.  E. 
S.  E. 


«  Articles  amended  M-ay  11, 1857. 

»  First  incorp.  April  10, 1792;  cap.  $40,000;  allowed  to  reduce 
two-fifths  April  4.  1820,  and  shares  reduced  from  $400  to  $30 
April  17. 1830;  twice  extended;  expired  Jan.  1, 1865;  State  re- 
served right  to  subscribe  stock  at  first. 

»  First  incorp.  June  2,  1812 ;  cap.  $6,000,000,  and  late  United 
States  Bank  allowed  to  take  five-sixths  of  the  stock;  reduced  to 
tJ,000,000  March  20, 1813 ;  once  extended. 


■i  First  incorp.  March  31, 1817 ;  tip.  $400,000 ;  once  extended ; 
expired  Jan.  1.  1850. 

0  Started  at  Ithaca. 

/  First  incorp.  April  21,1818;  cap.  $200,000;  once  extended; 
expired  Jan.  1, 1856. 

s  First  incorp.  April  29, 1829 ;  cap.  $100,000 ;  expired  Jan.  1, 
1862. 


CORPORATIONS, 


91 


Existing  Banks,  continued. 


Corporate  Name. 


Bank  of  Goncva" 

Bank  of  llaviina 

Bank  of  the  Interior 

Bank  of  Kont 

Bank  of  Kinderhook 

Bank  of  Lansingburgh^ 

Bank  of  Lima 

Bank  of  Lowrillo 

Bank  of  Malone 

Bank  of  Newark 

Bank  of  Newburgh«. 

Bank  of  Newport 

Bank  of  New  York<* 

Bank  of  North  America*  ... 

Bank  of  Norwich 

Bank  of  Old  Saratoga/. 

Bank  of  Orange  Countjv.... 

Bank  of  Owego 

Bank  of  Pawling. 

Bank  of  Port  Jervis 

Bank  of  Poughkeepsie  / 

Bank  of  the  Ki-pnblic 

Bank  of  Rhinebeck. 

Bank  of  Rome 

Bank  of  Rondout 

Bank  of  Salem 

Bank  of  Siilina. 

Bank  of  Saratoga  Ppring3\ 

Bank  of  Seneca  Falls 

Bank  of  Silver  Creek. 

Bank  of  Sing  Sing 

Bank  of  the  State  of  New 
York 

Bank  of  Syracuse 

Bank  of  Tioga 

Bank  of  Troy* 

Bank  of  Ulster. 

Bank  of  Uticfui" 

Bank  of  Vernon 

Bank  of  "Watertown 

Bank  of  Waterville 

Bank  of  Westfield 

Bank  of  West  Trov 

Bank  of  Whitehall* 

Bank  of  ^^'l^testown 

'Bank  of  Yonkers 

Blark  Kjver  Bank 

'Brigg^  Bunk  of  Clyde 

JBroiidway  Bank 

I  Brockport  Kxchange  Bank.. 
[Brooklyn  Bank 

Broome  County  Bank' 

Butfalo  City  Bank ; 

Bull's  Head  Bank  of  the 
City  of  New  York 

Burnet  Bank 

Butchers  k  Drovers'  Bank 
in  the  City  of  Now  York™ 

Cambridge  Vallt^y  Bank  at 
North  White  Creek. 

Canajohario  Bank 

Canastota  Bank 

CatariiCt  Bank 

Catskill  Bank« 

Cayuga  County  Bank.. 


III 


Geneva 

Havana 

Albany  

Ludingtonville... 

Kinderhook 

Lansingburgb.... 

Lima 

Lowville 

Malone 

Newark 

Newburgh 

Newport 

New  York 

New  York 

Norwich 

Schuylerville 

Goshen 

Owego 

Pawling  r. 

Port  Jervis 

Poughkeopsie 

New  York 

Rhinebeck 

Rome 

Rondout 

Salem 

Syracuse 

Saratoga  Springs 

Seneca  Falls 

Silver  Creek 

Sing  Sing. 

New  York 

Syracuse 

Owego 

Troy 

Ulster  Village 

Utica 

Vernon  

Watertown. 

Waterville 

Westfield 

West  Troy 

Wbitoball 

Whitesboro 

Yonkers 

Watertown 

Oyde 

New  York 

Brockport 

Brooklyn 

Binghamton 

Buffalo 

New  York 

Syracuse 

New  York 

White  Creek 

CaDiijoharie 

Canastota. 

Lockport 

Catakill 

Auburn 


Of  filing  arti- 
cles. 


Not. 

20, 

1852 

June 

4 

ISiST 

March  15 

1.S.56 

Deo. 

19 

1S3S 

June 

22, 

1855 

Dec.  26, 

Ang.  18, 

April  6, 

Dec.  17, 

April  2, 

Dec.  21, 

AprU  11. 

Feb.  21, 

Jan.  23, 


1838 
1851 
1884 
1860 
1868 
1852 
ISol 
1856 
1858 


April  4, 

Feb.  4, 

Dec.  31, 

Jan.  25, 

June  1, 


1849 
1853 
186' 
1860 
1803 


Oct. 
May 

5,  1848 
17, 1853 

May 

11, 1852 

Oct. 
July 

25, 1839 
13, 1863 

Sept. 
June 
Not. 
June 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Dec. 


1838 
1S56 
1852 
1852 
1849 
1839 
1839 
1838 


April 

June 

Feb. 

June 

June 


1852 
1869 
1839 
1854 
1351 


Aug.  15, 1849 


Dec. 
Feb. 


1854 
1853 


Of  heginning 
msiness  or  of 
act  of  incor- 
poration. 


15, 
4, 
1, 

27, 

15, 
1, 
6, 

18, 


Not. 
April 
June 
Feb. 
Dec. 
.Tune 
Fab. 
Dec. 
Aus:. 

AprU  i; 

Jan.  1, 
March  28, 

Dec.  22, 

April  10, 

July  16, 

Jan.  1, 

April  6, 

May  21, 

Sept.  3, 
March   1, 

Dec.  31, 

Feb.  1, 

June  1, 

AprU  IC, 

Sept.  1, 

May  10, 

AprU  20, 

May  1, 
May, 

Oct.  15, 

Aug.  1, 

May  IS, 

Sept.  15, 

June  14, 


1852 
1861 
1857 
1866 
1838 
1855 
1867 
1838 
1851 
1854 
1861 
1868 
1862 
1851 
1856 
1856 


Of  expiration 

of  charter  or 

privilege. 


Jan.        1, 1900 


May 

1, 1957 

Feb. 

27, 1965 

Jan. 

2, 1839 

July 

1,  1955 

Not.  1. 
Jan.  1, 
Dec.  31, 
.Ian.  1, 
March  25, 


Jan. 
Jan. 
July 
Jan. 


1813  J.Hn. 
lS36!.J.in. 
1S49  .Sept. 


Dec. 
July 
Dec. 
Jau. 


Jan.  17, 

Oct.  1. 

April  12, 

May  1, 

Jnne  20, 

Feb.  26, 

July  10, 

June  1, 

Sept.  21, 

Aug.  9, 
July, 

Feb.  21, 
Dec 


July     18, 1854 


I 


March    1, 


Dec.     16, 1862 


Juno 
Not. 
Fob. 
Sept. 
Dec. 


20. 1855 
30, 1865 

28. 1856 
16, 1868 
28, 1852 


Oct.   12, 


1863 
1857 
1861 
1863 
1832 
1848 
1853 
1832 
1852 
1854 
1839 
1853 

1830 
1S,3S 
185C 
1852 
1852 
1849 
1839 
1839 
1838 
1848 
1852 
1859 
1839 
1854 
1851 
1855 
1849 
1852 
1832 
1854 
1853 

1854 
1862 


Dec.   22, 1852 


Sept. 
April 
AprU 
Sept. 
Dec. 


3, 1866 
3,  1855 
1, 1856 
20, 1868 
31, 1862 


I  March  14,  1833 


March 

Jan. 

.Tan. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Sept. 

Jan. 

.Tan. 

May 


In  year 
Dec.      31, 


2301 
1900 
1900 
1961 
1908 
19.53 
1961 
2066 
1958 
186: 
1S66 
1899 
1963 
1958 
1951 
1899 
1862 
1898 
1950 
1862 
1961 

'2500 
1953 


Jan. 

.Sept. 
June 
Jan. 
.Tune 
Jan. 
.Tan. 
Jan. 
Oct. 


1, 1866 
15,2338 
14,  1956 
1, 1962 
1,  1950 
1.  1950 
1,1939 
17,2340 
1.2838 


May 
June 
Feb. 
Dec. 
Jan. 


1. 1900 

8, 1909 

25,  2839 

31, 1953 

1, 1890 


Aug.       9, 1950 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


1, 1860 
1, 1964 
1,  2000 


Dec.      31, 1953 


Dec.      31, 1953 


Jan. 
AprU 
Jan. 
Sept. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


1, 1906 
3, 1955 
1,  2000 
1,  1968 
1,  1899 
1,1863 


205 

"700 
100 
125 
120 

100 
100 
100 
200 
100 
2,000 
1,000 
126 
110 
« 

200 
125 
120 
200 
1,000 
125 
100 
100 
100 
150 
100 

160 
125 

2,000 
100 
100 
440 
100 
60O 
100 
100 
100 


200 
100 
100 
1.50 
100 


200 
100 
100 

300 


115 
100 
110 
100 
t 
260 


Present 
capital. 


$205,000 
60.000 
251,550 
111.940 
260,000 
150,000 
60,000 
102.450 
19G,.S00 
100,000 
300,000 
50,025 

2,838.075 

1,000,000 
125.000 
105,850 
105.060 
200,000 
176,000 
130,000 
200,000 

2,000,000 
126,000 
100,000 
160,000 
138,000 
160,000 
100,000 
80.000 
100,800 
150,000 

2,000.000 
200.000 
100,000 
440,000 
150,000 
600.000 
100,000 

47,779 
120.000 

60,000 
260.000 
100,000 
120.000 
160.000 
100.000 

62.611 
1,000,000 

60,000 
150,000 
100,000 
277,700 

173,300 
93,400 

800,000 

168,339 
125,000 
110.000 
40.000 
128,962 
250,000 


SI 

1    °g 


S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S. 

S.  E. 
.S.  K. 
S.  B. 
S.  B. 
S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S.  B. 
S. 
S. 

S.E. 


S.  E. 

S. 

S.' 


S. 
S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. 


S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.  E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S. 
S.E. 

S. 
S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S. 


»  First  incorp.  March  23, 1817 ;  cap.  &J0O,000 ;  once  extended ; 
expired  Jan.  1,  1853. 

»  First  incorp.  March  19, 1813 ;  cap.  $200,000 ;  once  extended ; 
expired  July  1,  1865. 

'  First  incorp.  March  22, 1811. 

<<  First  bank  in  State ;  incorp.  March  22, 1791 ;  cap.  $900,000 ; 
thrice  extended ;  expired  Jan.  1, 1853. 

*  A  bank  of  simUar  name  filed  Jan.  7,  1839 ;  cap.  $100,000 ; 
did  not  orsauize, 

/  Begun  as  an  individual  bank. 
e  Once  extended. 

*  Individual  bank  of  this  title  begun  1847. 

*  First  iucorp.  March  22, 1811 ;  cap.  $500,000 ;  allowed  to  open 

*  $105,660. 


offices  of  discount  and  deposit  at  Waterford  and  Lansinbnrgh ; 
once  extended ;  expired  Jan.  1,  1853 ;  State  reserved  right  to 
t.ake  stock. 

i  First  incorp.  .Tune  1,  1812  ;  cap,  $1,000,00(1:  once  extended; 
allowed  to  open  a  branch  at  Canandaigua  AprU  10, 1815 ;  State 
reserved  right  to  take  stock. 

*  Organized  in  place  of  Safety  Fund  ,Bank  of  same  name 
whose  charter  expired  June  13,  1859. 

«  First  incorp.  Apr.  18, 1831 ;  cap,  $100.000 ;  expired  .Tan,  1, 1856. 

"» Butcliers  &  DrOTers'  Bank  incorp.  April  8.  1830;  cap. 
$.300,000.  increased  to  $600.000 ;  expired  Jan.  1, 1853. 

»  First  incorp.  March  26, 1813;  cap.  $100,000;  once  extended; 
expired  Jan.  1, 1853. 

t  $110,007. 


92 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 
Existing  Banks,  continued. 


Corporate  Name. 


Central  Bank  of  Brooklyn.. 

Central  Bank  at  Cherry 
Volley* 

Central  Bank  of  Troy 

Central  City  Bank& 

Chatham  Bank 

Chautauqua  County  Bank- 
Chemical  Bank 

Chemung  Canal  Bank. 

Cheater  Bank 

Chittenango  Bank 

Citizens'  Bank". 

Citizens'  Bank 

City  Bank  of  Brooklyn 

City  Bank  of  New  York^.., 

City  Bank 

Clinton  Bank  of  Buffalo 

Commercial  Bank  of  Al- 
bany"  

Commercial  Bank  of  Clyde. 

Commercial  Bank  of  Glens 
Falls 

Commercial  Bank  of  Roch- 
ester. 

Commercial  Bank  of  Sarar 
toga  Springe 

Commercial  Bank  of  Troy. 

Commercial  Bank  of  White- 
hall  

Continental  Bank 

Corn  Exchange  Bank. 

Croton  liiver  Bank 

Cuba  Bank 

Cuyler's  Bank 

Delaware  Bank 

Deposit  Bank/. 

Dover  Plains  Bank. 

East  River  Bank? 

Elmira  Bank 

Essex  County  Bank* 

Exchange  Bank  at  Lock- 
port 

Fall  kill  Bank. 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Amster- 
dam  

Farmers'  Bank  of  Attica... 

Farmers*  Bank  of  Hudson.. 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Lansing- 
burgh  

Farmers'  Bank  of  Saratoga 
County 

Farmers'  Bank  of  the  City 
of  Troy* 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Washing- 
ton County 

Farmers  &  Citizens'  Bank 
of  Long  Islands 

Farmers  &  Drovers' Bank.. 

Farmers  &  Manufacturers' 
Bank 

Farmers  &■  Mechanics'  Bank 
of  Genesee* 

Farmers  &  Mechanics'  Bank 
of  Rochester 

Flour  City  Bank 

Fort  Plain  Bank 

Fort  StauAvix  Bank. 

Frankfort  Bank 

Fredonla  Bank 

Frontier  Biink 


Locatimi. 


Ill 


Brooklyn 

Cherry  Valley- 
Troy  

Syracuse 

New  York 

Jamestown 

New  York 

Elmira 

East  Chester... 
Chittenango.... 

Fulton 

New  York 

Brooklyn 

New  Y'ork 

Oswego 

Bn£falo 


Albany  . 
Clyde 


Glens  Falls .. 
Rochester.... 


Saratoga  'Springs 
Troy 


Whitehall 

New  York 

New  York 

Brewster  Station 

Cuba 

Palmyra 

Delhi 

Deposit 

Dover  

New  York 

Elmira 

Keeseville 


Lockport 

Poughkeepaie.., 

Amsterdam  .... 

.\ttica 

Hudson 


Lansingburgh .. 


Troy 

Fort  Edward.. 


Williamsburgh. 
Somers 


Poughkeepsie.. 
Buffalo 


Rochester.... 
Rochester.... 
Fort  Plain.. 

Rome 

Frankfort... 
Fredonia — 
Potsdam 


Dates 


Of  jiling  arti- 
cles. 


April      9,  1853 


Dec. 

Feb. 
May 
Feb. 


13, 18.54 
6,  1853 

12, 18i 
6, 1861 


Feb.        6, 1S« 


May 

Feb. 
Sept. 
May 
Nov. 
May 
Dec. 

July 


11, 1846 
4, 1853 
8, 1853 
3,  1861 
6,  1850 
2G,  1852 
17, 1849 
3,  1856 


July   3, 1S47 


AprU  28,  1883 
April  8, 1839 


Feb. 
Jan. 


18, 1856 
8, 1839 


Aug.  5, 
Jan.  24, 
Dec.  21, 
March  21, 
June  20, 
April  9, 
March  21, 
Nov.  12, 
Feb.  12, 
Sept.  11, 
April    22, 


1849 
1853 
1862 
l.Sf,6 
1855 
1863 
1839 
1866 
1.857 
1862 
1864 


Not.     12, 1851 
Juno     17, 1852 

April    26,1839 


Feb. 


7, 1839 


March  31, 1854 


Nov.  13, 1852 

Juno  30, 1856 

Juno  21,  186; 

July  16, 1839 


Dec.      13, 1838 


March  15, 1839 
March    4,1856 


0/  beginning 
business  or  of 
act  of  incor- 
poration. 


Dec. 

May 

May 

Feb. 

April 

Feb. 

.\pril 

May 

April 

Aug. 

May 

Dec. 

July 

Nov. 

Aug. 


Of  expiration 

of  charter  or 

privilege. 


Aug.      1,  1853  July     31, 1953 


14, 1854  Jan. 

1, 1853iMay 

12,  1852;  May 

20, 1851 1  Jan. 


18,  1831 

24,  1844 
9,  1833 
1, 1846 
1. 1853 

20, 1853 
1, 1861 

14,  1850 
1,  1852 
1,  1849 
1,  1856 


Jan. 
Jan. 


May 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Nov. 
July 


July  1,  1847 

Nov.  1880 

April  28,  1863 

Nov.  7,  1838 


Feb. 
Jan. 

Aug. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

March 

June 

April 

Jan. 

Oct. 

M:u-ch 

Sept. 

Nov. 

April 

July 
April 


1, 18.56 
8, 1839 

16, 1849 

24,  1863 
1,  1863 

16,  1856 
1,  1855 

16, 1863 
1, 1839 
1, 1856 

15,  1858 
8.  1852 
1, 1863 

25, 1832 

1. 1851 

1. 1852 


April  10,1839 
May  7,  1856 
March    1,  1839 


April      1, 1864 


Dec. 


1, 1852 


Jan. 
Nov. 
Feb. 
July 
April 


2, 1839 
6, 1S47 
6,  1854 
2,  1856 
29. 1864 


Jan.        1, 1856 

July       3, 1852 
March  16,  1839 

April    26,1834 

Not.       1, 1838 

Feb.  12, 1839 
March  1,1866 
1, 1839 
6, 1847 
16, 1854 
1, 1866 
30,  1864 


Jan. 
Nov. 
May 
Aug. 
April 


1, 1966 
1,2353 
12,  1962 
1, 1899 
1, 1860 
1, 1899 


1,  2500 
1,2000 
31, 1953 
1,  1951 
1,  1950 
1, 1952 
1,2049 
1,  2000 


JaA        1, 2000 

Jan.        1,  1954 

Nov.      7, 1938 

Feb.        1, 1956 
In  year     2000 


Jan.  1, 
Jan.  1, 
Jan.  1, 
March  15, 


June  1, 

Jan.  1, 

Jan.  1, 

J.an.  1, 
March  1, 
Sept.     IS, 

Jan.  1, 

Jan.  1, 


2500 
1963 
1960 
1956 
1900 
1900 
1939 
1969 
2UO0 
1953 
1953 
1862 


In  year      2000 
July      1, 1962 

AprU    10,1939 


Dec.   31, 1900 
April   1, 1964 


Jan.   1, 1950 

Jan.   1, 1966 

July      3, 2000 
In  year      1950 


Jan. 

Not. 

Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 

Not. 
May 
May 
Jan. 


1,1854 

1,  2000 

1,  3838 
1, 1966 
1,  2001 
3,  2347 
16,  2354 
1,2000 
1,1" 


■|| 

Is' 

'&■'§ 

si 


200 
200 
110 
300 
100 
300 
200 
100 
105 
125 
300 
160 
800 
125 
260 


150 
400 


125 
100 


1,600 
600 
100 
100 
100 
100 
125 
100 
300 
200 
100 

150 
150 


100 

"iod 


200 

200 
t 

300 

100 

100 
200 
100 
110 
105 
100 
100 


Present 
capital. 


$200,000 

200,000 
300,000 
125.200 
450,000 
100,000 
300,000 
200,000 
125,600 
150,000 
166,100 
400.000 
300,000 
1,000,000 
276,400 
250,000 

600,000 
26,000 

136,400 

600,000 

126,000 
300,000 

108.200 

2,000,000 

1,000,000 

107,500 

100,000 

74,000 

160,000 

125.000 

100,000 

206.525 

100.000 

100,000 

150,000 
200,000 

118.000 

64,633 

300,000 

171,300 

200,000 


360,000 

168,650 

200,000 
111,160 

300,000 

150,000 

125,000 
300,000 
160,000 
160,000 
106,000 
100,000 
100.000 


"■Cherry  Valley  Bank  incorp.  April  21, 1818;  cap.  ?200.000; 
changed  to  Central  Bank ;  once  extended :  expired  Jan.  1, 1856. 

*  Changed  from  Crouse  Bank  Feb.  3, 1857. 
0  Removed  from  Ogdensburgh. 

^  City  Bank  incorp.  June  16, 1812;  cap.  $2,000,000;  twice  ex- 
tended; expired  July  1.  1862;  cap.  reduced  one  half  March  24, 
1820,  and  arter\vard  to  $720,000. 

•  Commercial  Bank  incorp.  April  12, 1825 ;  cap.  $300,000 ;  once 
extended;  expired  July  1, 1847. 

*  $108,200. 


/  An  individual  bank  merged  in  association. 

s  Allowed  to  reduce  cap.  to  $313,918  March  7, 1836. 

1  Allowed  to  increase  cap.  to  $400,000  May  10, 1836. 

•  Farmers'  B.^nk  incorp.  March  31,  1801 ;  cap.  $250,000 ;  State 
reserved  right  to  take  stock ;  twice  extended ;  expired  Jan.  1, 
1853. 

i  Increased  to  $300,000  March  9, 1854 ;  afterward  reduced. 

*  Removed  from  Batavia  June  3, 1853 

t  $111,150. 


CORPOKATIOXS. 


93 


Existing  Banks,  continued. 


Corporate  Name. 


Fulton  Bank,  in  the  City  of 
New  York" 

pulton  C»>unty  Eaok 

Genesee  County  Bank.... 

Genesee  Kiver  JJnnk 

Genesee  Valley  liank 

Geo.  Washington  Bank. 

Glens  Falls  Bank 

Goshen  Bank 

Greenwich  Bank  of  the  City 
of  New  York* 

Grocers'  Bank  Iq  the  City 
of  New  York 

Hamilton  Bank 

HauiA'er  Bank 

Herkimer  County  Bank..... 

Highland  Bank 

H.  .1.  Miner  &  Co.'b  Bank... 

H.  .Miner's  Bank  of  Utica... 

Hudson  Kiver  Bank^^ 

Huguenot  Bk.of  NewPaltz 

Hungerford'B  Bauk"^ 

llion  Bank 

Importers  &  Traders'  Bank 

International  Bank 

Iron  Bank 

Irving  Bank  in  the  City  of 
New  York 

Jamesto^vn  Bank. 

Jefferaon  County  Bank* 

J.  N.  Uungerford's  Bank... 

J.  T.  Raplee'3  Bank 

Judson  Bank<* 

Kingston  Bank 

Lake  Mahopac  Bank 

Lake  Ontario  Bank...., 

Lake  Shore  Bank 

Leather  Manufacturers'  B'k 

LeonardsvUle  Bank. 

Lockport  City  BankA 

Long  Island  Bankff 

Lyons  Bank* 

Manhattan  Company* 

Mannfactnrera'  Bank  of 
Brooklyn' 

Manufacturers'  Bank  of 
Troy— .^ 

Manufacturers  &  Traders' 
Bank 

Marine  Bank  of  Bufl'alo 

Marine  Bank,  at  Oawego.... 

Murine  Bank  of  the  City  of 
New  York 

Market  Bank 

Market  Bank  of  Troy 

3Iechanic3'  Bank  of  Brook- 
lyn  

Mechanics'  Bankof  theCity 
of  New  York* 

Mechanica'  Banking  Asso- 
ciation^  

Mechanics'  Bank  of  Syra- 
cuse  

Mechanics  &  Farmers' 
Bank  of  Albany"* 

Mechanics  &  Traders' Bank 
in  the  City  of  New  York. 


Location. 


s 

=5.. 

5  Si 

■211 


New  York 

OloverBViJle 

Lo  Koy. 

Mount  Morris.. 

Geneseo 

Corning 

Glens  Falls 

Goshen 


New  York.. 


New  York 

Hamilton. 

New  York 

Little  Falls.... 

Newburgb 

Dunkirk 

Fredonia 

Hudson 

New  Paltz.... 

Adams 

Hion 

New  York 

Buffalo 

Plattsburgh.. 


New  York 

Jamestown 

Watertown 

Corning , 

Penn  Yan 

Ogdensburgh 

Kingston 

Mahopac , 

Oswego 

Dunkirk 

New  York 

Leonardsville 

Lockport 

Brooklyn 

Lyons 

New  York 


Brooklyn .. 
Troy 


Buffalo... 
Buffalo.. 
Oswego.. 


New  York.. 
New  York.. 
Troy 


Brooklyn ... 
New  York.. 
New  York.. 
Syracuae.-. 

Albany. 

New  York.. 


Of  filing  aril- 
cUs. 


J.ln. 

April 

Dec. 

Oct. 

May 


Of  beginning 
buinness  or  of 
act  of  incor- 
poration. 


15,  1844  March  1, 
2S,  1SS2  March  23, 
19,  1S.-;,S  I  Jan.  1, 
1,  issa  Oct.  5, 
6, 1S51  May      10, 


Oct. 
Sept. 


31,  1851 
25, 1860 


May  30, 1865 

Aug.  15,  1861 

Feb.  19, 1863 

April  2,  1851 


AprU  23,  1865 

April  25,  1853 

Sept.  17, 1863 

Feb.  6, 1862 

Not.  28, 18.55 

May  11, 1864 


Oct. 

Nov. 


1844 
1852 
18.39 
1853 
1861 
1864 
1851 
1861 


June      4, 1865 


Aug. 
March 


Of  expiration 

of  charter  or 

privilege. 


Jan.  1, 1899 
March  23, 1962 
Jan.  1,  2000 
Oct.  6, 1919 
Jan.       1, 2000 


Sept.      1,  1962 
Not.       1, 1951 

June      7, 1954 


1,  18.53 


AprU  2, 1861 
March  14, 1833 
AprU  26,  1834 
Feb.      25, 1859 


March  29, 1851 


Oct. 
Feb. 


21,  1863 
9, 1859 


May 
June 

Sept. 
Feb. 
Dec. 
June 
July, 


8,  1856 
1,  1853 

1,  1863 

2,  1862 
1, 1865 
1, 1864 

1853 


Aug.       1, 1854 
March'ni'isS 


AprU  26,  1856 
May  13,  1869 
Juno     16,  1845 


AprU  19,1853 

Aug.  12,  1852 

June  26, 1856 

July  15, 1850 

June  26,  1856 

March  23, 1853 

Oct.  19,  1«62 

July  6, 1853 

Aug.  12, 1852 

Dec.  18, 1854 

Aug.  1, 1838 

Sept.  29, 1851 

Not.  4, 1852 

Dec.  30, 1856 


March  31, 
Feb. 

Dec.  31, 

March  16, 

July  16, 

July  1, 

May  18, 

AprU  15, 

March  12, 
Jan. 

AprU  23, 

Feb.  27, 

June  16, 
Dec. 

April  2, 

March  6, 

AprU  22, 

July  1, 

Aug.  1, 

Aug.  20, 

Jan.  1, 

Aug.  30, 

Sept.  2, 

Aug.  10, 

Jan.  1, 

Aug.  1, 

Aug.  28, 

Dec.  1, 

Jan.  2, 


1861 
1863 
1853 
1869 
1858 
1854 
18.36 
1854 
1857 
1.856 
1832 
1856 

1845 
1843 
1799 

1853 

1852 

1866 
1860 
1856 

1853 
1852 
1853 

1852 

1865 

1838 

1851 

1852 

1857 


July 
Jan. 


Jan. 


1, 1950 
1,  2063 
AprU  2,  1951 
Jan.  1,  1863 
Jan.   1, 1864 


May 
July 
July 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


10, 1965 
1,  1953 
1,  1963 
3,2362 
1, 1966 
1,  1954 


Jan.        1, 1950 
Jan. 'ij'wOO 


1,1904 
1, 1866 


March  12, 1967 

June      i,  1862 
Feb.      27,  2356 

July       1,  1890 


Unlimited 
May       1, 1903 
1, 1952 


July 

Jan. 
Jan. 
Ang. 


1,  2000 
1,2000 
20,  2866 


Jan.  1, 1963 
Aug.  30, 19.51 
Jan.        1, 1953 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Ang. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


1, 1952 
1,  1955 
1,  1938 
1, 1960 
1, 1950 
1, 1957 


600 
150 
100 
130 
120 

160 
110 


160 
110 
600 
200 
200 


200 
125 
128 
100 
1,000 
400 


600 
200 


132 

200 


600 
100 

200 

2,'6o6 

250 

200 

200 
170 
126 

600 
660 
200 

200 

2,000 

140 

J50 
400 


Present 
capital. 


$600,000 
150,000 
200,000 
130,000 
160,000 
50,000 
112,000 
110,000 

200,000 

240,000 
110,000 
1,000,000 
200,000 
200,000 

25,000 
250,000 
125,000 
125,000 
100,000 
1,500,000 
400,000 
50,000 

600,000 

92,915 

2,000,000 

50,000 
122,000 
200,000 

40,860 
325,000 

39,200 
600,000 
100,000 

400,000 

48,609 

2,060,000 

150,000 

250,000 

495,000 
300,000 
186,000 

669,100 

1,000,000 

300,000 

300,000 

2,000,000 

316,000 

140,000 

350,000 

400,000 


■a<;  a 
■2  I 


S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S.  E. 
S.  E. 

S.  E. 

S. 

S.E. 


S.  E. 

S. 


s. 

S.  E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 

S.E. 


S.E. 
S.E. 

S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 


S.E. 
S.  E. 


S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 

S. 

S. 
S.E, 

S. 

S. 

s. 

S.  E. 

S.E. 


a  Fulton  Bank  incorp.  April  1. 1824;  cap. $600,000;  increased 
to  $760,000  March  16,  1827 ;  expired  Marcb  1, 1844. 

»  Greenwich  Bank  incorp.  AprU  17,  1830;  cap.  $200,000;  ex- 
pired June  6,  1853. 

'  First  incorp.  March  29,  1830 ;  cap.  $100.000 ;  increased  to 
$150,000  April  16,  1S32;  expired  June  12,  1856. 

<*  Originally  an  individual  bank. 

•First  incorp.  AprU  17,  1816;  cap.  $400,000,  and  located  at 
.Adams ;  failed ;  reraoTed  to  Utica  Nov.  19,  1824,  and  cap.  re- 
duced to  $100,000:  increased  to  $200,000  May  19, 1830;  once  ex- 
tended; expired  Jan.  1,  1854. 

/  Niagara  Kiver  Bank.  Buffalo,  removed  to  Lockport,  and 
name  changed  May  13, 1869. 


I  0  First  incorp.  AprU  1, 1824 ;  cap.  $300,000 ;  once  extended ; 
expired  July  1, 1845. 

"  Begun  under  the  name  of  Palmyra  Bank;  changed  name 
March  31,  1867. 

'  Chartered  for  supplymg  city  with  water,  with  perpetual 
banking  priTilegos. 

>  Changed  from  Mechanics'  Bank  of  WUUiimsburgh,  and  cap. 
reduced  April  15, 1868. 

*  Mechanics'Bankfirstincorp.  March  23, 1810;  cap.  $1,600,000; 
reduced  to  $1,440,000;  once  extended;  expired  Jan  1,  1865; 
State  reserved  right  to  take  stock. 

'  Under  Chap.  183,  laws  of  1868;  original  cap.  $128,175. 

"*  First  incorp.  March  22,  1811 ;  cap.  $600,000 ;  reduced  on** 
fourth  AprU  4, 1820 ;  ouco  extended ;  expired  Jan.  1, 1853. 


94 


NEW   YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 
Existing  Banks,  continued. 


Corporate  Name. 


Of  fling  arti' 
cits. 


Of  beginning 
business  or  of 
act  of  incor- 
poration. 


Of  expiration 

of  charter  or 

privilege. 


Present 
capital. 


Medina  Bank 

Mercantile  Bank« 

Mercantile  Bank  of  Platts- 

burgh 

Mercliants'  Bank  of  Albany, 
Merchants'  Bunk  of   Erie 

County 

Merchants'  Bank  in  the  City 

of  New  York 

Merchants'  Bank  in  Pough- 

keepsie 

Merchants'  Bank 

Merchants'  Bank  of  Westr 

field 

Merchants'  Exchange  Bank 

in  the  City  of  New  York^ 
Mercliants  &  Farmers'Bank 
Merchants     &    Mech;mic3' 

Bank  of  Troy 

Motrojiolitan  Bank 

MidcUetown  Bank 

Mohawk  Bank  of  Schenec- 
tady"  

Mohawk  River  Bank 

Mohawk  Valley  Bank. 

Monroe  County  Bank 

Montgomery  County  Bank'* 

Mutual  Bank 

Nassau  Bank 

Nas.sau  Bank  of  Brooklyn. 
National  Bank  of'Albany- 
National  Bank  in  the  City 

of  New  York* 

New  York  County  Bank  of 

the  City  of  New  York 

New  York  Dry  Dock  Com- 
pany/.  

New  York  &  Erie  Banks... 
New  York  Exchange  Bank 

in  the  City  of  New  York. 

New  York  State  Bank" 

Niag.ara  County  Bank. 

North  River  Bank  in  the 

City  of  New  York' 

Ocean  Bank  in  the  City  of 

New  Y'ork 

Og(ien?burgh  Bank 

jOneida  Bank 

Oneida  Centr.al  Bank 

Oneida  County  Bank 

Oneida  Valley  Bank 

Onondaga  Bank 

iOnondaga  County  Bank 

Oriental  Bank 

Oswegatchie  Bank 

'  Oswego  Bank 

rOawego  River  Bank 

[Otsego  County  BankJ. 

Pacific  Bank 

tPark  Bank 

i  People's  Bank  of  the  City 

■     of  New  York 

Perrin  Bank 

Phcenix  Bank  of  the  City 

of  New  York* 

Pulaski  Bank 

Quassaick  Bank 

Randall  Bank 


Medina 

New  York.. 


Plattsburgh ., 
Albany 


Lancaster. . 
New  York. . 


Poughkeepsie.. 
Syracuse 


New  York.. 
Ithaca 


Troy 

New  York , 

S.  lliddletown.. 


Schenectady.. 

Fonda 

Mohawk 

Rochester 

Johnstown.... 

Troy 

New  York 

Brooklyn 

Albany 


New  York.. 
New  York.. 


New  York.. 
Buffillo 


New  York.. 

Albany 

Lockport.... 

New  York.. 


New  York 

Ogdensburgh.. 

Utica , 

Romo , 

Utica 

Oneida, 

Syracuse 

Syracuse 

New  York 

Ogdensburgh .. 

Oswego 

Fulton 

Cooperstown .. 

New  York 

New  York 


New  York,, 
Rochester... 


New  York 

Pulaski 

Newburgh 

Cortlandville.. 


May, 
Jan. 


1S54 
8, 1860 


Jan. 
Jan. 


St,  1856 
22,  1863 


Jan.        1,  1S66 
March  21, 1863 


Jan.       1, 1966 
March   1,1963 


Dec.      24, 1866 


Jan.     19, 1845 
Feb.      21,  1851 


April  24,1849 
Oct.       24,  1838 

Dec.  16, 1853 
April  10,  1861 
May     17, 1830 

Oct.  13.  1862 
Jan,  2, 1860 
March  28, 1839 
May  26, 1S67 
30,  1866 
3, 1863 
28,  185; 
28,  1869 
8, 1866 


May, 
Jan. 

July 
Dec. 

April, 

.Tune 
Oct, 


1844 
2,  1857 


2,  1846 
31,  1860 


1,  1S49 
16, 1838 


Jan.       1, 1957 

July      1, 1896 
Dec.      31, 1950 


Dec.  15,  1863 
April  10,  1860 
July       1,  1839 


Dec. 
Jan, 
Oct, 
Jan. 
Feb. 


Jan. 
Jan. 
July 
May 
Dec. 
Feb. 
Nov. 
Jan. 
J.an. 


1, 1853 
1,  1866 
1,  1839 
23,  1867 
31,  1856 
1. 1863 
1,  185; 
12, 1869 
16,  1856 


Dec.   22,  1866 
June  25, 1866 


Aug.  1'2,  1862 


Jan.  2, 1857 

June  1, 1855 

AprU  12,  1825 

Sept.  1,  1S6:~ 


Jan. 
Jan. 

Jan, 
Jan, 

May 

Jan, 
Jan, 
.Tan, 
May 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Nov. 

Jan. 

Jan. 


1,  1899 
1,  2040 

1,  19.64 
1.  1960 
1,  2130 

1,  1052 
1,  IS.jt; 
1,  2S39 
23,  2 
1,  1956 
1,  1953 
1,  195; 

10,  1956 

1, 196! 


April  14, 1851  April  21, 1861 
Oct.  26. 1860  Dec.  31, 1860 
May        7, 1866  May       1.  1856 


July       1, 184; 


June      1, 1955 

Unlimited 
Jan.        1,  2000 

Jan.  1, 1900 
Jan.  1,  1960 
Before        2500 


Juno      1, 1842 


Deo.      22,  1849  Dec.      10.1849 


Oct.  29, 1863 

May  2,  18.i3 

Sept.  27,  1S62 

May  1,  1854 


July 
Oct. 


6,  1853 
3,  1854 


Oct.  3.  1856 
Dec.  30,  1863 
Oct.  8, 1860 
March  12, 1856 

Feb.      27, 1851 


Dec.  27,  1863 
Sept.  16, 1863 
March  19, 1852 


April 

May 
Sept. 
M.ay 
Sept. 
May 


30,  1829 
14.  18.36 
19.  1853 
10,  1S63 
22, 186; 
1, 1854 


Jan, 

Jan, 
Jan. 
Jan. 

.Sept. 
Jan. 
Sept. 
May 


1,  1899 

1,1960 
1,  1869 

1,  1S66 
19,  2001) 

2,  2600 
2,1902 
1,  1964 


100 
250 


1,600 


110 
136 


1,000 
160 

300 
250 
100 

126 
100 
100 
100 
100 
200 
600 

600 

1,500 


200 
120 

250 
250 
200 


600 
100 
400 
150 
125 
106 
150 


July  11, 1853 
Oct.  10,  1864 
March  14,  1831 
.T.an.  1,  1866 
Dec.  31,  1853 
June '  17, 1850 
March    1,1856 

AprU  1, 1851 
Sept.     29, 1856 

Jan.  2,  1854 
Sept.  1,  1S63 
March  19, 1862 
Aug.  1853 


July 
Oct. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
March 


11,  19,63 
1,  1954 
1,  1859 

31, 1955 
1, 1954 
1,  1960 
1, 1966 


AprU      1, 1960 


Jan.  2, 1954 
Dec.  31,  1899 
Jan.   1, 1952 


300 
200 
160 
126 
200 
600 
2,000 

250 


1,200 
100 
130 


$  60,000 
1,000,000 

100,000 
400,000 

50,000 

2,638,975 

150,000 
180,000 


1,235.000 
80,000 

300,000 

4,000,000 

125,000 

200,000 
100,000 
150.000 
100,000 
100.000 
234,500 
979,200 

600,000 

1,500,000 

200,000 

200,000 
300,000 

130.000 
350.000 
100,000 

316,000 

1,000,000 
100,000 
400,000 
173,600 
125,000 
105,000 
90,200 
1.50,000 
300,000 
200,000 
160,000 
114,600 
200,000 
422,700 

2,000,000 

412,600 
43,620 

1,800,000 
100,000 
300,1100 
60,000 


<*  Successor  to  Bank  of  Ithaca. 

'First  incorp.  April  29, 1829 ;  cap.  $750,000. 

e  Mohawk  Bank  incorp.  March  13, 1807 ;  cap.  $200,000 ;  allowed 
to  reduce  April  4, 1820;  twice  extended :  expired  Jan,  1,  1853, 

■i  First  incorp,  March  15, 1831;  cap,  $100,000;  expired  Jan,  1, 
1867. 

•  National  Bank  incorp.  April  30,  1829;  cap.  $1,000,000;  ex- 
pired Jan.  1, 1857. 

/Dock  Co.,  with  perpetual  banking  powers. 

fi  Removed  from  Dunkirk  March,  1864. 

»  First  incorp.  March  19, 1803;  cap.  $460,000;  once  extended; 
expired  Jan,  1, 1851 ;  i^tate  reserved  right  to  take  stock. 


•  North  River  Bank  incorp.  March  23,  1821 ;  cap.  $600,000 ; 
expired  July  1, 1842;  judgment  dissolving  an  injunction  filed 
Sept.  26,  1868. 

>  First  incorp.  April  8,  1830;  cap.  $100,000;  expired  Jan.  1, 
1864. 

*  Incoi-p.  June  15.  1812,  cap.  $1,000,000,  as  New  York  Manu- 
facturing Co..  for  making  wire  and  cards;  amended  Sept,  26. 
1814,  with  banking  privileges  to  extent  of  $160,000  besides 
$350,000  in  manufacturing;  changed  to  Phoenix  Bank,  Feb. 
2.  1817;  once  extended;  expired  Jan.  1,  1864;  increaijed  to 
$1,000,000  April  29, 1834,  and  reduced  May  7, 1841. 


CORPORATIONS. 


95 


Existing  Banks,  continued. 


Corporate  Name. 


Rensselaer  County  Bank.... 

K.  M.Godtiard  k  Co.'b  Uank 

Rochester  Bank 

Rochester  Cily  Bank 

Rome  Exchjin.i:;e  Bank 

St.  Nicholas  Bank. 

Salt  Sprinj^s  Bank 

Saratoga  County  Bank" 

Schenectady  Bank 

Schoharie  County  Bank 

Seneca  County  Bank 

Seventh  Ward  Bank 

Shoe  &  Leather  Bank 

Smith's  Bank  of  Perry 

SprakerBauk 

State  Bank  of  Troy 

State  of  New  York  Bank.... 

Steuben  C-ounty  Bank 

Stis.sing  Bank* 

Suffolk  County  Bank 

Susquehanna  Valley  Bank.. 

Syracuse  City  Bank 

Tanners'  Bank 

Tompkins  County  Bank 

Tradfsmen'a  Bank  of  the 
City  of  New  York« 

Traders'  BankofRochester* 

Troy  City  Bank 

Ulster  Comity  Bank 

DnadillaBfink 

Union  Bunk  of  Albany 

Union  Bank  of  Kinder- 
hook 

Union  Bank  of  the  City  of 
New  York* 

Union  Bank  of  Rochester... 

Union  Bank  of  SuUivau 
County 

Union  Bank  of  Troy 

Union  Bank  of  "^^'atertown.. 

Utica  City  Bank 

Wallkill  Bank 

Washington  County  Bank.. 

Watprtown  Bank  &.  Loan 
Company 

Waverly  Bank 

Weedsport  Bank 

Westchesti^r  County  Bank.. 

West  Winfield  Bank 

White's  Bank  of  Buffalo... 

Williamsburgh  City  Bank. 

Wooster  Sheirnau's  Bank.. 

Worthington  Bank 

Wyoming  County  Bank 


Lansingburgh-. 

Cauton 

Rochester 

Rochester 

Rome 

New  York 

Syracuse 

Waterford 

Schenectady 

Schoharie , 

Waterloo , 

New  York , 

New  York , 

Perry 

Canajoharie 

Troy....„ 

Kingston 

Bath 

Pine  Plains , 

Sag  Harbor , 

Binghamt^n.... 

Syracuse :. 

Catskill 

Ithaca 


New  York.. 
Rochester.. 

Troy 

Kingston.... 
Unadilla.... 
Albany 


Kinderhook.., 


New  York.. 
Rochester... 


Monticello 

Troy 

Watertown , 

Utica , 

Middletown 

Union  Village.., 


Watertown 

Waverly 

Weedsport 

PeekskiU 

WestWiufield.... 

Buffalo 

WiUi;mieburgh.. 

Watertown _. 

Cooperstown 

I  Warsaw _. 


3l| 


1. 1.1 


Dates 


Of  filing  arti- 
cles. 


Dec.       7, 1852 
March  31, 1854 


Feb.  18,  1851 

Nov.  25. 1852 

Feb.  4,  1862 

Not.  28, 1866 


Dec.   30, 1852 


May  31, 1853 
May  20, 1S62 
.July       9,  1853 


Juno      8,  186S 


Jan. 
Dsc. 


31, 1855 
21, 1849 


Dec. 
Jane 


28, 1854 
1, 1859 


June      8, 1853 
June    23, 1853 


Dec. 
Jan. 


21, 1852 
20, 1863 


March  3,1851 
Jan.  20, 1851 
June  14,  1862 
Aug.  30, 1848 
June  9, 1857 
March    8,1839 

Jan.  21, 1839 
Aug.  20,  1866 
July     12, 1854 


March  10, 1854 
April  9,  1853 
Feb.      25, 1862 


Of  heginning 
business   or  of 

act  of  incor- 

poratioti. 


Jan.  1, 

A])ril  29, 

April  1, 

May  ISi 

Feb.  18, 

Nov.  16, 


Jan.  3, 
Dec.  1. 
April  16, 
April, 
March  12, 
April  30, 
Doc.  3, 
Sept.  22, 
June  1, 
April  27, 
Sept.  6, 
March  9, 
May  29, 
April, 
Jan.  10. 
Oct.  26, 
March  14, 
May      14, 


1863 
1859 
1864 
1836 
1851 
1862 
1852 
1865 
1832 
1852 
1833 
1833 
1852 
1868 
1853 
1862 
1863 
1832 
1868 
1844 
1855 
1849 
1831 
1836 


Jan. 


2, 1865 


April  19,1833 
March  14,  1831 
July,  1844 

July       4, 1863 

Juno     23, 1853 

Dec.  22,  1852 
March    1,  1863 


March 

Jan. 

July, 

Sept. 

Aug. 

July 

Jan. 

Aug. 

July 

March 

Fob. 

April 

Feb. 

Dec. 

Dec. 

Nov. 


1, 1851 

1. 1851 
1,  1862 
1,  1848 
3,  1867 
1,  1839 

20, 1839 
6, 1855 
3,  1864 
21,1833 
16,  1854 
6,  1863 

4. 1852 
1841 
1854 
1851 


Of  expiration 
of  charter 
privilege. 


Jan.   1, 1953 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Nov. 
Jan. 
Dec. 
Jan. 


1, 1954 
1,  1866 
1,  1961 
15, 1952 
3,  1962 
1, 1966 
1, 1862 


Jan. 
Jan. 
Dec. 

June 
Jan. 
Sept. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


1. 1863 
1,  1863 
2, 1952 

"i','i963 
1,  2000 
5,  1893 
1,  1862 
1, 1900 


Jan. 
Oct. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


9,  1966 

26, 1949 

1, 1860 

1, 1866 


Jan.   1, 1950 

Jan.   1, 1863 
June   1, 1861 


July   4,  1953 
Jan.   1, 1900 


Jan. 
Jan. 

Jan. 
Jan. 
July 
Jan. 
Aug. 


1, 1952 
1,  1953 

1, 1899 
1,  1961 
1, 1952 
1,  1898 
3,  1957 


In  year   2060 


Jan. 
Aug. 
Jan. 
Jan. 


Feb.   16, 
In  year 
Feb.   4, 


1956 
1954 
1863 
2354 
2000 
1982 


5S 


s'& 


100 
400 
100 
600 
125 
100 
150 

"206 
600 
600 

"io6 

260 
100 
150 
120 

106 
100 
100 
260 

800 

300 
100 


1,000 
400 

110 
250 
100 
125 
125 
100 

100 
100 
100 
200 
100 
100 
200 


Present 
capital. 


I  200,000 

200,000 
400,000 
100,000 
760,000 
200,000 
160,000 
150,000 

100,000 

200.000 

500,000 

1,600,000 

60,000 

100.000 

250,000 
125,000 
150,000 
60.000 
20,000 
100,000 
160,260 
100,000 
250,000 

800,000 

300.000 
100,000 
126,650 
500,000 

200,000 

1,600,000 
■500,000 

150,000 
300,000 
187.900 
200,1100 
126.000 
200,000 

100,000 
106,100 
100,000 
200,000 
125,000 
200,000 
600,000 
60,000 
60,000 
60,000 


C  ^  o 

PI 

IS 


S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 
S. 

S.E. 
S.E. 


S. 

S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 


S.E. 
S.E. 


S  E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S. 
S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 
S.E. 
S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S. 

S.E. 

S.E. 

S.E. 


»  First  incorp.  March  29, 1830 ;  cap.  $100,000  ;  expired  Jan.  1, 
1867. 

*  Successor  to  Pino  Plains  Bank. 

"  Tradesmen's  Bank  incorp.  March  29, 1823;  cap.  $600,000 :  re- 
duced to  $400,000  March  20, 1827 ;  once  cxt. ;  exp.  Jan.  1, 1S65. 


•>  Formed  by  the  consolidation  of  the  Manufacturers'  Bank 
and  the  Eaglo  Bank  by  special  act  of  1859. 

«Cnion  Bank  incorp.  JIarch  8,  1811;  cap.  $1,800,000;  once 
extended ;  expired  Jan.  1, 1863 ;  successor  to  Jersey  Bank,  in- 
corp. by  State  of  New  Jersey. 


Obsolete  and  Closing  Banks. 

(Those  marked  with  a  *  are  redeemed  by  the  Banking  Department.) 


Name. 

Looatioru 

Ill 

Vat'^  of  charts 
or  beginning 
of  business. 

Capital. 

Hate  of  redeinp, 
tion  ofcircuta- 
tim.    S.—Slocks. 
S.  E.— Slocks  and 
mortgages  on  real 
estate. 

Remarks. 

Adams  Bnnk   

I. 

A. 

I. 
C. 

Aug.          1850 

Jan.      11, 1839 
May     13, 1840 
April    21,1818 

$  100,000 

Redemption  expires  June  2, 1860. 
Geo.  Jones,  N.  Y. 

(Failed  Jute  4, 1858.  Red.  at 
-{      New  York  State  Bank,  AI- 

(    bany. 

(Changed    to   Greene    County 
t     Bank  Feb.  5,  1819. 

♦Agricultural    Bank    of) 
Ucrkimer / 

Allegany  County  Bank 

1  Aqueduct  Association,  in) 
\    VUlage  of  Catskill / 

Angelica 

S.  36 

Catskill 

96 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


Obsolete  and  Closing  Banks,  continued. 


Bank  of  Brockport 

Bank  of  Buffalo 

Bank  of  Carthage 

Back  of  Columbia 

Bank  of  Commerce  of  Buf- 
falo  

Bank  of  the  Empire  Sta.te.. 

*Bank  of  Hornellsvillo 

Bank  of  Hudson 


Name. 


American  Bank  . 


♦Aetor  Bank 

Atlas  3ank  of  New  York... 
Amenia  Bank 


MayTille.... 

New  York.. 

Clymer 

Leedsville  . 


Bank  of  America  at  Buffiito . 
Bank  of  Balnbridge. 


Baak  of  Lake  Erie.. 


Bank  of  Lodl 

Bank  of  Lyons 

Bank  of  the  Metropolis- 


Bank  of  Monroe 

Bank  of  New  Kochelle .. 


Bank  of  Ithaca  . 


Bank  of  Niagara 

Bank  of  Olean 

Bank  of  Orleans 

Bank  of  tho  People 

Bank  of  Phittsburgh 

Bank  of  Rochester 

Bank  of  Tonawanda 

Bank  of  the  Union 

♦Bank  of  the  Union  in  the 

City  of  Now  York 

Bank  of  the  United  Sta,te3 

in  New  York 

Bank  of  Warsaw 

Bank    of    Washington    &. 

Warren 

Bank  of  Waterford 

Bank  of  Western  New  York. 

Bank  of  Whitehall 

Binshamton  Bank 

Bowery  Bank   of  the  City 

of  New  York , 

Camden  Bank 


Canal  Bank 

*Canal  Bank  of  Lockport... 

Cattaraugus  County  Bank, 
*Central  Bank  of  the  City 

of  New  York. 

Chemical  Manufacturing  ( 

Co i 

Chemong  County  Bank 


Chelsea  Banlc 

City  Bank  of  Buffalo.. 


City  Trust  &  Banking  Co... 

Clinton  Banlc 

Commercial  Bank  of  Buf- 
falo  

Commercial  Bank  of  New 
York 

Commercial  Bank  of  Os- 
wego   

Cortland  County  Bank 

Cortland  County  Bank 

Grouse  Bank. 


Champlain  Bank... 


Commercial  Bank.. 


Location. 


■§31 
ill 


Buffalo 

Penn  Yau.. 

Brockport  . 

Buffalo 

Carthage  ... 
Hudsou 


Buffalo 

Fairport 

Ilorliellsville.. 
Hudson 


Buffalo., 


Lodi.(  Seneca  CO..) 

Lyons 

New  York 


Rocheater  . 
Bolivar 


Buffalo 

Olean  

Albion 

Low^ville 

Plattsburgh  . 

Rochester 

Wheatfleld.... 
Belfast 


New  York.. 


New  York.. 
Warsaw .... 


Sandy  Hill 

Waterford 

Rochester 

Whitehall 

BinghamtoD . 

New  York 

Camden 


Albany  .... 
Lockpurt.. 


Randolph 

New  York.... 
New  York ... 
Horseheads., 


New  York., 
Buffalo 


New  York . 
New  Y'ork ., 


Buffalo 

New  York . 


Oswego 

Truxton 

CincinnatuB.. 
Syracuse  


EUenburgh ., 


Lockport 1. 


Date  of  charter 
or  heginning 
of  buniuss. 


June, 

June 
June, 


2, 1S62 
1847 
1844 


Sept.  26,  1839 
April,         1S47 

Nov.  13, 1S3SI 
March  14,  1831 
July,  18.52 

March    6,  1793 

Aug.  27, 1839 
June,  1848 

March  1, 1856 
March  25, 1808 


Sept. 


1847 


Jan.  8. 1S.39 
May  14,  1836 
March  31, 1851 

April  22,1829 
Jan.  1S46 

AprQ    29,1829 


April 

Feb. 

April 

Sept. 

April 

Feb. 

Dec. 

March, 


17,  1816 
13.  1S40 
30, 1834 
1852 
7,  1S17 
19,  1824 
15, 1838 
,       1852 


May      25,  1863 


Aug. 
Jan. 


April 

Jan. 

July 

April 

Dec. 

Aug. 
Jan. 

May 
April 


13, 1838 
1, 1839 

7, 1817 
1,  1839 
4,  1838 
30, 1829 
26,  1838 

16, 1S47 
27, 1848 

2, 1829 
10,  1S39 


Jan.  23, 1840 

Jan.  17, 1853 

April  21,1824 

Sept.  14,1856 


Jan. 

May 


8, 1839 
21,  1836 


March  10, 18.39 

Feb.  10, 1840 

April  26,1834 

April  28,1834 

May  19, 1836 

Sept.  30, 1839 

Sept.  184S 

May  12, 1852 


Oct. 


1846 


'Capital. 


4.  .  i  S  8 

;  S"  I  I.  oi« 

(V  .5  .S  ■  -  ^ 


100,000 


150,000 
200,000 


100,000 
300,000 


100.000 
200.000 
100,000 

300,000 


200,000 


400.000 
100.000 
200,000 

"360,006 
260,000 
100,000 


200,000 
100,000 

400,000 
100,000 
180.000 
100,000 
100,000 

300,000 
112,550 

300,000 
200,000 


300,000 
400,000 


1,000,000 
400,000 


100,000 
100,000 


250,000 
100,000 


Par 

S.  97,  S.  E.  76 
Par 


S.76,S.  E.78 


S.  76. 
Par  .. 


S.  83,  S.  E.  97 
Par 


Par 

S.par,S.E.81 


S.87,  S.  E.74 
Par  ...!.!.. 


S.  78. 


S.  75,  S.  E.74 


Par  . 
Par  . 


40.... 
Par  . 


S.  84,  S.  E.  77 

Par 

Par 

Par 


Par  . 
Par  . 


Remarlis. 


Closing.    Red.  by  Henry  Keep 

untU  Nov.  16,  1S61. 
Closing. 
Failed  1847. 
Red.  by  Geo.  Jones,  N.  Y.,  until 

Sept.  14,  1861. 
Failed. 
Closing.    Red.  by  H.  B.  Bennett 

untU  March  26,  1863. 
Failed. 
Failed. 

Closed.   Red.  until  April  29, 1863, 
Failed  1829.    Twice  extended. 

Failed. 

Closing.  Red.  until  Oct.  7, 1862. 
Closing.  Originally  individual. 
Failed  1820.    Allowed  office  of 

discount  at  Catskill. 
Closing.     Red.  until  March  21, 

1862. 
Failed. 
Failed. 
Scarcely  began  business.     Got 

one  pl.ate  eugraved. 
Charter  expired  Jan.  1,  1850. 
Failed  Oct.  1,1851.  Time  expired 

for  redemp.  Jan.  8,  1859. 
Ch.arter  expired    Jan.  1,  1850, 

Removed  to  N.  Y.,  and  now 

Mercantile  Bank  of  New  York. 
Failed  1825. 
Failed. 

Failed.    Elizur  Hart  receiver. 
Closing.    Red.  untU  Oct.  28, 1862 
Failed  1825. 

Charter  expired  July  1847. 
Failed  1840. 
Closing.   Red.  until  June  2, 1864. 

Closing. 


Failed  1826. 

Failed. 

Failed. 

Charter  expired  June  13,  1859. 

Failed. 

Failed.  Jno.  A.  Stewart  receiver. 

Closing.  Red.  by  Edwin  Rock- 
well untU  Jan.  1,  1864. 

Failed  July  11,  1848. 

Closing.  (See  Rep.  Comp.  1848. 
p.  70.) 

Failed. 

Failed. 

f  Charter  expired.     Merged  in 
1      Chemical  Bank. 
Failed  March  23, 1858.     Red.  by 

Bank    Dept.   until    Sept.   23, 

1864. 
Failed  in  1840. 
Failed  1839.    (See  Comp.  Rep, 

1848,  p.  -5.) 
aosed  1S41. 
FaUed  1844. 

Failed. 

Failed. 

Failed. 

Closing.    Red.  until  Dec.  2, 1859, 
Changed  to  Central  City  Bank 

Feb.  3,  1867. 
Closing.    (See  Rep.  Comp.  1848, 

p.   76.)    Red.  until  Nov.  16, 

1861. 
aosing.     Bed.  until  Aug.   25, 

1861. 


CORPORATIONS. 


9T 


Obsolete  and  Closing  Banks,  continued. 


Name. 


Commercial   Bank,  Alle-l 

ganyCounty j 

Clinton  Connty  Bank 

*I)airymeii'8  Bank 

Delaware  k  Hudson  Canal ) 

Co / 

Dutches^  County  Bank 

Dutchess  County  Bank 

Drovers'  Bank  of  St.  Law- 1 

renceCounty J 

Dunkirk  Bank 

Eagle  Bank 

Eagle  Bank  of  Kocbester... 

Eighth  Avenue  Bank 

•Empire  City  Bank. 

Erie  County  Bank 

Excelsior  Bank 

♦Exchange  Bank  of  Buffalo. 

♦Exchange  Bank  of  Genesee 

Exchange  Bank  of  Roches- 
ter  

Farmers'  Bank  of  Ovid 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Hamilton 

County 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Geneva- 
Farmers'  Bank  of  Malono.. 
Farmers'  Bank  of  Mina 

*Fiimers'  Bankof  Onon-I 
daga I 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Orange  1 

Couutj' J 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Orleans.. 
Farmers'    Bank    of    Penn 

Yan 

Farmers'   Bank  of  Seneca 

County 

Farmers  &  Drovers'  Bank 

of  Erie  County 

Farmers      &      Mechanics' 

Bank  of  Ogdensburgh 

Farmers      &      Mechanics' 

Bank  of  Onondaga 

Franklin    Bank    of  Chau- 

.tauqua  County 

Franklin  Bank 

Franklin  County  Bank 

Farmers'  Bank  of  Saratoga 

County 

Freemen's  Bank  of  Wash- 

ingt»>n  County 

Genesee  Centr;il  Bank 

Globe  Bank 

Globe  Bank  in  the  City  of 

New  York 

Greene  County  Bank 

*Uamilton        Exchange ) 

Bank  of  Greene j 

Hartford  Bank 

it.  J.  Miner's  Bank  of  Utica. 

Henry  Keep's  Bank 

♦Hollister  Bank  of  Buffalo- 
Howard  Trust  &  Banking 

Co 

Hudson  River  Bank 

•Island  City  Bank 

Ithaca  Bank 

James  Hank .' 

Kinderhook  Bank 

Knickerbocker  Bank 

Knickerbocker   Bank  of^^ 
the  City  of  New  York  ) 

Kirkland  Bank 

I.a  Fayette  Bank 


Location. 


Friendship 

Plattsburgh  

Newport 

New  York 

Poughkeepaie 

Amenia 

Ogdensburgh 

Dunkirk 

New  York 

Rochester 

New  York 

New  York 

Buffalo 

Meridian 

Buffalo 

Batavia 

Rochester 

Ovid 

Arietta 

Geneva  

Malone 

Mina 

Onondaga  TaJley, 

Warwick 

Gaines 

Penn  Yan 

Romulus 

Buffalo 

Ogdensburgh 

Fayettcville 

French  Creek 

New  York 

Malone 

Crescent 

Hebron 

Attica 

Seneca  Falls 

New  York 

Catskill 

Greene- 

Hartford 

Fredonia. 

Watertown 

Buffalo 

Troy. 

New  York 

New  York 

Tthaca 

.Tamesville 

Kindcrhook 

Genoa 

New  York 

Clinton 

New  York 


-'•i' 


Date  of  Charts 
or  betjinning 
of  busimss. 


July, 

May 
Nov. 


IS.  1836 
1,1855 


Not.  19,  lS2i 

AprU  12,1825 

Aug.  1849 

Dec.  1843 

July,  1851 

April  5, 1839 

March  27, 1852 


Sept. 
Jan. 


1, 1853 
1, 1852 


Sept.  1, 1838 

Feb.  1861 

April,  1844 

Jan.  8, 1849 


Oct.   31, 1839 
Oct.   6, 1838 

April,  1850 

July  18, 1839 

Oct.  1844 

May,  184: 


July, 

Aug. 

Oct. 

Aug. 

April 

Oct. 

Aug. 

Aug. 


April 
Aug. 


1852 

1842 
29,  1838 

20, 1839 

20, 1839 

1843 

28, 1843 

24,1839 

1847 

21, 1818 

1846 


April      1, 1851 


Oct. 
Dec. 
Dec. 

April 
Feb. 

Aug. 

June, 
Feb. 

Sept. 

Feb. 


1850 

11. 1838 

23. 1839 

11. 1840 
5, 1819 


1849 
1850 


1847 
1, 1850 


April  16,1839 
Dec.  6, 18,"!8 
June      1, 1X54 


Dec. 
Feb. 
.Tan. 
Sept. 

Oct. 

Dec. 
April 


31, 1838 

7, 1S39 

25,1839 

1848 

1, 1851 

1845 
18, 18S4 


Capital. 


$200,000 
100,000 


600,000 
160,000 


100,000 
200,000 

100,000 

600,000 

100,000 


200,000 
100,000 
100,000 

100,000 
250,000 

560,000 

200,000 

"100,060 

100,000 


25,000 


100,000 


100,000 
100,000 
300,000 

250.000 
106,000 


200,000 

"ioo'fioo 


E-2  S  o  *■ 


"S"V 


&a^ 


Par. 
Par. 


Par  . 
Par. 


S.  E.  94... 
Par 


S.  52,  S.  B.  72 

Par 

Par 


Par 

S.par,S.E.74 


Par. 
Par. 
Par  . 


Par. 
Par  . 

Par. 

Par  . 

Par  . 


Par  . 
Par  . 
Par  . 


Remarks. 


/Closing.    Eed.  until  July  22. 
\     1862. 
Failed. 
Failed  May  1868.    Red.  at  New 

York  State  Bank  at  Albany 

until  Nov,  6.  18iU. 
f  Banking     privilege     expired 
1      Not.  19, 1844. 
Charter  expired  July  1,  1846. 
Oosing.    Ked.until  Not. 6,1863. 
f  Closed.    Removed  from  Catta- 
\     raugus  CO. 
Closed. 
Failed. 
Merged  in  the  Traders'  Bank  of 

Rochester  June,  1S59. 
Failed  Not.  1854.    Red.  at  Bank 

Dept. 
Failed.     Red.  at   North   River 

Bank. 
Failed. 

Oosing.  Red.nntil  Not.  16,1861. 
Failed.     Red.  at  Albany    aty 

Bank. 
Closing.    Removed  from  Alex- 
ander June  24, 1850. 

Closed. 


Closing.  Ked.untilJuly  16,1363, 

Closed.    Worthless. 

Closing.    Red.untilMar.9,1864. 

(■Failed    May    1853.      Red.    at 
<     Bank  Dept.  at  85  until  Not. 

I,     12, 1859. 

'  Closed  1843..   Worthless.    (See 

\     Comp.  Rep.  1844,  p.  61.) 
Failed.    Worthless. 

Closed  1843. 

Failed  1840. 

Failed  1846.    Worthless. 

aosed. 

Closed  1841. 

Closing.  Red.  until  Aug.25, 1851, 
Failed  1830. 
aosed  1852. 

Still  redeeming  its  own  notes. 

Closing.    Red.  until  Oct.  2, 1861 

Failed. 


Failed  1826. 

Redeemed  at  Bank  Dept.  at  84 
until  June  23.  1854. 
Closing.  Red.  until  July  14. 1862. 
Closing.    Still  redeems  its  own 


notes. 
Closing. 

1859. 
Failed. 

Bank  at  Albany. 


Red.  until  Sept.  17, 
Red.   at  Commercial 


Failed  Oct.  1857.    Red.  at  Man 
hattan  Co.  until  April  22, 1864, 


Failed  Oct.  1, 1851.    Worthless. 


Closing.  Red.  until  Not.  16, 1861. 
led.     Red.  at  North  River 
Bank, 
osing.  Red.  until  June  3, 186S. 
Failed. 


,Fa 
Closi 


m 


NEW     YORK     STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Obsolete  and  Closi?i{/  Banks,  continued. 


Leiand  Bank 

Le  Roy  Bank  of  Geneseo  ... 

Lewis  County  Bank- 

Livingston  County  Bank... 

Lockport  Bank 

Lockport  Bank  &  Truet  Co. 

Lumbeiman'a  Bank 

*Lutber  Wright's  Bank 

Mclntyre  Bank 

Madison  Co.  Bank 

Manhattan  Exchange  Bank 

Man  ufactu  vers'    Bank    of 
Ulster  Co 

Manufacturers'  Bank  of  \ 
Rochester J 

Mechanics'  Bank 

Mechanics'  Bank  of  Buftalo 

Mechanics'  Bank  of  Wil-) 
liamsburgh j 

Mechanics  &  Farmers'  Bank 

Mercantile  Bank  of  Schenec- 
tady  

Merchants'  Bank 

Merchants'  Bant  of  Ontario 
County 

Merchants'  Banking  Co. 

Merchants'  Exchange  Bank 
of  Buffalo 

Merchants  k  Farmers'Bank 

•Merchants  &  Mechanics' ) 
Bank  uf  Oswego / 

Middle  District  Bank 

Millers'  Bank  of  New  York 
♦Monroe  Bank  of  Kochester 
New  York  Banking  Co., 
New  York  Bank  of  l^avatoga 
New  York  City  Bank.... 


New  Lebanon... 

Le  Roy , 

Martinsburgh.. 

Gene.soo 

Lockport 

Lockport 

Wiltnurt 

Oswego 

Adirondac 

Cazenovia  

New  York 


Saugerties.... 

Rochester.... 

Watertown.. 
Buflalo 


New  York  Manufactaring  \ 
Co X 

New  York  City  Trust  & 
Banking  Co 

New  York  Security  Banlc 

New  York  Stuck  Bank 

*New  York  State  Stock) 
Security  Bank | 

*Now  York  Traders'  B.ank  ) 
of  Washin-iton  Co J 

Niagara  River  Bank* 


Location. 


•few  o 

III 


Williamsburgh.. 
Ithaca  


Schenectady  . 
Mina 


Naples 

New  York.. 


Buffalo.. 
Carmel.. 


North  Granvilla. 


PoushkeepHie ., 

Clyde , 

Cuba 

New  York 

ILidley 

New  Y'ork 


New  York.. 


New  York... 
Hope  F.illB.. 
Durham 


North  American  Banl; 

North  American   Trust  & 

Banking  Co 

Northern    Bank    of    New 

York 

Northern  Exchange  Bank- 
Northern  Canal  Bank 

North  r.iver  Bfinlcing  Co ... 
♦Oliver  Lee  &  Companj^'B  1 

Bank / 

Onondaga  County  Bank 

Ontario  Bank 


North  Granville. 
Buffalo 


New  York.. 
New  York.. 


Madrid 

Br.aalier  Falls.. 

Fort  .\nn 

New  Y'ork 

Buffalo 


Syracuse  

Canuudaigua  . 


[Long  Island  Bank 

Ontario  Bank,    (President 

and  Directors  of) 

•Ontario  County  Bank 

Oswego  County  Bank 

Palmyra  Bank  of  "Wayne  ) 

County J 

Fachiu  Bank 

Phcpnix  Bank 

Phtenix  Bank  at  Buffalo.... 
•Pino  Plains  Bank 


Brooklyn... 


Uticn.... 
Phelps. 


Palmyra.. 
Buffalo.... 


Bainbridge.. 

Buffalo 

Pino  Plains.. 


July,  1852 

Jan.  1,  1S39 
April  30,  1833 
April  7, 1S30 
April  22,1829 
Oct.  31, 1838 
llarch,  1861 
March  28,  1846 
Sept.  1847 

March  14, 1831 
AprU      1, 1839 


Date  fif  charter 
or  beginning 
of  business. 


10, 1840 

28, 1866 

1851 
25, 1839 


Sept. 

July 

Sept. 
Jan. 

March    1,1863 

Oct.       24, 1838 

March  26, 1839 
Feb.  1847 

March        1846 
Sept.      4, 1839 

Sept.     20, 1838 
Oct.  1848 


July 


1852 


March  22, 1811 
Dec.  1, 1838 
Oct.  1852 

March  23, 1S39 
Feb.  ISr.l 

May        6, 1840 

Sept.    26, 1814 


Aug. 
Juno 


1848 
1846 


Nov.      30, 1838 

Sept.  1851 

Haicta  15,  1853 

Oct.       21, 1S39 

Not.       6,  1838 

Feb.  1847 

July  1847 

Aug.  1848 

Dec.  4, 1839 

Jan.   1,  1844 

Jan.        1. 1854 
March  12, 1813 


April      1, 1824 


Capittd. 


4,i 


Dec. 
Nov. 


Oct. 


29, 1855 
1855 


1849 


Dec.  1843 

Oct.        1, 1847 

June  1850 

Oct.       SO,  1839 
March    9,1839 


i  100,000 
100.000 
100,000 
100,000 
600,000 


300,000 


100,000 
300,000 


200,000 

160,066 

100,000 


100,000 


1,000,000 


200,000 
300,000 


Ill 


Par  . 
Par  . 
Par  . 
Par  . 
Par  . 


Par 

S.  E.  63.. 


Par  . 
Par  . 


S.81,S.  E.66 
Par 


100,000 

"266,666 

160,000 


S.Par,S.E.94 

Par 

S.  42 

Par 


104,000 


100,000 

100,000 

150.000 
600,000 


300,000] 


Remarks. 


Par  . 
Par  . 
Par  . 

Par  . 


Par  . 
I'ar  . 
Par  . 


600,000 

Par 

Par 

100,000 

Par 

"SOO.'OM 
100,000 

S."iJ."73.V.'.'.'.V. 
Par 

Closing.  Kod.  until  July  16, 1864. 

Failed  Nov.  4, 1864. 

Charter  expired  July  1, 1855. 

Charter  repi-aled  May  15,  1837. 

Closing.    Hed.untilNov.l2,lS63. 

Closing.    Red.  untU  Oct.  24, 1861. 

Closin;;. 

Closing.    Bed.  until  Feb.  27. 1861. 

Charter  expired  Jan.  1, 1858. 


Closed. 

f  Merged  in  The  Traders'  Bank 
\     of  Rochester  June,  1^59. 

Closing.  Red. until  Sept. 23, 1861. 

Failed. 

f  Changed    to    Manufacturers' 
\     Bauk  of  Brooklyn,  1S68. 


Closed  1844. 

Closing.   Red.  until  Oct.  17, 1861. 

Closed. 
Closed. 

Failed  1840. 

Closing.   Bed.  until  May 30, 1862. 

(•Failed  March  1S64.  Red.  at 
J.     Bank  Dipt,  at  77  until  Sept. 

I      28.  1860. 
Failed  1829. 
Failed  1S40. 
Closing. 
Failed. 
Closing,  r.ed.  until  A  prill,  1862. 

{Merged  in  Phientx  Bank  Feb. 
21,  1817.  Incorp.  June  15, 
1812,  for  manufacturing 
cards  and  wire. 

Closed  1840. 

Closing.  Kcd.untilAug.l6,lS64. 

Closing.  Red.  until  July  19, 18K2. 
[Closing.     Red.  at  New  York 
I      State  Bank.  Albany. 
yClo.sing.      Red.  at  New  York 
\     State  Bank,  Albany. 

Removed  to  Lockport  May  13, 
18.^9,  and  name  changed  to 
Lockport  City  Bank. 

Closed  1841. 

Failed. 

Closing.  Red.  until  Not.  1,1860 
Closing.  Bed.  until  March  1, 1862 
Closing.    Red.  until  Oct.  13, 1862 

/Failed.    Bed.  at  Albany  City 

t     Bank. 

Clo.ied. 

Charter  expired  .Tan.  1.  1856. 
Allowed  to  establish  Branch 
at  Ulica  April  10. 1816,  and  this 
continued  until  charter  ex- 
pircl  as  Ontario  Branch  Bank 
of  Utica. 

Failed.  E.  A.  Wetmore,  receiver. 
Failed    March,  1858.      Red.    at 

Union    Bauk,   Albany,   until 

Aug.  11, 1S64. 
Closing.   (1854.)  Red.  until  Sept. 

5,  1860. 

f  Clianged  to  Lyons  Bank  March 
1     31,  1867. 
Closed.    Bed.  by  A.  D.  Patchin 

until  Feb.  28, 1862. 
Closed. 

Failed.  Bed.  until  Sept.  2, 1863. 
Failed  April  1858.    Keorganixed 

as  Stissing  Bauk. 


«  Kemoved  from  Tonawauda,  Sept.  2iy  1867. 


CORPORATIONS. 


99 


Savings  Banks  are  institutions  intended  to  receive  in  trust  small  sums  of  money,  generally 
the  surplus  earnings  of  the  laboring  classes,  and  to  return  the  same  with  moderate  interest  at  a  future 
time.  They  are  banks  of  deposit  only  ;  their  officers  serve  without  pay,  and  the  money  received 
on  deposit  can  be  invested  only  in  mortgages  upon  real  estate,  public  stocks,  or  such  other  securities 

Obsolete  and  Closing  Banks^  continued. 


Kahe. 


Powell  Bank 

*Priitt  Hank  of  Buffalo  . 


Prattsville  Bank 

Putnam  County  Bank.. 


Putnam  Valley  Bank- 
Queen  City  Bank 

Reciprocity  Bank 


Sackets  Harbor  Bank  -.. 


St.  Lawrence  Bank 

State  Bank  of  New  York 
Silver  Lake  Bank  of  Genesee 

♦State  Bank  at  Sackets  \ 
Harbor J 

•State  Bank  at  SaugertieB.. 

Staten  Island  Bank 

♦Suffolk  Bank 

Sullivan  County  Bank 

Tenth  Ward  Bank 

Troy  Exchange  Bank 

Union  Bank  at  Buffiilo 

United  States  Bk.  at  Buffalo 
Valley  Bank  of  Boonville. 


Valley  Bank  of  Lowville... 


Villaf:;e  Bank 

♦Walter  Joy's  Bank- 


Warren  County  Bank... 
Washinpton    Bank  in   the 

City  of  Jt'ew  York 

Watervliet  Bank 


'til 


Newburgh. 
Buffalo 


Prattsville 

Farmers'  Mills  . 

Putnam  Valley. 

Buffalo .... 

Buffalo 


Buffalo.. 


Ogdonsburgh ., 

Buffalo 

Perry 


Sackets  Harbor., 


?augerties 

Port  Richmond. 

New  York 

Monticello 

New  York 

Troy 

Buffalo 

Buffalo 

Boonville  


Randolph. 
Buffalo 


Wayne  County  Bank.... 

*VVhite  Plains  Bank 

Western     Bank  of   Suffolk 

County 

Williamsburgh  Bank 

Willout^hby  Bank 

Wool  Orowers'  Bank  of  the 

State  of  New  York 

Yates  Connty  Bank 


New  York... 
West  Troy .. 


Palmyra.. 
Naples.... 


Date  of  charter 
or  beginning 
of  business. 


S.Huntington... 
Williamsburgh.. 
Brooklyn 


New  York.. 
Peun  Y'an.. 


A. 
C. 

C. 
I. 

I. 
A. 
A. 

A. 
C. 


Dec. 

Oct. 


27, 183.S 
1847 


Aug. 
Nov.     2: 


1843 
,1848 


May,  1849 

Sept.  18.53 

March    0,1867 


April,   23,1834 


,lan.  8, 1839 
Oct.  15, 1839 
Jan.    6, 1839 


May, 

April, 

Oct. 

July 

Oct. 

Dec. 

Jan. 

Oct. 

Dec. 


1852 

1847 

29,  1838 

1,  1852 

18.50 

1, 183S 

1, 1838 

10, 1839 

13,  1838 


Aug. 


June, 
Feb. 


Capital. 


£  .S  g  C  K 

I.  ai  'i 


$130,000 

"100,066 

"266,666 
200,000 


100,000 
100,000 
100,000 


100,000 
100,000 

'  106,006 

100,000 
100.000 
100,000 


Par  . 
94.... 


July 
May 

April 
Juno, 

June, 

Jan. 

Nov. 

Jan. 
April 


1S4S 
1848 


18, 1839 
21, 1836 

30, 1820 
1844 

1850 
12, 1839 
1, 1839 

12, 1839 
2, 1831 


125.000 
250,000 


100,000 


100,000 
100,000 

100,000 
100,000 


Par  . 
Par  . 


Par  . 
Par  . 


S.32,  S.E.50 
S.  31 


Par  . 


Par 

E.  56.. 

Par 

Par  

S.  94 


S.  81.. 
S.  E.  7 
Par  ... 


Bemarkt. 


Par  . 
Par  . 


Par  . 


66, 35,  4  Par. 


Par  . 
Par  . 
Par  . 


Closing.    Red.  its  own  notes. 
Failed  Feb.  1868.    Bed.  at  Bank 

Dept.  at  94. 
Closing.    Eed.nntiIDec.15,1860.1 
Closing.    Bed.   by  David  Kent; 

until  Oct.  1863. 
Closing. 

Closing.   Red.untilFeb.lO,lS63.; 
Changed  from  Sackets  Harbor 

Bank  March  6,  1851.    Failed. 

Receiver  app.  Aug.  27,  1857. 
Removed  from    Sackets  Harbor 

March  25,  1852.    Changed  to 

Reciprocity  Bank  1857. 
F.ailed  Dec.  3, 1841. 
Failed. 

(•Failed  Nov.  1, 1856.    Red.  at 
<     Union  Bank,  Albany,  uutil 

(     Nov.  U,  1862. 
Closing. 
F.ailed. 
Closing. 

Cloeing.  Red.nntilAug.21,18C0. 
Failed  1810. 

Failed. 
Failed. 
Closing.    Rcd.by  B.  N.  Merriam, 

of  Ogdeneburgh,  until  March 

20,  1863. 
Removed    to    Boonville.      See 

above. 
Oosing.    Red.  until  Jnne  3, 1859. 
Failed  1850.    Red.  at  Mechanics 

&  Farmers'  Bank,  Albany. 
Closing.  Red.  untU  Nov.  12, 1859. 

Failed  18«. 

Failed.   (Soo  Comp.  Rep.  1848,  p. 

77. 
Closed. 
Closing. 

Closino;.  Red.untilJaneI7,1862. 

Closed. 
Closed  1840. 

Closed  1841. 

Failed  1848.     (See  Comp.  Kep. 
1849,  p.  35.) 


Savings  Banks  in  the  State,  Jan.  1,  1859. 


Name. 


Albany  City  Pavings  Institution 

Albany  Exchange  Savings  Bank 

Albnny  Savings  Bank 

Auburn  Savings  Institution 

BauU  fir  Savings  in  the  City  of  New  York 

Bloiiminp.'dalo  Savings  Bank  

Bowery  Savings  Bank 

Broad\v.ay  Savings  Institution 

BriH-kport  Savings  Bank 

Broiiklyn  Savings  Bank 

Buffalo  Savings  Bank 

Central  City  Savings  Institution 

Central  Savings  Bank  of  Troy 

Coboes  Savings  Institution 

Commercial  Savings  Bank  of  Troy...... 

Dry  l)(i(!k  Savings  Institution 

East  lliver  Savings  Institution 

Elmira  Savings  Bank 

Emigrant  IndnstrLal  Savings  Bank 


Localian. 


Albany 

Albany.... 

Albany 

Auburn.... 
New  York. 
New  York. 
New  York. 
New  York. 
Brockport . 
Brooklyn... 

Buffalo 

Utisa 

Troy 

Cohoes 

Troy 

New  York. 
New  York. 

Elmira 

New  York. 


Date  of 
incorporation. 


March 

April 

March 

March 

March 

April 

May 

.lune 

July 

April 

May 

.lune 

April 

April 

Api-il 

April 


29.  1850 
IS,  1866 
24, 1820 
12, 1S49 
26,  1819 
17, 1854 
1, 1834 
20, 1.8.51 
18. 1863 
7,  1827 
9. 1S46 
20, 1S51 
16, 18.57 
11, 18.51 
12,  18,55 
12,  1848 


April 
April 


17, 1854 
10,  1860 


Amount 
depositors. 


i   168,181 

27,987 

99S,92.t 

71.'2.35 

8,701,923 

56,31)0 

7,818,143 

841.341) 

2,4.39 

2,rifiO,9Sl 

872,r>Sl 

28.431 

2.5.712 

34,734 

60,031 

1,118,876 

785,782 

1.973 

1,628.764 


Resources. 


$  168.181 

27,987 

1,049,804 

71,415 

9,2.59.996 

67..599 

8,274,446 

872,967 

2.611 

2,816,817 

824,86.1 

80.638 

25.712 

34.734 

00,031 

1,109,401 

829,669 

2,1OT 

1,096,961 


100 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


as  may  be  approved  by  law.  They  can  be  organized  by  special  act  of  the  Legislature,  and  their 
charters  are  perpetual.  The  total  number  of  savings  institutions  incorp.  prior  to  1809  was  75,  of 
which  57  reported  their  statistics  in  1858.  They  are  placed  under  the  care  of  the  Superintendent 
of  the  Banking  Department,  who  has  general  powers  for  the  protection  of  the  interests  of  deposi- 
tors, and  is  required  to  report  their  condition  annually  to  the  Legislature.  Most  of  these  institu- 
tions bear  names  closely  resembling  those  of  banks  of  discount  and  circulation,  and  are  kept  in 
the  same  building  and  have  the  same  persons  as  officers  of  both.' 

Class  IV   includes  those  whose  certificates  are  filed  in  the  County  Clerks'  offices.     Most  of  th 
corporations  already  described  are  required  to  file  their  articles  in  the  clerk's  office  of  their  respect- 
ive counties,  in  addition  to  depositing  them  in  the  departments  of  the  State  Government. 

"  An  Act  to  provide  for  the  Incorporation  of  Religious  Societies"  was  passed  April  6, 
1784.2 

"An  Act  mdhorizing  the  Incorporation  of  Rural  Cemetery  Associations"  was  passed 
April  27,  1847. 

"  An  Act  to  provide  for  the  Incorporation  of  Villages"  was  passed  Dec.  7,  1847.' 

Savings  Banks,  continued. 


Eniigr.ant  Saving:8  Bank  of  Buffalo 

Erie  County  Savings  Bank 

Pishkill  Savings  Institute 

Greenwich  Savings  Bank 

Hudson  City  Savings  Institution 

institution  for  the  Savings  of  Merchants'  ClerkS.. 

Irving  Savings  Institution 

Manhattan  Savings  Institution 

Manufacturers'  Savings  Bank  of  Troy 

Mariners'  Savings  Institution .-. 

Mechanics  &  Farmers'  Savings  Bank  of  Albany... 

Mechanics  &  Traders'  Savings  Institution 

Monroe  County  Savings  Institution 

Mutual  Savings  Bank  of  Troy 

Nowburgh  Savings  Bank 

Niagara  County  Savings  Bank 

Onondaga  County  Savings  Bank 

Poughkeepsie  Savings  Bank 

Rochester  S.avinga  Bank 

Rome  Savings  Bank 

Rose  nill  Savings  Bank 

Savings  Bank  ot  Utica 

Schenectady  Savings  Bank 

Seamen's  Bank  for  Savings 

Sing  Sing  Savings  Bank 

Sixpenny  Savings  Bank  of  Albany 

Sixpenny  Savings  Bank  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

South  Brooklyn  Savings  Institute 

Soutbold  Savings  Bank 

State  Savings  Bank  of  Troy 

Syracuse  Savings  Bank 

Troy  Savings  Bank 

Ulster  County  Savings  Institution 

Union  Savings  Bank  of  Albany 

Westchester  County  Savings  Bank 

Western  Savings  Bank 

Williamsburgh  Savings  Bank 

Yonkers  Savings  Bank 


ButTalo 

Buffalo 

Fishkill 

New  York , 

Hudson 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

Troy 

New  York 

Albany  

New  York 

Rochester 

Troy 

Newburgh 

Lockport 

Syracuse 

Poughkeepsie. 

Rochester 

Rome 

New  York 

Utica 

Schenectady  .. 

New  York. 

Sing  Slug , 

Albany 

New  York 

Brooklyn 

Southold 

Troy 

Syracuse 

Troy 

Kingston 

Albany 

Tarrytown 

Buffalo 

Brooklyn 

Yonkers. 


Date  of 
incorporation. 


April 

April 

Feb. 

April 

April 

April 

July 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

April 

June 

April 

April 

April 

Jan. 

March 

April 

June 

April 

April 

April 

March 

April 

April 

April 

July 

July 

April 

April 


17, 1858 
10,  1854 
25, 1867 

24. 1833 
4,  1850 

12,1848 
1,  1851 
10,  ISoO 

15,  1857 

16,  1S52 
1-2, 1S55 
IC,  1852 

8,  1S50 
15, 1867 
13.  1852 
10,  1851 
10,  1S55 

16,  1836 
21,  1831 
30,  1851 

17,  1854 
26, 1839 

29. 1834 
31, 1829 

9, 1854 

17,  1854 

4. 1853 

10. 1850 
7. 1S58 

18,  1S56 
30,  1849 
23,1823 

18. 1851 
13, 1864 
21, 1853 

9.  1851 
9,  1851 

3. 1854 


Amount 

due. 

depositors. 


%     6,490 

642,641 

21,497 

3,528,851 

44.010 

1,609,889 

719,498 

1,782,007 

61,988 

419,089 

179,049 

301,612 

250,079 

23,037 

91.188 

1,669 

129,601 

247,605 

1,371,911 

33,621 

71,854 

334.262 

211,886 

7,319,474 

36.410 

10,601 

112,361 

622,360 

6,970 

47,479 

237,580 

634,004 

62,435 

16,187 

103,734 

77,048 

1,086.882 

47,405 


Resources. 


i     4,218 

649,722 

21,705 

3,678,180 

45,206 

1,529,810 

736,323 

1,839,785 

51,988 

430,141 

179,049 

372,417 

259,341 

23,637 

92,993 

1,636 

130,262 

203,619 

1,476,425 

36,289 

72,285 

368,499 

2-27,659 

7,820,443 

35,711 

10,601 

113,548 

638,664 

7,001 

47,479 

2.38,619 

671,716 

63,022 

15,187 

108,729 

77,048 

1,119,001 

48,009 


I  The  first  savings  b.ank  in  England  was  formed  in  1804,  and 
the  first  in  New  York  in  1819,  under  the  auspices  of  the  *'  So- 
ciety for  Prevention  of  Pauperism."  A  public  meeting  was 
called  and  the  plan  discussed  and  approved  Nov,  29,  1816.  The 
firat  deposits  were  made  July  3, 1819,  and  $2,807  were  received 
the  first  evening  from  80  depositors,  in  sums  of  from  $2  to  $300. 
Within  6  mo.,  $153,378.31  had  been  deposited,  by  1,627  persons, 
and  but  $6,606  had  been  withdrawn.  Up  to  1857,  $47,630,067.61 
had  been  intrusted  to  the  care  of  this  institution. — Common 
Gouncil  Manual.  1868. p.  623. 

The  first  savings  bank  in  Albany  was  established  in  1820; 
in  Troy,  in  1823 ;  in  Brooklyn,  in  1827 ;  and  in  Buffalo,  in  1836. 
Most  of  these  banks  were  originally  required  to  report  to  the 
Legislature;  but  their  returns  were  seldom  published.  Under 
the  act  of  March  20,  1857,  they  are  required  to  report  to  the 


Superintendent  of  the  Banking  Department.  Sixteen  pavings 
banks  have  been  incorp.  that  never  organized.  Only  two  of 
the  whole  number  chartered  have  ever  failed.  The"Knicker. 
bocker  S.avings  Institution,"  of  N.  Y.,  incorp.  April  8,  1851. 
failed  and  went  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver  in  1864 :  and  the 
*'  Sixpenny  Savings  Bank  of  Rochester,"  incorp.  July  13,  1854, 
failed. 

2  This  act  was  amended,  so  far  as  it  related  to  the  Ref.  Prot. 
D.  Societies,  March  7,  1783.  Other  amendments  were  made  in 
1801,  1813,  and  18'28.    For  statistics  see  p.  139. 

8  Previous  to  this  act,  vilUiges  were  incorp.  by  Bpeci.al  acta  of 
the  Legislature,  and  the  articles  were  filed  in  the  State  Depart- 
ment: but  since,  the  filing  of  articles  has  become  a  mere  local 
affair;  and  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  obtain  a  complete  list  of 
the  incorporated  villages  of  the  State. 


AGRICULTURE. 


The  climate  of  the  State  is  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  most  of  the  crops  and  fruits  of  the 
temperate  zone.  The  improved  lands  comprise  a  little  more  than  one-half  of  the  entire  area  of  the 
State,  and  of  these  37  per  cent,  is  devoted  to  pasturage  and  25  per  cent,  is  occupied  by  meadow- 
lands.  The  principal  crops,  in  the  order  of  relative  amount,  are  oats,  corn,  wheat,  buckwheat,  rye, 
and  barley,  together  occupying  37  per  cent,  of  the  cultivated  lands, — leaving  1  per  cent,  for 
the  minor  crops  and  gardens.  The  northern  cos.  of  the  State  and  the  highland  regions  along  the 
s.  border  and  upon  the  Hudson  are  much  better  adapted  to  pasturage  than  tillage  ;  and  the  people 
in  these  sections  are  almost  exclusively  engaged  in  stock  and  sheep  raising  and  in  dairying. 
Little  more  grain  is  raised  than  is  strictly  necessary  for  a  proper  rotation  of  crops  ;  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  grain  for  home  consumption  is  imported  from  other  sections  of  the  country.  The  low 
lands  that  surround  the  great  lakes  and  occupy  the  greater  portion  of  the  surface  in  the  w.  part  of 
the  State  are  best  adapted  to  grain  growing.  Several  sections  of  the  State  are  found  peculiarly 
adapted  to  particular  products.  The  Mohawk  Valley  intervales  have  been  long  almost  exclusively 
devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  broom  corn.  The  Chemung  Valley,  parts  of  Onondaga  co.  and 
several  other  sections  are  becoming  known  as  tobacco  raising  districts.  Hops  are  extensively 
cultivated  in  Madison,  Oneida,  Otsego,  and  Schoharie  cos.  The  Hudson  Valley  below  the  High- 
lands, the  N.  shore  of  Long  Island,  and  the  s.  extremity  of  several  of  the  lake  valleys  in  the  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  State  are  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  grapes.  Maple  sugar  is  largely  pro- 
duced in  the  northern  cos.  and  in  the  central  highland  districts.  Upon  Long  Island  and  in  West- 
chester large  sections  are  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  vegetables  for  the  New  York  market.  The 
people  of  Orange,  Rockland,  "Westchester,  Putnam,  and  Dutchess  cos.  are  largely  engaged  in  fur- 
nishing the  city  of  New  York  with  milk.^ 

The  Sfew  Tork.  State  Agricultural  Society  was  formed  by  a  convention  held  at  Al- 
bany in  Feb.  1832  ;  but  for  several  years  it  received  no  support  from  the  State  and  held  no  regular 
fairs.  In  1841  the  society  was  re-organized,  and  measures  were  adopted  for  raising  funds  and  hold- 
ing annual  fairs.  On  May  5  of  that  year,  an  act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature,  appropriating  ^8,000 
for  the  encouragement  of  agriculture,  $700  of  which  was  to  go  to  the  State  Society,  and  the  re- 
mainder was  to  be  divided  among  the  co.  societies  in  the  ratio  of  Assembly  representation.  This 
appropriation  has  been  continued  until  the  present  time.  The  society  is  requu'ed  annually  to  re- 
port to  the  Legislature  a  full  account  of  its  proceedings,  and  such  facts  concerning  the  agricul- 
tural condition  of  the  State  as  may  be  of  general  interest.  The  volumes  of  Transactions  are 
published  by  the  State,  and  are  widely  distributed  among  the  farming  population.  The  annual 
fairs  are  held  in  different  parts  of  the  State,  and  are  largely  attended.*'^     They  usually  succeed  in 


1  Hay  is  most  largely  produced  in  St.  Lawrence,  Oneida,  Che- 
nango. Otsego,  Chautauqua,  Delaware,  and  Orange  counties; 
wheat,  in  Livingston,  Monroe,  Genesee,  Niagara,Ontario,  and  Jef- 
ferson counties ;  oats,  in  Onondaga,  Montgomery,  Oneida,  CajTiga, 
and  Otsego;  rye,  in  Columbia,  Rensselaer,  Ulster,  Orange, 
Albany.  Saratoga,  and  Washington;  barley,  in  Jetteraon,  Onon- 
daga, Ontario,  Cayuga,  and  Wayne;  buckwheat,  in  Schoharie, 
Montgomery,  Otsego,  Saratoga.  *ind  Tioga;  corn,  in  Onondaga, 
Cayuga,  Monroe,  Wayne,  Oneiaa,  and  Ontario;  and  potatoes,  in 
Wiishington,  Monroe,  Oneida,  St.  Lawrence,  Kensselaer,  and 
Tninklin.  The  counties  having  the  greatest  number  of  cows 
are  St.  Lawrence,  Jefferson,  Oneida,  Orange,  Chenango,  Her- 
kimer, and  Chautauqua;  and  the  greatest  number  of  elieep, 
Ontario,  Livingston,  Steuben,  Cayuga,  Washington.  AVyoming. 
Monroe,  and  Genesee.  The  counties  that  produce  the  greatest 
quantity  of  butter  are  St.  Lawrence,  Delaware,  Chenango,  Jef 
feraoD,  Chautauqua,  Orange,  and  Otsego ;  and  the  greatest 
amount  of  cheese,  Herkimer,  Oneida,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Krie, 
Cattaraugus.  St.  Lawrence,  and  Otsego. 

2  The  earliest  agricultural  exhibition  on  record  within  the 
present  limits  of  the  State  was  a  cattle  fair,  held  nt  New  Am- 
sterdam, Oct.  15,  1641.  An  act  passed  Nov.  11,  1C92,  entitled 
"An  act  for  settling  fairs  and  markets  in  each  respective  city 
and  CO.  throughout  this  province,"  remained  in  force  until  re- 
pealed by  the  St  ite  Legislature,  March  12,  1788.  A  special  act 
waa  passed  f »r  the  fairs  of  Albany,  Cumbeiland,  and  Tryon  cor., 
March  8.  1773,  but  scarcely  took  effect  before  the  Revolution. 
Acts  applying  to  particular  towns  were  passed  by  the  earlier 
State  Legislatures;  but  the  custom  of  holding  fairs  soon  fell  into 
disuse.  These  fairs  were  more  properly  market  days ;  no  pre- 
miums were  offered,  and  no  inducements  to  competition  existed 
beyond  the  ordinary  stimulus  of  trade.  The  i>roducts  of  farm 
culture  being  placed  side  by  side,  their  comparative  excellence 
was  left  to  the  decisiou  of  the  pui'chaser,  which  doubtless  contri- 


buted to  excite  emulation  among  the  producers.  These  fairs 
were  generally  held  semi-annually,  upon  fixed  days,  under  the 
direction  of  "Governors  and  Rulers,"  appointed  in  colonial 
times  by  the  Governor,  and  afterward  by  the  judges  of  the  co. 
courts.  The  expenses  were  defrayed  by  tolls,  usually  1  per 
cent.,  upon  the  commodities  sold,  half  of  which  was  piud  by  the 
buyer  and  half  by  the  seller. 

The  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agriculture,  Arts,  and  Manu- 
factures waa  instituted  Feb.  26,  1791,  and  incorp.  March  12, 
17!13.  For  more  eflBcient  action,  it  in  1801  divided  the  State  into 
as  many  agricultural  districts  as  there  were  cos.,  in  each  of 
which  a  secretary  was  appointed,  to  convene  the  members  of  the 
society  within  his  district,  inquire  into  the  state  of  agriculture 
and  mauufactures.  receive  communications  and  arrange  and 
transmit  them  to  the  President  of  the  society.  The  transactions 
of  this  body  were  printed  by  the  State,  and  the  society  numbered 
among  its  members  nearly  every  person  of  eminence  throughout 
the  State.  Its  charter  expired  in  1S04 ;  and  it.s  corporate  powers 
were  revived  and  continued  April  2  of  that  year,  under  the 
name  of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  the  Useful  Arts.  The 
affairs  of  the  new  body  were  managed  by  a  council  of  9  membcrR, 
and  State  patronage  was  continued  in  the  printing  of  its  Trans- 
nctiona.  In  lSOS-12  liberal  premiums  were  offered  for  the  best 
cloths  of  household  manufacture,  a  part  of  which  were  awaided 
by  the  co.  judge  and  a  part  by  this  society.  The  samples,  upon 
which  |no,OOU  were  thus  paid,  are  still  preserved  in  the  librarv 
of  the  Albany  Institute,  After  beingonc»extended,  the  Society 
for  Promoting  Agricultural  Arts  was  superseded,  in  part,  by  a 
Board  of  Agriculture,  but  continued  as  a  local  institution  of 
Albany  until  merged,  with  the  "Albany  Lyceum  of  Nutund  IIi»- 
tory,"  in  the  "Albany  Institute,"  in  1829.  Tlie  latter  haa  moat 
of  the  books,  papers,  and  effects  of  its  predecessors;  and  tracing 
back  through  its  change  it  is  the  oldest  scientific  soi-icty  in  the 
State.    "  An  act  to  improve  the  agriculture  of  thin  State," 

lUl 


102 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


awakening  a  great  local  interest  in  agricultural  matters.     The  office  of  the  society  is  kept  at  the 
Agricultural  Rooms,  corner  of  State  and  Lodge  Sts.,  Albany,  where  it  has  a  museum  and  library. 

County  and  Town  Societies. — The  act  of  1853  allows  county  agricultural  societies  to 
purchase  and  hold  real  estate  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  §25,000  and  personal  property  not  ex- 
ceeding $1,000,  for  the  purposes  set  forth  in  their  articles  of  incorporation,  and  for  no  other  pur- 
poses. Town  and  other  societies  may  hold  real  estate  to  the  amount  of  §10,000  and  personal 
property  to  the  amount  of  $3,000.  Each  county  or  union  society  must  have  at  least  one  director 
or  manager  for  each  town ;  and  each  town,  village,  or  city  society  must  have  not  less  than  10 
directors,  who  are  elected  annually  by  ballot.  Upon  application  of  two-thirds  of  their  members  to 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  district  in  which  they  are  located,  these  societies  may  obtain  an  order 
for  the  sale  of  a  part  or  the  whole  of  their  property.  An  amendment  to  the  act  was  passed  April 
13,  1855,  by  the  provisions  of  which  the  number  of  directors  was  changed  to  G,  2  of  whom  are 
elected  each  year  for  a  term  of  three  years.  Any  person  may  become  a  life  member  by  the  pay- 
ment of  a  sum  not  exceeding  $10 ;  and  the  officers  are  jointly  and  severally  liable  for  all  debts^ 
due  from  the  society  contracted  while  they  are  in  office,  if  suit  be  commenced  within  one  year 


passed  April  7, 1S19,  created  a  board  of  agriculture  aud  appro- 
priated $10;000  annually  for  2  years,  to  be  distributed  for  the  pro- 
motion of  agriculture  and  family  domestic  manufactures  in  the 
several  cos.,  on  condition  that  a  similar  sum  should  be  subscribed 
by  the  co.  eocietiea  formed  under  this  act.  A  board,  formed  of 
the  president,  or  a  delegate  chosen  from  each  co.  society,  met 
annually  at  Albany,  elected  officers,  examined  reports,  and 
selected  for  publication  such  returns  as  tlioy  deemed  proper. 
These  were  published  by  the  State.  Throe  volumes  of  Memoirs 
were  issued,  and  the  board  continued  in  existence  but  little  longer 
than  the  appropriation  waa  continued.  County  societies,  on 
the  plan  of  the  Berkshire  Co.  Agricultural  Society,  began  to  be 
formed  in  1817  ;  and,  by  the  exertions  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  El- 
kanah  Watson,  and  other  friends  of  the  measure,  they  were 
extended  to  most  of  the  cos.  These  societies,  after  a  brief 
period,  fell  into  disuse;  and  that  of  Jeflerson  co.  is  the  only 
one  of  this  class  that  can  trace  an  unbroken  descent  from  that 
period. 

The  first  officers  of  the  present  State  Agricultural  Societj', 
formed  in  1832,  were  Le  Ray  de  Chaumont,  Prcsidejit ;  E.  1*. 
Livingston,  Jacob  Morris,  and  Robert  L.  Kose.  Vice  Presidents; 
P.  S.  Van  Rensselaer,  Recording  Secretary ;  Jesse  Buel,  Corre- 
sponding Secretary ;  Charles  R.  Webster,  Treasurer ;  and  H.  W. 
Delavan.  John  Townsend,  and  II.  Hicl^ox,  Executive  Cummiitee. 
County  societies  were  again  instituted  in  many  of  the  cos.  under 
the  influence  of  this  society ;  but  most  of  them  were  short  lived. 
Tlie  "Cultivator"  was  be^^un  in  March,  1834.  by  Jesse  Bnel, 
under  the  guarantee  of  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer  and  James 
Wadsworth,  as  the  organ  of  the  society  and  medium  of  commu- 
nication between  the  friends  of  agriculture;  and  it  has  been  con- 
tinued ever  since,  under  private  auspices,  but  entirely  devoted 
to  the  interests  of  agriculture.  It  has  for  many  years  been  pub- 
lished by  Luther  Tucker,  of  Albany. 

Any  person  a  citizen  of  the  State  may  become  a  member  of 
the  State  Society  upon  payment  of  $1  annually,  or  a  life  mem- 
ber by  payment  of  $10  at  one  time.  Presidents  of  co.  societies 
ftud  one  delegate  from  each  are  ex  officio  members.  The  officers 
of  the  society  are  elected  annually  in  Feb.,  and  consist  of  a 


President,  one  Vice  President  from  each  of  the  Judicial  Districts, 
a  Recording  aud  a  Corresponding  Seeretary.a  Treasurer,  and  an 
Executive  Committee,  consisting  of  the  above  and  5  others 
chosen  for  the  purpose. 

Premiums  are  awarded  in  money,  plate,  medals,  books,  and 
diplomas;  and  the  society  embraces  within  the  tieldof  its  patron- 
age not  only  stock,  farm,  aud  garden  products  and  implements 
of  husbandry,  but  a  wide  range  of  useful  aud  ornamental  mauu- 
fectures,  particularly  those  which  are  tlie  products  of  homo  in- 
dustry. The  places  and  times  of  holding  the  State  fairs,  names 
of  Presidents,  and  total  receipts  of  the  State  society  have  been 
as  follows : — 


>^ 

Place  of 
holding  fair. 

Time  of 
holding  fair. 

Presidents. 

Receipts. 

is.n 

Sept.  29,  SO 
Sept.  27,  29 
Sept.  20,  22 
Sept.  IS,  19 
Sept.  17,  19 
Sept.  15, 17 
Sept.  14, 16 
Sept.    5,    7 
Sept.  11, 13 
Sept.    3,    6 
Sept.  10, 19 
Sejit.    7,  10 
Sept.  20,  23 
Oct.     3,    6 
Oct.     2,    6 
(Sept.  30,1 
t    Oct.    3/ 
Oct.    6,     9 
Oct.    6,     8 
Oct.    4,    7 

(Free.) 
$1,290.10 
3,000.00 
3.6.50.00 
4.370.18 
4,333.17 
4,034.22 
6,272.86 
8,144.66 
10.405.61 
11,956.25 
S.125.41 
6,009.90 
9.24S.70 
11,527.25 

8,010.00 

15,073.89 
10,815.81 

1842 

Jas.  S.  Wadsworth 
Jas.  S.  Wadsworth 

.T.  B.  Bcekman 

B.  I*.  Johnston 

.T.  51.  Sherwood 

1S43 
1844 
1845 

Rochester 

Poughkeepsie.. 
Utica 

1846 

Saratoga  Sp'gs 

l^.is 

Lewis  F.  Allen.—. 

John  A.King 

Ezra  P.  Prentice... 

•lohn  Delafield 

Uenry  Wager 

Lewis  G.  Morris— 

Willi.im  Kelly 

Samuel  Cheever... 

Theod're  S.  Faxton 

Alonzo  S.  Upham. 
Wm.  T.  McCoun... 

1849 

Syracuse  

1851 

Rochester 

1853 
1854 

Saratoga  Sp'gs 
New  York 

1856 
1857 

Watertowu 

1S5S 
1859 

Syracuse  

Toivn  and  Union  Agricultural  Societies. 

(For  County  Societies  see  p.  103.) 


Name. 


Bainbridge  Agricultural  Society 

Brookfield  Agricultural  Society 

Canaseraga  Agricultural  &  Mechanical  Society, 
Dansville 

Chautauqua  Farmers'  &  Mechanics'  Union  at 
Fredonia 

Connewango  Agricultmal,  Horticultural,  &.  Me- 
chanical Society 

Connewango  Union  Agricultural  &  Horticultu- 
ral Society 

Constantia  Town  Agricultural  Society 

Coventry   Agricultural  Society 

Dryden  Agricultural  Society 

Kllisburgh,  Adams,  &  Henderson  Agricultural 
Society 

Farmers'  Club,  of  Little  Falls 

Farmers'  &.  Mechanics'  Association  of  Cazenovia 

Farmers'  &  Mechanics'  Association  of  Fenner... 

Galen  Agricultural  Society 

Goi'ham  Agricultural  Society 

(luuverneur  Agricultural  &.  Mechanical  Society 

Hamilton  Agricultural  &  Horticultuml  Associa- 
tion of 

Karpersfield  Union  Agricultural  Society 

Ilartland  /\gricultural  Society 

Hornellsville  Agricultural  Society 


DaU  of 
organization. 


Jan. 
March 

March 

March 

May 

Sept. 
Oct. 
March 
Aug. 

Dec. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Fob. 

Aug. 
April 
Feb. 
March 


1857 
1850 


1859 
185D 

1858 

1S5' 
1S57 
1856 

1855 
1858 
1859 
185; 

185: 

1857 


185: 

1S59 
1S5G 
ISSti 


Name. 


Jefferson  Agi'icultural  Society,  Schoharie  Co... 

Lebanon  Agricultural  Society 

Leon  Agi'icultural  Society 

Lodi  Agricultural  Society,  of. 

Nelson  Farmers  i  Mechanics'Association 

lOswego  City  Agricultural  Society 

Otselic,  Pitcher,  Pharsalia,  i  Lincklaen  Agricul- 
tural Society 

Rushville  Union  Agricultural  Society 

St.  Lawrence  International  Agricultural  & 
Mechanical  Society.  Ogdensburgii 

Sandy  Creek,  Richland,  Orwell,  &  Boylston  Agri- 
cultural Society 

Sangerfield  &  Marshall  Town  Agricultural  So- 
ciety  

Somerset  Agricultural  Society 

Susquehanna  A'alley  Agricultural  &  Horticul- 
tural Society 

Union  Agricultural  Society,  (Broome  and  Dela- 
ware cos.) 

Union  Agricultural  Society,  of  Palmyra 

iVirgil  Agricultural  Society 

iWilson  Afiricultural  Society 

jwinfield  Union  Agricultural  Society 

AViskoy   Agricultural   Society,  Genesee    Falls. 

I    PUie.&Eagle 


Feb. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Aug. 
June 


Date  of 
yrganization. 


23, 1858 
19,  185G 

15. 1856 

22. 1857 
5.  1858 


March  19, 1859 


June 
Feb. 


June 
March 


Nov. 
Jan. 


27, 1857 
9, 1855 

21. 1856 

20, 1859 

10. 1857 
27, 1857 


AprU      4, 1857 


March 
June 

Feb. 
June 
April 


29, 1859 1 
26,  1856; 
26,1857 
10, 1859 
18,  18591 


Dec.        6, 18551 


AGRICULTURE. 


lOo 


of  the  time  wlien  due.     Each  society  formed  under  these  acts  is  obliged  to  report  annually  to  the 
State  Society.^ 

An  examination  of  the  returns  of  the  census  of  1855  shows  that  Caitaravgns  excels  all  other 
counties  in  the  production  of  millet ;  Columbia  in  pears,  rye,  garden  seeds,  and  onions  ;  Dvichess 
in  plums  and  quinces,  and  in  number  of  swine ;  Herkimer  in  cheese ;  Jefferson  in  spring  wheat 
and  barley ;  Livingston  in  fallow  lands,  in  winter  wheat,  and  in  wool ;  Monroe  in  value  of  farms 
and  nurseries ;  Montgomery  in  lint ;  Oneida  in  value  of  stock  and  amount  of  apples  and  honey  ; 
Onondaga  in  acres  plowed  and  quantity  of  oats,  corn,  tobacco,  and  cider;  Ontario  in  sheep; 
Orange  in  milk ;  Orleans  in  beans  ;  Otsego  in  hops  and  in  domestic  linen  ;  Queens  in  garden  seeds 
and  strawberries  ;  Rensselaer  in  flaxseed  ;  St.  Lawrence  in  pasture  and  meadow  lands,  quantity  of 
peas,  sugar  and  butter,  number  of  horses  and  cows,  and  yards  of  fulled  cloth,  flannel  and  other 


^  Summary  of  County  Agricultural  Societies. 

(For  Town  and  Union  Societies  see  p.  102.) 


tOUSTIES,      I  organization. 


Albany  ".. — .. 
.\llegany. 

Bromnt 

Cattaraugxis .. 
Cayuga 


Chautauqua.. 


Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton. 

Colunthia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Esgex 

Franklin 

Fult.  &  Ham.. 

Genesee 

Greene 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Lewis 

Livingston 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery .. 

Niagara 

Oneida 

Onondaga 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Qiit:ens 

Kensselaer 

Kiclimond. 

Rockland 

St.  Lawrence. 

Saratoga 

Schenectady. 

Schoharie 

Schuyhr 

Seneca , 

Steuben , 

Suffolk. 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins  .... 

UWer 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

Westcheater. 

Wyoming 

Fates 


Aug.       9, 1853 

April  27,1858 
Jan.  28, 1855 
June    21, 1856 

1836 

1851 
1845 


March    8,1856 


Oct. 

July, 

Oct. 

June 

Dec. 

July 

Oct. 

May 

Oct. 

Sept. 

Dec. 


1838 

1841 

16, 1841 

2,  1S56 

1850 

30, 1856 

18, 1838 

2ii.  1857 

11,  1856 

4, 1841 

7, 1854 

1841 


June  30, 1855 
Feb.  8, 1856 
March  19, 1856 
Oct.  13, 1841 
2,  1858 
1841 
25, 1856 
18,  1854 
1841 
17, 1856 

27. 1855 

22. 1856 
1851 

30. 1857 
7, 1855 


Dec. 
April, 
Jan. 
May 

Oct. 
Dec. 
Jan. 

Not. 
Jan. 


First  President. 


James  W.  Jolly.. 


P.  Ten  Broeck.,.. 
H.HowIand 


Joeeph  Warren.. 


T.B.  Campbell... 

Simeon  L.  Rood.. 
Abram  Perlee.... 


E.  Livingston 

W.  Bewry 

Samuel  A.  Law... 

Henry  Staats 

Lewis  F.  Allen.... 

W.  C.  Watson 

S.Lawrence 

Elias  Prindle 

T.  C  Peters 

Lewis  Sherrill 

A.  Loomis 

J.D.LeRay 

E.  Merriam 


Jas.M.GilTord.. 


Aaron  Barber 

J.D.  Lodyard 

Willard  Hodges... 
T.J.VanDevUle., 

Pomeroy  Jones... 

Wm.midreth 


T.  C.  Bailey.... 

D.H.  Little.... 
T.  B.Aiden.... 
E.  Lawrente.. 
Jos.  Hastings 


Juno  29,1844 
June  21,1856 
June     24, 1S41 

Oct.  26, 1S41 
March  14, 1855 
Jan.  ;24,  1S56 
June    22, 1853 

Not. 

Aug. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

March 

Aug. 

May 


July 
Jan. 


9, 1847 
11,  1855 
8,  1858 
7, 1858 
5,  IBS'- 
4,1841 

5, 1855 

20, 1856 
13, 1855 


First  Secretary. 


D.  R.  "UTieclpr. 
Wm.  Richardson. 


A.  J.  Wynkoop.. 
A.  Sanford 


D.  McFarlaud .... 
Geo.  Kneeland... 
Warren  Bryant.. 

R.  S.  Haip 

Harry  S.  House.. 

T.S.  Persse 

C.  P.  Turner 

H.L.Day 

Aaron  Petrio 

E.TcnEyck 


Job.  Kershner... 

A.  S.Sloan 

D.  D.  T.  Moore.. 
John  Frey 


B.  P.Johnston..., 


J.  S.Bates... 
Hiram  Goff... 


Abrame  Stevens.. 
H.  Van  Kcnsselaer 
H.  Gaidner 


Wm.C.Bouck.. 


G.  Denniston.. 


Lotan  Smith .,., 
Henry  Corgell.. 


riiafi.  McLean 

Hugh  C.  Wilson. 

A.  G.  Corll.. 

Luther  D.  Eddy.. 

N.  C.  BlauvcU.... 
Henry  G.  Footc. 
Jobn  A.  Corey... 

Ralph  Brewster. 


George  S.  El  las... 

J.  0.  Dunning.... 
Wm.  Smythe 


Present  place 
of  holding 
a7i7iuul  fair. 


Albany. 


Little  Valley.. 
Auburn 


Migratory.... 

Ilorselieads.. 
Norwich 


f  Chatham 
\     Corners 


.t} 


Wash.  Hollow.... 

Buffalo 

Elizabethtown. 

Malone 

Johnstown 

Bat  aria. 


IlioD 

Watertown 

/Turin  and 

\     Lowville. 

Genesee 

Morrisville 

Brighton 

Fonda. 


Utica  and  Rome. 
Syracuse. 
Canandaigua 


Cooperetown. 


lit 


•Slfe 


55,500 


(■  2,000 

per 

I    aim. 

l,So6 

13,000 

11,025 

10,000 
6.215 

10.800 
7,050 


2,368 
10,113 


30,000 
12,000 


Peter  Crispell 

B.  C.  Butler 

Henry  Holmeg ... 
fDe  Witt  C.  I 
\   TanSlyck../ 


Jas.  C.  Ferri? 

.Tohn  Hatmiiker. 


C.  H.  Skillraon.. 

Asa  Fitch,  Jr...., 

P.  P.  Bradish .... 


L.  VT.  Thayer 

Darius  A.Ogden,, 


Lansinghnrgb.... 

New  City. 

Canton. 

McchauicsviUe. 


Bath.. 


MonticcUo. 
Owego. 

t 

Luzerne. 

b 

Lyons 


Warsaw.... 
Pcnn  Yan.. 


20,836 

6,500 

8,635 

9.690 
30,385 


Fair  Grounds. 


1S56 
1856 


1856 
1853 


1854^ 
1857 


6.120 
4,239 


4.356 
6,520 


1857 


1S54 


Leased. 
$2,850 


Leased. 
2,600 


Leased. 
Leased. 


Leased 
2,000 


15     Leased. 
6         3.600 
4.000 


2,401 
1,COO 


l§ 


2,500 


$5,850 


6,400 
6,600 

2,100 
1,400 


1,000 
2,600 


4,000 
16,926,96 


13,160 
3,350 


«  Societies  in  italics  were  organized  under  acts  of  1863  and  I      «  Fairs  held  alternately  in  diflereut  parts  of  the  connty,  and 
1855.    Most  of  tliem  had  been  in  existence  many  years  under    generally  at  the  place  that  contributes  most  toward  expenses. 
a  previous  organization.  "^  Fair  held  alternately  at  .Tamaica,  Flushing,  and  Ilcnipstead- 

»  Fairs  in  the  town  that  will  give  most  to  p-iy  expenses.  I  Receipts  tho  first  10  years,  $3,532. 


104 


NEW    YORK    STATE   GAZETTEER. 


domestic  cloths  ;  Schenectady  in  broom  corn  ;  Schoharie  in  buckwheat,  and  about  equal  with  Mont- 
gomery in  clover ;  Washinr/ton  in  potatoes  ;  and  Wayne  in  peaches  and  dried  fruits. 
In  connection  with  the  table  of  agricultural  products,  it  should  be  remembered  that  these 


Agricultural  Products  of  the  several  Counties  in  the  State 


Albany 

Allegany 

Broomo 

Cattaraugus- 
Cayuga 

Chautauqua... 

Chemung 

Chenango  

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland , 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franltlin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston.... 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery.. 

New  York 

Xiagara 

Oneida 

Onondaga 

Ontario 

Orange  

Orlesms 


Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer 

Richmond 

Rockland 

St.  Lawi-ence . 

Saratoga 

Schenectady... 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suffolk , 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

nister 

Warren 

Washington... 

Wayne 

Westchester.... 

Wyoming 

Yates 


7,424 
82,929 
11,92-i 
21,721 
193.729i 
6ii,249i 
03,764 
4.560^ 
2,13Si 
T,9V2i 
4,690i 
955i 
54,4701 
238,812} 
2,484 
1,35;)} 
3,(>Wi 
760,461 
7,346 
6 
5,904J 
70,6094 
18,086 
3,845i 
,094,779 
29,3204 
810,363 
23,9044 
30 
689.911 
20.439} 
97.05?} 
628.4SS 
43.3634 
376.949 
12.696 
6.078 
3,560} 
402.169i 
2,058 
11.335} 
2.945} 
24,7804 
14.8201 
6,1654 
18,r>45 
80.4314 
161,721 
219,590 
151,.V20i 
1.4724 
19,366 
84,3954 
19,370} 
1,213 
8.3.S7 
282.474} 
33,7514 
382,4984 
168,9094 


Total 7,064,0491    2,033,363 


6,9274 
56,4224 

8,1214 
67.2784 
27,327 
78,6361 
18.024 
20.2834 
57,172} 
6874 
24,361 

8.538} 

250 

46.913 

44,0094 

69.5594 

7.5001 
11.1.54 

3,1754 
245 
38.149 
428,072i 

18,023 

52.777 

2,620 

18,9784 

'6.386 
41,8834 
86.148 
27,059 
32 
2,206 
44,3004 
63,4464 

4S" 

13.3834 
'575 
6 
295.464 
8.074 
6;3774 
23.074} 
33.139} 
11,379 
82,014 
1294 
98 
11,9381 
82.042} 
815 
4,2,S5 
23,854 
2,687 
1,497 
37.4974 
18,003 


64,6791 

64,637} 

63,685 

62,640} 

57,732 

105,672 
24,941 

117,370} 
48.2-11 
65.103 
56,71)91 

103.8901 
83..S7S4 
98,0114 
39,139} 
37.5044 
33.903 
41.398} 
68.6244 
4.274 
78.264} 
98.675 
6,1S3 
61,802 
39,187} 
6H.2634 
68,738} 
44,6321 

157 
41.1174 

124.9334 
63,246| 
42,44SJ 

103,2114 
34,6204 
58.138 

108.069} 
27,756} 
61,395 
68,557} 
7.032 
14,828 

139.400 
52.743} 
10,1854 
48.774} 
17.9064 
20,.«79} 
68,7491 
41.606} 
40.7161 
38.401} 
38.143} 
64,795 
22.088} 
69.881 
45,2714 
90.496J 
68,4211 
16,8504 


3,256,9484 


496,1774 

668.490 

466.8704 

697,0704 

950.&30 

639.766 

473,469 

664,242 

276.0804 

643.034 

382.786 

416.0594 

626..W 

724,7474 

234,940 

144.617 

365,8.55 

299.809 

160.9074 

16.701 
724;.5.S5 
460,230} 

11,079 
295.4454 
261,990 
671.637 
792.370 
997,005 
435 
353,398 
975,8004 
1,015,2274 
525.9374 
291,111 
229,7.31 
635,4324 
903,647 

66,922 
199,618 
658,377 

16,9914 

28,168 
437,041 
744,220 
293,768 
490,0031 
357.247 
650,238 
711,307 
262,0074 
109,883 
462.978 
812.S83 
278.105 
120;347 
798,321 
876.0244 
204.769 
496,837 
100,457} 


27,015,290 


n? 


186,667 
2,834 
20.646 
2,3734 
6,331} 
2,808 
3,568 
14,329 
13.073 
446,036 
4,172 
60.5274 
239,003 
24.9704 
13.3674 
20,1914 
22,3834 
1,149 
72,232 
277 
17,550 
99,3914 
4,800 
11.3834 
4,118 
1,477 
9,1664 
39,1124 
25 
1.014 
24,121 

6.3404 
10.002 
202.301 
2.777 
45,6574 
34.2184 
22.8904 
71,019 
299,804 
3,1314 
31,6004 
26,725 
132,774} 
44,7524 
S7,.5924 
6,168 

7;so2 

10.212 

52.2124 

75,153 

25,8544 

17,621 

236.9934 
10,9624 

121.907 
7,2594 
61,404 
2,7774 
24,617 


3,030,435       3,503,540 


9.1264 

28.4.544 

2,337 

14,096 

308,3034 

19,6564 

23,862 

22,229 

6.877 

3.801 

45,6654 

2.219 

2.818 

67.2864 

1.1184 

6,188} 

14,704 

59,819 

1.7874 

■  42 

61,4394 

392,0844 


37.6134 
123,2564 
197,231 
179,765 

39,2624 


79.893 

137.430 

371,7854 

320.375 

179 

36,071 

28,054 

43,889 


2,769 

12,807 

627 

14 

28,187 

9.624 

6,6094 

44,136 

60,.507 

104,866 

78.873 

10,974 

1,0,534 

5,925 

66.295 

130 

39 

12.9444 

229.495 

645 

68.207 

152,134 


CI 


84,812} 

39.2984 

73,2144 

26.183 

64.0764 

9.664} 
69.0404 
60,3044 
30,051  j 
64,3344 
28,1154 
86.330 
43,1244 
21.5684 
13,701} 
13,6251 
69,7.59 
14,9134 
33,9134 

2,91.3} 
42,875} 

6,909} 
236 
10,4434 
13,8304 
13,8534 
22,023} 
141,6774 


29.1514 

54,7C7S 

32,463} 

18,325} 

23,023} 

12,903 

31,608} 

112.732} 
10,71.84 
21,2244 
62:S21 
1.325 
8.7224 
12,9124 

108,8824 
41,858 

169,078 
67,523 
21,4364 
89.9904 
18.8564 
65.5714 
91,4024 
74,305 
70,076 
19,214} 
40.0581 
39,7604 
211,890} 
20,277} 
24.0074 


2,481,0794 


6 


103,6914 

1895884 

214,098 

3119,702 

868,543 

558.5074 

239.2864 

3.54,480 

92,567} 
383.3394 
240,7034 
119.383 
658,308 
483.228 
105.369 

,83,615 
158.733 
437,0624 

99.204 

7,161 

283.748 

321,779 

84.179 

92,3984 
431,4044 
4-19.683 
805,811 
247,5164 
1,180 
509,605 
732,2944 
907,463 
617.4854 
357.4904 
4:30,975 
603.812 
340.1704 
110.9194 
a37.e85 
393,4134 

43.0374 

61.873 
220,693 
479,449 

92,279 
161.1634 
160.7804 
387,9984 
292,6894 
604.767 
102.594 
260.074 
872,202 
242,2294 
123,817 
689,6784 
756.6774 
402.2384 
234.006 
174,181 


19,290,6914 


Items  not  included  in  the  above  Tables. 


Cash  Talue  of  farms $700,355,307 

"        "  stock $103,776,053 

"        "  tools  and  implements $20,927,502 

Acres  plowed  the  year  previous 3..377,471 

Acres  in  fallow  the  year  previous 506.0304 

Acres  in  pasture  tlie  year  previous 4.984.1144 

Bushels  of  turnips  harvested 985.6224 

Pounds  of  tobacco  harvested 946,5024 

"Value  products  market  gardens $1,138,082 

Pounds  of  maple  sugar  made 4,935,816} 

f^aUons  of  maple  molasses  made '       85,0914 


Gallons  of  wine  made. 

Pounds  of  cocoons 

Value  of  other  textile  fabrics 

Bushels  of  beets 

Talue  of  cabbages 

Bushels  of  carrots , 

Bushels  of  cherries. 

Bushels  of  cranbenies 

Value  of  cucumbers 

Bushels  of  currants.. 

Bushels  of  fruits  (not  specified).. 


18,181 

207  J 

$3,824 

29,332{ 

$18,668 

478,277 

3,7871 

87 

$9,819 

6064 

43,074 


AGRICULTURE. 


105 


numbers  refer  to  the  yield  of  1854,  which  was  distinguished  by  a  severe  and  prevalent  drought. 
From  20  to  50  per  cent,  should  be  added  to  obtain  the  proximate  results  of  years  of  ordinary  pro- 
duction. 


of  New  TorTc,  as  reported  by  the  Slate  Census  of  1855. 


« 
"& 


375,C64i 

206,258 

160.-120i 

300,245J 

261,71SJ 

282,451 

131,291 

270,642 

385,492 

269,419i 

155,389 

209.567} 

205,498 

44S,350i 

318,021 

484,425 

182,9(>t 

167,274 

116,871 

26,2,57 
257,875 
289,031 
308,243 
243.841 
132.256^ 
224,2784 
654,551 
145,154 
1,808 
275.448 
624,648 
380,U1J 
188,900 
12.'3,651i 
171,867 
391,912i 
412,703J 

&*.5n4 
291.135 
696,669 

21,739 

47,233J 
604,023 
487,672 
105.132 
190,432i 

81,106 

72,644 
265,938 
304,06:5 
103,188} 
150,518J 
111,106 
134.639J 
173.323 
767.285 
261,403 
286,249 
203,932 

57il2J 


16,989J 
22,S44J 
9324 
14.4924 
6,665 
7,693 
1,3604 
4,0184 
14.645 
1,336} 
9,527 
2,2394 
670 
15,3214 
11,636* 
12,0744 
14.202 
8,7074 
1,5324 
140 
27,864 
63,338 
16,930 
12,97S4 
6,3984 
20,9734 
16,0284 
22,8564 

250 
16,981 
12,9124 
34,9154 
16,2974 
2,'!0 
6.471 
11,1164 
29,93af 

48 
33,444 
1,574 
410 
49 
69,016 
0,466 
6,5514 
33,4S24 
1,7104 
0404 
25.0064 
142 
168J 
3,9924 
4,6594 
2964 
2,2704 
14,2104 
8,4564 
230 
13,3264 
1,444 


cq 


2,.306 
3,174J 

949f 
4,406J 
6,6384 
4,033 
1,S,W4 
2,7634 
6,a934 

739 
1,7201 
2,1284 

7884 
6,124 
2,818 
i:839i 

7614 
S,6694 

6934 

1544 
1,616 
4,2814 
7.042 
1,0.304 
1,00.34 
4,8364 
14,342* 
3,941 

645 
9.2664 
7.770} 
8,984 
2,404} 

34S4 
40,185} 
4,S26 
2,8114 

2104 
22.2834 
6,979 

166} 
63 
6.131 

972J 

7144 
1,6664 
1,931 

.')731 
2.6S64 
1,3^24 

O9S4 
2,49.'i4 
2,1004 

634 

91.5} 
6,0754 
6,806} 

2784 
8,2324 

745} 


2,675 

879 

478 

2,738 

18,385 

4,5S4 

130 

16,636 

7,700 

1.123 

68,269 

1,477 

657 

6,026 

196 

704 

223,005 

118.500 

10,620 

6,000 

308,060 

12,066 

""65,782 

90 

102,681 

1,000 

1,016,929 

'ssii 

6,635 
67,287 

2,070 
30 
19,030 
37,109 
98,6045 

306 

672,780 


1,2064 
15,125 
200.200 
13,916 
8,058 
629.811 
1,777 

93 

712 
79.932 
2,017 

"  839,426 
23,260 

6,6.30 

246,000 


2104 

2054 

355 

68J 

1.166 

3024 

664 

2034 

2364 

64} 

2,1-3} 

25} 

15 

2764 

64 

64 

1,2164 

6954 

144 


4,241 
760} 


1,686 

134 

7364 

664 

7,746} 


322 
1,2.334 
2,644} 

1994 


2S5 

749 

1,4244 


1 

19,2664 


4 
616} 

2,.346 
626} 
4204 

7,036 
306 


2» 
140J 
1,706 
78 


23,003 
627  J 


6184 
1,860 


7,440 

2,768 

21,808 

488 

2,640 

2,416 

102 

163,832 

1,014 


2,037 
69,0384 
3,104 
2,862 
9 
231,217 


12,007 


610,033 
28,995 


8.870 

14,255 

1,312,308 

44,010 

211,603 


616,054 

13,427 

82,761 

89 

16 

29,206 

3,122,2584 

20 

25 

1,015 


3 

197,875 

18,.364 

2,600 

440,754 

730 


8,549 

304 

176 

1,200 

1,138 

2,735 

7 

62 

737 

6 

17,526 

1,605 


S 
■& 


1284 

23,000 

1,770 

3,300 

l.."90 

S3,:)97 

5.i0 

20 

418 

40 

18,507 
60 

"""i63 

"i'iso 


115 
3,691 


10 

13,680 

86,620 

219 

i3,oi6 

39,220 

664,987 

9,180 

800 

22,871 

15 

643 


200 

160 

15 

30 

16,500 

16,950 

1,000 

62 

160 

27,090 

2,624 

20 

2,390 

38.432 

2,202 

116 

6,003 


234.251 

214136 

224,463 

177,1734 

622,761 

868,115 

107,31*4 

553,654 

70,9364 
210,342 
351,975 
259,160 
216,693 
266,195 

64.2004 

20,273 
100,143 
296,121 
192,8144 
8,459 
333,901 
215,431 
64 

72,198 
243.300 
631,677 
491,491 
165,861 


265,997 
634.262 
624,5454 
397,098 

80,1804 
281,7814 
425,915 
601,196 

27,168 

3,346 

131,241 

28 

3.253 

90,497 
2S9.4T8 
105.651 
222,183 
143,229 
175.278 
297,289 

27,799 

73,298 
169,183 
417,7.'- 
397,754 

68,772} 
189,103 
609,036 

60,1374 
323.290 
143,773 


6,038 

2,983 

4,7474 

1,257 

10,3024 

4,6244 

2,961 

7,6694 

8624 

9,480 

3,738 

6,9184 

8.al7} 

6.084} 

9094 

3774 

2.0704 

6,767 

3,9544 

18 
6,416 
3,4594 

1,451 
5,9284 
7,4174 
10,313 
6,0084 

4,4614 
12,735 
13,7264 
8,044 
3,18S4 
4.534 
8,1064 
8.880 
8144 
29 
4,364 

47 
719 
11,3864 
2,8484 
3,6894 
3,212 
4,029 
4,580 

4274 
1,6994 
4.359 
6,172 
6.006} 
1,002 
6.8O94 
S,S934 
2,3254 
4,5174 
3,7004 


15,191,8531 


705,9674 


244,079 


4,907,6664 


87,0034 


7,192,364 


946,6024 


13,668,630} 


273,639 


Value  of  farden  seeds $40,SS9 

Bushels  of  grapes 1,610} 

Value  of  melons $4,6S2 

Bushels  of  millet 6.4534 

Bushels  of  onions 16.0264 

Value  of  osier  willow. $261 

Bushels  of  quinces 2.0354 

Value  of  root  crops  (miscellaneous) $16,703 

Bushels  of  rut.ibaga 3,111 

Pounds  of  Kiffron 1,798 

Bushels  of  strawberries 371 

Value  of  fruit  and  ornamental  trees $142,328 

Miscellaneous $611,397 


Neat  cattle  under  one  year  old 311,474 

Neat  cattle  over  one  year,  exclusive  Of  working 

oxen  and  cows 577,887 

Number  of  cattle  Itilled  for  beef 225.338 

Gallons  of  milk  sold 20,965;S61 

Pounds  of  wool 9.2.31,9694 

Value  of  pnultry  sold. $1,076,598 

Value  of  e;r;;s  sold $1,."',0.673 

Yards  of  fulled  cloth  made... 198,203 

Yards  of  flannel  made 379,922j 

Yards  of  lin.  n  made 105,086 

Yards  of  cotton  and  mixed  cloths 24.5,464 

Yards  of  carpeting 213,617} 


106 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


The  State  appropriations  for  the  proaiotion  of  agriculture,  in  1819,  through  tlie  Board  of  Agri- 
culture, and,  since  1841,  through  the  State  and  County  Agricultural  Societies,  have  been  as 
shown  in  the  table  commencing  at  the  foot  of  this  page. 

Agricultural  Products  of  the  several 


Albany  

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugufl.. 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua- 
Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia.. 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton. 

Herkinier  ..... 

Jefferson.. , 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston.... 

Madison 

Monroe.. 

Montgomery . 

New  York 

Niagara 

Oneida. 

Onondaga .... 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer.... 
Richmond.... 

Rockland 

St.  Lawrence. 

Saratoga 

Schenectady . 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben  

Suilolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins  .... 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wjiyne 

Westchester.. 

Wyoming. 

Yates 

Total 


47. 
62. 
83, 
63. 
39. 
4S. 
51. 
31. 
66. 
101, 
38. 
69, 
27, 
19. 
23. 
32. 
32, 
6. 
3S, 
18, 


,660 

99S 

3S0 

,4^6 

,.M3J 

,465 

.191 

.702 

.469 

.618 

.148 

,671 

.603 

,6.i.9 

,342 

,622 

761 

359 

940 

610 

;a- 

,444 


.912 
,693 
,615 
,03S 
,671 


27, 
13S, 
81, 
63. 
25. 
23, 
47. 
93, 
13 


8 
61, 
45, 
12. 
89, 
52, 
37, 
113. 


.205 

.475 

,576 

1.36 

111 

,113 

700 

,020 

,2374 

,989 

,6841 

475 

.667 

.614 

,202i 

ns8 

.676 

,167 

649 

653 

0S7 

.946 

,378 

.627 

,898 

.062 

.000 

.204 

,592 

.248 

,260 


2,567,876 


3,436J 

3,3211 

2,1131 

3,.i7S 

4,1651 

4,142 

1,6701 

3,451 

2.23S1 

1.466 

3,619J 

6.2S6i 

1,830 

3.220 

1.419 

919 
1,300 
1.668 
2,2fl2.i 

4011 
2.9271 
1,2901 

"831 ' 
1,960J 
3,306J 
1.S42J 
3,544 


1,460 

3,4665 

3,857} 

2.45SJ 

2,12.si 

1,1.511 

2,1421 

4,665} 

469 

276 

1,8401 

22 

1741 

2.Sl4i 

2,499 

4.496i 
2.076 
l,609i 
6,429i 
414 
2.39S1 
1,6121 
4,075} 
3,125 
1,06H 
1.945 
2,8204 
6.3701 
2.000 
l,510i 


138,0334 


li 


23,247 
47,332 
37,.644 
68,489 
40,178 
76,890 
20S99 
68,391 
25,666 
27,676 
37,671 
66,181 
44,126 
66,439 
23,667 
23,677 
19.922 
24,7S5 
26,239 

2,466 
49.820 
79.249 

3,204 
29,748 
29,383 
44,924 
39,.546 
30.602 

8.323 
28,238 
77,8.32 
60,228 
33.962 
67,602 
23.412 
42.172 
63.798 
16,607 
14,326 
29,601 

2,260 

7,198 
96.408 
34,789 

8,614 
38.771 
19.004 
16,996 
62,4.S3 
24,216 
27,346 
29,664 
30,847 
34,140 
14,282 
40,410 
38.464 
33,132 
39.048 
16,7.S4 


1,813 
8,392 
3,5.31 
4,137 
2,606 
4,616 
1,,610 
3,8S7 
1,484 
3,701 
1,709 
4,780 
6,263 
3,794 
2,0S1 
1,.859 
1.173 
1,417 
2.349 
360 
7,85 
2,622 
41 
2.4a3 
];761 
1,874 
1.944 
1,046 


2,058 
3,476 
2,454 
2,113 
3,4S9 
1.164 
3,093 
2,942 
3.200 
1.926 
2,704 

400 

673 
6,.576 
2.625 

697 
2,440 
1.128 

677 
4.351 
2.006 
4.265 
2,323 
1,666 
4.671 
1.423 
2,100 
1.762 
5,427 
2,674 

747 


144,.597 


13,332 
19.009 
17,116 
23,633 
19.822 
36,046 

9.090 
30,939 
11/284 
14:600 
21.668 
34.484 
24;684 
29,831 

8,749 
10,919 
10,268 
10.541 
12,692 
862 
86,663 
49,472 

2,8.34 
19,151 
10.980 
24,067 
17,664 
16.S01 
719 
11,708 
47,794 
24,801 
14,202 
40,187 

8,921 
21,983 
34,713 

7,861 

9.ato 

16,864 

1,189 

4.708 

62,101 

16,778 

5.768 

18,213 

7,676 

7,136 

20,284 

10,833 

10,776 

12,964 

14..672 

17..332 

6.161 

18,689 

10.769 

20,078 

16,737 

7,260 


1,008,427 


« 


1,173,627 
1.700,775 
1,763,417 
1,9.57,183 
2.082,022 
3,389,837 

924,i;.16 
3,990,664 

891,4314 
1.347,428 
2,379,267 
4,020,675 
1,081,695 
1,866,132 

026,642 
1,0,60.040 

840,397 

919,130 
1,191,930 
83,282 
1,306.377 
3,949,608 
17.425 
1,676,615 
1,046,691 
1,840.298 
1,643,615 
1,211,385 

i',03s!307" 

2,912,176 

2,294,287 

1.223.097 

3,286,587} 

912,013 
2,036,174 
3,076,208 

493.696 

441.DS34 
1,291,738 
24,365 

266,006 
4.208.809 
1,468.1364 

615,662 
1,832,257 

798.953 

705,574 
1,976,129 

634,406 

931.927 
1,366.783 
1.645,947 
1,669,631 

482,786 
1,626.138 
1,446.080 
1.116.6S9 
1,333,948 

717.2691 
— *- 


0,293,0734 


Appropriations  for 

the  Promotion  of  Agricnllvre 

Counties. 

1819. 
2  2/ ears. 

1841. 

CODXTIES. 

2lS^.|^S41. 

Counties. 

1819. 
2  ije.ars. 

1841. 

CODNIMS. 

1819. 
2years 

1841. 

S350 
75 
100 

2iib" 
60 

.?205 

123 

67 

86 

161 

143 

62 

Chenango 

$200     '$122 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fult.  4  ILam 

$125 
100 

260 
200 
200 
200 

ri 

50 

60 
179 

91 
112 
183 

$-5 
100 

250 

4(io 
660 

?143 
.63 
117 
120 
194 
107 
950 

Allegany 

Columbia 

300 
125 
200 
400 

133 
75 
108 
187 
186 

Livingston 

Cattaraugus.... 

Chautauqua 

Chemunrr 

Montgomery... 
Now  York 

Erie        

AGRICULTURE. 


107 


By  an  act  of  April  11,  1842,  Genesee  receives  $92  and  Wyoming  $87  annually ;  and  by  another 
tf  April  13,  1855,  the  co.  of  Schuyler  was  allowed  to  receive  a  proportional  share  from  the  moneys 
previously  belonging  to  Chemung,  Steuben,  and  Tompkins  cos. 


Counties  in 

the  state  of  Nero  Yo 

■k,  continued. 

e 

3 

u 

g 

•g 

i 

^ 

^ 

'i 

& 

~ 

g 

« 

is; 

b; 

•& 

1 

1 

^ 

^ 

■& 

•s. 

"S- 

■& 

"& 

V 

> 

'S 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

s 

^ 

ll 

i5 

36520 

10.9.54 

31 

37,054 

24.035 

127 

8341 

3344 

359 

1,044,978 

11.223 

36 

104,799 

13,148 

147 

52 

1,6924 

40896 

6.998 

7 

40,894 

12,251 

isr 

137J 

11 

14 

1,V17.484 

9.497 

11 

69,726 

13,.S34 

2i 

647  i 

39 

148 

199,333 

15.405 

4 

103,631 

29,081 

6.041 

396 

15 

l,la8.361 

13.047 

15 

90,164 

21,105 

62 

4,742 

149 

1354 

7,861 

4,856 

6 

21,364 

9,853 

i 

924 

2- 

190 

1,212,544 

10.971 

10 

8.5,923 

18,092 

65 

106.906 

8,444 

36 

38.851 

7,668 

25 

87,167 

9,103 

211 

87,649 

32,568 

4i 

1,999 

759 

313 

708,679 

7,410 

27 

41,321 

12,302 

1 

66 

43 

11 

61.185 

9.140 

5 

71.315 

15,870 

384 

11 

5 

64,119 

10.820 

29 

7.3,687 

42,988 

1,072 

278 

1,780 

2,038,-392 

16.983 

10 

65.085 

24,791 

2,010 

139 

207 

93,594 

6,149 

43 

47.654 

6,604 

23 

143.916 

6.029 

3 

23.968 

7,635 

570.079 

6.829 

1 

16,969 

10.514 

H 

6 

105,873 

11.395 

13 

100.391 

10.273 

3,509» 

267 

21,317 

6,203 

23 

19,382 

14.074 

i 

140 

232 

2,670 

338 

1,481 

610 

9.068,619 

9,098 

10 

17,706 

18,227 

261 

is 

10 

2,819,4.59 

17.069 

20 

63,401 

23.327 

121 

6.314 

122 

2 

3,9154 

15 

115 

1,896,741 

6.097 

9 

10,086 

8.363 

1 

n 

79,34ei 

12.502 

4T 

112,662 

19.275 

7ui 

618 

38 

24 

2,0S7.5!)4 

11.753 

32 

66.547 

16.794 

6 

485 

21 

131,2.53 

18,913 

10 

116.817 

34.727 

22,134 

240 

4 

1,538,654 

8.836 
14,099 

3 

256 

29,661 

18,834 
1.249 

256i 

77 

126 

71,443 

14.334 

5 

78.359 

21.765 

4* 

12,378 

47 

87 

3,311,114 

17,398 

34 

60.841 

31.228 

14* 

4684 

27 

860,644 

17,330 

8 

94,202 

81,639 

1,165 

376 

201 

205,921 

13.060 

159 

132,725 

26,419 

3,073 

699 

265 

80,060 

9,986 

74 

21.377 

40,684 

2.706 

09 

146 

110,'J98 

9,040 

2 

91.286 

15,692 

4.031 

136 

100 

976,461 

12.398 

23 

36,088 

21,836 

2,244 

450 

1294 

1,638.493 

14.662 

17 

109,937 

22,368 

84 

624 

82 

3,475 

1,938 

1 

5.804 

6,997 

J 

765 

7.954 

178 

9.714 

14,228 

111 

60 

538,462 

10.184 

10 

64,009 

2,5,007 

43 

392 

341 

341 

2,6o6 

3.716 

170 

926 

3,188 

8 

5 

1,672,999 

20.261 

20 

86.454 

24,286 

5 

152,901  J 

11,293 

2 

46.018 

20,003 

94 

72.019 

4.219 

4 

10.759 

7,727 

727 

312 

71,010 

9.6S2 

2 

45,596 

18,804 

134J 

28 

8 

32.168 

6,700 

4 

48.918 

9,431 

3,195 

630 

13,812 

7.497 

6 

47.634 

17,532 

5,777 

378 

203,329 

13.899 

40 

111.363 

24,154 

1.148 

4 

397 

1.5S0 

7.111 

163 

28.016 

19,727 

i 

1,330 

91 

8 

4.598 

3,092 

87 

12,691 

8,231 

i 

60S 

134 

60.357 

6,678 

13 

36.132 

11,248 

686 

31 

22 

60,128 

9,443 

3 

61.038 

14.338 

1.919 

1-27 

4 

620 

9,.S93 

68 

29,841 

31.1125 

1,721 

111 

3 

64.634 

3,:;41 

6 

16,472 

6.703 

144 

634,491 

11,707 

11 

IIS.5.33 

30,305 

24 

...... 

75 

163,7131 

14.928 

5 

104.845 

29.799 

7i 

25,394 

166 

5 

2,180 

7,332 

73 

11.321 

20,861 

895 

82.3,105 

10,358 

C 

93.365 

11.074 

397 

70 

212 

69.972 

6,773 

8 

64,827 

12,688 

1,689 

15 

2,-)l 

38,944,249J 

679,716 

2,264 

3,217,024 

1,069,702 

1,609} 

116,4104 

7,6294 

8,604      1 
1 

Appropriations  for  the  Promotion  of  Agriculture^  continued. 


Counties. 


Nm^ara...... 

Oneida 

Onoiiilaga... 
Oiit.'\rio.._.. 

Orange 

Oik'iins , 

Oswego 

Otsego....... 


1819. 
lyars. 

1841. 

$03 

$400 

25S 

300 

204 

600 

130 

300 

162 

76 

131 

4o6 

148 

Counties. 


Putnam 

Queena 

Itonssclaer 

Richmond 

Bockland 

St.  Lawicnco.... 

Saratog.i 

Schenectady.... 


1819. 
2ytars. 


$100 
200 
3.50 
75 
100 
100 
300 
100 


S3S 
91 

1S( 
;i4 
36 

170 

121 
61 


■CotUITIES. 

1810. 
2  years. 

1841. 

COUSTIES. 

1819. 

1841. 

$200 
150 
1.50 
200 
100 
150 
150 

$97 
74 

138 
97 
47 
01 

114 

tllstor 

$260 
100 
360 

250 

$137 
40 
1-23 
120 
146 
61 
TOO 

Steuben 

SuITulk 

Washington.... 

Sullivan 

Wcstchostor.... 
Yates 

Tit'Ea  ...  . 

State  Sf.  Soc... 

108 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


County  societies  usually  require  the  payment  of  $1  annually  from  each  member,  or  $10  for  life 
membcrsirn.i  without  further  payment.  It  is  customary  to  restrict  competition  for  premiums  to 
members  of  the  society,  and  to  collect  of  all  others  an  entrance  fee  to  the  exhibition  grounds. 


Dwellings,  Area,  and  Products. 


Counties. 

NOMBEE  OF  DWELUNGS. 

r? 

Number  op  Acres. 

1 

S 

^ 

1 

i 

^ 

Improved. 

1 
Total 

83 

13 

4 

5 

73 

14 

1 

20 

163 

62 

9 

44 

177 

111 

30 

88 

2 

60 

100 

2 

62 

429 

615 

34 

67 

.50 

801 

69 

1,617 

348 

69 

60 

120 

232 

182 

67 

84 

1 

21 

16 

74 

261 

312 

32 

16 

13 

41 

12 

9 

15 

S 

9 

903 

6 

23 

250 

158 

11 

26 

3,769 

29 

82 

9 

325 

113 

47 

21 

460 

388 

45 

8 

434 

2,427 

168 

71 

63 

107 

163 

""165 

208 

8,061 

18 

113 

95 

1,760 

147 

29,977 

299 

623 

762 

616 

474 

133 

131 

60 

47 

70 

1,659 

122 

106 

176 

343 

606 

31 

13 

267 

67 

66 

"'"35 

77 

329 

90 

3» 

323 

470 

60 

62 

9,385 
6,287 
6,529 
4,942 
9,620 
8,314 
3,264 
7,226 
3,969 
6.665 
4.276 
0.040 
8,947 

12,834 
4.176 
2.645 
3,817 
4,976 
4,964 
273 
6.332 
9.634 

14.901 
3.195 
6,787 
7.688 

13.713 
4.700 

10,596 
6,361 

16,062 

13,176 
6.691 
8,162 
4,119 

10,616 
8,837 
■     2,270 
7,071 
9,719 
3,018 
2,775 
8,427 
7.944 
2.449 
6.333 
2.634 
3,924 
8,042 
7.089 
4.230 
4.361 
4,871 
9,028 
2,.')24 
7.213 
6,889 

12,044 
6,181 
3,275 

19 

966 
660 

1,252 
476 
639 
616 
240 

1,988 

29 

295 

888 

68 

1.638 
663 

1,353 
238 
408 
145 
147 
191 

1,369 

i','0'94 

.    608 

173 

660 

23 

1,526 
496 
498 
613 
406 
346 
821 
287 
63 

"203 

""40 

3,443 

163 

14 

436 

405 

254 

1,938 

7 

757 

483 

287 

682 

461 

124 

859 

3 

603 

452 

13,691 
8,192 
6,436 
7,516 

10,916 
9,988 
4,837 
7,602 
6,994 
7,287 
4,727 
7,238 
9,705 

21,674 
6,227 
4,444 
4,179 
6,753 
6,419 
401 
6,898 

11,975 

23,970 
4,707 
6,990 
8.221 

16,916 
4,960 

42,668 
8,698 

17.782 

15.215 
7,828 
9,682 
6,299 

12,649 
9,324 
2,405 
7,896 

11,683 
3,220 
3,188 

13,191 
8,631 
3,105 
6,846 
3,682 
4,669 

11,351 
7.2.U 
5,403 
6,049 
6,051 

11,068 
3,614 
7,876 
8,708 

12,768 
6,041 
3,873 

3,539 
6,392 
3,926 
6,441 
4,299 
6,647 
1,948 
6,203 
3,561 
3,242 
3,388 
6,468 
3,797 
7,267 
2.716 
3,247 
2,288 
3,003 
3,145 

404 
3,447 
6,992 

39s 
3,945 
3,375 
4,6S0 
4,879 
2,852 
48 
3,968 
8,316 
6,336 
3,943 
3,982 
2,454 
6,720 
6,109 
1,368 
3.113 
3.869 

876 
1.221 
8,946 
4,20s 
1.328 
4,011 
2.446 
2.238 
7,042 
4.338 
3,683 
3.088 
3,623 
4,851 
2,145 
4,192 
4,767 
3,722 
4,1.!1 
2,242 

242.735 

280.863 

19S,.839i 

•266.436} 

315.796f 

360,110 

120,219} 

347,82811 

1138,932  - 

304.277' 

194.73i\- 

3(34.400- 

340.307i 
186.44:.'i 
14-l.r,27i 
13-5.416} 
219.0124 
212,2234 

16,07.5} 
267.4144 
405.222 

15.S714 
lS4..i4il4 
202,4024 
277,3931 
216,8404 
194,4.57 1 
1,160} 
207.0434 
435.800} 
344,528 
290,639} 
308,599i 
181,948} 
244,120 
428,9.32J 

94.2054 
119.549 
292.21 2J 

15.072} 

4I1.4M} 
490..i.34 
315.7284 

93.44s  4 

227.9045 

i:34.:aii4 
VA.WJi 

313.512J 
635,1324 
404,048} 
699,066} 
603,0324 
664.2654 
230.606 
630,704} 
670,0184 
373,632} 
308.399} 
802.662i 
464.4134- 
593,651i 
959,038} 
979,692 
280.4864 
294,7444 
362,828} 
783,6644 
773,072 
716,613 
21.4136 
681,6861 
358.840} 
388.898} 
296.0223- 
241.178} 
1,974- 
S0S,15:Ji 
722,394 
459,2291 
387,74Si 
498,214} 
244,276} 
672,173} 
608,491} 
138.653} 
176,753 
393.216} 
22.6744 
97,3344 
1,385,085 
■455,5774 
125,131} 
3.59.9,50} 
197.3354 
197 .88114 
799.7004 
424,389} 
620.3184 
293.317} 
290..-.Sii| 
618.843} 
442.r>43i 
476,585 
356,613} 
291,0944 
364,418} 
206,6764 

Allegany 

Broomu 

Cayuga 

Cortland 

Erie 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene .V 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

New  York  

Q,                ° 

Saratoga 

3131.4.' 

1 

lliii.SlNj 

125.4S9i 

154.8944 

205.61  Cj 

a4l>,G41 

111.202f 

333.0304 

254.461 } 

209,146} 

241,6.544 

165,6424 

Yatea             

Total 

7,636 

57,450 

397,638 

33,092 

622.325 

231,740 

13,067,400} 

26,758,183} 

1  This  column  includes  the  four  \ 
&c.    Of  4,196  dwellings,  the  materi 

irecedini; 
il  and  val 

ones,  and 
ue  were  n 

also  a  miscellaneous  class  reported  as  "  Planks,"  "  Hoards,' 
ot  given.    The  value,  so  far  as  reported,  was  as  follows : — 

"  Shanties," 

Namher. 

Total  Value. 

Average  Value. 

7,172 

66.762 

378.967 

28.831 

$40,184,819 

312,151,135 

297,453.492 

1.330,li;S 

$6,867.89 

6,600.26 

784.90 

46.13 

1,362.76 

• 



Total 

4S7,f 

04 

604,f 

99,907 

MANUFACTURES. 

The  manufactures  of  the  State  are  very  extensive,  embracing  an  almost  endless  variety  of  articles. 
In  many  sections  tlie  manufacturing  interests  surpass  tliose  of  agriculture  or  commerce.  Tiic  lines 
of  internal  communication  through  the  State  have  greatly  facilitated  the  spread  of  manufactures; 
and     now    flourishing    establishments  are  found  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  State.^   The  most  im- 


'  Manufacturing  Establishmenta  in  the  several  Counties,  as  reported  hy  the  State  Census 

0/1855. 


.      i 

<■> 

6 

5 

i 

.S 

•a. 

» 

0 

Counties. 

3 
1 

1 
a 

! 

1 

1 

! 

■s 

I 
1 

IS 

rl 

It 

s. 

0 

•5 

s 

1 

a 

el 

S'C 

el 

1 

i 

8 

1 

S  s 

p 

•*1  -i 

■g 
f 
a 

S 

>5 

i 
1 

1 

1 
1 

Albany 

15 

1 

27 
S7 

27 
23 

9 

11 
1 

8 
13 

3 

2 

9 
2 

6 

29 
24 

12 
3 

25 
4 

23 
23 

7 
13 

8 
2 

3 

2 
2 

8 
2 

Allegany 

"9. 

23 
32 

16 
16 

1 
1 

1 
1 

5 

15 

4 
3 

"i 

1 

15 

18 

7 

8 

2 
4 

27 
31 

6 
10 

1 

1 
1 

5 

1 

2 

"2 

59 
43 

36 

37 

"4 

•2 
.3 

11 
13 

3 
3 

7 
3 

3 

1 

32 
31 

9 
22 

10 

7 

13 
11 

1 

2 

3 
5 

2 

2 

Chautauqua 

6 
16 

19 
41 
22 
47 
26 
31 
44 
29 
28 

15 
28 
15 
29 
26 
26 
35 
3X 
8 

2 

"i 
"i 

18 

1 
1 
9 
2 
2 

13 
11 

6 
1 
6 
6 
7 
9 
9 
19 
6 

K 
3 
1 

"5 

1 
2 

1 

4 

"i 
7 
1 

"3 
3 

2 

"2 
1 

"3 

9 

9 
21 
20 
34 
15 
25 
40 
26 
15 

V 
16 

4 

1 
10 
10 

7 
15 

4 

7 

'I 
4 
1 
3 
9 
9 
2 

■      17 
2S 
19 
43 
23 
26 
39 
43 
10 

3 
10 
9 
6 
8 
10 
9 
14 
4 

3 

"4 

1 

"3 

2 
2 
4 

"3 

"3 

1 

"i 
2 
2 
1 
2 
3 
3 
1 

2 

2 
2 
2 
1 
3 
2 

Erie   

Essex 

2 
"2 

15 
12 
33 
19 

7 

7 

36 

6 

"{ 

i 

1 

2 

22 

6 
2 
6 
5 

1 

1 

1 

"7 
"3 

i 
"i 

8 
6 
25 
8 
1 

3 

10 
16 
4 

X 

"4 
4 

11 
9 
22 
27 
1 

3 

6 
15 
3 

"5 

"5 
2 
4 

1 

1 
2 

1 
3 

Fulton 

ITamilton 

3 

4 
9 

1 

9. 

36 
.12 
11 
9 
35 

34 

42 
10 

30 

1 
1 
12 

"4 

i 

4 

"i 

1 

10 
17 
16 
5 
11 

'1 

1 

I 
3 

10 
1 

10 

1 
1 
2 

"2 

27 
33 
14 
12 
26 

ii 

10 
6 
1 

13 

'4 
10 
15 

1 

13 

18 
48 
6 
10 
29 

10 
17 
5 
6 
11 

"2 

2 

"3 

2 
2 
3 
2 

5 

6 
11 

1 

3 

6 

3 

1 

8 

27 
69 

30 
34 

20 

1 

16 

"3 

9. 

12 

15 

9 

1 
3 
3 

ii 

6 
3 

21 
48 
21 

9 

52 

5 

9 
12 
3 

23 
54 
24 

16 
27 
9 

1 

2 

2 
5 

4 
11 

3 

4 
2 

&4 

"9 

1 

63 
32 
65 
63 

71 
24 
72 
63 

19 
1 
8 
6 

"5 
6 

9 

98 
6 
21 
16 

"4 
2 

76 
1 

1 
12 

31 

"o 

2 

69 
24 
61 
45 

69 
10 
19 
.38 

37 
4 
21 

n 

8 
17 
42 
36 

32 
10 
20 
26 

61 
1 
6 
4 

4 

6 
5 
8 

36 
4 
7 
9 

32 
2 

Oneuia     

40 

29 

1 

3 

8 

1 

1 

1 

19 

13 

8 

40 

in 

1 

2 

3 

1 

20 

0 

14 

9 

1 

•' 

S3 

8 

4 

38 

16 

2 

38 
26 

26 
29 

"9 

8 
13 

2 
4 

1 

1 

21 

21 

10 
48 

6 
9 

26 
42 

7 
12 

2 

2 
4 

2 
1 

66 

54 

1 

2 

15 

4 

11 

65 

17 

9 

39 

20 

1 

6 

2 

"5 

6 
14 

12 
8 

2 
0 

2 
4 

1 
2 

1 

2 
26 

1 

1 

7 
24 

1 
7 

2 
1 

2 

9 
2 
1 

43 
6 
7 

26 

6 
6 

8 
1 
1 

7 
1 
.33 

10 

1 

1 

"3 
1 

4 
1 

20 
2 
7 

12 
"l 

7 
"3 

34 

2 

13 

8 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

7 
4 

3 

Rockland 

1 

47 

37 

1 

6 

12 

26 

8 

8 

36 

14 

3 

4 

4 

1: 

i[ 

47 

29 

4 

? 

29 

11 

1 

33 

1" 

9 

1 

5 

1 

5 

R 

ai 

21 

6 

5 

27 

14 

4 

27 

1 

1 

Schuyler 

23 

16 

4 

1 

15 

7 

2 

16 

6 

1 

^ 

23 

13 

1 

'4 

6 

1 

3 

19 

7 

5 

15 

8 

•> 

1 

2 

49 

28 

.•i 

16 

3 

1 

36 

yt 

g 

42 

15 

2 

X 

0 

Suffolk 

1 

22 

18 

7 

5 

3 

1 

16 

<f 

1 

29 

6 

1 

2 

Sullivan 

"a 

29 
20 

10 

17 

1 

"1 

7 
6 

2 
1 

13 

16 

1 
in 

1 

16 
17 

5 

R 

1 

1 

4 

45 

34 

1 

16 

1 

3 

2 

20 

15 

9 

28 

14 

2 

•> 

1 

1 
1 

2 

Ulster 

3 

37 

9 

11 

s 

n 

2 

\ 

29 

29 

5 

42 

R 

1 

3 

14 

7 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

g 

5 

3 

2 

1 

24 

1 

? 

6 

10 

11 

8 

0 

17 
1 

6 

27 

62 

9. 

.38 

7 

1 

12 

1 

28 

29 

7 

" 

1 

? 

37 

34 

17 

2 

30 

6 
8 

6 

6 

30 

9 

1 

2 

4 

Yatea 

2 

14 

15 

6 

1 

15 

15 

5 

1 

1 

Total 

196 

1,921 

1,467 

128 

269 

616 

114 

232 

111 

1,397 

666 

388 

1,476 

695 

121 

101 

1S7 

l.-i8 

110 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


portant  and  extensive  manufactories  are  those  of  iron  and  machinery,  leather,  articles  of  wood, 
and  cotton  and  woolen  goods.  Such  articles  as  relate  to  the  professions  and  fine  arts,  to  books, 
maps,  and  engravings,  and  to  the  heavy  machinery  used  in  ocean  steamships,  are  principally  manu- 
factured in  New  York  City  and  its  suburbs.  Immense  quantities  of  brick  are  manufactured  on 
the  Hudson  for  the  New  York  and  Southern  markets.  Lime,  waterlime,  and  gypsum  are  largely 
manufactured  on  the  Hudson  and  through  the  center  of  the  State ;  and  iron  ware  is  produced  in 
large  quantities  in  the  iron  districts  of  Essex,  Clinton,  Dutchess,  Orange,  and  Oneida  counties.  De- 
tails of  the  principal  manufacturing  establishments  are  given  in  the  statistics  of  the  cities  or  towns 
in  which  they  are  located.' 


'  Manitfacturing  Esiablishments  in  the  several  Counties,  continued. 


Counties. 


Albany 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus ., 

Cayuga. 

Chautauqaa . 

Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia. 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston — 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 
New  York...., 

Niagara 

Oneida.......... 

Onondaga. 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer.... 
Kichmond .... 

Bockland 

St.  Lawrence, 

Saratoga 

Schenectady. 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca. 

Steuben. 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

Westchester.. 

Wyoming 

Tates 

Total 


St3 


43 

183 

169 

169 

79 

184 

99 

110 

110 

21 

68 

234 

12 

161 

73 

65 

90 

46 

62 

23 

94 

101 

2 

95 

35 

75 

65 

43 

13 

41 

238 

81 

64 

21 

.33 

218 

142 

2 

7 

91 


7 

138 

80 

13 

118 

84 

16 

238 

11 

145 

146 

97 

95 

68 

49 

85 

31 

77 

19 


151    109    144    151    193    200     .!,948    2(i2  1212    143    560    S63 


-5. 


S'g 


Tho  returns  of  manufacturing  establishments  from  many  counties  are  quite  unsatisfactory,  as  an  examination  of  the  tablo  will 
show.     \t  Ls  to  bo  hoped  that  the  next  census  will  be  more  complete  in  this  particular. 


COMMERCE. 

TnE  position  of  New  York  in  the  confederacy  of  States  gives  it  peculiar  focilities  for  maritime 
affairs,  and  through  its  various  ports  a  large  proportion  of  the  foreign  and  internal  commerce  of 
the  nation  is  carried  on.  This  commerce  extends  to  every  accessible  port  in  the  world,  and  in 
amount  and  variety  excels  that  of  all  the  other  States  of  the  Union.  It  is  regulated  by  acts  of 
Congress ;  and  the  revenues  arising  from  duties  upon  articles  imported  are  collected  by  officers  ap- 
pointed by  the  President  and  Senate,  or  subordinate  to  those  thus  appointed.  These  officers  are 
accountable  to  the  TJ.  S.  Treasury  Department. 

Collection  Districts. — The  Federal  Government  has  established  11  Collection  Districts 
within  this  State  for  the  collection  of  these  revenues.  Each  of  these  has  one  port  of  entry,  in  charge 
of  a  collector,  and  several  ports  of  delivery,  at  which  one  or  more  deputy  collectors,  inspectors,  or 
other  officers  reside.'  The  number  of  officers  employed  in  collecting  these  revenues  in  New  York 
City  and  its  dependencies  is  nearly  800.  Duties  on  foreign  importations  form  much  the  largest 
item  of  revenue  for  the  support  of  the  General  Government,  and  those  collected  at  the  port  of  New 
York  form  the  largest  part  of  the  whole  amount.  The  absolute  and  relative  amounts  of  moneys 
collected  from  this  source  in  the  United  States  and  State  of  New  York  have  been  steadily  increasing, 
except  as  influenced  by  pecuniary  embarrassments ;  and  now  the  former  amount  to  about  $60,000,000 
annually.* 


'  Collection  Districts  in  New  York. 


District. 

Date  of 
Establishment. 

JPrincipal 

Ojfice. 

Subordinate  Offices. 

SagHarbur_ 

New  York  City... 
Champlain^ 

Oswegatcliie 

Cape  Vincent 

Sackets  Harbor... 

July  31,      1789 
.TulySl,     1789 
Mar.  2,       1703 

Jlar.  2.      1811 
AprU  18,    1S18 

Mar.  3,       1803 
Mar.  2,       1799 
Mar.  3,       ISOo 
Mar.  2,       1799 

Mar.  3,       1S05 
July  27,     1S54 

Greenport. 

Albany,  Troy,  Cold  Spring  Harbor,  Port  JefFerson. 

Whitehall,    liouses    Point,    Champlain.    Perrysville,   SFooers,   Centerville, 

Chateaugay,  Buike,  Trout  Kiver,  Westville,  Fort  Covington,  llogana-j 

burgh,  Malone.                                                                                                      ^ 
Hammond,  Morristown,  Lisbon,  Waddingtoo,  Louisville,  Massena.                i 
Ahiandria  Bay,  Millens  Bay,  Clayton,  Chaumout,Thitio  Mile  Bay,  Poiiitl 

Peninsula.                                                                                                              i 
Dexter.  Henderson.  Sandy  Creek.                                                                          1 
Big  Sodns,  Little  StHlua,  Texas,  Port  Ontario. 
Carthage  Landing,  Kelsey  Landing,  Pnltneyvillp,  Cbarlotto. 
Niagara  Falls,  Niagara  Bridge,  Youngstown,  Wilson,  Kighteen  Mile  Creek, 

<t;ik  Orchard.                                                                                                          i 
Black  Kock.  Black  Rock  Dam.  Tonaw.anda.  Schlosser. 
Barcelona,  Irving,  Cattaraugus  Creek,  Silver  Creek.                                          | 

New  York 

Plattsburgh 

Ogdensburgh 

Cape  Vincent 

Sackets  Harbor.. 

Albany  vias  made  a  port  of  delivery  in  N.  Y.  Diat.  July  31, 1789. 

Gipe  Vinoint  was  made  a  port  of  delivery  ia  Sackets  Ilarbor 
Diat.  Mar.  2, 1511. 

Hudson  wa3  made  a  port  of  delivery  in  N.  Y.  Dist  July  31, 
1789.  and  a  district  and  port  of  entry  Feb.  28, 1795.    Annexed 
to  N.  Y.  Dist.  May  7,  1822. 

CdUHU  and  Kindfrlwok  were  made  ports  of  delivery  from 
Feb.  26,  1795,  to  Slay  27,  1796. 

New  Wtrt'hor,  Ncwbargh,  Pintg/tkecpsie,&nd Esopusverem&dG 
ports  of  delivery  July  31,  1789. 

Ni'Kjara. — Olfico   removed  from  Ft.  Niagara   to   Lewiston 
Mar.  2,  ISU. 

1  The  following  talde  exhibit's  the  receipts  for  customs  for  the 
sorts  of  the  U.S.  and  N.  Y.  for  a  series  of  years : — 

Receipts  into  United  States  Treasury. 

TKiM. 

Ibtalfrom  alt 
sources. 

From  Customs. 

United  Stites. 

A'ew  york. 

1795 
1890 
1805 
1810 
1815 
1820 
1825 
1830 
18.35 

mo 

1SJ5 
1850 
1855 
1857 
1858 

$9,419,502.70 
12.451.1S4.14 
13,689,608.14 
12,144,206.53 
50,901.237.60 
20,881.493.08 
26,810.8.58.02 
24,814,116.51 
35.430.0S7.10 
25,032.193.59 
29,941,853,90 
47.640,388.88 
65,351,374.68 
08,969,212.57 
70.273,869.59 

?5.588,461.26 
9.080.932.73 
12.936,487.04 
8,583.309.31 
7,282.942.22 
16.005.012.15 
20.098.713.45 
21.922,391.39 
19.391,31 0,.59 
13,499,502.17 
27,688.112.70 
39.668.686,42 
63.025,794.21 
63.875,905.05 
41.789.620.96 

$2,717,361 

3,611.588 

6,958,003 

B,2-23,69() 

14.6.16.816 

6,506,518 

1.5.71.2,142 

15.031,003 

14,r.68,660 

7,.M7.441 

21,.31S.108 

24,487,610 

42,510,753.79 

The  amount  of  revenue  fi-om  duties  varies  with  the  amount 
of  tariff,  and  the  sum  thu.?  collectt'd  becomes  a  very  uncertain 
measure  of  the  amount  of  commerce.  The  present  tnrilT  waa 
adopted  March  3,  18-^7,  arid  admits  a  large  cla,s3  of  goods  free  of 
duty.  The  system  of  bonding,  introduced  in  18J6,  permit.'^  good-i 
to  be  stored  inOovernment  warehouses  until  re-expnrled  or  sold, 
before  tlie  payaient  of  duties  is  required.  The  State  Govern- 
ment took  early  measures  for  establishing  custom  houses  and 
regtilating  duties  upon  foreign  importatir-'ii.s.  By  an  act  of  Nov. 
18, 1784,  Sag  Harbor  ."tud  New  York  were  made  ports  of  entry 
and  delivery,  and  officers  were  appoiated  by  the  Governor  and 
Council  of  Appointment  at  each.  The  reluctance  of  New  York 
to  part  with  these  revenues  led  to  much  delay  in  her  ratifying 
the  Constitution  of  the  U.S.,  by  which  her  revenues  wci'O  sur- 
rendered to  the  General  Governuient, 

RegUtered  and  enroUe.d  tannage  of  the  part  of  New  Tork  and  q/" 
the  United  StaUs  at  different  periods. 


>> 

Registered 

TONNAGB. 

Enrolled 

TONS.VGE. 

Total  Tomnagb. 

u 

tXnit-4 
Stat-s. 

Nrw 
I'ork. 

United 
states. 

Nno 
York. 

UniUd 
Stales. 

York. 

280.694 
2r0.2''3 
359.367 
429  316 
506,276 
779,818 
1,27.5  671 
1.422174 

1825 
1830 
18.35 
1840 
1.S45 
1850 
1855 
1S5S 

700,788 

678,475 

885.821 

899,765 

1.095,172 

1,58.5.711 

2,536,136 

2,577,769 

136.3P4 
92.361 
162,874 
184,542 
217,081) 
388,438 
737,.509 
841  .(.86 

800  213 
615  301 
93.1.1  )H 
1,2W.999 
1.321 .8.30 
1.049,743 
2,076,866 
3.201,430 

144.210 
167.922 
196.4S3 
244.774 
298.187 
391.380 
538,162 
680.488 

1,42.3.112 
1,191,776 
1.824,940 
2.180,704 
2,417,002 
3..535,454 
5,212,001 
6.049.808 

112 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


The  roreign  Trade  of  New  York  from  1700,  although  fluctuating  con.siderably,  has 
exhibited  a  general  progressive  increase.  The  commerce  of  the  country  was  suspended  during  the 
Revolution ;  and  no  statistics  of  its  amount  have  been  preserved  during  the  period  in  which  the 
States  formed  each  an  independent  sovereignty  under  the  Confederation.  The  amount  of  imports 
has  been  reported  separately  by  States  only  since  1821.' 


Amount  of  Atwrican  as  comparted  with  Foreign  Tonnage  at 
dilhrent  jKriods  in  tlie  District  of  New  York. 


Years. 

Tonnage  Entered, 

U.S. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

1825 

259,524J 

20,6551 

280.179J 

1830 

280,918 

a3.797J 

314,715J 

1835 

373,465 

90.999 

464,404 

1840 

409,453 

118.136 

627,594 

1845 

472,491? 

140,858i 

613.360 

1850 

807,6S0i 

441,756 

1.249.337 

1854 

1,442,278J 

477,034* 

1,919,3131 

1858 

2,411,087 

1,124,020 

3,635,107 



YE.1ES, 

ToxN,iGE  Cleared. 

XT.S. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

1825 

246,512 

17,914} 

263,4.30} 

18.30 

209,6984 

33,6864 

273,286 

1836 

289,661* 

80,0381 

369,690 

1840 

275,393J 

117,204 

392,6971 

1845 

377,163A 

140,2221 

617.3861 

1860 

705,162 

407,0.54 

1,112,215 

1855 

1.0S2,799| 

445,305 

1,628.104} 

1858 

2,152,835 

1.132,568 

3,286,403 

Amount  of  I^effist^red,  Enrolhd^  and  Liccvsed  Tannage  in  the 
several  Chlkction  Districts,  June  30, 185S. 


Sag  Ilarbor 

New  York 

Champlain 

Oawegatchie 

Cape  Vincent 

Sacketa  Harbor.. 

Oswego 

Genesee 

Niagara. 

Buffalo  Creek 

Dunkirk 


Registered. 


7.408.72 
841,GS5.35 


Enrolled 

and 
Licensed. 


Amount  of  Rt^qistfreA  and  Enrolkd  Tonnage  of  th/:  United  States 
and  District  of  New  York  at  different  periods. 


Tears, 

Reoistered. 

Enrolled  and  Li- 
censed. 

U.  states. 

N.  Torlc. 

U.  States. 

iV.  York. 

1827 

747,170 

686,990 

810,447 

976,359 

1,241,313 

1.899,448 

2,499,550 

133.403 
118.395 
169,060 
193,911 
254,541 
496,507 
841,6861 

873,435 
752.460 
1,086,237 
1,117,035 
1,.597,733 
2,238,992 
2,550  742 

166  542 

162,419 
216  351 

1837  

1S42      

247  0"^3 

1847 

1S52 

3.37,381 
445  674 

1858       

593.600 

1  Trade  of  New  York  from  1700  to  1776. 


Number  of  Entries  of  Merchandise  at  the  Fort  of  Neiv  Yorfrfor 
10  years,  ending  June  30, 1856. 


1847 40,418 

1S48 5.3.949 

1849 64.506 

1850 61,752 

1S51 71,068 


1852 68,967 

186.3 63,470 

18.54 93.282 

1855 76.448 

1856 89,377 


General  Statistics  for  1858. 


American 
Vessels. 

Foreign 
Vessels. 

Exports  of  American  produce.... 
"          fureiga           " 

$  65.037.150 
12,430.450 
123.928.2S3 
4.471 
67.240 
4.97G 
73,866 

$24.n02.f.31 

G.S70,C84 

4  4'-'6 

55  757 

Crewa        "                 '*      

55,903 

1700 
1701 
1702 
1703 
1704 
1705 
1706 
1707 
1708 
1709 
1710 
1711 
1712 
1713 
1714 
1715 
1716 
1717 
1718 
1719 
1720 
1721 
1722 
1723 
1724 
1725 
1726 
1727. 
172S 
1729 
1730 
1731 
17.32 
1733 
1734 
1735 
1736 
1737 
1738 


Total  Value. 


Imports. 


$247,050 
159,550 
149,955 

87,810 
111,470 
139,510 
157,940 
149,275 
134,495 
172,885 
157,375 
144,280 

92,620 
232,350 
223,215 
273,196 
260,865 
220,700 
314,830 
281,785 
181,985 
253,770 
287,390 
265,065 
316,100 
353,250 
424,330 
337,260 
408,170 
323,800 
321,780 
330,580 
327,700 
827,095 
408,790 
402,025 
430,000 
629.166 
607.190 


Exports. 


$  87.8.35 

92,7.35 

39,825 

37,355 

62,700 

36,965 

14,245 

71,415 

64,235 

61,296 

91,015 

60,965 

62,330 

72,140 

149,050 

106,680 

109,856 

122,670 

135,655 

97,980 

84,180 

78,405 

100.690 

139,960 

105,955 

124,880 

191,535 

158,085 

106,710 

79,165 

43,700 

103,780 

47,055 

68,130 

76,535 

70,775 

89,720 

84,165 

81,140 


Years. 


1739 
1740 
1741 
1742 
1743 
1744 
1745 
1746 
1747 
1748 
1749 
1750 
1751 
1762 
1753 
1764 
1755 
1756 
1757 
1768 
1759 
1760 
1761 
1762 
1763 
1764 
1765 
1766 
1767 
1768 
1769 
1770 
1771 
1772 
1773 
1774 
1776 
1776 


Total  Value. 


Imports. 


$5.80,3.50 

693,885 

602.150 

8.37,955 

672.436 

599,600 

274,785 

433,560 

689.940 

716,665 

1,328.866 

1,335.660 

1,244,705 

970,150 

1,380,320 

637,486 

755,365 

1,262,125 

1,766,665 

1,782,775 

3,163,925 

2,400,030 

1,447,850 

1,440.230 

1,192,800 

2,577,080 

1,911,745 

1,854,145 

2.089,785 

2,414.650 

374,690 

2,379,955 

3,288,105 

1,719,850 

1.446.070 

2,189,685 

6,140 


Exports. 


$  92.296 

107.490 

105,710 

67,680 

76,336 

72.635 

70.415 

44,205 

74.960 

61.790 

117,066 

178,160 

211,816 

203.290 

202.765 

133,315 

146,275 

120,365 

96,840 

71,300 

108,420 

105,626 

243,240 

294,410 

264.990 

268,4,'i5 

274.796 

336,100 

307,110 

436,575 

367,430 

349,410 

479,375 

413,535 

381,230 

400,040 

935,090 

11,590 


Trade  of  New  York  mice  the  adoption  of  Federal  Constitution. 


Years,    Imports.      Ezports.     Years.    Imports.      Exports. 


1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1796 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1S06 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 


$23,629,246 
35,445,628 
23,421,349 
36,113,7-23 


S  2,505,466 
2,635,790 
2,932,370 
6,442,183 
10,304,681 
12,208,027 
13,308,064 
14,300.892 
18.719.527 
14,046.079 
19,851.136 
13,792,276 
10,818, — 
16,081,281 
23,482,943 
21,762,.S46 
26,367,963 
6,606,0581 
12,681,5621 
17.212.3.301 
12.266,215 
8,961.922 
8;i85,494 
209.670 
10.676,-373 
19,690,031 
18,707,433 
17,872,261 
13,587,378 
13,163,244 
13,162,918 
17,100,482 
19,038,990 
22,807.134 


1825 

1826 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1830 

1831 

1832 

1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842 

1843* 

1844 

1845 

1848 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1860 

18.51 

1862 

1863 

1S.64 

1855 

1858 

1857 

1888 


S«9,639,174 
38,115,630 
33,719,644 
41,927,792 
34,743,307 
35,624,070 
67,077,417 
63,214,402 
65,918,449 
73,188,8941 
88,191,305 
118,263.416 
79.301,722 
68.463,206 
99,882,438 
60,440,750 
75,713,426 
67,875,604 
31,366,640 
66,079,516 
70,909,085 
74,254.283 
84,167,352 
94,626,141 
92,567.369 
111,123,524 
141.646,638 
132,329,306 
178,270,999 
195,427.933 
164,776,511 
210,160,4.64 
236,493,485 
178,476,736 


$35,269,261 
21,947,791 
23,834,137 
22,777,649 
20,119,011 
19,697,983 
25,635,144 
26,000,945 
26,395.117 
13,849,469 
30,345,264 
28,920,(38 
27,338,419 
23,008.471 
33.208.099 
34.264,080 
33,139.833 
27.-576  778 
16,762,664 
32,861,640 
36,175,298 
.36,935,413 
49,844,388 
63,361,167 
45.963,100 
62,712,789 
86,007,019 
87.4,84,466 
78,206,290 
122,634,640 
113,731,238 
119,111,500 
1,34,803,298 
108,340,924 


*  From  Oct.  1, 1842,  to  June  30,  1843.    The  fiscal  year  ' 
changed  at  tliis  time,  and  now  begins  July  1. 


COMMERCE. 


113 


The  reports  of  commerce  and  navigation  do  not  specify  the  amount  imported  and  exported 
in  each  collection  district.  The  relative  amount  of  the  port  as  compared  with  the  State  of 
Nevr  York  has  been  as  follows  at  different  periods : — 


i 

H 

>> 

Imports.               1 

Exports, 

Jmporiatwn  of  Dry  Goods.                              | 

B>rt  ofN.  T. 

State  of  N.r. 

Pirrto/N.r. 

Slate  of  N.r. 

Entered  for  Con- 
sumption. 

1356. 

1857. 

1868. 

1840 
1845 
1848 
1855 
1858 

$66,846,924 

68,032,207 

89,816,968 

162,539,783 

171,473,336 

$60,440,760 
70,009,085 
94,625.141 
164,776,611 
178,475,736 

$30,186,470 
34,196,184 
45,863,916 
62.918,442 

100,667,890 

$34,264,080 
36,175,293 
63,351.157 
113,731.238 
108,360,924 

Manufactures  of  wool. 

"           cotton. 

"               Billt. 

"              flax. 
Miscell.  dry  goods 

Total     

$22,671,010 

13;,«5,234 

27.738,090 

7.760,145 

6.675,816 

$20,261,826 

16,813,299 

25,192,465 

6,867,433 

6,709,004 

$17,035,032 

9,012,911 

17,581,099 

3.701,665 

3,761,788 

$77,970,295 

$74,833,527 

$61,092,386 

n-ade  of  New  York  for  the  Three  Tears  ending  June  30, 1868. 

Imports. 

1856, 

1857. 

1858. 

Withdrawn  from 
Warehodse. 

1856. 

1857. 

1858. 

$150,088,112 

29,668.397 

17.4.32,112 

1,126,097 

$141,430,109 

62275,673 

16,036.630 

6,441,8.55 

$  94,019.659 

44.463.806 

23.605,4«7 

9,324,384 

warehousing 

Manufactures  of  wool. 

"           cotton. 

"               silk. 

flax. 

Miscell.  dry  goods 

Total 

$2,025,697 

1,888,.578 

2,'241.7S6 

1,131.403 

507,675 

$2,929,179 

2,492,616 

2,004,190 

1,100,183 

601.038 

$6,369,118 
4.018.693 
6,394,970 
2,216,427 
1,386,173 

Specie 

and  bullion.... 
tal 

To 

$198,214,718 

21,934.130 
86.898.690 
112,316,028 

$226,184,167 

27.950.212 
92.699.088 
133,485,079 

$171,473,336 

49.376,593 
67.317,736 
104,156,600 

Withd 

awn         from 

$7,890,143 

$9,127,103 

$19,383,381 

Dry  go 
Genera 

Entered  for  Ware- 
hodse. 

1856. 

1857. 

1868. 

1  merchandise. 

ESPOETd. 

1856. 

1857. 

1868. 

Manufactures  of  wool. 

'•           cott<  n. 

«                silk. 

"              flax. 
Miscell.  dry  goods 

$2,184,687 

2,006,493 

2,225,515 

861.657 

660,113 

$6,081,505 
3.780,715 
4,407.447 
2.228,768 
1,247,120 

$5,028,533 
4.048,630 
3,667,521 
1,9M,891 
1,515,876 

Domestic  produce 

Foreign  mdse.  free ... 

"          "  dutiable 

Specie  and  bullion.... 

$76,02^,244 
1,268,914 
3,691,600 
22,280,991 

$76,928,942 

2.396.003 

3.932,.'i70 

44,348,463 

$56,931,987 
3,104.160 

7.309,672 
34,322,071 

$7,929,495 

$17,835,561 

$16,236,351 

$102,267,749 

$126,606,683 

$100,667,890 

To 

tal 

Commerce  of  New  York  with  Foreign  Countries  for  the  year  endinrj  June  30,  1858. 

ENTERED.  CLEARED. 


FoREiON  Countries. 


England 

Cuba 

France 

Bremen 

Hamburg 

British  North  America...; 

New  Grenada 

British  West  Indies 

Porto  Rico 

Scotland 

Brazil 

China 

Pern 

Belgium 

British  East  Indies 

Hayti 

Two  Sicilies 

Spain 

Venezuela. 

Holland..- 

Mexico 

Tnscany 

Philippine  Islands 

Bnssia. 

Buenos  Byres 

Central  Republic 

Dutch  West  Indies 

British  Guiana 

Danish  West  Indies 

Africa  (except  Egypt  and  British 

Possessions) 

British  llonduras 

Sardinia. 

British  Possessions,  Africa. 

Austria 

Portuga.1 

St.  Domingo 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Turkey  iu  Asia 

Egypt 

Uruguay 

Ireland 

French  West  Indies 

British  Australia 

Canary  Islands 

Swedish  West  Indies 

Chili 

French  North  Ameriain  PossessionB.. 


390 
631 
131 
14 

8 
44 
80 

163 

162 
16 

101 
37 
24 
26 
29 

111 
37 
60 
68 
14 
33 
17 
10 
10 
22 
14 
24 
17 
20 

19 
15 

2 
14 

2 

4 
14 

2 

e 


441.043   11,313 

227,4.-i3 

7.626 

136.408 

4.542 

21,966 

809 

6.122 

125 

7.316 

284 

48.990 

2,704 

32.335 

1,206 

35,596 

1,338 

9,289 

226 

29,997 

1,064 

33,664 

923 

28,910 

696 

23,140 

592 

23,912 

646 

20,849 

849 

13.253 

412 

13,870 

480 

13,956 

611 

8,721 

229 

14  522 

441 

10,743 

277 

9.416 

242 

6,333 

170 

7,436 

2.37 

6,:33 

165 

6.133 

193 

4.881 

171 

4,226 

152 

4,170 
3,829 

869 
2,833 

794 
1,590 
2,227 
1,073 
2,036 


1,767 


1.987 
1,667 
1,642 
1,293 
766 


168 
141 
25 
110 
26 
44 
94 
31 
68 


130,016 

11,288 

3,926 

68,564 

62,797 

43,869 

819 

17,321 

6,715 

31,231 

7,811 

3,464 

603 

4,195 

2,867 

1.717 

6.t,16 

6.741 

2,935 

7,657 

'"iVsi's 

200 
2,235 
261 
740 
181 

315 

107 

130 
2,383 

331 
2.065 
■1,313 

660 
ll644i 

386 
2,317 

350 
2,116 


260 


1,006 


6,969 

445 

163 

1,993 

2,057 

1,746 

27 

748 

227 

1,469 

284 

109 

16 

193 

87 

70 

216 

231 

120 

214 


13 


333.165 

179,940 

74,938 

21,856 

"41,830 

54.765 

28,919 

14.492 

23.300 

15.585 

18,127 

9,449 

10.429 

14,041 

8.926 

1,347 

20,054 

6,810 

6,566 

8,932 

755 
3,188 
10,272 
2.301 
7,897 
6,180 
8,462 

3,022 
3,353 

9.82 
6,079 

821 
6,148 
1,619 


405 

4,694 

2.525 

4,629 

27,975 

267 

263 

11,224 

120 


8,732 
8.647 
2.784 


1.139 
2.727 
1,091 
662 
629 
690 
628 
76 
469 
386 
392 
45 
655 
278 
166 
291 

24 
85 
333 
80 
314 
218 
326 

121 
119 

35 
204 

25 
154 

76 


13 
149 

72 

193 

717 

8 

12 
282 


146.347 

6  040 

2.743 

39,759 

47.267 

80.216 

S53 

15,649 

1,657 

31.492 

1.079 

369 

4,195 
6.400 
1.167 
2,07.7 
6,902, 
413 
11.526 
1,068 


1,716 
636 
425 
116 


247 


6,435 

227 

122 

1,642 

1^878 

2,806 

84 

744 

67 

1,260 

61 

14 

192 
198 

60 

77 
266 

19 
353 

49 


360 

10 

987 

32 

1.3C9 

48 

1.137 

44 

1,021 

18 

467 

17 

382 

15 

3,868 

138 

905 

46 

4,762 

133 

2,061 

83 

.346 

12 

813 

46 

114 


NEW    YORK     STATE    GAZETTEER. 


■AS 


1821 
1825 
1830 
1835 
1840 
1846 
1850 
1855 
1858 


^atisHcs  of  American  and  B'rejgn  Trade. 

ToNiVAOE  Cleared. 


Exports. 


American 
Produce. 


i  7,896,606 
20.6.51.568 
13,618,278 
21,707,867 
22.676.609 
26,929.904 
41,602,800 
96.414,808 
89,039,790 


Foreign 
Produce. 


$  5,264.313 
14,607.703 
6.079.70.T 
s,o;;7.:i97 
11.5'-7.471 
10,245,3;i4 
11.209.989 
17.316,430 
19,301,134 


American 
Yesfds. 


$  158,174 

256,878 

2211,341 

689.,'!65 

618.202 

926.280 

1,411,557 

1.861.682 

2,162,835 


Foreign 
Vessels. 


$    10,720 

19.851 

36.674 

343.078 

843.114 

414.688 

737.639 

1.140,197 

1,132,668 


Valve  of  Articles  Imported  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 1868. 


Dutyfree. 
Articles  from  B.  A.,  duty  free.. 
Produce  U.  S.  brought  back.... 

Bullion,  gold 

"       silver 

Coffee 

Tea 

Coin,  gold. 

*'     silver 

Dye  stufiFs 

Linseed 

Ground  madder , 

Gnano , 

Painting  and  statuary 

Rags,  cotton  and  linen 

Seeds,  trees,  and  plants 

Silks,  raw  or  reeled. 

Tin.  blocka 

"     pigs 

Wool 


Total  duty  free 

Paying  duty  ad  valorem. 

Coal 

Cotton,  piece  goods,  plain.. 

"        hosiery 

"        thread,  twist,  and  yarn... 
"        manufactured,  not  speci- 
fied  

"        ble.iclied  or  dyed 

Feathers  and  flowers 

Linens,  bleached  or  unble.iched... 
"        manufactured,  not  speci- 
fied  

Ctirrants 

Raisins 

Purs,  undressed 

"      hatters' 

Glass,  pl.ate 

"      window 

Gems,  not  set 

Jewelry,  real  or  imitation 

Goat's  hair.    Angora,  and  other 

piece  goods 

Hats  and  bonnets,  straw 

Hemp,  manufact'd,  not  specified.. 
India  rubber,  not  manufactured 

Indigo 

Iron,  bar 

Cutlery 

Fire  arms 

Iron,  pig...... 

*'     railroad 

"     rod 

"     sheet  

Steel,  shear,  cast,  and  German.... 

"     other 

Iron  and  steel,  other  manufac- 
tures   

Jute  and  sisiil  grass 

Laces,  embroidery 

"      cotton 

Lead 

Gloves 

Skins,  dressed 

Leather,  sole  and  upper 

"        other  manufactured 

Liquorice  paste 

Molasses 

Musical  instruments 

Opium 

Paper,  writing 

J  Printed  books,  English 


$   624.060 

1,024,992 

269,833 

271,027 

6.730,168 

6,414.700 

8,096,651 

689,633 

659.635 

940,077 

477,087 

242,fU.8 

389,519 

696,399 

276.030 

1,293.921 

4C.3.007 

327.207 

1,173.076 


U.  States. 


$.33,072,680 

621.774 

4:10,948 

1,62.1.833 

761,429 

399,426 
8,383,662 

649.894 
4,308,238 

611,276 

272,469 
762,668 
247,510 
870,336 
3SS,241 
454,344 
332.503 
332,097 

488.741 

1,128,651 

332,821 

867,061 

467,379 

1,610,970 

1,166,761 

281,963 

329,786 

1,666.538 

324,897 

677,669 

702.696 

546,596 

817,687 
970,723 

2,274.0.33 
285,183 

1,638,087 

1,362.096 
437,268 

1,205,714 
248,815 
452,723 

1,414,168 
247,233 
309.416 
238.402 
364,973 


$14,754,255 

1,244.692 

2,286,099 

408,879 

18,341,081 

6.777,295 

9,279,969 

7,299.649 

R87.486 

3,24.3.174 

643,642 

525,376 

504.034 

971,120 

392.440 

1,.%0.065 

470,023 

594,268 

3843,320 


$80,319,265 

772,926 

741.077 

2,120,868 

1,080,671 

966.017 

12,391,713 

664,462 

5,598,571 

953,436 

342,869 
1.441,471 
321,935 
876,166 
397,310 
626.744 
329.241 
386,945 

515.641 

1,1S2,,8,37 

520.029 

666„S83 

467.379 

3,318,913 

1,489,064 

382,610 

739,949 

2,987,576 

426.499 

946,073 

1.147.773 


970.133 

2,298,709 

2,845,029 

405.4:.!9 

1,972,243 

1.449.672 

800,412 

1,259.711 

278,946 

477,996 

4,116,759 

378.928 

447.634 

256,322 

466,450 


Valtie  of  Articles  Imported^  continued. 


Articles. 


Kaw  hides  and  skins 

Salt 

Silk,  hosiery 

"     piece  goods 

"     and  worsted  piece  goods 

"     raw 

"     manufactured,  not  specified. 
Soda,  ash 

"     carb 

Spices,  cassia. 

"      nutmegs 

"      black  pepper 

Spirits,  brandy... 

"      from  grain 

Sugars,  brown 

Tea  and  coffee  from  places  not 

free  by  treaty 

Tin  plates 

Tobacco,  cigars 

"        unmanufactured 

Porcelain,    earthen,    and    stone 

ware 

Wine,  sherry  and  St.  Lucien 

"      white,  not  enumerated 

"      champagne 

Wool,  blankets 

"      carpeting 

"      hosiery 

"      piece  goods 

"      worsted 

"      shawls 

"      manufact'd,  not  specified .. 
Uncnumerated  articles. 

At  4  per  cent 

At  15  per  cent 

At  24  per  cent 

Total  ad  valorem 

Total  imports 


X^'W  York. 


5,629,029 

282,644 

341,528 

15.304.'255 

1,1N3,788 
240.601 

2,032,614 
616,700 
267,097 
323,041 
236,168 
269,486 

1,410,426 

706.945 

13,514,098 

442  910 
3.042,152 
•2,0411.898 
1,078,666 

1,755,011 

286,954 

237.710 

679,421 

976.018 

1,195,004 

1,378,660 

0.719,713 

9,192,641 

1,742,396 

494,915 

908,789 

1,046,668 

836,423 


$137,208,207 


$170,280,887 


U.  mates. 


9.884,368 

1,124,920 

417,168 

16.121,396 

1,249,386 

24'2,130 

3,207,043 

1,211,305 

373,699 

366,614 

378,257 

631,723 

2,232,452 

1,158,517 

23,317,436 

484.520 
3,842,968 
4,123,208 
1,255,831 

3,215.236 

343,100 

285,125 

860,942 

1,574,716 

1,64-2.600 

1,837,561 

7,626,830 

10,780,379 

2,002,663 

663,373 

1,367,426 
2.314,065 
1,466,074 


$202,293,876 


$282,613,150 


Value  of  U.  S.  products  exported,  during  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1858. 


Articles, 


Ashes,  pot  and  pearl 

Beef. 

Boards,  planks,  and  scantling 

Butter 

Carriages  and  rail  road  cars,  Ac 

Cheese 

Cloverseed 

Copper  and  brass  manufactures.. 

Cotton 

Drugs  and  medicines 

Gold  and  silver  coin 

'*      "        "     bullion 

Hams  and  bacon 

Hides 

Household  furniture 

Indian  corn „ 

Indian  meal 

Iron  castings 

"     manufactures 

Lard 

Leather  

Manufactured  tobacco 

**  cotton  (white) 

"  "       other 

"  wood 

Oil,  spermaceti 

"    whale 

Whalebone 

Pork 

Rice „. 

Rosin  and  turpentine 

Skins  and  furs 

Spirits  Irom  grain  

"  "     mola.csee 

"       of  tm-pentine 

Staves  and  heading 

Sugars  (brown) 

Tallow 

Tobacco  (leaf) 

Wheat 

"      flour 


N.  T. 


Total  of  exports $83,403.664  |$293,768,279 


S  627,867 

1,312,967 

751,3.34 

236,928 

626.831 

661.451 

232.764 

1,706,426 

8,368,500 

452,929 

14,917,585 

12,456,266 

1,485.958 

393^58 

331,281 

1,331.570 

234.945 

314,936 

1  9"22,7.34 

l'l72,950 

303.579 

1,113,428 

473,838 

1,368,779 

413,806 

1,046.453 

412,999 

1,105,223 

1,169,707 

604,969 

1,219,5.63 

822.986 

243,118 

387,084 

904,242 

960.390 

231,879 

258.226 

1,482,970 

6,461,491 

7,017,790 


U.S. 


$  654,744 

2,081.866 

3,4'28,530 

641,863 

777,921 

731,910 

332,250 

1,985,223 

131,386,661 

681,'278 

19,474,040 

22,933,206 

1,957,423 

875,753 

932,499 

3,259,039 

877,692 

464,415 

4,059,528 

3,809.601 

606.589 

2.400,116 

1.598.136 

1.800,286 

2.234.678 

1,097.503 

597,107 

1.106,223 

2,852.942 

1,870,578 

1.464.210 

1,002.378 

476,722 

1,267,691 

1.0S9.282 

1,975,852 

376,062 

8-24.970 

17,009,767 

9,061.604 

19.328,884 


COMMERCE. 


115 


Tonnage. — The  size  of  registered  American  vessels  engaged  in  foreign  trade  has  been  steadily 
increasing,  and  has  more  than  doubled  within  twenty  years.  Steam  vessels  were  first  enrolled  in 
1823  and  first  registered  in  1830.    They  now  form  12  to  15  per  cent,  of  the  total  amount  of  tonnage.' 

Steamboats  applying  for  registry,  enrolment,  or  license  must  be  inspected  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  Board  of  Supervising  Inspectors.  The  United  States  is  divided  into  9  Supervising  Dis- 
tricts, the  2d  of  which  includes  the  seaboard  and  the  9th  the  lakes  of  New  York.  Steamboats  are 
required  to  be  well  guarded  against  fire,  to  have  suitable  pumps  worked  by  hand  and  by  steam, 
at  least  two  boats,  and  large  steamers  more,  in  proportion  to  their  tonnage,  (except  upon  rivers,)  one 
life  preserver  to  every  passenger,  and  a  certain  number  of  floats,  and  fire  buckets  and  axes.  Their 
boilers,  engines,  and  hull  must  be  examined  and  approved  by  inspectors  appointed  by  the  Col- 
lector, the  Supervising  Inspector  for  the  district,  and  the  Judge  of  the  U.  S.  District  Court;  and 
every  requirement  of  the  law  must  be  found  complied  with.  Pilots  and  engineers  on  steamers 
must  be  examined  and  licensed  by  the  Inspectors.  The  present  steamboat  law  was  passed  Aug. 
30,  1852.2 

The  Coasting'  Trade  of  the  United  States  is  entirely  restricted  to  American  vessels,  and 
the  share  belonging  to  New  York  is  very  great ;  but  from  the  want  of  official  returns  it  cannot  be 
definitely  ascertained.  Unless  carrying  distilled  spirits  or  foreign  goods,  these  vessels  are  not  re- 
quired to  report  their  entrance  and  clearance ;  and,  as  they  oftener  leave  than  arrive  with  these 
articles,  the  number  of  clearances  reported  is  disproportionately  high.' 

The  aifairs  of  commerce  relating  to  police,  sanitary,  and  municipal  regulations  are  governed  by 


1  Average  tonnage,  of  vessels  at  different  periods  arriving  at  New 
Tork. 


Yes.    American.     F^'reign.      Yrs.    Anierican,      Foreign. 


1S35 
1840 
1845 


245 
2S0 
319 


193 

253 
267 


1850 
1855 
1868 


427 
527 
630 


338 
223 
452 


Vtsseh  built  in 

New  Tort  for  1858. 

Districts, 

Class. 

"fe. 

1 1 

§1 

t 

•s 

P 

i 

Ihnnage. 

Pag  Harbor 

New  York 

Oswegatciiie 

Cape  Vinceot.... 

Oswego 

Niagara 

Buffalo  Creek.... 
Dunkirk 

"7 

"2 

"i 

2 

22 

"is 

3 
10 

1 

2 
84 
1 

-2 

4 

1 

26 

3 
2 

i'i 

4 
141 

1 

3 
10 

3 
39 

2 

636.5S 

6,093.75 

2«.74 

46S.7S 
1,990.79 

601,1)6 
7,216,77 

252,26 

Amount  of  registered   and  enrolled  steam    tonnage  of  XT.  S.  at 
different  periods. 


Yeaes, 

Registered. 

Enrolled. 

Total. 

1825 
1830 
1835 
1S40 
1846 
1860 
1855 
1858 

23,061 
63,053 
122,474 
319.527 
4.S1.0<15 
666,240 
661,363 

23,061 
64,472 
122,814 
202,339 
."i25.947 
770,947 
970,890 

1,419 

340 

4,155 

6,492 

44,942 

115,W5 

78,027 

Vessels  built  in  tfie  V.  S.  at  different  periods. 


i 

Classes  op  Vessels. 

n 

•a 

c    ■ 

.5 

!! 

If 

1 

Tbnnage. 

1815 

136 

226 

681 

274 

1,316 

164.624,39 

1820 

21 

60 

301 

162 

624 

47,784,01 

1826 

66 

197 

63S 

168 

35 

994 

114,997.25 

1830 

25 

56 

403 

116 

37 

637 

6S,094.24 

1835 

25 

60 

301 

100 

30 

607 

46,'23S,52 

IMO 

97 

109 

378 

224 

04 

872 

118,309.23 

1845 

124 

S7 

322 

342 

163 

1,038 

140,018,02 

18,W 

247 

117 

647 

290 

159 

1,360 

272,218.54 

1866 

381 

126 

606 

669 

253 

2,034 

683,450.04 

1868 

122 

46 

431 

400 

226 

1,225 

242,286.09 

2  Statistics  of  Steamers  for  1858. 


No.  of  steamers  in- 
spected and  ap- 
proved  

Tonnage  of  steamers 
inspected 

Pilota  originally  li- 
censed within  the 
year 

Pilots  whoae  liceuses 
were  renewed 

Engineers  and  assist- 
ants originally  li- 
censed within  the 
year 

Engineers  and  assist- 
ants whose  licenses 
were  renewed 

Lives  lost  from  acci- 
dents during  the 
year 


Second 

DiST. 

N.Y. 


302 


Ninth  District. 

Total 
U.S. 

t 

O 

1 

47 

8 

8 

839 

38,314 

6,465 

3,565 

326,262 

40 

364 

87 

21 

13 

1,640 

36 

435 

87 

18 

13 

1,809 

26 

5 

126 

s  statistics  of  the  Coasting  Trade  of  the  Port  of  New  Tork. 


1S49 
1850 
1861 
1852 
1863 
1854 
1865 
1856 


Entered. 


Vessels. 


1,865 
1,928 
1,768 
1,766 
1,733 
1,880 
1,966 
1,669 


Tons. 


424,976 

489,395} 

455,542 

497,840 

607,631 

543,462 

614,045 

639,461 


Cleared. 


Vessels. 


3,994 
4,719 
4.803 
4,680 
4,789 
4.779 
4.663 
4,696 


895,689 
1,020,070 
1,214.942 
1,173,762 
l,310,r,97 
1,499,869 
1,378,888 
1,482,310 


Tonnage  of  Vessels  engaged  in  the  Coasting  Trade,  June  30, 1858, 


District. 

.^ag  Harbor 

New  York 

Cbam  plain 

Oewe^tchie 

Cape  Vincent , 

Sftckets  Hflrbor.. 

Oswego 

Genesee 

Niagara 

nuffalo  Creek 

Dunkirk 


Tmtnage. 

7,057.94 

680,487.32 

88802 

11,866,60 
1.312,16 
1,321  22 

48,4i0,19 
3.704.31 
1.272.31 

73,478.80 
6.3S3.50 

733.192.62 


Total  in  N.  Y 

Total  in  D.  S 2,361,696.72 


116 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


the  laws  of  the  State,  and  their  care  is  intrusted  to  officers  appointed  under  its  authority.     These 
officers  are  divided  into  several  classes,  each  of  vrhich  has  charge  of  a  particular  department. 

1.  The  Board  of  Commiiiisioners  of  Pilots  consists  of  5  persons, — 3  elected  for  2 
years  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  2  for  a  like  term  by  the  presidents  and  vice-presidents 
of  the  marine  insurance  companies  of  N.  Y.,  composing  or  representing  the  Board  of  Underwriters 
in  that  city.  This  Board  appoints  a  secretary,  has  an  office,  meets  once  a  month  or  oftener,  and 
licenses,  for  such  term  as  it  may  think  proper,  as  many  pilots  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  for  tl  a 
port  of  New  York.' 

2.  The  Board  of  Health  of  New  York  is  composed  of  the  Mayor  and  Common 
Council  of  the  city.^ 

3.  The  Commissioners  of  Ilealtli  are  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  the 
Health  Officer,  the  Resident  Physician,  the  Health  Commissioner,  and  the  City  Inspector. 

4.  The  Health  Officer,  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  Senate,  is  required  to  board  every 
vessel  subject  to  quarantine  or  visitation,  upon  its  arrival,  to  ascertain  whether  infectious  diseases 
are  present,  and  to  obtain,  in  such  case,  the  facts  necessary  to  determine  the  period  that  such 
vessel  must  be  detained.' 

•5.  The  Physician  of  tlie  Marine  Hospital  is  appointed  by  the  Governor  and 
Senate.  He  appoints  as  many  assistants  as  he  may  find  necessary.  His  salary  is  $5,000,  and  is 
paid  by  the  Commissioners  of  Emigration. 

6.  The  Resident  Physician  for  the  city  and  county  of  New  York  is  appointed  by  the 
Mayor  and  Common  Council.  He  is  required  to  visit  all  sick  persons  reported  to  the  Board  of 
Health,  or  to  the  Mayor  and  Commissioners  of  Health,  and  to  perform  such  other  professional 
duties  as  the  Board  ma^y  require. 

7.  The  Health  Commissioner,  appointed  in  like  manner,  is  required  to  assist  the 
Resident  Physician.' 

8.  The  Quarantine  Hospital  is  located  in  the  town  of  Castleton,  in  Richmond  co. ;  and 
vessels  detained  on  account  of  infectious  diseases  are  anchored  in  the  adjacent  waters,  or,  in 
sickly  seasons,  in  the  lower  bay.* 

9.  Harbor  Masters  are  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  Senate,  for  the  purpose  of  assign- 
ing piers  and  other  stations  for  landing  and  receiving  cargoes." 

10.  The  Port  Wardens  of  the  Port  of  Wew  York  are  appointed  by  the  Governor 
and  Senate,  for  the  purpose  of  inspecting  vessels  and  the  stowage  of  cargoes  and  of  estimating  all 
damages  to  the  same.     They  consist  of  a  Board  of  9  members,  one  of  whom  must  reside  in  Brook- 


SnrdUed  Tannage  of  tlie  U.  S.  engaged  in  tlie  Oiaiting  Trade  far 
different  periods. 

Tears. 

Tonnage. 

Years. 

Tonnage. 

Years. 

Tonnage. 

1816 
1R20 
1826 
1830 

435.066.87 
639,080.46 
687,273.07 
616,978,18 

1835 
1840 
1846 

792,301.20 
1,176,694.46 
1,190,898.27 

1S60 
1855 
1868 

1,730,410.84 
2,491,108,00 
2,361,596.72 

In  Juoe,  1858,  there  were,  of  email  vessels  under  20  tons 
licensed  for  the  coasting  trade,  189.21  tons  at  Sag  Harbor  and 
71.25  tons  at  Gn-enport. 

1  The  licenses  thus  granted  may  express  different  degrees  of 
qualification,  appropriate  to  different  branches  of  duty,  and  may 
be  revoked  at  pleasure.  Candidates  must  sustain  a  satisfactory 
examination  and  be  found  of  good  ch:uacter  and  temperate 
habits.  They  must  also  give  bonds  for  the  faithftil  discharge  of 
their  duties.  The  board  has  power  to  regulate  pilotage ;  and  the 
fees  of  pilots  are  fixed  by  law.  The  masters  of  vessels  of  under 
300  tons,  owned  by  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.  and  licensfd  in  the 
ex»a8ting  trade,  need  not  employ  a  pilot  unless  they  prefer.  If 
the  master  of  a  vessel  of  from  150  to  300  tons,  owned  and 
licensed  as  above,  be  desirous  of  piloting  his  own  vessel,  he 
may  obtain  a  license  from  the  Commissioners  of  Pilots  for  such 
purpos)'.  All  masters  of  foreign  vessels  and  vessels  from  a 
foreign  port,  and  all  vessels  sailing  under  register  by  way  of 
Sftudy  lluok,  are  required  to  take  a  licensed  pilot,  or.  if  they  re- 
fueo,  they  must  pay  the  pilotage  to  the  pilot  first  offering  his 
services.  Pilots  licensed  by  other  States  have  no  privileges  in 
this.  Candidates  for  recommendation  as  Ilellgate  pilots  must 
have  served  an  apprenticeship  of  3  years,  and  until  they  attain 
the  age  of  21  years,  must  have  served  2  years  after  as  deputy 
pilots  and  sustained  repeated  examinations  before  the  Board  of 
Wardens  in  the  presence  of  at  least  2  Hellgate  pilots. 

The  first  act  regulating  the  pilotage  of  New  York  was  passed 
in  1731;  and  since  that  period  this  service  has  been  conducted 
under  rules  and  penalties  established  by  the  Colony  or  Slate  of 
New  York.  All  special  laws  conceiuing  pilotage  by  the  way 
of  Sandy  Uoiik  were  repealed  in  1845.  The  present  law  was 
euacted  in  1853  and  amended  in  1854-57.     The  pilots  belonging 


upon  steamboats  are  licensed  by  mspectors  appointed  under  the 
Treasury  Drpartnient  of  the  U.  S.  Those  employed  in  conduct- 
ing vessels  by  way  of  Sandy  Hook  are  licensed  by  the  Board  of 
Commissioners  of  Piluts ;  and  those  by  way  of  Hellgate,  by  the 
Governor  and  Senate,  upon  recommendation  of  the  Board  of 
Wardens. 

2  Boards  of  Health  are  by  law  created  in  every  city,  incor- 
porated village,  and  town,  under  an  act  of  1850;  but  the  greater 
number  of  these  have  never  acted  officistlly.  In  towns  the 
Siipervisor  and  Justices  of  the  Peace  are  a  Board  of  Health,  and 
may  appoint  a  physician  as  health  officer. — Revised  Statutes,  btk 
Efiitirm,  II,  p.  53. 

3  The  Health  Officer  resides  at  quarantine,  has  general  direc- 
tion of  the  location  of  vessels  detained,  their  purification,  and 
the  dischaige  of  their  cargoes,  and  other  duties  connected  Avitli 
the  health  of  vessels  in  quarantine.  Ke  is  paid  by  fees,  and  re- 
ports to  the  Mayor  or  Commissioners  of  Health. 

*  This  officer  receives  all  moneys  applied  to  the  Marine  Hos- 
pital, aud  pays  all  demands  against  the  same  that  shall  have 
been  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  Commissioners  of  Health. 
He  reports  his  accounts  moutlily  to  the  Board  of  Health,  gives  a 
bond  of  $20,000  for  the  faithful  discharge  uf  his  duties,  and  re- 
ceives a  salary  of  $3,600.  to  be  paid  by  the  Commi.ssioners  of 
Emigration.  The  Board  of  Health  may  from  time  to  time  ap- 
point as  many  visiting,  hospital,  and  consulting  physicians  as 
may  be  deemed  proper,  and  may  also  fix  their  duties  and  com- 
pensation. 

6  The  Hospital  buildings,  destroyed  Sept.  1-2, 1858,  (see  page 
565.)  have  been  temporarily  rebuilt. 

The  removal  of  quarantine  to  sume  place  less  dangerous  to 
the  public  health  has  been  fully  shown  to  h^necessarii ;  but  the 
final  disposition  of  the  important  question  as  to  whither,  is  not 
settled.  The  only  available  place  i»r  the  construction  of  buiM- 
ings  seem  to  be  upon  some  of  the  shoals  in  the  lower  bay.  old 
Orchard  J^hoal,  on  which  the  water  is  from  1  to  3  fathoms  deep 
at  mean  low  tide,  has  been  proposed  for  this  purpose.  The  East 
Bank  and  Dry  Burner  Shoals  have  about  the  same  depth,  but 
are  more  exposed  to  the  open  sea. 

6  There  are  9  Harbor  Masters  in  New  York,  2  in  Brooklyn, 
and  1  in  Albany.  They  enforce  the  regulations  of  the  city 
authorities  relative  to  clearing  docks  and  preventing  nuisances 
or  obstructions.  They  are  paid  by  fees  and  report  the  amouat 
thereof  annually  to  the  Governor. 


COMMERCE. 


117 


lyn,  and  3  must  be  nautical  men.  They  choose  one  of  their  number  President,  appoint  a  Secretary, 
use  a  seal,  and  keep  an  office.  Thoy  are  exclusive  surveyors  of  vessels  damaged  or  wrecked,  or 
arriving  in  distress,  and,  when  called  upon,  judge  of  the  fitness  of  vessels  to  depart  upon  voyages. 
They  are  also,  upon  application,  required  to  estimate  the  value  or  measurement  of  vessels  -when 
the  same  is  in  dispute  or  libeled  ;  and  they  may  examine  goods  in  warehouses  that  have  been 
damaged  on  shipboard.  The  Board,  or  some  member  thereof,  must  attend  all  sales  of  vessels  or 
their  cargoes  condemned  and  in  a  damaged  state  ;  and  such  sales  by  auction  must  be  made  under 
the  direction  and  Vjy  order  of  the  Wardens,  and  are  exempt  from  auction  duties.^ 

The  Commissioners  of  Health  are  authorized  to  collect  of  the  masters  of  every  vessel  entering 
the  port  of  New  York  a  certain  tax,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Health  Office.^ 

Tlie  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Emigration,  consisting  of  the  Mayors  of  New 
York  and  Brooklyn,  the  Presidents  of  theGerman  Society  and  Irish  Emigrant  Society,  and  6  Com- 
missioners appointed  by  the  Governor  and  Senate,  have  charge  of  the  interests  of  immigrants 
whea  they  first  arrive  at  New  York.^ 

Tiie  Marine  Court  of  tlie  City  of  JVew  YorK  has  jurisdiction  in  civil  cases  arising 
between  persons  engaged  in  maritime  affairs,  where  the  sum  in  dispute  does  not  exceed  $500.* 

Canadian  Trade. — The  revenues  collected  on  the  Canada  frontier,  in  some  periods,  have 
fallen  short  of  the  cost  of  collecting  them.  The  Reciprocity  Treaty  of  1854  admits  the  greater  part 
Df  articles  the  produce  of  the  U.  S.  and  B.  A.  into  each  country  respectively  free  of  duty.^ 


1  The  Wardens  are  paid  by  fees  and  percentages  upon  sales. 
Si'ecial  Wardens  are  appointed  to  reyjde  at  quarantine.  Tbey 
report  to  tlie  Board  of  Wardens  of  N.  Y.,  and  have  jurisdiction 
as  wardens  over  vessels  detained  in  quarantine.  The  Board 
of  Port  Wardens  reports  annually  to  the  Comptroller  a  state- 
ment of  its  receipts  and  expenses,  with  an  affidavit  of  each 
memher  and  of  the  Secretary  that  they  have  not  received 
directly  or  indirectly  any  moneys  except  their  legal  fees. 

2  Under  an  act  passed  in  March,  ISOl.  the  amount  of  this  tax 
was  fixed  at  $1.50  for  every  cabin  and  75  cts.  for  every  steerage 
passenger,  mate,  and  mariner.  In  1813  the  tax  was  fixed  at 
$1.50  for  every  captain  and  cabin  passenger;  $1.00  for  every 
Bteenige  passenger  and  mariner  of  foreign  vessels ;  and  25  cts. 
for  master,  mate,  and  sailor  of  every  coasting  vessel.  The 
moneys  thus  paid,  after  supporting  the  Marine.IIospital  at  Quar- 
antine and  contingencies  and  yielding  $8,000  annually  to  the 
Society  for  the  Reform  of  Juvenile  Delinquents,  was  invested  by 
the  Comptroller  aa  the  "Marine  Fund."  In  1831  the  Board  of 
J'rusteea  of  the  Seamen's  Fund  and  Retreat  was  created,  under 
^■hose  direction  the  present  establishment  known  as  the  '■  Sea- 
jien's  Retreat,"  on  Staten  Island,  more  particularly  described 
on  page  566,  has  since  been  managed.  Of  the  44,932  admitted 
up  to  .Ian.  1, 1859,  80  per  cent,  were  discharged  cured.  Si  per 
cent,  were  relieved,  3  per  cent,  were  discharged  by  request,  and 
4J  per  cent.  died. 

3  The  master  of  every  vessel  bringing  passengers  from  foreign 
countries  must  give  a  bond  of  $300,  conditioned  that  such  per- 
Bons  shall  not  become  chargeable  for  support  wilhln  6  years. 
They  may  commute  this  bond  by  paying  $'2  upon  ertcli  padsenger, 
of  which  sum  ^  is  set  apart  for  the  counties  other  than  N.Y. 
toward  the  support  of  emigrants  in  the  several  counties.  For 
every  lunatic,  idiot,  deaf  and  dumb,  blind,  maimed,  or  infirm 
person,  and  every  widow  with  children,  or  person  over  60  years 
of  age,  and  liable  to  become  a  public  charge,  a  bond  of  $oOU  is 
required. 

The  Commissioners  of  Emigration  have  a  large  establish- 
ment on  Wards  Island  for  the  support  of  the  sick,  infirm, 
and  destitute,  and  have  leased  Castle  Garden  as  a  general  land- 
ini;  place.  Emigrants  may  here  purchase  tickets  for  any  part 
of  the  Union,  and  procure  puch  articles  as  they  may  stand  in 
uc<id  of,  without  encountering  the  horde  of  faithless  agents  and 
mercenary  runners  that  formerly  proved  the  scourge  of  immigra- 
tion  and   the  disgrace  of  the  city.    The    Marine  Hospital   at 


Quarantine  was  placed  under  these  Commissioners  in  1847.  See 
pages  116,  427,  665. 

*  These  actions  may  be  for  compensation  for  the  performance, 
or  damages  for  the  violation,  of  a  contract  for  services  on  board 
a  vessel  during  a  voyage  performed  in  wliole  or  in  part,  or  in- 
tended to  be  performed,  by  the  vessel ;  or  for  assault  and  battery, 
false  imprisonment,  or  other  injury  committed  on  hoard  a  ves- 
sel upon  the  high  seas,  and  not  coming  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  U.  S.  District  Courts.  The  Marine  Court  is  held  daily, 
except  on  Sundays  and  holidays;  and  its  Justices,  throe  in  num- 
ber, are  elected  for  a  term  of  4  years,  and  enter  upon  their 
duties  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  May  after  their  election.  Their 
Clerk  is  appointed  by  the  Supervisors,  and  their  salary  is  fixed 
by  the  Common  Council  and  cannot  be  incieased  during  their 
term  of  office. 

The  State  Government,  before  the  adoption  of  the  Federal 
Constitution,  had  instituted  a  court  of  Admiralty:  but  in  1789 
it  surreudered  these  powers  to  the  Gpneral  Government,  and 
they  have  since  been  exercised  by  the  District  Court  of  the  U.  S. 
Suits  for  salvage,  and  other  questions  arising  in  the  sale  of 
wrecked  property,  are  decided  in  this  court. 

The  Governor' appoints  15  Wreck  Masters  in  Suffolk.  12  in 
Queens.  3  in  Kings,  2  in  Richmond,  and  2  in  Westchester  COK. 
These  officers  have,  with  coroners  and  sheriffs,  the  custody  of 
wrecks  and  property  cast  ashore  by  the  sea.  Such  property 
belongs  to  the  oveners.  and  may  be  recovered  by  paying  reason- 
able salvage  and  in  due  course  of  law. 
6  Impm-tsfriym  Caiiada  duty  free  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1858. 

DistHct.  Tiilue. 

Champlain $1,409,819 

Oswegatchio 9;i4.708 

Cape  Vincent 1,210,351 

S.icke(B  Uarbor 2.892 

Oswego 1,859.798 

Genesee 263,-574 

Niagara 786,070 

Buffalo  Creek l..TiO,820 

New  York 6-Zi.om 

Total  in  New  York 7.!ns,oa2 

Total  in  United  States 14,752,256 


Statistics  of  the  several  Collection  Districts  upon  the  Canada  Frontier  for  different  periods. 

CoLiscnoN  District. 

1830  to  1848 

QS  years.) 

1848  to  1851 

,  (3  yeare.) 

1851  to  1854,  (3  years.) 

Gross 
Revenut. 

Expmsfs  of 
Oilkctiort. 

Oross 
Revenue. 

Exposes  of 
CoUectton. 

Gross 
Rervemie. 

Expenses  of 
Collection. 

$192.877.S0 
63,201.74 
21.ft49.98 
13.9S3.04 
206.7S9.84 
133,019.97 
63,527.07 
160,437.60 

$130,938.88 
116.874.47 

78.437.26 
106,492.84 
l.W,.5ln.67 

S(),9.'i4  47 
117.9+3.82 
197,653.80 

$133,326.68 
42,842.41 
22,410.78 
16.603  54 

273.173.92 
45,.324.66 
44,076.44 

148,740.03 

$22,966.22 
16,002.22 
14.222.58 
27,000.96 
38.210.43 
13,366.47 
21,277.69 
49,601.19 

$297,601.76 
98,754.11 
84,577.74 
21.204.23 
389.711.03 
29.430.52 
74,641.69 
263,222.58 

$32,267.44 
21,416.80 
22,9:15.52 
22.164,23 
48,211.98 
21,sii(l.2S 
2.'-|,6ia.04 
49,473.89 

Siickets  Harbor. 

BnffHlo 

118 


NEW  YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


As  the  only  avenue  to  the  sea  which  Canada  possesses  is  closed  by  ice  during  about  five  months 
in  the  year,  the  foreign  trade  of  that  country  in  winter  must  seek  other  avenues;  and,  from  the 
acknowledged  superiority  of  New  York  as  a  commercial  point,  a  large  part  of  the  trade  is  through 
that  port.  Over  half  the  vessels  that  arrive  in  Quebec  come  in  ballast ;  while  none  leave  port 
without  cargoes  of  timber  or  other  commodities  of  the  country.  This  renders  the  outward  freights 
disproportionately  high  ;  and,  although  vessels  may  load  in  the  upper  lakes  and  pass  without  tran- 
shipment down  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  difference  of  ocean  freights  makes  it  cheaper  to  send  by  the 
canals  to  New  York. 

The  number  of  vessels  and  amount  of  tonnage  employed  upon  the  great  lakes  have  been 
rapidly  increasing  for  the  last  10  years.  In  the  several  collection  districts  of  this  State,  the 
ratio  of  increase  has  been  much  greater  in  ports  where  railroads  terminate.' 


'  Arrivals  and  Tonnage  of  the  several  Districts  bordering  upon  Canada  during  a  series  of 

nine  years. 


ChampIalD 

08wegati-hie 

Cape  Vincent 

Sacketa  Harbor., 


Genesee 

Niagara 

Buffalo  Creek,. 
Dunkirk 


380 
2S1 
279 
1,657 
215 
981 
722 


107,957 
196,915 
156,351 
163,169 
195,793 
40,077 
173,286 
108,337 


636 
318 
230 
1,.699 
2.32 
624 
664 


89.842 
2,50,492 
208.186 
166,748 
216,4U 

46,924 
220,628 

96,290 


1852. 


340 

798 
197 
218 
1,731 
264 
691 
759 


22.638 
341,188 

95.548 
146,169 
234.625 

38,903 
213,613 
106.464 


663 

1,001 

9.19 

1.39 

2.243 

296 

696 

1,037 


31,836 
701.560 
4.'.1.587 

87,768 
274.307 

63.660 
219,241 
149,366 


585 
482 
1,034 
77 
693 
286 
584 
792 


67,721 

273,272 

471.677 

54,670 

65.213 

61.671 

236,051 

137 .088 


DiSTEICT. 


1865. 


•3 


Champlain 

Oswegatchie 

Cape  Vincent.... 
Sacketa  Harbor, 

Oswego 

Geoesee 

Niagara 

Buffalo  Creek..., 
Dunkirk 


397 
600 

1.278 
209 

1.617 
286 
636 
816 


26,129 
249,909 
657,840 
126,496 
166,641 

86.063 

209,646 

162,540 

476 


862 
636 

1,240 
193 

1,866 
338 
663 

1,002 


64,367 
820,834 
749,787 
135,442 
314.6.57 
109,881 
166,893 
166,020 


1,0,63 
644 

1,128 
174 

1.815 

363 

671 

837 

3 


74,710 
320,505 
661.025 
128,686 
263,007 
116.411 
238,019 
118.377 
300 


1,100 
398 

1,018 
110 

1,643 
208 
616 

1,153 


78.266 
170,667 
656,408 

80.417 
193,691 

67.330 

2,64,195 

44S.78a 

1,180 


fbmmerce  of  Oxnada  with  the  TTnitrd  States  since  1850,  as  sJunon 
by  the  Canadian  Official  Reports. 


Value  of  Erprirts  from 

Valm  of  Imports  into 

ChTiada. 

Oinada, 

In  1860 

54,961.169.58 

$6,694,860.49 

"  18.51 

4,071,544.65 

8.365.766.25 

"  1852 

6,284,621.75 

8,467.693.27 

"  1863 

10.726,465.15 

11.782.147.40 

"  1864 

10,418,880.69 

15,633.097.94 

"  1866 

20,002.290.95 

20.S25.+32.44 

"  1866 

20,218,652.66 

22.704.509.06 

"  1857 

13,206.436.10 

20.224,660.97 

Oomm^ce  of  United  States  with  Canada  f-tr  a  series  of  yearSt  as 

shown 

by  t/ie  U.  S.  OJicial  Reports 

Years. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Foreign. 

Domestic. 

Total. 

1852 

$3  8.53.919 

$6,666,097 

$10,509,016 

$6,110,299 

1863 

6.736,556 

7.404.087 

13.140.642 

",.550,718 

1854 

9„362.716 

16.204144 

24.666.860 

8.927.560 

1865 

11.999,373 

15.806.642 

27,806,020 

16,136.734 

1856 

6,314.652 

22,714.697 

29.029.349 

21,310,421 

1867 

4.326,369 

19.936.113 

24,262.482 

22,124.296 

1858 

4,012,768 

19,(38,969 

23,651,727 

16,806,519 

Arrivals  and  Clearances  for  the  several  Collection  Districts  for  1858. 

District. 

NUMBER   OF   VESSELS. 

TONNAGE.                              1 

Entered. 

Cleared. 

Entered. 

Cleared. 

1 

.1 

1 

.1 

1 

5 

623 
160 
439 
110 
410 
31 
128 
680 
1 

477 
248 
679 

1,133 

177 

488 

473 

6 

623 
163 
434 
106 
382 
39 
104 
721 

477 
248 
579 

1,129 
175 
488 
460 

44.590 

119,W9 

356,972 

80,417 

60,367 

3,207 

101,817 

369,433 

80 

33,666 
61,018 
198,436 

44.690 

131.727 

354,943 

75,191 

60.999 

8.602 

77,440 

375.432 

117 

33.666 

51.018 

198,436 

132.065 
52,S26 

162.318 

77.44S 

1,000 

ia3,324 
64.123 

162,378 

79,353 

1,100 

Buffalo  Creek 

Dunkirk 

2 

3 

The  above  indicates  bnt  a  part  of  the  commerce  of  thes^  dis-  I  not  entered  upon  the  custom  house  booka  is  much  larger  in 
tficta.  It  is  probable  that  the  amount  of  coasting  trade  which  is  1  each  district  than  that  here  gi?en. 


COMMERCE. 


119 


The  canals  and  rail  roads  of  Canada  terminating  upon  our  frontiers  are  intimately  connected 
with  the  commercial  prosperity  of  this  State;  and  a  notice  of  their  extent  and  capacity  is  necessary 
to  a  full  understanding  of  our  commercial  possibilities.* 

CuNtoni  lIouNes  have  been  erected  by  the  General  Government  at  New  York,  Plattsburgh, 
Oswego,  and  Buffalo ;  and  a  site  has  been  purchased  at  Ogdensburgh.  These  edifices  are  built  of 
stone,  fireproof,  and  are  generally  fine  specimens  of  architecture.  Efforts  have  been  made  to 
secure  the  erection  of  similar  buildings  at  Rochester,  Sackets  Harbor,  Albany,  Brooklyn,  and 
Sag  Harbor,  but  so  far  without  success.'^ 


1.  The.  Weliand  Canal  extends  from  Port  Colbnrne,  on  Liike 
Erie,  to  Port  Dnihoiisie,  on  Lnke  OntHrin.  It  has  a  fefder  brnnch 
10  Dnniisville.  on  Grand  River,  and  another  from  the  fef^der  to 
Port  Maitland.  It  passes  sloops,  schooners,  and  propi-Uer^  of  a 
capacity  of  400  tons.  In  1856  its  tolls  anmuntod  to  $2t)l,568.13; 
in  isir  to  5*232,437 ^S;  and  in  1N58  to  §207.771.52. 

TJie  Ridcait  Crmtl  was  built  as  a  niiUtAry  work  by  thp  Homo 
Government  and  transferred  some  years  eince  to  the  Province. 
It  extends  from  Kiu;iston  to  Ottawa,  most  of  the  way  along  the 
channel  of  rivers.  Ita  total  lemrtb  is  12t>  miles.  It  rises  from 
Kingston  to  thp  summit  165  feet  by  13  locks,  and  descends  to 
the  Ottawa  2&2  feet  by  .3i  locks.  Its  total  cost  was  $3,800,000. 
The  Gah>i*pe,  Pmnt  Iroguois.  Rapid  Ptat,  Fiirra?is  Pi/int,  Corn' 
wall,  Beattharrtnis^  and  Lachmi'  6ina^5 extend  around  the  rapids 
on  the  St.  Lawrence.  Steamers  usually  pass  down  the  rapids,  but 
must  return  by  the  canals  and  pay  toll  both  ways.    Sail  vessels 


pass  both  np  and  down  by  canal.  These  canals  afford  navipa- 
tiun  d'^wn  to  Montreal,  to  which  point  ships  c^me  np  from  the 
si'a.  The  totjil  fall  by  river  without  locks  is  204J  feet  to  Montrt-al 
and  133  feet  thence  to  tide  water  at  Three  Hirers.  The  rapids 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  have  been  surveyed  with  the  design  of 
dti'pcniu.,^  llii'Mi  ti)  aff.ird  a  channel  200  feet  wide  and  10  feet 
di:fp,  but  nutbtng  further  has  been  done.  These  surveys  mako 
Lake  Erie  534J  feet  above  tide. 

Chambly  Canal  extends  from  the  foot  of  navigation  on  Lake 
Cliamplain  to  Chambly  Basin,  and  witli  a  lock  at  St.  Ours,  upon 
Richlieu  Hirer,  completes  the  line  of  n :ivi'::ation  from  the  lake 
to  the  St.  Lawrence.  A  ship  canal  has  recently  been  proposed 
between  these  important  navigable  waters. 

The  amount  of  tonnage  on  these  canals,  in  which  this  State 
is  interested,  is  very  large;  and  in  the  Welland  Canal  more  tbaa 
half  the  duties  are  paid  by  American  vessels. 


Statistics  of  the  Business  of  the  Canadian  Canals  for  two  years. 


WELL.1ND  Canal. 

St.  Lawrence  Canai. 

Chamdm  Canai. 

1856. 

1867. 

1866. 

1867. 

1866. 

1857. 

276.919 

699,637 

31,3.34 

62.100 

34,716 

116,6S2 

200,373 

341,225 

245,256 
655,816 
67,476 
29.128 
137.574 
163,217 
280,546 
245,256 

131,430 

603.106 

6,274 

33,888 

6.380 

16,612 

213 

S06 

134,382 

469,270 

4,493 

30,306 

9,328 

3,765 

17 

30 

107,878 
21,788 
96,868 

16,741 
725 

112,634 
21,053 
107,925 

18,272 
166 

Canadian  to  American  porta,  up 

"                    "             "      down 

"                   "             "      down 

"                    "             "      down. 

Revenues  from  tolls  on  property 

£       s.  d. 

59,408  10    7 

6,108    3  11 

88    7    6 

440    1    3 

1,967    4    4 

£        s.    d. 

62.2,M  16    6 

6,919    9    7 

82    3    2 

155    0    0 

1,504    6    7 

£        s.    d. 

16.813  13    6 

1.978    a    5 

638  16    4 

910    7  10 

1,042  10    0 

£        I.   d. 

13,741  10    8 

1,898    8  11 

579  10    4 

203  10    4 

1,503  19  10 

£       s.  d 

2,407    9    9 

432  16    1 

6  18    4 

£       s.  d. 

2,577    6    8 

443  19  10 

10  11    0 

60  10    4 

28    6    0 

"             "     passengers 

"              "     fines  

"              "      rents... 

Statistics  nf  the  Canadian  Canals. 


-- 

it 

■§5 

1 

24 
3 
1 

1 

47 
2 
1 
o 

1 
7 
9 
5 
9 
1 

1 

fa 

Ske  of  Locks. 

Width  op 
Canal. 

Casals. 

S  »  g  S 

■51  Sg 

P 

1 

1 
^ 

1 

t 
^ 

£ 

Welland 

2S| 
21 

U 

126J 

3 

4 

} 

Hi 
iij 

8i 
IH 

}330{ 

8 
457 
8 
6 
lU 

4 
48 
82} 

m 

74 
6 

150 
200 
150 

200 
134 

200 
200 
200 

200 
200 
200 
200 
120 
200 

26i 

45 

26i 

45 
33 
45 
45 
45 

45 
4.5 
45 
46 
24 
45 

8i 

9 

8i 

9 
5 
9 
9 
9 

9 
9 
9 
9 
6 
6 

}45 
35 

46 

"m 

60 
60 

60 
100 
80 
80 
36 

J  81 

in 

85 

Brnad     Creek 
Branch 

75 

go 

Point  Iroquois 
Rapid  Plat...-. 
Far  ran  8 
Point 

90 
90 

90 

Cornwall 

Beauharnois... 

150 
120 

Chambly 

St.  Ours  (lock) 

60 

It  has  been  proposed  to  build  a  ship  canal  from  Lake  Huron 
to  Lake  Ontario  at  Toronto,  by  way  of  Lake  Simcne,  80  mi.  A 
cutting  to  allow  Lake  Simcoo  to  pass  southward  would  not  ex- 
ceed 175  ft.  in  depth;  and  in  the  S  mi.  survt-yed  the  principal 
obstacles  would  not  average  over  40  ft.  It  has  been  pstimated 
that  the  cost  for  a  canal  120  ft.  wide  at  bottom,  and  13*5  ft.  nt 
snrfaf.e,  12  ft.  deep,  with  64  double  locks  50  ft.  wide,  and  250  ft- 
long,  would  be  $20,051,000,  and  that  it  could  be  constructed  in 
6  years. 

Grmt  Wst^rn  Rnihvaij  of  Canada,  from  Suspension  Bridjeto 
■Wind-^or.  229  mi.,  and  thence  by  ferry  to  Detroit,  was  opened 
Jan.  27. 1854.  Branches  extend  from  Hamilton  to  Toronto,  38 
mi.;  from  Harrisburgh  *o  Onelph.  23}  mi.;  from  Pn-ston  to 
Berlio.  10^  ml, ;  and  from  Kamoka,  near  London,  to  Port  Sar- 
Dla,  6Uiiii, 


Buffalo  <£•  Lake  Huron  Railway  extends  from  Fort  Erie,  oj^ 
posite  Buffalo,  to  Godorich  Harbor,  on  Lake  Huron,  165  mi. 

Erie  d-  Ontario  Railway  extends  from  Chippewa  to  Niagara, 
17  miles. 

JVdland  Railway,  from  Fort  Dalhousie  to  Port  Colborne,  27 
mi«  is  on  the  eve  of  completion. 

Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Oinarfaextends  from  Portland,  Me., 
and  Quebec  to  Richmond,  and  thence  to  Montreal,  Toronto,  and 
Port  Sarnia,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Huron.  More  than  700  mi.  of 
this  road  are  finished.  A  branch  extends  from  Belleville  to 
Peterborough,  50  mi ,  and  others  are  proposed. 

Ontario,  ^simcoe  <&  Huron  Railway  extends  from  Toronto  to 
Collingwood,  on  Georgian  Bay.  95  mi. 

Cohurg  rfr  Peterbornugk  Railway  is  284  nii.  long,  with  privi- 
lege of  extending  to  Marmora  Iron  Workii. 

Ottawa  (£■  Prcicott  Railway  extends  from  Prescottto  Ottawa 
City.  54  mi. 

M'mtrail  <£  New  York  R.  R.  extends  from  Montreal  to  La- 
chine.  8  mi.,  and  thence  by  ferry,  2  mi.,  always  open,  to  Caugh- 
nawaga,  the  terminus  of  a  road  leading  to  Plattsburgh,  52  mi. 
This  line  is  now  united  with  the  Chainplain  d-  St.  I^iwrenre  R. 
R..  from  St.  Lambert,  opposite  Montreal,  to  Rouses  Point.  44 
mi  :  and  the  consolidated  company  is  known  as  the  M'mtreal  rf 
Champlain  RaU  Road  Co. 

3  Custom  Houses  of  New  York. 


Place. 


New  York 

Plattsburgh..., 
I  Ogdensburgh.. 

Oswego 

Buffalo 


Total  New  York.. 
Total  U.  States.... 


Total  appro- 
priatian. 


$1,068,743 
99.900 
118.000 
131,100 
290  000 


$1,707,743 


Of  site. 


$270.(H}0 

5.000 

8.000 

12.000 

40.000 


$335,000 


$24,104,799  I     $3,388,827 


Total. 


$1,105,313.57 
86,443.73 

""121.092.89 
191.680.08 


$1,604,530.27 


$10,529,951.72 


120 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


]IIa,rine  Hospitals* — Since  1778,  every  American  seaman  has  been  taxed  20  cents  per 
month  for  a  Hospital  Fund  ;  and  in  return  he  is  entitled  in  case  of  sickness  to  assistance  and  support 
from  the  revenues  thus  collected.  This  fund  is  in  charge  of  the  U.  S.  Government,  and  is  entirely 
independent  of  the  various  State  and  private  hospital  funds  of  New  York  Citj.^ 

Li ^ht  Houses* — The  United  States  Government  has  erected  62  light  houses,  lighted  beacons, 
and  floating  lights  -within  the  State  of  New  York,  for  the  benefit  of  navigation.  Of  these,  3  are 
upon  the  seacoast,  15  upon  Long  Island  Sound,  4  within  the  Harbor  of  New  York,  16  upon  Hudson 
River,  3  upon  Lake  Champlain,  14  upon  Lake  Ontario  and  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  7  upon  Lake 
Erie.  The  Government  has  also  erected  buoys,  spindles,  beacons,  and  other  signals  to  indicate 
channels  or  to  point  out  dangerous  localities.^ 


The  Bite  for  the  New  York  Custom  House  was  purchased  Jan. 
9, 1833,  the  building  was  completed  Feb.  22,  184'2:  it  is  used  for 
a  custom  house  only.  The  site  for  the  Platteburgh  Custom 
House  was  purchased  Nov.  22, 1S56,  the  building  was  completed 
May  19.  1858:  it  is  used  for  a  custom  house,  post  office,  and 
courthouse.  The  site  for  the  Ogdensburgh  Custom  House  was 
purchased  Jan.  20, 1857. the  building  has  not  been  commenced: 
it  is  designed  to  be  used  for  a  custom  house,  post  office,  and 
courthouse.  The  site  for  the  Oswego  Custom  House  was  pur- 
chased Dec.  15,  1854,  the  building  was  completed  Sept.  1,  1858  : 
it  is  used  for  a  custom  house  and  post  office.  The  site  for  the 
Buffalo  Custom  House  was  purchased  Jan.  26, 1855,  the  building 
was  completed  July  12, 186S :  it  is  used  for  a  custom  house,  post 
office,  and  courtlii.iuse. 

The  Custom  Houwe  in  New  York  occupied  before  the  present 
one  was  finished  was  erected  in  1816.  at  a  cost  of  $928,312  96. 
In  1850  the  only  custom  house  building  in  the  State  belonging 
to  the  United  States  was  at  New  York  City.  On  the  19th  of 
Feb.  1857,  the  Federal  Government  purchased  a  site  for  stores 
at  Atlantic  docks,  Brooklyn,  for  $100,000;  but  as  yet  no  use  has 
been  made  of  it. 

1  The  Federal  GoverniuenI"  has  built  34  marine  hospitals, 
none  of  which  are  in  this  State.  Those  entitled  to  aid  are 
supported  in  this  State  in  private  families  or  local  hospitals. 
The  numt)er  of  seamen  relieved  and  supported  in  the  several 


collection  districts  in  the  year  end 
follows : — 

iDg  June  30 

1858,  wu  aa 

Collection  Dis- 
imcT. 

1 
0 

■s 

Total  p_x- 
peiiditurts. 

Hospital 

•money  coir 

kcted. 

Sag  Harbor 

New  York 

Champlain 

Oswegatchie 

Cape  Vincent... 
Sackets  Harbor 

"824 

"*i'6 

86 

""4 

76 

■9M 
■"12 

98 

■■■■■3 

86 

"2 
"i 

$         19.19 

22,48i).94 

403.81 

15.15 

$     289.63 

42.576.78 

412.60 

544.93 

253.60 

60.70 

975.42 

98.00 

92.19 

2,320.50 

269.88 

142.15 
3,632.21 

183.86 
3,770.92 

Bufialn  Creek... 

Total  New  York 
Total  U.  States.. 

1.000 

1,123 

3 

$30,653.23 

$47,894.13 

10.703 

9.444 

SSI 

$358,020.53 

$161,161.82 

'  Light  Houses, 


Name. 


Montauk 

North  Dumpling  .... 

Little  Gull    Island.. 

Gardners  Island 

Plum  Island 

Cedar  Island 


Hortons  Point 

Stratford  Pt.  Vessel... 

Oldfield  Point 

Batons  Neck 

Lloyds  Harbor 

Great  Captains  Island 

Execution  Uocka 

Sands  Point 

Throgga  Neck 


Location. 


Great  West  Bay- 
Fire  Island 


Swash  Channel  Bea- 
con. 

Princess  Bar 

Fort  Tompkins 

Robhins  Reef 


Stony  Point 

West  Point 

£sopu8  Meadows.. 

Rondout 


f  E.  point  of  S-Branch, ) 
1     L.I I 

Fishers  Island  Sound... 
fa.  side  main  en-l 
\     trance  Sound j" 

N.  point  Island 

w.  end  Plum  Island 

Entrance  Sag  Hai'bor... 


N.  side  of  Southold 

f Middle  ground  of) 
\     Stratford  Shoals..  J 

Brookhaven 

E.  of  Huntington  Bay... 

Entrance  of  harbor 

Near  Greenwich  Point.. 

Off  Sands  Point 

E.  of  C-ow  Bay 

N.E.side  of  Fort  Schuyler 

("Pon'iuogue  Point) 
•{     N.  of  Shinnecock  > 

[      Bay „ J 

E.  of  Fire  Island  Inlet... 


daugerties .. 


L 


Staten  Island,  near  1 
Elm    Tree    Station.]" 

8.  of  Staten  Island 

w.  of  Narrows 

Off  Tompkinsville 

J  w.  side  entrance  \ 
\     Narrows | 

Gees  Point,  w.  side 

Opposite  Esopus,  w.  side 
(  Mud  flat.  s.  of  N.  en-"| 

•I     trance   creek  w.  > 

I      of  river j 

/w.  of  river,  N.  ofl 
t     Saugerties J 


n 


if 


Flashing  ... 
Fixed  

Revolving 
Fixed 

2  « 

« 

Revolving 
Fixed  

a 
Revolving 


2  Fixed..., 

Flashing.., 
Fixed  


White 

85 

Red 

"h 

56 

Brown 

White 

27 
34 
31 

Red 

10 

Straw  col.. 

32 

White 

34 
66 
34 
34 
42 
41 
61 

Brick 

160 

Yellow 

150 

White,  red. 

White 

33 

48 
61 

"     

150 

"  :!:::: 

32 
32 

"  

32 

« 

37 

fe 


1795 

1848 

1806 

1865 
1827 
1839 

1857 

1837 

1823 
1798 
1867 
1829 
1848 
1809 
1826 


1857 
1858 


1828 
1828 
1839 


1853 
1839 


1857 
1865 
1867 


1S66 
1866 


18.=i5 
1857 

1868 
1856 
1856 
1856 


18.57 
18.55 
1855 


1864 
1854 


Remarla. 


f  Fresnel  lens ;  flash 
\     2  min. 

Fog  hell.    Machine. 

Fl.ish  30  sec. 
LiRht     on     keeper^s 
house. 

f  2   reflector    lights. 
\     Fog  beU. 


Fog  hell.    Machine. 
Flash  30  Bee. 
Fog  Pell.    Machine  7 
per  min. 


First      light     house 
built  in  1826. 


Fog  bell. 


On  keeper's  house. 


COMMERCE. 


121 


liifeboat  Stations  have  also  been  established  by  the  General  Government  upon  the  sea- 
coast  and  great  lakes.  On  the  shores  of  Long  Island  and  the  adjacent  islands  are  30  lifeboat  sta- 
tions, the  iirst  of  which  were  established  about  1850.  Each  of  these  consists  of  a  house,  containing 
a  lifeboat,  boat  wagon,  life  cars,  mortar  for  throwing  lines,  and  every  fixture  that  could  be  used  in 
affording  aid  to  vessels  in  distress.  The  houses  are  furnished  with  stoves  for  warming  them  when 
necessary,  and  with  fuel  and  matches  for  kindling  a  fire  on  short  notice.  They  are  each  intr\istcd 
to  a  local  agent,  and  are  under  the  general  care  of  a  superintendent  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury.     Their  location  is  indicated  on  the  map. 

Coast  Survey. — A  survey  of  the  coast,  with  soundings  of  its  adjacent  waters,  was  ordered 
by  the  General  Government  about  50  years  since;  but  many  years  were  necessarily  employed  in 
making  preliminary  arrangements.  Active  surveys  were  begun  about  1832,  and  during  the 
last  15  years  they  have  been  prosecuted  with  great  effect.  The  triangulationa  of  this  survey 
are  conducted  with  great  precision,  and  extend  up  all  rivers  navigable  from  the  sea  as  far  as 
tide  flows. 


Light  Houses,  continued. 


NA3IE. 


Location. 


s^ 

? 

3 

^ 

„; 

It 
II 

"fe- 

I"! 

1 

1- 

1 

I- 
1 

Fixed 

White 

32 

38 

1854 

6 

"   

"  

32 

38 

1851 

1854 

6 

« 

«  

20 

35 

1854 

6 

« 

« 

32 

38 

1829 

1854 

6 

« 

a 

Zl 

38 

1829 

1854 

fi 

tl 

"   

20 

21 

25 

1854 
1857 

6 

6 

"     

'*   

25 
25 

1867 
1S67 

6 

6 

(( 

« 

20 

■21 

1864 

6 

«     

«   

15 

15 

1854 

6 

« 

«   

32 

100 

1838 

1856 

4 

"     

« 

38 

65 

1837 
18.57 

1856 

5 
4 

"     

White 

27 

30 

1834 

1855 

4 

"     

(( 

25 

37 

1847 

1855 

4 

« 

« 

28 

31 

1847 

1865 

6 

« 

«  

27 

39 

1847 

1855 

6 

« 

(( 

47 

67 

1827 

4 

«     

"  

h\ 

69 

1820 

1857 

4 

"     

"  

34 

42 

1831 

1857 

6 

Revolving. 

tl 

34 

39 

1837 

1867 

5 

Fixed 

«  

46 

49 

1838 

1855 

6 

» 

u 

4.5 

69 

1837 

1855 

4 

ReTolving 

t( 

60 

64 

1825 

1868 

4 

Fixed 

"  

37 

81 

1822 

1865 

4 

(( 

(( 

22 

28 

1822 

1865 

fi 

« 

« 

41 

78 

1813 

1867 

4 

«  

l( 

IS 

25 

1853 

6 

Flnahing... 

«  

50 

60 

1856 

4 

Fixed 

« 

61 

65 

1828 

is67 

S 

"   

(t 

35 

44 

1847 

6 

Flashing... 

«  

60 

87 

1837 

1867 

3 

Fixed 

«  

25 

40 

1837 

1854 

6 

« 

40 

80 

1829 

1867 

4 

R^marlcs. 


Catskin  Reach  ..., 

Prymea  Hook 

Fovcr  Mile  Point.. 


Coxsackie 

Stuyvesant 

New  Biiltimore , 

Fire  Hook  Island... 

Coeymana  Bar 

Pch(^d.ick  Channel.. 
Cow  Island 


Van  Wiea  Point 

Split  Rock 

Cumberland  Head.. 

Poiut  au  Roche 

Ogdensburgh 

Croaa  Over  Island... 


Snnken  Rock.. 
Rock  Island..., 


TibbettS  Point.. 

Qalloo  Island..., 
Horse  Island.... 


Stony  Point 

Salmon  River.. 


Oflwego 

BigSodusBay.. 
Genesee 


Geneeee  Beacon.. 
Niagara  Fort 


Black  Rock  Beacon.. 

Horse  Shoe  Reef. 

Buffalo 


Cattaraugua 

Dunkirk 

Dunkirk  Beacon  . 
Barcelona 


rUalf   way    Athens^ 

<  and  Catskill.  e.  of  V 
(     river. ) 

2^1.  N.  Hudson,  E.  side 
(w.   side.   Half  way) 

<  Athens  and  Cox-  >■ 

(    aackie J 

J  w.  side.  N.  end  of\ 
(     Cow  Island / 

E.side 

E.  side  on  island 

Calvers  Plat  Island 

N.  end  Poplar  Island 

W.  side  Mulls  Plat 

E.  side  near  Castleton... 
f  E.  of  dike  below  Al- ) 
1     bauy.    w. side.... J 

Near  Essex 

Near  Piattsbnrgh 

w.  of  Lake  Chaniplain.. 

Mouth  of  Oswegatchie.. 

Above  Oak  Point 


!In  front  of  Alexan- 1 
dria  Bay j 
ear  Mullet  Creek 


fEnti 


trance  of  St.Law-  \ 

reuce j" 

side  island 

Near  Sackela  Harbor ... 


On  Stony  Point 

N.  side  entrance  harbor. 


(Near  head  Niagara") 

t      River J 

Entrance  Niagara  River 

8.  pier.    Harbor 

J  w.  pier.  Cattaraugus  ) 

1      Creek / 

Harbor 

Pier  w.  side  harbor 

Portland  or  Barcelona.. 


w.  pier  harbor 14 

w,  of  Sodua  Harbor 13 

w.  of  entrance  to  river..    14 


End  of  w.  pier 

Outlet  of  Niagara  River. 


On  keeper's  booBe. 


Building.    {1S5S.) 
Light      on     keeper's 

house. 
Light     on     keeper'^ 

house. 


Light     on     keeper's 
house.  I 


1  mi 

keepei,''s 

keeper's 
keeper's 


Rebudt  1854. 

Shoal  N.  w. 
Light     on 

dwelling. 
Light     on 

dwelling. 
Light     on 

dwelling. 


Lake  coast  light. 

Lake  coast  and  har- 
bor light. 

Frame.    Harbor  light. 

On  mess  house.  Fort 
Niagara. 


Lake  coast  light. 

Rebuilt  1857. 

Lake  coast  light.  I 

Harbor  light  on  pier. 
Lighted  with  natural 

gas.    No  harbor  at 

this  place. 


Besides  the  above,  there  are  nine  Stite  lights  established  in  1856  in  the  marshy  "Narrows"  at  the  bead  of  Lake  Champlain. 
Big  Sodua  Be:»con  was  destroyed  In  a  gale  in  1857. 
A  flashing  light  has  been  auUiorized  at  C^wn  Point. 


122 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


There  are  lifeboats  on  Lake  Ontario  at  Tibbetts  Point,  Sandy  Creek,  Salmon  River,  Oswego, 
Sodiis,  Genesee  River,  and  Niagara  River,  which  were  supplied  by  the  U.  S.  Government  in  the 
summer  of  1854.  Several  have  also  been  placed  on  Lake  Erie.  None  of  those  on  the  lakes  have 
been  provided  with  houses,  except  such  as  have  been  erected  by  the  persons  having  them  in 
chai'ge. 

Illlinigration  into  the  U.  S.  for  many  years  past  has  been  very  great;  but  the  proportion 
landing  in  New  York  has  been  less  than  the  relative  amount  of  trade.  Other  routes  in  some 
respects  affurd  superior  facilities  for  immigration.  The  large  number  of  ships  arriving  in  Canada 
without  cargoes  favors  immigration  to  a  great  extent;  and  hundreds  of  thousands  of  immigrants 
have  crossed  into  this  State  from  Canada  witliout  their  names  ever  appearing  on  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment records.  These  immigrants  have  consisted  chiefly  of  Irish  and  Germans  ;  though  there  has 
also  been  a  large  number  of  English,  Scotch,  and  Norwegians.  The  greater  part  of  the  immi- 
grants either  locate  in  the  cities  or  immediately  pass  on  to  the  wild  lands  of  the  West.  The  En- 
glish and  Scotch  usually  prefer  to  settle  in  Canada.' 

Assay  Office. — By  an  act  of  1853,  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  was  directed  to  establish  an 
assay  ofSce  at  New  York,  for  the  special  accommodation  of  the  business  of  the  city.  At  this 
place  the  owners  of  gold  or  silver  bullion,  or  of  foreign  coin,  may  deposit  the  same,  have  its  value 
ascertained,  and  certificates  issued  payable  in  coin  of  the  same  metal  as  that  deposited,  either  at 
the  office  of  the  assistant  treasurer  in  New  York,  or  at  the  Mint  in  Philadelphia.  The  metal 
assayed  may,  at  the  option  of  the  owner,  be  cast  into  bars,  ingots,  or  discs,  of  pure  metal,  or  of 
standard  fineness,  and  stamped  with  a  device  designating  its  weight  and  fineness.  This  office  is 
under  the  general  direction  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  in  subordination  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.  The  Assay  Office  is  located  on  Wall  St.,  adjacent  to  the  Custom  House,  and  is  fitted  up 
with  every  appliance  for  carrying  on  its  operations  upon  a  very  extensive  scale.  Its  lofty  chimney, 
emitting  dense,  orange  colored  fumes  of  nitric  acid,  forms  a  conspicuous  object  in  the  district. 
About  50  men  are  employed  upon  the  premises.  Its  officers  are  a  superintendent,  treasurer,  as- 
sayer,  melter,  and  refiner,  with  their  assistants  and  clerks.  The  site  of  the  Assay  Office  was 
bought  Aug.  19,  1853,  for  §553,000,  and  the  premises  were  fitted  up  and  completed  Oct.  9,  1854, 
at  a  total  cost  of  §761,493.02.^ 

The  Itlail  Service  of  the  State  of  New  York  forms  about  5  per  cent,  of  the  whole  U.  S.  in 
miles,  and  7  per  cent,  in  cost,  while  the  receipts  from  postage  in  this  State  amount  to  22  per  cent. 


I  Passengers  arriving  by  Sea  at  New  Tork 

since  1820, 

i, 

I- 

a. 

i 

g.. 

1. 

r 

■s-S 

e 

•&•« 

e 

•^-s; 

^a 

g 

41 

41 

S 

41 

s 

1820 

3.S3i 

1830 

13  748 

1840 

60.009 

1849 

213,736 

1821 

4,038 

1831 

10,737 

1841 

65,885 

1850 

184,882 

1822 

4.110 

1832 

28.914 

1842 

74,014 

1851 

294,445 

1823 

4.247 

1833 

39.440 

1843 

38.930 

1862 

303,163 

1824 

4.K*.9 

1834 

40.063 

1844 

69.762 

1853 

294.818 

1825 

7,1)02 

ls3.'i 

32,715 

1845 

76.514 

1864 

327.976 

1826 

6.0O8 

1.^30 

58,617 

1846 

98,863 

1866 

161,490 

1827 

12.002 

1S37 

51.076 

1847 

145,830 

1S66 

162,108 

1828 

i9.seo 

ia;.;8 

24.935 

1848 

160,994 

1867 

203,600 

1829 

14,814 

1839 

47,688 

Until  1850  these  returns  were  made  up  to  Sept.  30 ;  but  since 
1851  they  began  upon  Jan.  1  each  year.  The  number  between 
Sept.  30  anrl  Uec.  31,  1850,  not  inclnded  in  the  above,  was  3S,R31. 

The  total  number  of  paasengcn*  who  arrived  in  tlieU.S.  from 
1820  to  1858  was  4,482,837,  of  which  number  3,028,225  arrived 
in  New  York. 

2  The  ef<tabli6hraent  of  a  mint  at  New  York  has  been  rppeat- 
edly  urp^L'd,  and  the  adilition  <>f  coining  madiinery  to  the  exist- 
ing Assay  Office  could  bo  made  at  a  moderate  expense. 

Amounls  Assayed  at  Vie  V.  S.  Assay  Office  in  New  Tork. 


Five 

Fine 

Tears. 

Gold 
hars. 

Valm. 

Silver 
hars. 

Value. 

1854 

..     822 

$2,888,069.18 

1855 

..  6,182 

20,441,813.03 

1856 

..  4.727 

19.396,046.89 

62 

$6,792.00 

18.57 

.,  2230 

9,336.414.00 

5.iO 

12.3.317.00 

1858  to  June  30.. 

..  7,052 
..21,013 

21,798,691,04 

894 
1,496 

171,901.79 

Total 

$73,860,024,74 

S302,071.79 

Total  Pieces.  Total  Valve. 

1854 822  $2,888,059.18 

1856 6,182  20.441,813,63 

1866 4,799  19,402,8.39,62 

1857 2,7.80  9,468,721,00 

1868  to  June  30 7,946  21,970,652,83 

Total 22,609  $74,162,096,16 

Amounts  Deposited. 

Gold.  Silver. 

From  Oct,  10  to  Dec.  31, 1864 $9,260,893.69  $76,307.00 

From  Jan.   1  to  Dec.  31,  18.56 26.087,701.24  350,150.08 

From  Jan,   1  to  Dec.  31,  1856 17.803.C92.4O  474.161.38 

From  Jan.   1  to  Dec.  31, 1857 18,997,365.40  1.397,702.99 

Total $72,749,662.73      $2,208,331,45 

72,749,662,73 

Total  gold  and  silver $75,047,974.18 

Proportion  of  the  above  payable  in  fine  bars. $47,817,597.00 

"  "  "  coin 27,230,377.18 

Total $7.5,047,974.18 

Amounts  transmitted  to  the  Mint  for  Coining. 

Ookl.  Silver. 

From  Oct.  10  to  Dec,  31. 1864 $5,142,262.60  $41,417.89 

From  Jan.  1  to  Dec.  31,  1865 7,722.476.47  71.687  34 

Fiom  Jan,  1  to  Dec,  31,  18.i6 6.797,652.33  412,416.06 

From  Jan.  1  to  Dec.  31, 1857 9,307,928.89        1,842,708.71 

Total $27,970,260.29      $2,368,190,00 

Cost  of  transportation  from  the  Assay  Office  to  the  Mint  and 
return  :■ — 

On  gold,  $1  per  $1,000 $27,3.34.17 

On  silver,  $3  per  $1,000 7.101.98 

Total $34,93604 


COMMERCE.  ^23 

of  the  whole  sum  collected,  and  exceed  by  over  $300,000  per  annum  the  expenses  of  the  establish- 
ment within  its  borders.  The  total  expenses  in  the  U.  S.  overrun  the  receipts  by  about  $3,500,000 
annually.^ 

There  were  four  Distributing  Post  Offices  in  New  York,  Jan.  1,  1859,  located  respectively  at 
New  York,  Albany,  Troy,  and  Buffalo.  The  Troy  post  oflfice  was  discontinued  as  a  distributing 
office  July  1,  1859. 


1  Post  Office  Summary  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 1858. 


Length  of  routes  in  miles 

I  TrausportutioD  in  coaches,  miles 

"  "  cost 

'^  in  steamboats,  miles 

"  "  cost 

"  by  railroad,  miles 

"  "  cost 

"  mode  not  specified,  miles 

*•'  "  "  cost... 

Total  cost  of  transportation 

Total  number  of  miles  by  coaches 

'*  "  steamboats  .... 

"  "  railroads 

"  "  moik'9  not  spe- 
cified   

every  method. 


Number  of  mail  routes.. 

"  contnictors 

"  route  agents 

"  express  agents 

"  local  agents 

"  mail  messengers.. 


JVew 
York 
State. 


13,078 

4.961 

$109,490 

168 

$7,298 

2,S94 

$333,163 

5,055 

$68,100 

$518,060 

2,4.30,792 

108,944 

3,961,795 

1,468.312 

7,969,843 

82S 

702 

55 

11 

2 

315 


United 
States. 


260,603 

53.700 

$1,909,844 

17,043 

$1,233,916 

24,431 

$2,828,301 

16.%429 

$1.S23,.3.57 

$7,795,418 

19.555,734 

4-569.610 

25,763,452 

28,876,695 

78,765.491 

8,296 

7,044 

440 

28 

43 

1,464 


In  tbe  UmTED  States. 

BIar*k  Rock 

Buffalo 


Exchange  Offices  U7ider  the  postal  arrangement  with  Canada. 

In  Canada. 

Waterloo. 

Toronto,  Hamilton,  London,  nnd 
Queeneton,  (by  through 
bags,)  Fort  Erie,  and  Ports 
Denver,  Simcoe,  Itowan,  IJur- 
woll,  Vienna,  and  Stanley, 
Montreal. 

Kingston. 

Dundee. 

Queenston. 

Hcmingford. 

Brockville. 

Prescott. 

Kingston.  By  steamer  in  sum- 
mer. 

Montreal,  St.  Johns. 

Coburg.  By  steamer  in  sum* 
mer. 

St.  Johns. 

Kingston.  By  steamer  in  sum- 
mer. 

Suspension  Bridge  and  Canada; 
Itoute  agents. 

Montreal ;  by  through  bag. 

St.  Johns. 

Niagara. 

From  New  York  City  to  every  port  and  country  with  which 
the  U.  S.  has  postal  arrangements. 


Cape  "Vincent 

Fort  Covington.. 

Lt^wiston 

Mooers , 

Morristown 

Ogdensburgh 

Oswego , 


Plattsbnrgh.. 
Rochester 


Rouses  Point , 

Sacketa  Harbor.. 


Suspension  Bridge.. 


Trov 

Whitehall.. 
Youngstown.. 


Mail  Monies  in  New  York  by  Railroad  and  Steamboat 


Termini. 


Bt  Railroad.    (June  30, 1858.) 

New  York  to  Dunkirk 

New  York  to  Alb;iny , 

New  York  to  Chatham  Pour  Corners 

Brooklyn  to  Greenport 

Sufferns  to  Pierniont 

Newburgh  to  Chester 

Hudsfn  to  West  Stockbridge,  Mass 

Albany  to  Buff'alo 

Albany  to  Troy 

Albany  to  Eagle  Bridge 

Troy  to  North  Bennington,  Vt 

Troy  to  Schenectady , 

Troy  to  Saratoga  Springs 

Eagle  Bridge  to  Rutland,  Vt 

Saratoga  Springs  to  Castleton,  Vt 

Plattsburgh  to  Canada  Line 

Rouses  Point  to  Ogdensburgh 

Watertown  to  North  Potsdam 

Sackets  Harbor  to  Pierrepont  Manor 

Schenectady  to  Ballaton 

Utica  to  Boonville 

Rome  to  Cape  Vincent ^ 

Syracuse  to  Rochester 

Syracuse  to  Oswego 

Syracuse  to  Binghamton 

Canandaigua  to  Elmira , 

Canandaigua  to  Niagara  Falls 

Rochester  to  Niagara  Falls , 

Rochester  to  Avon 

Batavia  to  Attica , 

Buffalo  to  Lockport 

Buffalo  to  Lewiston , 

Buffalo  to  Hornellsville. , 

Buffalo  to  State  Line 

Corning  to  Batavia , 

Owego  to  Ithaca , 

Br  Steamboat.    (Sept.  30, 1858.) 

New  York  to  Manhasact 

Albany  to  New  Baltimore. 

Whitehall  to  Plattsbnrgh 

Ithaca  to  Caynga 


mslances. 

Nn.of 

trips  per 

week. 

Anmial  pay. 

Total  annital 
cost. 

Number  of 
Route. 

460 

19 

$92,000 

$117,378 

1,026 

144 

19 

32,400 

44.612 

1,002 

130i 

6 

6,593 

8,865 

1,003 

93 

18 

8,225 

11,147 

1,007 

18 

6 

772 

870 

1.026 

19 

6 

814 

891 

1,032 

35 

6 

1,760 

1,770 

1,064 

298 

25 

61,600 

62,442 

1,073 

7 

13 

1,050 

1.050 

1,074 

33 

12 

2,829 

3,946 

1,075 

321 

12 

3,250 

4.329 

1,082 

22 

12 

1,650 

1,726 

1,083 

32.81 

12 

3,281 

3,942 

1,084 

625 

12 

6,250 

7,SW 

1,091 

64 

12 

6,400 

6,667 

1,099 

23 

6 

986 

1,163 

1,122 

119 

12 

9,700 

11,252 

1.123 

76 

6 

3,800 

6,505 

1,146 

18} 

6 

792 

1,117 

1,153 

16 

6 

800 

-950 
1)886 
10,976 

1,164 

35 

12 

2,625 

1,200 

97 

18 

8,329 

1,210 

104 

12 

20,800 

23.099 

1,228 

35J 

12 

3,043 

3,463 

1,229 

80 

6 

3,429 

4,952 

1,230 

68i 

12 

6,137} 

6,624 

1,269 

07 

18 

6,100 

8,094 

1,270 

75 

12 

11,400 

14,230 

1.275 

18 

6 

772 

1,030 

1,278 

11 

6 

650 

650 

1,300 

22 

12 

1,100 

1,100 

1,312 

29 

12 

1,450 

1,660 

1,313 

91 

12 

6.825 

7,667 

1,314 

69 

19 

13,800 

17,741 

1,316 

100 

6 

4,286 

7,633 

1,369 

33 

12 

1,415 

2,313 

1,375 

18 
15 

6 
6 

300 
485 

1,004 
1,076 

1,108 

95 

11  (for  7 
months) 

4,800 

40 

6 

1.713 

1,375 

124 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


The  Fisheries  in  New  York,  although  considerable  in  amount,  are  quite  suhordinat*  to 
other  branches  of  industry.  The  whale  fisheries,  formerly  of  great  importance,  are  now  chiefly 
limited  to  Sag  Harbor,  Greenport,  and  Cold  Spring  Harbor.'  The  shores  and  bays  of  Long  Island 
support  great  numbers  of  fishermen,  and  the  product  of  their  labor  chiefly  finds  a  market  in  New 
York  City.-  The  Hudson  yields  shad,  sturgeon,  and  other  fish  in  great  quantities ;'  and  there  are 
extensive  fisheries  upon  the  great  lakes,  especially  near  the  E.  end  of  Lake  Ontario  and  in  the 
waters  of  Chaumont  Bay.*  The  waters  of  Lake  Champlain  and  the  St.  Lawrence  formerly 
abounded  in  salmon ;  but,  from  the  building  of  dams  and  mills,  or  other  causes,  the  tributaries  of 
these  waters  now  afford  but  very  small  supplies.  Trout  and  other  fish  highly  prized  for  food 
abound  in  the  clear  mountain  streams  of  Northern  New  York.  Hundreds  of  millions  of  "  bony 
fish"  are  taken  annually  around  Long  Island  for  manure ;  and  the  manufacture  of  oil  from  sharks, 
porpoises,  and  other  fish  has  been  at  various  times  carried  on  with  encouraging  success.  Numerous 
special  laws  have  been  passed  for  the  preservation  of  fish  in  certain  waters  and  at  particular  sea- 
sons;  but  this  is  now  made  one  of  the  subjects  within  the  legislative  jurisdiction  of  Boards  of 
Supervisors. 

United  States  Ocean  Mail  Lines  connecting  with  New  Yorh,  Sept.  30,  1858. 


ROCTES. 


N.  Y.  via  Southampton,  England,  to  Bremenhaven,  Germany. 

N.  Y.  to  Aspinwali,  New  Grenada,  direct 

N.  Y.  via  Havana  tn  New  Orleans , 

N.  Y.  to  Liverpool,  England 

N.  Y.  via  Cowes,  England,  to  Havre,  France 


p 

■is 

Ann-ual 
Pay. 

3,700 
2,000 
2.000 

13 
24 
24 

$60,000 
1 290,000 

3,100 

20 

385,000 

3,270 

13 

Postages 

Act  of  June  14, 1S58. 

f  Contract  under  Acta  of  1847 

]      and  1851. 
Contract  Act  1847.    Now  nnder 

Act  nf  June  14,  1858. 
Act  of  June  14,  1858. 


Comparative  Receipts  and  Expenses  of  the  Post   Office  in  New  York  and  all  the  Offices   in   the 
United  States  for  the  year  ending  Jxdy  30,  1858. 


Letter  postage 

Newspaper  postage.. 
Registered  letters..... 

Stamps  60ld 

Total  receipts 


Ktw 
York. 


S285.207.46 

90.244.30 

2.874.65 

1,080,384.98 

1,458,711.39 


United 
States. 


$882,122,95 

593,407.19 

28,146.95 

5,692,366.63 

7,196.043,72 


Pay  of  Poet  Masters.. 

Incidental  expenses... 

I  Total  of  above , 

!  Transportation 

i  Total  expenses 


New 
York. 


$316,267.39 
311.893.98 
628.161.37 
525.950.00 

1,164,111.37 


United 
States. 


52.349,260.49 
1,104.183.53 
3.453.444.02 
7.344,019.44 

10,798.003.46 


1  The  right  to  drift  wh.iles  was  often  made  a  subject  of  special 
reservation  or  sale  by  the  Indians  of  Long  Island;  and  the 
capture  of  whales  in  open  boats  from  the  shore  has  continued 
from  the  first  settlement  to  the  present  time.  Scarcely  a  year 
passes  without  one  or  more  being  taken  along  the  shore  of  the 
island.  The  whale  fisheries  from  Hudson,  Poughkeepsie.  and 
Newburgh,  once  large,  have  ceased  altogether.  On  the  30th  of 
June,  1858,  5,927.92  tons  were  employed  in  the  whale  fisheries 
at  Sag  Ilarbnr,  1,942.12  tons  at  Greenport.  and  2.136.27  tons  at 
Cold  Spring  Harbor.  The  total  of  whaling  vessels  in  the  U.S.  at 
the  same  time  was  19S,r)93.51  tons. 

2  The  wholesale  fiafciart  of  N.  Y.,  on  the  East  River,  at  the 
foot  of  Fulton  St..  ocOTpies  an  entire  block.  The  rarer  kinds  are 
oftener  sold  in  the  Washln'jton  Market.  A  record  kept  in  1856 
enumerated  79  species,  in  56  genera  and  20  families,  as  found  in 


these  markets,  the  majority  of  them  being  marine  fish  from  tho 
waters  adjoining  Long  Island  and  the  New  England  coast.  A 
few  came  from  the  South,  and  many  from  the  interior  lakes  and 
rivers. 

8  It  is  estimated  that  $100,000  worth  of  shad  are  taken  annu- 
ally below  the  Highlands.  They  are  caught  in  seines  nearly  as 
far  up  as  Albany.  About  $20,000  worth  of  sturgeon  are  sold 
annually  at  the  Albany  market. 

*  As  many  as  10.000  bbls.  have  been  taken  at  Chaumont  Bay 
in  one  season,  although  sometimes  no  more  are  taken  than 
enough  to  supply  the  local  want.  The  fish  are  chiefly  lake  her- 
ring and  whitefish.  The  amount  of  tonnage  invested  in  this 
State  in  the  cod  fisheries  is  quite  unimportant,  and  amounted 
in  June,  1858,  to  131.32  tons  at  Greeuport,  and  159.34  tons  at 
New  York,  consisting  of  licensed  vessels  under  20  tons. 


COLLEGES  AND  ACADEMIES. 


In  1754  King's  College  was  incorporated  in  N.  Y.  City  by  patent,  and  libe- 
rally endowed  by  a  lottery  and  grants  of  land.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  Revolution  it  was  the  only  incorporated  educational  institution  in 
the  colony.  In  1784  its  name  was  changed  to  Columbia  College;  and 
in  connection  with  it  an  extensive  scheme  of  education  was  devised,  in 
|which  the  college  was  to  be  the  center  of  the  system,  and  subordinate 
Ibninches  were  to  be  established  in  different  parts  of  the  State, — the 
whole  to  be  under  the  control  of  a  board  denominated  "Regents  of  the 
University. '*  This  board  was  to  consist  of  the  priuoipal  State  officers, 
two  persons  from  each  co.,  and  one  chosen  by  each  religious  denomi- 
nation. The  number  of  the  Regents  was  afterward  increased  by  add- 
ing 33  others,  20  of  whom  resided  in  N.  Y.  City,  This  whole  scheme 
was  found  to  be  impracticable;  and  by  act  of  April  13,  1787,  it  was  superseded  by  a  system  which 
has  continued  without  essential  change  to  the  present  time.'  By  this  act  the  Governor,  Lieut.-Gov- 
ernor,  and  19  persons  therein  named  were  constituted 

Regents  of  the  University,  and  required  to  visit  and  inspect  all  colleges  and  academies, 
and  report  their  condition,  annually.  They  might  appoint  presidents  of  colleges  and  principals 
of  academies  for  one  year,  in  case  of  vacancy,  and  incorporate  new  colleges  and  academies,  pro- 
viding the  revenue  of  the  latter  should  not  exceed  the  value  of  4,000  bushels  of  wheat  annually.  In 
1842  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  in  1854  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  were  made  ex 
officio  members  of  the  Board  of  Regents.  Vacancies  are  filled  by  the  Legislature  in  the  same  manner 
that  U.  S.  Senators  are  appointed;  and  Regents  hold  their  office  during  life,  unless  they  resign  or 
forfeit  their  place  by  removal  from  the  State,  by  accepting  the  office  of  trustee  in  an  incorporated 
college  or  academy,  or  by  accepting  a  civil  office  the  duties  of  which  are  incompatible  with  their 
duties  as  Regents:^  but  the  members  maybe  removed  by  concurrent  resolution  of  the  Senate  and 
Assembly."  They  receive  no  pay.  Under  a  special  act  of  1791,  the  Regents  appoint  the  faculty 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the  City  of  N.  Y.  and  confer  degrees  upon  its  gradu- 
ates.* They  confer  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D.  upon  four  persons  annually,  upon  recommenda^ 
tion  of  the  State  Medical  Society,  and  may  grant  any  honorary  degree.  They  have  exercised 
this  right  by  conferring  the  degree  of  LL.D.  upon  12  persons  since  their  first  organization.^ 

In  1821  they  were  authorized  to  incorporate  Lancasterian  and  select  schools.®  In  1844  the  Regents 
were  made  trustees  of  the  State  Library,  and,  with  the  Superintendent  of  Schools,  were  charged 
with  the  supervision  of  the  State  Normal  School.  In  1845  they  were  made  trustees  of  the  Stata 
Cabinet  of  Natural  History,  and  in  1856  were  intrusted  with  what  remained  of  the  publication  of 
the  colonial  history.  Their  secretary  and  the  Secretary  of  State  are  commissioners  to  superintend 
the  completion  of  the  publication  of  the  natural  history  of  the  State. 

The  Regents  annually  apportion  $40,000  of  the  income  of  the  Literature  Fund'  among  academies, 
in  proportion  to  the  number  of  students  pursuing  the  classics  or  the  higher  English  branches; 

I  The  authorahip  of  this  syfltpm  has  been  generally  ascribed  to 
Alexander  Hamilton,  then  in  ttio  Assembly.  The  original  drafts 
of  the  act.  still  preserved,  and  the  legislative  journals  of  that 
period,  show  that  Ezra  rHommedieu,  then  in  the  Senate,  was 
prominently  concerned  in  its  passage,  if  not  the  original  mover. 
The  bill  w;i3  introduced  in  the  Senate  upon  a  petition  from  Clin- 
ton Academy,  in  Suffolk  co, 

•  What  these  offices  are  does  not  appear  to  have  been  settled. 
Onsoveral  occaaif^nsan  appointment  to  the  bench  of  the  Supremo 
Court  has  created  a  vacancy.  Non-attendance  at  the  meetings 
of  the  Board  during  one  year  haa  also  been  consti-ued  to  vacate 
the  seat  of  a  Regent. 

'  This  power  has  never  been  exercised  by  the  Legislature. 

*  A  similar  power  existed  with  regard  to  the  Western  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  at  Fairfield,  during  its  existence, 

6  The  honorary  degree  of  M.  P.  had  been  conferred  upon  120 
persons  previous  to  1S59.  Resolutions  wpre  passed,  Oct.  14. 1851, 
for  conferring  the  degrees  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  and  Doctor  of 
Literature ;  but  none  have  been  granted. 

*This  ritjht  has  been  exercised  four  times,  viz.: — 

Select  School  at  Ilenrietta.  Monroe  co.,  July  2,  1S27. 

Lewiston  High  School  Acadi-niy,  Niagara  co.,  April  16, 1S28. 

Fabius  Select  School.  Onondaga  co.,  Feb.  27, 1841. 

Hunter  Cbissical  School,  Orecne  co.,  June  23,  1851. 

Lancasterian  schools  were  incorporated  by  special  acts,  as 
follows : — 

Albany,  Lancaater  School  Soc.,  May  26, 1S12. 


Catskill,  Lancaster  School  Soc,  March  14, 1S17,  Repealed  April 
20.  18.30. 

Hudson,  Lancaster  Soc.,  April  1.5, 181". 

Schenectady,  Lancaster  School  Soc,  Nov.  12, 1816. 

Poughkeepsie,  Lancaster  School  Soc. 

7  This  fund  originated  with  certain  tracts  of  Land  reserved  for 
literature,  and  was  largely  increased  by  four  lotteries,  granted 
April  3,  1801.  by  which  $100,000  were  to  bo  raised  for  the  joint 
benefit  of  academies  and  common  schools,  but  chiefly  for  the 
latter.  In  1816.  the  avails  of  the  Crumhorn  Mountain  Tract, 
amounting  to  $10,416,  were  given  from  tli**  cneral  fund  to  aca- 
demies and  common  schools;  and  in  1S19  the  arrears  of  quit- 
rents,  amounting  to  $53,380.  were  also  thus  equally  divided.  In 
1827.  $150,000  was  given  to  this  fund  bv  the  Legif^lature;  and  on 
the  17th  of  April,  18.38.  the  sum  of  $2S,0(>0  was  sot  apart  annually, 
from  the  incomi  of  the  U.  S.  Deposit  Fund,  for  distribntion 
among  academies.  The  sum  previmisly  applird  for  this  purpoeo 
was  $12,000  annually ;  and  since  1S34  a  small  part  of  the  income, 
aside  from  this,  hna  been  applied,  from  time  to  time,  to  the  pur 
chase  of  apparat  us. 

This  fund  was  managed  by  the  Regents  until,  by  act  of  Jan. 
25. 1832,  it  was  transferred  to  the  Comptroller  for  investment,-  ■ 
the  Legislature  appropriating  the  proecfds  annually,  and  the 
Regents  designating  the  scale  of  app'Tiionmetit. 

The  principal  of  the  fun<l  amounted,  Sept.  30, 185S.  to  $269,952 
.12,  aside  from  the  U.  S.  Di-posit  Fund,  and  was  invested  chiefly 
in  stocks  and  Comptroller's  bonds. 

m 


125 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


designate  such  academies  as  shall  receive  aid  in  establishing  classes  for  instructing  teachers  of 
common  schools;  conduct  exchanges  of  books  and  documents  with  other  States  and  countries; 
maintain  a  system  of  meteorological  observations  at  certain  academies;  and  make  full  reports 
annually  to  the  Legislature  upon  the  condition  of  the  colleges  and  academies  of  the  State,  the  State 
Library,  and  the  Cabinet  of  Natural  History. 

The  officers  of  the  Regents  are,  a  chancellor,  vice-chancellor,  and  secretary.  They  appoint  a 
librarian  and  assistants  to  the  State  Library,  and  a  curator  to  the  State  Cabinet.  Six  members 
form  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business.  Their  annual  meeting  is  held  on  the  first  Thurs- 
day of  January,  in  the  Senate  chamber,  and  is  adjourned  for  short  periods  during  the  session  of  the 
Legislature.  Most  colleges  report  annually  to  the  Regents,  but  are  not  uniformly  subject  to  visita- 
tion, nor  do  they  share  in  the  income  of  the  Literature  Fund.  They  have  generally  been  assisted 
by  grants  of  land  or  money  from  the  State. 

Colleges  and  Academies  are  entrusted  to  boards  of  trustees,  who  possess  the  usual 
powers  of  corporations,  and  usually  fill  all  vacancies  occurring  in  their  number.*  They  appoint 
professors  and  instructors,  and  remove  them  at  pleasure,  unless  employed  by  special  agreement. 
All  degrees  in  colleges,  whether  honorary  or  in  due  course  of  study,  are  conferred  by  the  trustees. 

By  an  act  passed  April  12,  1853,  the  Regents  were  required  to  establish  general  rules  under 
which  colleges,  universities,  and  academies  might  claim  incorporation,  subject  to  such  limitations 
and  restrictions  as  might  be  prescribed  by  law,  or  which,  by  the  Regents,  might  be  deemed  proper; 
and  institutions  thus  formed  should  possess,  in  addition  to  the  powers  thus  vested  in  them,  the 
general  powers  of  a  corporation,  under  the  Revised  Statutes  of  this  State.     The  trustees  of  academies 


J  Genesee  College.  N.Y.  Agricultural  College,  People's  College,  1  tees  of  Union  College;  and  the  Mayor  and  Recorder  of  citio 


UniviTsity  of  Buffalo,  and  Uuiversity  of  the  City  of  N.  Y.,  are 
owned  l-y  ghart-hol'lers,  who  elect  trustees,  or  officers  analogous, 
for  liMted  terms.    The  principal  State  officers  are  ex  oj/icio  trua- 


are.  in  some  cases,  trustees  of  medical  colleges.  The  principal 
facts  concerning  colleges  and  professional  schools  may  be  classed 
as  follows  :— 


Literary  and  Medical   Colleges. 


Name. 


Alfred  University 

Columbia  College 

Elmira  Female  College.. 
Qeneaee  College 


Hamilton  College 

Ilobart  Free  College.. 


Ingham   University.. 


Madison  University 

N.  Y.  Central  College  Assoc. 

N.  Y.  State  Agric'l  College 

People's  College" 

St.  John's  College 

St.  Lawrence   University... 


Troy  University.. 
Union  College...., 


University  of  Albany 

Univ.  of  the  City  of  N.  Y.... 

University  of  Rnchestcr 

University  nf  Huffiilo 

Albany  Medical  Colle^'e''  ... 
College  of  Pharmacy  of  City 

of  New  York 

College  of  Physicians  and 

Surgeons  of  N.  Y 

Medical  Inst.  ofGencvaColl. 

Metropolitan  Medical  Coll.,* 
New  York  Medic:tl  College, 
Univ.  of  Buffalo.  Med.  Hep.,** 
University  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  Med.  Dep.«.... 


Alfred 
New  York 
Eloiira 
Lima 

Clinton 

Geneva 

Le  Roy 

Hamilton 
McGrawville 

Ovid 
Havana 
Foi'dham 
Canton 

Troy 

Schenectady 

Albany 
New  York 
Ri'chester 
Buffalo 
Albany 

New  York 

New  York 
Geneva 

New  York 
New  York 
Buffalo 

New  York 


«  ,  «.      .         How  Inror- 

Date  of  Charter.      pirated. 


Mar.  28,1857 
Oct.  SI,  1754 
April  1.3,  1855 
Feb.    27,  1849 

May    26,  1812 

April     5, 1824 

April    3,1857 

Mar.  26,1846 
AprU  17, 1851 

April  15.  1853 

April  12, 1853 

April  10,  1840 

AprU  3, 1856 

AprU  12, 1855 

Feb.    25,1795 

April  17, 1851 
April  18.1831 
May  8,  1846 
May  11, 1846 
Feb.     16,  1839 

AprU  25,1831 

Mar.  10,  1807 
AprU     8,  1835 

Mar.    27,1857 

1S50 

May    11,1846 

Feb.       1, 1837 


Law 
Patent 
Law 
Law 

Regents 

Regents 


Law 
Law 

Law 
Law 

Law 
Law 

Regents 

Regents 

Law 
Law 
Law 
Law 
Law 

Law 

Regents. 

Trusts,  of 

G.  Coll, 

liHW. 

Law 
Law 

Law. 


Remarka. 


Seventh-day  Bap.,  33  trustees. 

Piot.  E.,  24  trustees.    Formerly  King's  College. 

Changed  from  Elmira  Collegiate  Institute. 

Meth.  E.,  28  to  30  trustees,  elected  for  5  years  by 
classes. 

N.  S.  Presb.,  24  trustees.  Changed  from  Hamilton 
Oneida  Academy. 

Prot.  E..  24  trustees.  Originally  Medical  Dep.  con- 
nected. Changed  from  Geneva  College,  April  10, 
1852. 

N.  S.  Presb.,  24  trustees.  Changed  from  Ingham 
C-oilegiatc  Institute. 

Bap.,  27  trustees.    Theological  Depart,  conneoted. 

Located  on  a  farm.  Students  not  excluded  on  ac- 
count of  sex  or  color.  | 

10  tnistees.    In  course  of  erection.     See  Ovid. 

24  trustees.    In  course  of  erection.  Capital,  $250,000. 

R.  C,  9  trustees.    Theological  Depart,  connected. 

Universalist,  25  trustees.  Theological  Department 
connected.     In  course  of  organization. 

Methodist  E.,  64  trustees.  Charter  conditioned  to 
$1011,000,  which  is  obtained.    Organized. 

15  trustees,  besides  those  ex  officio.  Changed  from 
Schenectady  Academy. 

Law  Department  only  organized. 

32  trustees.    Medical  Department  connected. 

Bap.,  2il  tnistees.    Theological  Depart,  connected. 

Medical  Department  only  orgaDXzed. 


For  education  of  druggists.    Does  not  report. 


Mayor  and  Recorder  ex  officio  trustees. 

Meilical  Dep.  only  one  organized.  Full  univ.  charter. 


"  Trustees  elected  for  6  years.  Students  and  teachers  expected 
to  labor  from  10  to  20  hours  each  week.  Located  on  a  farm  of 
200  acres. 

f>  Mayor  and  Recorder  of  Albany  ex  njfici/t  trustees.  Building 
erected  for  Lancasterian  school,  and  leased  by  the  city  at  a 
nominal  rent. 

"  A  college  of  similar  name,  incorp.  March  28, 1827,  did  not 
organize,     See  Reyents^  Heport,  1858,  p.  108. 


<*  Capital  limited  to  $100,000.  Proprietors  elect  councU  of  16 
for  4  years,  besides  which  each  department  elects  one  to  the 
council  to  hold  at  their  pleasure. 

«  The  council  nf  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  con- 
sists of  32  shareholders  elected  for  4  years,  besides  the  Mayor  of 
New  York  and  4  of  the  Common  CouncU  designated  for  the 
purpose. 


COLLEGES    AND    ACADEMIES. 


127 


possessing  a  capital  stock  may  be  elected  by  the  proprietors  for  such  terms  as  shall  be  fixed.  The 
capital  stock  of  an  academy  may  not  exceed  ^50,000,  and  that  of  a  medical  college  formed  under 
the  general  law  cannot  be  less  than  $50,000,  nor  more  than  $200,000.  All  such  charters,  except- 
ing those  containing  provisional  conditions,  are  perpetual . 

Theological  Seminaries  in  the  State  of  New  York,'^ 


General  Theological  Seminary  of  P.  E.  Church 

Hartwick  Semiuary  (Theological  Department) 

Martin  Luther  CoIIefre  H'heological  Department) 

Rochester  Theological  Semioary 

St.  Joseph's  Theolo^rical  Seminary 

St.  Lawrence  University  (Theological  Dop.) 

Theological  Department  Madison  University 

Theological  Seminary  of  Aubarn 

Theological  Seminary  of  Associate  Reformed  Church.. 
Union  Theological  Seminary 


New  York 

Hartwick 

Bviffalo 

Rochester 

Fordham 

Canton 

Hamilton 

Aubui-n 

Ncwburgh 

New  York 


Denomination. 


P.  E. 

Lutheran 

Lutheran 

Baptist 

R.  C. 

Universaliat 

Baptist 

N.  S.  Preab. 

A.  R.  Presb. 

N.  S.  Presb. 


Date  of  E^tab- 

lisltineiit. 


1817 
1816 

Not.  4,  1850 
184  ft 
1868 
1820 

April  14, 1820 
1836 
1S30 


11 


11,963 
1,250 


5,500 


7,500 

0.000 

3,200 

18,000 


a  Mostly  upon  authority  of  the  American  Almanac  of  1859. 
Several  of  these  possess  liberal  endowments,  and  defray  the  per- 
Bonal  expenses  of  the  students  attending  them.    Tuition  fees 


are,  it  is  believed,  in  no  cases  required  from  those  receiring  in- 
struction.   Alt  the  above  are  now  in  operation. 


The  following  institutions  have  been  projected^  but  have  not  been  established^  or  have  ceased 

to  exist : — 


Name. 


Albany  College 

Auburn  University 

Auburn  Female  University 

Brockport  College 

Cayuga  College.. 

Central  Medical  College  and  Syracuse  Medical ) 

College ; 

Clinton  College,  Fairfield 

College  of  Physicians  aurt  Surgeons  of  Wes- ) 

ti-rn  District,  Fairfield J 

Flushing  College 

Ithaca  College 

Kingston  College 

Medical  Department  of  Columbia  College 

N.  Y.  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  Syracuse 

Richmond  College.  Richmond  co. 

St.  Paul's  Colletie, College  Point, Flushing,  L.I. 

Trov  Medical  Ci^Uege 

University  of  Western  N.  Y.,  Buffalo 

Washim^cton  Collei^e,  Uichmond  co 

Westminster  College,  Buffalo 


Date,  of  Ineorp. 


Feb.  26,1826 
Jan.  29, 1852 
March  4, 1830 

1849 
Mar.  25, 1816 
June  12, 1812 

Aprii"iori822 

1793 

April  13,1852 
AprUlS,  1838 
May     9, 1840 

April  8,  1836 
Jiin.  27,  1827 
April  17,  1851 


Applications  were  made  for  a  college  in  1795,  but  refused. 

Provisions  of  charter  not  complied  with. 

Never  organized. 

Never  organized. 

Applications  made  Feb.  15, 1802.    Refused. 

(  After  a  few  courses  of  lectures,  these   institutions  were 

\     abandoned. 
Conditions  not  complied  with. 

(Courses  of  lectures  were  held  until  1840,  the  Regents  con- 
\         ferring  the  degrees. 
Applications  refused  Feb.  20, 1845. 
Conditions  not  complied  with. 
Applications  refused  in  1779, 1804,  and  1811. 
Discontinued  in  1814. 
Discontinued  in  a  short  time. 
Never  organized. 
Closed  in  a  short  time. 
Application  refused,  Feb.  16, 1824. 
Never  organized. 
Conditions  not  complied  with. 
Never  organized. 


Besides  these,  several  institutions  bpariog  the  name  of  col- 
leges have  been  established,  but  of  which  no  general  statistics 
have  been  obtained.  Among  them  are  the  '■  Martin  Luther  Col- 
lege." at  Buffalo,  the  '•  College  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,"  (K.  0..)  in 
New  York ;  "■  Franciscan  College  and  Convent."  inaugurated  Oct. 
^1858, at  Allegany.  Cattaraugus  co.;  the  "De  Vcaux  College  tor 


Orphan  and  Destitute  Children,"  incorporated  April  15. 1853, 
and  locati'd  at  Suspension  Bridge.  Niagara  co. ;  and  the  "St. 
Pi-ter"s  College,"  (R.  C)  in  course  of  organization,  at  Troy. 
Most  of  these  are  unincorporated,  none  of  tln^m  posHt-j^s  the  right 
of  granting  degrees,  and  they  generally  partake  more  of  the 
character  of  academies  than  of  colleges. 


Tabular  Summary  of  Colleges  as  reported  Jan.  1859, /or  the  year  previous. 


Albany  Medical  College 

College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  N.Y 

Columbia  Coflcge 

Genesee  Coll'-ge 

Hamilton  College 

Hobart  Free  College 

Madison  Tlnivr-rHity 

Medical  Institute  Geneva  College 

Medical  Department  of  University  of  N.  Y 

Medical  Department  of  University  of  BulTalo.. 

Metropolitan  Medical  College 

New  York  Central  College 

New  York  M.dical  College 

St.  John's  College 

Troy  University 

Union  College 

University  of  City  of  New  York 

University  of  Rochester 


1 

^S' 

Is 

ir 

■S  => 

1? 

ta 

*a 

u~ 

>e 

•^^ 

>? 

^,5 

^•i 

^^ 

9 

121 

S« 

9 

173 

50 

12 

1S3 

25 

fi 

9B 

15 

fl 

134 

27 

7 

92 

20 

9 

119 

2;! 

7 

31 

8 

7 

347 

128 

9 

3« 

9 

fi 

18 

10 

9 

If. 

4 

12 

99 

37 

27 

49 

S 

4 

fiS 

IB 

297 

89 

in 

1  •.!.=, 

10 

8 

149 

22 

^11 


90.000 
114336 
S4.S0O 
125.000 
35,000 
18.700 
16,049 
70,000 
14.000 

30.006 
50.000 
74,2>I0 

100.000 
70,993 

200,000 
38,201 


ll 


6,616 


1.464 

Free. 
2,402 


1,497 


10,177 
12,207 
6,360 


44,150 
6.250 
8,019 
4,695 
7,286 


4,000 

12.161 
11,160 
10,836 


$606 
636 


199 
1.736 


84 
335 


$1,120 
1,325 


160 
3,840 


132 

1,110 


128 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Statistics  of  Academies  frnm  the  Regents'  Report  of  1859. 


■£  1^ 

s 

c;  ti 

;. 

'^^  z 

e..S 

K 

%  ^ 

•s. 

^i 

^.§ 

^ 

6f 

S-3 

R 

131 

92 

4 

ISl 

110 

10 

242 

116 

13 

200 

136 

3 

224 

133 

13 

476 

365 

7 

168 

125 

2 

80 

67 

4 

46 

36 

.1 

99 

71 

.t 

136 

95 

1 

41 

18 

2 

226 

101 

2 

113 

33 

3 

1S2 

101 

7 

S51 

148 

2 

95 

71 

19 

607 

240 

10 

159 

82 

3 

172 

69 

4. 

1S6 

98 

6 

145 

87 

2 

129 

69 

f. 

210 

106 

6 

107 

87 

3 

148 

76 

9 

210 

64 

3 

90 

29 

3 

133 

98 

2 

111 

47 

14 

433 

367 

4 

127 

70 

7 

67 

22 

6 

394 

344 

4 

234 

161 

3 

306 

10 

225 

186 

9 

2(1 

205 

3 

139 

61 

4 

230 

106 

3 

60 

53 

3 

210 

113 

3 

103 

62 

10 

3S9 

308 

11 

383 

191 

1 

66 

41 

3 

,168 

105 

7 

264 

167 

3 

287 

145 

4 

170 

148 

4 

281 

171 

3 

166 

91 

9 

103 

99 

4 

235 

146 

11 

687 

495 

7 

210 

104 

5 

218 

168 

13 

921 

43 

2 

103 

46 

4 

233 

127 

7 

266 

60 

6 

340 

156 

7 

90 

71 

1 

43 

23 

6 

136 

106 

77 

48 

1 

86 

26 

2 

193 

93 

3 

130 

67 

6 

168 

117 

2 

88 

88 

4 

264 

100 

2 

100 

52 

« 

345 

216 

3 

1S6 

120 

4 

165 

126 

3 

205 

119 

S 

216 

153 

2 

168 

126 

■=;'£,«. 


Total  Values. 


C^ 


■fe. 


|3 


I 


Academy  af  Little  Fall'* 

Academy  of  iHitchessCo 

Albany  Academy 

Albany  Female  Academy 

Albion  Academy 

Alfred  Academy 

Ameiiia  Seminary - 

Ames  Academy 

Amsterdam  Female  Seminary 

Argyle  Academy 

Anl-'Urn  Academy 

Augusta  Academy 

Aurora  Academy 

Ball  Sen)inary 

Binghamton  Academy 

Brix^kpnrt  CoUepiate  Institute 

Brnoktield  Academy 

Brooklyn  College  &  Polytech.  Inst.. 

Buffalo  Female  Academy 

Cambridge  "Wa-shington  Academy... 

Canajobarie  Academy -. 

Canandaigna  Academy 

Canton  Academy _. 

Gary  Collegiate  Seminary 

Cayuga  Academy 

Cliamplain  Acjndemy 

Cherry  Valley  Academy 

Chester  Academy _. 

Cincinnatus  Academy -. 

Clarence  Acadeuiy 

Claverack  Academy  &  H.  R.  Inst... 

Clinton  Grammar  School 

Clinton  Lilieral  Institute 

Cortland  Academy 

Cortlandville  Academy -. 

Dansville  Seminary _. 

Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution _... 

Delaware  Academy -. 

Delaware  Literary  Institute 

De  Ruyter  Institute 

Dundee  Acad'-my 

East  Bloomfield  .\cademy 

Ellington  Academy 

Erasmus  Hall  ,\cadcmy 

F.airfield  Academy 

Falley  Seminary 

Farmers'  Hall  Academy -. 

Fort  Covington  .Academy 

Fort  Plain  Seminary  and  Female 

Collegiate  Institute - . 

Franklin  (^Lalon?)  Academy 

Franklin  (Prattsburgh)  Academy.. 

Fredonia  Academy 

Friendship  Academy 

Oalway  Academy 

Oonesee  Conference  Seminary 

Genesee  Wesleyau  Seminary 

Genesee  and  Wyoming  Seminary... 

Genespo  Academy 

Geneva  Union  School 

Gilbertsville  Academy  &  Coll.  Inst. 

fllf-ns  Fjdis  Academy 

Gloversville  Union  Seminary 

Gonverneur  Wesleyan  Seminary.... 
Grammar  School  Columbia  College 

Grammar  School  Madison  Univ 

Grammar  School  N.  Y.  Cent.  CoU... 

Granville  Academy 

Greenville  Academy 

Groton  Academy 

Hamilton  Academy 

Hamilton  Female  Seminary 

Uartwiek  Seminary 

HoUey  Academy 

Hudson  Academy 

Ithaca  Academy 

Jamestown  Academy 

Jefferson  County  Institute 

Johnstown  Academy 

.Jonesviile  Academy 

.Tordan  Academy 


$178.52 
213.44 

225.68 
263.89 
26S..57 
688.84 
234.79 
•130.21 

64.03 
137.77 
170.75 

34.93 
195.98 

62.09 
194.54 
2S7.68 
131.94 
461.81 
169.11 
133.89 
190.18 
16S.S1 
114.48 
20.3.74 
lOS.Sl 
147.47 
124.18- 

66.26 
1S4..34 

91.20 
712.12 
133.89 

42.69 
667.40 
313.40 


693.76 
360.91 
397.78 
124.18 
206.69 
100.90 
219.26 

97.02 
697.64 
870.62 

79.66 
203.74 

S24.64 
281.36 
287.18 
331.81 
176.68 
192.10 
283.30 
960.49 
201.80 
326.98 
83.44 
89.26 
238.67 
116.42 
302.70 
137.77 
36.86 
201.80 
93.14 
60.44 
180.46 
130.00 
213.44 
170.75 
194.04 
100.90 
419.12 
238.85 
244.49 
2.30.90 
296.88 
242..52 


$10,200 

11.000 

90.000 

33,347 

7.100 

17.266 

18.600 

2,440 

9.000 

3.100 

8.214 

2,4S7 

2.900 

3,810 

6.500 

30.000 

3,000 

69,754 

66,000 

4,250 

6.580 

12,.500 

3,500 

15.140 

10.000 

6.504 

13.000 

2,9.i0 

3.1S3 

5.000 

36.330 

2,(00 

30,300 

6,000 

2,S0O 

3,043 

26,000 

21.000 

8.800 

2.3S0 

6.000 

3,660 

9,500 

20,200 

17,800 

3,.'160 

2,160 

24.000 
8.(100 

10,000 
4,600 
3,125 

27,600 
8,681 

11,200 

10,000 
4,600 
4,600 

17.497 
6,800 


2,900 
2,500 
6,S50 
3,775 
8.613 
7.800 
2,900 
3.200 

12.600 
4.400 

11.060 

s.ono 

9.662 
3,800 


$361 
310 

1,631 

1,028 
606 
6,80 

1,696 
275 
400 
242 
332 
368 
610 
197 
400 

1,022 
170 
367 
360 
650 
260 
690 
440 
,646 

3,027 
342 
223 
370 
174 
182 
173 
200 

1,775 

1,000 
711 
164 

1,183 

1,053 

426 

267 

568 

228 

2.604 

1,044 

655 

681 

205 

152 

3.18 

1.151 

2,111 

214 

""iin 

2,366 
864 
708 

1.000 
668 
240 
160 
432 
650 

"260 
233 
261 
441 
823 
410 

1,679 
243 
177 
4,37 
283 

1,445 
240 
441 
209 


$684 

081 

2,917 

2,416 

360 

1,376 

1,267 

200 

405 

1.50 

600 

289 

400 

485 

438 

377 

156 

1,876 

1,742 

666 

244 

1.346 

327 

600 

879 

652 

762 

284 

206 

151 

846 

176 

475 

1,000 

600 

170 

630 
396 
642 
178 
478 
160 
497 
1.280 
1.062 
223 
262 

456 
416 
457 
762 
168 


162 
2,319 
702 
600 
616 
465 
385 
168 
939 
222 


250 
45 
160 
625 
473 
368 
2(12 
228 
200 
900 
740 
1,666 
282 
366 
350 


$1,295 
3.116 
6,717 
6.662 
2,139 
12,124 
10,302 

742 

674 
1,.330 
1,478 

260 
1,601 

507 
1,612 
3,204 

700 
30,4.53 
6.970 
1.700 
1,284 
3,139 
1,094 
4,078 
1,622 
1.440 
4.768 
1.1.80 
1.2.32 

836 
13.214 
6.069 
1.6,i3 
3.973 
1.762 

674 

2.286 

4,144 

1,101 

2,.30S 

713 

971 

2.196 

14.307 

4.e32 

649 

1,049 

3,169 
1,767 
2,280 
2,177 
1,198 
3,417 
1,393 
4,603 
1,906 
3,699 
6,4.34 
1101 
1,215 
2,631 
2.449 
6.990 

611 
1,403 

443 

816 
1,602 

774 
4.906 
1.813 
1,761 

702 
3,328 
1,317 
21.36 
1.530 
6,447 
1,6S3 


$1,195 
2.928 

10,062 
7,608 
2,1.38 

10,989 

10,301 

712 

760 

1,319 

1,477 

260 

1,412 

614 

1,611 

3,244 

700 

30,313 
6.078 
1,695 
1.406 
3,189 
1,094 
4,078 
1,665 
1,440 
4,768 
1,196 
1,066 
776 

11,385 
6,166 
1,553 
4.208 
1.819 
720 

8,250 
3,975 

991 
2,440 

713 

964 
1,858 
13,024 
4,632 

641 
1,017 

4,359 
1,819 
2,645 
2,459 
1,198 
3,339 
1,475 
4,644 
1,SS5 
3,923' 
4.440 

702 
1,216 
2,6.31 
2.134 
4,167 

600 
1,404 

473 

768 
1.330 
1,341 
4,862 
1,734 
1,751 

705 
3,181 
1,317 
2,136 
1,629 
6JI47 
1,584 


COLLEGES    AND    ACADEMIES. 


129 


Staiisiics  of  Academies  from  ike  Begenis'  lieport  of  1859,  coniimied. 


Keeseville  Academy 

Kiuderbook  Academy 

Kingsboro' Academy 

Kingston  Academy 

Liberty  Norniul  Institute 

Lockport  Union  School 

Lowville  Academy 

Lyons  Union  School 

Macedon  Academy 

Manlius  Academy 

Marion  CoUej^iate  Institute 

Mayville  Academy 

Medina  Academy 

Mexico  Academy 

Middlebury  Academy 

Monroe  Academy 

Montgomery  Academy 

Mout  ice  Uo  Academy. 

Moravia  Institute 

Mount  Morris  Union  Free  School., 

Mount  Pleasant  Academy 

MuQio  Collegiate  Institute 

New  Paltz  Academy 

New  York  Conference  Seminary.... 

New  York  Free  Academy 

North  Oianville  Female  Seminary. 

North  Hebron  Institute 

North  Salem  Academy 

Norwich  Academy 

Nunda  Literary  Institute 

Ogdeusburph  Academy 

Oneida  Conference  Seminary 

Onondaga  Academy 

Ontario  Female  Seminary 

Oswego  High  School 

Ovid  Academy 

Owego  Academy 

Oxford  Academy 

Packer  Collegiate  Institute 

Palmyra  Classical  Union  School.... 

Peekskill  Academy 

Perry  Academy 

Peterboro'  Academy 

Phelps  Union  Classical  School 

Phipps  Union  Seminary 

Plattsburgh  Academy 

Pompey  Academy 

Poughkeepsie  Female  Academy..., 

Prospect  Academy , 

Pulaski  Academy 

Randolph  Academy 

Red  Creek  Union  Academy , 

Rcussetaerville  Academy 

Richburgh  Academy 

Rochester  Female  Academy 

Rogersville  Union  Seminary 

Rome  Academy 

Rural  Seminary 

Rushford  Acndi'my , 

Rutgers  Female  Institute , 

Sag  Iliirbor  Institute , 

St.  Lawrence  Academy 

Saugerties  Academy , 

Sauquoit  Academy 

Schenectady  Union  School 

Schoharie  Academy , 

Schuylerville  Academy , 

Seneca  Falls  Academy 

SoduB  Academy , 

Spencerto\vn  Academy 

Springville  Academy 

S.  S.  Seward  Institute 

Starkey  Seminary 

Susquehanna  Seminary 

Troy  Academy 

Troy  Female  Seminary 

Trumansburgh  Academy 

Unadilla  Academy 

Union  Hall  Academy 

Union  Literary  Society 

Union  "Village  Academy 


Total  Taidi: 

"5  -S 

:0 

g 

■2  S> 

&S 

i-l 

1 

& 

^ 

% 

s 

^ 

C 

t-^ 

oS 

1'^ 

i 

^ 

■§ 

•fe. 

41 

•5. 

"fe. 

S 

1 

4 

378 

246 

^61,81 

$3,600 

$227 

$200 

$2,328 

$2,328 

231 

4 

106 

67 

130.00 

4,000 

600 

624 

1,294 

1,294 

680 

H 

«6 

3.700 

417 

555 

670 

567 

285 

.■) 

209 

114 

219.26 

16.000 

667 

400 

3,176 

3,058 

620 

2 

115 

9 

17.46 

1.260 

185 

164 

701 

683 

189 

9 

491 

181 

361.21 

13,000 

259 

600 

4.459 

4..522 

144 

4 

2B7 

176 

279.42 

7.600 

860 

627 

2,170 

2,016 

1,119 

4 

12S 

68 

131.94 

15.000 

745 

403 

1,757 

1,807 

986 

4 

2W 

179 

347.03 

6,066 

207 

736 

2,482 

2,471 

177 

H 

99 

26 

48.61 

3.000 

410 

200 

978 

812 

417 

i 

168 

74 

141.66 

11.600 

248 

692 

1,646 

2,603 

196 

•I 

78 

49 

95.08 

3,750 

194 

206 

889 

910 

186 

5 

171 

164 

318.22 

6,200 

350 

235 

1.839 

1,967 

349 

4 

223 

169 

308.62 

14.000 

630 

826 

2,001 

2,083 

627 

5 

229 

142 

275.64 

6,500 

930 

499 

2,016 

1.976 

862 

4 

162 

75 

146.63 

5.466 

158 

160 

1.369 

],,368 

141 

•I 

77 

28 

60.45 

6.000 

200 

300 

811 

806 

480 

1 

163 

60 

116.42 

4.350 

251 

170 

2,359 

2.443 

216 

•1 

122 

63 

102.S4 

2,200 

362 

361 

830 

630 

366 

4 

98 

70 

1S5.S3 

222 

193 

710 

710 

316 

7 

82 

69 

114.48 

17,000 

1,467 

300 

7,033 

6,660 

1,,376 

3 

134 

95 

182.40 

21,600 

869 

719 

1.639 

1.256 

722 

2 

61 

33 

62.09 

7,900 

486 

663 

9S1 

980 

447 

H 

460 

226 

438.53 

20.000 

3,'iO 

250 

19,939 

20.473 

350 

25 

613 

667 

1,100.70 

117,324 

9,296 

8,988 

69.783 

60.071 

6,528 

13 

114 

132 

266.14 

19,000 

228 

375 

13,372 

10.034 

368 

"60 

■32 

2.400 
3.000 

40 
536 

137 
250 

110 
487 

110 
440 

112 

202 

1 

32.98 

5 

311 

222 

430.77 

8.400 

400 

899 

2,123 

2.114 

600 

5 

309 

241 

467.64 

2.900 

174 

184 

1,902 

1.703 

171 

3 

161 

116 

226.68 

11.000 

601 

679 

4,686 

4.449 

1.248 

8 

351 

268 

600.62 

26.000 

2.327 

2,694 

4.321 

4.602 

1,946 

1 

128 

116 

12.700 
20,000 

610 
931 

306 
924 

4,865 

4,864 

636 
896 

13 

211.60 

3 

121 

80 

155.33 

11,000 

2.500 

600 

8 

273 

196 

350.91 

16,600 

350 

600 

3.784 

3.625 

470 

4 

249 

109 

211.50 

5,000 

601 

180 

2.373 

2.344 

402 

6 

300 

105 

318.22 

9.350 

053 

790 

2.131 

2,149 

1.286 

24 

673 

375 

727.76 

121.766 

1,338 

1,596 

30,574 

24.474 

1,138 

5 

282 

134 

225.58 

12.000 

574 

260 

2,438 

2.386 

1,094 

3 

101 

60 

97.02 

17,000 

646 

446 

2,387 

2,185 

609 

5 

127 

49 

85.38 

16.750 

567 

210 

1,226 

1,735 

347 

1 

42 

14 

27.17 

4.628 

207 

174 

334 

319 

184 

6 

408 

91 

176.58 

5,200 

315 

201 

1,996 

2.0.53 

604 

10 

217 

176 

r.10.46 

10.200 

471 

212 

8,674 

3.673 

405 

4 

215 

160 

310.46 

6,600 

229 

474 

1,948 

1,948 

146 

2 

43 

39 

76.67 

6.400 

351 

160 

602 

613 

366 

8 

119 

98 

190.18 

16.963 

678 

760 

4.497 

4..597 

C34 

1 

87 

24 

38.81 

2,900 

312 

325 

294 

317 

376 

3 

170 

61 

118.36 

9,028 

301 

175 

2.567 

2.514 

293 

4 

184 

87 

16S.S1 

6,420 

388 

278 

1.263 

1.2ii3 

320 

6 

250 

158 

291.66 

9,060 

176 

175 

1.560 

1,5.59 

200 

2 

91 

30 

58.21 

2.610 

203 

166 

375 

V,b 

223 

3 

86 

61 

9314 

3,200 

172 

185 

927 

855 

132 

4 

122 

62 

120.30 

6.000 

186 

170 

2.234 

2.224 

171 

4 

96 

76 

147.47 

7,850 

160 

174 

939 

939 

120 

3 

233 

110 

213.44 

10,600 

420 

350 

2.060 

2,131 

606 

3 

122 

77 

149.41 

4.100 

647 

237 

1,081 

1.081 

678 

2 

201 

141 

273.00 

5.963 

283 

837 

1.631 

1,631 

162 

IS 

278 

186 

302.70 

27,600 

2,314 

3.138 

10.397 

12.272 

3,032 

2 

320 

CI 

118.36 

2,400 

210 

187 

1,.546 

1.621 

206 

b 

293 

125 

236.73 

10,000 

784 

493 

2,484 

1.925 

936 

3 

179 

60 

97.02 

6.000 

152 

1.86 

1,117 

1,347 

180 

3 

116 

87 

168.81 

2.500 

192 

1.86 

712 

743 

92 

5 

206 

143 

260.61 

41.000 

4.000 

200 

19.278 

19.532 

2,904 

3 

112 

91 

176.58 

4.000 

361 

161 

1.306 

l..'i:i7 

331 

3 

169 

12:i 

238.67 

2.8,10 

211 

400 

1.073 

1.094 

215 

4 

193 

98 

168.81 

3.000 

496 

600 

1.S79 

1,803 

293 

4 

129 

72 

131.94 

3.300 

184 

283 

919 

1,106 

133 

b 

78 

62 

102.84 

2.7.50 

192 

210 

993 

971 

240 

2 

166 

8li 

166.87 

3,600 

200 

410 

1,002 

961 

160 

B 

Ibl 

101 

195.98 

10,000 

2(,2 

150 

4.045 

2.108 

129 

5 

161 

112 

217.32 

10.360 

863 

658 

1.220 

1.4S3 

1.268 

V 

232 

192 

364.79 

37.000 

1.58 

4.57 

2.376 

2.479 

138 

5 

46 

28 

64.32 

7.576 

240 

275 

2.486 

2.409 

244 

21 

819 

212 

411.36 

12.100 

1,374 

903 

8.743 

8.270 

1,066 

2 

16S 

34 

65.97 

4,300 

163 

160 

766 

1,061 

200 

2 

80 

21 

40.76 

3,560 

256 

151 

030 

629 

206 

9 

220 

148 

277.48 

16.400 

6,';4 

369 

S.6S6 

3.532 

667 

6 

209 

173 

336.69 

10.,500 

731 

481 

2,778 

2.414 

604 

4 

215 

140 

271.66 

4.681 

306 

187 

1,938 

1,941 

373 

130 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


Statistics  of  Academies  from  the  Regents'  Report  of  1859,  continued. 


Names. 


■S  >^ 
Is 

if 


s^s 


Total  Valxtes. 


IS 


1^ 


I 


Utica  Academy 

Utica  Female  Academy 

Vernun  .Academy 

Wallliill  .\cadcmy 

Walton  .\cademy 

Walworth  Academy 

Warsaw  Union  School 

Warwick  Institute 

Washinirton  Academy 

Washinston  Co.  Seminary  &  C.  I 

Waterloo  Union  School 

Waverly  Institute 

Webstrr  Academy 

Weetfit'ld  Aciidemy 

West  Winfield  Academy 

Whitehall  Ac;idemy 

Whitestown  i-eminary 

Wilson  Collegiate  Institute 

Windsor  Academy 

Yates  Ac4id'.-my 

Yates  Polytechnic  Institute 

Total 


188 
179 
162 
198 
l,fl 

84 
150 
112 
124 
777 
608 
176 

92 
260 
357 
187 
400 
232 

59 
167 
251 


110 

73 

•36 

137 

62 

63 

612 

27 

43 

47 

113 

166 

77 

286 

138 

36 

43 

109 


$308.62 

133.89 

186.28 

213.44 

141.66 

67.91 

265.83 

91.20 

122.24 

993.98 

62.39 

83.44 

91.20 

219.26 

293.50 

149.31 

664.95 

267.77 

69.85 

83.44 

211..50 


$7,000 

23,000 
4.000 
6,610 
3.429 
8.440 
4,800 
6.300 
6.000 

14.100 
6,500 
7.364 
4.300 
4,300 

10,000 
3.660 

12,500 
2.685 
3.780 
2,760 

10.000 


$313 
189 
464 
340 
409 
200 
279 
160 
271 
646 
436 
165 
166 
640 
778 
260 

1,305 
786 
4.88 
480 
242 


$760 
257 
683 
190 
473 
7  89 
461 
150 
700 
947 

'  475 
178 
163 
300 
925 
603 

1,236 
646 
190 
619 
358 


$3,947 
3.861 

891 
2.S11 
1.899 

998 
1,396 
1.382 
1.109 
9.192 
3.090 
1,391 

743 
1,216 
3,142 
1,058 
3.636 
1,210 

606 

796 
3,182 


$3,944 
3,728 

890 
2,811 
1,688 

856 
1.396 
1,320 
1,103 
9,191 
3.372 
1,680 

738 
1,161 
3,142 
1.040 
3,612 
1,209 

578 

840 
3,182 


169 
127 
630 
423 
222 
130 
231 
104 
366 
549 
789 
166 
112 
610 
600 
220 
1,193 
790 
689 
382 
296 


35,009    20:812  $39itll.66    $2,009  076    $111,438  $101,693  $596,125   $582,136   93,969 


Academies  incorporated  since  the  organization  of  a  State  Government  in  1777. 


Name. 

Location. 

hicorp.  by 

Incorp.  by 
Regents. 

Ranarls. 

Academy  of  the  Sacred  ITeart.. 
Academic  Department  of  Union 

School 

Adama  Collegiate  Institute 

Addison  Academy 

Rochester,  Monroe  co 

April  11, 1849 

Jan.  11,1855 
April  22, 1866 
Feb.     8,  1849 
Mar.    4,  1813 
Jan.  29, 1828 
April  16,  1828 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Sold,  fall  of  1868. 

Not  organized. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Merged  in  Packer  Inet. 
Not  organized. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Diss,  by  act  Apr.  21, 1846. 

Albany  Female  Academy 

Albany  Female  Seminary 

Albany  Pearl  Street  Academy. 

Feb.   16,1821 
April   9,1828 
April  23, 1836 
May     i;  1837 
May     6, 1834 

Albany,  Albany  co 

Albany,  Albany  co 

Feb.  27,  1841 
Feb.     5, 1839 
Jan.   31,  1843 
Mar.  29, 18,36 
Feb.     6, 1839 
Feb.   16,  1841 

Feb.     1.  1856 
May     4.  1841 
Feb.   13,  1844 
Feb.   14,  1815 
Feb.    11,  1S40 
Feb.   28,1842 
Jan.   29,  1S39 
Feb.   27,  1841 
April  11,  1843 
Mar.  21, 1808 
Feb.     6,  1839 

Alexander  Classical  School 

Alexander.  Genesee  co 

Amenia  Seminary 

Ames  Academy 

Amsterdam  Female  Seminary.. 

Angelica  Academy 

Antwerp  Liberal  Lit.  Inst 

Ames,  Montgomery  co 

Amsterdam,  Montgomery  co 

Angelica,  Allegany  co 

April  22,  1837 
Mar.  29, 1S39 
May  12,1836 

Astoria  Institute 

Auburn  Female  Semin-iry* 

Auburn,  Cayuga  co 

April  18, 1838 

Aurora  Academy'' 

April  30,  1833 
April  30,  1836 

Ball  Seminarv"   

Hnosick  Falls.  Rensselaer  co 

Balldton.  Saratoga  co 

Ballston  Academy 

Batavia  Female  Academy 

Mar.     6,  1838 
April   8,  1S26 
Mar,    8,  1833 
Mar.  29, 1841 

Bernvillo  Acad.  &  Fem.  Sem... 

Feb.   28,1842 
Ang.  23,  1842 
April   1,  1811 
April  16, 1828 
Feb.   16,  1,842 
April  17,  1847 
April   7,1864 

Jan.  14,1847 

Jan.  10, 1860 
Oct.    14,  1851 

Blooming  Grove  Academy 

Bridgewater.  Oneida  co 

April  8,1826 

Brockport  Collegiate  Institute. 

April  23, 1829 
May     8,  1S46 
April  30, 1839 

Brooklyn  Coll.  &  Polytech.lns. 
Brooklyn  Coll.  Inst,  for  Young 

Brooklyn  Female  Academy 

Brooklyn,  Kings  co 

Union,  Broome  co 

Brownville  Female  Seminary... 

Buffalo  Female  Academy 

Buffalo  Female  Seminary 

Buffalo  Literary  k  Sci.  Acad''.. 

Buffalo,  Erie  co 

Buffalo,  Erie  Co 

April  23, 1831 
April  17,  1827 

•     a  Jan.  29, 1S52  and  July  21, 1853.    The  Institution  had  be- 
eome  extinct  under  its  first  cliarter. 

6  Incorp.  aa  the  *'  Aurora  Manual  Labor  Sominary."    Name 
cbanged  April  16, 183S. 


0  Named  from  L.  Chandler  Ball,  principal  founder  of  the  In- 
stitution. 

<i  Incorp.  as  the  "  Buffalo  High  School  Association."  Name 
changed. 


COLLEGES    AND    ACADEMIES. 


131 


Academies  incorporated  since  1777,  continued. 


Nahe. 

Location, 

Incorp.  by 
Legislature. 

Incorp.  by 
Hegents. 

ICemarks. 

Cambridge  Washington  Acad... 

Cambridge,  Washington  co 

Canajoharie,  Montgomery  co 

Mar.  30, 1815 
Feb.  26,1828 
Mar.     4,  1795 
Jan.  23.  1840 
Oct.    20.  1853 
May   16,  1845 
Mar.  12, 1S04 

Mar.  23, 1801 
Aug.  23,  1842 
Jan.  15,1857 
July    9,  1857 
Feb.     8,  1796 
Feb.   27,1844 
April  21,  1857 
Oct.    12,  1864 
Mar.  17, 1835 
Feb.     5, 1839 
June  14,  1854 
Feb.   26,1839 
Nov.  17, 1787 
Feb.    27,  1826 
Mar.  29,  1836 
Feb.   15,1842 
Feb.  23,1849 

Extinct, 

Not  organized. 

Provisional  charter. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Not  OEganized. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Provisional  charter. 

Extinct. 

Extinct 
Extinct 

Extinct 
ProTisiona]  Charter. 

Provisional  Charter. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Provisional  Charter. 
Merged  in  Genesee  Coll. 

Merged  in  Geneva  Coll. 

April  13, 1826 

Canandaigua  Academy 

April  24, 1837 

Carlisle  Seminary 

Cary  Collegiate  Seminary 

Catskill  Female  Seminary 

Cayuga  Academy 

Champlain  Academy 

CharlotteviHe  Seminary 

Chautauqua  Coll.  Inst 

Mar.  24, 1820 

CharlotteviHe,  Schoharie  co 

Stockton,  Chautauqua  co 

Chester  Academy 



Clarence  Academy 

Clarkson  Academy 

Claverack,  Columbia  co. 

Apiil  25, 1831 

Claverack  Acad.  &  Hud.  R.  Ins. 

Clermont  Academy 

Clinton  Academy 

Clinton  Grammar  School 

Clinton  Liberal  Institute. 

Clermont,  Columbia  co 

April  26, 1834 

Clinton,  Oneida  co 

Mar.  28, 1817 
April  29, 1834 

Clinton,  Oneida  co 

Clover  Street  Seminary 

Collegiate  Inst.  City  of  N.  Y... 
Collinsville  Institute 

Brighton.  Monroe  co 

New  York  City 

West  Turin.  Lewis  co 

April  7,1848 
July  10, 1851 
May     2, 1837 

Columbia  Academy 

CooperstowD  Female  Academy 
Cooperstowu  Seminary  and  Fe- 
male Coll.  Institute 

Mot.  13, 1797 

June  14, 1854 
Feb.     2, 1819 

Cooperstown,  Otsego  co 

April  15, 1822 

Cortland  Female  Seminary 

Cortlandville  Academy 

CoxBiickie  Academy 

Dansville  Seminary 

Cortlandville,  Cortland  co 

April  IS,  1823 

Jan.  31, 1843 

Feb.     5,  1839 
Jan.  14, 1858 
AprU  13, 1842 
Feb.     2, 1820 
Jan.  29, 1839 
Jan.  30, 1838 
Dec.     3, 1847 

Mar.  22, 1855 

Feb.     1, 1792 
Jan.  23,1840 

Coxsackie,  Greene  co 

May     5, 1837 

Delaware  Academy. 

Delaware  Literary  Institute 

AprU  23, 1835 
Mar.  30, 1836 

Dover  Academy 

Dundee  Academy 

Dunkirk  Academy 

Dutchess  County  Academy 

East  Bloomfield  Academy 

Eastern  Coll.  Inst.  City  of  N.Y. 

Ellington  Academy 

Elmira  Academy 

Elmira  Collegiate  Seminary.... 
Erasmus  Hail 

Dover,  Dutchess  co 

Dundee,  [Starkey]  Yates  co 

Dunkirk,  Chautauqua  co 

May     9, 1835 

May     1, 1837 

East  Bloomfield,  Ontario  co 

New  York  City 

April   9,1838 
May     7, 1844 

Feb.   11,  1853 
Mar.  31,1840 
Oct.    20,  1853 
Nov.  17,  1787 
Mar.    6,1838 
Mar.  15,  1803 
Feb.     5,  1839 
Jan.   21, 1791 
Feb.     5, 1839 
April  21,  1857 

Oct.    11,1845 

Oct.    20,1853 
AprU  28, 1831 
Feb.   23, 1824 
Feb.   23,1830 
Feb.     8, 1849 
Jan.  26, 1830 
Jan.  29,1839 
Oct.    11,  1845 
Feb.     1,1866 

Jan.     8, 1857 
Mar.     9,  1836 
Mar.  27, 1846 
Feb.     7, 1829 
Mar.  29, 1813 

Feb.     4, 1847 
May     4,1841 
Jan.  12,  1842 
Jan.  11,  1855 
Feb.   19,1829 

Westport,  Essex  co. 

May     1, 1834 

Falley  Seminary*" 

Farmer's  Hall 

Fulton,  Oswego  co 

May   24,1836 

Fayetteville,  Onondaga  co 

May     4, 1837 

Juiy'"9,"i86i 
May  11, 1835 
April  16, 1827 
May  13, 1845 
April  21, 1831 

Fayetteville  Seminary 

Fem.  Acad,  of  the  Sacred  Heart 

Fishkill  Education  Society 

Flushing  Institute 

Fonda  Academy 

Fort  Covington  Academy 

Fort  Plain  Seminary  and   Fe- 
male Collegiate  Institute 

Franklin  Academy^ 

Franklin  Academy. 

Fredonia  Academy 

Friendship  Academy.. 

New  York  City 

Fishkill,  Dutchesa  co 

Flusliing.  Queens  co 

Fonda,  Montgomery  co 

Fort  Covington,  Franklin  co 

Fort  Plain,  Montgomery  co. 

Nov.  25,1824 

Gaines,  Orleans  co 

Galway,  Saratoga  co 

April  14, 1827 
May   26,1836 

Gal  way  Academy 

Genesee  Conference  Seminary... 
Genesee  Manual  Labor  Sem«... 

Bethany,  Genesee  CO 

Batavia,  Genesee  co 

AprU  13, 1832 
May  11,1835 

Genesee  Valley  Seminary 

Genesee  Wesleyan  Seminary'*... 
Genesee  k  'Wyoming  Seminary 

Lima,  Livingston  co 

Alexander,  Genesee  co 

April  30, 1833 
Mar!  10,1827 

Geneva  Union  School 

Genoa  Ac.ademy 

Gilbortsville  Acad.  &  Coll.  Inst. 

Glens  Falls  Academy 

Gloversville  Union  Seminary... 
Gouvemeur  Wesleyan  Sem/.... 

April  15, 1853 

Gilbertsviile.  Oteego  co 

Gouvemeur,  St.  Lawrence  co. 

April  5,1828 

*  Incorp.  as  "Fulton  Female  Seminary;"  name  changed  to 
"Fulton  Academy."  April  11.1842;  to  the  " Falley  Seminary 
of  the  Ulack  River  Conference,"  April  11, 1849;  and  to  the  name 
given  fibove.  March  5,  1857. 

*  Charter  made  perpetual  June  23, 1851. 


"  See  act  of  March  27, 1834.  <*  See  act  of  March,  1888, 

"  Incorp.  as  the  *'  Livingston  County  High  School."    Namo 

changed  May  13,  1846. 
/Incorp. as  the  "Gouverneur  High  School."    Name  chanc^ 

April  24,  1840. 


132 


NEW  YORK   STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Academies  incorporated  since  1777,  continued. 


Name. 

Location. 

Jncorp.  by 
Lfgislature. 

Incorp.  by 
Jiegents. 

Serruxrks. 

itrammar  School  Ct.luni.  CoU.a 

Grammar  School  Madison  Uni. 

Grammar    School    Univereity 

of  Citv  of  New  York" 

April  17,  1838 
June  17, 1863 

April  17,  1838 

April  16,  1830 
Feb.   27,  1841 
Feb.   27,  1810 
Jan.  29,1839 
Feb.   14.1851 
Feb.   23,  1824 
Jan.  17, 1866 
Jan.   29,1793 

Extinct. 
Sold  in  1869. 

Merg.  in  Ham.  CoU.,  1812. 

Extinct. 

Now  a  private  institatiOD. 
Provisional  charter. 
Extinct. 
ExUnct. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Merged  in  Ingbam  Univ. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Merged  in  Public  SchooU. 

Now  a  private  institution. 

Merged  in  Ing.  Coil.  Inst. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Private  School. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Provisional  charter. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Changed  to  Mcnro  CoU- 
Inst. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 

New  York  Citv 

Gram.  School  of  N.  Y.  Cen.  Coll. 

McGrawville,  Cortland  co. 

Mar.  31,1828 
April  25,  1831 

Greenbush  &  Schodack  Acad... 

GreenviJlw  Academy 

("Proton  Academy 

Half  Moon  Academy 

Hamilton  Academy 

Hamilton  Female  Seminary,,,. 

Hamilton  Oneida  Academy 

Harlem  Lit.  &  Sci.  Academy... 

Hartwick  Seminary 

Ileddiug  Literary  Institute 

Hempstead  Institute 

Hempstead  Seminary 

East  Greenbush,  Rensselaer  co... 

Greenville,  Greene  co 

Groton.  Tompkins  co 

Half  Moon,  .Saratoga  co 

May     6,1837 

Kirkland.  Oneida  co 

Harlem,  New  York  City 

Jan.  24,1829 

Aug.  13.  1S16 
Oct.    12,1864 
.T.an.   14, 1858 
Jan.  29, 18.39 
Feb.  11,1840 

Jan.  23, 1840 

Mar.  28, 1850 
Feb.   14,  1850 
Mar.    3,1807 

Hempstead,  Qoeens  co 

Hempste.'id.  Queens  co 

Herkimer,  Herkimer  CO 

Fishkill,  Dntchess  co 

May     2,1836 

Herkimer  County  Academy 

Highland  Grove  GvmnaBium... 

Hobart  Hall  Institute 

Holland  Patent  Academy 

HoUey  Academy 

Hubbardsville  Academy 

Hudson  Academy 

April  11. 1831 
Mar.  16, 1839 
April  24, 1834 

Trenton,  Oneida  CO 

Holley.  Orleans  CO 

Hubbards  Corners.  Madison  CO... 

Hudson  River  Agricult.  Sem.,. 
Ingham  Collegiate  Institute^.. 
Ithaca  Academy" 

Stockport.  Columbia  CO 

Le  Roy,  Genesee  co 

May     6,1837 
April   6,1862 
Mar.  24, 1823 
April  16, 1836 
Nov.  27, 1824 
May  25, 1836 

Jan.  28, 1863 

Feb.     6, 1830 
Jan.  22.1833 
Jan.   30.1838 
Jan.  27,1794 
Oct.    26.  1860 
Jan.  12.  1842 
Feb.     6, 1839 
Feb.   19,  1828 
Feb.     6,  1839 
Feb.     3, 1796 
Feb.  16,1842 

Jan.  22, 1846 
Feb.     8,  1796 
Mar.  17,  1854 
Feb.   16.  1841 
April  16. 1S2S 
Sept.  20, 1849 

Jamestown  Academy 

Jamestown.  Chaut-iuqna  co -. 

Jefferson  County  Institute^ 

Johnstown  Academy 

Jonesville  Academy 

Jordan  Academy 

KeciM-ille  Academy 

Kinderhook  Academy 

"VVatertown.  .Tefferson  co 

Johnstown.  Montgomery  co 

Clifton  Park,  Sarjitoga  co 

Jordan.  Onondaga  CO 

Keesevilie.  Clinton  co 

Kinderhook.  Columbia  co 

AprU  1,1850 

May     4,  1S35 
April   3,1824 

Kingston  Academy 

May     9, 18.37 
AprU  23, 1836 

La  Fayette  High  School 

La  Fayette.  Onondaga  CO 

Lansingburgh,  Rensselaer  co 

Laurel  Bank  Seminary 

Le  Koy  Female  Seminary 

Lewiston  Hi<:h  School  Acad.... 

Liberty  Normal  Institute 

Literary  &  Sci.  Inst,  of  York... 
Little  Falls,  The  Academy  at... 

Liherty.  Sullivan  co 

April  10,  1849 
Mar.  27, 1839 

Oct.    17,1844 

Oct.    26.1850 
Mar.  21, 1808 

.Tan.  SO,  1845 
Jan.  29,1839 

Lockport,  Niagara  co 

May   26,1841 
Mar.  18,  1850 

Lockport  Union  School 

LowTille  Academy 

Mar.  29, 1837 

April  11, 1842 
April  13, 1835 
Mar.  16, 1849 
Mar.  27,  1839 

April  24, 1834 
April  10,  1850 
April  20,  1836 
April  13,  1826 

Lyons  Union  School « 

Manlius.  Onond.-iga  co 

Mansion  Square  Female  Sem... 



Feb.     5, 1839 
April  26. 1851 
Feb.     6,  1S.39 
Feb.   26,1828 
Jan.  26,1819 
Feb.   10,  1S41 
.Ian.   21,1791 
April    1,1S52 
.Tan.  23,  1840 
Feb.   16,1841 

:\larion  Collegiate  Institute 

Mayville  Academy 

Medina  Academy 

Marion.  Wayne  CO. 

Medina.  Orleans  co 

Mendon,  Monroe  co 

Mexico.  Oswego  Co 

Middlebury  Academy 

Millville  Academy 

Millville,  Orleans  co 

AprU  25, 1840 

■  Monticello  Academy 

Moriah,  Essex  co 

Mount  Pleasant,  Westchester  co.. 
Mount  Pleasant.  Westchester  co.. 

Mount  Pleasant  Academy 

Mount  Pleasant  Academy 

Mount  Pleasant  Female  Sem... 
Monroe  Academy 

Mar.  2i,  1820 

April   3,1827 
M.av   10.1836 
July     2,1827 
Feb.     7. 1S43 
April  23, 1839 

Feb.  13.1844 
Mar.    3,1806 
AprU  29, 1836. 
Oct.    11,1845. 

May  11,1835 

New  Paltz  Academy 

April  12, 1833. 

New  Rochelle,  Westchester 

April  13, 1826 
Mar.  15, 1822 
May     2,18.'!4 

Newtown  Feni.ile  Academy 

New  Woodstock  Academy 

New  York  Conference  Sem 

New  York  Free  Actderay 

Charlotteville,  Schoharie  co 

New  Y'ork  City 

Oct.    26,  1850 

May     7, 1847 

Oct.    31,1849 

«  See  act  of  above  date. 

*  Changed  to  the  Ingham  University.  April  3, 1S57. 
«  Entitled  to  share  in  Literature  Fund,  by  act  of  April  17 
IS26. 


d  Incorporated  ae  the  "  Black  Kiver  Literary  and  Theological 
Institute."     Name  changed  May  12,  1846. 

*  Again  incorp.  by  statute  May  7, 1840. 

/  Incorp.  as  the  *'  Rensselaer  Oswego  Academy."  Name 
changed  May  14,  IS45. 


COLLEGES    AND    ACADEMIES. 


133 


Academies  incorporated  since  1777,  continued. 


New  York  Inet.  Deaf  &  riimb" 
North  (iranville  Female  Sem... 

North  Iltbron  Institute 

North  Saleni  Academy 

Norwich  Acadomy 

Norwich  Union  Seminary 

Nuiula  Literary  Institute. 

Ogdeusburgh  Academy' 

Olean  Academy 

Oneida  Conference  Seminary".. 
Oneida  Inst,  of  Sci.  &  Industi-y 

Oneida  Seminary 

Onondaga  Academy 

Ontario  Female  Seminary. 

Ontario  High  School 

Orleans  Academy 

Oswegutchie  Academy 

Oswego  Academy 

Otsego  Academy 

Ovid  Academy 

Owego  Academy 

Oxford  Academy 

Oyster  Bay  Academy 

Packer  CoHegiate  Institute 

Palmj'ra  Academy 

Palmyra  High  Scnool 

Palmyra  Classical  Union  School 

Peekskill  Academy 

Pembroke  &  Darien  Class.  Sch. 

Penfield  Seminary 

Perry  Academy 

Perry  Center  Institute 

Peterboro  Academy 

Phippa  Union  Seminary 

Piermont  Academy 

Plattsburgh  Academy 

Pompey  Academy 

Poaghkeepsie  Coilegiate  School 
Pouglikeepsie  Female  Academy 
Poughkeepsie  Female  Seminary 

Prattsville  Academy 

Preble  High  School 

Princetown  Academy 

Prospect  Academy 

Pulaski  Academy 

Randolph  Acad.  ABsociation,.... 

Red  Creek  Academy 

Redhook  Academy 

Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Inst.... 

Rensselaerville  Academy 

Rhinebeck  Academy 

Richburgh  Acadomy 

Richmondvillo  Union  Seminary 

A  Female  Collegiate  Inst 

Ridgebury  Academy 

Riga  Academy 

Rochester  Cnllegiate  Institute.. 

Rochester  Female  Acadomy 

Rochester  High  School 

Rochester  Inst.  General  Educ, 
Rochester  Inst.  Practical  Educ. 
Rockland  County  Female  Inst. 
Rogersville  Union  Seminary.... 

Rome  Academy 

Rome  Academy 

Royalton  Center  Academy 

Rural  Academy 

Rushford  Academy. 

Rutgers  Female  Iiistitute** 

Rye  Academy 

Sag  Uarbor  institute 

St.  Lawrence  Academy 

St.  Paul's  College,  The  Propri- 
etors of. 

Baud  Lake  Academy 

Saratoga  Acad.  &  Sci.  Inst 

Saugerties  Academy 

Sauquoit  Acj^deray 

Schaghticoke  Seminary. 

Schenectady  Academy. 

Schenectady  Lyceum  A  Acad/.. 
Schenectady  Young  Ladies'  Sem 
Schoharie  Academy 


New  York  City 

Granville,  Washington  co 

Hebron,  Washington  co 

North  Salem,  Westcheater  co 

Norwich,  Chenango  co, 

Norwich,  Chenango  co 

Nunda,  Livingston  co 

Ogdensburg,  St.  Lawrence  co 

Olean.  Cattaraugus  co 

Cazenovia,  Madison  co , 

Whitesboro'.  Uneida  co 

Oneida,  Madison  co 

Onondaga,  Onondaga  co'. 

Canandaigua,  Ontario  co 

Victor,  Ontario  co 

Orleans.  Jefferson  co _ 

Ogdensburgh,  St.  Lawrence  co- 
West  Oswego,  Oswego  co 

Cherry  Valley,  Otaego  co , 

Ovid,  Seneca  co 

Owego,  Tioga  co 

Oxford,  Chenango  co 

Oyster  Bay,  Queens  Co.. 

Brooklyn,  Kings  co 

Palmyra,  Wayne  co 

Palmyra,  Wayne  co 

Palmyra,  Wayne  co 

Peekskill,  Westchester  co , 

Pembroke.  Darien,  Genesee  co.... 

Penfield,  Monroe  co 

Perry,  Wyoming  co 

Perry  Center,  Wyoming  co 

Peterboro,  Madison  co 

Albion,  Orleans  co 

Piermont,  Rockland  co 

Plattsburgh.  Clinton  co 

Pompey,  Onondaga  co 

Poughkeepsie,  Dutchess  co 

Poughkeepsie,  Dutchess  co 

Poughkeepsie,  Dutchess  co 

Prattsville,  Greene  co 

Preble,  Cortland  co 

Princetown,  Schenectady  co 

Prospect,  Oneida  co 

Pulaski,  Oswego  co 

Randolph,  Cattaraugus  co 

Red  Creek.  Wayne  co 

Redhook,  Dutchess  co 

Troy,  Rensselaer  co 

RensselaeiTille.  Albany  co 

Rhinebeck,  Dutchess  Co 

Richburgh,  Allegany  co 


Richmondville,  Schoharie  co.. 

Minisink,  Orange  co 

Riga,  Monroe  co 

Rochester,  Monroe  CO 

Rochester,  Monroe  co 

Rochester,  Monroe  co 


Rochester,  Monroe  co 

Rochester.  Monroe  co 

Orangetown,  Rockland  co... 

Rogersville.  Steuben  co , 

Rome,  Oneida  CO 

Rome.  Oneida  co 

Royalton,  Niagara  co 

Montgomery.  Orange  CO.... 

Rushford,  Allegany  co 

New  York  City 

Rve.  Westchester  co 

Sag  Harbor,  Suffolk  co 

Potsdam,  St.  Lawrence  co.. 


Incorp.  by 
Leyiskiture. 


April  15, 1817 

Ma'r!"i6,*1837 
April  20,  1835 
Aprii    6, 1825 


April  14, 1825 
April   6,1830 

April  26,*  1833 
AprU  25, 1833 

Aprii*i3,"l826 


Mar.  19,  1853 
April  U,1S42 
Mar.  2S,  1829 
April  7, 1S57 
April  16,  1838 
April   6,  1838 


April  21, 1828 


May  26,  1836 
May  10, 1836 
Mar.  19,1834 


April  34, 1834 


June   4, 1853 


Mar.  27, 1839 
April  23. 1823 
May     8, 1837 


April  30, 1839 


April  21, 1837 
Mar.  15,  1827 

April  19, 1828 
April  14, 1832 


April  28,  1835 
Jan.  28,  1S4S 
April    9,  1839 


April  10, 1838 
April  13, 1826 


May    9, 1840 
April  28, 1835 


Flushing.  Queens  co 

Sand  Lake,  Rensselaer  co 

Saratoga  Springs 

Saugerties.  Ulster  CO. 

Sauquoit,  Oneida  co i]  

Schaghlicoke,  Rentiselaer  co. May     4, 1830 

Schenectady,  Schenectady  co 

Schenectady.  Schenectady  co Mar.  21, 1837 

Schenectady.  Schenectady  CO Mar.  22.  IS.37 

Schoharie,  Schohitrie  co I  April  28, 1837 


Jncorp.  by 
Heg'nus. 


Yfh. 

10 

ISM 

Mar 

IT 

lti64 

Kfib. 

)» 

17!)n 

I'eb. 

14 

1843 

Jan.  30,  1845 
Feb.  5,  1839 
AprU  11, 1863 
Jan.  29, 1828 
Mar.  24,  1829 
July  9,1857 
April  10,  1813 
Jan.  29, 1828 

Feb.     5, 1851 


Feb.  8, 1796 
Jan.  26,1830 
AprU  16, 1828 
Jan.  27,1794 
Mar.  15, 1803 
Jan.  11,  1855 

July    2,1833 

Feb.     5, 1839 


Oct. 

8, 1867 

April   7,1864 

Jan. 

31,  1843 

Jan. 

23,  1863 

Feb. 

11,  1840 

Mar 

15,  1S42 

Mar. 

4,  1829 

Mar. 

11,  1811 

Feb. 

9,  1839 

Feb. 

28,  1837 

Jan. 

31, 1850 

Oct. 

20, 1853 

Jan. 

24,1861 

.Tan. 

24, 1851 

Feb. 

6,1846 

Feb. 

23,  1829 

Feb. 

5. 1846 

Jan. 

30, 1846 

Feb. 

23, 1841 

April 

12, 1880 

Feb. 

10, 18.54 

Feb. 

11,  1840 

May 

11,  1846 

Feb. 

26,  1S39 

Feb. 

6, 1839 

April 

19,1831 

Oct!' 

i2,'l855 

Jan. 

28, 1853 

Mar. 

15, 1849 

AprU 

1,  1852 

Mar. 

4,  1852 

Jan. 

23,1840 

Jan. 

20, 1848 

Mar. 

26,  1S16 

Feb. 

19,1846 

April 

7, 18.54 

April 

6,1849 

.Ian.  29, 1793 

Feb.  5, 1S39 

Feb.  6,  1839 

Feb.  5.  1839 


Remarks, 


Extinct. 

Merged  in  Public  Scbopl). 


Extinct. 
Provisional  Chanel 


Extinct. 
Extinct. 


Extinct. 


Provisional  Charter. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 


Extinct. 

Not  organized. 

Extinct. 


Extinct. 

Became  private  inst.  1855. 

Extinct. 


Extinct. 

Merged  in  Rocheeter  Col- 
legiate Institute. 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Provisional  charter. 

Extinct. 


Not  organized. 


Extinct. 
Extinct. 


Extinct. 

Merged  in  Union  Coll.  1795 

Extinct. 


•  Entitled  to  a  share  of  the  Literature  Fund  by  act  of  April 
15, 1S3(>.  '  ^ 

6  Merged  in  the  Public  School  System  of  Ogdensburgh  bv 
act  of  April  13, 18.57. 

« Incorp.  as  tho  "  Seminary  of  the  Genesee  Conference ;"  name 


changed    to    "Seminary  of  Genesee  and  Oneida  Conference** 
March  24,  1829.  iind  to  the  present  name  May  8,  1835. 
''Charter  amended  March  16.  1858. 

•  Revived  by  act  of  April  17. 1818.   See  alsoact  of  April  25, 1831* 
/Allowed  to  educate  females  by  act  of  March  28, 1839. 


1 


134 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 
Academies  incorporated  since  1777,  continued. 


Naub. 


Iv^orp.  by 
Lcgislaturt. 


Jncryrp.  by 
Kegmts. 


Semarki. 


Schuyleryille  Aciidemy 

Scientific  *  Military  Academy 

of  Western  District 

Seneca  Falls  Academy • 

Seward    Female    Seminary  of 

Rochester 

Sherburne  Academy 

Skaneateles  Academy 

Rodus  Academy 

Sonthold  Academy 

Spencertown  Academy 

Springville  Academy 

S.  S.  Seward  Institute 

Starkey  Seminary 

Steuben  Academy 

Stillwater  Academy 

Stillwater  Seminary 

Sullivan  County  Academy 

Susquehanna  Seminary 

Syracuse  Academy  

Ticonderoga  Academy 

Troy  Academy 

Troy  Episcopal  Institute 

Troy  Female  Seminary 

Trumausburgh  Academy 

Turin  Academy 

Unadilla  Academy 

Union  Academy 

Union  Academy 

Union  Hall 

Union  Literary  Society 

Union  Village  Academy 

Utica  Academy 

Utica  Academy 

Utica  Female  Academy 

Vernon  Academy 

Victory  Academy ■••••• 

Wallabont  Select  Gram.  School 
of  the  7th  Ward  in  the  City 

of  Brooklyn 

Wallkill  Academy 

Walton  Academy 

Walworth  Academy 

Warnerraie   Union    Seminary 

&  Female  Institute 

Warsaw  Union  School 

Warwick  Institute 

Washington  Academy 

Washington  Academy 

Washington  County  Semmary 

4  Collegiate  Institute  

Waterford  Academy 

Waterford  Female  Academy.... 

Waterloo  Academy 

Waterloo  Union  School 

Watertown  Academy** 

Waverly  Institute 

Weedsport  Academy 

Westfield  Academy — 

West  Hebron  Classical  School.. 

Westtown  Academy 

West  Winfield  Academy 

Whitehall  Academy 

Whitehall  Academy 

White  Plains  Academy 

Wbitesboro'  Academy 

Whitestown  Seminary 

Wilson  Collegiate  Institute 

Windsor  Academy 

Windsor  Academy 

Vates  Academy •■••:■■ 

Yates  County  Academy  &  Fe- 
male Seminary 

Yates  Polytechnic  Institnt' 


Schuylerville,  Saratoga  Co.. 


Wbitesboro',  Oneidaco.... 
Seneca  Falls,  Seneca  co. 


Rochester,  Monroe  co 

Sherburne,  Chenango  CO 

Skaneateles,  Onondaga  co 

Sodus,  Wayne  co 

Southold,  Suffolk  CO 

Spencertown,  Columbia  CO 

Springville,  Erie  co 

Florida,  Orange  CO ^ 

Starkey,  Yates  CO 

Steuben,  Oneida  co 

Stillwater,  Saratoga  CO 

Stillwater,  Saratoga  co 

Bloomingburgh,  Sullivan  co 

Binghamton,  Broome  co 

SjTacuse,  Onondaga  co 

Ticonderoga,  Essex  co 

Troy,  Rensselaer  co 

Troy,  Rensselaer  co 

Troy,  Rensselaer  CO 

Ulysses,  Tompkina  co 

Turin,  Lewis  co 

Unadilla,  Otsego  co. 

Stone  Arabia,  Montgomery  Co.. 

Granger,  Allegany  co 

Jamaica,  Queens  co 

Belleville,  Jefferson  co 

Union  Village,  Washington  CO.. 

Utica,  Oneida  CO 

Utica,  Oneida  co , 

Utica,  Oneida  co 

Vernon,  Oneida  co 

Victory,  Cayuga  co 


Jan.    23, 1840 


April  n 
AprUa 


,  1S26 
,1837 


AprU  5,1839 

Apriii4,"i829 

Aprii2V,"i837 
May  13,1845 
Mar.  19, 1827 
May     7, 1847 

Aprii'i7,"i826 

April  6,"i828 
Aprii  28,"i835 


9,1829 
6, 1839 


11, 1840 
23,1840 


Jan.  11,1855 


Jan. 

Feb. 


Feb. 
Jan. 


Dec. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Feb. 
Jan. 
Jan. 
Feb. 


3,1847 
26,  1830 

4, 1848 
25, 1848 
29, 1828 
29, 1839 
25,  1848 


May  6, 1834 
April  13, 1839 
May     6, 1837 

Aprii  30, 1839 


AprU  13, 1826 


Mar.  31, 1831 
April  7,1854 
Feb.  6, 1839 
AprU  8,1858 
Feb.     6, 1839 

Jiin.  30,1838 
July    6,  1854 


Extinct. 


Extinct. 

Merged  in  Public  Schools, 


Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 
Extinct. 

Extinct. 


Brooklyn.  Kings  co 

Wallkill,  Orange  CO 

Walton,  Delaware  co.... 
Walworth,  Wayne  co... 


Warnerville,  Schoharie  co. .. 

Warsaw.  Wyoming  co 

Warwick,  Orange  co 

Salem,  Washington  CO 

Warwick,  Orange  co 


May  26,1853 
April  28, 1S37 
April  18,  1838 
May  21,1836 

May  4, 1839 
May   26,1841 

iil^y'iiiiisii 


AprU  1,1852 
Mar.  31,1795 
Jan.  11,1855 
Feb.  29,1792 
Jan.  6, 1830 
Jan.  23,  1840 
Mar.  14, 1814 


Feb. 
Feb. 


6,1839 
6, 1839 


Extinct. 
Provisional  charter. 


Merged  in  Public  Schools. 


April  28, 1834 
Aprii'il,'i842 
May"'2,"i835 


Fort  Edward,  Washington  co 

Waterford,  Saratoga  co 

Waterford,  Saratoga  CO 

Waterloo,  Seneca  co 

Waterloo.  Seneca  co 

Watertown,  Jefferson  CO 

Waverlv,  Tioga  CO I   ;— ••.;'ii"'iaia 

Weedsport,  Cayuga  CO April  18,  1838 

Westfield.  Chautauqua  CO May     6, 18oi 

Hebron,  Washington  CO 

Westtown,  Orange  CO 

West  Winfield,  Herkimer  co 

Whitehall,  Washington  co 

Whitehall,  Washington  co 

White  Plains,  .Westchester  co 

Whitesboro',  Oneida  CO - 

Whitcbboro*,  Oneida  co 

W  ilBon,  Kiagara  co 

Windsor,  Broome  co 

Windsor,  Broome  co 

Yates  Center,  Orleans  co 


April  18, 1839 
Aprii  20,"i839 
Aprii  19,1828 

May  16,1837 


Penn  Tan,  Yates  co 

Chittenango,  Madison  Co.. 


April  17, 1828 


Feb.  13, 1842 
Feb.  10, 1854 
AprU  19, 1843 

.Tan.  27,1864 
Jan.  11, 1S55 
Mar.  17,1854 
Feb.  16,  1791 
Mar.  25, 1811 

July  6,1854 
Feb.  6, 1839 
Mar.  19, 1819 
Aug.  23,  1842 
Oct.    11,1865 

Jan.  21,1858 

Feb.  6. 1839 
Mar.  22, 1865 
Jan.  30,1840 
Feb.  14,1851 

6ct'.'"27',"i848 
Jan.  26,1830 
Mar.  23,  1813 
Mar.  27, 1845 
Feb.  19,  1846 

Mar'."i6,"i849 
Aug.  23,  1842 

Jan.  25.1830 
April  11. 1S63 


Extinct 


Not  organized. 


Extinct 

Extinct. 

Merged  in  Union  School. 


Extinct 
Extinct. 


Extinct. 
Extinct. 


Extinct, 


Extinct. 


.  Charter  repealed  Feb.  19, 1S41.    Merged  in  Black  River  Literary  and  ReligiouB  Institute. 


PUBLIC   SCHOOLS. 


Ample  provisions  have  been  made  by  the  State  for  the  establish- 
ment and  support  of  public  schools  throughout  its  borders.  To 
this  end  the  whole  inhabited  portions  of  the  State  have  been  divided 
into  convenient  districts,  in  each  of  which  a  school  is  taught  some 
portion  of  the  year  and  is  open  to  all  and  within  the  reach  of  all. 
These  schools  are  supported  in  part  by  money  derived  from  the 
State,  in  part  by  a  rate  bill  collected  from  parents  of  children 
attending  school,  and  in  part  by  a  tax  upon  the  property  of  the 
district.^ 

Scliool  Districts  are  formed  and  altered  by  school  com- 
missioners. These  districts  are  so  formed  as  to  best  accommodate 
all  the  inhabitants  of  the  various  localities  and  at  the  same  time 
secure  efficiency  in  school  organizations.  Each  district  has  a  schoolhouse  and  a  library.  Its 
monetary  affairs  are  arranged,  and  its  officers  elected,  at  annual  meetings  of  all  the  taxable  in- 
habitants.    Its  officers  are  trustees,  a  clerk,  a  collector,  and  a  librarian.^ 

School  Commissioners  are  elected  in  each  of  the  Assembly  districts  of  the  State  outside 
of  the  cities,  and  have  the  general  supervision  of  schools.  They  examine  and  license  teachers, 
visit  the  schools,  and  in  every  possible  Avay  endeavor  to  advance  the  general  interests  of  education. 
They  report  annually  to  the  State  department  of  education. 

Tlie  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  is  the  administrative  officer 
of  the  school  department.  He  has  an  office  in  the  State  Hall  at  Albany,  and  has  a  deputy  and 
the  necessary  number  of  clerks.  He  hears  and  decides  appeals  from  the  school  officers  and  Com- 
missioners, and  has  the  general  supervision  of  the  common  schools,  Indian  schools,  the  Institution 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  all  similar  institutions  in  the  State.  He  is  ex  officio  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Regents  of  the  University,  is  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Normal 
School,  and  a  trustee  of' the  State  Asylum  for  Idiots.  He  also  apportions  the  school  fund  among 
the  several  counties  and  districts  as  the  law  directs. 

The  school  fund  of  the  State,  derived  from  a  variety  of  sources,  in  1859  yielded  a  revenue  of 
$264,500.^  This  sum,  and  the  amount  derived  from  the  J  mill  tax,  is  divided  among  the  schools 
as  follows: — One-third  is  divided  among  the  districts  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  teachers 
employed,  and  the  remaining  two-thirds  are  distributed  to  the  several  counties  in  proportion  to 
their  population,  and  thence  distributed  to  the  districts  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  children 
between  the  ages  of  4  and  21. 

District  JLibraries  were  established  in  1838 ;  and  from  that  period  to  1851,  with  few  inter- 
missions, the  sum  of  ^55,000  was  annually  appropriated  for  the  purchase  of  books.*     These 


1  In  1859  the  amount  divided  by  the  State  among  tlie  several 
districts  was  $1,316,607.18.  Of  this  sum  $1.062,1U7.1.H  v.'na  de- 
rived from  the  J  mill  State  tax,  and  $264,500  from  the  interest  of 
the  common  school  fund. 

A  record  ia  kept  of  the  attendance  of  each  pupil,  and  the 
amount  due  for  teachers'  wages  above  that  received  from  the 
State  is  assessed  in  proportion  to  this  attendance.  Cost  of 
fuel,  repairs,  and  the  amount  of  rate  bills  abated  to  indigent 
parents  are  met  by  a  tax  upon  the  property  of  the  district. 

2  District  Meetings  decide  upon  questions  of  building  and  re- 
pairing eohoolhouses,  furnishing  them,  providing  fuel  aud  facili- 
ties for  teaching,  within  tlie  limits  of  the  law.  The  annual 
meetings  for  the  election  of  officers  are  held  on  the  second  Tuesday 
of  Oct.  throughout  the  State.  The  Board  of  Trustees,  consisting 
of  1  or  3  at  the  option  of  the  district,  constitute  the  executive 
officers  of  the  district.  The  Trustees  engage  teachers,  properly 
furnish  the  srhoolhouse.  provide  fuel,  and  execute  the  wishes  of 
the  district  as  expressed  in  the  district  meetings.  They  have 
also  the  care  of  the  district  library.  The  Clerk  preseiTcs  the 
records  of  the  district  and  calls  district  meetings. 

*  The  school  fund  was  chiefly  derived  from  the  following 

sources ; — 

1799,  Seven-eighthB  of  four  lotteries  of  $100,000,  aggre- 
gate   $  87.500 

1801,  One-half  of  lotteries  of  $100,000.  aggregate 50.000 

1805,  Proceeds  of  500,000  acres  of  land  sold. 
"      Stock   subscribed   in   Merchants*  Bank,  and   in- 
creased in  1807  and  '08. 

1816,  One-half  of  the  proceeds  of  the  Crumhorn  Moun- 
tain Tra*;t  of  6,944i  acres,  amounting  to 5,208 


1819,  One-half  of  the  arrears  of  quitrents 

"      An  exchange  of  securities  between  general  and 
common  school  fund,  by  which  the  school  fund 

gained 

"      Proceeds  of  escheated  lands  in  Jlilitary  Tract  given. 

1822,  By  the  Constitution,  all  public  lands,  amounting  to 

991,659  acres,  were  given  to  the  school  fund. 

1827,  Balance  of  loan  of  1786.  amounting  to 

"      Bank  stock  owned  by  the  State 

"     Canal    '■         "  "  "     

1838,  From  the  revenue  of  the  United  States   deposit 

fund,  annually 

An  additional  sum  from  the  same  fund  for  libraries 


$26,690 
161,641 


33,616 
100,000 
150,000 

110.000 
55,000 

The  sum  of  $25,000  from  the  revenue  of  the  United  States 
deposit  fund  is  annually  added  to  the  capital  of  the  common 
school  fund ;  and  the  capital  of  this  fimd  is  declared  by  the  Con- 
stitution to  be  iuviolate. 

In  directing  the  sale  of  the  public  lands,  the  State  reserved 
certain  lots  in  the  10  Towns  of  St.  Lawrence  co.  and  in  theCho- 
nango  20  Townships,  for  gospel  and  school  purposes.  The  pro- 
ceeds from  the  sales  of  these  lands  have  formed  a  local  fund  for 
the  benefit  of  the  towns  in  which  they  lie.  Many  uther  tuwna 
have  small  funds,  derived  from  fines  and  pcnultied,  ai'plicable  ta 
schools.    See  p.  47. 

*  The  following  directions  are  given  in  the  selection  of  books :-  • 

"  1.  No  works  written  professedly  to  uphold  or  attack  any 
sect  or  creed  in  our  country  claiming  to  be  a  religious  one  shall 
be  tolerated  in  the  school  libraries. 

"2.  Standard  works  on  other  topics  shtUl  not  be  ezcloded 

i;;5 


136 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


libraries,  free  to  every  person  in  the  district,  generally  comprise  books  on  scientific  and  literary 

subjects  and  affording  means  of  information  which  would  otherwise  be  unattainable. 

The  State  IVormal  School  -was  established  in  1844,  for  the  instruction  and  practice  of 
teachers  of  common  schools  in  the  science  of  education  and  the  art  of  teaching.  It  is  supported 
by  an  annual  appropriation  from  the  literature  fund,  and  is  under  the  immediate  charge  of  an 
executive  committee  appointed  by  the  Regents  of  the  University.  Each  county  in  the  State  is 
entitled  to  send  twice  as  many  pupils  to  the  school  as  it  sends  members  to  the  Assembly.  The 
pupils  receive  tuition  and  the  use  of  textbooks  free,  and  also  receive  a  small  amount  of  mileage. 
The  school  is  located  at  the  corner  of  Howard  and  Lodge  Streets,  Albany.^ 

The  law  makes  provision  for  the  establishment  of  Union  Free  Schools  wherever  the 
inhabitants  may  desire  it,  and  for  the  formation  of  Colored  Schools  in  districts  where  the 
presence  of  colored  children  is  offensive  to  a  majority  of  the  people  of  the  district.^ 

Previous  to  the  Revolution  no  general  system  of  education  was  established.  All  the  schools 
that  had  been  founded  were  of  a  private  character  or  the  result  of  special  legislation.  The 
necessity  and  importance  of  common  schools  had  not  been  recognized,  and  education  was  princi- 
pally confined  to  the  wealthier  classes.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the  State  Legislature,  in  1787, 
Gov.  Clinton  called  the  attention  of  that  body  to  the  subject  of  education,  and  a  law  was  passed 
providing  for  the  appointment  of  the  Regents  of  the  University.  In  1789  an  act  was  passed  appro- 
priating certain  portions  of  the  public  lands  for  gospel  and  school  purposes.  In  1793  the  Regents 
in  their  report  recommended  the  establishment  of  a  general  system  of  common  schools ;  and  in 
1795  Gov.  Clinton  in  his  message  to  the  Legislature  strongly  urged  the  same.*  On  the  9th  of 
April  of  that  year  a  law  was  passed  "for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  and  maintaining  schools  in 
the  several  cities  and  towns  in  this  State,  in  which  the  children  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Stat« 
shall  be  instructed  in  the  English  language,  or  be  taught  English  grammar,  arithmetic,  mathe- 
matics, and  such  other  branches  of  knowledge  as  are  most  useful  and  necessary  to  complete  a  good 
English  education."  By  tiiis  act  the  sum  of  £20,000,  or  $50,000,  was  annually  appropriated  for 
5  years  for  the  support  of  these  schools,* 

The  beneficial  result  of  this  system,  imperfect  as  it  was,  became  at  once  apparent;  and  from  time 
to  time  measures  were  taken  to  increase  the  funds  and  to  improve  the  system.^  The  successive 
Governors  nearly  all  strongly  recommended  the  passage  of  new  laws  for  the  encouragement  and 
support  of  schools  f  but  nothing  definite  was  accomplished  until  1811,  when  5  commissioners  were 


because  they  incidentally  and  indirectly  betray  the  religious 
opinions  of  their  laithorB. 

"3.  Works,  avowedly  on  other  topics,  which  abound  in  direct 
and  unreserved  attacks  on,  or  defense  of.  the  character  of  any 
religious  sect,  or  those  wliich  hold  up  any  religious  body  to  con- 
tempt or  execration  by  .singling  out  or  bringing  together  only 
the  darker  parts  of  its  history  or  character,  shall  be  excluded 
from  the  school  libraries.  In  the  selection  of  books  for  a  dis- 
trict library,  infurniation,  and  not  mere  amusement,  is  to  be 
regarded  aa  the  primary  object.  Suitable  provision  should, 
however,  bo  ninde  fnr  the  intellectual  wants  of  the  young,  by 
furnishing  them  with  boohs  which,  without  being  merely 
juvenile  in  their  charactiT.may  be  level  totheir  comprehension 
and  sufiBciently  entertaining  to  excite  and  gratify  a  taste  for 
reading.  It  is  useless  to  buy  hooka  which  are  not  read." — Code 
ofPiiMic  Tii^t.,  1856.  p.  .328. 

1  Males  are  admitted  at  18  and  females  at  16  years  of  age; 
and  upon  entering;  each  one  is  required  to  sign  a  pledge  that 
he  intends  to  become  a  teacher.  The  number  of  graduates  up 
to  the  close  of  the  thirteenth  year.  1S5&-57,  was  999,  and  the 
number  of  pupils  at  that  time  was  22.3.  The  school  for  several 
years  occupied  the  building  near  the  head  of  State  Street,  now 
known  as  "Van  Vechten  Hall."  In  184S  tlie  present  building 
was  erected,  at  a  cost  of  $25,000.  The  experimental  school 
taught  by  the  graduating  class  numbers  somewhat  over  100 
pupils.  These  pay  tuition,  and  are  elected  or  appointed  by  the 
Executive  Committee. 

2  Under  the  Union  Free  School  law  a  large  number  of  schools 
have  been  established  in  different  parts  of  the  State.  These 
schools  are  supported  by  a  direct  tax  upon  the  property  of  the 
district,  and  the  rate  bill  system  is  discarded.  Free  schools  are 
established  iu  all  the  cities  and  in  most  of  the  larger  villages  in 
the  State  by  special  laws.  In  most  cases  the  free  schools  are 
graded,  and  comprise  3  or  4  distinct  departments,  furnishing 
instruction  from  the  primary  to  a  full  academic  course.  Being 
entirely  free  and  within  the  reach  of  all,  they  afford  to  every 
child,  regardless  of  his  position  in  life,  an  opportunity  to  secure 
a  thorough  English  education.    These  free  schools  rank  among 

•  the  best  public  schools  in  the  country;  and  they  have  tlius  far 
proved  superior  to  those  in  which  the  rate  bill  system  is  retained. 

3  Is  his  message  Governor  Clinton  uses  the  following  lan- 
Fuagft. — '"While  it  is  evident  that  the  general  establishment 
and  liberal  endowment  of  academies  are  highly  to  be  com- 
mended and  ai'e  attended  with  tht  most  beneficial  cousequcuces, 


yet  it  cannot  be  denied  that  they  are  principally  confined  to  the 
children  of  the  opulunt.  and  that  a  gieat  portion  of  the  commu- 
nity is  excluded  from  their  immediate  advantages.  The  esta- 
blishment of  common  schools  tliroughout  the  State  is  happily 
calculated  to  remedy  this  inconvenience,  and  will  therefore  en- 
gage your  early  and  decided  consideration." 

*  The  principal  featui'es  of  the  system  inau^rated  by  this  act 
were  as  follows : — 

1.  The  public  money  was  to  he  appropriated  to  the  several 
counties  in  the  proportion  of  their  repre*entation  in  the  Legis- 
lature, and  to  the  towns  in  proportion  to  theuumber  of  taxable 
inhabitants  in  each. 

2.  The  Bo-irds  of  Supervisors  ^were  required  to  raise  by  tax 
one-half  as  much  as  they  received  from  the  State. 

3.  Each  town  was  to  elect  not  less  thau  3  nor  more  than  7 
commissioners,  to  take  general  charge  of  the  schools,  to  examine 
teachers,  and  to  apportion  the  public  moneys  in  the  several  dis- 
tricts. 

4.  The  people  in  each  district  were  authorized  to  elect  2  or 
more  trustees,  to  employ  teachers,  and  to  attend  to  the  special 
interests  of  the  school. 

5.  The  public  money  was  to  be  divided  among  the  various 
districts  In  proportion  to  the  number  of  days'  instruction  givea 
in  each. 

6.  Annual  reports  were  to  be  made  from  the  districts,  towns, 
and  counties. 

The  returns  of  1798  show  a  total  of  1,352  schools  organized 
and  59,6e0  chddren  taught. 

6  An  act  was  passed  in  1799  authorizing  the  raising  of  $100,000 
by  4  lotteries.  $S7.500  of  which  wa'^  appropriated  for  the  support 
of  common  schools.  In  ISO!  ^lOO.OOiT  more  was  raised  by  lottery 
for  school  purposes,  of  which  sum  $50,000  was  devoted  to  com- 
mon schools.  In  ISOO  a  bill  aj)propriating  $50,000  to  the  sup- 
port of  common  schools  passed  the  Assembly,  hut  was  defeated 
in  the  Senate. 

«  Gov.  Jay,  in  1800,  Gov.  Geo.  ainton,  in  1802,  Gov.  Lewis,  in 
1804  and  '05,  and  Gov.  Tompkins,  in  several  successive  years, 
urged  upon  the  Legislature  the  necessity  of  revising  the  school 
laws  and  of  making  nmre  liberal  appropriations  for  the  support 
of  scho<,"»ls.  Several  bills  weie  introduced  into  the  Legislature; 
but  they  were  all  defeated  in  either  the  S'-nate  or  Assembly.  In 
the  mean  time  the  scbool  moneyB  gradually  increased,  and  were 
funded  by  the  Comptroller,  laying  the  foundation  of  the  present 
large  school  fund. 


PUBLIC     SCHOOLS. 


137 


appointed  to  report  a  complete  system  for  the  organization  and  establishment  of  common  schools. 
The  commissioners  made  a  report,  accompanied  by  a  draft  of  a  bill,  Feb.  14,  1812.  The  report  was 
accepted  by  the  Legislature,  and  the  bill  became  a  law.^  Under  this  act,  Gideon  Hawley  was  ap- 
pointed Superintendent,  and  continued  in  office  from  1813  to  1821.  The  great  success  which  this 
Bystem  met  with,  and  the  firm  hold  which  it  speedily  attained,  is  mainly  due  to  the  administrative 
abilities  and  indefatigable  exertions  of  Mr.  Ilawley.  Several  important  changes  were  made  in  the 
law  dui-ing  his  administration,  all  of  which  tended  greatly  to  improve  the  schools.  In  1821  the 
office  of  State  Superintendent  was  abolished,  and  the  superintendence  of  schools  was  made  au  ap- 
pendage to  the  department  of  Secretary  of  State.  Every  successive  year  the  Governor  and  Secre- 
tary of  State  urged  upon  the  Legislature  the  necessity  of  systematizing  the  schools  and  of 
correcting  obvious  defects  in  the  existing  laws.^  In  1835  a  law  was  passed  providing  for  the  esta- 
blishment of  teachers'  departments  in  8  academies,  1  in  each  of  the  Senatorial  Districts  of  the  State.^ 
In  1838  the  District  Library  system  was  established  by  law  ;*  and  in  1841  the  office  of  Deputy  Su- 
perintendent was  created.^  In  1843  the  Board  of  Town  Inspectors  and  School  Commissioners  was 
abolished  and  the  office  of  Town  Superintendent  was  substituted.  May  7,  1844,  an  act  was  passed 
for  the  establishment  of  a  State  Normal  School;  and  the  school  was  opened  at  Albany  on  the  18th 
of  Dec.  following.^ 

Ou  the  13th  of  Nov.  1847,  the  Legislature  abolished  the  office  of  County  Superintendent, — al- 
though the  act  was  strongly  resisted  by  many  of  the  best  friends  of  education  in  the  State.'  During 
the  same  session  Teachers'  Institutes,  which  had  existed  for  several  years  as  voluntary  associa- 
tions, were  legally  established.^ 

On  the  26th  of  March,  1849,  an  act  was  passed  establishing  free  schools  throughout  the  State. 
By  the  conditions  of  this  act  the  rate  bill  system  was  abolished,  and  the  whole  expense  of  the 
schools  beyond  the  State  appropriation  was  made  a  tax  upon  the  property  of  the  district.  This  act 
was  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people  and  was  sustained  by  a  majority  of  3  to  1.  In  consequence 
of  the  inequality  of  the  laws  in  regard  to  taxes,  it  was  found  that  the  Free  School  system  did  not 
work  well  in  practice.     Remonstrances  poured  in  upon  the  next  Legislature  from  ail  parts  of  the 


1  These  commissioners,  appointed  by  Gov.  Tompkins,  were 
Jedediah  Peck,  John  Murray,  jr.,  Samuel  Kussel,  liogcr  Skin- 
ner, and  Samuel  Macomb.  Tho  principal  features  of  thia  bill 
were, — 

1.  $50,000  was  annually  to  be  divided  among  the  counties  of 
the  State. 

2.  The  Boards  of  Supervisors  were  obliged  to  raise  an  equal 
sum,  to  be  iliatributed  among  the  towns  and  districts. 

3.  Three  commissioners  were  to  be  appointed  in  each  town  to 
superintend  the  schools  and  examine  teachers.  ' 

4.  Three  trnstees  were  to  be  elected  in  each  district  to  engage 
teachers  and  otherwise  provide  for  tho  local  necessities  of  the 
school. 

5.  The  whole  system  was  to  be  placed  under  the  charge  of  a 
State  Superintendent. 

*  In  1813  the  olfice  of  School  Commissioner  was  created,  and 
from  3  to  6  school  inspoctora  were  annually  elected  in  each 
town,  with  the  same  powi^rs  and  duties  as  school  comrab^sion- 
ers.  Bills  were  introduced  from  time  to  time  to  place  the  whole 
system  again  under  the  charge  of  a  distinctive  oflRcer.  to  pro- 
vide for  more  efficient  supervision  of  schools,  to  secure  more 
competent  teachers,  and  to  establish  a  seminary  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  teachers:  but  they  all  failed  of  receiving  the  necessary 
support.  In  1828  the  number  of  inspectors  was  reduced  to  3. 
Tho  laws  that  were  passed  corrected  tho  most  obvious  abuses ; 
but  no  great  step  was  taken  in  advance  until  1S38. 

8  Erasmus  llall  Academy  in  Kings  co.,  Montgomery  Aca- 
demy, Orange  co.,  Kinderliook,  St.  Lawrence,  Fairfield,  Oxford, 
Canandalgua,  and  Middlebury  Academies,  were  the  institutions 
in  which  this  department  was  established. 

4  On  the  13th  of  April  of  this  year,  the  foundations  of  the 
District  School  Library  were  laid  by  "an  act  authorizing  the 
taxable  inhabitants  of  the  several  school  districts  to  impose  a 
tax  not  exceeding  $20  for  the  tirst  year  and  SIO  for  each  suc- 
ceeding year,  for  the  purchase  of  a  district  library,  consisting 
of  such  books  as  they  shall  in  their  district  meeting  direct." 
This  bill  was  ably  advocated  in  the  Senate  by  Col.  Young,  of  Sa- 
ratfjga,  and  the  Hon.  Levi  Beardsley,  of  Otsego;  and  its  friends 
were  indebted  for  its  success  to  the  untiring  exertions  and  ex- 
tensive influence  of  .James  Wadsworth.  of  Cenepeo.  By  aft  ol 
July  9,  1851,  the  law  was  modified,  giving  to  supervisors  of 
towns  a  discretionary  power  of  levying  a  tax  for  library  pur- 
poses. 

In  1838  an  act  was  passed  requiring  $55,000  of  tho  school 
moneys  to  bo  distributed  among  the  school  districts  and  ex- 
ptiQded  by  the  trustees  in  the  purchase  of  suitable  books  for 
district  libraiies,  and  the  residue  for  the  payment  of  the  w.iges 
of  duly  qualified  teachers.  An  equal  amount  was  also  requned 
to  bo  raised  by  taxation  on  the  several  counties  and  towns  and 
Applied  to  tbo  some  purposes. 


The  first  definite  proposition  to  establish  district  librariea 
was  made  by  A.  C.  Flagg,  in  his  report  of  la30. 

6  In  1S39,  .!ohu  C.  Spencer,  Superintendent  of  Schools,  recom- 
mended a  plan  of  county  supervision,  which  "  was  urged  upon 
the  department  and  the  Legislature;  and  under  the  strong  re- 
commendation of  the  Superintendent,  backed  by  the  exertions 
of  several  of  the  most  eminent  friends  of  popular  education,^ 
among  whom  may  be  enumerated  the  Hon.  Jabez  1).  llammund, 
who  as  early  ns  1835  had  given  to  the  public  the  details  of  a 
plan  essentially  similar;  the  Itev.  Dr.  Whitehouse,  of  Koch- 
ester;  Francis  Dwight,  Esq.,  editor  of  the  District  tfchoul  Juur- 
ual,  then  of  tieneva;  Profc-ssor  Potter,  of  Union  College;  and 
James  Wadsworth,  Esq.,  of  Geneseo, — this  project  became,  in 
lh41,  by  the  nearly  unanimous  action  of  the  Legislature,  incor- 
porated with  our  syntem  of  common  schools." — JiandaWs  Ojm- 
nwn  School  iSystemj  p.  44. 

c  The  establishment  of  a  Normal  School  for  the  professional 
education  of  teachers  was  strongly  advocated  by  several  Super- 
intendents, and  had  been  a  favorite  measure  of  many  distin- 
guished friends  of  the  cause  for  many  years.  The  bill  fur  tho 
establishment  of  tho  Korniai  School  was  introduced  March  22, 
1844,  by  Hon.  Calvin  T.  Hurlburd,  of  St.  Lawrence.  The  bill, 
as  passed,  appropriated  SU,600  fur  the  first  yeai*,  and  $10,OUO  per 
year  for  five  years,  for  the  support  of  the  school,  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  State  Superintendent  and  Kegents  of  the  Uni- 
versity. The  Superintendent  of  Schools,  (Sauiutl  Young.)  KttV. 
Alonzo  Potter,  Kev.  VI.  II.  Campbell,  Uon.  Gideon  Hawley,  and 
irancis  Dwight,  Esq.,  wore  appointed  an  executive  committee 
to  attend  to  the  interests  of  tho  school.  The  committee  pro- 
ceeded to  organize  the  school  by  the  appointment  of  David  P. 
Page,  Principal;  Frederick  I.  llsley,  Teacher  of  Music;  and 
J.  B.  Howard,  Teacher  of  Drawing.  Only  29  pupils  were  in  at- 
tendance the  first  day;  but  tho  number  speedily  increased  to 
loo,  and  since  that  time  the  school  has  been  an  uninterrupted 
success. 

7  This  oflBce  had  become  very  unpopular  in  some  sections  of 
the  Stitte,  in  consequence  of  appointments  having  been  fre- 
quently made  by  the  Board  of  Supervisors  up^n  political  con- 
siderations merely,  without  the  kast  regard  to  the  qualifica- 
tions of  the  appointees.  Under  tho  supervision  of  the  County 
Superintendents  the  schools  had  progressed  more  rapidly  than 
ever  belbre,  in  the  same  period  ;  and  after  the  aboli^ihment  of 
that  otfice  they  steadily  retrograded  fur  several  years. 

«  The  first  Teachers'  Institute  in  the  State  was  held  at  Ithaca, 
Tompkins  co..  April  4,  1843.  under  the  direction  of  James  S. 
Deuman,  County  Superintendent.  Immediately  afterw.ird.  in- 
stitutes were  held  in  other  counties;  and  in  a  few  jwirs  they 
became  a  lixed  institution.  Jn  1847  they  were  recognized  by 
the  Legislature,  and  appropriations  were  made  for  their  sup- 
port. 


138 


NEW   YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


State ;  and  in  1850  the  law  waa  again  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people  and  again  sustained, — though 
by  a  decreased  majoi-ity.  In  April,  1851,  the  Free  School  Act  was  repealed  and  the  rate  bill  system 
was  reinstated.' 

During  the  session  of  1853  a  law  was  passed  allowing  Union  Free  Schools  to  be  established 
under  certain  conditions.^  On  the  30th  of  March,  1854,  the  office  of  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction was  created, — thus  substantially  restoring  tlie  original  system  of  general  supervision.' 
On  the  13th  of  April,  1855,  a  law  was  passed  allowing  the  Regents  of  the  University  to  designate 
certain  academies  in  the  several  counties  in  which  a  teachers'  class  might  be  taught  free,  the  State 
allowing  SIO  for  each  pupil  so  taught,  to  a  number  not  exceeding  20  iu  each  academy. 

1  At  the  time  of  the  repeal  of  the  Free  School  act  a  provision 
was  made  for  raisiuK  $800,000  auDually  by  a  State  tax,  which 
in  many  of  the  rural  districts  practically  made  free  schools. 
This  tax  was  afterward  made  a  i  mill  tax  upon  all  the  property 
of  the  State,  producing  a  sum  somewhat  larger  in  the  aggregate, 
and  one  increajiiug  with  the  wealth  and  wants  of  the  State. 

2  The  law  for  the  creation  of  Union  Free  Schools  was  a  recog- 
nition of  the  free  school  principle  and  an  important  step  in  the 
progress  of  education. 


3  "While  the  School  Department  waa  a  subordinate  branch  of 
the  Department  of  State,  it  was  impossible  to  give  to  it  that 
character  and  efficiency  necessary  to  the  best  interests  and  wel- 
fare of  the  schools.  Since  the  change,  every  department  of  edu- 
cation has  felt  a  new  impulse  and  has  been  constantly  improv- 
ing. The  administration  of  the  schools  has  been  much  more 
perfect,  the  reports  have  been  more  regular  and  reliable,  and 
the  standard  of  teaching  has  materially  advanced. 


School  Statistics  from  tJie  Report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  for  1859.' 


Alb.any 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cattaraugus... 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua... 

Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia. 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kinga 

Lewis 

Livingston.... 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery . 

New  York 

Niagara. 

Oneida 

Onondaga. 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego , 

Putnam 

Queens  

Rensselaer  .... 
Richmond  .... 

Rockland 

St.  Lawrence, 

Saratoga 

Schenectady.. 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington.. 

W.ayne 

WestcheMer . 
Wyoming .... 
Yates 

Total 


170 
252 
211 
25.3 
248 
S05 
114 
274 
182 
187 
1S2 
332 
213 
326 
180 
156 
110 
146 
163 

28 
193 
373 

47 
176 
193 
238 

120 
95 
171 
397 
297 
207 
184 
134 
298 
319 
65 
75 
199 
24 
39 
464 
257 
63 
203 
112 
104 
3.50 
148 
169 
159 
165 
219 
130 
238 
219 
169 
191 
106 


169 

243 

2.i9 

262 

214 

221 

265 

256 

247 

278 

307 

Sis 

116 

127 

277 

2S6 

182 

189 

188 

199 

182 

183 

337 

3:i7 

217 

247 

327 

497 

187 

1S2 

157 

156 

111 

113 

151 

161 

IM 

172 

33 

29 

199 

203 

375 

398 

47 

366 

17  S 

179 

196 

207 

239 

254 

244 

336 

126 

129 

95 

1,350 

163 

197 

408 

458 

296 

369 

204 

224 

179 

201 

132 

143 

297 

344 

320 

320 

65 

6S 

76 

HI 

210 

273 

24 

38 

41 

43 

4r4 

4S2 

230 

245 

68 

83 

203 

204 

112 

112 

102 

117 

365 

3-,4 

1.50 

161 

163 

163 

159 

166 

lli5 

1S3 

223 

231 

1.32 

123 

2-n 

247 

219 

26-2 

148 

211 

189 

197 

106 

110 

No.  of  chil- 
dren between 
4  and  21. 


No.  of  vol'- 
umes  in  dis- 
trict library. 


39,559 
16,411 
13,610 
16,121 
19.4,38 
19,935 
10.641 
14.747 
18,327 
10,503 

9.264 
15.696 
21,446 
60.773 
11,400 
11,299 
10..561 
10,044 
11.6,S9 

1.046 
14.136 
26.757 
60.772 
10,368 
14.055 
15.664 
34.370 
12,033 
200,000 
18.051 
38,455 
32.478 
15.375 
21.661 
10.614 
27.248 
18.027 

6,489 
17,058 
28.372 

8,1.33 

6.939 
31.219 
18,146 

7,281 
12.024 

7,108 
10.164 
25,717 
1.5,192 
12,280 
10.S74 
11.993 
25.758 

7,812 
16,296 
17.062 
27,738 
12.072 

7,636 


Apportionment 

of  Siatemoneys 

for  1859. 


27.018 
20,196 
17.314 
20,859 
46.109 
33,260 
11,571 
31.941 
18.203 
21.719 
18,588 
28,075 
33.915 
45.445 
17,393 
11,.S68 
12,308 
17.842 
21.051 

1.454 
24.676 
41,636 
37,629 
15.628 
28.040 
30.445 
36,618 
18,048 

4,000 
23.764 
64,588 
44.978 
27.248 
32,929 
16.082 
31.341 
36.009 

9,064 
2.3,023 
30.382 

7,025 

9,365 
42.898 
31.228 

9..537 
22.578 
13,092 
16.347 
32.010 
23.999 
12.519 
17,872 
21,088 
32.632 

9,896 
30.743 
26.240 
31 .803 
2.5,114 
12.170 


$.34,758.46 
18,443.07 
16,680.38 
17,669.93 
21,647.28 
22.937.75 
10,727.63 
18.622.61 
16,448.91 
17.196.20 
11.686.07 
19.703.21 
22.672.83 
49,440.52 
12.252.48 
11.12618 

9,236.79 
12..312.75 
12.793.84 

1.516.11 
15.766.92 
28.164.96 
68,798.02 
11,580.04 
16,664,48 
18.430.01 
34,972.62 
11,649.24 
207.332  96 
18.105.71 
41.891.72 
33,261.15 
17,391.78 
21,434.10 
11..302.71 
28,152.08 
21,994.48 

5.319.28 
15.261.77 
28,962.64 

6,617.81 

6.311.17 
33,173.93 
19.624.40 

7.394.20 
14,506.61 

7,912..37 

9.968.63 
26.672.33 
16,123.09 
12.004.20 
11.737.21 
13,272.69 
24,249.37 

8.832  63 
18:526.88 
19,301..57 
26,908.02 
13.924.49 

8.263.32 


11.666  I    11,617   I    14,286  I     1.240,176     |    1,448.113     |  $1,316,607.18 


Total  receipts. 


$122,068.91 
28.818.61 
24,123.23 
27,noi  .80 
48.635.41 
40,7S5.66 
19.119.92 
29.341.34 
23,629.05 
34,767.79 
17,255.54 
28,767.16 
46,222.93 

138.417.98 
19,337.32 
16,637.73 
14,102.19 
23,487.48 
22.016. i'9 
2.10.3.87 
27.3r.5.25 
49,18.5,46 

246.461.75 
17,348,67 
26.052,77 
31,.594.17 

112,104.41 
23.4.30.67 

961,178.40 
37,960.86 
72,376.15 
80,114,54 
36,443.60 
53,077.70 
19,239.56 
72,476.06 
32.171.15 
9,103.17 
42.506.25 
14,029,12 
lli.S71.53 
12.205.00 
6S.331.46 
34.026.32 
17.979.08 
21,844.73 
13.528.71 
24,109.69 
42,912.11 
38,765.60 
19.238.68 
19.627.49 
24.2,So.06 
4:!,7lS.f4 
12,953.77 
31,963.60 
37.833,48 
S4,IUS.40 
21.756.20 
19,089.09 


Total  expenses. 


$124,673.71 
32,258.36 
27,529.85 
33,362.17 
69,294.60 
45,440.26 
20.558.93 
32.606.47 
26,198.33 
36.898.14 
20,937.05 
33,603.46 
61,889.61 

197,466,83 
21.271.35 
20,802.87 
18,713.68 
28,726.67 
27.027.94 
2.364.82 
33,533.20 
68,063.32 

230,877.31 
19,408.54 
34.072.68 
34.847.48 

107.480.67 
23,430.67 

961,178.40 
37,950.86 
72,376.15 
80,114.64 
36,443,60 
63,077.70 
19,239,66 
72,476,06 
32,171.15 
9.103.17 
42,506,25 
14,029.12 
16.871.53 
12,295.09 
68,331.45 
31,626.32 
17.979.08 
21..S44.73 
1,3,5-28.71 
24,109.69 
42,912.11 
38,766.60 
19,238.58 
19,627.49 
24,285.06 
43,763.04 
14.063.80 
36,966.24 
45,994.11 
9.5,156.04 
27,744.76 
16,417,96 


,277,256.14       $3,792,948,79 


o  The  above  Table  embraces  returnfl  from  Jan.  1  to  Oct.  1,  1858,  except  the  last  column,  which  is  for  the  year  1857. 


CHURCHES. 


139 


The  office  of  School  Commissioner  was  created  by  law  April  12,  1856,  and  by  the  same  act  the 
office  of  Town  Superintendent  was  abolished.  This  substantially  reinstated  the  office  of  County 
Superintendent,  the  abolishment  of  which  in  1847  was  so  disastrous  to  the  interests  of  education.' 
On  the  15th  of  March,  1856,  an  act  was  passed  directing  that  the  school  laws  should  be  digested  and 
codified.^  By  act  of  April  12,  1858,  the  school  year  was  changed  so  as  to  commence  Oct.  1,  and 
tlie  annual  district  school  meetings  were  directed  to  be  held  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October. 

mercantile  Colleges,  especially  adapted  to  instruction  in  opening,  conducting,  and  closing 
business  accounts  of  every  kind,  and  an  elucidation  of  the  laws  and  customs  that  have  been  esta- 
blished concerning  them,  have  within  a  few  years  been  opened  in  most  of  our  cities.  They  de- 
pend entirely  upon  individual  enterprise  for  support,  and  instruction  is  usually  given  by  oral  illus- 
trations, lectures,  and  examples.' 


CHURCHES. 

The  various  church  organizations  in  the  State  are  independent  of  each  other  and  are  supported 
entirely  by  private  contributions.  The  aggregate  amount  of  church  property  in  the  State,  and  the 
amount  annually  raised  for  religious  purposes,  are  immense.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  diflferent 
denominations,  arranged  in  alphabetical  order : — 

TUe  African  Metbodist  Epii^copal  (Zion)  Cliurch  was  formed  in  1820.  The 
State  of  New  York  forms  one  conference,  having  in  1S52  1,028  members. 

Tlie  American  ISwedenborg^ian  Association  was  formed  in  1857,  and  has  its 
office  in  New  York  City.  A  Printing  and  Publishing  Society  of  this  denomination,  formed  in  1850, 
collected  in  the  year  ending  in  1858  $3,108.25.  It  owns  the  stereotype  plates  of  all  the  theological 
writings  of  Swedenborg, 

Tlie  Anti  I>Iission  or  Old  Scliool  Baptist,  in  1855,  had  in  the  State  18  churches  and 
1,101  members. 

Tlie  Associate  Presbyterian  Cliurcb,  in  1855,  had  26  churches  and  3,926  members, 
and  The  Associate  Relornied  PresbyterianCburcb  3S  churches  and  5,634  mem- 
bers. These  two  denominations  united  in  May,  1858,  under  the  name  of  Tlie  United  Pres- 
byterians. 

Tlie  Baptist  Cliurcb  has  in  the  United  States  565  associations,  11,600  churches,  7,141 
ordained  ministers,  1,025  licentiates,  and  923,198  members.  Of  these  43  associations,  812  churches, 
738  ordained  ministers,  90  licentiates,  and  84,266  members  are  in  New  York.  Its  general  Benevo- 
lent Associations  are  the  ** American  Baptist  Missionary  Union,"  "American  Baptist  Publication 
Society,"  "American  Baptist  Historical  Society,"  "American  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society," 
"American  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,"  "American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society,"  "Southern 
Baptist  Convention,*'  1845,  and  "Southern  Baptist  Publication  Society,"  1847.  It  has  in  this  State 
2  colleges  and  2  theological  seminaries,  and  has  5  periodicals  devoted  to  its  interests.* 


1  The  School  Conimissionera  have  generally  succeeded  in 
awaktiiinjr  ft  new  interest  iu  their  respective  districts  by  per- 
sonally visiting  the  schools  and  tefichei-a,  by  enconrngiiig  the 
formation  of  tenchors'  associations  and  institutes,  and  by  re- 
quiring a  higher  Ptamiard  of  qualification  on  the  part  of  teachers. 
The  schools  under  tlifir  supervision  are  steadily  improving. 

s  The  expense  of  this  codification  of  the  school  laws  was  de- 
frayed from  the  Hbi*ary  fund. 

^Thege  institutions  ai'e  almost  indispensable  in  every  mer- 
cantile community.  They  aflord  instruction  upon  every  depart- 
ment of  business  accounts,  and  incidentaliy  upon  methods  of 
conducting  business  generally.  Courses  of  lectures  are  usually 
given,  in  which  are  unfolded  the  laws  relating  to  all  business 
matters,  and  a  vast  amount  of  information  is  given  relating  to 
all  departments  of  commercial  transactions.  The  most  extnn- 
Bive  of  these  coUegeB  are  those  of  Bryant  A  Stratton.  7  in  num- 
ber, of  which  3  are  in  this  State, — 1  at  Buflalo,  1  at  Albany,  and 
1  at  New  York, — Eastman's  Colleges,  at  Itoche.Kter  and  Oswego. 
and  Bassett's  College,  at  Syracuse.  Tliere  are  various  other 
institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  ^tate,  of  good  local  repute,  and 


of  great  value  to  the  villages  and  towns  in  which  they  are  ea- 
tablished. 

4  The  Missimmry  Union  was  formed  in  1S14;  its  receipts  for 
1857-58  were  $97,808.77.  It  has  19  missions,  80  missionaries, 
and  over  300  churches.  The  headquarters  of  the  Society  are  at 
Boston.  The  Baptist  Publicatimi  Society  was  fonned  in  1824, 
and  has  its  depository  at  Philadelphia.  It  supports  53  colpor- 
teurs, and  its  receipts  for  1867-58  were  $60,585.12.  The  Amer- 
ican Baptist  Home  Jllissionary  x<ociefy  was  formed  in  1832.  and 
has  its  office  in  New  York.  It  emjdoys  99  missionaries  and 
supplies  about  250  stations.  Its  receipts  for  1S57-58  were 
§52,093.33.  Tite  American  and  Ibreign  Bible  Society,  formed  in 
1838,  has  its  office  at  New  York.  Its  receipts  for  1857-58  were 
$57,049.98.  Madison  University,  at  IlumiUon,  and  the  University 
of  Rochester  are  Baptist  institutinns;  and  attached  to  each  is  a 
theological  seminary.  The  papers  published  by  this  denomi- 
imlion  are, — The  New  York  Kxamiuer,  New  York  (Chronicle, 
American  Baptist,  (newspapers.)  and  the  Home  Mission  Kecord, 
and  Mothers'  Journal,  (magazines,)  all  published  iu  New  York 
City 


140 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


The  Christian  Connexion'  divide  the  State  into  the  New  York  Eastern,  Ne^  York 
Central,  New  York  Western,  Northern,  Black  River,  and  Tioga  Christian  Conferences,  each  having 
distinct  boundaries.  They  have  in  the  U.S.  and  Canada  over  1,500  ministers  and commu- 
nicants.    The  census  reports  85  churches  in  this  State  and  9,825  persons  usually  attending  them. 

The  Congreg'ational  Churchet^  of  the  Union  number  about  2,900,  with  2,400  ministera 
and  240,000  members.  Of  these,  425  churches,  400  ministers,  and  25,000  members  are  claimed 
within  the  State  of  New  York.* 

The  Congreiratlonal  Methodists'  were  first  composed  of  seoeders  from  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  in  1820.     They  have  3  churches  in  the  State. 

The  Disciples  of  Christ  have  in  the  Union  over  1,700  churches,  1,100  ministers,  and 
130,000  members.*  In  New  York  they  reported,  in  1S55,  28  churches  and  2,015  members.  The 
New  York  State  Convention  embraces,  besides  the  State,  parts  of  Connecticut  and  Vermont. 

The  Evangelical  LiUtheran  Church  embraces  35  synods  in  the  U.  S.,  of  which  25  are 
connected  with  a  general  synod.  It  numliers  1,083  ministers  and  1,920  congregations,^  and  has  of 
general  societies  the  Parent  Educational,  Home  Missionary,  Foreign  Missionary,  Church  Extension, 
Lutheran  Historical,  and  Lutheran  Publication,  for  the  purposes  indicated  by  their  respective  titles. 
It  has  within  this  State  a  Theological  Seminary  and  Academy  at  Hartwiok,  Otsego  county,  and 
Martin  Lutlier  College,  with  a  theological  department,  at  Buffalo. 

The  Free  Will  Baptist  Church  in  the  U.  S.  has  28  yearly  and  129  quarterly  meetings, 
1189  churches,  957  ordained  and  104  licensed  preachers,  and  55,209  communicants.*  This  State 
comprises  5  whole  yearly  meetings  and  parts  of  2  others.     As  no  attention  is  paid  to  State  lines 


The  Fifty-Firat  Annual  Report  of  the  Baptist  Mis.sionary 
Convention  of  the  StJUc  of  New  York  (Oct.  1858)  giycs  the  fol- 
lowing statistics  of  this  deuomiDatiou  in  New  York.  The  dates 
of  organization  are  from  the  Baptist  Almanac  : — 


Associations. 


Bhick  River 

Broome  &  Tioga 

Buffalo 

Canisteo  River 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chemung  River «... 

Chenango 

Cortland 

Deposit 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex  &  Ch.implaiu.... 

Franklin 

Genesee 

Genesee  River 

Harmony 

Hudson  River  North.. 
Hudson  River  South... 

Lake  George 

Livingston 

Madison 

Mohawk  River 

Monroe 

New  York 

Niagara  

Oneida 

Onondaga. 

Ontario 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Bensselaerville 

Saratoga 

Seneca 

Stephentown 

Steuben 

St.  Lawrence 

Union 

Washington  Union.... 

Wayne 

Worcester 

Yates 


1808 
182.'! 
1816 
18.35 
1S35 
1800 
1842 
1832 
1827 
1854 
1834 
1847 
1S34 
1811 
1811 
1S2S 
1838 
1851 
1861 
1809 
1812 
1808 
18.37 
1827 
1791 
1824 
1820 
1822 
1814 
1843 
1832 
1795 
1799 
1805 
1821 
1832 
1817 
1813 
1810 
1834 
1834 
1830 
1842 


S 


32 
25 
21 
10 
23 
19 
20 
29 
19 
15 
20 
19 
14 
17 
17 
15 
20 
29 
41 
11 
10 
19 
10 
24 
35 
14 
23 
21 
19 
11 
16 
17 
12 
23 
15 
12 
19 
23 
15 
23 
16 
17 


35 
19 
21 

9 
IS 
17 
17 
21 
18 
11 
19 
13 

7 
12 
16 
13 
16 
21 
57 
10 


19 
33 
12 
28 
17 
19 
9 
13 
16 
11 
25 
13 
10 
21 
20 
15 
IS 
13 
12 


2.958 
2.756 
2,612 

381 
1.5S4 
2.106 
1.866 
2,571 
2.188 

092 
1.738 
1,344 
1.079 
1.702 
1,908 
1.4.35 
1.868 
4.985 
9,013 

646 

693 
2,290 

731 
3,056 
6.632 
1,663 
2,.'.49 
1.866 
1,544 
1.061 
1,670 
1,398 
1.372 
3,268 
1,797 
1,139 
2,149 
2,168 
2,282 
3,691 
1,728 
1,286 

804 


1  Otherwise  named  "  Unitarian  Baptists."  They  originated 
between  1793  and  1801,  in  secessions  from  Baptists,  Methodists, 
and  Presbyterians,  Each  church  is  independent  in  government ; 
and  full  statistics  are  not  accessible. 

-  Tfif  General  ji.';.iociftiion  of  New  TorJc  inclndes  the  Oneida, 
Black  River,  Esses,  St.  Lawrence,  Western  New  York,  Long 


Island,  New  York  &  Brooklyn,  Ontario,  Susquehanna,  Albany, 
and  Puritan  of  Wyoming  &  Allegany  Associations.  The  Ameri- 
can Congregational  Union  has  for  one  of  its  objects  the  aid  of 
feeble  churches.  In  the  year  ending  in  1858  it  expended 
$6,154.05  fur  this  purpose. 

3  Otherwise  known  as  "SlihvdWi^s." 

*.  Sometimes  known  as  "Canipbellites,"  from  Rev,  -Alexander 
Ciimi)bell,  the  founder,— JVjj  d  HnyCs  Quad,  if.y,,  1852,  p.  263. 

6  From  the  Luthei-an  Almanac,  1859.  The  synods  embraced 
in  New  York  are  as  follows  : — 


Synods. 

When 
formed. 

Ministers. 

Congre- 
gations. 

New  Y'ork  Ministerian 

1785 
1830 
1S38 
1839 

69 
25 
24 
16 

65 
33 
30 
16 

Of  these  the  last  two  are  not  connected  with  the  General 
Sj'nod. 

These  synods  have  no  definite  boundaries,  bnt  overlap  each 
other,  and  in  some  instances  extend  into  neighboring  States. 

The  Kirchliches  Informatorium  and  Historische  Zeitblatt,  of 
Buffalo,  and  Der  Lutherische  Herold,  of  New  York,  are  the 
officinl  organs  of  this  denomination. 

6  The  Free  Will  Baptist  Begister  for  1859  gives  the  following 
statistics.  To  those  extending  partly  into  neighboring  States 
a  star  is  prefixed;  and  those  entirely  out  of  the  State  are  in 
Italics. 


ANNUAL 
BiBETINGS. 

Quarterly 
Meetings. 

1 

11 

ll 

S 
£.2 

it 

2,170 

1,666 
1,262 

246 

488 
826 

2,163 

Holland  Pur- 

Cattaraugus.  Catta-' 
rangus      Center, 
Cha'utauqna.Erie, 
*French     Creek, 

and  Genesee 

'Rochester,  Monroe,' 
-      Union,      Wayne,  - 
Freedom ^ 

■*Owego,        Gihsfm/ 
Spafford,     *Wal-  - 
ton 

Yates  and  Steuben,' 
*PotterCo.,Bra<f- 
ford  and   Tioga, 

*Tu8carnra 

Lawrence,  Jefferson 

JMcDonough.     Che-) 
nango,  Otselic 

Whitestown,       Os-' 
wego,        Rensse- 
laer,        *Otsego, 
Lake  George 

43 

38 
37 

34 
16 
17 

40 

43 

30 
29 

22 

7 
13 

36 

7 

3 
8 

10 

3 
3 

2 

♦Susquehanna... 
*New  York  and 

St.  Lawrence 

Central  N.Y 

CHURCHES. 


141 


in  these  divisions,  the  exact  numbers  in  the  State  cannot  be  determined  from  the  reports.  Its 
general  institutions  are  3  mission  societies,  an  anti-slavery  society,  a  biblical  school  and  insti- 
tution at  New  Hampton,  N.  H.,  and  a  seminary  in  this  State. 

Tlie  Friends  or  Qtiakers  have,  since  1827,  been  divided  into  2  distinct  branches,  known 
as  "  Ilieksite"  and  "  Orthodox."  The  Hicksites  Iiave  a  general  meeting  for  the  United  States  and 
Canada,  which  is  divided  into  G  yearly,  33  quarterly,  and  138  monthly  meetini^s  in  the  U.  S.,  and 
2  half-yearly  and  6  monthly  meetings  in  Canada.  This  State  is  embraced  within  the  New  York 
and  the  Genesee  yearly  meetings,  the  former  of  which  extends  into  New  Jersey  and  the  latter  into 
Canada.  There  are  of  the  New  York  yearly  meeting  in  this  State  7  quarterly  and  31  monthly 
meetings ;  of  the  Genesee  yearly  meeting  2  quarterly  and  8  monthly  meetings. 

The  Orthodox  Friends  divide  the  United  States  and  Canada  into  8  yearly,  1  half-yearly,  65 
quarterly,  and  222  monthly  meetings.  The  New  York  yearly  meeting  comprises  1  half-yearly, 
15  quarterly,  and  43  monthly  meetings,  of  which  9  entire  and  a  part  of  1  other  quarterly  and 
28  monthly  meetings  are  within  the  State,  the  remainder  being  in  adjoining  States  and  Canada.' 

Tlie  German  Metbodists^  originated  in  the  year  1800,  and  number  about  20,000.  They 
have  in  New  York  about  15  churches  and  3,000  members. 

TUc  Mennonites  have  in  the  Union  300  churches  and  36,280  members:  of  these,  6 
churches  and  442  members  were  reported  in  Western  N.  Y.  in  1855. 

TUe  Methodist  Episcopal  Cliurcli  in  the  Uqited  States  was  divided  in  1844  into  the 
Church  North  and  the  Church  South,  forming  two  independent  organizations,  differing  only  upon 
the  question  of  slavery.  The  Church  North  embraces  49  annual  conferences,  5,365  traveling,  769 
superannuated,  and  7,169  local  preachers,  and  820,514  members  and  probationers.  The 
total  number  of  preachers  in  both  divisions  is  20,644,  and  of  members  1,476,291.  This  State 
embraces  5  entire  and  parts  of  4  other  conferences,  which  are  subdivided  into  districts  and  t;ir- 
cuits,  each  with  definite  boundaries.  The  Sunday  School  Union  of  the  M.  E.  Church  North  re- 
ports 11,229  schools,  120,421  officers  and  teachers,  639,120  scholars,  and  2,054,253  volumes  in  S.  S. 
libraries.  Its  Tract  Society  has  auxiliaries  in  each  conference,  and  distributes  large  quantities  of 
tracts  and  a  small  paper  called  "  The  Good  News."  Its  Missionary  Society  supports  44  foreign  mis- 
sionaries and  76  helpers,  and  302  missionaries  and  214  helpers  among  the  Indians  and  foreign 
populations.  Its  "  Book  Concern"  carries  on  an  amount  of  publication  equaled  by  that  of  few 
private  firms  in  the  country,  including  books,  papers,  and  magazines.  This  denomination  has 
within  the  State  1  college  and  10  seminaries,  in  connection  with  annual  conferences.' 

Tlie  Methodist  Protestant  Church  was  formed  Nov.  1830.  It  divides  the  Union 
into  conferences,  stations,  and  circuits.  The  census  reports  as  belonging  to  this  denomination  in 
this  State,  in  1855,  46  churches  and  1,605  members. 

Tlie  Presbyterian  Church  existed  as  one  body  until  18.37,  when  it  was  divided  int» 
"Old  School"  and  "  New  School,"  which  form  two  distinct  organizations,  with  similar  professions 
of  faith  but  different  views  of  discipline.  The  Old  School  General  Assembly  of  the  U.  S.  report 
33  synods,  159  presbyteries,  2,468  ministers,  3,324  churches,  and  259,335  communicants.     During 


T*^**  missionary  societies  under  tlie  charge  of  this  society  are 
the  Free  Will  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society,  which  supports 
S  missionaries  and  their  families  at  Arissa.  India,  the  Free 
Will  liuptist  Homo  Mission  Society,  and  the  Free  Will  Baptist 
Female  Missionary  Society.  The  Whifestown  f^eminary,  occu- 
pying the  premises  erected  for  the  Oneida  Institute,  formerly  a 
maniial  laljor  school,  is  under  the  auspices  of  this  denomination. 

1  Tho  names  of  quarterly  meetings  within  the  State,  with  the 
number  of  monthly  meetings  in  each,  according  to  Foulke^s 
Pi-iends^  Almanac  for  1858,  are,  in  tho  New  York  yearly  meet- 
ing, Westhury,  6,  Purchase,  3.  Nine  Partners,  3,  Stanford,  4, 
Kaston.  5,  Saratoga.  5,  Duanesbufgh,  5;  in  the  Genesee  yearly 
meeting.  Farmington,  5.  Scipio,  3. 

The  (juarterly  meetings  within  the  yearly  meeting,  according 
to  Wood'^i  Book  of  Mexiings,  1858,  are  as  follows,  with  the  date 
of  establisbnient  and  number  of  monthly  meetings  in  each: — 
Westbury.  (1676.)  2;  Purchase,  (prior  to  1746,)  3;  Nine  Part- 
ners, (17S3,)  3;  Stanford,  (1800.)  3;  Ferrisburgh,  (partly  in  Ver- 
mont, 1S09,)  1;  in  New  York,  2;  in  Vermont,  Farmington, 
(1810.)  5;  Butternuts,  (1812,  under  tho  name  of  Duanesburgh, 
changed  in  1838,)  3;  Saratoga,  (1793,  in  1795  changed  to  Easton, 
in  1815  divided  into  Saratoga  and  Kaston,  and  in  1S35  the  latter 
was  discontinued,)  3;  Scipio,  (1825,)  2;  Le  Kay,  (1830,)  3,  The 
first  meeting  within  New  York  was  established  at  Oyster  Bay, 
by  Richard  Smith  and  others  who  were  banished  from  Boston 
in  1656.  The  persecutions  of  that  colony  drove  others  to  Ehodo 
Island  and  Long  Island,  and  meetings  were  established  at  Oys- 
ter Bay,  Gravesend,  Jamaica,  Hempstead,  Flushing,  and  otiier 
places,  at  an  early  period, 

*  Correctly  known  aa  Evangelical  Association,  or  Albrights. 


8  The  following  is  a  summary  of  tho  Conferences  in  New 
York.    Those  marked  with  a  star  are  partly  in  other  States. 


is 

6«, 

Pbeachers, 

Members  in  Society, 

S  2 

Conference. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

New  York 

207 
110 
147 
165 
168 
167 
160 
142 
93 

38 
14 
34 
60 
30 
26 
33 
45 
11 

161 
102 
142 
177 
159 
206 
139 
176 
134 

26.666 
9.511 
16,380 
22,990 
16,972 
20,306 
16,861 
22.236 
11,652 

4,477 
1,1.33 
2,134 
3.382 
3,128 
2,607 
2.257 
3,029 
2,486 

31,143 
10.644 
18,514 
26,372 
20,100 
22,913 
19,118 
25,265 
14,137 

15,245 

3,883 

108 

11,532 
3,542 
6,445 
4,693 

27.289 
3,226 

1810 
1829 
1833 
1836 
1836 
184S 
1849 
1862 

Oneida 

*Troy 

Black  River 

East  GencBee 

*\V\r  York  East 
♦Wyoming 

The  districts  within  the  State  of  New  York  forming  the  above 
Conferencea  arc : — 
Neva  JorA-— Poughkeepsie.  Ehinobeck,  Prattsville.  Mnnticfllo, 

N.  Y.  Germaa  Mission,  Kocheattir,  uud  German  Mia- 

sioD. 


1^ 


NEW   YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


the  year  ending  May,  1858,  §2,544,692  was  raised  for  various  religious  and  benevolent  objects.  Its 
general  objects  of  promotion  and  extension  are  conducted  by  Boards  ;  and  it  has  various  funds  for 
special  objects.     The  State  of  New  York  embraces  the  greater  part  of  3  synods.* 

The  :\e^T  Scbool  Presbyterian  General  Assembly  of  the  United  States  reports  26 
synods,  120  presbyteries,  1,612  ministers,  1,687  churches,  and  143,510  communicants.  During 
the  year  ending  May,  1858,  $273,965.90  was  raised  for  domestic  and  foreign  missions,  education, 
and  publication.  It  has  several  committees  for  the  promotion  of  its  general  objects,  and  has  in  this 
State  2  theological  seminaries  and  several  pe-riodicals.^ 

Tlie  Primitive  ^lettiodists  have  2  churches  and  about  500  members  in  this  State.  They 
have  in  the  Union  over  1,200  members. 

The  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  embraces  in  the  Union  31  dioceses  and  4  mis- 
sions, 1,995  parishes,  39  bishops,  1,979  clergymen,  and  127,953  communicants.  Total  contribu- 
tions for  missionary  and  charitable  purposes,  $1,265,642.96.  Its  general  institutions  are  the  '*  Gene- 
ral Theological  Seminary,"  New  York,  the  '*  Domestic  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society,"  the 
"General  Protestant  Episcopal  Sunday  School  Union  and  Church  Book  Society,"  the  "Protestant 
Episcopal  Historical  Society,"  the  "Western  Church  Extension  Society,"  and  the  "  Prot.  E.  So- 
ciety for  the  Promotion  of  Evangelical  Knowledge." 

The  Diocese  of  ]Vew  YorR'  embraces  all  e.  of  the  e.  lines  of  Broome,  Chenango,  Madi- 
son, Oneida,  Lewis,  and  Jefferson  cos.,  and  comprises  275  parishes,  321  clergymen,  and  22,411 
communicants. 


Gene&te — Buffalo,  Niagara,  GeneBee,  "Wyoming,  and  Olean. 
Oneida — Oueida,  Chenango,  Cortland.  Auburn,  and  CazenoTJa. 
Troy — Troy,  Albany,  Saratoga,  Plattsburgh.  and  3  in  Vt. 
l^ick  River — Rome,   SynicuBe,   Oswego,   Adams,   Watertown, 

Ogdeneburgb,  and  Potsdam. 
Erie — Fredonia.    The  remainder  in  Ohio  and  Penn. 
East  GeiKsee — Geneva,  Rochester,  West  Rochester,  Bath,  Corn- 
ing, Elmira,  and  Lima. 
JVcw  York  East — New  York,  (B.  diBtrict,)  Long  Island,  and  2 

in  Conn. 
TTyomm  17— Bingham  ton  and  Owego,  in  part ;  the  remainder  in 
Penn. 
The  offices  of  the  several  Miesionary  Societies  and  of  the  Book 
Concern  are  at  2W  Mulberry  ?t.,  N.  Y.  The  periodicals  iBsued 
frnm  that  establishment  are  the  Christian  Advocate  and  Jour- 
nal, a  weekly  newspaper;  the  Quarterly  Review,  the  National 
Magftzine,  and  the  Ladies'  Repository,  octavo  magazines;  and 
the  Sunday  School  Advocate,  The  Good  News,  and  tlie  Mission- 
ary Advocate,  small  newspapers.  The  Northern  Christian  Ad- 
vocate, at  Auburn,  is  also  an  official  publication  of  this  denom- 
ination. Under  the  auspices  of  this  Churi'h  are  the  Genesee 
CiiUege,  at  I-ima.  Livingston  co. ;  the  Amenia  Seminary, 
Dutchess  CO. ;  Ashland  Collrgiate  Institute,  Greene  co. ;  Char- 
lotte Boarding  Academy,  Schoharie  co.;  Falloy  Seminary,  Pul- 
ton, Oswego  CO. ;  Genesee  Wesleyan  Seminary,  Lima.  Livingston 
CO.;  Gouverneur  Weeleyan  Seminary,  St.  Lawrence  co. ;  Jones- 
TiUe  Academy,  Saratoga  co. ;  New  York  Conference  Seminary, 
Charlotteville,  Schoharie  co. ;  Oneida  Conference  Seminary, 
Cazenovia.  Madison  co. ;  and  the  Susquehanna  Seminary,  Biag- 
Iiamton.  Broome  co.  Besides  these,  a  large  number  of  institu- 
tions, including  several  of  the  incorporated  academies,  are 
owned  and  patronized  mainly  by  members  of  this  denomination. 
1  The  names  of  presbyteries  and  statistics  of  churches  of  this 
branch  in  the  State  are  reported  in  the  Old  School  Presbyterian 
Almanac  for  1859  aa  follows : — 


Synods. 


Albany.., 

Buffalo... 


1803 
1843 


Presbt/teries. 


Londonderry,  Troy,  Al- 
bany, Mohawk 

Ogdensburgh,  Genesee  R., 
Buffalo  City.  Michigan, 
Rochester  City 

Hudson,  North  River, 
Bedford,  Long  Island, 
New  York,  New  York 
2d,  Canton,  Nint:po. 
Connecticut,  Nassau, 
Western  Africa. 


^ 

. 

•S 

f^ 

0 

99 

64 

60 

62 

169 

130 

7,756 
5,028 


17,495 


77ie  Board  of  Domestic  Musio/is  has  610  missionaries  and 
990  churches  and  missionary  stations.  Receipts  for  the  year 
ending  March  1.  1858,  $105,277.52.  Its  oflBcea  are  located  in 
Philadelphia  and  Louisville. 

The  Board  of  Education  is  divided  into  ministerial  education 
and  education  in  schools,  academies,  colleges,  and  parochial 


schools.  Under  the  auspices  of  this  denomination  are  22  col- 
leges, 60  academies,  and  100  parochial  schools.  The  receipts  for 
1S57  wero  $56.492.0ti.     Its  office  is  at  Philadelphia. 

The  Board  of  Fon:ign  Missions  has  69  ministers,  30  male  and 
90  female  assistant  missionaries,  and  23  native  teachers.  The 
receijits  for  1S57  were  $223,977.79.  Its  office  is  at  the  corner  of 
Center  and  Reade  Sts.,  N.  Y. 

The  Board  of  Publication  issues  tracts,  books,  newspapers, 
and  other  periodicals  in  great  numbers.  Its  receipts  for  1857 
were  $126,960.28.    Its  office  is  at  Philadelphia. 

2  The  following  summary  of  the  New  School  Presbyterian 
Churcli  in  New  York  is  from  the  American  Presbyterian  Al- 
manac for  1859,  and  other  authentic  sources : — 


Albany  

Utica 

Geneva 

Onondaga — 
Susqueh'nna 

Genesee 

N.  Y.  &N.J. 


1803 

1829 

1812 
1855 
1863 

1821 

1788 


Presbyteries. 


Champlain,  Troy,  Albany, 
Columbia,  CatskiU 

St.  Lawrence,  M'atertown, 
Oswego,  Utica 

Onondaga 

Otsego,  Chenango,  Dela- 
ware  

Genesee,  Ontario,  Roch- 
ester, Niagara,  Buffalo, 
Angelica. 

Hudson,  North  River, 
Long  Island,  New  York 
3d,  New  York  4th, 
Brooklyn,  and  4  others 
not  in  the  State 


228    155   24,905 


8,257 

7,106 
9,725 
7,769 

3,989 
12,371 


The  various  societies  under  the  care  of  this  denomination  are 
in  chari^e  of  the  Presbyterian  Publication  Committee,  Foreign 
Mission  Committee.  Permanent  Committee  on  Education,  and 
Church  Extension  Committee.  Young  men  preparing  for  the 
ministry  are  educated  at  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  of 
New  York  City,  and  Auburn  Theological  Seminnry,  of  Cayuga 
CO.  The  newspapers  of  the  denomination  are  the  Evangelist,  of 
New  York,  and  the  Genesee  Evangelist,  of  Rochester. 

8  Its  institutions  are  the  "  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Re- 
ligion and  liearning,"  the  "  Corporation  for  the  Relief  of  Widowe 
and  Children  of  Clergymen.'*  the  "Prot.  E.  Tract  Socie^,"  the 
"New  York  Bible  and  Common  Prayer  Book  Society."  the 
"  New  York  Prot.  E.  City  Mission  Society,"  the  '*  Prot.  e'.  Chris- 
tian Mission  Society  for  Seamen  in  the  City  and  Port  of  New 
York."  the  "  Prot.  E.  Brotherhood  of  New  York,"  the  *■  Northern 
Missionary  Convocation,"  the  "  Bible  and  Common  Prayer  Book 
Society  of  Albany  and  its  Vicinity,"  the  "Brotherhood  of  St. 
Barnabas,"  (Troy.)  "Columbia  College,"  "Trinity  School." 
(N.  Y.,)  "St.  Luke's  Hospital."  (N.  Y.,)  "St.  Luke's  Home  for 
Indigent  Christian  Females,"  the  "Church  Charity  Founda- 
tion," (Brooklyn,)  and  the  "  Pastoral  Aid  Society." 


CHURCHES. 


H3 


The  Diocese  of  Western  IVew  York'  embraces  the  remainder  of  the  State,  comprising 
149  parishes,  129  clergymen,  and  10,551  communicants. 

TUe  Reformed  9Ietliodists  originated  in  1814,  in  Vt.  Their  church  gorernment  ie 
Congregational.     They  report  in  the  State  8  churches  and  about  500  members. 

The  Reformed  Presbyterians,  or  Covenanters,  is  derived  from  the  church  of  the 
same  name  in  Scotland.     In  1855  it  numbered  in  the  State  15  churches  and  2,274  members. 

The  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church  of  the  State  belongs  to  the  General 
Synod  of  the  Ref  Prot.  Dutch  of  N.  A.  It  is  subdivided  into  the  particular  Synods  of  New  York 
and  Albany,  the  former  embracing  16  and  the  latter  14  classes,  of  which  29  are  entirely  within  the 
State  and  1  partly  in  New  Jersey.  In  1855  it  reported  364  churches,  348  ministers,  130,120  per- 
sons attending  congregations,  and  38,927  communicants.  Of  these,  260  churches,  259  ministers, 
21,027  families,  97,553  total  of  congregations,  and  31,208  communicants,  were  in  this  State. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Church  divides  the  Union  into  7  Provinces,  46  Dioceses,  and  3 
Vicarates  Apostolic.  The  Province  of  New  York  comprises  the  New  England  States,  New  York 
and  New  Jersey,  and  the  dioceses  of  New  York,  Portland,  Burlington,  Boston,  Hartford,  Brook- 
lyn, Albany,  Buffalo,  and  Newark.  Four  of  these  are  within  this  State.  There  are  3  theological 
seminaries,  1  preparatory  seminary,  2  colleges,  and  a  large  number  of  benevolent  and  educational 
institutions  belonging  to  this  denomination  within  the  State,  and  8  periodicals  devoted  to  its 
interests.' 

The  Seventll  Day  Baptists  have  in  the  United  States  67  churches,  70  ordained  ministers, 
and  7,250  members.  Of  these  36  churches  are  in  New  York.  In  1835  the  denomination  was 
divided  into  associations,  of  which  the  Eastern,  Central,  and  Western  are  embraced  wholly  or  in 
part  in  this  State.  De  Ruyter  Institute  and  the  Alfred  Academy  are  under  the  patronage  of  this 
denomination. 

Shatters,  or  the  "  United  Society  of  Believers,"  otherwise  called  the  "  Millennial  Church," 
numbers  in  the  Union  18  communities  and  about  6,000  members.  They  live  in  "families,"  and 
in  New  York  they  are  principally  located  at  New  Lebanon,  Watervliet,  and  Groveland. 

The  Unitarians  number  in  the  Union  253  clergyman  and  250  societies,  mostly  in  Massa- 
chusetts. They  have  within  this  State  10  societies.  Their  only  periodical  within  the  State  is  the 
"Christian  Inquirer,"  a  weekly  newspaper  in  New  York  City,  published  under  the  auspices  of 
the  "Unitarian  Association  of  the  State  of  New  York."' 

The  Universalists  United  States  Convention  is  composed  of  clerical  and  lay  delegates  from 
each  State  and  Territorial  Convention,  and  meets  on  the  third  Tuesday  of  Sept.  annually.*  The 
denomination  has  a  Historical  Society,  composed  of  all  preachers  and  laymen  in  good  standing 
who  sign  the  constitution.     It  also  has  a  General  Reform  Association,  that  meets  in  Boston  on  the 


'  '  Its  institutions  are  Hobart  Free  College,  at  Geneva;  and  De 
■Veaux  College,  at  Suspension  Bridge.  There  are  besides  several 
incorporated  and  private  academies  supported  by  members  of 
this  denomination. — Church  Almanac  for  lS59,7)p.  .32.  47. 

2  The  following  statistics  are  upon  the  authority  of  the  Catholic 
Almanacs  of  1S59. 

General  Statistics  for  1859. 


Churches 

Chapels 

Stations 

Clergymen  on  the  Mission... 
"         otherwise       em- 
ployed  

Seminaries 

Clerical  students 

Colleges 

Convents 

Academies  for  Boys 

Select  schools  for  Boys... 

"        "        "    Girls 

Free  schools  for  Bovs 

"         "       "   Girls 

Hospitals 

Houses  of  protection 

House  of  the  Good  Shepherd 
Parochial  and  other  schools.. 

Orphan  asylums 

Pupils  in  Free  schools,  about 


i5^ 

5^ 

113 
6 

36 

47 

6 

50 

14 

99 

86 

39 

24 

1 

36 

23 

21 

2 

■■; 

2 

1 

7 

1 

21 

23 

1 

1 

1 

15 

4 

6 

2 

12,000 

35 
13 


The  Diocfse  of  New  YorTc,  formed  in  1808,  comprises  Dela- 
ware, Dutcheaa,  New  York,  Orange,  Putnam,  Richmond.  Rock- 
land. Sullivan,  Ulster,  and  Westchester  countlf?s.  The.  Dioc^^e 
of  Brookhpiy  formed  in  1853.  comprises  Kin^rs.  Queens,  and  Suf- 
folk counties.  The  Diocese  of  Albany,  {uvmed  ii  1847,  comprisea 
the  reniiiinder  of  the  State  E.  of  the  west  lines  of  Cayuga, 
Tompkins,  and  Tioga  counties.  The  Diocese  of  Buffalo,  formed 
in  1847,  comprises  the  counties  w.  of  the  west  lines  of  Ca- 
yuga. Tompkins,  and  Tioga. 

The  distinctive  Fchools  under  the  patronage  of  this  denomi- 
nation are  the  St.  John's  College,  at  Fordhain,  Westchester  co. ; 
CfiUege  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  New  York  City;  St.  Joseph's 
Theological  Seminary,  Fordham;  Ecclesiastical  Seminary.  Buf- 
falo; Franciscan  Convent.  Allegany;  and  Preparatory  Seminary 
of  Our  Lady  of  the  Angels,  Niagara. 

Tlie  Catholif  papers  in  the  State  are  The  New  York  Freeman's 
Journal  and  Catholic  Register.  The  New  York  Tabh-t.The  I'ilot, 
{N.  Y.  and  Boston.)  Katholische  Kirchpn  Zeitun^r,  weekly,  of 
N.  Y.;  The  Buffalo  Sentinel,  weekly:  Catholic  Institute  Maga- 
ziue,  Newburgh ;  Brownson's  Quarterly  Review,  N.  Y. ;  Ameri- 
can Catholic  Almanac  and  Clergy  List ;  and  the  Six  Cent  Cath(v 
lie  Atraanac  and  Laity's  Directory,  of  N.  Y. 

»  Yiar  Bonk  of  the  'Unitarian  Omg.  ChurcheSjl%7. 

*  The  N'-w  Yorl-  State  Oytivention  embraces  the  Central,  Nia- 
gara, Cayuga,  Buflfalo,  Mohawk  River,  Ontario,  Genesee,  Black 
Hiver.  St.  Lawrence,  Otsetro,  Allegany,  Steuben,  Cbautau<iua. 
Chennngo.  Hudson  River,  and  New  York  A9sociatIons,and  con- 
tains 220 societies,  194  church  edifices, and  employs  107  preachers. 
It  has  a  State  Educational  Swiety,  with  :^4i1.000  subscribed, 
and  $25,000  invested  for  the  Theological  School  in  Canton ; 
and  has  in  charge  the  Clinton  Liberal  Institute.  The  Uni- 
versatist  Paper  and  Book  Kstablishment  has  assets  amount- 
ing to  $1.1,796.  and  unredeemed  stock  to  the  amount  of  iM.lfiS. 
The  profits  of  the  concern  are  applied  to  the  purchase  of  the 
shares,  which  will  thus  become  the  property  nf  the  .^tate  Con- 
vention. It  has  a  relief  fund  for  aged  and  disabled  prenchers. 
The  Young  Men's  Christian  Union,  formed  Jan.  1S56,  and  the 


144 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


last  Tuesday  in  May.  This  denomination  lias  organizations  in  32  States  and  Territories,  in  19  of 
which  State  Conventions  are  held.  It  has  4  educational,  9  missionary,  1  tract,  and  4  Sunday 
school  associations,  1  relief  fund,  and  1  book  and  newspaper  establishment, — all  of  which  are  of  a 
State  character.  It  has  85  associations,  1,334  churches  or  societies,  913  church  edifices,  655 
preachers,  18  periodicals,  and  9  institutions  of  learning. 

The  Wesleyan  lUetliodists.^  This  denomination  in  the  United  States  was  formed  by 
seceders  from  the  M.  E.  Cliurch,  May,  1843. 

Besides  these,  there  are  churches  in  the  State  known  as  Bethels,  Evangelical,  German  Evangelical 
Reformed,  Jewish,  Cahinistic  Methodists,  German  Methodists,  Moravians,  Frenph  Evangelical 
Presbyterian,  Protestant  Community  of  Inspiration,  Second  Advent,  True  Dutch,  Free,  and  Union, 
numbering  in  the  aggregate  a  large  number  of  church  edifices  and  communicants.^ 


RELIGIOUS,  LITERARY,  AND  BENEVOLENT  SOCIETIES. 

Societies  of  a  religious,  humane,  and  benevolent  character  began  to  be  formed  in  considerable 
numbers  about  1822-25.  The  objects  of  these  societies  enlisted  the  co-operation  of  members  of  the 
different  religious  denominations  and  of  other  philanthropic  persons,  and  annual  meetings  were 
hold  in  New  York  for  the  several  objects. 

The  time  of  meeting  has  been  usually  in  the  second  week  in  May,  and  the  appointments  were 
so  made  that  the  same  persons  could  attend  several -of  them  in  succession.  These  societies  have 
become  numerous,  and  "Anniversary  week"  thus  becomes  a  season  of  interest  to  thousands.  The 
assembling  of  so  large  a  number  of  persons  from  distant  sections  of  the  Union  has  led  reformers 
of  every  degree  to  appoint  the  anniversary  meetings  of  their  societies  at  the  same  time  and  place ; 
and  there  is  scarcely  a  society  for  the  promotion  of  religion,  morality,  charity,  or  civil  and  social 
reform  that  is  not  tins  annually  brought  to  public  notice,  its  operations  exhibited,  and  its 
claims  urged. 

The  societies  exclusively  under  the  control  of  a  single  denomination  are  noticed  under  the  reli- 
gious sects. 

The  princlp.al  societies  of  a  general  character  are  as  follows: — 

Tile  American  Bible  Society,  formed  by  a  convention  of  60  persons,  mostly  clergy- 
men, May  8,  1809,  has  for  its  object  the  publication  and  distribution  of  the  Bible  and  parts 


N.  T.  City  Jlissionary  Society  aro  connected  with  this  denom- 
ination.    Its  periodicals  are   ttie  Christian   Ambassador,   at 
Auburn  and  New  Yorlt.  and  a  montlily  periodical  by  the  female 
department  of  the  Clinton  Liberal  Institute. 
1  The  M.  E.  Church  in  England  and  Canada  is  thus  known. 


The  church  of  this  name  in  the  U.  S.  differs  from  the  others  in 
rejecting  the  classification  of  the  mlnistiy  as  bisliops,  elders, 
and  deacons.    Their  official  organ  is  the  True  Wesleyan. 

2  The  following  table  shows  the  general  statistics  of  churches 
in  the  several  counties : — 


Church  Statistics, 


■> 

Counties. 

J^^ 

r-si 

s  t 

IS| 

^<i 

e€l 

Alh:iny 

129 

$1,273,025 

Alleerany 

7b 

122.360 

Itroome 

63 

207,564 

?attaraugns.. 

81 

112,370 

-Jiyuga 

100 

311.620 

Chautanqua . 

106 

225,250 

r.'henmnf^ 

■i-i 

1.50.750 

Chonango 

111 

2.32,030 

[Clinton 

4.1 

1.37,975 

Columbia 

K.'S 

276,650 

Cortland 

51 

IIS-OOO 

Delaware 

VI 

183,565 

Dutchess 

V.Vi 

693,650 

Erie   

Ti*! 

1,176,285 
121,600 
66,195 

51 
36 

Franklin 

CODNTIES. 


FuUon 

ftenpaee 

Greene 

Hamilton  .... 

ITcrkimer 

Jefferson 

Kinga 

Lewis 

Livingston..., 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgompry. 

New  York 

Niagara. 

Oneida 

Onondaga 


■> 

s| 

!---^ 

-5  b  & 

t^-g 

e^l 

39 
61 

$  96..350 
164.300 

74 

168,325 
1.400 

B 

85 

173,600 

127 

346,785 

149 

2,840,700 

hi 

66,845 

SB 

263,260 

94 

202,.580 

141 

804.230 

.52 

141..300 

262 

V2.W1.1M 

74 

■J  '  1  J(  1  ■. 

201 

(.;:;,. '.iuii 

142 

663,610  II 

Counties. 


Ontario 

Orange , 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego , 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer.... 
Richmond — 

Rockland 

St.  Lawrence. 

firatoga 

I  lienectady. 

<  Imharie 

<  Imyler 


■fe. 


S^-a 


"fe. 


•  o  a. 


S2S3.730 
443,855 
228,600 
234.715 
231,962 
S5.000 
492,135 
746.640 
285,100 
130.300 
2K!.4S5 
313.975 
17.3.710 
129.830 
99,125 


CotTNTUS. 


Seneca. 

Steuben 

Suffolk. 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington. 

Wayne 

Westchester.. 

Wyoming 

Yates 


Total. 


II 


4S 
105 
112 
46 
45 
66 
100 
33 
96 
80 
148 
74 
48 


K'S 


$144,333 
161,438 
278,260 

60.000 
106,700 
183,690 
409,350 

57,250 
287,120 
272,000 
868,260 
169,365 
133,650 


6,077  31,480,144 


RELIGIOUS,    LITERARY,    AND    BENEVOLENT    SOCIETIES.    145 

thereof  without  note  or  comment.'  Auxiliary  to  the  American  Bible  Society  are  numerous  county 
and  local  societies,  through  which  the  greater  part  of  the  funds  are  raised.' 

The  American  Tract  Society  was  instituted  in  1825,  by  the  several  evangelical  de- 
nominations, for  the  purpose  of  disseminating  tracts  and  books  upon  moral  and  religious  subjects.' 
Several  of  the  religious  denominations  have  tract  societies  of  their  own. 

TUe  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  was  formed 
iu  1809,  for  the  purpose  of  supporting  missions  in  foreign  lands.  Its  central  office  is  in  Boston ; 
but  it  has  auxiliary  societies  throughout  this  State.  It  is  chiefly  supported  by  the  Congregational 
and  New  School  Presbyterian  societies.* 


1  The  firat  society  within  the  State  for  the  gratuitous  distribu- 
tion of  the  Scriptures  was  the  N.  Y.  Bible  and  Common  Prayer 
Book  Society,  formed  in  1809.  A  large  number  of  co.  societies 
uas  formed  within  the  next  five  years.  The  present  society, 
formed  in  1S16.  h;ta  gradually  increased  in  wealth  and  influence, 
UQtil  its  operations  have  extended  to  almost  every  section  of 
the  globe.  It  has  a  Bible  house  in  Now  York. — one  of  the  most 
extensive  publishing  houses  in  the  world.  Its  books  are  gra- 
tuitously di.stributed,  or  sold  at  cost ;  and  "the  total  number  of 
volumes  issued  up  to  Jlay,  1858.  was  12,80-1.014.  These  are 
produced  in  great  varieties  of  style  and  iu  upward  of  forty 
different  languages.  The  society  has  also  published  the  Bible  Ln 
English  with  raised  characters  for  the  blind. 

The  Baptist  .and  I'rotestnnt  Episcopal  denominations  have 
separate  societies  for  publishing  the  Scriptures,  although  many 
members  belonging  to  both  of  those  co-operate  with  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  Society. 

2  The  following  table  gives  the  names  of  these  societies,  the 
date  of  their  organization,  and  the  amount  of  their  douations 
and  remittances  up  to  May,  185S; — 


NiJis. 


Albany  Co 

Allegany  Co 

Amity  Female 

Ausjihle  Valley. 

Brooklyn  City 

Broome  Co 

Buffalo  City 

Caledonia 

Caledonia  Female 

Carlton 

Cattaraugus  Co 

Cayuga  Co 

Chautauqua  Co 

Chemung Co 

Chenango  Co 

Clinton  Co 

Cold  Spring 

Columbia  Co 

Cortland  Co 

Delaware  Co 

Dutchess  Co.  Female 

Dutchess  Co 

Erie  Co 

Essex  Co. 

Floyd  and  Western  Welsh 

Franklin  Co 

Fulton  &  Hamilton  Co.... 

Geneva 

Genesee  Co 

Genoa 

Greene  Co 

Greene 

Herkimer  Co 

Hudson  Female 

Jasper 

Jefferson  Co 

Lewis  Co 

Lewis  Co.  Welsh 

Livingston  Co 

Long  IsLand 

Madison  Co 

Blr>ntgomery  Co. 

Monroe  Co 

Newburgh 

New  York  Female 

New     Y'ork     Calvinistic 

Welsh 

New  York  Marine 

New  York 

Niagara  Co 

North  Brooklyn 

North  Seneca. 

Nyack  Kef  D.  Ch.  Female 

Oneida  Co 

Onondaga  Co 


May,  1816 
April,  182.') 
Sept.  1816 
Dec.  184,"^ 
Feb.  1849 
Feb.  1817 
Nov.  1847 
April,  1818 
May,  1817 
Jan.  18.15 
Aug.  1829 
June,  1817 
April,  1820 
July,  1828 
Nov.  1826 
April,  1821 
Aug.  1838 
Oct.  1817 
Aug.  1816 
July,  1816 
Oct.  1817 
Oct.  1839 
April,  1848 
Jan.  1817 
April,  1864 
June,  1S21 
Dec.  1816 
April,  1,846 
July,  1818 
April,  182.'^ 
Sept.  1816 
Mar.  1855 
May,  1817 
Oct.  1816 
Aug.  18.56 
Jan.  1817 
April,  1828 
May,  1850 
May,  1824 
Sept.  1817 
Oct.  ISIB 
Dec.  1816 
Oct.  1821 
Sept.  1818 
June,  1816 

Sept.  1844 
Feb.  1817 
Mar.  1829 
May,  1830 
May,  1810 
July,  1852 
May,  1842 
Jan.  1817 
April,  1832 


Donaiions. 


$19,621.00 
1,626.49 
329.15 
370.04 
6.683,-6 
l,9ljl).01 
2,339.91 
3,366.72 
1,673.97 


127,06 

3.738,99 

1,397.13 

2.949,36 

6,638.99 

718,50 

101.01 

10,835,30 

4,320,90 

1,460,75 

4,764,87 

15,930,45 

098,06 

909.14 

60..30 

381.95 

21.1S2.49 

1.117.86 

3,169.47 

972.15 

6,477,23 

25.00 

3,268,27 

1,970.60 


3,936,37 

644.51 

341.68 

fl.542.59 

20.786,70 

5,701,51 

300.00 

22,828,47 

3,-84,74 

102,926.12 

646.23 


42.091.43 

2,457,41 

1,726,16 

582.19 

W,30 

16.226.06 

7,694,IX) 


Remit- 
tances fffr 
Bibles. 


$16,386,20 

3,326.92 

130.85 

804,05 

10.054.75 

5.171.46 

6,329.05 

111.28 

232,50 

lil,,^ 

l.,879,62 

7.S07.61 

7.547.60 

3.404,26 

6,634.34 

4,291,26 

324.39 

6.131.77 

6,830.78 

5,341.42 

3.985.20 

6.355.39 

4,163.76 

4,244,35 

81,70 

3,385.60 

11,237.37 

2,280.75 

6,950.40 

1,072,20 

6,746,56 

175.00 

4,699.15 

805,32 

87,00 

12,274,47 

2,997.44 

147.65 

6,482,53 

30.7S5.72 

0,814.87 

1,345,11 

19.282,30 

3.768,00 

17,369.47 

72.86 

6.013.89 

264.911.73 

6,401.51 

1.726,20 

767.73 

7.20 

20.521.48 

12,8U6„50 


Name. 


Ontario  Co 

Orange  Co 

Orleans  Co 

Oswego  Co 

Otsego  Co 

Peekskill  Female 

Poughkeepsle  Fem.  Union 

Putnam  Co 

Kemsen   Steuben   Welsh 

and  Vicinity 

Ren-iselaer  Co. 

Rockland  Co 

Sandy  Hill  and   Fort  Ed 

ward 

Saratoga  Co 

Schenectady  Co 

Schoharie  Co 

.Schuyler  Co 

Seneca  Associate  Ref. 

South  Seneca 

South  Steuben 

Steuben  Co ! 

St.  Lawrence  Co 

Sullivan  Co 

Tioga  Co 

Tompkins  Co 

Ulster  Co. 

Utica  Welsh  and  Yia 

AVarren  Co 

Washington  Co 

Wat.'rviiet 

Wavne  County 

Welsh  B.  S.  of  Nelson 

Welsh  B.  S.  of  Rome 

Welsh  B.  S.  of  Holland 

Patent 

Westchester  Co 

Wyoming  Co 

Yates  Co 


Date. 


Mar.  1817 
June,  1816 
July,  1830 
Mar.  1826 
.  une,  1816 
Feb.  1817 
Sept.  1860 
May,  1S28 

Jan.  1817 
June.  1816 
July,  18i6 

Nov.  1848 
July,  1816 
May,  1823 
Jan.  1817 
Feb.  1866 
May,  1846 
Feb.  1846 
June,  1848 
Feb.  1817 
AprU,1820 
Aug.  1826 
June,  1823 
M.ay,  1828 
Nov.  1816 
Jan.  1317 
Sept.  1821 
Miir.  1817 
Jan,  1849 
April,  1847 
Sept.  1856 
Mar.   1856 

May,  1865 

Aug.  1827 

Feb.  1860 

Dec.  18271 


$  8.405.15 
24,141,22 
3.2.30.82 
2,488.15 
3,116,79 
713.59 
1,080.,81 
120.00 

3,893,68 
35,452,61 
1,985,72 

164,64 
12,779.61 
2,741,66 
3,934,40 

358,60 

319,71 
1,735,67 
1,267,85 
2,085.38 
2,115.40 
2,388,90 
4,272,81 
4,044,04 
^1,145  91 
4,479  71 

194  44 

19,092,11 

3,720  58 

3,731.43 

12,00 

228,08 

184  48 
19,614.17 
2,310  82 
4,372,10 


Remit- 
tances/or 
Bibles. 


$  4.870,93 
6,426.71 
4,058.68 
7,286.94 
7,673,77 
106.76 

316.16 

2,141,06 
22.289.21 
2,289,64 

243.93 
7,277.96 
4,454.40 
3,982.19 

513.23 
16,08 
1,077.02 
1.264.36 
6,201,34 
14,193,70 
3,166,16 
5,373,82 
6,249,34 
2,191,24 
2,460,12 
2,300,38 
7,468,51 
2,117,34 
4,776,31 
63,35 

132.73 

77.40 
6,977,71 
4,634.73 
3,468,60 


10 


8  This  society  has  a  largo  property  vested  in  a  publishing 
hou.se  and  grounds,  corner  of  Nassau  and  Spruce  Streets,  New 
York,  and  in  the  stock,  machinery,  alid  matcri.als  used  in  tho 
manufacture  of  books  and  tracts.  Its  fiscal  affairs  are  managed 
by  a  finance  committee.  It  has  31  auxiliaries  in  the  State  cf 
New  Y'ork.  Tho  receipts  up  to  May,  1858,  were  $rj  856,711.05,— 
about  three-fifths  of  which  were  derived  from  sales,  and  the  rt* 
mainder  from  donations.  Previous  to  May,  1868,  this  society 
had  circulated  13,098,013  volumes,  188,971,408  publications, 
4,75,3,741,573  pages;  including  149,761  volumes  (9,831  .sets)  of 
the  Kviuigelical  Family  Lilirary,  94,026  volumes  (2,0S<,  iets)  of 
the  Christian  Library,  48.638  volumes  (1,990  sets)  of  the  Reli- 
gious or  Pastor's  Library,  319.323  volumes  (4.657  sets)  of  tho 
Y'outh's  Library,  and  160,921  volumes  (20,044  sets)  of  the  Youth's 
Scripture  Biogr.aphy.  The  society  publishes  an  Almanac,  the 
American  Messenger,  (in  English  and  German,)  and  Child's 
Paper,  in  largo  editions ;  and  issues  books  and  tracts  in  the  Eng- 
lish, German,  French,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Italian,  Welsh, 
Dutch,  Danish,  Swedish,  and  Hungarian  languages.  It  operates 
through  bnanch  and  auxiliary  societies,  general  agents  and  su- 
perintendents, and  paid  and  volunteer  colporteurs.  The  Ameri- 
can Tract  Society  of  Boston,  which  formerly  co-operated  witll 
this,  is  now  a  distinct  organization. 

Societies  of  kindred  character  were  formed  in  the  State  pre- 
vious to  this. — the  more  important  of  which  was  the  New  York 
Religious  Tract  Society,  formed  in  181'2,  with  auxiliaries  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  country. 

*  This  society  lias  es'tidilishod  27  missions.  121  stations,  and 
101  out  stations  in  Africa,  Gret^ce,  Western  and  Southern  Asia, 
China,  Sandwich  Islands,  Micronesia,  and  among  tho  North 
American  Indian  Tribes,  It  employs  ,373  missionaries  and  as- 
sLstnnt**,  and  6*24  native  pastors  and  assistants,  has  8  printing 
presses,  and  up  to  1868  had  issued  1,080,481,083  pages  of  tracts 
an,l  religious  books.  These  missions  numbered  318  churches, 
and  27,740  members;  and  the  educational  department  embraced 


146 


NEW   YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Tlie  American  Home  Missionary  Society  was  formed  May  12,  1S26,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  supporting  the  ministry  in  feeble  and  destitute  Presb.  and  Conj;.  churches  in  the  U.  S.^ 

Tlie  American  Sunday  Scliool  Union  was  formed  in  1824,  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
couraging the  establishment  of  Sunday  schools  and  of  supplying  them  with  books.  Its  central 
ofSce  is  at  Philadelphia.  The  New  York  Sunday  School  Union,  auxiliary  to  this,  was  established 
in  1816,  and  has  numerous  local  subordinate  societies  in  different  parts  of  the  State.^ 

Tlie  American  Seamen's  Friend  Society  was  formed  in  1828,  and  endeavors  to 
carry  out  the  intentions  expressed  in  its  title  by  distributing  Bibles  and  tracts,  supporting  the 
ministry,  and  otherwise  promoting  the  moral  welfare  of  seamen.^ 

Tiae  American  Betiiel  Society  was  instituted  in  1836,  for  the  purpose  of  opening 
chapels  fur  boatmen  and  mariners,  distributing  tracts,  and  extending  other  means  for  their  moral 
improvement.  It  established  a  magazine  named  the  *' Bethel  Flag  ;"  and  has  auxiliaries  in  many 
places  on  the  lakes,  rivers,  and  canals. 

Tlie  American  and  Foreigrn  Christian  Union  was  formed  in  1849,  for  the  special 
object  of  counteracting  the  influence  of  the  Romish  and  other  churches  opposed  to  the  class  usually 
denominated  "evangelical."* 

Tlie  Central  American  Education  Society  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
assisting  young  men  preparing  for  the  ministry.     In  1858  the  society  aided  111  students. 

Tlie  American  Colonization  Society  was  formed  at  Washington,  Jan.  1817,  for 
the  colonization  of  free  colored  persons  in  Africa.  Tlie  IVe'W  YorK  State  Colonization 
Society  was  formed  at  Albany,  April  9,  1829,  and  has  had  numerous  auxiliaries  in  the  State.^ 

Tbe  JVational  Compensating^  Emancipation  Society,  formed  in  1857,  has  for 
its  object  the  purchasing  of  slaves  for  the  purpose  of  giving  them  freedom. 

The  American  Anti  Slavery  Society  was  organized  Dec.  4, 1833.^ 

Tlie  American  Missionary  Association  was  formed  Sept.  1846,  as  a  Home  and 
Foreign  Missionary  Society.  Business  office  in  N.  Y.  City.  Keceipts  for  first  12  years  of  its  exist- 
ence, S;421,001.98,  Present  monthly  income,  ^3,000  to  $,5,000.  It  has  a  slaves'  Bible  Fund, 
and  labors  for  the  extinction  of  slavery.  The  association  publish  The  American  Missionary  (paper) 
and  American  Missionary  Magazine,  both  monthly. 

Young  Men^s  Christian  Associations  have  been  formed  in  most  of  the  cities  and 


6  seminarieit,  17  other  boarding  schools,  619  free  schools,  (of 
■which  312  were  supported  by  the  Hawiuian  Government.)  and 
17,020  pupils.  The  receipts  in  the  year  endin;^  July  31,  1858, 
were  $334,01S,48,  the  principal  part  of  which  was  derived  fiom 
dionatiQus.— Forty-Ninth  Report  A.  B.  0.  F.  M.,  1858. 

1  This  society  was  formed  by  the  union  of  two  societies  pre- 
viously formed  by  the  Presbyterian  and  Reformed  Protestant 
Dut^li  Churches.  It  is  supported  by  the  Cong;rej;ationalists  and 
New  School  Presbyterians,  and  to  some  extent  by  the  Keforraed 
ProtestJint  Dutch,  Lutheran,  and  German  Reformed  Churches. 
la  1858, 1,012  persons  were  connected  with  this  society  or  its 
ftgencies  and  auxiliaries,  of  which  133  are  within  this  State. 
The  number  of  congregations  and  stations  fnlly  or  statedly  sup- 
plied is  2.034;  Sabbath  school  scholars,  65.500;  contributions  to 
benevolent  objects,  £24.272.23.  The  receipts  in  12  mnnths  were 
$175,971.37;  the  payments  in  the  same  time  were  $190,735.70. 
Total  receipts  in  32  years,  $3,456,082;  total  years  of  labor, 
18,871 ;  totiU  additions  to  churches,  150.275. 

There  aie  a  central  and  a  western  agency  in  this  State, — the 
oflSce  of  the  former  of  which  is  at  Utica  and  of  the  lattfr  at 
Geneva.  The  number  of  missionaries  aided  within  the  year  was 
133.    Total  contributions,  S39.347.96. 

-  This  movement  was  supported  by  most  of  the  evangelical 
denominations ;  but  several  of  them  have  since  established  Sun- 
day school  organizations  among  themselves.  The  American 
Sunday  School  Union  had,  in  185S,  expended  about  S2. 500.000  in 
books,  and  Si. 000,000  more  in  organizing;  Sunday  schools.  Its 
receipts  for  the  last  year  were  $65,076.14;  and  it  had  formed 
1,524  new  schools,  with  57.787  pupils  and  9.694  teachers.  The 
New  York  Sunday  School  Union  had.  in  1858.  210  schools,  re- 
porting 60,000  pupils,  4,825  teachers,  82.294  books  in  libraries, 
and  $13,089  raised  by  contributions.  Sunday  schools  in  some  form 
are  supported  by  nearly  every  religious  denomination,  and  are 
chiefly  for  Biblical  instruction.  A  State  Sunday  School  Teachers' 
Convention,  formed  in  1855,  meets  annually.  Its  third  report, 
made  Oct.  1858,  gave  a  total  in  the  State  of  1,895  schools,  22,263 
officers  and  teachers,  and  212.312  pupiU. 

3  This  society  has  15  stations  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
and  grants  aid  to  various  Bethel  operations  not  connected  with 
it.  The  receipts  for  the  year  ending  in  1858  were  $25,230.20; 
and  the  total  expenses  in  the  seamen's  cause  about  $100.000 ; 
2.257  mariners  had  been  received  at  the  Sailors'  Home  in  New 
York,  and  the  whole  number  received  into  that  institution  from 
\U  eHtabliahment  was  52,353. 


*  The  association  has  61  home  laborers;  and  its  receipts  in  the 
year  ending  in  1S58  were  $76,603.22.  Its  expenses  in  the  same 
time  were  $79,604.33.  It  has  agents,  and  supports  chapels  in 
several  foreign  coontries. 

6  The  slave  trade  was  abolished  in  1807,  and  after  Jan.  1, 
1808,  the  cargoes  of  captured  slaves  were  to  be  sold  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  State  where  they  might  land.  By  an  act  of  March 
3, 1819,  the  General  Government  appropriated  $100,000  for  the 
restoration  of  a  large  number  of  Africans  to  their  native  coun- 
try. By  the  co-operation  of  the  Government  with  this  Society 
a  purchase  was  made  in  Dec.  1821.  in  the  neighbi^rhood  of  Cape 
Menpurado,  on  the  w.  coast  of  Afi'ica,  from  which  has  grown 
the  present  Republic  of  Liberia,  under  the  special  patnmage  of 
this  society.     Formal  possession  was  taken  April  28,  1822. 

Several  of  the  subordinate  State  societies  have  been  merged 
in  anti-slavery  and  other  more  radical  societies  for  the  termi- 
n.ition  of  .slavery.  In  the  y^ar  ending  in  1S5S  the  receipts  of 
the  New  York  Colonization  Socipty  were  $15,624.62. 

«  The  expenses  of  the  society  for  the  year  ending  in  1858  were 
$17,052,  including  those  of  the  Anti  Slavery  Standard,  its  prin- 
cipal organ.  Receipts,  $15,200  from  the  paper  and  donations, 
and  $17,355  by  auxiliaries. 

A  New  York  State  Anti  Slavery  Society,  with  numerous  aux- 
iliaries, was  forme^i  about  1834-36,  and  its  friends  soon  organ- 
ized themselves  into  a  political  party.  The  highest  State  vote 
of  this  party  was  in  1S44,  when  it  amotmted.  on  the  Governor's 
ticket,  to  15.136.  Slavery  existed  under  the  Dutch,  and  waa 
continued  through  the  English  period  of  our  colonial  history. 
An  act  was  passed  March  31,  1S17,  declaring  that  every  child 
born  of  a  slave  in  this  State  after  July  4. 1799,  should  be  free  at 
the  age  of  28  if  a  male,  or  at  25  if  a  female.  Every  child  born 
after  the  passage  of  the  act  was  to  become  free  at  the  age  of  21. 
and  measures  were  orden^d  for  the  education  of  children  held 
in  service.  The  importation  of  slaves  was  prohibited.  The  first 
emancipation  under  this  law,  therefore,  took  effect  July  5, 1827, 
as  the  law  fixed  the  period  as  after  instead  of  vpon  the  4th  of 
July,  as  was  perhaps  intended.  The  5tli  of  July  has  sometimes 
been  celebrated  as  their  anniversary  of  independence ;  and  hence 
arises  the  slang  expression  of  '•  Fourth  of  July  one  day  aWer." 
Tho.<!e  bom  before  the  above  date  remained  slaves  till  their  death, 
and  the  census  of  1855  reported  one  such  as  living  in  the  State. 
The  number  of  slaves  in  New  York  at  different  periods  has 
been  as  follows: — 

1790 21.324  I  1810 15,017  I  1820 10,046  1 1840 4 

1800 20,613  1 1814 11,480  |  1830 75  1 1850 — 


RELIGIOUS,    LITERARY,    AND    BENEVOLENT     SOCIETIES.     147 

large  villaj2;es  in  the  United  States  and  British  Provinces.  They  form  a  general  confederation, 
the  State  of  New  York  forming  the  fourth  district.  These  associations  embrace  within  their 
objects  a  library,  reading  room,  lectures  and  prayer  meetings.^ 

Tlie  Youn^  Men's  Cliristlan  Union  of  New  York  is  supported  by  the  Unitarian  and 
Universalist  denomiDations  principally. 

Youngr  Men's  Associations  for  mutual  improvement  have  been  formed  in  various  parts 
of  the  State  and  under  various  names.  The  plan  of  organization  is  essentially  alike;  and  it 
usually  includes  a  library,  reading  room,  cabinet,  lecture  course,  and  debating  club.  Most  of 
these  associations  have  been  organized  by  special  acts,  and  their  affairs  are  managed  by  executive 
committees  chosen  annually  by  the  members.  They  can  hold  a  limited  amount  of  property  for 
the  special  objects  of  their  organization.^ 

In  most  of  the  large  villages,  associations  have  been  formed  for  the  support  of  lectures  at  stated 
intervals  in  the  winter  months.  They  are  generally  of  a  temporary  character,  are  re-organized 
every  season  or  are  attached  to  academies  or  other  existing  institutions. 

Tlie  ]\'ew  Yorli.  State  Temperance  Society  was  formed  April  2,  1829.  Its  objects 
were  to  suppress  intemperance  and  limit  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors.  It  received  the  support 
of  a  large  number  of  the  best  and  most  philanthropic  citizens,  and  its  influence  spread  rapidly 
throughout  the  State.*  Since  the  formation  of  the  first  society,  efforts  to  suppress  intemperance 
have  been  made  upon  an  extended  scale,  and  the  strong  arm  of  the  law  has  been  invoked  to  pro- 
hibit the  traffic  in  alcoholic  liquors. 

Fraternity  of  Free  and  Accepted  Masons.  "The  Ancient  and  Honorable  Fra- 
ternity of  Free  and  Accepted  Masons"  of  the  State  of  New  York  is  under  the  government  of  a 
Grand  Lodge>  composed  of  its  Grand  Officers  and  the  representatives  (the  Master  and  Wardens) 
of  every  lodge  in  the  jurisdiction.  As  at  present  constituted,  the  Grand  Lodge  dates  from  1785, 
when  Chancellor  Robert  R.  Livingston  was  elected  Grand  Master,  and  continued  in  office  till  1801.* 
In  1859  there  are  430  chartered  lodges  in  the  State,  (numbered  to  474,)  with  about  33,000  mem- 
bers, numbering  among  them  a  very  respectable  class  in  all  the  walks  of  life.  There  is  at  least 
one  lodge  in  every  county  in  the  State,  (except  Hamilton ;)  93  of  the  lodges  are  in  the  city  of  New 
York ;  and  a  lodge  is  located  in  every  considerable  town  and  village.     The  annual  receipts  of  the 


1  In  July,  1858,  associationa  of  this  kind  were  in  active  ope- 
ration in  Albany,  Albion,  Black  Rock,  Brooklyn,  Buffalo,  Cats- 
kill,  Flushing.  Hudson.  Jiimestown,  New  Yovk,  Osivego.  Pou^li- 
keepsie,  Roudoiit,  Saratoga  Sjirings.  Stapldon,  Troy,  Utica,  and 
Waterford.    Those  iu  italics  belonged  to  the  confederation. 

*  The  ftrst  organization  of  this  lund  in  the  State  wa8  the  Al- 
bany Young  Slen's  Association,  formed  Dec.  13.  1833,  and  in- 
corp.  March  12, 1835.  The  following  is  a  list  of  these  associa- 
tions in  the  State  formed  under  special  acts: — 


Name  aito  Location. 


Albany,  Albany  co 

Buffalo,  Erie  co 


"      (German) 

Elmira,  Chemung  co.... 

Fulton,  Oswego  CO 

Geneva,  Ontario  co 

Port  Byron,  Cayuga  co. 

SacketB  Harbor,  jeflfor- 
son  CO 

Saratoga  Springs,  Sara- 
toga CO 

Frauklia  Institute,^ 
Syracuse,  Ononda-  > 
gaco J 

Schenectady,  Schenec- 
tady CO 

Troy,  Kcnaselaer  co 

Utica.  Oneida  co 

Watertown.Jefferaonco, 


Date,  of 
inco-rporalion. 


March  12, 

March    3, 

May     12, 

April  11, 

May  13. 

April  17, 

April  10, 

March    2, 

May-  14, 

Dec. 


1835 

1843 

1846 

1842 
1846 
1S39 
1844 

1843 

1840 

1849 


March  9,1839 
April  10,  1S.35 
March  25. 1837 
April    17,  \U\ 


JRemarJcs. 


Fully  organized.  Li- 
brary 7,000  vols. 

Library  in  1855,  7,600 
vols. 

Library  in  1855, 1,800 
vols. 


Closed. 


J  Library     in     1859, 
(     about  3,000  vols. 


Fully  organized. 

Closed. 

Burned  out  in  1849. 


«  Tlie  fourth  report  of  the  State  Society,  in  1838,  gave  1,538 
societies  and  231.074  members.  Its  principal  organ,  tlio  Temper- 
ance Recorder,  waa  begun  March  6.  1832,  at  Albany,  and  issued 
many  years.  It  also  published  almanacs,  tracts,  and  circulars 
to  a  large  extent.  The  American  Society  for  tho  Promotion  of 
Temperance,  formed  in  1827,  was  in  1836  succeeded  by  the 
"American  Temperance  Union."  The  latter,  in  the  year  ending 
in  18r)8,  received  $1,987.20.  It'*  principal  organ  is  the  Journsil 
of  the  American  Temperance  Union,  at  New  York.    Both  this 


and  the  State  Society  are  sfill  in  operation.  About  1841-45  tha 
''  Wasbingtonian"  temperance  movement,  originating  among 
reformed  inebriate?,  spread  over  the  State,  and  several  thousand 
independent  societies  were  formed  under  it, — most  of  which,  how- 
ever, died  out  with  the  enthusiasm  under  which  they  wera 
created.  The  secret  orders  of  "Kechabites"  and  *' Sons  of 
Temperance"'  originated  in  New  York,  about  1842,  and  subse- 
quently those  of  "Cadets  of  Temperance,"  "Daughters  of  Tem- 
perance." **  Good  Samaritans,"  "  Daughters  of  Samaria," 
'*  Knights  Templar."  '*  Social  Circles,"  and  other  associations  of 
a  similar  class  were  formed  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  pro- 
moting temperance  reform.  Numerous  lodges  or  encampments 
were  formed,  and  these  societies  at  one  time  embraced  large 
numbers  of  members.  Several  of  them  have  been  given  up  en- 
tirely ;  and  it  is  believed  none  of  them  are  increasing.  They 
required  a  form  of  initiation  and  pledge  of  secrecy,  had  fixed 
dues  payable  at  regular  intervals,  pro\ided  money  to  assist  tho 
sick  and  bury  the  dead,  and  gave  certificates  of  membership, 
which,  with  passwords  and  other  tokens  of  recognition,  might 
enable  a  memberto  claim  assistance  among  strangers  belouging 
to  the  order. 

The  License  question  was  submitted  to  the  popular  voto  May 
5, 1840,  with  the  result  of  111,8^4 /f>/-,  and  ll7,(i^Z'igainst  licens?. 
The  operation  of  the  law  was  deemed  by  many  to  be  unequal ; 
and  its  effect  upon  the  temperance  cause  was  unquestionably 
adverse.  In  1847  the  majorities  fur  license  were  large  in  most 
of  the  towns.  The  "  Maine  Law,"  or  prohibition  movement, 
began  in  1851,  and  was  urged  by  its  friends  with  great  forco 
during  several  sessions  of  the  Legislature.  A  prohibitory  law 
waa  passed,  but  was  declared  unconstitutional  by  the  Court  of 
Appeals.  The  present  law  regulating  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors,  passed  April  16, 1857,  provides  a  Board  of  Exciee  C'Om- 
miseioners  in  each  county  for  granting  licenses  and  prosecuting 
violations  of  the  law. 

*  At  tho  close  of  hia  term  there  were  94  lodges  in  the  State, 
of  which  tho  oldest  was  St.  John's.  No.  1.  (yet  iu  active  exist- 
ence.)  established  in  tho  city  of  New  York  iu  1757.  Gen.  Jacob 
Morton  was  Grand  Master  "from  I'^Ol  to  1806,  De  Witt  Clinton 
from  1S06  to  1820,  and  Daniel  D.  Tompkins  from  1S20  to  lii22, 
when  tho  (Irand  Lodge  became  divided.  In  182ti.  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Anti-Masonic  excitement,  (see  Genesee  co.,) 
there  were  about  360  lodges  iu  tho  State,  (numliered  to  f»07,) 
with  alKmt  22,000  members.  In  1836  the  number  of  lodgos  had 
been  reduced  below  75,  with  a  corresponding  membership, — aay 
4,000. 


148 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 


Grand  Lodge  are  about  Sl6,000;  and  during  the  year  ending  in  June,  1859,  the  amount  expended 
for  charitable  relief  by  the  Grand  Lodge  and  its  immediate  agents  was  about  §3,000 ;  and  probably 
three  times  more  than  that  sum  was  expended  for  the  same  purposes  by  lodges  and  individual 
Masons.  There  is  in  the  Hall  and  Asylum  Fund,  raised  for  charitable  and  educational  purposes, 
about  S25,000,  controlled  by  trustees  chosen  by  the  Grand  Lodge,  (it  not  being  incorporated;)  and 
this  sum  is  constantly  being  increased  from  various  sources, — a  portion  of  it  arising  from  the 
stated  revenues  of  the  Grand  Lodge.  The  fraternity  are  now  all  united  in  one  body,  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  Grand  Lodge  and  its  subordinates,  and  are  in  a  sound  and  flourishing  condition. 
The  ofiioe  of  the  Grand  Secretary  and  place  of  business  of  the  fraternity  is  in  Odd  Fellows  Hall, 
corner  of  Grand  and  Center  Sts.,  New  York.  The  Grand  Lodge  is  in  correspondence  and  direct 
communication  with  all  the  Grand  Lodges  and  Masonic  fraternity  throughout  the  world.' 

Independent  Order  of  Odd  Felloivs.  This  order  was  introduced  into  the  United 
States  from  Manchester,  England  ;  and  the  first  regular  lodge  was  opened  at  Baltimore,  in  1819. 
The  Grand  Lodge  of  the  U.  S.  includes  42  subordinate  Grand  Lodges  in  the  States  and  Territories, 
Canada,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  There  are  2  Grand  Lodges  and  623  subordinate  lodges  in 
this  State." 

Sons  of  Malta.  This  order  embraced  in  this  State,  on  the  1st  of  July,  1859,  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  the  State  and  8  subordinate  lodges,  with  an  aggregate  membership  of  12,680. 


MEDICAL  SOCIETIES. 

The  formation  of  County  Medical  Societies  was  authorized  by  an  act  passed  April  4,  1806. 
They  were  empowered  to  grant  licenses  to  practice  medicine  in  the  State  and  to  collect  of  the 
members  a  sum  not  exceeding  $3  annually.  Delegates  sent  from  each  co.  society,  in  number 
equal  to  the  representation  of  the  co.  in  Assembly,  were  to  constitute  a  State  Medical  Society, 
which  had  the  power  of  granting  diplomas  to  practice  medicine  and  to  decide  upon  cases  appealed 
from  the  co.  societies.  Although  local  societies  were  formed  under  this  act  in  most  of  the  counties 
then  existing,  several  of  them  have  ceased  to  exist ;  and  there  are  at  present  but  about  40  county 
societies  that  are  represented  by  delegates.     The  State  Society  was  formed  Feb.  5,  1807,  and  ia 


1  The  stated  festivals  of  the  fraternityare  on  the  24th  of  June 
and  27th  of  December,  usually  styled  St.  John's  days.  The  offi- 
cers of  the  Grand  Lodge  and  of  the  subordinates  are  elected 
annually ;  and  the  time  and  place  for  the  *■'  Annual  Communica- 
tion" of  the  Grand  Lodge  is  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  June,  in 
the  city  of  New  York. 


The  elective  Grand  Officers  of  the  Fraternity  are  Grand  Master, 
Deputy  Grand  Master,  Senior  Grand  Warden,  Junior  Grand 
Warden,  Grand  Treasurer,  Grand  Secretary,  and  6  Grand  Chap- 
lains. 


'  Siaiistics  of  the  Odd  Fellows  for  the  year  ending  Jan.  30,  1858. 


Lodges,  or  Subordinate 
encampments 

Number  of  initiations.... 
"        «   rejections.... 

"  died 

"        "    members 

«  "  «  re- 
lieved  

No.  of  widows  and  fami- 
lies relieved 

Amount  paid  for  relief  of 
members 

Amount  paid  for  relief  of 
widowed  families 

Amount  paid  for  educa- 
tion of  orphans 

Amount  paid  for  burying 
the  dead 

Amount  of  annual  re- 
ceipts  


Lodges. 


^1 

Grand  Lodge 
Northern 
New  York. 

t    . 

11  = 

3,390 

16.649 

1.713 

1,739 

176,700 

493 

690 

61 

82 

11,783 

130 

44S 

or 

118 
8,475 

23,161 

716 

1,346 

2,705 

113 

393 

$294,992.91 

$11,263.80 

$29,663.62 

66,614.55 

3,186.18 

6,645.17 

11,284.06 

207.29 

38S.09 

67,364.70 

2,250.00 

5,091.17 

1,223,685.03 

44,766.78 

69,981.18 

5  S 


$40, 


7; 

114 


623 

1,138 

78 

200 

20,258 

2,060 

606 

,927.42 

,730.36 

596.98 

,341.17 

,787.96 


ENCA.MPMENTS. 


c  2  S 


651 

2,765 

79 

220 

22,319 

902 

93 

$28,171.10 

3411.60 

10.00 

6,377.24 

110,166.64 


.§£■1 

•118 


10.00 

40.84 

2.019.92 


s  s  J: 


71 

13 

66 

60 

2 

8 

4 

979 

487 

22 

32 

1 

$211.00 

$363.00 

3.00 

90.00 
2,426.75 


84 

116 

2 

12 

1,466 

64 

1 

$674.00 

MO 

10.00 

90.84 

4,446.67 


MEDICAL    SOCIETIES. 


149 


now  composed  of  delegates  from  co.  societies,  1  delegate  from  each  medical  college,  5  from  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  honorary  members  by  virtue  of  office  or  by  election,  and  per^ 
manent  members  elected  after  4  years'  service  as  delegates.  The  annual  meetings  of  the  society 
are  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  February.  The  State  Society  has  maintained  a  regular  organization 
from  the  beginning;  and  since  1848  its  proceedings  have  been  reported  annually  to  the  Legisla- 
ture and  published  with  their  documents.^ 

Homeopathic  Medical  Societies  may  be  organized  in  the  several  counties  under  an  act  of  April 
13,  1857;  and  such  have  been  formed  in  Kings,  Livingston,  New  York,  Oneida,  and  perhaps  other 
counties.^ 


County  Medical  Societies. 


County. 


Albany 

Allegany 

Broome , 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua 

Chemung , 

Chenango  

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Krie 

Essex , 

Franklin 

Fulton  and  Hamilton 

Genesee 

Greene 

II*^rkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis » 

Livingston 

MadisoD 

Blonroe 

Montgomery 

New  York 

Niagara 

Oneida 

Onondaga  

Ontario 

Orange  

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens  

Rensselaer 

Kichmoiid 

Rockland 

St.  Lawrence 

Saratoga , 

Schenectady 

Schoharie 

Schuyler , 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Westchester 

Wyoming , 

Yates , 


Date  of 
Organuati(tn. 


July     29, 1806 
Nov.       6, 1823 


Aug. 


June, 
Aug. 


Oct. 


1S36 
5, 1806 

1806 
10, 1808 
1806 
1806 
1815 

1809 


Ang.  5, 1806 
Dec.  17, 1800 
March    2,1822 

1808 

May      29, 1821 

"  "        27, 1806 

9. 1821 

3, 1806 

1,  1806 


July 
May 
July 
July 


July 

July 

July 
July 


1806 
1, 1806 

1, 1806 

17, 1821 
1, 1806 


July     18, 1806 


May 
Oct. 


Oct. 
Dec. 


18, 1850 
14, 1807 

1857 
29, 1857 


July     22, 1806 


July  1, 1806 
May  8, 1797 
March    4, 1823 


First  President. 


Wm.  McClelland.. 
Chester  Lusk 


Lemuel  Hudson  . 
Tracy  Robinson... 


Wm.  Wilson 

Lewis  S.  Owen 

Joshua  H.  Brett 

Samuel  Bard 

JoBiuh  Trowbridge.. 

Records  lost. 


Andrew  Proudfit 

Archibald  Macdonald.. 
Joshua  Loe 


First  Secretary. 


Charles  D.  Townaend.. 
Ammi  Doubleday 


Asa  R.  Howell.. 
Geo.  Mowrey .... 


Wm.  Bay 

Geo.  W.  Bradford... 

Adam  J.  Doll 

Van  Kleefe  . 


Westel  Willougbby,jr. 

John  Dm-kee 

Cornelius  Low 

Records  Imrned 

Charles  Little 

Israel  Farrell , 

AlexandtT  Kelsey 

Alexander  Sheldon.... 
Nicholaa  Romayne 

Amos  G.  Hull 

John  H.  Frifibia 

Jonathan  Sweezey 

Benjamin  Coe 

Joseph  White 

Bei^amin  Woodward. 

John  Demarest 

Joseph  W.  Smith 

S.  B.Wells 

Nelson  Wintou 

David  Conklin 


Andrew  Farrell 

Hugh  Henderson 

Andrew  Vanderze 

Organization  abandoned, 

Cyrus  Wells 

Elijah  Pratt 

Frederick  F.  Backus 

Stephen  Reynolds 

Edward  Miller 

David  Hasbrouck 

Walter  Colton 

Nathaniel  Elmer 

Luther  Cowen 

Caleb  Richardson 

Ira  M.Wells 

Charles  Whipple , 

W.Noble 

C.  C.  Van  Dyck 

Thomas  Shannon 


D.  Moses  Blachely 


Wm.  Livingston 
Watson  Smith... 
John  Hat  maker. 


First  No. 

of 
Members. 


20 
10 


9 

13 
9 


20 

20 

8 

106 

29 
11 


7 
14 


11 
6 


10 
7 


12 


Present 

No.  of 

Members. 


45 

20 


15 
40 

27 
22 
40 

35 
95 


32 
46 
94 
20 
45U 

90 
62 


30 
37 


14 


28 
41 

25 


5  The  first  act  regulating  the  practice  of  physic  and  surgery 
in  New  York  was  passed  June  10, 1760.  It  was  amended  in 
1792  and  1797.  and  under  the  latter  the  judges  of  State  courts 
and  courts  of  Common  Pleas  and  Masters  in  Chancery  were, 
upon  proof  of  two  years'  study  of  medicine,  authorized  to  license 
persons  to  practice  as  physicians.  By  the  act  of  1806,  medical 
societies  mi^ht  be  formed  in  each  co.  by  securing  five  or  more 
members:  and  where  there  were  less  than  five  physiciaus  in  a 
CO.  they  might  unite  with  the  society  of  a  neighboring  en. 

The  restrictions  upon  practice  without  a  diploma  were  fin.illy 
abolinhed  in  1844 ;  and  the  law  now  makes  no  distinction  between 
the  different  classes  of  practitioners.    Those  assuming  to  act  as 

Ehysiciaus  become  responsible  for  their  practice,  and,  if  not 
coased  by  a  county  or  the  State  Society  or  regularly  graduated 


at  a  medical  school,  can  collect  pay  according  to  the  time  em- 
ployed, but  they  cannot  collect  the  specific  fees,  implying  pro- 
ieasional  skill,  which  are  recognized  by  the  established  usages 
of  the  profeyfiion. 

2  The  number  of  homeopathic  practitioners  in  the  State  is 
about  600,  of  whom  150  are  in  New  York  and  Brooklyn.  The 
Central,  Bond  St.,  and  Northern  Homeopathic  Dispensaries  in 
New  York,  the  Ilomeopatliic  Dispensary  of  Brooklyn,  the 
Hahnemann  Academy  of  Medicine  of  New  York,  and  the  Homeo- 
pathic Medical  Society  of  Northern  N.  Y..  are  sustained  V>y  this 
class  of  physicians,  nnd  the  North  American  Uomeopathio 
Journal,  (quarterly.)  the  Homeopathic  Review,  (mo,,)  and  the 
Homeopathic,  (semi-mo.,)  all  published  at  New  York,  are  de- 
voted to  their  interests. 


150 


NEW  YORK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


Population,  Classified  hy  Color,  Political  Relation,  Nativity,  &c.,  according  to  the  State 

Census  of  1855. 


COCNTIXS. 


Albany 

Allegany  — 

Broome 

Cattaraugus 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua. 

Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware 

Dutchess 

Erie 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer .... 

Jeflferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

Livingston... 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 
New  York.... 

Niagara 

Oneida 

Onondaga .... 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer... 
Richmond.... 

Rockland 

St.  Lawrence 

Saratoga 

Schenectady . 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suffolk 

Sullivan 

Tioga , 

Tompkins , 

Ulster 

Warren 

"Washington.. 

Wayne 

Westchester . 
Wyoming .... 
Yates 

Total 


103,681 
42,910 
36.660 
39,630 
63.571 
63,580 
27,2S8 
39,915 
42,4.S2 
44.341 
24.575 
39,749 
60,635 

132.331 
28,639 
25.897 
23,284 
31.532 
31,137 
2,643 
38,566 
65.420 

216,356 
25,229 
37,943 
43,087 
96,324 
30.808 

629,810 
48.282 

107,749 
86.675 
42,672 
60,868 
28,435 
69,398 
49,736 
13,9.34 
46.266 
79,234 
21,389 
19,611 
74,977 
49,379 
19,672 
33,519 
18,777 
25,.358 
59,099 
41.066 
29,487 
26,962 
31.516 
67.936 
19.669 
44,405 
46,760 
80,678 
32,148 
19,812 


3,466,212     3,420,921 


102,84: 
42,729 
36,136 
39.401 
63,171 
63, 
26,826 
39,701 
42,351 
43,13: 
24,547 
39,566 
68,806 

131,473 
28,403 
25,460 
23,124 
30,94S 
30,326 
2,639 
38,394 
65,2-23 

211,876 
25,186 
37,734 
43,362 
96,835 
30.40' 

618,064 
47,880 

107.134 
86,073 
42,088 
68,720 
28,325 
69,030 
49.618 
13,805 
4.3,216 
78.340 
20,799 
19,014 
74,875 
48,737 
19,261 
33,063 
18,701 
25,190 
62,567 
39,018 
29,377 
26,732 
31,267 
66,510 
19,589 
44.185 
46.516 
78,750 
32,119 
19,716 


J,2 


839 
181 
616 
129 
390 
109 
463 
214 
131 

1,254 
28 
194 

1,829 

858 

136 

17 

160 

86 

812 

4 

172 

197 

4,480 
43 
209 
325 
489 
401 
11,840 
402 
616 
602 
684 

2,148 
110 
368 
217 
129 

3,050 
894 
690 
497 
102 
642 
311 
466 
76 
168 
408 

1,888 
110 
2.30 
249 

1,426 

70 

230 

245 

1,928 
29 
97 


Political 
Relations. 


18,616 

9.884 

8;282 

8,637 

11,621 

11,912 

6,859 

9,700 

6,374 

9.412 

5,902 

9.065 

12,498 

21,743 

6,662 

4,462 

6,066 

6,477 

6,952 

699 

8,578 

14,206 

32,62: 

6,284 

8,136 

9,974 

17,272 

6,786 

88,877 

8,257 

20,946 

16,933 

9,147 

11,301 

6,704 

14,609 

12,177 

3,0.37 

8,187 

14,933 

3,796 

3,580 

13,984 

10,377 

3,790 

7,376 

4,377 

6,.395 

14,151 

7,939 

5,727 

6,181 

7,456 

13,197 

4,165 

9,356 

10,205 

14,245 

7,0m 

4,474 


20,2.8: 
2,032 
2,056 
2,645 
4,863 
4,7 
1,191 
977 
8,404 
3,800 
704 
1,632 
6,861 

37,274 
2.994 
3.739 
1,559 
4,107 
1,522 
168 
3.955 
6.377 

66,636 
2,751 
4,329 
3,232 

22,837 

2,688 

232,678 

10.327 

18,472 

73,649 
4,767 
7,956 
3,813 
7,372 
1,640 
1,216 
8,618 

14,921 
6,078 
3.457 
9,916 
6.748 
2,943 
874 
687 
2,153 
3.606 
3,083 
3,606 
979 
1,160 
9,487 
1,6*3 
4.822 
4,767 

16.741 

2,827 

942 


45,286    662,3221632,746     2,222,321 


Natitities. 


64,705 
32,826 
27,874 
28,918 
40,720 
37,966 
19,983 
32,402 
26,222 
36,500 
19.989 
33,576 
48,073 
66,945 
19,067 
14,583 
19,632 
20,339 
27,338 
l,r  - ' 
30,283 
60.103 
94,122 
17..683 
26.141 
34,060 
63,939 
25,762 
262.156 
27,753 
68,302 
67.689 
30,666 
46.339 
19.841 
60,731 
42,206 
11,628 
33,092 
61.667 
14,094 
13,512 
47,991 
37,423 
14,596 
31,195 
15,379 
19,253 
48,737 
34,983 
21,608 
20,760 
25,587 
63,136 
14,632 
33,297 
35,077 
52,035 
22.438 
16,083 


70,407 
39,160 
32,921 
34,629 
46,033 
46.444 
24,075 
37,728 
29,279 
39,141 
23,139 
36.072 
60,724 
77.620 
23,799 
19.258 
20,811 
24,920 
28,755 
2,226 
32,607 
66,471 

115,246 
19,669 
31,166 
39,336 
63,048 
26,714 

303,721 
33,206 
76,868 
66,126 
36,639 
49,718 
23,303 
66,895 
46,674 
12,338 
34,800 
67,447 
16,441 
16,030 
69,667 
41,305 
15.217 
32,117 
17,648 
22,498 
66,489 
36,807 
23,186 
25,028 
29,538 
64,735 
17.122 
37.482 
39,380 
67.401 
26,978 
18,277 


33,247 
3,153 
3,225 
4,006 
6,854 
6,797 
2,876 
1,747 

13,021 
5.107 
1,380 
3,664 
9,707 

64.267 
4,684 
6,622 
2,448 
6,427 
2,261 
310 
6,803 
8,630 
100,206 
5.470 
6,649 
4.351 

33,276 

3,880 

322.469 

14,717 

30,354 

20.949 
6,803 

10.761 
4.966 

12.024 
2.770 
1,694 

11,135 

21,445 
5,883 
4.436 

16,016 
7,937 
4,303 
1,294 
966 
2,763 
2.196 
4,211 
6,138 
1,697 
1,849 

13,162 
2,479 
6,791 
7,103 

23,133 
6,060 
1,408 


538,444  917,708 


3,231 

636 

611 

496 

890 

749 

675 

273 

4,449 

1,069 

246 

283 

1,667 

2,315 

1,164 

1,323 

631 

436 

616 

63 

608 

991 

8,924 

723 

376 

848 

2,106 

625 

26,858 

976 

3.06: 

2,160 

670 

1,241 

736 

1, 

569 

425 

1,588 

3,080 

245 

980 

2  272 

l,'27r 

269 

601 

219 

366 

870 

681 

655 

436 

271 

2,997 

348 

1,030 

668 

3,130 

266 

281 


18 
18 
18 
21 
17 
14 

8 
17 
20 
20 

7 
18 
19 
36 

7 
16 
12 
16 
11 

"21 

41 

45 

8 

13 

27 

27 

26 

411 

11 

48 

24 

21 

18 

13 

33 

24 

6 

21 

19 

3 

7 

26 

18 

7 

9 

4 

6 

21 

12 


46 
20 
3: 
31 
39 
21 
11 
34 
18 
34 
25 
29 
43 
66 
16 
1 

20 
30 
27 
1 
37 
62 
16 
21 
14 
43 
56 
14 
316j  656 

14 

42 

28 

10 

14 
4 

24 

18 
2 
9 

13 

12 
2 

23 

13 


96,489  1,422  1,136  2,742 1  1,812 


Percentages  of  the  Several  Classes  to  the  Total  Population. 


White  males 49.23 

"      females 49.47 

Colored  males 0.61 

"       females 0.69 

Total  males 49.84 

■•    females 50.16 

Single 60.08 

Married 36.16 

Widowers 1.02 

Widows « 2.75 

Kative  voters 14.90 

^'aturalized  voters 3.91 


Aliens 18.54 

Owners  of  land 10.41 

Over  21  years  who  cannot  read  and 

write 2.78 

Ages  under  5,  males 6.86 

"  females 6.74 

Aged  5  and  under  10,  males 6.73 

*'  "  females 5.64 

Aged  10  and  under  15,  males *  5.46 

"  "  females 5.35 

Aged  15  and  under  20,  males 4.91 

"  "  females 6.46 


Aged  20  and  under  30,  males 9.43 

"  "  females 10.44 

Aged  30  and  under  40,  males 7.28 

"                "              females 6.78 

Aged  40  and  under  50,  males 4.79 

"                "              females 4.39 

Aged  60  and  under  60,  males 2.91 

"                "              females 2.70 

Aged  60  and  under  70,  mules 1.55 

"             "            femalof! 1.56 

Aged  over  70,  males 0.84 

^^           females 0.85 


POPULATION.  151 

Summary  of  Population  at  different  periods  in  the  several  Counties,  as  now  organized. 


Counties. 

1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

1814. 

1820. 

1825, 

1830. 

1835. 

1840, 

1845. 

1850. 

1865. 

13,717 

25.155 

34,661 

33,885 

38,116 

42,821 
13,184 

63,620 

69.762 

68,693 

77,268 

93.279 

103.681 

Allegany 

1,443 

2.20- 

6,520 

20.238 

27,295 

30.264 

31,402 

37.808 

42.910 

Broorae 

45 

2,730 

6,481 

7,423 

11.100 

13,893 

17..579 

20,199 

22,338 

25.808 

30.660 

36,050 

Cattaraugus.. 

458 

637 

4.090 

6,643 

16,724 

24,986 

28.872 

30.169 

38.C50 

39,630 

Cayuga 

l6,8i7 

29,843 

33,609 

38.897 

42,743 

47.948 

49,202 

60.338 

49.603 

65,458 

63.671 

Chautauqua... 

2.381 

4,2.i9 

12.568 

20.639 

34.671 

44.860 

47.976 

46.548 

60.493 

63.380 

Chemung. 

2.931 

1.848 

2,862 

3.115 

4,2-2 

8,011 

11,562 

14.439 

16.483 

17.742 

21.737 

27.288 

Chcuaugo 

6.500 

21.704 

24.221 

31,215 

34,216 

37,238 

40,762 

40.7S5 

39.900 

40.311 

39.915 

Cliutou 

1,036 

3,916 

8.802 

7,764 

12,070 

14,486 

19,344 

20,742 

28.157 

31,278 

40.047 

42.482 

Culumbia 

27,732 

35,322 

32,390 

33.979 

38.330 

37,970 

39,907 

40,746 

43.252 

41,976 

43.073 

44,341 

Cortland 

982 

8.879 

10.893 

16.507 

20.271 

23,791 

24.168 

24.607 

25,081 

25.140 

24.675 

Delaware 

2,745 

10,228 

20.303 

21.290 

26.5S7 

29.666 

33,024 

34,192 

36.396 

36.990 

39.834 

39.749 

Dutchess 

36,334 

37,909 

41,190 

43,707 

40.616 

46.698 

,50.926 

60,704 

62.39S 

65.124 

68,992 

60.635 

Erie 

'"57s 

4;i57 

4,667 
9,477 

6,201 
9,949 

10.S34 
13.811 

24.316 
16.993 

35,719 
19,287 

67,594 
20,699 

62.465 
23,6:54 

78.036 
25,102 

100,993 
31,148 

132.331 

28.639 

Essex 

Franlcliu 

443 

2.719 

2,568 

4,439 

7,978 

11,312 

12,501 

16.518 

18,692 

25,102 

26.897 

Fulton 

6,931 

16,048 

14,491 

15.723 

17,006 

20,4.51 

21,597 

18.049 

18,579 

20,171 

23.284 

3,660 
19,636 

9,435 

1S..578 

20.708 

26,008 
29,525 

29,145 
30.173 

28  705 

28  H^ 

28  4.'^8 

31..532 

Greene 

7,02s 

12,584 

20,210 

22.996 

26.229 

30.446 

31,957 

3,3,126 

31.137 

Hamilton 

466 

556 

1.251 

1.290 

1,325 

1,0.54 

1,907 

1.882 

2.188 

■i-fiK 

Herkimer 

2,827 

16,332 

24.742 

23,726 

31,017 

33,040 

35,870 

36,201 

37.477 

37.424 

38.244 

38,566 

JefiersoD. 

262 

15,140 

18,564 

32,952 

41,650 

48,493 

63,088 

60,084 

64.999 

68,163 

65,420 

Kiugs 

4,495 

6,740 

8,303 

7,665 

11,187 

14,679 

20,635 

32,0,57 

47.613 

78.6:il 

13S,SS2 

216.365 

1,362 

6,433 
10.526 

9,227 

16,093 
35,683 

26,229 
37,943 

Livinii^iton. ... 

2.448 

13,181 

21,006 

26,731 

27,729 

42.498 

38.389 

40.876 

Madison 

8,036 

25,141 

26,276 

32,208 

3.5,646 

39,038 

41,741 

40,008 

40.987 

43,072 

43,087 

1,192 
13,015 

4,683 

11.178 

27,288 

39.108 

49,855 

58,085 
25,108 

64.902 
36.818 

Montgomery.. 

18,261 

23,007 

22.705 

21,846 

22.600 

23,264 

24.643 

31,992 

30,808 

New  York 

33,131 

60.489 

96,373 

95.519 

123,706 

166,086 

197,112 

268,089 

312.710 

371.223 

616.647 

629.810 

Niagara 

1,465 

1.276 

7,322 

14.069 

18,482 

26,490 

31,132 

34,550 

42.276 

48,282 

Oneida. 

1.891 

20.839 

.30.634 

45.627 

60,997 

67,847 

71,326 

77,518 

85,310 

84,776 

99.666 

107,749 

Ononilaga 

6.434 

26,495 

30,020 

41,467 

48.435 

58,973 

60.908 

67.911 

70.175 

86.890 

86,676 

1,075 

8.406 

22,088 

22,812 

35,292 

37,422 

40,288 
45.366 

Orange 

22,809 

29.368 

34,347 

34,908 

41,213 

41.732 

45.096 

60.739 

62.227 

67.145 

60.868 

1,164 
3,889 

1,524 

5.349 

14.460 

17,732 

22.893 

25127 

25  845 

28  501 

28,436 
69  398 

S4S 

6,382 

41,687 

9.353 

12.364 

17.875 

27  119 

38  246 

43.619 

48,441 

62 198 

1,702 

21,636 

38,802 

44,S56 

47,898 

61,372 

49,736 
13,934 

Putnam 

8.932 

9.836 

10,293 

11,268 

11,866 

12.628 

11,5.50 

12.825 

13.258 

14.138 

16.014 

16.893 

19,336 

19,269 

21.619 

20,331 
44,065 

22,460 

25,130 
66,515 

30,324 
60,269 

31,849 
62.338 

36  833 

46,266 
79.234 

Rensselaer 

22,428 

30,442 

36.309 

36.833 

40.153 

49.424 

73.363 

Richniontl 

3.835 

4  563 

5,347 

6.602 

6.135 

6,932 

7.082 

7,691 

10,905 

13.073 

16,061 

21.3.89 

Rockland 

6,001 

0,.353 

7,758 

7.817 

8,837 

8,016 

9,388 

9,696 

11,975 

13.741 

16,962 

19,611 

St.  Lawrence. 

454 

7,885 

8,252 

16.037 

27,595 

36,354 

42,047 

66,706 

62.354 

68,617 

74,977 

Saratoga 

17,077 

24.483 

33,147 

31,139 

36,062 

36.295 

38.679 

38,012 

40,553 

41.477 

45,646 

49,379 

Schenectady. . 

5,698 

8,8S8 

10,205 

11,203 

13,081 

12,876 

12.347 

16,230 

17,387 

16,630 

20.054 

19,672 

Schoharie 

2,073 

9,808 

18.945 

19,323 

23,154 

25.926 

27,902 

28,608 

32,358 

32,488 

3;i,548 

33,619 

Schnvler 

286 

3.609 

5.652 

10,411 

13.773 

13,764 

15,163 

16,388 

17.327 

18.619 

18,777 

Semca 

4,0.57 

11,306 

13,935 

17,773 

20.169 

21,041 

22,627 

24.874 

24.972 

25,441 

25,.358 

Steuben 

1,788 

6.036 

8.983 

18,068 

20.282 

28.012 

34.961 

40,661 

46.203 

68.358 

69,099 

Suffolk 

16.440 

19,4i>4 

21,113 
6,10s 

21,368 

24,272 

23  695 

26  780 

og  074 

32  469 

34  679 

36  9'^2 

41  066 

Sullivan 

1,7  6:i 

3,222 

6.233 

8.900 

10..373 

12,364 

13,755 

16,629 

18.727 

25.088 

29,487 

Tioga 

2.034 

6,860 

6.188 

7,966 

9,988 

13,426 

16,534 

20,627 

22.456 

24.880 

26,962 

1'ompkind 

927 

6,1.53 

9,816 

22,167 

27,951 

31,333 

32.345 

32,296 

32.2W 

32.094 

31,616' 

tlster 

16,297 

21,033 
4,825 

26,676 
7,565 

26,428 
7,838 

30.934 

32  015 

36  650 

39  960 

45  ^^'^ 

48  907 

59  384 

67  936 

Warren 

1,080 

9.453 

10,906 

11,796 

12,034 

13,422 

14.908 

17,199 

19,669 

Washington... 

20,497 

30,982 

36,724 

.36.359 

38,831 

39,280 

42,635 

39,326 

41.080 

40.554 

44.780 

44,405 

Wavne 

1,410 
27,347 

6,575 
30.272 

11.220 

20,309 

26,761 

33  643 

37  788 

42.057 
48.686 

42  516 

44  953 

46  760 

Wetitchester... 

24,003 

26,307 

32,638 

33,131 

36,4.56 

38,789 

47.394 

68.203 

80,678 

Wyoming 

2,736 

5.411 

16.149 

22,307 

29,047 

32,771 

34,245 

30.691 

31.981 

32,148 

1,702 

4,867 

6,434 

18,026 

15,313 

19,009 

19,796 

20,444 

20,777 

20,590 

19,812 

Total -. 

340,120 

588,603 

961,888 

1.035.910 

1,372,812 

1.614.458 

1.913,131 

2,174,617 

2,428,921 

2,604.495 

3.097.394 

3,468,212 

Abstract  from  the  Census  of  the  Indians  residing  on  Reservations  in  1855. 


Reseevations. 


Allegany 

CatUraugus  ".. 


On(^i(Ja* 

Onondaga*..., 

St.  Regis' , 

Shinnecock... 
Tonawauda.. 


Tuacarora — 


Where  located. 


Cattarawgua  co 

Cattaraugus,  Erie,  &  Chau- 
tauqua cos 

Madison  and  Oneida  cos 

Onondaga  co 

FranliUn  co 

Suffolk  CO 

Genesee,  Erie,  and  Niagara 
COS. 

Niagara  co. 


Total'* 1,947 


376 

676 

88 

173 

206 


290 
160 


378 

604 
73 
176 
207 
71 

312 

166 


1,987 


163 

2      91 


48 


1,714 

3.032S 

354J 

2.063J 

l,426i 


2.616 
3,092 


729 

43 

141 

161 

16 

261 
»49 


464  10    350  13,8675   2.089     1,094      673    236  2,806 


<Se 


203 

3.89 
20 
49 
95 
14 

144 

180 


626 

1,064 

36 

142 

142 

32 

409 
464 


"The  total  number  reported  was,  from  neglect  of  the  mar- 1     ^  In  the  returns  of  the  last  State  census  235  Indians  (102  males 


Ahtd.  too  small.    In  May,  1855, 1,388  were  returned  as  entitled 
to  share  in  annuities. 

*  The  returns  of  civil  condition  are  too  indefinite  to  be  re- 
lied on. 

•  The  larger  part  of  this  village  ia  in  Canada. 


and  133  females)  not  residing  on  reser^-ations  wore  enumerated 
and  reported  with  the  population  of  the  towns  in  which  they 
live.  These,  added  to  the  numbers  in  the  above  table,  mako 
2.049  males  and  2,120  females,  or  a  total  of  4,llj9  Indians  i-e- 
siding  in  the  State  in  1566, 


152 


NEW    YORK    STATE    GAZETTEER. 

Persons  engaged  in  tJie  varicms  Professions,  Trades,  and  Occupations 


Counties. 


Albany 

Allegany 

Broome 

Cuttaniugus.. 

Cayuga 

Chautauqua- 
Chemung 

Chenango 

Clinton 

Columbia 

Cortland 

Delaware , 

Dutchess 

Erie , 

Essex 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Genesee 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Herkimer 

Jefferson 

Kings 

Lewis 

LivingstoiL.., 

Madison 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 
New  York.... 

Ni.agara 

Oneida 

Onondaga 

Ontario 

Orange 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Putnam 

Queens 

Rensselaer.... 

Richmond 

Rockland 

St.  Lawrence. 

Saratoga 

Schenectady. 

Schoharie 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Suffolk 

Sullivan. 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 

Washington... 

Wayne 

Westchester... 

Wyoming 

Yates 

Total 


601 
242 
196 
160 
289 
290 
166 
206 
185 
221 
136 
1.93 
292 
704 
159 
109 
111 
195 
132 

10 
240 
356 
735 

84 
224 
■2ii 
618 
165 
2,611 
230 
670 
461 
268 
340 
153 
303 
332 

92 
189 
404 

80 
133 
319 
208 
132 
160 
113 
126 
336 
149 
164 
139 
172 
3,i2 

79 
2.'i7 
228 
342 
162 
117 


218 
177 
163 
338 
298 
126 
200 
182 
252 
159 
183 
351 

1,050 
105 
97 
117 
150 
153 
3 
249 
379 

1,816 
102 
236 
269 
878 
108 

6,745 
235 
726 
660 
243 
299 
167 
338 
281 
133 
285 
666 
86 
178 
329 
183 
149 
161 
89 
133 
2&i 
231 
127 
146 
169 
270 
63 
269 
265 

1,665 
181 
124 


So 

6«S 


214 
69 
33 
44 

107 

115 
44 
52 
30 
49 
27 
38 

147 

227 
19 
26 
24 
37 
43 
1 
41 
95 

466 
29 
76 
73 

183 

27 

2,606 

60 

221 

107 
48 
69 
23 
97 
66 
9 
37 

112 
34 
20 
62 
39 
37 
39 
16 
26 
66 
27 
24 
25 
63 
31 
16 
45 
65 

182 
45 
S3 


1,202 
466 
422 
326 
647 
691 
413 
353 
200 
490 
272 
377 
703 

2.023 
223 
212 
297 
382 
234 
14 
404 
763 

2,935 
218 
427 
484 

1,381 
352 

7,204 
441 

1.4S7 

1,132 
410 
667 
209 
768 
680 
230 
679 
947 


700 
608 
212 
379 
218 
289 
632 
602 
306 
318 
387 
698 
168 
465 
561 
1,389 
334 
212 


1.148 

107 

137 

79 

238 

202 

140 

62 

127 

204 

77 

64 

209 

1,085 

72 

60 

61 

98 

82 

2 

156 

213 

4,708 

64 

145 

136 

668 

103 

13,897 

272 

683 

651 

163 

298 

111 

308 

129 

37 

198 

624 

134 

59 

267 

185 

137 

60 

37 

89 

156 

117 

49 

91 

97 

267 

27 

171 

192 

369 

75 

73 


24,804  ]  6,656  40.731  30.359  4,810   7,135 


87 
80 
67 
64 
89 

104 
38 
86 
47 
67 
66 
72 
88 

167 
31 
37 
24 
61 
58 
1 
62 

116 

313 
35 
76 
86 

141 
37 

393 
61 

174 

133 

103 

102 
54 

112 
93 
25 
63 
98 
31 
32 

110 
79 
26 
42 
33 
42 

104 
80 
35 
43 
62 
68 
39 
67 
83 

138 
64 
41 


ell 


244 

105 

70 

57 

137 

166 

69 

104 

71 

113 

60 

67 

156 

289 

64 

42 

44 

144 

63 

1 

78 

144 

265 

46 

106 

129 

277 

67 

767 

77 

258 

216 

112 

198 

75 

101 

1.54 

18 

104 

151 

19 

41 

109 

66 

42 

79 

41. 

74 

147 

82 

45 

62 

107 

171 

26 

121 

126 

204 

93 

72 


204 
62 
87 
62 

148 

121 
50 

103 
30 
33 
46 
48 
90 

311 
32 
27 
43 
53 


53 

144 

533 

59 

102 

101 

519 

34 

1,018 

125 

184 

394 

101 

78 

83 

698 

88 

19 

21 

126 

16 

20 

157 

69 

8 

81 

36 

114 


14 

60 
62 

283 
64 
61 

166 


^S 


767 

24 

92 

28 

186 

170 

108 

61 

68 

168 

48 

68 

262 

385 

28 

SO 

36 

64 


134 
1,734 

44 
119 
144 
418 
111 
7,436 

87 
483 
206 

82 
298 
118 
147 
167 

36 
132 
480 


87 
94 
41 
27 
72 
64 
213 
32 
36 
82 
164 
14 
119 
146 
322 


5,728 
7,364 
6,861 
6.855 
8,223 
9,249 
2,848 
7,457 
3,925 
6,260 
4,836 
7,448 
6,691 
10,182 
3,782 
4,410 
2,899 
6,607 
4,190 

611 
6,321 
7,000 

476 
4,975 
4,774 
7,019 
7,957 
3,131 

193 
6,606 
11,880 
9,079 
6,333 
6,456 
4,067 
8,667 
9,986 
1,967 
3,598 
6,824 

674 
1,323 
11,427 
6,960 
2,234 
6,372 
3,409 
3,033 
9,696 
3,942 
3,616 
4,145 
5,038 
6.703 
2,088 
7,204 
7,494 
4,239 
6,328 
2,794 


321,930 


498 
49 
34 
36 
98 
60 
57 
32 
30 
49 
12 
16 
30 

370 
17 
4 
11 
18 
26 

61 

53 

1,199 

6 


265 

106 

4,079 

104 

190 

139 

53 

78 

41 

110 

16 

7 


64 
12 
56 
53 
41 

8 
22 
47 
37 

4 
10 
27 
22 
92 
10 
60 
66 
142 
22 
16 


122 
66 
26 
39 
49 
86 
26 
48 
32 
60 
26 
39 
62 

108 
21 
16 
21 
36 
34 

33 

89 
226 
27 
66 
61 
93 
60 
709 
63 
131 
102 

at 

85 
19 
63 
78 
4 
46 
86 
68 
15 
59 
56 
31 
42 
17 
31 
43 
26 
43 
20 
35 
96 
18 
32 
43 
97 
32 
14 


9,056  I  3,765 


4,216 

892 

477 

643 

1,362 

1,200 

662 

442 

2,006 

2,021 

260 

671 

2,608 

5,367 

918 

254 

1,156 

1,057 

687 

49 

855 

1,045 

7,044 

664 

2,167 

1,338 

4,901 

1,722 

19,748 

2,692 

4,487 

3,168 

1.269 

2,695 

1,618 

1,976 

642 

639 

2.316 

3.477 

728 

423 

1,349 

1,293 

2,912 

1,613 

174 

608 

629 

1,179 

1,466 

692 

502 

S,461 

520 

1,258 

1,172 

4,151 

320 

491 


115,800 


Nativities  of  the  Population  of  Neio  York. 

The  following  Table  shows  the  nativities  of  the  population  of  the  State,  as  reported  by  the  census  of  1855 : — 


TTTiere  bom. 


New  York 

Connecticut 

Massachusetts.... 

Vermont 

New  Hampshire. 

Rhode  Island 

Maine 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania.... 


Number. 

Per  cent. 

2,222,321 

64.077 

63,691 

1.863 

67,086 

1.648 

64.266 

1.565 

14.941 

.431 

11,7.37 

.339 

6.818 

.168 

40,391 

1.164 

31,472 

.907 

Wtiere  barn. 


Ohio 

Michigan 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Indiana 

Southern  States 

Other  States 

Foreign  Countries 

At  sea  and  unknown. 


Number.    Per  ceni. 


6,256 

S,413 

1,255 

1,163 

606 

13,124 

183 

922,019 

17,749 


.151 
.098 
.036 
.033 
.017 
.378 
.005 
26.685 
.512 


PROFESSIONS    AND    OCCUPATIONS. 
in  the  several  Counties,  as  reported  hy  the  State  Census  of  1855. 


153 


£" 

1" 

1 

:S 

g 

j 

■§ 

It 

« 

C 

1. 

i 

1 

li 

*« 

■13 

i 

S 

1 

e 

1 

li 

1 

1 

1 

1 

11 

li 

1 

S 

1 

212 

338 

468 

634 

88 

183 

399 

174 

178 

103 

1.37 

136 

1,070 

64 

364 

162 

92 

490 

62 

2S 

82 

184 

69 

64 

39 

86 

23 

46 

45 

11 

166 

74 

171 

43 

20 

24 

46 

28 

133 

200 

66 

60 

65 

68 

26 

134 

46 

22 

185 

110 

136 

31 

32 

9 

33 

22 

64 

137 

3+ 

37 

27 

74 

11 

69 

29 

4 

112 

65 

99 

27 

17 

14 

73 

161 

192 

176 

96 

99 

132 

114 

73 

77 

73 

17 

428 

45 

168 

31 

39 

98 

67 

90 

108 

226 

62 

111 

88 

126 

41 

145 

66 

12 

309 

72 

239 

36 

50 

60 

46 

62 

128 

93 

46 

68 

71 

62 

22 

66 

36 

8 

203 

44 

100 

14 

23 

20 

64 

19 

68 

164 

40 

63 

46 

77 

17 

43 

2 

166 

63 

124 

4 

23 

24 

36 

71 

86 

170 

34 

32 

28 

44 

18 

67 

39 

7 

105 

35 

86 

116 

16 

11 

65 

SO 

105 

216 

71 

77 

98 

83 

43 

66 

39 

15 

271 

24 

165 

47 

36 

148 

20 

8 

67 

99 

61 

42 

36 

49 

8 

12 

33 

4 

117 

34 

116 

9 

21 

8 

41 

6 

61 

200 

37 

67 

26 

70 

14 

3 

30 

2 

118 

97 

205 

20 

12 

17 

76 

171 

205 

3So 

124 

67 

166 

103 

42 

104 

63 

8 

28S 

64 

201 

72 

59 

185 

196 

176 

687 

714 

141 

1.11 

438 

218 

210 

118 

146 

180 

1,063 

187 

313 

100 

157 

68 

44 

17 

66 

112 

33 

31 

24 

34 

10 

1 

22 

3 

48 

34 

76 

99 

14 

8 

12 

7 

35 

88 

22 

19 

20 

29 

8 

28 

16 

3 

67 

14 

72 

1 

14 

26 

25 

2 

76 

112 

22 

36 

49 

32 

3 

22 

4 

99 

193 

71 

44 

16 

11 

33 

13 

128 

149 

74 

27 

73 

76 

19 

46 

66 

22 

124 

31 

108 

8 

14 

8 

29 

19 

54 

156 

63 

62 

36 

47 

6 

3 

2fi 

46 

141 

60 

115 

36 

15 

65 

3 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

43 

10 

13 

1 

33 

62 

99 

123 

63 

61 

62 

62 

20 

23 

61 

32 

152 

111 

125 

23 

26 

47 

68 

84 

173 

329 

139 

153 

104 

126 

28 

66 

86 

27 

414 

109 

210 

40 

60 

39 

864 

666 

1,628 

2,649 

37 

411 

1,150 

336 

676 

102 

163 

643 

2,481 

122 

290 

147 

340 

69 

11 

3 

64 

74 

25 

32 

37 

42 

•2S 

11 

88 

8 

89 

9 

12 

5 

64 

66 

97 

137 

86 

44 

67 

73 

16 

16 

60 

13 

160 

18 

128 

20 

10 

10 

43 

61 

105 

175 

60 

84 

97 

88 

22 

13 

67 

16 

301 

41 

189 

38 

32 

79 

140 

401 

666 

394 

234 

183 

358 

197 

109 

248 

109 

70 

858 

88 

281 

149 

100 

43 

44 

16 

78 

162 

60 

44 

42 

47 

14 

23 

36 

61 

139 

24 

99 

39 

14 

28 

1,112 

1,V14 

3,631 

6,001 

130 

1,685 

3,400 

1,252 

1,901 

623 

884 

1,765 

12,609 

228 

l,2e« 

160 

897 

689 

41 

41 

260 

165 

75 

6S 

99 

75 

17 

32 

60 

67 

207 

20 

113 

27 

39 

12 

147 

226 

412 

480 

116 

190 

290 

200 

115 

136 

117 

97 

988 

146 

334 

118 

103 

121 

118 

122 

365 

342 

142 

123 

275 

131 

68 

146 

126 

92 

488 

42 

260 

76 

63 

63 

49 

66 

137 

164 

101 

61 

95 

102 

23 

67 

65 

6 

183 

6 

108 

40 

32 

11 

69 

87 

239 

308 

92 

99 

109 

89 

37 

228 

64 

42 

367 

47 

191 

118 

61 

77 

32 

9 

76 

99 

66 

69 

61 

60 

21 

12 

32 

12 

104 

20 

94 

9 

19 

5 

74 

92 

231 

241 

171 

84 

125 

113 

38 

14 

66 

25 

281 

76 

246 

87 

33 

24 

62 

82 

94 

197 

68 

100 

82 

89 

26 

1 

78 

7 

263 

38 

172 

23 

23 

17 

13 

84 

34 

68 

26 

IS 

25 

12 

1 

12 

9 

18 

64 

2 

44 

21 

12 

36 

76 

174 

187 

45 

26 

106 

49 

17 

12 

40 

16 

167 

2 

125 

2 

78 

86 

99 

301 

330 

629 

77 

108 

226 

121 

46 

434 

90 

65 

612 

98 

232 

210 

70 

IS 

36 

7 

137 

217 

12 

3 

81 

17 

35 

2 

9 

18 

79 

11 

36 

8 

20 

2 

12 

72 

62 

67 

14 

IS 

40 

23 

7 

87 

26 

9 

88 

5 

36 

25 

11 

86 

40 

120 

245 

79 

91 

82 

61 

23 

87 

67 

10 

216 

64 

243 

17 

39 

19 

64 

105 

89 

218 

46 

68 

90 

101 

37 

62 

30 

19 

150 

29 

141 

28 

21 

74 

30 

189 

63 

120 

S 

62 

51 

37 

11 

96 

16 

4 

216 

12 

66 

16 

7 

12 

39 

13 

81 

138 

61 

63 

33 

68 

10 

2 

32 

2 

■  147 

28 

169 

9 

18 

12 

18 

12 

48 

69 

42 

39 

33 

46 

10 

2 

26 

107 

32 

95 

21 

3 

12 

33 

97 

67 

107 

68 

54 

66 

49 

6 

14 

26 

18 

124 

16 

77 

17 

19 

47 

51 

80 

164 

230 

79 

66 

74 

76 

27 

97 

65 

11 

152 

68 

117 

32 

28 

9 

24 

6 

95 

263 

41 

61 

76 

48 

23 

28 

24 

8 

234 

7 

133 

8 

27 

17 

15 

1 

66 

102 

24 

33 

15 

36 

7 

13 

17 

4 

91 

120 

82 

42 

13 

3 

16 

26 

60 

88 

40 

28 

31 

49 

10 

64 

23 

5 

106 

33 

94 

4 

19 

2 

123 

46 

78 

128 

81 

67 

86 

61 

16 

43 

38 

8 

148 

26 

124 

17 

7 

17 

66 

27 

186 

315 

102 

73 

95 

76 

30 

3 

47 

96 

326 

163 

164 

133 

35 

24 

12 

6 

33 

69 

16 

16 

20 

32 

4 

29 

15 

10 

52 

90 

62 

11 

.1 

62 

36 

97 

202 

49 

99 

86 

76 

16 

30 

61 

34 

214 

36 

148 

62 

31 

23 

43 

44 

161 

186 

67 

in;) 

83 

116 

14 

39 

85 

21 

267 

46 

203 

17 

49 

7 

127 

113 

625 

631 

64 

102 

304 

114 

62 

121 

68 

314 

437 

30 

303 

108 

87 

241 

36 

14 

72 

147 

65 

42 

63 

69 

13 

28 

66 

9 

127 

34 

114 

4 

20 

8 

21 

9 

41 

82 

46 

37 

36 

39 

13 

8 

32 

5 

126 

20 

96 

6 

8 

9 

4,642 

6,309 

13,781 

20,664 

3,917 

6,862 

10,081 

6,010 

4,339 

4,006 

3,895 

4,076 

29,236 

3,416 

9,969 

2,825 

3,160 

3,141 

7^  total  number  of  persons  reported  in  1855  as  engaged  in  pursuits  other  than  the  foregoing  was 

as  follows : — 


Actors 325 

Agents 2.340 

Af;ri.  Implement  Makers  386 
Apothecaries  and  Drug- 
gists   1,438 

Apprentices 1,421 

Arcliitccts 261 

Artificial  Flower  Makers  2.37 

Artists  and  Designers 751 

Auctioneers 220 

Authors 58 

Ax  Makers 2S3 

Bakers 6,136 

Bankers 432 

Bank  Offlcere 639 

Barbers 2,142 


Barkeepers 

Basket  .Makers 

Bell  Founders 

Bellhangers    and    Lock- 
smiths  

Bellows  Makers 

Billiard  Makers 

Bill  Posters 

Bird  Cage  Makers 

Blacking  Makers 

Block  Makers 

Boarding  House  Keepers 

Boat  Builders 

Boatmen  and  Watermen. 

Boiler  Makers 

Bookbinders 


987 
783 


669 

24 

6 

7 

7 

32 

391 

1,680 

693 

9.136 

708 

2,121 


Booksellers  and  Station- 
ers   

Bottlers _. 

Box  Makers 

Brass  Workers 

Brewers  and  Distillers. 

Brickmakers 

Bridge  and  Dock  Builders 
Britannia  Ware  Makers.. 

Brokers 

Broom  Makers 

Brusbmakers 

Builders 

Butchers 

Button  Makers 

Cadets 


544 
14 

379 

766 
1,176 
1,627 

142 

13 

1.233 

183 

622 

1,081 

6,308 

61 

201 


Calico  Printers 

Calkers - 

Card  Makers 

Carpet  Makers  and  Deal- 
ers  

Carters  and  Dra.vnK'n 

CarTers  and  Gilders 

Case  Makers _ 

Cattle  Dealers 

Cement  Makers 

Chandlers  and  Soap 
Makers 

Charcoal  Burners  and 
Dealers 

Chemists 

Chimney  Sweeps 


28 

6.i9 

47 

3.% 
7,360 
1,125 
32 
13 
264 

622 

656 

163 

18 


15  i 


NEW  YOKK  STATE  GAZETTEER. 


Professions  and  OccupaiionSy  concluded: 


Chronomtter  Makers 4 

Civil  Kngineers 249 

Civil  Officers 1,427 

Clock   Makers  and   Ke- 

pairera 164 

Clothiers 1,0S4 

Cloth  Manufacturers  not 

apecifird 123 

Coal  Dealers 138 

Coflee.  Spice,  and  Mus- 
tard Makers. 25 

Collectcrs 222 

Comb  Makers 229 

Confectioners 1,088 

Contructora 699 

Cooka 1,424 

Coopers 7,5.":19 

CopptTsmiths 409 

Cork  Cutters 45 

Cotton  Manufacturers....  T5 

Custom  House  Officers...  346 

Cutlers 249 

Dairymen      .and      Milk 

Dealers....! 1,050 

Dealers    not    otherwise 

specified 1,668 

Demists 761 

Dock  Keepers 54 

Drivers,  Coachmen,  &e...  3,253 

Drovere 362 

Dyers  and  Bleachers 470 

Editors 384 

Klectrotypists 11 

Embroiderers 218 

Enamelers 3 

Engineers 3,180 

Engravers 761 

Envelope  Makei-s 29 

Expressmen 4'22 

Factory  Operatives 2,477 

Farriers 150 

Feather  Dressers S 

Ferrymen 6 

File  Cutters 358 

Fire  Engine  Makers 6 

Firemen 416 

Fish  Dealers 165 

Fishermen 905 

Fishing  Tackle  Makers...  14 
Flax  Dressers  and  Work- 
ers   66 

Fortune  Tellers  and  As- 

trologists 4 

Forwarders 274 

Frame  Makers 164 

Fringe.  Tassel,  and  Gimp 

Makers 155 

Fniit  Dealers..... 322 

Fumacemen 1,807 

Furriers 227 

Gamblers 7 

Gardeners  and  Florists...  3,269 
Gas  Fitters  and  Fixture 

Makers 527 

Gas  Makers 132 

Gas  Meter  Makers 8 

Gatekeepers 499 

Geologists  and  Mineralo- 
gists   5 

Glass  Cutters 80 

Glass  Makers 466 

Glass  Stainers 52 

Glovers 166 

Glue  Malcers 37 

Goldbeaters 134 

Gold  and  Silver  Smiths..  820 
Orate  Makers  and  Set- 
ters   98 


Giindstont  and  Millstone 

Makers 23 

Gunsmiths 496 

Gutta  Percha    Manutuc- 

turers 3 

Hair  Cloth  Makers 17 

Hair  Workers 89 

liame  Makers 69 

Hardware  Dealers 426 

Hat  and  Cap  Makers 2,928 

Hemp  Dressers 11 

Horse  Dealers 102 

Hose  Makers 6 

Hosiers 28 

Hunters 59 

Ice  Dealers 152 

Importers 409 

India  Rubber  Manufac- 
turers   __.  73 

Ink  Makers 61 

Inspectors 295 

Instrument  Makers 172 

Insurance  Ofticfrs 319 

Intelligence  Officers 3 

Inveiiti^rs  and  Patentees  30 

Iron  Mongers 44 

In.n  Workers 990 

Ivory  Black  Makers 17 

Ivory  Workers 5 

Japanners 73 

Jewelers 2,0.55 

Junkshop  Keepers 321 

Keepers  and  Wardens  of 

Prisons.  &c 284 

Lace  Makers 61 

Lampblack  Makers.. ..  6 

Lamplighters 18 

Lamp  M.ikt-rs 51 

Lapidaries 17 

Last  Maker? 98 

Lath  Makers 11 

Laundresses 3,557 

Lecturers 35 

Librarians 5 

Lighthouse  Keepers 30 

Lime  Burners 129 

Linguists 10 

Lithographers 176 

Livery  Stable  Keepers....  741 
Looking  Glass  Makers.-..  53 
Lumbermen  and  Dealers  2,933 
Mail  Agents  and  Carriers  231 
Manufacturers  (not  spe- 
cified)   1,448 

Map  Makers 11 

Marble  Dealers 66 

Market  Men  and  Women  205 

Mat  and  Hug  Makt-ra 83 

Match  Makers 223 

Matrons  of  Asylums.  Ac  .  37 
Mechanics     (not    other- 
wise specified) 3,837 

Mid  wives _.  47 

Military  Equipment  Ma- 
kers   5 

Millwrights 1.262 

Mineral  Water  Makers...  117 

Miners 415 

Model  Makers 8 

Modelers 1 

Morocco  Dressers 250 

Mouhlere 3,114 

Mould  Makers _...  42 

Musical  Instr.  Manufec..  130 

Music  Dealers 37 

Musicians 1,177 

Music  Teachers 621 

Nail  Makers 433 


Xatmalists 

Needle  Makers 

Newsboys 

Nurserymen 

Nurses 

Oculists 

Oilcloth  Makers 

Oil  Makers 

Opticians 

Organ  Builders 

Ostlers 

Overseers  and  Superin- 
tendents   

Oyster  Men  and  Dealers- 
Packers 

Paint  and  Color  Makers.. 

Paper  Dealers 

Paper  Hangers 

Paper  Makers 

Paper  Stainers 

Patent  Leather  Makers... 

Patent  Medicine  Makers. 

Pattern  Makers 

Pavers 

Pawnbrokers 

Pearl  Workers 

Peddlers 

Pen  Makers 

Pencil  Makers 

Perfumers 

Photographers  and  Da- 
guerreotypists 

Piano  Makers 

Pickle  and  Preserve  Ma- 
kers  

Pilots 

Pin  Makers 

Pipe  Makers 

Plaster  Figure  Makers... 

Plate  Printers 

Platers -. 

Plumbers 

Pocket  Book  Makers...... 

Policemen 

Polisher:*  and  Burnishers 

Porcelain  Makers 

Porters 

Portfolio  Makers 

Portrait  Painters 

Postmasters 

Pot  and  Pearl  Ash  Ma- 
kers  

Potters 

Powder  Makers 

Produce  Dealers 

Professors 

Publi-shers 

Pump  Malcers 

Pursers 

Pyrotechnists 

Quarrymen 

Ragpickers 

Razor  Strop  Makers 

Reed  Makers 

Refiners  and  Assayors... 

Keporters 

Restaurant  Keepers 

Riggers 

Roofers  and  Slaters 

Rope  and  Cord  Makers... 

Runners. 

Safe  Makers -. 

Sailmakers 

Sailorsond  Mariners 

Saleratus  Makers 

Salesmen 

Saloon  Keepers 

Salt  Makers 


10 

1 

197 

240 

968 

17 
133 
124 

63 

81 
948 

475 

458 

112 

21 

20 

196 

914 

87 

10 

59 

427 

341 

20 

4 

4,131 

61 

49 

35 


1,076 

11 

387 

5 

26 

4t 

31 

269 

958 

212 

1,513 

578 

12 

3,916 

6 

37 

184 


287 

27 

526 

188 

160 

40 

10 

22 

1,031 

250 

5 

16 

91 

59 

288 

469 

175 

663 

150 

88 

563 

9,720 

15 

723 

871 


Sandpaper  Makers 3 

Sash  and  Blind  Makers..  1,004 

Saw  Filers 45 

Saw  Makers 228 

Sawyers 3,724 

Scale  Makers 69 

Scavengers 41 

Screw  Makers 8 

Sculptors 86 

Sealing  Wax  Makers 1 

Servants 58,441 

Sextons 147 

Shingle  Makers 217 

Ship    Carpenters,    Mast 

and  Spar  Makers 3,632 

Shirt  and  Collar  Makers  434 

Shoe  Peg  Makers 7 

Shot  Makers 9 

Showmen 15 

Silk  Workers 81 

Soldiers     and     Military 

Officers 709 

Speculators 487 

Spinners 463 

Spring  Makers 26 

Stage  Proprietors 174 

Starch  Makers 40 

Stave  Makers 20 

Steel  Makers 9 

Stereotypers 47 

Stevedores 280 

Stewards 281 

Storekeepers 1,120 

Stove  Makers 160 

Straw  Workers 131 

Students v 4,184 

Sugar  Refiners 144 

Surgeons 48 

Surgical  Instr.  Makers...  38 

SnrA-eyore 382 

Telegraph  Operators 258 

Tobacconists 3,744 

Tool  Makers 404 

Toy  and  Fancy  Dealers 

and  Makers 164 

Tradei-s 115 

Trimmers 308 

Turners 909 

Turpentine  Makers 5 

Type  Cutters 21 

Type  Founders 155 

Umbrella  Makers 374 

Undertakers 213 

Upholsterers  1,106 

Varnish  Makers 267 

Victualers 57 

Vin<-gar  Makers 25 

Watchmakers    and    Re- 
pairers   813 

Watchmen 412 

Wax  Bleachers 2 

Whalebone  Workers 122 

Whip  Makers 61 

White  Lead  Midlers 46 

flliilewashers 262 

Window  Shade  Makers...  31 

Wine  and  Liquor  Dealers  749 

M'ire  Drawers 15 

Wire  Workers 91 

Wood  Cutters 240 

Wotid  Dealers 75 

Wooden  Ware  Makers....  41 
Wool  Carders  and  Comb- 
ers   282 

Wool  Dealers— 49 

Woolen      and     Worsted 

Workers 147 


ALBANY   COUNTY. 


This  was  an  original  county;  formed  Nov.  1,  1683,  and  confirmed 
Oct.  1,  1691.' 

Tryon  and  Charlotte  (now  Montgomery  and  Washington)  counties 
iA  were  taken  off  iu  1772,  Columbia  in  1786,  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  in 
1 1791,  a  part  of  Schoharie  in  1795,  a  part  of  Greene  in  1800,  and  Sche- 
I  nectady  in  1809.  The  Manor  of  Rensselaerwyck  was  erected  into  a  dis- 
I  triot  March  24,  1772,  and  subdivided  into  east  and  west  districts  soon 
after  the  Revolution.  The  county  lies  on  the  west  bank  of  Hudson 
River,  about  150  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  contains  an  area  of  544 
square  miles.  Its  surface  is  undulating  and  hilly,  and  it  has  a  general 
inclination  toward  the  southeast.  A  narrow  intervale  extends  along 
tie  course  of  the  river,  bounded  by  a  series  of  steep  bluffs  from  100  to  180  feet  high,  from  the  sum- 
mits of  which  an  undulating  and  slightly  ascending  plateau  stretches  westward  to  the  foot  of  the 
Helderbergh^  HiUs,  where  it  reaches  an  elevation  of  about  400  feet  above  tide.  This  range  of  hills 
rises  from  400  to  800  ftet  above  the  plateau,  and  800  to  1200  feet  above  tide.  Their  declivities  are 
very  steep,  and  sometimes  precipitous,  on  the  east,  but  more  gradually  sloping  upon  the  west. 
Several  other  ranges  of  hills,  inferior  to  them  in  height,  extend  iu  a  general  northerly  and  southerly 
direction  through  portions  of  the  county.  The  highest  point  is  the  summit  of  thellelderberghs.in 
the  northeast  corner  of  the  town  of  Bern,  and  is  1200  feet  above  tide.  All  these  ranges  of  high- 
lands may  be  considered  as  outlying  spurs  of  the  CatskiUs,  which,  in  turn,  are  but  a  northerly 
continuation  of  the  Allegany  Mountains,  and  a  part  of  the  great  Appalachian  system. 

The  geological  formations  of  this  county  belong  to  the  Upper  Silurian  system,  and  comprise 
nearly  all  the  rooks  of  the  "  New  York  System,"  from  the  Utica  slate  to  the  corniferous  limestone. 
Above  tlie  rocks,  in  tlie  eastern  part  of  the  county,  are  thick  deposits  of  drift,  consisting  of  sand, 
gravel,  and  clay;  and  along  the  river  intervales  are  rich  alluvial  deposits.  The  lowest  rock, 
cropping  out  on  the  Hudson,  Normans  Kil,  and  Mohawk,  is  the  Utica  slate.  Nest  above  is  the 
graywacke  and  shales  of  the  Hudson  River  group,  appearing  in  the  valleys  of  all  the  streams 
tliat  flow  into  the  Hudson,  and  apparently  underlying  the  entire  eastern  part  of  the  county.  This 
stone  is  quarried  for  building  stone  and  flagging.'  The  red  rocks  that  form  the  base  of  the 
Helderberglis  evidently  belong  to  the  Medina  sandstone  series,  though  they  have  sometimes  been 
confounded  with  the  red  shales  of  the  Onondaga  salt  group.  Next  above,  forming  the  first  terrace 
of  the  mountains,  is  the  water-lime  group,  from  50  to  200  feet  in  thickness,  furnishing  both  water 
and  quick-lime.  Next  in  order  is  the  pentamerus  limestone,  50  feet  in  thickness,  consisting  of 
impure  gray  and  black  limestone  mixed  with  slate  and  shale.  Overlying  this  is  the  CatskiU  lime- 
stone, from  50  to  180  feet  in  thickness,  consisting  of  thick,  compact  masses  of  limestone  alternating 
with  thin  layers  of  shale.  It  is  used  for  building  stone  and  lime.  The  Oriskany  sandstone  is 
next  developed,  in  a  strata  only  2  feet  in  thickness,  followed  by  the  cauda-galli  grit,  from  50  to 
60  feet  in  thickness.  This  last  has  a  fine  grit,  and  resembles  black  or  gray  slates,  but  is  easily 
disintegrated,  and  crumbles  upon  exposure  to  the  air.  Next  in  order  come  the  Onondaga  and 
corniferous  lunestones,  the  latter  crowning  the  summits  of  the  mountains.  These  rocks  furnish 
both  a  superior  quality  of  lime  and  an  excellent  building  stone.  The  surface  of  the  eastern 
part  of  the  county  is  covered  with  immense  beds  of  clay,  gravel,  and  sand.  The  highlands  west 
of  Albany  City  are  covered  40  feet  deep  with  sand,  which  rests  upon  a  bed  of  clay  estimated  to  be 
100  feet  deep.  In  this  drift  are  found  small  beds  of  bog  ore  and  numerous  chalybeate  and  sul- 
phuretted springs.  In  the  limestone  regions  are  numerous  caves,  sink  holes,  and  subterranean 
water  courses,  forming  a  peculiar  and  interesting  feature  of  the  county. 

The  principal  streams  are, — the  Hudson  River,  which  forms  the  eastern  boundary;  the  Mohawk, 
which  forms  a  part  of  the  northern  boundary ;  the  Patroon  Creek,  Normans  Kil,  Vlamans,  Coey- 


1  The  county  by  these  acta  embraced  "  the  Manor  of  Rena- 1  prise  every  thing  within  the  colony  of  New  York  north  and  west 


eelaerwyck.  Schenectady,  and  all  the  villagea,  neigliborhoiids. 
and  Christian  plantations  on  the  east  side  of  Hudson's  River,  from 
Koelofle  .Tansen'a  Creek ;  and  on  the  west  side,  from  Sawyer's 
Creek  to  the  outermost  end  of  Saraghtoga."  The  Manor  of  Liv- 
ingHton  was  annexed  to  Dntchesa  co.  May  27, 1717.  and  by  sub- 


iequent  statutes  the  county  of  Albany  was  also  made  to  com-    are  not  found  in  the  county. 


of  present  limits,  and  at  one  time  tlie  whole  of  Vermont. 

3  Signifying  ''Clear  Mountain,"  from  the  fine  prospect  from 
their  summit. 

8  Several  of  the  intermediate  series  of  rocks,  including  tlia 
gray  sandstone,  Clinton,  Niagara  Falls,  and  Onondaga  salt  groupai 


155 


156 


ALBANY   COUNTY. 


mans,  Haanakrois,andCatskill  Creeks,  and  their  branches.  Nearly  all  the  streams  that  flow  into 
the  Hudson  have  worn  deep  gulleys  in  the  sand  and  clay.  Many  of  these  gorges  are  100  feet  deep, 
and  extend  from  one-fourth  of  a  mile  to  one  mile  from  the  river.  The  streams  farther  west  gene- 
rally flow  through  narrow,  rocky  ravines  bordered  by  steep  banks.  These  streams  are  mostly 
very  rapid,  and  subject  to  extremes  of  flood  and  drouth.  There  are  several  small  lakes  among  the 
hills,  but  none  of  special  importance. 

The  soil  upon  the  intervales  is  a  deep,  rich  alluvial  loam.  In  Watervliet,  Albany,  and  the 
eastern  parts  of  Guilderland  and  Bethlehem,  it  consists  of  almost  pure  sand,  with  strips  of  clay 
along  the  banks  of  the  streams.  A  belt  of  land  lying  between  the  sandy  region  and  the  foot 
of  the  Ilelderberghs  is  principally  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam,  and  very  productive.  Upon  the 
Helderberghs  the  soil  consists  of  alternate  layers  of  clay,  slate,  and  gravel,  generally  with  a  sub- 
soil of  tenacious  clay  called  "  hard-pan."  Patches  in  this  region  are  also  stony,  and  much  of  it 
is  wet  and  cold,  and  only  moderately  productive.  Pitch  pine,  oak,  and  chestnut  are  the  principal 
kinds  of  timber  that  grow  upon  the  sandy  region.  In  the  most  barren  parts  these  trees  are 
mere  dwarfs,  and  the  region  has  much  the  appearance  of  a  desert.  In  the  southeast  corner  of 
the  county  is  a  limited  amount  of  red  cedar.  West  of  the  sandy  tract  are  found  the  usual  trees 
of  this  northern  climate,  including  both  the  deciduous  and  evergreen.' 

In  the  farming  districts  the  people  are  principally  engaged  in  raising  spring  grains,  dairying, 
the  raising  of  stock,  and  in  gardening  for  the  markets  of  Troy  and  Albany.  The  people  of  Albany, 
West  Troy,  and  Cohoes  are  principally  engaged  in  manufactures  and  commerce. 

The  city  of  Albany  is  the  county  seat  and  State  capital.  The  county  buildings  are  commodious^ 
and  the  county  institutions  are  well  organized.  The  City  Hall-  at  Albany,  erected  at  the  joint 
expense  of  the  city  and  county,  contains  the  principal  city  and  county  offices.  The  Albany  County 
Penitentiary'  is  a  fine  building  in  the  western  part  of  the  city.  Persons  convicted  of  certain 
crimes,  and  sentenced  to  short  terms  of  imprisonment,  are  confined  here;  and  prisoners  are  re- 
ceived from  Dutchess,  Columbia,  Rensselaer,  Washington,  Saratoga,  and  Schenectady  counties. 
The  county  has  no  poor-house,  but  contracts  with  the  city  for  the  support  of  its  paupers. 

Albany  is  145  miles  above  New  York,  upon  the  Hudson.  The  tide  rises  about  one  foot  in  the 
river.*  In  low  water,  navigation  is  obstructed,  except  for  vessels  of  light  draught,  by  the  "  over- 
slaugh," or  bar,  near  Castleton,  and  at  other  points ;  and  considerable  sums  have  been  expended  in 
.  attempting  to  deepen  the  channel,  by  dredging,  and  building  a  long  stone  dike  below  Albany.' 
The  most  important  works  of  internal  improvement  in  the  county  are, — the  Erie  Canal,'  the  New 
York  Central,  and  the  Albany,  Vermont,  and  Canada  Railroads,  all  terminating  in  the  city  of 
Albany.  Connected  with  these  lines,  and  terminating  at  Greenbush,  directly  opposite  Albany,  are 
the  Hudson  River,  Albany  and  West  Stockbridge,'  Harlem,  and  Troy  and  Greenbush  Railroads. 
A  company  has  been  chartered  to  build  a  R.  R.  from  Albany  in  a  s.  w.  direction  to  Binghamton, 
and  the  work  upon  it  is  now  in  progress.  A  pier  has  been  built  in  the  river  in  front  of  Albany, 
for  the  benefit  of  navigation.' 

Hendrick  Hudson  is  supposed  to  have  ascended  the  river  as  far  as  Albany  in  1609.  During  the 
next  three  or  four  years,  several  Dutch  traders  commenced  a  traffic  with  the  Indians,  and  small 
trading  houses  were  built  at  Manhattan  and  Albany.  In  after  years  these  stations  were  fortified,  the 
one  to  protect  from  invasion  by  sea,  and  the  other  against  incursions  from  the  French  settlements 
in  Canada.  The  principal  military  work  at  Albany  (built  in  1623)  was  known  as  Fort  Orange. 
The  station  at  Albany  remained  a  mere  trading  post  until  1630,  when  agricultural  improvements 
began.  The  Dutch  West  India  Co.  was  formed  in  1621,  for  promoting  settlement  in  "  New  Nether- 
lands," as  the  Dutch  possessions  in  America  were  then  called.  In  1629,  this  company  granted  to 
Killian  Van  Rensselaer,  one  of  the  commissioners,  (a  pearl  merchant  of  Amsterdam,)  a  charter 
conferring  upon  him  privileges  similar  to  those  enjoyed  by  the  feudal  barons  of  Europe.     His 


1  A  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of  Albany  co.  was  made, 
in  1820,  by  Dr.  T.  Romeyn  Beck,  for  the  Co.  Ag.  Soc,  and  was 
tbe  first  enterprise  of  the  kind  in  the  state. — J/em.  Bd.  Ag.,  j.  367. 

!  See  page  l(iO. 

8  This  penitentiary  was  built  in  1845—16,  and  opened  for 
prisoners  in  April,  1846.  It  was  organized  under  the  direction 
of  Amos  Pilsbury.  in  1848,  and  has  since  continued  under  his 
direction  and  that  of  his  son,  Louis  D.  Pilsbury.  It  has  300 
cells,  and  the  average  number  in  confinement  lias  been  220.  The 
convicts  are  principally  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cane- 
eeat  chairs  and  saddlery  hardware.  During  the  first  8  years  the 
total  receipts  were  $115,082,and  the  total  expenditures  $104,680. 

*  The  tide  rises  here  6  h.  34  m.  behind  time  of  the  moon's 
BOQthing.  t  &na^Z?oc.  40, 1857,;j.  171. 


*  The  Erie  Canal  terminates  in  a  basin  at  Albany,  and  com- 
municates with  the  Hudson  at  West  Troy.  It  crosses  the  5Iobawk 
River,  above  C<)hoes  Falls,  upon  a  stone  aqueduct.  A  company 
has  been  incoi'p.  for  building  a  ship-canal  from  Albany  to  New 
Baltimore,  a  point  below  the  bars  which  obstruct  navigation. 

5  Leased  by  the  Western  (Mass.)  R.  K.  Co. 

8  The  pier  is  built  across  a  curve  in  the  west  shore,  and  opens 
into  the  river  at  both  ends.  It  is  divided  for  tbe  accomuKHiation 
of  the  railroad  ferries,  and  isl^  miles  long.  It  was  formerly  closed 
by  locks.  The  basin  inclosed  within  the  pier  atfords  a  secure 
harbor,  during  winter,  for  river  vessels  and  canal  boats,  which 
otherwise  would  be  exposed  to  destruction  from  ice.  The  pier 
is  owned  by  an  incorporated  company. 


ALBANY    COUNTY. 


157 


ftgents^  made  large  purchases  of  land  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Hudson,  near  Albany,^  in  1630-37, 
at  which  last  date  the  manor  embraced  a  territory  24  mi.  n.  and  s.  and  48  mi.  e.  and  w.,  including 
nearly  all  of  the  present  counties  of  Albany  and  Rensselaer.^  By  the  terms  of  the  grant  the 
charter  would  be  forfeited  unless  the  lands  were  settled  in  7  years  by  at  least  50  persons  over  15 
years  of  age.  A  ship  load  of  emigrants  was  forwarded  in  1630,  and  others  in  each  of  several  suc- 
ceeding years.  The  emigrants  were  furnished  with  stock,  seeds,  and  farming  implements,  and 
the  land  was  leased  at  an  annual  rent,  payable  in  grain,  beeves,  and  wampum,  or  a  share  of  the 
products.*  The  proprietor  received  the  title  of  Patroon,  and  in  him  was  vested  authority  in 
civil  and  military  affairs  subordinate  only  to  the  West  India  Co.  and  the  States  General.  He  had 
his  forts,  soldiers,  cannon,  and  courts  of  justice;  and,  although  the  laws  allowed  an  appeal  from 
the  decisions  of  the  local  courts,  he  required  every  person  who  settled  within  his  jurisdiction  to 
pledge  himself  never  to  exercise  this  right.  Altercations  soon  arose  between  the  agents  of  the 
patroon  and  the  officers  of  the  garrison  at  Fort  Orange,  in  regard  to  the  land  immediately  around 
tlie  fort ;  and  the  controversy  was  not  settled  until  after  the  English  conquest.^  The  settlement 
formed  under  Van  Rensselaer  gradually  acquired  importance  as  a  trading  post,  and  a  considerable 
hamlet  was  built  under  the  guns  of  Fort  Orange.®  Mills  were  built  on  several  of  the  streams,  and 
a  church  was  erected.  By  the  surrender  of  the  colony  to  the  English,  in  1664,  the  personal  rights 
of  the  colonists  were  secured,  and  a  new  charter  was  granted  to  the  patroon,  restricting  his  civil 
power,  but  confirming  the  relations  existing  between  landlord  and  tenant.^  The  feudal  tenure  was 
finally  abolished  in  1787.^ 

The  leasehold  tenures,  from  an  early  period,  excited  discontent  among  the  tenants.^  The  late 
patroon,  by  his  indulgence,  had  secured  their  regard ;  and  when  he  died,  in  1839,  the  course  that 
would  be  pursued  by  his  successor  became  a  matter  of  solicitude.  A  committee  of  respectable 
men,  appointed  by  the  tenants  to  wait  upon  him  and  confer  upon  subjects  of  mutual  interest,  were 
treated  with  marked  coldness  and  disdain,  which  quickly  led  to  the  organization  of  armed  resistr 
ance  to  the  enforcement  of  civil  processes  in  the  collection  of  rent.  In  Dec.  1839,  the  excitement 
was  so  great  in  the  w.  part  of  the  county,  that  the  Governor  issued  a  proclamation,  and  sent  an 
armed  force  to  assist  the  civil  officers.  The  people  finally  dispersed,  and  no  collision  ensued.  For 
many  years  the  anti-rent  question  greatly  excited  the  public  mind  in  all  sections  of  the  State 
where  the  leasehold  tenure  prevailed.^**  Within  a  few  years,  much  of  the  land  has  been  conveyed  in 
fee  to  the  lessees ;  and  probably  in  a  few  years  the  whole  question  will  be  amicably  arranged  in 
this  manner."    There  are  17  newspapers  and  periodicals  now  published  in  the  county .^^ 


1  Janeor  Krol  and  Derick  Coraelissen  Duyster,  commisBary 
and  under  commissary  at  Fort  Orange. 

2  The  tract  first  purchased,  w.  of  the  Hudaon,  extended  from 
Bt>eren  (Bear)  Island— called  by  the  Indians  *'  Passapenock" — 
np  to  Sneackx  Island,  and  ''of  a  breadth  of  two  days'  jour- 
ney." 

*  On  the  1st  of  Oct.  1630,  a  copartnership  was  foimed  between 
Van  Rensselaer  on  the  one  part,  and  Saml.  Godyn,  Johannea  do 
Loet,  Saml.  Bloemmaert,  Adam  Eisaela,  and  Toussaint  Mous8art 
on  the  other,  by  which  the  latter  were  constituted  co-directora 
of  Rensselaerwyck,  and  were  boxind  to  do  homage  and  fealty  to 
the  lord  of  the  manor. 

i  The  patroon  reserved  the  right  to  trade  with  the  Indians. 
For  several  years  this  trade  was  carried  on  by  the  settlers,  who 
received  goods  from  the  patroon's  Btoro,  and  aent  the  peltries 
which  they  received  to  be  aold  by  him  in  Holland.  This  busi- 
ness afterwards  foil  into  the  hands  of  local  traders. 

6  So  active  did  this  controversy  become,  that  at  one  time  Gov. 
Stnyvesant  sent  an  armed  force  to  Albany  to  support  the  rights 
of  the  company  against  the  proprietor. 

*  This  pl.'ice  soon  became  the  seat  for  holding  all  great  councils 
with  the  Indian  tribea.  Among  the  curious  things  mentioned 
in  the  annals  of  the  "  old  colonic"  is  the  fact  that,  during  an  almost 
unprecedented  freshet  in  the  epring  of  1646,  a  whale  40  feet  long 
came  up  the  river  and  stranded  on  an  island  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Mohawk.  Four  others  stranded  the  same  season,  40 
Dutch  mi.  above  New  Amsterdam. 

^  For  a  concise  view  of  the  changes  made  by  this  charter,  see 
Barnard's  Hist.  Sh(t':h  of  Bcnssdaerwyck,  p.  107. 
8  The  manorial  title  has  descended  as  follows : — 
KlLUAN  Van  Rensselaek,  first  Patroon.  died  in  1647,  at  Ametei^ 

dam,  leaving  the  property  with  his  two  sons. 
Jobanm:3  and  Jebemuh.     Each  of  these  had  a  son  named 
KiXLU-v,  the  former  of  whom  died  without  issue  in  1687, 
leaving  the  title  with 
Knj.iA.N,  son  of  Jeremiah.    Dongan's  patent  was  confirmed  to 
the  two  cousins  Nov.  5,  1685,  and  all  other  claimants 
released  to  the  survivor  in  1695 ;  to  whom  also  Queen 
Anne's  patent  of  confirmation  was  granted  May  20, 
1704.    Ue  willed  the  property  to  his  eon, 
Jeremiah,  and  to  the  male  heirs  of  his  body ;  but,  dying  without 
iasuc,  the  title  passed  to  hia  younger  brother, 


Stephen,  who  had  a  son  (sole  heir  under  the  will  above  men- 
tioned,) named 
Stephen,  who  died  in  1769.  leaving  the  title  with 
Stephen,  the  late  patroon,  who  was  bom  in  1764,  and  died 

In  1839.    The  entail  ended  with  this  person,  who,  in  his 

will,  gave  the  w.  part  of  the  manor  to  his  son,  Stephen, 

the  present  proprietor,  and  the  E.  part  to  his  eon,  . 

WauAM  P.,  of  New  York. 
0  The  "  Quarter  Sales,"  as  they  were  technically  called,  h 
which  the  landlord  claimed  a  part  of  the  purchase  money  at 
each  transfer  of  a  lease,  was  particularly  obnoxious.  In  1860 
the  Quarter  Sales  were  declared  unconstitutional  by  the  Su- 
preme Court. 

w  This  movement  led  to  the  adoption  of  Art.  1,  Sec.  14.  in  thti 
constitution  of  1846,  prohibiting  the  lease  of  agricultural  lands 
for  a  longer  period  than  12  years. 

n  The  relative  amount  of  the  land  held  by  lease  and  in  fee  in 
the  county  is  now  nearly  as  follows : — In  Waterrliet,  nearly  all 
held  in  fee;  in  Gnilderland,  three-fourths;  in  Bethlehem.  Coey- 
maus.  and  New  Scotland,  two-thirds;  in  Knox,  Rensselaerville, 
and  Wesferlo,  half;  and  in  Bern,  one-third,— the  remainder 
being  held  by  lease, 

^  The  following  list  is  imperfect,  but  is  supposed  to  include 
all  the  more  important  newspapers  ever  published  in  the  Co 
Wo  are  indebted  to  Joel  Munsell,  printer,  for  assistance,  and  tho 
use  of  hia  immense  collection  of  specimen  numbers,  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  this  class  of  statistics. 
7'he  Albany  Gazette  was  first  issued  in  Nov.  1771,  by  Alex,  and 

Jamea  Robertson,  who  joined  the  loyalistsin  N.  Y.  in 

1776. 
TTie  New  York  Gazetteer  or  JSorthem  InteUigencp.r,  in  1782,  by 

Solomon  Balantine  and  Charles  R.  Webster.    In  1784 

the  name  was  changed  to 
The  Albany  Gazette,  and  in   17S8  a  semi-weekly  edition  was 

issued.    In  March.  1S17,  united  with  the  Albany  Daily 

Advertiser,  and  took  the  name  of 
The  AJhavy  Gazette  and  Daily  Advertiser,  continue<'  until  1845. 
The  AU/avy  Jourval,  or  Montgomery,  Tfashingt^n,  and  Chluvv- 

bia  Jnt'lligi'ncer.  semi-w.  in  winter  and  w.  in  siimmor  * 

was  started  in  Jan.  1788,  by  Chas.  R.  &  Geo.  Webstflr, 

and  published  in  connection  with  the  Gazette. 
ThA  Albany  Daily  Advertiser,  Sept.  1815,  by  Theodore  Dwight 


158 


ALBANY    COUNTY. 


T*.  j^J"  181"  W.  L.  Stone  nnited  it  with  the  Albany  Gazette 
ntAm^r,canJ,.ur„cJ  of. Science  and  Art.  Thos.  McKee  eS' 
rS^^ftmy^^sterwa^puMiahed  by  John  Rarber  from  1788 
Ti  t.  J'"  l'"^'  "'"'  ^y  ^-  Sonthw1,k  till  1817. 
The  Fchral  ncrald.  by  Cl«ton  k  Babcock,  brought  from 
Th,  jm^fr*^.^^  '°  ''?''•  "'*•  "'"'  "S"'"  returned  thitber. 
The  Repubhcan  On^.    liackus  4  Whiting  and  Isaac  Mitchell 

were  successively  publishers. 
The  Albany  ChmmrU  was  commenced  in  1797  bv  John  McDo- 
nald.   Joseph  Foy  and  Henry  C.  Southwick  were  after- 
ward  Its  editors.    It  was  discontinued  in  179;i 
Tht  Gim-iwii,  1807      Van  Benthnvsen  &  Wood.  2  years. 
JIte  Jiulance.  and  Ana   Fork  .State  Journal,  semi-w.,  1808-11 
Ti.     ,„'-''"''";''"f^'''"'y  ='■'""<"■<="*''■»"  Hudson.  ' 

ineAlbann  hnmbhcan  was  started  in  April,  1S12,  by  Samuel 
H.  Drown.— Rnmaine  succeeded  the  next  year,  "and  after 
Th.  siJ"       J,''}\^,"J'^  meT%<!i  in  the  Saratoga  Patriot. 
TJe  «r<»;yfr,  1813-14,  8vo.    John  Cook,  pub. 
The  Albany  Argns  was  established  as  a  semi-w,  tri-w..  and  w 
Jan.  1,  1813,  by  Jesso  Buel;   and  d.,  semi-w.,  and  w' 
editions  were  issued  in  Oct.  1825.    Edwin  Croswell  was 
Xh^  *  ?■"■'■  ^'"'^'J  'i'  Puhlisl'er.    Feb.  15,  1866,  merged  in 

""My,"pub  ^^'"'  ""■'  «<=™-»--.  ""d  w.  CoiSik  4 
rAe^i6™yJ(/a.,  da.,  semi-w.,  and  w.,  was  started  in  lf41  by 
Th.  ChruZl  V^f  ">,'•"  ji"  1856  it  was  united  with  the  Argns^ 
int.  thr,stm,i  r.sitant,  4lo,  was  begun  June  3,  1M5,  bv  S 
T,.    -,  .>'™»l>™k,  and  continued  2  years.  ■>.   "J  0. 

2Ae  J-wnd^Svo.  mo,,  was  begun  in  1816  by  D.  &  S.  A.  Abbey. 

TU  plTT' n"""''  ""^  -  ^^'^"'-  '""^""■'^  •»  N.T.  in  1818. 

2L,7  "'^  f^',^'^  ^'"'  I'y  '^"'"■"o"  Southwick, 

TA,  ^twJi^,  «         "'^'l^P'"""  of  Henry  Homespun. 

rif  A-^"-"  ^"^™«°Pe.  1820,  hv  Chas.  Galpin,  continued  till  184'' 

Tl^  J\<aumal  Democrat,  published  at  AlUany  and   N  Y     'a"s 

The  RduSfu^^r  "'  '^"-  "^^o™'"-  «-<i^eon,i„ued  1 'year 
-lae  ««,£,,««  jU„„^or,  mo.,  Wiia  commenced  in  May,  isoi    bv 

Th,  P...,,v    "°'^'''' .T'''"^''-  1'  '«°ow  published  in  Philadelphia 
TAe  ^'^'■X^orMas.nncand  MisceUan.ous  Albun,,  w.as  stSlLd 
r»„  A^IZ         ,.^     ^-  ^'"'''-    l'"'  "aiie  was  changed  to 
The  ^""^|ra»  ilasmiic  Record,  and  was  pub.  by  E.  B.  Child  for 

TU  American  ll.isonic  Stgi.'^ttr  was  pub.  5  y.  by  L  G  Hoffman 
The  IS,atu,nalOb,en,cr,  w.  and  semi-w.,  was^starte;!  in  Sry 
Ti,    .,,''™-™'P"''''°'' 'Continued  4  years:  S.  .Southwick  ed 
Tht  ^^f"^!!^^'^^raph_a,>d  CkriUia,! Regi^Ur  was  stSd  in 

Th.  ^  W^«5^"^^^  L.  G.  Homnan,  pub,,  and  J.  R. 

27,c  Albany  B.iil:/  Chronicle  was  started  April  22,  1826   and 
T*    n.   P;'''''"'f ''  a  *0"-t  time  by  Galpin  &  Cole.  ' 

rL  «w  "'5'  '"'Bun  Aug.  4,  1827.    B.  McOlashan,  ed. 
ftv,„f^^  »,?■'"  P"'''-s''ed  in  1827  by  Matthew  d>le. 

*       -^Noy  f  kSTm  pfl  °'^'-  ^'l'  "^'  ••'-''  'liscontinued 
T-A^    ^^«r;  '       '■  l';*l."=^""=''''"i.P">>"S-DoW.Bloodgood,ed 

^  ^"S'thS,^eS!'- '"  ''''•  ''^'^'"^  *  ^""d-  p""-;^^: 

rV  Jtr^yrmng  Chroiicle  d.a.,  and  TAe  Albany  Chronicle,  semi-w , 
rv  .^.,1  P"';  'f  ^ji  '"  1828  by  Beach,  Denio,  &  Richard  ' 
The  Age  was  published  m  1S28  by  Galpin  4  Slurtevant. 
.  Tl.e  AWany  Tunes  andLit„ayy  Writer  was  started  Dec.  27, 
7-fc.  ,,.1  .'•'>J'J''>s.McGlashan:Bloodgood4  Van.Schaick  eds 
TAe^Waiiiaj^semi-mo.,  was  started  Jan.  30,  1828,  by  ArthS 

The  Albany  Minen-av:,a  published  in  1828  by  J.  Munsell 

M?rcTfs'5n^T,*""'S,r'""^"'^l^-  commenced 
Tl  nrfoi  w-  I''  "?'  PV'--''=''<^'J  '■?  B-  !>■  Po'-Sard  i  Co., 
Ihurlow  Weed,  ed.     A  w.  and  a  semi-w.  journal  are 

The  Farmers  Mcchamcs,  and  Working  Men's  Advocate  da  was 
started  m  1830  by  McPherson  4  McKercher  '  The  m! 
lowing  year  it  appeared  as  »<tuer.    lue  lol- 

T-l.  ii^  "^"^''"^  -Ifen's  Cliampim,  and  was  pub.  1  or  2  yrs 
The  MbaniiBee  da.,  was  started  in  April,  1830,  by  J.  DuffJ^, V  S 
McOuUoch,  and  Charles  Angus  -i-uiny,  vy.j. 

Th.  ^'"Spe'a^rSoStT"  ""  """'"''  "  ''''  "^  '"^  ^''"^ 
T^c  J(6o»,j.(j™,-terfi,,8vo.  Commenced  in  1832  by  the  Alb 
Ti.  n  ?  n  r.-  'l'^- K-^ndSam'l.  M.Wilson,  eds.  1  vol  nub 
The  ^"''vCrafU-man^.s  removed  from  Rochester  in  IMl! 
t.  J.  Roberts  4  Henry  James,  publishers 

cliangk  to    ""°"  ■'■'  ^*°^-    '''"'  *"  '■'"•  "'"^ 

T-Ae  Si3t  iror™  and  Si^ar  Manual,  devoted  in  part  to  sugar 

beet  culture.     It  was  di.scontinued  in  1838  ^ 

The  An^r^a,,  f-f;v^^g.Va,a..>,.  was  commenced  Feb. 

''*'^''S?rd"ocrf''lS36'''''"'P^°''^P='''"-"^'bany,was 

""^*ri8lrrG™"umS*"'"'^'"°-'"-''"'"-''^d 

»•*<;  -«*any  m.ig  was  commenced  in  1834.  by  J.  B.  Van  Schaick 

4  Co.,  as  the  weekly  of  The  Body  Adrertis^    u%fs 

soon  merged  in  The  Albany  Gazette,  a  semi-w.  paper 

issued  from  the  same  office.  ^ 


The  Ci/mmon  School  Assistant,  mo.,  was  pubhshed  in  1836  by  J 

Urville  Taylor.  ^ 

The  Associate  Presbyterian  Magazine.  Svo,  mo.,  Rev.  P    Bnl- 

hous,  ed.    Pub.  from  1838  to  1842  i-  oai 

S"  ,,',!■*■■'*  ■f''™^  Nexosimpcr  was  published  in  1638 
1  he  JeJJersoman  was  published  by  Horace  Greeley  durine  the 

campaign  of  1838.  * 

The  Cultivator,  mo.,  was  commenced  in  March,  1839,  by 

Jesse  Buel.    It  was  afterward  published  by  W.  Gaylord 
Th.  7V„^       ;  ^'^<=}">  >">d  now  by  L.  Tucker  4  Son. 
The  ^^'fT'p  "''■^,^-"^'»'^9  Kmfe  was  published  a  short  time. 
The  Albany  Pa  not  was  started  in  1840  by  Jas.  C.  Jackson. 

and  continued  4  years.  * 

The  rnicmisl.Ja.,  was  jrablisbed  by  J.  Mnnsell.  and 
The  Rough^Hewer  by  Theo.  M.  Burt,  during  the  campaign  of 

The  District  SfM  Journal  mo.,  was  established  at  Geneva  in 

1840,  Irancis  Dwight,  ed.    Removed  to  Albany  in  1841. 

and  continued  by  the  State  School  Den.  until  1852. 

The  Examiner  was  published  in  1841  by  6.  Galpin. 

I  he  American  Magazine,  Svo,  mo.,  started  in  1841  by  J.  S.  4B. 

Wood.    3  vols.  pub.  j".o.  «.i>. 

The  Irishman  was    published    seven    weeks  in  1843  by  H 

O  Kane,  J.  Munsell,  printer. 
The  New    Tca-k  State   Mechanic  was    started   in  1842  by  J 
Ti      .-  "V'nsell,  and  continued  eighteen  months. 
The  Northern   Star  and  Freeman's  Advocate  w.as  started  in 
T,..  o      ,       i^  w  ''•  S'™''"-'  aud  Charles  8.  Morton. 
The  Sunday  Tickler  was  publi.^hed  in  1842  by  C.  W.  Taylor 
I  tie  Albany  Switch  was  commenced  in  1842"  by  H.  J.  HastinES 
T,.    x-    1",  li*» '^<l"'^'l  Leslie  became  its  editor. 
The  Youth  s  Temperance  Fnterjmse.  mo.,  started  Nov.  13, 1842  by 

"'■.''''•uley  Smith,  ed.  and  pub.,  and  continued  3  years. 
The  American  ntizen.  da.  and  w.,  was  started  in  1S43  by  Stons 

4  Henley,  and  ed.  by  J.  S.  Smith.  ' 

TUe  Albany  Knickerbocker,  da.  and  w.,  was  com- 
T?„  j„  '"'"'f.'''  !?« ^'y  H-  J-  Hastings,  and  is  still  continued. 
Tie  Albany  Daily  Patriot  was  published  in  1843  byC.  T  Torry 
The  Subterranean  was  started  Mar.  23.  1843,  by  Jas.  Duffey 
I  he  Albanian,  da.,  was  published  in  1844 
Tlie  Albany  Religious  Spectator  was  started  in  1844  by  J.  Mnn- 

btir^f  R  ?■  ^''"'^•-    ^''\''«'  y-''  "  passed  into  th^ 
Tlic  R,v„,  ,  i  /       ,*^-  Komaine,  who  continued  it  untU  1857. 
T,ie  Brrn^Adrocat^  rSdw^  '""■  ""'"'  '""  ^■'^"'""^ 

r?!  -^1"^""^'  ^^j"*"^*  t.v  Thos.  A.  Devyr  Aug.  16,  1845. 
1  he  Albany  Freeholder  was  started  April  9,  1845,  by   Thok 

Devyr,  and  continued  until  1854. 
Tlie  American  t^uaHerly  Journal  of  Agriculture  and  Science, 

J„,l   i    n  I  "?."  ™'  P"''-  monthly  by  E.  Emmons 

and  A.  Osborne  It  was  sold  to  Ch.  Bement  in  1848. 
and  discontinued  in  Dec.  of  the  same  year.  ' 

The  Gavel,  mo.,  published  in  1845  from  Munsell's  pre,s 

The  .*o;<r,e  was  published  in  1845  by  Woodward  4  Packard. 

The  Vesper  Bell,  da  ,  a  few  numbers  pub.  by  Abbott  4  Crosby. 

T lie  Albany  BeraldA^.<,ni  tri-w..  was  commenced  in  1846  br 

Ti .  nr  It  °''°''"'  """^  '"  ^'"'-  "  took  the  name  of 

The  Mormng  Telegraph,  and  in  March,  1847,  of 

The  Statesman-,  edited  by  W.  M.  Watson. 

The  Balance  was  published  in  1846. 

The  Mechanics'  Advocate,  1846,  J.  Tanner,  pub.,  continned  1  yr 

The  Mechanic^  Journal,  1846,  Mnnsell  4  McFarlan,  pub    wL. 

issued  1  year.  '  ^'^'^•i  **"*" 

The  Borticulturist,  and  Journal  of  Rural  Art  and  Rural 

Taste,  ^-im  commenced  in  July,  1846:  A.  J.  Downing, 

ed.,L.   Tucker,   pub.    The  Sth  vol.  was   removed  to 

Rochester.    In  18oo  it  was  pub.  at  Philadelphia  by  R. 

P.  Smith ;  John  .T  Smith,  ed.    In  Jan.  1858  removed  to 
ir,     „    "-Y-;  Saxton.  pub.,  J.  J.  Smith,  ed. 
Tlie  Mechanics'  Mirror,  Svo,  was  published  in  1846  from  Mun- 

sell  s  press.  -"uu 

Tlie  Son  of  Temperance  and  Rcchabite.  Svo,  mo.,  waa  pub   in 

Aug,  1846  by  J.  Stanley  Smith  4  Co. 
The  Albany  Castigalor  was  issued  in  1847  by  M.  J.  Smith 
The  Amrncan  Literary  Magazine,  mo.,  started  July    1847  T 
^1    r.,    ""'»''' ^.'"'"^"'•P*- removed  to  Hartford.  June.  IsV 
The  Clirutmn  Palladium,  J.  Hazen,  ed.,  was  brought  from  FultOT 

<=o.inlS4,  or'48.andremovedtoIrvington.N  J  Oct  IS'iS 
The  Busy  Bee.  E.  Andrews,  ed..  was  pub.  from  1848  to'lMO 
The  Odd  Rllttws'  Literary  Magazine  was  pub.  in  1848.    W.  K. 

The  Telegraph  and  Temperance  Journal,  mo.,  was  commenced 

in  lh4«  by  S.  Myers,  and  continued  4  years 
The  Daily Artizan  was  pub.a  short  time  in  1S49  by  Tanner  4  Stow 
The  Albany  Dady  Messenger  was  pub.  1849  by  B.  F.  Homaine 
The  American  Cliristian  Messenger  was  commenced  byTasper 
Hazen  Jan.  17,  1841.  '  .'"oper 

Transactions  of  N.Y.  State  Institute  of  CivO  Engineers,  4to,  with 
V.7.    „P'a'e«.  was  pub.  Feb.  1849.    Two  nos.  Lued.  ' 

The  Christian  Herald  and  Messenger  was  issued  Feb  10  1849 
by  J.  Hazen,  and  afterward  removed  to  Irvington  N  i' 
It  was  in  part  successor  to  the  Ch.  Messenger,  piib  at 
Newburyport.  Mass..  many  years,  and  is  the  oldest  re- 
hgious  newspaper  in  the  country. 
The  Courier  and  Jotu-nal  was  started  Feb.  10  1849 

and  18  now  published  by  J.  T.  Hazen  ' 

The  Albany  Dutchman  and  The  Albany  Sunday  Dutchman 


ALBANY    COUNTY. 


150 


AL.1SAJVY  CITY^— was  incorporated  by  patent  July  22, 
1686,^  having  previously  enjoyed  divers  rights  and  privi- 
leges, under  the  names  of  ''^  Beverwicky^  **  William  Stadiy^ 
and  Albany.  The  Dutch  styled  it  ''New  OrangeJ'  The 
part  of  the  city  north  of  Patroon  and  Quackenboss  Streets, 
known  as  the  *'  Colonie^^  was  incorp.  March  31,  1791 ;  and 
again,  March  30,  1801.  It  was  made  a  village  April  0, 
1804;  and  was  erected  as  a  town  April  11,  1808.  The 
town  was  divided,  and  merged  in  Albany  and  Watervliet, 
Feb.  25,  1815.  The  city  lies  upon  the  w.  bank  of  the 
Hudson  River,  a  little  N.  of  the  center  of  the  county; 
and  embraces  a  strip  of  land  about  one  mile  wide,  extending 
13J  miles  in  a  n.  w.  direction  to  the  n.  boundary  of  the 
county.  A  narrow  intervale  of  low  land  lies  along  the 
course  of  the  river,  bounded  by  steep  banks  from  150  to  250  feet  high,  where  a  barren 
region  commences,  rising  toward  the  w.,  and  broken  by  numerous  sand  hills  and  ridges. 
The  banks  which  form  the  declivities  of  this  tract  are  separated  into  several  distinct  ridges 
by  the  deep  gulleys  worn  in  the  clay  by  the  streams  which  flow  through  them.  The  soil, 
except  near  the  river,  is  a  light  sand,  not  adapted  to  cultivation  without  the  aid  of  costly 
artificial  means.  A  mineral  spring  was  obtained  on  Ferry  St.  in  1827,  while  boring  for 
water.'  Albany  is  situated  near  the  head  of  navigation  upon  the  Hudson,  and  at  the  eastern 
terminus  of  the  Erie  Canal.*  The  several  railroads  before  mentioned  render  it  a  place  of  con- 
siderable commercial  importance.^    It  is  the  largest  barley  market  in  the  U.S.,  and  immense 


were  started  in  1S49  by  GrifBn  k  Farosworth,  and  sub- 

eequently  removed  to  N.Y. 
Thz  Temperance  Chui'ier  was  commenced  Feb.  10, 1849.  by  J.  T. 

Hazen.  and  subsequently  pub.  by  J.  Hazen  &  Son. 
The   Waskinfftonian  arid  R&chahxte  was  issued  in  1849  by  J. 

T.  liazeu.  and  in  1855  united  with  The  Omrier. 
Florence  Oneida  Tfkgraph  was  printed  at  Albany  in  1849. 
Tfie  Albanrj  Afnrning  Erpress  was  started  in  1850  by  Stone  & 

Henley.     In  1854  it  passed  into  the  bands  of  Munsell 

&  Co..  and  in  ls.56  its  title  was  changed  to 
Tlie  Dally  Statesman,  now  published  by  J.B.  Swain  &  Co. 
The  Albany  Skdc  lifjistiT.  da.,  eemi-w.,  and  w.,  was  started  in 

1S50  by  Fuller  &  Seward.    S.  H.  Hammond  and  C.  D. 

Brigham  were  afterward  eds.,  and  iu  1856  it  was  re- 
moved to  N.Y. 
The  Albany  Daily  Times  commenced  Feb.  16,  1850.    Five  nos. 

were  issued. 
Th".  New  York  lifformer,  John  Abbott,  ed.,  Munsell,  pr.,  was 

pub.  10  mos. 
The  State  Military  Gazette,  C.  G.  Stone,  pub.,  was 

commenced  iu  1S58,  and  was  soon  after  removed  to  N.Y. 
The  Half-Dollar  Monthly  was  pub.  in  1850  by  B.  F.  Komaine. 
TUe  Journal  of  tlie  ST.  T*  State  Agricultural 

Society,  mo.,  was  started  in  May,  1850. 
The  Daily  Albany  Eagle  was  started  Sept.  1,  1851,  by  John 

Sharts.  and  continued  4  months. 
The  American  Mechanic  was  started  Jan.  4,  1851,  by  J.  M. 

Patterson. 
The  Oarsnn  League,  published  by  J.  T.  Hazen  &  T.  L.  Carson, 

was  removed  from  Syracuse  in  March,  1853. 
Tfie  Albany  Mirror  and  Literary   Cabinet   was  published   in 

1851  bv  J.  H.  Canoll  and  W.  M.  Colburn. 
Tlie  Cithern  was  started  Oct.  11, 1851.  Warner  k  Rooker,  pnb. 
The  Northc>-n  Light,  mo.,  conducted  by  Dix,  Hawley.  Dean.  Beck, 

Olcott,  and  Delavan.  and  subsequently  by  A.  B.  Street, 

was  started  in  1^51,  and  continued  about  3  yrs. 
Deutsche  Frele  Blaetter^  tri-w.,  was  started  in  1852. 

Hi^nry  Bemii'r  and  Augustus  Miggael,  present  pub. 
The  Family  Intelligencer  was  commenced  by  Jasper 

U;i/.en.  Sept.  11.  \y-:yl.  now  pub.  by  J.  T.  Ila/.en. 
The  New  Yorlt  Teacher,  mo.,  the  organ  of  the  N.Y. 

State  Teachers'  Association,  was  started  in  1852,  and  is 

now  conducted  by  James  Cruikshank. 
The  Evening  Transcript,  da.  and  w.,  commenced  Jan.  31, 1853.  by 

Cuylor  k  Henry,  was  last  published  by  Snyder  k  Ell3. 
The  Country  Gentleman,  started  bv  J.  J.  Thomas  and 

I.  kL.n.  Tucker  in  1853,  is  now  pub.  by  L.  Tucker  k  Son. 
The  Prohibitionist,  mo.,  ed.  by  A.  McCoy,  the  organ  of  the  N.Y. 

State  Temperance  Society,  was  started  in  1854,  and  in 

1857  united  with  the  Jour,  of  the  Am.  Temp.  Union. 
The  F<tmily  ZhnVd  Journal,  mo.,  was  pub.  in  1854  by  D.  C.  Kstes. 
The  State  Police  Tribune  was  st.arted  July  21.  185.').  by  S.  H.  H. 

Parsons  and  K.  M.  Griffin.     Kemoved  to  New  York. 
The  Albany  Morning  Times  was  started  in  1856,  and 

is  publisbi'il  I'V  Barnes  k  Godfrey. 
Tfte  Albany  Evejting  Vni<m.,  edited  by  J.  McFarlan,  and  subse- 
quently by  John  New,  began  1856,  and  ended  1857. 


The  Albany  Vnllcsblatt  w.as  published  in  1856  by  Geo.  Herb. 
The  Albany  Mornings  f^xpress  was  started  in  1856 

by  Stone  &  Henley,  and  edited  by  J.  C.  Cuyler. 
The  Albanian,  senii-mo.,  boys*  paper,  commenced  June,  1857. 
The  H'lur  and  the  Man,  da."  and  w..  Geo.  W.  Claike,  pub.,  John 

Thomas,  ed.,  commenced  Aug.  1S58. 
The  MfTcantile  Hirrti,  w.,  was  pub.  gratis  Oct.  1858. 
Thp  Voi'y  of  the  Pfople..    Bepublican  campaign  of  1858. 
The   Albany  Evening  Standard,  da.,  waa  begun 

Dec.  1S58.     U.  M.  Griffin  k  Co.,  pub. 
The  Independent  Pref^s.  da.,  started  Dec.  1S5S,  was  pub.  a  few  mo. 
Astronomical  Notices  was  started  at  Ann  Arbor.  Mich., 

in  1858.    Since  the  7  th  no.  it  has  been  pub.  at  Albany. 

Prof.  Brunow,  ed. 
Tfie  American  Magazine,  mo.,  by  J.  S.  &  B.  Wood,  was  pub.  li  yr. 
Tlie  Gavd,  mo.,  was  published  by  John  Tanner  2  year?. 
The  Albany  Literary  Gazettewas  published  by  John  B.Germain. 
Tlie  Rural  Folin  was  started  at  Rensselaer\ille  in  Jan.  1828,  by 

0.  G.  k  A.  Palmer,  and  continued  2  years.    An  Anti- 
Rent  paper  has  also  been  published. 
The  Zodiac,  mn.,  w.xs  published  about  1S36  by  Gen.  De  Coudrey 

Udlstein. 
The  "West  Troy  Advocate  was  commenced  at  West 

Tmy  in  Oit.  18:i7,  by  Wm.  Uollands,  and  is  now  pub- 

liubcd  bv  his  widow  and  son. 
Watervliet  Dally  Democrat  waa  started  at  West  Troy 

Jan.  20.  1859.    Allen  Corey,  ed. 
Tlie  Cohoe.s  Adtm-ti.'ier  was  started  at  Cohoes  in  1845  by  Winants 

k  Apnes.    Tn  1849  its  name  was  clianged  to 
The  Cohoes  Cataract*    J.  H.  Masten,  publisher. 

I  The  name  Albany  was  derived  from  the  Scotch  title  of  the 
Duko  of  York,  to  whom  the  province  was  granted. 

-  The  charter  conveyed  municipal  jurisdiction  over  the  terri- 
tory bounded  E.  by  the  low  water  mark  on  the  Hudson ;  s.  by  a 
line  drawn  from  the  southernmost  end  of  the  pasture  at  the  n. 
end  of  Martin  Gcrritsen's  island,  and  running  back  due  N.  w.  16 
miles  into  the  woods  to  a  certain  creek  called  Sandkil;  N.  by  a 
line  parallel  to  the  former,  about  1  mile  distant;  and  w.  by  a 
straij^ht  line  drawn  from  the  western  extremities  of  the  N.  and 
s.  lines.  This  charter  embraced  the  right  of  certain  public 
buildings  and  fields,  the  ferry,  all  waste  land  within  their 
boundaries,  the  right  of  fishing  in  the  Hudson  within  the  county, 
and  of  purcluising  of  the  Indians  500  acres  of  meadow  land  at 
"Schaatcogue"  on  the  N.,  and  1,000  acres  at  "Tionuonderogo"' 
(Fort  Hunter)  on  the  w.,  in  the  Sluhawk  country,  on  which  to 
plant  colonies  as  barriers  against  hostile  incursions.  The  quit- 
rent  was  fixed  at  one  beaver  skin,  payable  at  Albany  on  tho 
2oth  of  March  annually  forever. 

*This  boring  was  commenced  to  obtain  water  for  a  brewery. 
At  a  depth  of  480  feet,  sparkling  water,  of  a  saline  taste  and  im 
pregnated  with  carburetted  hydrogen  gas,  wjia  obtained.  The 
boring  was  continued  to  a  depth  of  617  feet  without  any  chanea 
in  the  character  of  the  products.  A  few  rods  distant  a  second 
well  was  bored,  with  similar  results.  One  of  the  wells  waa 
ruined  by  placing  a  pump  in  the  other.  ■*  See  page  156. 

6  Besides  the  river,  canal,  and  railroads,  there  are  6  plank 
roads  aud  2  turnpikes  terminating  in  tho  city. 


160 


ALBANY    COUNTY. 


quantities  of  this  grain  are  here  manufactured  into  malt  and  beer.'  Albany,  Troy,  and  West  Troy 
are  the  largest  lumber  markets  in  the  State.  "The  Lumber  District"  in  Albany  is  along  the  canal, 
above  the  little  basin,  where  extensive  -wharves  and  slips  have  been  built  for  transferring  lumber 
from  canal  boats  to  vessels  and  barges  upon  the  river.-  The  manufactures  of  the  city  are  varied 
and  estensive.'  Among  those  that  may  be  considered  specially  important  are  the  stove-founderies 
and  breweries.  The  city  is  amply  supplied  with  water  from  works  erected  at  public  expense.*  The 
water  is  obtaiued  from  several  creeks  w.  and  N.  of  the  city.  The  main  reservoir  (Rensselaer  Lake,) 
is  5  miles  w.  of  the  City  Hall,  and  is  elevated  262  feet  above  the  river.  It  covers  39  acres,  and  its 
capacity  is  180,000,000  gallons.  A  brick  conduit  conveys  the  water  to  Blocker  Reservoir,  on  Pa- 
troon  St.,  whence  it  is  distributed  through  the  portion  of  the  city  w.  of  Pearl  St.  This  reservoir 
has  a  capacity  of  30,000,000  gallons.  The  lower  portion  of  the  city  is  supplied  from  Tivoli  Reser- 
voir, on  Patroon  Creek,  covering  20  acres,  and  has  a  capacity  of  30,000,000  gallons.  These  works 
are  under  a  Board  of  Water  Commissioners,  and  the  rents  are  charged  to  property  owners  and  col- 
lected with  the  taxes.^     Pop.  57,333. 

The  State  buildings  at  Albany,  including  the  Capitol,  State  Hall,  State  Library,  Geological  and 
Agricultural  Hall,  Normal  School,  and  State  Arsenal  and  Armory,  have  already  been  described 
under  the  head  of  State  Institutions.^  Besides  these,  there  are  several  buildings  and  institutions 
worthy  of  a  particular  notice. 

The  Ciii/  Hall  is  situated  on  Eagle  St.,  fronting  the  e.  end  of  Washington  Avenue.  It  is  an 
elegant  structure,  faced  with  Sing-Sing  marble,  and  surmounted  by  a  gilded  dome,— the  only 
one  in  tlie  U.  S.  It  was  built  at  the  joint  expense  of  the  city  and  county,  and  it  contains  most  of 
the  city  and  county  offices.'     The  jail  is  in  Maiden  Lane,  near  the  City  Hall. 

The  Albany  Exchange,  a  massive  granite  building,  is  situated  on  Broadway,  at  the  foot  of  State 
St.  It  was  erected  in  1839  by  a  joint-stock  company,  and  contains  the  pos1>office,  the  general 
offices  of  the  New  York  Central  R.  R.  Co.,  and  a  variety  of  other  offices. 

The  Public  Schools^  have  hardly  kept  pace  with  the  progress  of  other  institutions  of  the  city,  or 
with  the  public  schools  of  other  cities  in  the  State.  Until  within  the  last  few  years,  the  whole 
public  school  interest  was  under  the  charge  of  a  Board  of  Commissioners,  appointed  by  the  Regents 
of  the  University.  The  people,  having  no  power  over  school  matters,  took  but  little  interest  in 
them,  and  the  schools  languished  in  every  department.  There  was  a  great  deficiency  in  school- 
houses,  in  the  number  of  teachers  employed,  and  in  the  general  supervision  of  schools.  This 
system  has  been  changed  of  late,  and  a  series  of  improvements  have  cormnenced  which  bid  fair  to 
soon  place  the  schools  of  Albany  on  a  par  with  those  of  her  sister  cities.  In  1857,  there  were  13 
school  districts,  employing  53  teachers,  10  males  and  37  females.  The  number  of  children  between 
4  and  21  was  18,359,  of  whom  G729,  or  37  per  cent.,  were  in  attendance  some  portion  of  the  year.' 
There  are  70  private  schools,  reporting  3827  pupils. 

The  Albany  Academy,  (for  boys,)  fronting  on  Eagle  St.,  opposite  the  State  Hall,  is  a  flourishing 
institution.  It  was  chartered  by  the  regents,  March  4,  1813:  the  corner-stone  of  the  present 
building  was  laid  July  29,  1815,  and  it  was  opened  for  students  Sept.  1,  1817.  Dr.  T.  Romeyn 
Beck  was  its  principal  for  31  years ;  and  under  him  the  school  obtained  a  deservedly  high  reputa,- 
tion.  The  building  is  an  imposing  structure,  of  red  Nyack  freestone,  in  the  Italian  style,  fronting 
on  a  park  of  3  acres.'" 


1  Id  185G,  the  receipts  of  barley  at  tide  water  exceeded  2,000,000 
bushels. 

2  In  1S58  there  was  received  at  Albany  by  canal,  principally 
from  the  N.,  267,406,411  feet  of  boards  and  scantling,  11,949.700 
feet  of  timber.  31,823  M.  of  shinerles,  and  07,505  tons  of  staves, 

3  The  directory  of  1858  gives  the  following  aggregate  of  the 
Dianufacturing  estabhshments  in  the  city :  4  ag.  implement  facs. ; 

8  boiler  and  steam-engine  shops ;  9  bookbinderics;  10  breweries; 

9  brick  yards ;  17  carriage  and  car  fac. ;  1  car  wheel  fac. ;  6 
distilleries ;  4  drain  tile  fac. ;  9  flour  mills ;  13  harness  shops ; 
8  hat  fac, ;  13  iron  founderies ;  11  machine  shupa ;  14  malt  houses ; 
15  printing  offices;  3  safe  fac;  5  sawing  and  planing  mills;  2 
type  and  stereotype  founderies ;  13  stove  manufac. ;  and  4  piano 
factories.  There  are  about  60  commission  merchauts ;  60  dealers 
in  ilour  and  grain  ;  and  50  lumber  dealers, 

*  In  1790  the  corporation  wjis  empowered  to  construct  wat^r 
works,  but  nothing  was  done.  Afterward  the  enterprise  was 
completed  by  a  private  company,  who  obtained  their  supply  of 
water  from  Maezlandt  Kil,  N,  of  the  city.  This  supply  not  being 
Bufflcient,  an  act  was  passed  in  1850  for  the  constniction  of  pub- 
lic water  works.  The  vote  in  the  city  stood,  "  For  water,"  4405 : 
"No  water,"  6;  "Brandy  and  water,  strong,"  1.  The  works  of 
tlie  old  company  were  purchased  and  the  present  works  built, 

*  The  original  cost  of  construction  was  $860,000 ;  and  the  total 
cost  up  to  Jaa,  1,  1858,  $1,018,495.    The  main  pipes  measure 


42  78-100  miles.  The  receipts  for  the  year  ending  Oct,  31, 1857, 
were  $75,560,  The  revenues  are  sufKcient  to  pay  the  interest  on 
the  debt  for  construction  and  the  cost  of  maintenance,  and  leave 
a  considerable  balance  to  form  a  sinkiug  fund  for  the  tinal 
liquidation  of  the  debt, 

6  See  pages  27,  44, 136, 

I  This  building  is  109  feet  front  by  80  feet  deep.  In  front  it 
has  a  recessed  porch,  supported  by  6  Ionic  columns.  In  the 
center  of  the  hall,  in  the  second  story,  is  a  statue  of  Hamilton, 
by  Hewes :  and  in  the  common  council  room  are  portraits  of  the 
first  13  Governors  of  the  State, 

8  A.  LancAsterian  School  Society  was  incorp.  May  26,  1S12.  a 
school  having  been  maintained  jor  some  time  previous.  The 
members  of  the  common  council  were  es-officio  members  of  the 
society,  and  those  giving  $25  were  entitled  to  a  scholarship.  In 
1617,  the  society  erected  the  building  now  occupied  by  the  Al- 
bany Medical  College,  for  the  use  of  the  school,  which  continued 
to  be  occupieil  until  1834,  when  the  school  was  superseded  by 
the  public  school  system  of  the  State,  Wm,  Tweed  Dale  was 
principal  of  the  school  for  23  years, 

»  The  total  expenses  of  the  schools  for  1857  were  $44,310  10. 
Total  receipts,  the  same.     No.  of  volumes  in  Dist.  Libraries,  9285. 

10  The  late  Henry  W.  Dclaran  bequeathed  $2000  to  this  insti- 
tution, the  income  of  which  is  devoted  to  the  education  of  indi- 
gent youth. 


NEW    YORK    STATE    CAPlTOL 
ALBANY 


ALBANY    COUNTY.  IGl 

The  Albany  Female  Academy,  on  N.  Pearl  St.,  was  established  in  1814,  and  iucorp.  in  1821,  and 
the  present  building  was  completed  May  12,  1834.  The  institution  has  uniformly  borne  a  high  re- 
putation.    The  building  is  in  Grecian  style,  with  an  Ionic  portico.' 

The  Albany  Female  Seminary,  situated  un  Division  St.,  was  incorp.  April  9,  1828.  It  is  under 
the  charge  of  the  Mcth.  denomination. 

The  Albany  Institute,  a  society  for  the  promotion  of  science  and  art,  was  iucorp.  Feb.  27,  1829 
by  the  union  of  Society  of  Arts  and  the  Albany  Lyceum  of  Natural  History.^  It  has  three  depart- 
ments, devoted  to — Ist,  Physical  Sciences  and  the  Arts;  2d,  Natural  History;  and  3d,  History 
and  Gen.  Literature.  During  the  winter  months  it  holds  semi-monthly  meetings.  It  has  a  valu- 
able library,  and  an  extensive  cabinet  of  minerals  and  of  specimens  of  natural  history.' 

The  Young  Men's  Association  was  formed  in  1833,  and  incorp.  March  12,  1835.  It  supports  a 
lecture  course  during  the  winter,  and  has  a  library  of  above  7000  vols.,  and  a  reading  room  supplied 
with  70  papers  and  15  other  pei-iodicals.  It  is  the  oldest  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  U.  S.,  and 
has  about  1000  members. 

A  Catholic  Young  Men's  Association  has  sustained  a  course  of  lectures  for  several  winters. 

The  Albany  Industrial  School,  erected  by  the  city  in  1857,  for  vagrant  children,  is  not  completed. 
It  is  located  in  the  rear  of  the  Penitentiary.  The  Albany  Mercantile  College  (Bryant,  Stratton  & 
Co.)  is  located  on  Broadway.  (See  p.  748.) 

The  Dudley  Obserratorij,  on  an  eminence  in  the  N.  border  of  the  city,  was  founded  through  the 
munificence  of  Mrs.  Blandina  Dudley  and  other  liberal  patrons  of  science.  It  was  incorp.  April 
2,  1852,  and  its  management  intrusted  to  15  trustees.  The  building  is  admirably  arranged,  and 
furnished  with  instruments,  several  of  which  are  the  largest  and  most  delicate  ever  constructed. 
It  was  dedicated  Aug.  28,  1856,  and  placed  under  the  charge  of  a  scientific  council,  to  be  employed 
by  the  coast  survey  in  the  determination  of  longitudes,  and  other  purposes  connected  with  that 
great  national  enterprise.     It  has  a  special  library  of  about  1000  volumes.* 

The  Albany  Medical  College,  located  upon  Eagle  St.,  was  incorp.  Feb.  16, 1839.  Two  courses  of 
lectures  are  held  annually ;  and  the  institution  has  secured  a  deservedly  high  reputation  in  the 
medical  profession.     It  has  an  extensive  medical  museum,  and  a  choice  library  of  5000  vols. 

The  Law  School  of  the  University  of  Albany  was  instituted  under  the  university  charter  of  April 
17,  1851.  Two  courses  of  lectures  are  annually  held  in  rooms  attached  to  the  medical  college 
building.    This  school  has  obtained  an  excellent  reputation. 

The  Albany  Almshouse,  consisting  of  a  poor  house,^  insane  asylum,*  and  a  fever  hospital,'  is 
located  upon  a  farm  of  116  acres,  IJ  miles  s.  w.  of  the  city,  and  is  entirely  owned  and  managed  by 
the  city  authorities.  These  departments  are  supplied  with  commodious  and  appropriate  buildinge. 
The  Industrial  School  building  is  located  upon  the  same  farm. 

The  Albany  City  Hospital,  located  on  Eagle  St.,  was  incorp.  April  11,  1849.  It  was  founded  by 
private  subscription,  and  the  present  building'  was  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  Aug.  8, 1854.' 

The  Albany  Orphan  Asylum,  on  Washington  St.,  at  the  junction  of  the  Western  Turnpike,  was 
incorp.  March  30,  1831,  at  which  time  it  had  been  in  practical  operation  for  nearly  two  years.  It 
was  commenced  as  a  private  enterprise,  and  the  present  building  was  erected  by  subscription  and 
the  product  of  several  ladies'  fairs.  It  is  now  supported  by  funds  received  from  the  State,  the 
interest  on  its  endowment,  and  the  proceeds  of  an  annual  fair. 

The  St.  Vincent  Orphan  Asylum  was  incorp.  in  1849.  The  female  department,  situated  on  N. 
Pearl  St.,  is  under  the  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy.  The  male  department,  2  mi.  w.  of  the  capitol, 
is  under  the  care  of  the  Christian  Brothers. 

The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  in  1640.  Rev.  Johannes  Megapolenses  was  settled 
as  pastor  in  1642,  under  the  patronage  of  the  patroon.  A  regularly  organized  Lutheran  churcli 
existed  in  1680,  but  the  date  of  its  formation  is  unknown.     It  was  reorganized  Aug.  26,  1784. 


1  The  Albany  Library,  kept  in  this  building,  was  incorp.  Feb. 
U.  1792.    It  contains  about  .5,000  vols. 

s  Prof.  Henry,  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  read  his  first 
seientitic  papers  before  this  association,  and  performed  his  first 
original  experiments  while  a  pupil  at  the  Albany  Academy.  The 
Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agriculture,  Arts,  and  Manufictures, 
was  established  in  1791,  incor.  1793,  and  expired  in  1S04,  by 
limitation  of  charter.  Revived  as  the  Society  fnr  the  Promotion 
of  Useful  Arts:  incor.  1S04.  Tliese  were  State  Institutions,  and 
thw  latter  became  local  on  the  establishment  of  tlie  Biiard  of 
Atiriculture,  in  1S19.  and  continued  a  city  institution  until  its 
union  with  the  Albany  Lyceum  of  N.itural  History  in  1^-9.        !  80  inmates. 

8  The  libriiry  and  cabinet  are  kept  in  the  Albany  Acad,  building.        '  Cost  l-SOOO. 

*  The  building  is  in  the  form  of  ji  cross,  86  by  70  feet.    Among       8  xhis  building  was  erected  by  the  city  tbr  a  jail. 
the  instruments  is  a  calculating  engine,  made  by  C.  Schoutz,  a       ^  The  whole  cost  of  the  institution  has  been  about  $50,000. 

11 


Swede,  and  purchased  by  John  F.  Rathbone.  It  is  the  only  onft 
in  existence.  A  large  class  of  calculations  is  performed  by  it.s 
use,  and  the  results  are  impressed  upon  leaden  plates,  ready  to 
electrotype  and  print.  This  institution  has  been  involved  in  on 
unhappy  controversy  between  the  trustees  and  council,  which 
hiis  embarrassed  its  plans;  but  it  is  now  in  active  operation 
under  cheering  auspices. 

*>  The  city  contracts  to  support  county  paupers  at  $1.25  per 
week  each.  A  school  connected  with  this  institution  is  kept 
thro\ighout  the  year. 

8  Huitt  at  an  expense  of  $12,000,  and  witll  accommodations  for 


Ib2 


ALBANY    COUNTY. 


The  first  Prot.  E.  Church  (St.  Peter's)  was  erected  in  1715,  on  a  site  granted  by  the  governor  of  the 

colony.  It  stood  in  the  center  of  State  St.,  opposite  Barrack  (now  Chapel)  St.,  and  was  demolished 
in  1802,  and  the  present  edifice  built  by  Philip  Hooker.  The  communion  plate  of  this  church  was 
presented  to  the  Onondagas  by  Queen  Anne.  The  most  imposing  and  costly  church  edifices  in 
the  city  are  the  Catholic  Cathedral  of  the  Immaculate  Conception,  corner  of  Eagle  and  Lydius  Sts., 
and  St.  Joseph's  (R.  C.)  Church.     There  are  now  (1858)  48  churches  in  the  city.^ 

At  an  early  period  Albany  acquired  much  importance  from  being  the  principal  center  of  the 
Indian  trade,  and  afterward  the  place  where  the  great  military  expeditions  against  Canada  were 
fitted  out.^  Its  importance  as  a  military  station  led  to  its  being  fortified  at  an  early  period;  and, 
although  it  was  often  threatened  with  invasion,  no  hostile  army  ever  reached  it.'  It  became  the 
permanent  seat  of  the  State  government  in  1797.  For  30  years  after  the  Revolution,  Albany  was 
the  seat  of  the  entire  trade  of  the  western  part  of  the  State,  the  produce  being  brought  in  by  sleighs 
in  winter.  The  first  great  impulse  to  its  commercial  prosperity  was  given  by  the  successful  trip 
of  the  Clermont,*  the  first  steamboat  of  Fulton,  in  1807,  and  the  improvements  in  steam  navigation 
which  immediately  followed.  The  steamboats  now  upon  the  Hudson  River  are  among  the  very 
largest  that  navigate  any  inland  waters.^  The  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal,  in  18-5,  and 
of  the  various  lines  of  railroads  since  that  time,  have  each  essentially  added  to  the  growth  and 
prosperity  of  the  city.®  Business  is  principally  centered  upon  Broadway,  State,  S.  Pearl,  and 
Washington  Sts.  The  Dutch  language  and  customs,  which  continued  until  long  after  the  English 
conquest,  have  almost  entirely  disappeared.  Very  few  families  retain  any  characteristics  of  their 
origin,  although  many  occupy  the  same  lots  that  were  conveyed  to  their  ancestors  two  centuries  ago. 
The  peculiar  Dutch  architecture  has  now  nearly  disappeared,  and  within  the  limits  of  the  city  there 
are  not  more  than  a  dozen  houses  with  the  sharp  gables  fronting  even  with  the  street,  the  tile  roof, 
and  antiquated  appearance,  so  common  but  a  few  years  ago.  The  city  has  been  visited  by  several 
disastrous  fires,'  and  the  lower  part  has  often  been  inundated  by  water.® 

BER]\® — was  formed  from  Rensselaerville,  March  17,  1795.  Knox  was  taken  off  in  1822.  It 
lies  near  the  center  of  the  western  border  of  the  county.  The  Helderbergh  Mts.,  1200  feet  above 
tide,  form  the  eastern  border.  Grippy  and  Irish  Hills,  two  broad  mountains,  with  steep  declivities 
and  rolling  summits,  900  to  1000  feet  above  tide,  occupy  the  center.  The  s.  and  w.  parts  are  hilly, 
and  the  x.  rolling.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Foxen  Kil  and  the  Switz  Kil.  These  streams 
flow  N.  w.  through  narrow  valleys  bordered  by  steep  hill  sides.  "Werners  and  Thompsons  Lakes,  in 
the  N.  E.,  are  small  sheets  of  water.  In  the  lime  rock,  in  the  N,  E.  part,  are  numerous  small  caves 
and  sink  holes.^"  There  are  several  sulphur  springs  in  town.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly 
loam  interspersed  with  clay.  Bernvllle  (Bern  p.o.)  contains  50  houses;"  E,  Bern^^  (p.v.) 
15;  S.  Bern  (p.  v.)  15;  and  Reidsville  (p.  v.)  12.  Peoria  is  a  small  village  on  the  line  of 
Knos.  Settlement  was  begun  about  1750  by  a  few  German  families.  In  1777,  a  company  of  85 
militia  were  raised  in  this  town,  of  which  the  captain  and  63  men  joined  the  British,  and  the 
remainder  the  Americans  at  Saratoga.  Bernville,  then  called  ** Beaver  Dam,'*  was  fortified  during 
the  war,  and  sentinels  were  posted  at  night  to  prevent  surprise  by  the  Indians.^*     The  place  at  one 


1  Of  these  there  are  8  Meth.  E..  7  Bap^  5  Prot.  E..  5  Pr^sb.,  5 
R.  C,  3  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  3  Jewish  Syn.,  3  Evaug.  Luth,  2  Wes. 
Metfa..  Cong..  Evang.  Ger.  Abso.,  Evang.  Prot.  Ger.,  Asao.  Presb.. 
Friends,  Uuita.,  and  Univ. 

*  On  the  19th  of  June,  1754.  the  first  Congress  of  the  colonies 
aariembled  at  AU>any,  to  devise  a  general  plan  of  union  and 
measuree  of  defense,  in  view  of  the  French  and  Indian  ho.«tiIities, 
then  just  commencing.  This  Congress  consisted  of  delegates 
fromN.  H.,Mass.,  R.I..  Conn.,  N.  Y..  Penn.,  and  Md.  The  "plan 
of  union"  drawn  up  by  Dr.  Fraaklin  was  adopted,  but  it  was 
afterward  rejected  by  the  British  government  ae  being  too  demo- 
cratic, and  by  the  coioniestt*  giving  too  much  power  to  the  king. 

*  The  first  fort  was  built  by  the  Dutch,  in  1614,  on  the  island 
below  the  city,  which  is  hence  called  Castle  Island.  In  1617  a 
fort  was  built  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  Normans  Kil:  and  in  1628 
another  was  erected  near  the  present  steamboat  landing,  in  the 
8.  part  cf  the  city,  and  named  Fort  Grange,  in  honor  of  the 
reigning  prince  of  Holland.  A  qiiadranevlar  fi^rt,  called  "Fort 
Frederick,*'  was  afterward  built  on  the  bipifc  gronnd,  now  State 
St.,  between  St.  Peters  Church  and  the  GeoJogical  BnW,  with 
lines  of  palisades  extending  down  Steuben  and  llndson  Sts.  to 
the  river.  Those  fort iJi rations  were  demolished  soon  after  the 
Revolution,  and  the  only  evidence  of  their  existence  now  re- 
maining is  the  curved  outlines  which  they  have  given  to  the 
streets  in  the  older  parts  of  the  city. 

*  The  Clermont  was  ItXt  feet  long.  12  feet  wide,  and  7  feet 
deep.  The  first  voyaire  to  Albany  was  accomplished  in  2S  hours 
and  4o  minutes.  This  boat  was  afterwards  cnlai^ed,  and  her 
(Uune  changed  to  the  '■  North  River."  _ 


6  As  a  contrast  to  the  "Germont,"  it  may  be  stated  that  the 
"  Isaac  Xewton."  of  the  People's  Line  of  Steamers,  is  404  feet 
long.  76  wide,  and  47  deep,  and  has  sleeping  accommodations  for 
more  than  700  passengers. 

*  The  sloop  "Experiment."  of  80  tons.  Capt.  Stewart  Bean, 
sailed  in  the  fall  of  IJSS  from  Albany  to  China.  This  was  the 
second  vessel  from  the  U.S.  to  Canton.  She  was  absent  18 
months,  and  returned  with  a  cargo  of  teas,  nankeens,  damask 
silks,  and  13  sets  of  China  ware,  to  order,  for  family  gifts. 

'  A  fire  in  1797  burned  96  dwellings,  and  rendered  150  fami- 
lies housele'58.  Aug.  17, 1S4S.  a  most  destructive  fire  broke  out, 
which  destroyed  a  considerable  portion  of  the  commercial  part  of 
the  city  bordering  upon  the  river,and  alsomany  iKMits  in  the  basin. 

8  Upon  the  breaking  up  of  the  ice  in  the  river.  Feb.  9.  1857, 
the  water  completely  submerged  the  lower  part  of  the  city,  and 
came  up  so  high  that  it  covered  Broadway  in  front  of  the  Kx- 
change.     The  damage  to  property  was  immense. 

9  Named  from  the  native  place  of  Jacob  Weidman,  first  settler 
and  milt  owner. 

10  In  one  of  these  caves,  during  the  war.  a  notorious  tory  and 
spy  named  Salisbury  was  couc-'aled  for  some  time,  but  was  at 
last  arrested.  The  place  is  still  known  as  ''Tory's  Hole." — 
Simnis's  ScJtobarie^  p.  525. 

11  In  1825  an  extensive  ax  fectory  was  erected  here;  bat  it 
was  soon  after  removed  to  Cohoea. 

13  Formerly  called  "Philadelphia,"  and  still  locallv  kuown  as 
»  Philla." 

13  The  family  of  Johannes  Beitz,  consisting  of  S  persons,  wer» 
murdered  by  the  Indiajis. — Simms's  Sviwharit^  p.  4S»9. 


ALBANY    COUNTY.  163 

time  became  a  rendezvous  for  tories.'    The  Ret  Prot.  D.  Church  of  Beaver  Dam  was  formed  in 
Jan.  17C3.     The  first  settled  pastor  was  Johannes  Schuyler,  in  176".- 

BETDLiEnEM— was  formed  from  VTatervliet,  March  12, 1793.  New  Scotland  was  taken  off 
in  1832.  It  lies  on  the  bank  of  the  Hudson,  e.  of  the  center  of  the  county,  and  includes  the  islands 
w.  of  the  main  channel  of  the  river.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  rolling  upland,  ending  upon  the  river 
in  steep  bluffs  100  to  150  feet  high.  Near  tlie  center  of  the  town  are  a  few  sand  ridges  and  rocky 
knolls.  The  principal  streams  are  Coeymans  Creek,  Vlamans  Kil  and  Normans  Kil.  The  declivi- 
ties of  the  upliuid  are  broken  by  numerous  deep  gulleys  worn  by  streams  flowing  into  the  Hudson. 
There  are  two  small  caves,  several  sulphur  springs,  and  quarries  of  coarse  brown  sandstone,  iu 
town.  The  soil  is  sand  and  clay.'  Groesbcck  is  a  suburb  of  Albany.  Pop.  1,232.  Ken- 
^TOOd,  a  village  near  the  mouth  of  Normans  Kil,  contains  an  extensive  mill,  and  a  manufactory 
of  woolen  and  cotton  knit  goods.  I'pper  IIoIIow,  Adanisville,  A'ornianskill.  (p.  o.,) 
Betiilebeni  Center,  (p.  o.)  Beckel■^4  Corners,  Cedar  nUl,  (p.  o.,)  and  S.  Betli- 
lebeni  are  hamlets.  Callanans  Corners,  in  the  x.  w.  corner,  is  a  p.  o.  On  the  hills 
overlooking  the  Hudson  below  Albany  are  several  fine  country  seats.  The  first  settlement  waa 
made  upon  Castle  Island,*  in  1614,  and  a  fort  erected  the  same  year.  As  this  island  was  liable  to 
overflow,  in  1617  another  fort  was  buUt  at  the  mouth  of  Normans  Kil.°  Agricultural  improvements 
commenced  in  1630,  by  tenants  under  Van  Rensselaer.  Mills  were  buUt  on  the  Normans  Kil  and 
Beaver  Kil  at  a  very  early  period.  A  part  of  the  house  kno^vn  as  "Whitehall,"  near  the  Delaware 
Road,  was  built  by  Gen.  Bradstreet,  and  during  the  Revolution  is  said  to  have  been  a  secret  rendez- 
Tous  for  tories.  Cherry  Hill,  just  out  of  Albany,  on  the  river  road,  was  the  residence  of  Gen.  Solo- 
mon Van  Rensselaer.  A  Ref.  Prot.  D.  church  was  formed  in  colonial  times,  and  in  1794  S.  Van 
Rensselaer  gave  the  society  100  acres  of  land,  known  as  the  parsonage  farm.' 

COEY>I A^VS — (Quee'mans)  was  formed  from  Watervliet,  March  18, 1791.  A  part  of  Westerlo 
was  taken  off  in  1815.  It  was  named  from  the  patentee.  It  is  the  s.  E.  corner  town  in  the  county, 
and  includes  the  Barren  islands  in  the  Hudson.  Its  surface  consists  of  an  upland,  200  to  400  feet 
above  the  river,  broken  by  ridges  and  hills  rising  100  to  400  feet  higher.  The  principal  streams 
are  the  Coeymans'  and  Haanakrois  Creeks.  In  the  former,  at  Coeymans  village,  are  two  falls  at 
which  the  stream  descends,  in  the  aggregate,  75  feet.  Lawsons  Lake  is  a  small  sheet  of  water  in 
the  N.  w.  part  of  the  town.  A  stratum  of  marble  or  limestone  extends  through  the  town  3  or  4  mi. 
from  the  river.  In  the  s.  e.  part  are  two  caves,  the  largest  extending  40  rods  into  a  perpendicular 
ledge.  Feuri-Spruyt  Kil,  a  small  stream  in  the  x.  part,  disappears,  and  flows  for  half  a  mi.  in  a 
subterranean  passage,  coming  to  the  surface  again  in  New  Scotland.  At  the  place  where  the  stream 
disappears  it  falls  perpendicularly  into  a  deep  cavity,  forming  a  considerable  water  power.  Another 
brook,  in  the  w.  part,  flows  in  a  similar  manner  under  ground  for  40  or  50  rods.  There  are  several 
mineral  springs  in  town,  impregnated  with  sulphate  of  magnesia.  In  the  E.  the  soil  is  sand  mixed 
with  clay,  and  in  the  w.  it  is  gravel  and  clay.  The  fossil  remains  of  a  mastodon  were  found  on 
thefarmof  Mr.  P.  Gidney,  6  mi.  w.  of  the  river.  Large  quantities  of  hay  are  sent  annuaUy  from  this 
town  to  the  New  Y'ork  market.  Coeymans  Landing,  (Coeymans  p.o.,)  on  the  Hudson,  is  a 
village  of  considerable  trade.  Pop.  650.  Coeymans  Hollo-fv,  (p.o.,)  Stephensville, 
and  Indian  Fields  (p.o.)  are  small  villages  in  the  valley  of  the  Haanakrois.  Keefers 
Corners  is  a  p.o.  Barent  Peterse  Coeymans,  an  emigrant  from  Utrecht  in  1636,  settled  under 
the  patroon  as  miller,  and  leased  the  mills  upon  the  Patroon  Creek  and  Normans  Kil.  In  1073 
he  bought  the  territory  included  in  this  town  of  the  Catskill  Indians,  and  a  patent  was  granted 
him  April  17,  1673,  by  Gov.  Lovelace.  Van  Rensselaer  had  previously  bought  the  same  lands 
of  the  Mohawks ;  and  a  conflict  of  titles  ensued.  The  matter  was  finally  settled  in  1706,  by  Coey- 
mans agreeing  to  receive  title  under  the  patroon  and  pay  a  small  annual  quit  rent.'  Settlement 
commenced  early  in  the  last  century.'    The  first  mills  were  erected  by  the  patentee  at  Coeymans 


1  Cornelius  Schennerhom  kept  a  tory  reDdezvous,  and  at  one 
time  an  absconding  paymaster  from  fiurgoyne's  army  is  said  to 
have  been  mnrdered  at  his  bouse. 

*  A  parsonape  fiirm  was  given  to  this  church  by  S.  Van  Rens- 


island,  and  on  some  old  maps,  it  is  called  Martin    Gorriteen's 
Island. 

*  A  map  dated  1630  gives  the  name  of  "Godyns  Kil"  to  this 
stream.    The  Indian  name  was  Ta-wal-sou-th.'u    The  present 


eelaer.  midway  between  Bemville  and  Peoria,  and  a  church  was  i  name  is  derived  from  Albert  .\ndriessen  Bradt  de  Xo-jrman.  the 


erected  upon  it.  In  1835  the  societj'  was  divided,  and  a  new 
edifice  wa.^  erected  at  each  of  the  villages,  the  farm  being  btld 
in  common  by  both  societies.  The  census  reports  13  churches 
in  town ;  4  M.  K.,  3  Christian,  3  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and  one,  each,- Bap., 
Evang.   Luth.,  and  Friends. 

•  Tbe  proximity  of  this  town  to  Albany  has  afforded  an  ex- 


Icssee  of  the  falls  at  an  early  period,  and  one  of  the  first  settlers. 

•  There  .are  0  churches:!  T.  It.Ch.  3  K.  P.  D,  2  M.  E.,  1  Pn^h. 
^  The  Indian  name  of  this  creek  is  said  (o  have  l>een  0-nis-ke- 

thau.  and  of  the  flats  at  Coeymans  Hollow  Ach^que-tuck. 

*  This  arrangement   was  confirmed   by  patent  fr^jm   Queeu 
Anne.  Aug.  6,  1714. 


cellent  market  for  produce,  and  much  of  the  land  h-is  been  do-  i      •  Andreas  and  Lendert  Whitbeck  were  early  settlers  near 

voted  to  the  production  of  milk,  butter,  aud  culinary  vegetables.  L\ch-que-tuck  ;  Daniel  Travor  and  Balthus  Keefer  near  Keefers 

*lu  1668  Martin  Uerritsen  Van  Bergen  had  a  leas«  of  this  i  Corners ;  and  A.  Serls,  Jno.  &T.  Witbeck  near  Indian  VioldB. 


164 


ALBANY    COUNTY. 


Falls.  The  first  church  (E.  M.)  was  built  in  1792,  2  mi.  west  of  Coeymans  Landing.  This 
church  was  organized    March    1793,  Kev.  Freeborn  Garrison  first  pastor.' 

CUILDERIiAlVD — was  formed  from  Watervliet,  Feb.  26, 1803.    It  lies  near  the  center  of  the 

northern  border  of  the  county.  Its  surface  is  greatly  diversified.  In  the  w.  rises  the  precipitous 
wall  of  the  Helderberghs  to  a  height  of  800  feet  above  the  general  level  of  the  valleys.  The  central 
part  is  undulating,  and  the  eastern  is  occupied  by  numerous  sand  ridges.  The  Normans  Kil  with 
its  branches,  the  Bozen  Kil,^  Black  Creek,  Wildehause  Kil,  and  Hunger  Kil,  are  the  principal 
streams.  The  lower  course  of  the  Normans  Kil  in  this  town  is  through  a  narrow  ravine,  with 
steep  clayey  banks.  The  soil  is  light  and  sandy  in  the  B.,  and  gravelly  loam  mixed  with  clay  in 
the  w.  A  mineral  spring  is  found  upon  the  farm  of  Wm.  McGowan.  HaniiltonvlIIe,  (Guilder- 
land  p.o.,)  formerly  known  as  the  "Glass  Ilouse,"^  is  situated  on  the  old  turnpike,  8  mi.  w. 
of  Albany.  Ouilderland  Center,  (p.v.,)  locally  known  as  "Bangall,"  contains  18  houses. 
Uunnsvllle,*  (p.o.,)  Knowersville,*  (p.o.,)  and  Frenclis  Mills,^  on  the  Normans 
Kil,  are  small  villages.  During  the  Revolution,  a  portion  of  the  inhabitants  sided  with  the  British ; 
and  the  feuds  which  grew  up  between  families  and  neighborhoods  have  not  yet  entirely  subsided.' 
The  Ev.  Luth.  church  (St.  Jame's)  was  organized  Oct.  13,  1787.  Heinrich  MoeUer  was  the  first 
pastor.' 

KIVOX — named  from  the  celebrated  Col.  Knox — was  formed  from  Bern,  Feb.  28,  1822.  It  is 
the  N.  w.  corner  town  of  the  county.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  high  plateau  region  broken  by  a  few 
small  hills.  Its  eastern  part  constitutes  a  portion  of  the  Helderbergh  region ;  but  the  declinties  are 
BO  gradual  that  they  only  serve  to  give  to  the  town  a  moderate  inclination  towards  the  N.  and  w. 
The  Bozen  Kil,  forming  a  part  of  the  e.  boundary,  with  its  tributaries,  and  the  Beaver  Dam  Creek, 
are  the  principal  sU-eams.  There  are  two  caves,  supposed  to  be  of  considerable  extent,  about  IJ 
mi.  N.  of  Knoxville.  The  soil  is  principally  gravel  and  clay,  with  hard  pan  underneath.  Knox- 
ville'  (Knox  p.o.)  contains  23  houses.  TT,  Township,  (p.o.,)  E.  ToiTnsbip,  and 
Peoria,  on  the  line  of  Bern,  are  small  villages.  This  town  was  settled  by  Germans  before 
the  Revolution.  During  the  war  the  people  became  divided  in  politics,  and  after  the  defeat  of 
Burgoyne  many  of  the  tory  families  went  to  Canada.'"  Saml.  Abbot  and  Andrew  Brown,  from 
Conn.,  settled  in  town  in  1789 ;  and  soon  after  20  to  30  families  came  in  from  the  same  State. 
The  first  church  was  a  Kef.  Prot.  D." 

IVEW  SCOTIiA]*I> — was  formed  from  Bethlehem,  April  25,  1832.  It  is  the  central  town 
of  the  county.  The  eastern  and  central  parts  are  high  and  rolling,  with  occasional  isolated  hills 
and  ridges ;  and  the  western  border  is  occupied  by  the  Helderbergh  Mountains.  The  principal 
streams  are  Normans  Kil,  A'lamans  Creek,  and  Coeymans  Creek,  (or  Oniskethau  Kil.)  and  several 
of  their  tributaries.  Upon  the  side  of  Bennett  Ilill,  in  the  s.  w.  part,  is  a  strong  sulphur  spring. 
Near  Clarksville  are  two  eaves,  extending  respectively  i  and  J  mi.  under  ground.  Streams  flow 
through  each  of  them.  The  outlet  of  Lawsons  Lake,  in  thcN.w.  part,  about  1  mi.  from  the  lake, 
falls  into  a  deep  cavity  and  flows  J  mi.  in  a  subterranean  passage,  and  in  its  course  it  receives  a 
considerable  tributary."  At  the  northern  foot  of  Copeland  Hill,  near  the  same  locality,  are  remark- 
able sink  holes,  5  to  8  feet  in  diameter,  and  extending  down  through  the  soil  and  lime  rock  to  a 
depth  of  10  to  20  feet.  A  subterranean  stream  connects  the  bottoms  of  these  cavities."  The  soil 
is  a  gravelly  loam  mixed  with  clay.  ClarLLSville  (p.  v.)  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Ilelder- 
berghs,  on  Coeymans  Creek,  and  contains  211  inhabitants.  Me»V  Salem  (p.  v.)  contains  27 
houses;  and  ]¥ew  Scotland  (p.  v.)  15.     Unionville,  (Union  Church  p.  o.,)  Feurlbusb, 


since  the  RevolutioD,  a  small  number  of  Indians  belonging  to 
the  Oneida  tribe  lived  in  this  town.  They  removed,  but  re- 
turued  for  a  short  time  in  1S12.  An  acct.  of  £10  was  audited  in 
1792.  for  building  stocks  and  a  whipping  post. 

t  The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town ;  3  M.  E.,  R.  P.T)., 
R.  C.  and  Union. 

s  From  "Boos,"  angry,  because  of  its  rapid  descent  and  severe 
freshets. 

8  A  iilasB  factory  vpas  erected  here  in  1792 ;  and  in  1793  the 
State  loaned  the  proprietors  £3000  for  8  years. — 3  years  without 
interest  and  5  at  5  per  cent.  In  1796  the  project  was  conceived 
of  establishing  here  a  m-anufacturing  town,  and  the  ground  was 
laid  out  into  streets  and  lots,  under  the  name  of  Hamilton.  To 
encourage  the  project,  the  company  and  workmen  wore  exempted 
from  taxation  for  5  years.  The  works  were  discontinued  in  1815 
for  want  of  fuel. — litttnsdVs  Antials,  vol.  III.  p.  ICi". 

*  Named  from  Christopher  Dunn,  original  owner ;  locally 
known  as  "  Hardscrabble." 

6  An  inn  was  kept  here  dnring  the  Revolution  by  Jacob  Aker. 
\t  was  the  Beat  of  a  factory  in  1800. 


6  Named  from  Abel  French,  who  built  a  factor}'  her«  in  ISOO. 
A  clothing  works  was  erected  here  in  1795,  by  Peter  K.  Broeck. 

7  The  news  of  Eurgoyne's  surrender  was  celebrated  by  the 
whigs  by  burning  a  hollow  chestnut  tree  on  a  hill.  A  barrel  of 
tar  had  previously  been  turned  down  the  hollow  trunk  and 
branches. 

8  A  R.  P.  D.  church  was  formed  Dec.  14,  1793.  The  census 
reports,  besides  those  already  mentioned,  3  churches ;  2  Presb. 
and  1  M.  E. 

»  Knoxville  was  formerly  known  as  "  Union  Street,"  and  is  still 
locally  called  "The  Street." 

to  Capt.  Jacob  Van  Aernden  was  an  active  leader  of  the  whigs 
of  this  section  during  the  w.ar. 

n  The  census  reports  6  churches  ;  3  M.  E.,  R.  P.  D.,  Luth.,  and 
Bap. 

12  This  cavity  has  been  explored,  and  in  it  are  found  beautiful 
stalactites,  and  thousands  of  bats  clinging  to  the  roof. 

18  This  passage  has  been  explored,  and  is  fonnd  to  contain 
several  rooms  of  considerable  size.  Some  .years  ago  a  notorious 
thief  used  this  cavity  as  a  depository  for  stolen  goods,  and  for  » 


ALBANY    COUNTY.  165 

and  Onisketliau  (locally  known  as  "Tarrytown")  are  hamlets.     Teunis  Slingerland,  from 

lIolhuKl,  -was  the  first  settler  on  the  Oniskethau  flats.  He  purchased  9874  acres,  and  built  a  dwelling 
near  the  center  of  the  tract,  and  erected  the  first  mills.*  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was 
organized  at  New  Salem  about  1780.^ 

REHSSELAERYILLK — named  from  the  Van  Rensselaer  family — was  formed  fromWatei^ 
vliet,  March  8,  1790.  Bern  was  taken  off  in  1795,  and  a  part  of  Westerlo  in  1815.  It  is  the  s.w. 
corner  t<)wn  of  the  county.  Its  surface  is  mostly  upland,  broken  by  parallel  ridges  extending  n, 
and  s.  and  rising  400  to  COO  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  principal  streams  are  Catskill  Creek  and 
its  tributaries,  Scrub,  Fux,  Ten  Mile,  and  Eight  Mile  Creeks,  and  Willow  Brook.  The  valleys 
of  these  streams  are  narrow,  and  are  bordered  by  steep  hill  sides,  and  the  streams  are  rapid, 
and  subject  to  sudden  and  destructive  freshets.  Upon  Ten  Mile  Creek,  near  Rensselaerville,  is  a 
fall  of  100  feet;  and  upon  AVillow  Brook  is  another  of  40  feet.  Bog  iron  has  been  found  in  the  e. 
part.  There  is  a  sulphur  spring  2J  miles  n.  e.  of  Preston  Hollow.  The  soil  is  clay  and  gravel, 
underlaid  by  hard  pan.  Rensselaerville^  (P*v.)  contams  an  academy.*  Pop.  501.  Will- 
iamsburgli,  on  the  w.  border  of  the  town,  contains  18  houses  ;  Preston  Hollow^  (p-^'-) 
40;  and  Medusa^  (p-v.)  30;  Potters  lIollOTV^  and  Cooksburg^  are  post-offices.^ 
The  town  was  mostly  settled  by  emigrants  from  New  England  soon  after  the  Revolution.  Michael 
Brandt,  a  German  from  Schoharie,  lived  in  town  during  the  war,^"  Daniel  Shay,  the  leader  of  the 
revolt  known  as  Shay's  Rebellion,  moved  to  this  town  in  1795.  Maj.  John  Edmonds,  a  Revo- 
lutionary officer,  was  also  a  settler  in  this  town.  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  Nov. 
1793,  and  the  edifice  erected  in  1796.^^    Rev.  Samuel  Fuller  was  the  first  pastor. 

WATERTIilET — was  formed  March  7,  1788,  and  included  the  w.  district  of  the  manor 
of  Rensselaerwyck.*^  Rensselaerville  was  taken  off  in  1790,  Coeymans  in  1791,  Bethlehem  in 
1793,  Guilderland  in  1803,  and  Niskayuna  in  1809.^'  It  lies  at  the  junction  of  the  Hudson  and 
Mohawk,  in  the  n.e.  corner  of  the  county.  Its  surface  is  mostly  an  upland,  200  to  300  feet  above 
the  river.  The  declivities  of  this  upland  are  broken  by  numerous  guUeys  worn  by  the  small 
streams.  A  fine  intervale,  nearly  half  a  mile  in  width,  extends  along  the  Hudson.  At  Cohoes,  on 
the  Mohawk,  the  river  flows  over  a  rocky  declivity  78  feet  in  height,  of  which  40  feet  is  perpen- 
dicular.** The  banks,  both  above  and  below  the  falls,  are  high  and  precipitous.  The  Erie  Canal 
rises,  by  a  series  of  18  locks,  from  the  Hudson,  through  the  village  of  Cohoes,  to  the  most  northerly 
angle  of  the  town  3  mi.  above,  and  188  feet  above  tide.  At  this  point  it  crosses  the  river  into  Sara- 
toga CO.,  in  a  stone  aqueduct  ll37Jfeet  long,  26  feet  high,  and  resting  upon  26  piers.  The  soil  is  a 
deep,  rich  alluvial  upon  the  river  intervale,  and  a  light,  sandy  loam  upon  the  upland.  Sulphur 
and  chalybeate  springs,  and  bog  iron  ore,  are  found  in  town.  The  quarries  of  graywacke  furnish 
an  excellent  flagging  and  building  stone.  This  is  the  most  populous  town  in  the  State.  West 
Troy,  (p.v.,)  iucorp.  April  30,  1836,  is  a  commercial  and  manufacturing  village  opposite  the  city 
of  Troy.   Pop.  8306.    It  is  especially  noted  for  the  extent  of  its  lumber  trade,  and  for  beiiig  the  seat** 

long  time  eluded  the  vigilance  of  those  who  were  searching  for  ]  Truman  Beman  was  the  first  paetor.  A  Bap.  church  was 
him.  At  length  he  was  tracked  to  his  hiding  place,  and  the  formed  at  Preston  Hollow  in  1800  ;  a  Friends  meeting  at  Totters 
existence  of  the  cavity  was  made  known.  I  Hollow  in  1808;  and  Trinity  Church  (P.  E.)  was  organized  in 

1  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were  William  Pangbnrn  and  [  1816.    There  are  besides,  in  town,  2  M.  E.  cfaurches. 
Wra.    Vanattan   at  StoneyHill;  Ebcnezer  Wands,  John  Watt,  |      12  The  manor  was  divided  into  the  East  and  West  T)iBtricts, 
~      "      "    "  "  "  March  5,  1779.  the  river  being  the  separating  bouniia.    This 

district,  as  defined  by  act  of  March  2-4,  1772,  embraced  .^11 
that  part  of  the  manor  north  of  an  e.  and  w.  line  from  Beeren 
Island  north  to  Cumberland  co.,  except  the  city  of  Albany. 

13  It  includes  the  former  village  of  "  GibbfmKville,"  (iucorp. 
April  23, 1S23,}  and  places  known  as  *'  WashinyUm"  and  *'Fort 
Schuyler." 

w  The  cascade  is  in  full  view  from  the  R.  R.  bridge,  a  few  rotl« 
below  Cohoes.  The  Champlain  Canal  crosses  the  Mohawk  a 
short  distance  below,  in  a  pond  formed  by  a  dam  1650  feet  long 
and  7  feet  high,  and  unites  with  the  Erie  Canal  2  mi.  8.  of  thia 
point. 

16  The  arsenal  grounds  occupy  about  100  acres,  located  be- 
tween the  Troy  and  Albany  turnpike  and  the  Erie  Canal,  tho 
latter  furnishing  wafer-power  for  the  machinery  of  the  arsenal. 
The  grounds  are  inclosed  by  a  high  wall,  excepting  the  part  be- 
tween the  river  and  the  turnpike.  This  is  the  principal  govern- 
ment manufactory  of  gun  carriages,  machines.  cquipmentH, 
ammunition,  and  militarj'  supplies  for  the  troops  and  forts  of 
the  United  States.  Tho  building  of  this  establisbment  waa 
begun  in  1S14,  under  Col.  Geo.  Bomford,  of  the  Ordnance  de- 
partment, and  it  was  for  many  years  under  tho  charge  of  Maj. 
Jas.  Dalliba.  The  Watervliet  Arsenal  now  consists  of  more 
tlian  thirty  buildings,  of  brick  and  stone,  mostly  largo  nhops 
and  storehouses. — the  former  of  which  will  accommodate,  in 
case  of  need,  more  than  500  workmen.  The  stores  deposited 
here  exceed  $1,500,000  in  value.    A  company  of  soldiers  of  the 


Geo.  Swan,  and  Wm.  Kirkland,  Scotch  emigrants,  near  New 
Scotland;  and  Geo.  Reed,  John  Patterson.  Saml.  Kamsey  and 

Bons.  James  McMullin.  David  Allen,  Wra.  McCulloch,  and 

Brandt  in  otherparts  of  the  town,  also  Tunis  Iloughtaling. 

2  There  .ire  in  town  8  churches ;  4  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  3  M.  E.,  Presb. 
Tho  Friends  organized  a  meeting  in  1812. 

»  Samuel  Jenkins,  the  first  settler,  located  here  February  22, 
1788.  *  Opened  Jan.  17,  1847. 

6  Named  from  the  family  of  first  settlers,  who  came  in  soon 
after  the  Revolution. 

«  Formerly  called  "  Halls  NtVs,"  or  "  Halls  Hollow:' 

'  Named  from  Saml.  Potter,  who,  with  his  sons  and  brothers, 
were  first  settlers. 

8  Nann^d  from  Thomas  B.  Cook,  who  purchased  land  hero  in 
Hnticipatiou  of  business  from  the  Catskill  and  Canajoharie  U.  R., 
which  wae  completed  to  this  place  from  the  Iludsou.  The  road 
was  run  two  years,  when  the  rails  were  taken  up. 

*  Upon  the  farm  of  Ezra  Lester,  in  a  place  known  as  Willow 
Glen,  formerly  stood  a  village,  known  as  "  Pcckham  Hollow," 
conaisting  of  2  stores,  2  smith's  shops,  and  14  houses.  For  a 
time  it  was  a  rival  of  Rensselaerville;  but  now  not  a  vestige 
of  it  remains. 

i*>  At  the  time  of  the  Indian  incursion  into  Bern,  Mr.  B,  had 
gone  to  Catskill  Tjanding,  leaving  his  family  alone.  On  their 
return,  the  savages  passed  close  by  with  their  scalps,  prisoners, 
knd  plunder,  but  offered  no  molestation. 

u  A  Bap.  chuich  was  formed  at  Rensselaerville  in  1797 ;  Rev. 


166 


ALBANY    COUNTY. 


of  an  extensive  U.  S.  arsenal.  It  has  a  bank,  printing  office,  8  churches,^  and  extensive  manu- 
factures of  woolen  goods,  bells,  butts  and  hinges,  castings,  carriages,  and  malt.  The  annual 
aggregate  value  of  manufactured  products  is  about  ^51)000,000.^  Oreen  Island  (p.  v.) 
was  incorp.  Oct,  14,  1853.  Pop.  1,324.  It  contains  2  churches,^  a  car  factory,  brass,  malleable 
iron,  and  2  iron  founderies  and  R.  r.  machine  shops.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  considerable  lumber 
trade.*  Coboes,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  under  general  act,  is  a  manufacturing  village  upon  the 
Mohawk.^  Pop.  C106.  A  dam  is  here  erected  across  the  Mohawk,^  and  the  water  is  con- 
ducted by  canals  to  convenient  places  for  factories.  The  whole  fall  is  103  feet,  and  the  water 
is  used  5  times  from  canals  of  diflerent  levels.  The  annual  aggregate  of  manufactured  products 
is  nearly  §2,000,000.''  The  village  contains  two  banks  and  six  churches,®  and  a  large  number 
of  stores,  shops,  Sec.  Bo^bt^  (p-v.)  contains  15  houses.  The  Eef.  Prot.  D.  church  of  this  place 
was  organized  April  14,  1784,  by  Rev.  E.  Westerlo.  Liisbas  Kil,  ]VewtoiivilIe,*^  and 
Ireland  Corners^^  are  hamlets  and  p.  offices.  I^ondonrille  is  a  hamlet,  2J  miles  from 
Albany.  Tivoli  Uollo'iv,  on  Patroon  Creek,  adjoining  Albany,  has  extensive  manufactures 
of  ag.  implements,  bolts,  and  holluwware.  IVortb  Albany  lies  on  the  river,  north  of  the  city, 
and  contains  40  houses.  It  includes  a  portion  of  the  "  Lumber  District"  and  several  manu- 
factories. SpencervillCj  or  West  Albany^  is  the  name  applied  to  the  recent  establishments 
of  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  K.,  3^  mi.  n.  w.  of  the  city,  including  the  cattle  and  wood  yards  and  car  and 
engine  houses  of  the  company.  The  Sbaker  Settlenient,^^  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town, 
consists  of  about  300  persons,  living  in  4  distinct  families,  in  a  manner  peculiar  to  that  people. 
Tow^n  House  Corners  is  a  populous  neighborhood  near  the  center  of  the  town,  where  town 
business  has  usually  been  transacted.  Watervliet  Center  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  Albany 
Rural  Cemetery^^  was  incorp.  April  20,  1841,  and  the  site  selected  April  20,  1844.  The  premises 
were  dedicated  and  consecrated  Oct.  7  of  the  same  year.  Haver  (Dutch  for  "Oaf)  and  Van  Schaicks 
Islands,  in  the  Hudson  above  Green  Island,  are  separated  from  each  other  and  the  mainland  by  the 
*'  Sprouts"  of  the  Mohawk.  Upon  the  approach  of  Burgoyne,  in  the  summer  of  1777,  Gen.  Schuvler 
retired  to  these  islands  and  threw  up  fortifications  to  check  the  advance  of  the  enemy  expected 
from  both  the  n.  and  w.  Upon  the  retreat  of  St.  Leger  from  the  siege  of  Fort  Stanwix,  no  further 
trouble  was  apprehended  from  the  direction  of  the  Mohawk  Valley ;  and  Gen.  Gates,  upon  assuming 
the  command  of  the  northern  army,  advanced  into  Saratoga  County.  The  traces  of  the  fortifica- 
tions are  still  visible. 

"WESTERLiO^"*— was  formed  from  Coeymans  and  Rensselaerville,  March  16,  1815.  It  lies 
upon  the  center  of  the  southern  border  of  the  county.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  hilly,  with  a 
general  southerly  inclination.  The  highest  point  in  the  northerly  part  of  the  town  is  800  feet 
above  tide.  The  hills  are  very  steep  and  irregular,  and  the  valleys  are  mere  narrow  ravines.  The 
streams  are  Ilaanakrois,  Basic,  Wolf,  Fly,  and  Eight  Mile  Creeks  and  their  branches.  These  are 
all  rapid  streams,  and  are  liable  to  severe  freshets.     The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  inter- 


Ordnance  department  forms  the  guard  of  the  arsenal,  and  the 
men  are  also  employed  in  the  shopa.  Moat  of  the  employees  are 
citizen  mechanics.  A  large  number  of  trophy  canuan  are  de- 
posited npon  the  premises. 

1  Bap.  org.  18-27  ;  Kef.  Prot.  D..  1844 :  P.  E.,  (Trinity.)  1835:  2 
K.  C.  (St.  Patrick's.  1839,  and  St.  Bridget's.  ISSl.)  and  2  M.  E. 

2  The  village  ia  built  on  land  formerly  lield  l>y  the  Bleecker 
family.  It  waa  purchased  by  a  company  of  Troy  capitalista  and 
laid  out  as  a  village,  and  has  mostly  grown  up  since  the  com- 
pletion of  the  canals.  *  Presb.  and  M.  E. 

*  It  is  situated  upon  an  island  in  the  IluJgon  directly  op- 
posite the  city  of  Troy,  of  which  it  forms  a  suburb. 

6  The  Cohoes  Co.  waa  incorp.  March  28.  1826,  T\'ith  a  capital 
of  .$250,000.  afterward  increased  to  $500,000.  This  co.  built 
the  dam,  and  constructed  the  canals,  for  the  purpose  of  leasing 
the  water  power. 

c  Thi.s  dam  is  half  a  mile  long,  and  the  canal  2  miles  long. 

'  The  following  manufactories  were  reported  here  in  the  census 
of  1855 : 

6  knitting  mills,  value  of  product $&47,100 

2  cntton  factories 618.000 

1  ax  and  edge  tool  factory 210.000 

2  bedstead  factories 45,000 

1  veneering  factory 42.000 

2  mills 28.000 

1  machine  shop  and  foundery 34,200 

1  tobacco  factory 21,450 

1  shoddy  mill 21.840 

1  wheel  factory 9.000 

1  straw  paper  factory 9,000 

1  bobbin  shop 6,000 

There  are  now  a  considerable  number  of  manufactories  not  in- 
cluded in  the  above  list. 


8  M.  E.,  Kef  Prot.  D.,  Presb.,  P.  E.,  {St.  John's,)  Bap.,  and  R. 
C.  (St.  Bernard.) 

*  The  Dutch  for  "  bend,"  in  reference  to  the  bend  in  the  Mo- 
hawk; sometimes  called  "'Groesbeck  Corners,"  from  Vm.  G. 
Groesbeck.  One  of  the  earliest  settlements  in  the  county  was 
made  in  this  ueigliborhood. 

J"  Named  from  J.  Jl.  Newton. 

11  Named  from  E.  II.  Ii-eland.  innkeeper. 

12  This  community  was  formed  in  177fi,  by  Ann  Lee  and  her 
followers,  by  whom  sho  ia  regarded  as  the  spiritual  mother  of 
mankind.  It  is  the  oldest  of  the  kind  in  the  U.  S.,  and  now 
owns  3.000  acres,  incluiling  about  300  acres  of  alluvial  land  on 
the  Mohawk  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  Schoharie  Creek  and  on 
Shaker  Island,  which  are  annually  fertilized  by  the  floods  of  the 
Mohawk,  and  chiefly  devoted  to  the  raising  of  broom  corn.  The 
whole  number  of  buildings  in  liie  aettlement  is  about  150, 
several  of  which  are  of  stone  or  l>rick.  They  have  a  commodious 
church,  (built  in  1848,)  3  offices,  1  schoolhouse,  8  dwellings, 
(suitable  for  50  to  100  persons  each.)  2  grist  mills.  3  saw  mills, 
3  machine  shopa,  for  turning,  sawing.  Ac,  and  numerous  other 
shops  and  storehouses.  Their  pursuits  are  agriculture,  horti- 
culture, the  manufacture  of  brooms  and  medicines,  and  such 
mechanical  trades  as  their  own  wants  require.  The  females  are 
employed  in  household  work,  dressmaking,  spinning,  weaving, 
braiding  whiplashes  and  bonnets,  and  in  making  small  salable 
articles.  They  keep  40  to  50  horses.  hX)  cows,  16  yoke  of  oxen, 
500  sheep,  and  young  stock  in  proportion.  ''  Mother  Ann"  (us 
their  founder  is  affectionately  named)  was  buried  in  the  cemetery 
near  the  church  family. 

1"  This  cemetery  is  located  npon  ths  hills  west  of  the  Troy 
and  Albajiy  Koad,  4  miles  from  the  city.  The  grounds  are  tastft- 
fully  laid  out,  and  contain  many  elegant  monuments. 

14  Named  in  honor  of  Kev.  EUardus  Westerlo,  of  Albany. 


ALBANY    COUNTY. 


167 


spersed  with  clay  and  underlaid  by  hardpan.  There  are  several  fine  quarries  of  flagging  stone  in 
town.  Cliesterville*  (Westerlo  p.  o.)  contains  196  inhabitants.  DorniausvlUe,^  (p.  o.,) 
SoutU  I'Vesterlo,  (p.  o.,)  Laiubs  Corners,  and  Tan  LeuTens  Corners,^  arc  ham- 
lets. Settlement  commenced  before  the  Revolution.*  A  Bap.  church  was  organized,  about  1800, 
at  Chesterville ;  Roswell  Beckwith  was  the  first  pastor.^ 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    Scliools,  Live 
Stock,   Agricultural  ProductSj  and    Domestic  Mamifactures  of  Albany  County, 


Names  of  Towns. 


Albany 

Bern 

B(;tblehom 

Coeymana 

GuUderland 

Knijx 

New  Scotland.-, 
Rensselaer  ville.. 

Watervliet 

Weaterlo 

Total 


Acres  op  Land. 

"S 

p 

1 

£ 

2,958 

l,630i 

31,171 

8,116J 

26,604} 

6,616J 

22.Sti3 

10,066 

32,590 

9,70U 

21,136 

6,1161 

19,012 

8,114 

31,601} 

6.603 

26.897  i 

8.193} 

29,101 

6.721 

,242,736 

7Q,777i 

Valuation  of  1858. 


9.486.071 

6.477,850 

3S5.3S7 

86,575 

1.842,115 

186,650 

1.017,475 

202.273 

719.950 

79.039 

256.250 

07 .885 

1.083.216 

110,400 

627,760 

170.825 

4.921.325 

831.100 

692,966 

97,844 

26,963.922 
471,962 

2,02.S,706 

1,219,748 
798.989 
323,136 

1,193,615 
798,675 

6.762.425 
690,510 


27,001 
1,578 
2,646 
1.486 
1.5S7 
939 
1.680 
1.607 

10,240 
1,327 


29,672 
1,628 
2,605 
1,477 
1,001 
949 
1,647 
1,681 

10.643 
1.321 


30.931,604  8,310,141  39,241,646  i60,667  53,024  13,591  16,983  7,478  169  30,659 


6,386 
676 
796 
660 
402 
362 
612 
684 

2,734 
601 


8,636 
674 
981 
664 
664 
344 
613 
682 

2,736 
499 


2,767 
476 
476 
343 
411 
312 
263 
466 

1,626 
440 


21,600 
1,300 
1,806 
1,134 
1,288 
730 
1,337 
1,126 
8,407 


Names  op  Towns. 


Albany 

Bern 

Bethleliem 

Coeymanfl 

Guilderland 

Knox 

New  Scotland... 
UensselaervlUe. 

Watervljet 

Westerlo 

Total 


Live  Stock. 

•0 

t1 

s 

», 

w 

tq 

is 

« 

^ 

1.224 

297 

640 

144 

860 

1.172 

1,618 

1.772 

6,686 

2.002 

1.1.56 

927 

1,629 

1.722 

.3,593 

790 

931 

699 

1.767 

1,943 

1,416 

1,180 

1,691 

2,824 

3.835 

790 

959 

1,032 

6.246 

1.1891 

749 

682 

966 

1,914 

2.563, 

962 

1,463 

1,632 

12,003 

2.602; 

1,724 

884 

1,912 

1.034 

3.306: 

972 

1,074 

1,469 

3,716 

2.242| 

10,964 

9,915 

13,332 

37,054 

24,036 

AORICDLTCRAL   PRODUCTS. 


Bosa.  op  Gbun. 


3.714 

6,S70i 
39,910 
26.836 
50.273  S 

6.620 
30.677 

6..6.39 
16,0.)9 
10.692 


193,991 


9,4.84 
99,8424 

123,045 
42,6S3J 

150,411 
83,686} 
60,387  i 
71,780} 

101,31.'! 
65.497 


808,031 


426} 
5..31U 
8,927i 
6,016i 
7.9524 
3.0364 
5  73S4 
4.421 
6,22s 
7,522 


54.679J 


15.236 
18.875 
94.586 
9,104 
46,929 
10,6304 
1.3.768 
1.3,449 
143.023 
10.167 


376,6544 


7S6 
22.016 
16,239 
19,977 
38.004 
18.092 
20,260 
37.176 
17.273 
44,432 


234,261 


Daisy  Products. 


^-fe 


7.126 
162.166 
124.210 

93,25: 
165.666 

90.530 
100.050 
171.440 
124.7.51 
144,448 


1,17,1,527 


■SS" 


4,099 

100 

410 
l,2S6l 
2,606 

472i 
11,63.51 
6.563,' 
8.7901 


*-5 


2,706i 

1.665 

1,106 

2,9514 

2,9264 

2,479 

874} 
1,618 
1.744 


36,520i  il7,960i 


1  Named  in  honor  of  Rev.  John  Cheater,  former  pastor  of  2d 
Presb.  Ch.  of  Albany. 

2  Named  from  Daniel  Dorman.  former  inn  and  store  keeper. 

*  Named  from  Isaac  Tan  Leuven.  Firat  called  "  S'trkds 
0>m^rs"  from  Jas.  Sacket.  and  afterward  ''  Prestons  Oorners" 
from  an  innkeeper  named  Preston. 

*  Anions  tlip  e:irly  settlers  were  Nicholas  Stoddard,  Philip 
Meyer,  and  Loduwyck  Hayues.    ApoUus  Moore,  afterward  first 


judge  of  the  county,  taught  school  in  1788.  Kobt.  0.  K.  Bemet 
taught  a  school  in  1790.  Grant  &  Eadie  kept  a  store  and  made 
potash  at  Cliesterrille  in  1798.  I,obdeU  k  Baker  built  the  first 
mill,  about  1796. 

&  The  Kef.  Prot.  D.  Ch.  was  formed  about  the  same  timo. 
Em.innel  Church.  fP.  K..)  at  S.  Westerlo.  Wiis  firmed  in  1854. 
There  are  also  1  Christian  and  2  M.  E.  churches,  and  a  society 
of  Friends,  in  town. 


ALLEGANY   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Genesee,  April  7,  1806.  A  portion 
of  Steuben  co.  was  annexed  March  11,  1808.  Portions  were  set 
off  to  Genesee  in  1811,  to  Wyoming  and  Livingston  in  1846,  and  to 
Livingston  in  1856.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  line  of  the  State,  w.  of  the 
center ;  is  centrally  distant  220  miles  from  Albany,  and  contains 
1,033  sq.  miles.  The  surface  is  mostly  an  upland,  separated  into 
ridges  and  broken  by  the  deep  valleys  of  the  streams.  The  highest 
summits,  in  the  s.  part,  are  500  to  800  feet  above  the  valleys  and 
2,000  to  2,500  feet  above  tide.  The  declivities  are  usually  too 
steep  for  profitable  cultivation.  Toward  the  N.  the  co.  gradually 
loses  its  mountainous  character  and  spreads  out  into  a  hilly 
region.  The  Genesee  River  flows  in  a  n.  e.  direction  through 
near  the  center  of  the  co.,  forming  a  deep  valley  bordered  by  abrupt  hillsides.  The  main  ridges 
— parallel  to  the  river  and  about  10  mi.  distant  from  it — form  watersheds,  dividing  the  waters 
flowing  N.  from  those  flowing  s.  The  streams  e.  of  the  E.  ridge  are  tributaries  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, and  those  w.  of  the  w.  ridge  of  the  Allegany.  Narrow  valleys  break  the  continuity  of 
these  ridges,  and  in  numerous  instances  streams  flowing  in  opposite  directions  take  their  rise 
within  a  few  rods  of  each  other.  The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Genesee  are  Wigwam,  Angelica, 
Philips,  Vandemark,  Dike,  Chenunda,  and  Cryder  Creeks  on  the  E.,  and  Fords,  Knight,  Van 
Campens,  White,  Black,  Caneadea,  and  Six  Town  Creeks  on  the  w.  The  streams  flowing  e.  from 
the  E.  border  of  the  co.  are  Canaseraga  and  Sugar  Creeks,  Canisteo  River,  Karr  Valley,  McIIenry 
Valley,  and  Whitney  Valley  Creeks  ;  and  the  streams  flowing  w.  from  the  w.  border  are  Oil, 
Wolf,  Dodges,  Deer,  and  Little  Genesee  Creeks. 

The  rocks  of  the  co.  belong  to  the  shales  and  sandstones  of  the  Portage  and  Chemung  groups, — 
the  former  appearing  in  the  deep  valleys  in  the  N.  part,  and  the  latter  covering  the  tops  of  the  s. 
hills.  At  various  localities  the  sandstone  furnishes  an  excellent  building  material ;  and  in  Rush- 
ford  it  is  quarried  for  grindstones.  The  shales  in  the  s.  w.  part  are  highly  charged  with  bitu- 
minous matter;  and  many  of  the  springs  have  a  strong  bituminous  taste  and  smell.  From  a 
spring  in  Cuba  petroleum,  or  rock  oil,  issues  in  considerable  quantities.  Iron  pyrites  are  found  to 
some  extent  associated  with  the  shale.  Drift  deposits  are  found  in  some  portions  of  the  co., 
though  not  in  large  quantities.  The  soil  upon  the  uplands  is  generally  a  heavy  clay,  de- 
rived from  the  disintegration  of  the  shales,  and  in  most  sections  largely  mixed  with  undeeom- 
posed  fragments  of  the  rocks.  In  the  valleys  the  soil  is  mostly  a  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium.  From 
the  nature  of  its  surface  and  geological  formation,  the  co.  is  best  adapted  to  grazing;  and,  although 
wheat  and  the  spring  grains  are  successfully  produced,  stock  and  wool  growing  and  dairying 
form  the  principal  branches  of  agricultural  pursuit.  The  manufacture  of  lumber  has  formed  the 
leading  interest  for  a  long  series  of  years,  and  facilitated  the  occupation  and  cultivation  of  the 
lands ;  but  as  the  primitive  pine  forests  have  disappeared  the  pursuits  of  the  people  have  become 
more  and  more  exclusively  agricultural.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  is  yet 
covered  with  forests,  and  lumbering  is  still  pursued  to  some  extent. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  Angelica.*  The  courthouse  is  an  old,  dilapidated 
brick  building,  built  in  1819,  and  now  entirely  inadequate  to  the  comfortable  accommodations 
of  the  courts.  The  jail  is  a  wood  structure,  erected  in  1849.  It  has  no  facilities  for  the  proper 
classification  of  prisoners,  and  no  means  of  ventilation.'  The  clerk's  office  is  in  a  separate 
building,  contiguous  to  the  courthouse.  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  180  acres  in 
Angelica,  2  mi.  B.  of  the  courthouse.     It  is  a  stone  building,  affording  ample  accommodations  for 


^  By  the  act  erecting  ttie  county  in  1806,  courts  were 
directed  to  be  held  at  Angelica  on  the  2d  of  June,  1807.  By  an 
act  of  March  11.  1808,  the  county  Beat  was  permanently  located 
at  Angelica,  and  a  courthouse  and  jail  were  authorized  to  be 
erected,  under  the  direction  of  Moses  Carpenter,  John  Gibson, 
and  Wni  Iliggins.  The  jail  was  built  soon  after;  butthecourts 
continued  to  be  held  in  private  rooms  until  1819.  when  the 
present  courthouse  was  erected.  The  old  jail  continued  to  be 
occupied  until  1849,  when  it  was  superseded  by  the  present 
16S 


structure.  An  act  was  passed,  April  2,  1858,  providing  for  the 
immediate  removal  of  the  county  seat  s.  to  the  line  of  the 
N.  Y.  &  Erie  K.  R. ;  but  the  execution  of  the  law  has  been  ar- 
rested and  restrained  by  legal  proceedings  now  pendiii-;  in  the 
state  courts.  The  first  co.  officers  were  Philip  Chiircli.  First 
Judgt^ :  Jacob  S.  Holt,  County  VUrk;  John  Gibson,  Sheriff;  and 
Luke  Godspead,  Surrr.fiat*- . 

2  The  jail  has  an  average  number  of  6  inmates,  supported  at 
a  weekly  cost  of  $2.75  each. 


ALLEGANY    COUNTY. 


160 


the  inmates,  but  is  destitute  of  means  of  ventilation.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  57, 
supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  $1.03  each.     The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  $1,000.^ 

The  Genesee  Valley  Canal  extends  s.  from  the  n.  boundary  of  the  co.  along  Genesee  Paver  to 
Belfast,  thence  up  the  valley  uf  Black  Creek  to  New  Hudson,  and  thence  across  to  the  valley 
of  Oil  Creek,  and  down  the  valley  of  that  stream  to  the  w.  bounds  of  the  co.  The  N.  Y.  &  Erie 
R.  R.  extends  from  Steuben  co.  up  Whitney  Valley  Creek ;  thence  across  to  Dyke  Creek,  and 
down  the  valley  of  that  stream  to  Genesee  River;  thence  down  the  Genesee  to  Belvidere  ; 
thence  up  Van  Campens  Creek  to  Friendship  Village;  thence  across  to  the  valley  of  Oil  Creek, 
and  down  that  stream  to  the  w.  bounds  of  the  co.  It  passes  through  xVlmond,  Alfred,  Andover, 
"Wellsville,  Scio,  Amity,  Friendship,  and  Cuba.  The  Buffalo  &  N.  Y.  City  R.  R.  extends  through 
Burns  and  Grove,  in  the  n.  e.  corner  of  the  co. 

Four  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.^ 

The  two  western  tiers  of  towns  in  this  co.  were  included  in  the  Holland  Land  Purchase,  and  the 
remaining  part  belonged  to  the  Morris  Reserve.  John  B.  Church  became  the  owner  of  100,000 
acres  of  this  tract.  His  son,  Judge  Philip  Church,  subsequently  became  the  proprietor  of  one- 
half,  or  50,000  acres,  and  the  pioneer  settler  of  the  tract  at  Angelica,  in  1804.  A  few  settlers  had 
previously  located  at  different  points  in  the  valley  of  the  Genesee;  and  the  settlement  of  the  co. 
may  be  said  to  have  commenced  with  the  century.  The  roughness  of  the  surface,  and  the  superior 
richness  of  the  lands  further  n.,  had  a  tendency  to  retard  the  development  of  this  co.;  and  for 
many  years  comparatively  little  progress  was  made.  The  construction  of  the  Genesee  Valley 
Canal  and  of  the  Erie  R.  R.  gave  an  impulse  to  improvement  and  afforded  an  opportunity  to 
convey  the  rich  products  of  the  extensive  pine  forests  to  a  profitable  market.  Agricultural  im- 
provements have  slowly  followed  the  retreat  of  the  forests ;  and  now  nearly  one-half  of  the  co.  is 
under  improvement  to  some  extent. 


ALFRED — was  formed  from  Angelica,  March  11,  1808,  A  part  of  Angelica  was  annexed  in 
1816.  Almond  and  Independence  were  taken  off  in  1821,  a  part  of  AVest  Almond  in  1833,  and  a 
part  of  Ward  in  1856.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  a  little  s.  of  the  center.  Th  j  surface 
consists  of  deep,  irregular  hills  separated  by  narrow  valleys.  The  highest  summits  are  500  to  800 
feet  above  the  streams.  Whitney  Valley  Creek  flows  to  the  n.  e.,  and  Dyke  Creek  to  the  s.  The 
soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  clayey  or  shaly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly  loam,  Alfred 
Center  (p.  v.)  contains  a  church,  the  Alfred  Academy  and  University,'  and  177  inhabit- 
ants ;  Bakers  Bridge,  (Alfred  p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  contains  a  church,  fiouriug 
mill,  and  134  inhabitants.  It  is  a  station  upon  the  Erie  Rail  Road.  Tip  Top  Sum- 
mit is  also  a  rail  road  station.      The  first  settlement  was  made  near  Alfred  Center,  in  May, 


iTuthe  report  of  the  Senate  committee  of  1857.  this  institution 

IB  reported  ae  poorly  kept.     Lunatics  were  confined  for  weelia 

together   without  attendance  and   without  having  their   colls 

cleaned;  and  it  was  a  custom  of  the  keeper  to  flog  the  inniateu 

with  a  raw  hide. 
2  Th&Anijdica  Rfipublican  was  started  in  Oct.  1820.  hy  Frank- 
lin Cowdery,and  was  continued  2  years.    In  1827  it  was 
revived  aa 

The  JUegany  Republican,  puhlished  by  Samuel  P.  Hull.  In 
1S32  it  was  changed  to 

The  Angelica  Rfpublican  and  Farmers  and  Mechanics'  Press, 
issued  by  U.  F.  Smcad.  During  the  same  year  it  was 
again  changed  to 

The  AUcgany  Republican  and  InUrnal  Improvement  Advncotfi, 
and  published  by  Peter  Cherry.    In  1830  it  wiis  issued  as 

The  Angelica  Republican  and  AUegany  Whig.  It  soon  after  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Wni.  Pitt  Angell,  who  changed  it  to 

The  Angelica  R:p(rrterand  Allegany  Republican.  It  soon  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Samuel  C.  'Wilson,  and  was  issued  for 
several  years  as 

Tlie  Angelica  Reporter.  In  1841  it  waa  published  by  Ilorace  E. 
Piirdy  and  Hiaa.  Ilortoa;  and  in  1J?44  Mr.  ilorton  be- 
came solo  proprietor.  In  1S5G  he  purchased  The  Ad\o- 
CJite  and  Whig,  and  published  the  combined  paper  ni* 

Tlie  Angelica  Reporter  and  Angelica  Advo- 
cate and  Whig,  under  which  name  it  is  still 
issued. 

The  Republican.  ^Tigis  and  Allegany  Democrat  was  published  at 
Angelica  in  1S30. 

The  Allegany  Gazette  was  issued  at  Angelica  in  1840. 

Tlie  Allegany  O).  Advncat-'  was  started  at  Angelica  in  Jan.  1842, 
by  Erastus  S.  ralmer.  It  was  successively  issued  by 
Ellroy  &  Churchill.  PeterS.  Norris.  and  Wm.  H.  A  C.  M. 
Beei'her.  In  1802  it  was  united  with  The  Cuba  Whig 
and  issued  as 


The.  Advocate  and  Whig.  In  1856  the  Beechers  sold  to  Charles 
Horton,  who  united  the  paper  wiib  The  Reporter. 

The  Republican  Era  was  started  at  Angelica  in  1S44  and  issued 
a  short  time. 

The  Republican  Era  waa  started  at  the  village  of  Oramel  in 
184G  by  Hnrace  E.  Purdy.  Its  publication  was  con- 
tinued by  different  persons  until  1857. 

The  Cuba  Advocate  was  commenced  at  Cuba,  Oct.  29, 1838,  by 
Isaac  C.  Sheldon,  and  was  continued  several  years. 

The  Political  Jnimtigator  (mo.)  wiia  published  at  Angelica  a 
short  time  in  1S4S. 

The  Ammran  Banner  was  commenced  at  Cuba  in  Feb.  1855.  by 
Hatch  &  Pratt.  In  July,  1857,  the  name  of  the  paper 
was  changed  to 

The  Southern  Tier,  and  its  publication  continued  byC. 
Pratt.  M.  li.  Champlin,  editor. 

The  Almond  Heruhl  was  commenced  at  Almond  in  1853  by  R. 
Deuton.  who  published  it  1  year,  when  it  was  suspended. 
In  about  ti  months  it  was  resuscitated  bj'  Melvin  Uydo 
and  Isaac  Busby,  and  appeared  under  the  name  of 

The  AUegany  Sentinel.  Subsequently  it  passed' into  the  hands 
of  Pruner  k  Spencer,  by  whum  the  paper  was  published 
until  ls50. 

The  Genesee  Valley  Free  Press  was  commenced  at 
Belfast  in  Jan.  1853.  by  A.  N.  Cole.  In  March  follow- 
ing, the  paper  was  removed  to  Wellsville,  where  the 
publication  is  continued  by  Mr.  Colo. 

The  Rural  Budget  was  commenced  at  Wellsville  in  Oct. 
1850,  by  I'.ichard  0.  Shant,  by  whom  the  publication  iH 
continued, 
s  The  academic  part  of  this  institution  was  incorp.  in  1^4'J.  and 

the  university  in  iSo".    The  erection  of  the  university  biiilomg 

has  been  commenced.    It  is  under  the  cliargf  of  tlie  Seventh 

Bay  Baptists.   The  building  occupied  by  the  female  deptirtmeut 

was  burned  Feb.  14,  lS58. 


170 


ALLEGANY    COUNTY. 


1807,  by  Clark  Crandall,  from  Rensselaer  co.'     The  first  church  (Seventh  Day  Bap.)  was  formed 
in  1816.     There  are  now  2  churches  in  town  ;  both  Seventh  Day  Bap. 

AL.I.E1V — was  formed  from  Angelica,  Jan.  31,  1823.  A  part  of  Bird.sall  was  taken  off  in 
1829.  It  is  an  interior  town,  situated  north  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly 
upland,  divided  into  ridges  by  the  valleys  of  the  streams.  The  highest  summits  are  500  to  700 
feet  above  the  valleys.  The  principal  streams  are  Wigwam,  Plum,  and  Bakers  Creeks.  The  soil 
upon  the  uplands  is  clay  underlaid  by  hardpan,  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium. 
Allen,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  e.  part,  and  Allen  Center  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets.  There  are  no  stores, 
taverns,  doctors,  or  lawyers  in  the  town.  A  few  small  settlements  were  made  about  the  com- 
mencement of  the  century,  but  the  principal  settlements  were  made  subsequent  to  1820.^  The 
first  religious  services  were  conducted  bv  Rev.  Robert  Hunter,  (Presb.,)  in  1821;  and  the  first 
church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1830.^ 

A1.MA — was  formed  from  Willing,  Nov.  23,  1854.  It  is  the  central  town  on  the  s.  border 
of  the  CO.  The  surface  is  broken  and  mountainous.  Iloneoye  Creek  and  its  branches,  flowing 
in  deep,  narrow  ravines,  form  the  drainage.  The  greater  part  of  the  surface  is  yet  covered 
with  forests.  The  soil  upon  the  uplands  is  a  clayey  and  sandy  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly 
loam  and  alluvium.  Lumbering  is  the  principal  pursuit;  and  large  quantities  of  pine  lumber  are 
annually  manufactured.  Alma,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  a  steam  sawmill 
and  15  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1833,  by  Warren  Huff,  from  Quebec,  Canada.* 
The  first  religious  services  were  performed  by  Rev.  Reuben  Kent,  in  1838;  and  the  first  and  only 
religious  association  (M.  E.)  in  town  was  formed  in  1850.     There  is  no  church  edifice  in  town. 

ALiMOlVD — was  formed  from  Alfred,  March  16,  1821.  A  part  of  Birdsall  was  taken  off  in 
1829,  and  a  part  of  West  Almond  in  1833.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  a  little  N.  of  the 
center.  Its  surface  is  mostly  an  upland,  separated  into  several  distinct  ridges  by  the  deep  valleys 
of  Canisteo  River  and  the  Karr  Valley,  McHehry  Valley,  and  Whitney  Valley  Creeks.  The 
highest  summits  are  500  to  800  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clay  loam.  Quar- 
ries of  good  building  stone,  and  sulphur  springs,  are  found  in  various  localities.  Almond, 
(p.  V.,)  near  the  E.  line,  contains  2  ihurehes,  2  flouring  mills,  several  manufactories,  and  about 
1,000  inhabitants.  Center  Almund,  in  Karr  Valley,  and  IVortli  Almond  are  p.  ofliees. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Karr  Valley,  by  Rev.  Andrew  Gray,  Wm.  Gray,  Jos.  Rathbun, 

and Vandemark,  all  from  Peun.,  in  the  spring  of  1790.*     The  first  religious  meeting  was 

held  at  Karr  Valley,  by  Rev.  Andrew  Gray,  (Presb.,)  in  his  own  house.  May  1,  1797;  and  the 
first  church  was  formed,  the  same  year,  by  Mr.  Gray." 

AMITY — was  formed  from  Angelica  and  Scio,  Feb.  22,  1830.  A  part  of  Ward  was  taken 
off  in  1856.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  hilly 
and  broken,  the  summits  rising  500  to  800  feet  above  the  valleys.  Genesee  River  flows  n.  w. 
through  the  w.  part  and  receives  as  tributaries  Van  Campens  and  Philips  Creeks.  The  valleys 
of  these  streams  are  narrow  and  are  bordered  by  steep  hillsides.  The  soil  is  principally  a  clayey 
and  sandy  loam.  PIlilipsTille,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Genesee,  was  incorp.  Feb.  21,  1853.  It  con- 
tains 3  churches,  2  sawmills,  a  flouring  mill,  and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a  station  upon  the 
rail  road.  Belridere,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Genesee,  at  the  mouth  of  Van  Campens  Creek,  in  the 
N.  w.  corner  of  the  town,  contains  3  sawmills  and  181  inhabitants.  It  is  also  a  rail  road  station. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1804,  near  Belvidere,  by  John  T.  Hyde.'     The  first  religious 


1  Nathan  Green,  from  Madison  CO..  settled  <at  Bakers  Bridge  in 
]S07.  Tlie  first  child  born  was  Rebecca  Stillman.  in  180S;  the 
first  marriage,  that  of  Luke  Maxson  and  Susan  Oreen;  and  the 
first  death,  that  of  Chas.  H.  Clark,  who  accidentally  shot  liim- 
.•ielf.  Nancy  Teater  taught  the  first  school,  in  1S15 ;  John  Teater 
kept  the  first  inn,  in  1S18;  and  E.  S.  Davis  built  the  first  saw- 
mill, in  1S*21,  and  the  first  {rristmill,  in  IS'24. 

2  The  first  school  was  taught  near  the  8.  line,  in  1S20.  The 
first  inn  was  kept  by  Mrs.  Armstrong,  near  the  s.  line,  in  1^27. 
The  first  sawmill  was  erected  by  Asher  Miner,  on  Wigwam 
Creek,  in  1825. 

3  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Cong.,  Bap.,  and  M.  E. 

<  The  first  child  born  was  Emeline,  daughter  of  Azor  Hurl- 
hut,  Sept.  1, 1836;  and  the  first  death,  ttiat  of  .Tohn  Barley,  in 
1S38.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Clarinda  Kent,  in  1839. 
Azor  Hurlbut  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1837.  Sam'l  J.  Peet  the  fii^t 
store,  in  1844;  and  John  W.  Post  erected  the  first  sawmill,  in 
1S43. 

6  Maj.  Moses  Van  Campen,  Capt.  Henry  McIIenry,  Walter,  Jos., 
and  Sam'l  Karr,  Silas  Ferry,  Steptaen  Miyor,  Benj.  Van  Campen, 


Matthew  McIIenry,  Jos.  Coleman,  and  Geo.  Lockhart,  all  from 
Luzerne  co..  Penn.,  settled  in  the  town  in  1797.  The  first  child 
born  was  Wm.  iMclIenry.  in  1799;  the  first  marriage,  that  of 
Peter  Putnam  and  Polly  Waters,  in  1804 :  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Matthew  McHenry,  in  1801.  The  first  school  was  taught 
at  Karr  Valley-  by  Jos.  A.  Rathbun.  in  Dec.  1802.  Beiy.  Van 
Campen  kept  the  first  inn.  at  Karr  Valley,  in  1805 ;  and  Phineaa 
Stevens  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1806,  at  Almond  VUKago,  and 
Asa  CTark  the  first  gristmill,  in  ISIS. 

6  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Presb.,  Bap.,  and  Wea. 
Meth. 

'  Harry  Pavis.  from  Hampshire  CO..  Mass.,  settled  near  Philips, 
ville  in  1S06.  The  first  child  born  was  Hannah  Hyde,  Nov.  4, 
1804;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Loamliil  Asthley  and  Rachel 
Baker,  in  1807 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Harvey  Manning,  in 
1806.  Polly  Baker  taught  the  first  schnnl.  in  1810;  Ebenezer 
Hyde  kept  the  first  inn,  at  Belvidere,  in  18ii9;  .\lvin  E.  Parker 
the  first  store,  at  Fhilipsville,  in  1830;  and  Philiji  Church  built 
the  first  sawinill,  on  Genesee  River,  in  ISOu,  and  the  first  grist- 
mill, in  1608. 


ALLEGANY    COUNTY.  171 

meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Samuel  Van  Campen,  by  Rev.  Robert  IlubbarJ,    (Presb.,)  in 
1814  ;  and  the  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  by  Rev.  Jonathan  Post,  in  181C.' 

AMDOTER — was  formed  from  Independence,  Jan.  28,  1824.  A  part  of  Independence  was 
taken  off  in  1824,  and  a  part  of  Wellsville  in  1855.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the 
center.  The  surface  is  very  hilly  and  still  retains  some  of  the  orif^iual  pine  forests.  Dyke  Creek 
flows  s.  w.,  receiving  several  small  tributaries.  The  soil  is  chietiy  a  heavy  loam  resting  on  hard- 
pan.  The  primitive  forests  had  a  large  proportion  of  pine ;  and  the  manufacture  of  pine  lumber 
— for  many  years  a  leading  pursuit — is  still  carried  on  to  some  extent.  Audover,  (p.  v.,)  near 
the  center  of  the  tovrn,  contains  4  churches,  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  and  374  inhabitants.  It  is  a  R.  r. 
station.  Shoemakers  Corners  (Elm  Valley  p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  on  the  w.  line  of  the  town. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  spring  of  1705,  by  Nathaniel  Dyke,  from  Tioga  Point, 
Penn., — originally  from  Ccnn.^  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Dyke, 
by  Rev.  Silas  Hubbard,  in  1808;  and  the  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  by  Rev.  Robert  llub- 
bard,  July  4,  1824.' 

ARfGELiICA* — was  formed  from  Leicester,  (Livingston  co.,)  Feb.  25, 1805.  Alfred  and  Cane- 
adea  were  taken  off  in  1808,  Allen  and  Soio  in  1823,  a  part  of  Amity  in  1830,  and  a  part  of  West 
Almond  in  1833  ;  and  a  part  was  annexed  to  Alfred  in  1816.  It  lies  a  little  n.  of  the  center  of  the 
CO.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  ravines  of  the  streams.  Genesee  River  flows 
across  the  s.  w.  corner,  and  its  tributary.  Knight  Creek,  through  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  clayey 
loam  upon  the  uplands,  and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  Allgrellca,  (p.  v.,)  on  Kniglits 
Creek,  a  little  n.  of  the  center  of  the  town,  was  inoorp.  May  2,  1835.  Besides  the  co.  buildings,  it 
contains  the  Angelica  Academy,  5  churches,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  several  mills  and 
manufactories.  Pop.  846.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of  the  village,  in  1802,  by 
Philip  Church.'    The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  by  Rev.  Robt.  Hubbard,  in  1811.° 

BEIiFAST — was  formed  from  Caneadea,  March  24,  1824,  as  "  Orrinshnrgh."  Its  name  was 
changed  April  21,  1825.  A  part  of  Caneadea  was  annexed  in  1831.  It  lies  a  little  N.  w.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  separated  into  distinct  ridges.  Genesee  River  flows 
across  the  n.  e.  corner.  Black  and  White  Creeks,  the  other  principal  streams,  flow  through  narrow, 
irregular  valleys  bordered  by  abrupt  hillsides.  The  highest  summits  are  COO  to  800  feet  above 
the  streams.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam  upon  the  hills,  and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys. 
Belfast,  (p.v.,)  on  the  Genesee,  near  the  mouth  of  Black  Creek,  contains  3  churches,  the 
Genesee  Valley  Seminary,'  and  several  mills.  Pop.  801.  At  this  place  considerable  commerce 
is  carried  on  by  means  of  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal.  Rockville,"  (p-o-.)  in  the  w.  part,  and 
Transit  Bridge,  (p.o.,)in  theE.,  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  Genesee 
River,  in  1803,  by  Benjamin,  Elisha,  Calvin,  and  David  Chamberlin,  brothers,  from  Penn.'  Rev. 
Ephraim  Sanford  (Bap.)  held  the  first  religious  meeting,  at  the  house  of  Nath'l  Reynolds,  in 
1806,  and  formed  the  first  church,  in  1807-08.'" 

BIRDSAliLi" — was  formed  from  Allen  and  Almond,  May  4,  1S29.  It  is  an  interior  towTi, 
lying  N.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  principally  a  hilly  upland,  separated  into  several 
distinct  ridges.  The  declivities  are  usually  very  abrupt,  and  the  highest  summits  are  500  to  800 
feet  above  the  valleys.     Black  Creek  and  its  branches  form  the  principal  drainage.     The  soil  is 


1  The  census  reports 4  clmrcbes;  Bap.,  Cong..  M.  E..  and  Univ. 

*  Mr.  Dyke  was  oducaled  at  Y.ale  C^iIIege,  served  as  an  officer 
during  the  Revolutionary  War,  was  attached  to  the  staft'ofGcn. 
Wavren  at  Boston,  and  subsequently  to  that  of  Gen.  Washing- 
ton. Stephen  Cole  settled  on  lot  adjoining  Dyke,  in  1796.  and 
Bcnj.  Brookings  and  John  T.  llyde,  from  Vt..  near  the  same 
place,  soon  after.  The  first  child  born  w.-is  Daniel  Cole.  Feb. IS, 
1797;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Isaac  Dyke  and  Pamelia  GiL)- 
Bon.  in  lb02;  and  the  first  de.ath,  that  of  Zeri.ah,  dangliter  of 
James  Dyke,  Jan.  21, 1798.  Robert  Heed  taught  the  first  school, 
in  1820;  Luther  Strong  built  the  first  saw  and  grist  mill,  in 
1819,  and  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1820;  and  Asa  S.  Allen  kept  the 
first  store,  in  1823. 

*  The  census  reports  4  churches;  B.ap.,  Cong.,  M.E.,and  R.  C. 
<  Named  from  Angelica,  wife  of  John  B.  Church  and  eldest 

daughter  of  Gen.  Philip  Schuyler. 

''Mr.  Church  was  son  of  John  B.  Church  and  grandson  of  Gen. 
Schuvler.  Evert  Van  Wickle,  John  Gibson,  and  John  Lewis 
Bettled  in  the  town  in  1802,  and  John  Ayers  in  1803.  The  first 
child  born  was  Catharine  S.  Mullender:  the  first  marriage. that 
of  Sylvanus  Russel  ami  Esther  Van  Wickle.  in  1S0.5 ;  and  the  first 
death.thatoflraSt.phens,  Sept. 20, 18113.  Widow  S.Smith  taught 
the  first  school,  in  1804-0.');  Philip  Church  built  the  first  saw  and 
Crist  mill,  in  1802-03,  and  kept  the  first  store,  in  1803;  and  Jos. 


Taylor  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1804.  Hyde  de  Neuville— an  exilo 
during  the  Government  of  the  Empire,  and  minister  to  the  U.  S. 
upon  ihe  restoration  of  the  French  monarchy  from  1S16  to  182*^ 
— resided  at  Angelica  in  1807-08,  Victor  Diipont,  also  a  distin- 
guished French  exile,  was  an  early  settler  at  Angelica. 

*  Tile  census  reports  6  churches;  Presb,  Prot  E,,  Bap.,  M,  E,, 
Ilef  Prot. !)..  and  11.  C. 

'  This  institution  was  chartered  in  1856  and  opened  Dec.  2, 
1857.  It  will  accommodate  300  students,  and  is  under  the  charge 
of  the  M.E.  Church. 

8  Named  from  a  grindstone  quarry  in  the  vicinity.  This 
quarry  is  not  now  worked. 

'  Jedediah  Nobles,  from  Elmira,  settled  on  the  river,  and  Beiy. 
Littleton,  from  the  same  place,  ou  Wigwam  Creek,  in  1 805.  Tho 
first  child  bom  wjia  Moses  V.  Chamberlin ;  and  the  first  mar 
riage,  that  of  Johu  Sanford  and  Mary  Collar,  in  1806.  Elijah 
Reynolds  taught  the  first  school,  in  1S07 :  Jos.  S.  Raymond  kept 
the  first  inn,  near  the  village,  in  1821,  and  Sam'l  King  the  first 
store,  in  1S24,  David  Sanford  erected  the  first  saw  and  grist 
mill,  on  the  river,  near  the  village,  in  1809, 

w  There  are  5  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  Cong.,  M.  E.,  Univ., 
ami  11.  C. 

u  Named  from  JudgeJohnBirdsall,  Circuit  Judge  of  tho  Eighth 
Judicial  District  in  1828-29. 


172 


ALLEGANY    COUNTY. 


a  clay  loam  underlaid  by  hardpan.  Birdsall^  (p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  w.  part,  and  Birdsall  Cen- 
ter, (p.o.,)  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Josiah  Whitman,  on  Lot  '24,  in  1816. 
The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Wm.  Day,  in  1823,^  by  Rev.  Robert  Hub- 
bard; and  the  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  by  Rev.  Eleazur  Day,  in  1825.'' 

BOIjIVAR — was  formed  from  Friendship,  Feb.  15,  1825  ;  and  a  part  of  "Wirt  was  taken  ofiP  in 
1838.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  broken,  moun- 
tainous upland,  in  some  parts  too  steep  for  profitable  cultivation.  The  streams  are  Little  Genesee, 
Honeoye,  and  Horse  Creeks.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  reddish  clay  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a 
gravelly  loam.  Bolivar,  (p.  v..)  n.  of  the  center,  contains  a  church,  flouring  mill,  and  157 
inhabitants.  Honeoye  Corners  (S.  Bolivar  p.  o,)  is  a  hamlet  near  the  s.  border.  Timothy 
Cowles,  from  Otsego  co.,  settled  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town  in  1819.*  The  first  religious  services 
were  held  by  Austin  Cowles,  (M.  E.,)  in  1820 ;  and  the  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  organized  in  1828.* 

BURJVS — was  formed  from  Ossian,  (Livingston  co.,)  March  17,  182G.  It  lies  upon  the  e. 
border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  very  hilly  and  broken,  the  highest  summits 
being  400  to  700  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  principal  streams  are  Canaseraga,  South  Valley, 
and  Slader  Creeks.  Canaseraga,^  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  2  churches,  the  Canaseraga 
Academy,^  several  mills,  and  about  200  inhabitants.  It  is  a  station  on  the  B.  &  N.  Y.  City  R.  R. 
Burns^  (p.  v.,)  on  the  e.  line  of  the  town,  contains  1  church  and  20  dwellings.  It  is  also  a  r.  r 
station.  WBiilneys  Crossing*  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  w.  part.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at 
Whitney  A' alley,  in  1S05,  by  Moses  and  Jeremiah  Gregory,  John  Gaddis,  and  Samuel  Rodman.^ 
The  first  religious  meeting  (M.  E.)  was  held  at  the  house  of  Moses  Gregory,  by  Robert  Parker,  in 
1800 ;  and  the  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  at  Whitney  Valley,  by  Rev.  Jesse  Braman,  in  1817.® 

CA^'EABEA — was  formed  from  Angelica,  March  11,  1808.  I'riendship  was  taken  ofi"  in 
1815,  Rushford  in  1816,  "  Orrinshurgh''  (now  Belfast)  in  1824,  and  a  part  of  Belfast  in  1831.  It 
is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  divided  into  two  ridges 
by  Genesee  River,  which  flows  in  a  northerly  direction  through  the  center.  The  soil  upon 
the  highlands  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium. 
Upon  Caneadea  Creek  is  a  valuable  stone  quarry.  Oraniel,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Genesee,  in  the 
s.  part,  was  incorp.  June  9,  1856.  It  is  an  important  canal  village,  and  contains  2  churches, 
1  several  mills,  and  733  inhabitants.  Caneadea,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  mouth  of  Caneadea  Creek,  con- 
tains 1  church,  3  mills,  and  about  400  inhabitants.  lEouglaton  Creeh.  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  n. 
part.  The  first  settlement  was  made  about  the  commencement  of  the  century,  by  a  Mr.  Schoon- 
Over,  from  Penn.^  The  first  religious  meeting  (Bap.)  was  held  by  Elder  Ephraim  Sanford,  in  his 
own  house,  at  Oramel  Village,  in  1804.^** 

CEMTERVII.I4E— was  formed  from  Pike,  (Wyoming  co.,)  Jan,  15,  1819.  It  is  the  n.  w. 
corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  moderately  hilly  upland.  Six  Town  Creek  and  its  branches 
form  the  principal  drainage.  The  soil  is  a  heavy  clay  loam.  Centerville  (p- v.)  contains  2 
churches  and  about  150  inhabitants.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  Jos.  Maxson,  of  R.  I., 
in  April,  1808,  and  by  James  Ward,  in  tlie  fall  of  the  same  year.^^     The  first  religious  meeting 


1  James  Ulathewg,  from  N.  J„  settled  on  Section  21.  near  the 

center,  in  ]S18.    Previous  to  this, Vance,  Wni.  P.  Schaanck, 

from  N.  J.,  Jeremiah  Viia  Wormer,  and  Wm.  Day,  from  Cayuga 
CO.,  had  locatt'ii  in  town.  The  first  child  horn  was  James  E. 
>Iathow5,  March  7, 1820;  and  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Sani'l 
Van  Wickle  and  Harriet  Freeman,  in  1S21.  Hannah  Scott 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1^22.  Josiah  Whitman  kept  the  first 
inn,  in  1820,  and  Joseph  B.  Welch  the  first  sforo.  in  1828.  The 
first  sawmill  was  erected  on  Black  Creek,  by  KUas  lluU  and  David 
Peterson,  in  182.3. 

2  There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  M.  E..  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  R.  C. 
8  Christopher  Tyler  settled  io  1819,  Austin  and  Asa  Cowles  in 

1820,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town, — all  from  Otsego  co.  The  first 
birth  was  that  of  Almond  W.  Cowles,  in  1820;  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  Daniel  Kellogg  and  Sopiiia  Hitchcock,  in  1825; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  child  of  Lutber  Austin,  in  1823. 
The  first  school  was  taught  by  Austin  Cowles,  in  1820-21.  Hollis 
B.  Newton  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1831,  and  Newton  &  Cowles  the 
first  store,  in  1825.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  Asa  and 
Austin  Cowles.  near  the  village,  on  Genesee  Cretk,  in  1822,  and 
the  first  gristmill  by  Asa  Cowles,  at  the  village,  io  1824. 

4  The  ceusus  reports  3  churches;  2  M.  E.  and  Bap. 

6  Formerly  called  "  Whitnry  VaU-i'y." 

6  This  institution  was  formed  in  1856,  and  is  in  charge  of  the 
Bap.  denomination. 

7  Wm.  Carroll  and  Wm.  Hopkins  settledat  South  Valley.  Elijah 
%nd  Daniel  Abbott,  Elias  Van  Scoter,  and  Thos.  Quick,  all  from 


Penn.,  at  De  Witts  Valley,  and  Sam'l  Boylan.  at  Whitney  Val- 
ley, in  1806.  The  first  cliild  born  was  Lewis  W.  Carroll,  Aug.  1, 
1807 :  the  first  marriage,  that  of  John  Gregory  and  Betsey  Doty ; 
and  the  first  deaths,  those  of  Jeremiah  Gregory,  who  was  killed 
by  the  fall  of  a  tree,  April  4,  1812,  and  his  twin-brotlier,  killed 
in  the  same  manner,  Sept.  17  of  the  same  year.  The  first  school 
was  taught  at  Canaseraga,  by  Wm.  Crooks,  in  1810.  S.  Do  Witt 
Brown  kept  the  first  inn,  at  '^'Dc  Witts  VdlJey"  (now  Burns  Vil- 
lage,) in  1820,  and  Isiiac  N.  Town  the  first  store,  at  Canaseraga, 
in  1828.  Daniel  Schull  erected  the  first  gristmill,  in  1810,  and 
David  McCardy  the  first  sawmill,  in  1813. 

8  There  are  5  churches  in  town;  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  Presb., 
Prot.  E.,  and  M.E. 

8  Ephraim  Sanford.  jr.,  Zephaniah  nuflf,  David  Sanford,  and 
Nehemiah  Sears  settled  in  1803,  and  Ezra  Sanford  and  others 
soon  after.  The  first  children  born  were  Mosos  V.  Chamberlain 
and  Betsey  Sanford,  both  in  1806.  The  first  school  was  taught, 
near  the  center,  by  Asa  Harris,  in  1811.  The  first  inn  was  kept 
by  Widow  Bradley,  from  Penn.,  at  the  center,  in  1810;  and  the 

first  store,  at  the  same  place,  by Hunt,  in  1S12.    Jnhn  Hoyt 

erected  the  first  sawmill,  at  the  mouth  of  Caneadea  Creek,  in 
1816.  and  David  Hitchcock  put  the  first  carding  machine  in 
operation,  in  1810,  on  Caneadea  Creek. 

10  The  census  reports  2  churches;  Cong,  and  M.  E. 

11  Calvin  P.  Perry,  from  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  settled  near  Mr. 
Maxson  in  1S09.  Abraham  and  David  Jolatt.  brothers,  were  the 
next  settlers  in  the  order  of  time;  and  nextwere  Zaecheus,  Thos., 


ALLEGANY    COUNTY. 


173 


(Bap.)  was  held  by  Rev.  John  Griffith. 
Rev.  Silas  Hubbard.^ 


The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  July,  1S24,  by 


CE<ARH.STIIjIjE — was  formed  from  Cuba,  May  11, 1835.     It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the 

CO.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  mountainous  upland,  divided  into  several  steep  ridges  by 
the  narrow  valleys  of  the  streams.  The  highest  summits  are  700  to  1,000  ft.  above  the  canal  at 
Cuba.  Dodges  Creek  and  its  branches  form  the  principal  drainage.  The  soil  is  principally  a 
heavy  clay  loam.  Considerable  pine  lumber  is  still  made  in  town.  Clarksville  Coi'uers, 
(West  Clarksville  p.  o.,)  near  the  center,  contains  a  church,  sawmill,  and  12  dwellings.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  a  little  s.  of  the  center,  in  1822,  by  John  and  Horatio  Slayton,  from  War- 
saw, AVyoming  co.^  The  first  religious  meeting  (M.  E.)  was  held  at  the  house  of  Nelson  Hoyt, 
in  1828,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Cole,  from  Friendship;  and  the  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  by  Rev. 
Holden  E.  Prosser,  in  1842,  and  is  still  the  only  church  in  town. 

CUBA — was  formed  from  Friendship,  Feb.  4,  1822.  Genesee  was  taken  ofi"  in  1830,  and 
Clarksville  in  1835,  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  broken 
and  mountainous  upland,  divided  into  irregular  ridges  by  steep  and  narrow  valleys.  Oil  Creek 
and  its  branches  form  the  principal  drainage.  The  canal  and  r.  r.  both  extend  through  the  narrow 
valleys  of  this  town.^  The  highest  summits  are  000  to  800  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  canal.  The 
soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.*  Cuba,  (p.  v.,)  on  Oil  Creek,  incorp.  Nov.  11, 1850,  contains  5 
churches,  a  newspaper  office,  and  several  mills  and  manufactories.  Pop.  816.  IVoi'tli  Cuba,  (Sey- 
mour p.  0.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  20  houses,  Cuba  Summit  is  a  r.  r.  station.  Settlement  waa 
commenced  in  1817,  by  Salmon  Abbott,  —  Freer,  and  —  Hall,  from  Conn.^  The  first  religious  meet- 
ing was  held  by  Rev.  Robt.  Hubbard,  in  1818  j  and  the  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1824.® 

FRIEIVDSmP— was  formed  from  Caneadea,  March  24,  1815.  Cuba  was  taken  off  in 
1822,  Bolivar  in  1825,  and  a  part  of  Wirt  in  1838.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  s.  w. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  by  high,  mountainous  ridges,  the  summits  of  which 
are  600  to  800  feet  above  the  valleys.  It  is  drained  by  Van  Campens  Creek  and  its  branches. 
The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  Friendship,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  4  churches, 
the  Friendship  Academy,  2  flouring  mills,  25  sawmills,  and  about  800  inhabitants  ;  IVile,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  contains  a  church,  3  mills,  and  40  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  Nov.  1806,  by  Richard  Frair,  from  Kingston,  Ulster  co.''  The  first  religious  service  was 
held  in  a  barn,  by  Samuel  Vary,  in  July,  1810;  and  the  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  by 
Rev.  Robert  Hubbard,  in  the  spring  of  1813.® 

GEIVESEE — was  formed  from  Cuba,  April  16,  1830.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  iovrn  in  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  very  broken  and  mountainous;  and  the  highest  summits  are  1,000  to  1,400  feet  above 
the  valleys.^  The  streams  are  Little  Genesee,  Dodges,  Deer,  Windfall,  and  Oswaya  Creeks, — all 
flowing  through  narrow,  mountainous  ravines.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam.  A  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  surface  is  still  covered  with  pine,  and  lumbering  is  extensively  carried  on. 
l.i<tle  Genesee^  (P-v.,)  in  thes.  e.  part  of  the  town,  contains  a  church,  sawmill,  and  30 

situated  upon  the  Indian  Oil  Spring  Reaervation.  It  is  a  dirty 
pool,  20  ft.  in  diameter,  and  baa  no  outlet.  Tiie  water  is  mixed 
with  bitumen,  which  collects  upon  the  surface.  There  are 
several  quarries  of  good  building  stone  in  town. 

6  .Tobn  Bennett,  Andrew  Hawley,  and  Stephen  Cole  cume  about 
the  8arae  time.  The  first  de.tth  was  that  of  Andrew  Hull.  Tho 
first  school  was  taught  by  David  Kow,  )nlS22.  Stephen  Cole 
kept  the  first  inn,  near  the  center,  in  1814,  and  King  &  Gravea 
the  first  store,  in  1821  or  '22.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by 
Wm.  Dovner,  on  Oil  Creek,  in  1815;  and  the  first  gristmiU,  by 
Cadv  &  BiUdwin.  on  the  same  stream,  in  1822. 

6  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  Bap.,  Presb.,  Plot.  E.,  M.  E., 
and  K.  C. 

J  John  Harrison  and  Simon  and  Zebulon  Gates  settled  in  June, 
1S07.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Sherman  Ilaskins,  in  a  sugar 
camp,  in  March.  1808;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Jas.  Sanford 
and  Sally  Harrison,  in  Dec.  1809;  and  the  first  death,  that  of 
Hattie  Frair,  in  Dec.  1806.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Pela- 
tiah  Morgan,  in  the  winter  of  1810-11.  Simon  Gates  opened  the 
first  inn,  in  May,  1808,  and  Stephen  Smith  the  first  store,  in  the 
spring  of  1818.  Sylvanus  Meriman  and  Aaron  Axtell  built  the 
first  gristmill,  in  1810;  and  Ebenezor  Steenrod  the  first  sawmill, 
in  1815,  and  a  mill  for  wool  carding  and  cloth  dressing,  in  1810. 

8  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  Bap.,  Seventh  Day  Bap., 
Cong..  M.  E.,  and  Univ. 

^  tJpon  a  high  summit  near  the  center  is  a  locality  known 
as  "Rock  City."  It  consists  of  a  tract  of  40  acres  covered  with 
conglomerate,  composed  of  milkwhite  pebbles  broken  into 
regular  layers,  forming  alleys  and  atroeta. 


and  Strong  Warner,  Perkins  B.  Woodward,  from  Ashford,  Conn., 
settled  a  little  N.  of  the  center,  Sargent  Morrell,  from  Vt.,  in  the 
b.  pai't  of  the  town,  in  Is-lU,  and  henj.  Blaucbard.  from  Vt.,  on 
Lot  25,  in  ISll.  The  fir  at  birth  and  the  first  death  in  town  were 
thnfloofflchildofCalvinP.P.'riy.  in.Iuiie.lsQ^;  and  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  Wm.  Foy  and  Ruth  Morrill,  in  1811.  Perkins  IJ. 
Woodward  taught  the  first  school,  inthe  winter  ofl81.'i-14;  Benj. 
and  Mark  Blanchard  and  Eber  Hotchkiss  erected  the  first  saw- 
mill, on  Six  Mile  Creek,  in  1813,  and  Russl-H  Iliggins  and  Pack- 
ard Bruce  the  first  gristmill,  in  1817,  on  the  same  stream.  —^ 
Thatchf r  kept  the  tirst  inn,  at  the  center,  in  1810,  and  Sparrow 
Smith  the  first  store,  at  the  same  place,  in  1820. 

•  The  census  reports  4  churches ;  2  Presb.,  Cong.,  and  M-  E. 

*  James  McDougal,  from  Steuben  co.,  settled  a  little  e.  of  the 
center,  and  Jabez  Survey  near  the  same  place,  in  1827.  The 
first  child  born  was  Jos.  P.  Slayton.  in  1826  ;  the  first  marriage, 
that  of  Van  Rensselaer  Dolivan  and  Harriet  Palmer,  in  1827 ; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  Sally  Olds,  in  1831.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Maria  McDougal,  E.  of  the  center,  in  1827. 
Daniel  S.  Carpenter  kept  the  first  inn.  near  the  center,  in  1828; 
and  Samuel  King  erected  the  first  sawmill,  on  Dodge  Creek,  in 
1832. 

«  The  R.  B.  crosses  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal  in  this  town,  near 
the  reservoir  built  to  feed  the  summit  level  of  the  canal.  The 
reservoir — built,  at  a  cost  of  $150,000,  by  the  erection  of  a  dam 
across  Oil  Creek— is  60  ft.  high.  It  raises  a  pond  that  covers  an 
area  of  600  acres,  and  finds  an  outlet  near  its  head,  so  that  no 
water  runs  over  the  dam.  Its  capacity  when  full  is  estimated 
to  l>e  equal  to  200  mi.  of  canal. 

*The  celebrated  Oil  Spring,  in  the  w.  nart  of  this  town,  is 


174 


ALLEGANY    COUNTY. 


dwellings;  and  Ceres,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  s.  line,  a  church  and  12  dwellings.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  on  Genesee  Creek,  on  Lot  3,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  in  1823,  by  Jabez  Burdick,  from 
Rensselaer  co.'  The  first  religious  services  (Seventh  Day  Bap.)  were  held  by  Rev.  John  Green, 
in  1820  ;  and  the  first  church  (Seventh  Day  Bap.)  was  organized,  in  1827,  by  Rev.  Henry  P.  Green." 

GRAIVGER — was  formed  from  Grove,  as  "West  Grove,"  April  18,  1838.  Its  name  was 
changed  March  G,  1839.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  It  is  a  hilly  upland, 
divided  into  several  distinct  ridges.  Genesee  River,  forming  a  portion  of  the  w.  boundary,  ia 
bordered  by  abrupt  hillsides  600  to  800  feet  high.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam  upon  the  hills,  and  a 
gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  Sliort  Tract  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town.  Granger  a 
p.  0.  in  the  N.,  and  Grove  a  p.  o.  in  the  e.  The  first  settlement  was  made  near  Short  Tract,  in 
Feb.  1816,  by  Reuben  Wilcox,  Isaac  Smith,  and  Rufus  Trumbull,  from  Vt.,  and  Elias  Smith,  from 
Otsego  CO.'  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Elias  Smith,  in  1818,  by  Rev. 
Mr.  Hill,  (M.  E.;)  and  the  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  organized  about  1830.* 

GROTE — was  formed  from  Nunda,  (Livingston  co.,)  March  8,  1827,  as  "Church  Tract."  Its 
name  was  changed  in  1828,  and  Granger  was  taken  ofi"  in  1838.  It  lies  upon  the  N.  border  of  the 
CO.,  near  the  N.  E.  corner.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  divided  into  several  distinct  ridges.  A 
valley  in  the  E.  part  is  known  as  Chautauqua  Valley.  Branches  of  Black  and  Canaseraga  Creeks 
form  the  drainage.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  clay  loam  underlaid  by  hardpan,  and  in  the 
valleys  a  gravelly  loam.  8ATaiusviIIe  is  a  p.  o.  on  the  R.  R.,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  and 
C'liautaiiqiia  Valley  a.  p.  o.  on  the  r.  r.,  in  the  n.  e.  part.  Grove  Center  is  a  hamlet. 
John  White,  from  Herkimer  co.,  made  the  first  settlement,  in  May,  1818,  in  the  N.  w.  part.^  The 
first  religious  meeting  (M.  E.)  was  held  at  the  house  of  Mr.  White,  by  Rev.  Cyrus  Story,  in  1820; 
and  the  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  the  White  Settlement,  in  1821.? 

HUME — was  formed  from  Pike,  (Wyoming  co.,)  Feb.  20,  1822.  It  lies  upon  the  N.  border 
of  the  CO.,  w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland.  Genesee  River  flows  through  the  s.  E. 
corner  and  forms  a  portion  of  the  E.  boundary.  It  is  bordered  by  al:irupt  hills  rising  to  a  height 
of  400  U>  700  feet.  The  other  principal  streams  are  Six  Town  and  Ctjld  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a 
gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  Cold  Creek,  (Hume  p.  o.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  2 
churches,  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  and  about  300  inhabitants  ;  Fillmore,  (p.  v.,)  a  canal  village  at 
the  mouth  of  Cold  Creek,  contains  a  church,  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  and  372  inhabitants.  'Wis- 
coy,  on  Wiseoy  Creek,  and  Mill's  Mills,  in  the  n.  ^art,  are  p.  ofiices.  Mixville,  at  the 
mouth  of  Wiseoy  Creek,  contains  a  church,  saw  and  grist  mill,  and  200  inhabitants.  An  immense 
water-power  at  this  place  is  but  little  used.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Mill's  Mills,  in  1807, 
by  Roger  Mills,  from  Montgomery  co.'     The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.* 

IIVDEPEIVDEIVCE— was  formed  from  Alfred,  March  16,  1821.  Andover  was  taken  ofi"  in 
1824,  and  a  part  of  Willing  in  1851.  It  is  the  s.  E.  corner  town  in  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  moun- 
tainous upland,  broken  by  deep,  narrow  valleys.  The  highest  summits  are  800  to  1,200  ft.  above 
the  valleys.  The  streams  are  Cryder  and  Chenunda  Creeks.  The  soil  is  principally  a  gravelly 
loam  with  sections  of  sand.  Whitesvllle,  (p.v.,)s.E.of  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  several 
mills  and  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  220.  Springs  Mills,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  e.  corner, 
contains  several  mills  and  14  dwellings ;  Greens  Corners,  (Independence  p.  o.,)  in  the  N.  part, 
contains  a  church  and  10  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1798,  by  John  Cryder,  who 
built  a  house,  a  sawmill,  and  made  other  improvements,  and  soon  after  abandoned  them  and  left 
the  country.     The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  by  Samuel  S.  White,  from  Madison  co., 


1  Roswell  Strw ter.  from  Rensselaer  Cf>..  settlefl  in  1825.  and 
Ezekiel  Crandtll  and  Joseph  Wells,  from  R.  I.,  in  1826,  on  Wind- 
fall and  Genesee  Creeks.  Joseph  Maxson,  from  R.  I.,  and  John 
Cook,  settled  in  the  w.  part  in  1827.  The  first  cliild  born  was 
Kdward  \\\  Burdick,  in  1826;  the  first  marrLoge,  that  of  Joseph 
Allen  and  Phebe  Ma.\son,  in  the  same  year ;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Arvilla  Burdick,  in  1824.  The  first  school  was  taufrht 
by  Henry  P.  Green,  near  the  mouth  of  Windfjill  Creek,  in  the 
winter  of  lS2t>-27.  Lewis  P.  Coon  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1842.  at 
Genesee  Valley,  and  Albert  LauRWorthy  the  first  store,  in  1831. 
The  first  sawmill  was  built  on  Genesee  Creek,  by  Newmar,  Crab- 
tree,  in  1820.  No  liquor  license  has  ever  be^  granted  in  the 
town ;  and  it  is  claimed  that  no  inhabitant  has  ever  been  sent  to 
tt  prison  or  a  poorhouso. 

3  The  census  reports  3  churches:  all  Seventh  Day  Bap. 

*  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  child  of  Elias  Smith,  in  March, 
1817;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Olive  Linee.  in  1817.  The  first 
fr-iiool  w)is  tauj^ht  in  the  Smith  Settlement,  by  Miss  Williams,  in 


1819.  Elias  Smith  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1819,  and  the  first  store, 
in  1820.  Isiiac  Van  Nostraud  erected  the  first  gristmill,  in  1831, 
and  the  first  sawmill,  in  1823. 

*  The  census  reports  2  churches ;  M.  E.  and  Wes.  Meth. 

6  In  the  same  year  Alex.  Bailey,  from  Vt.,  settled  near  Mr. 
White.  The  first  child  born  was  Laura  Bailey,  Dec.  2-5, 1820; 
and  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Elijah  White  and  Lucy  Danji.  iu 
1822.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Emily  Pago,  in  1826. 
Ilenry  Andrews  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1828,  in  the  N.w.  corner, 
and  Thayer  &  Smith  the  first  store,  at  or  near  the  same  place,  in 
1825.    John  S.  Culver  erected  the  first  sawmill,  in  the  N.  part. 

*  There  are  4  clmrches  in  town;  3  M.  E.  and  Bap. 

'  The  first  school  was  tauirht  in  the  barn  of  Roger  Mills,  jr.,  m 
the  summer  of  1812.  by  Caroline  Russell,  from  Montgomery  co. 
Geo.  Mills  kept  the  first  inn.  at  Mills  Mills,  in  1815,  and  Elisha 
Mills  the  first  store,  at  the  same  place,  in  1809.  Roger  Mills 
erected  the  first  sawmill,  in  1807,  and  the  first  gristmill,  iul808. 

«  Cong.,  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Wes.  Melh. 


ALLEGANY    COUNTY. 


175 


in  the  spring  of  1819,  at  Whitesville.'     The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Sam'l 
S.  White,  by  Rev.  Daniel  Babcock,  (Seventh  Day  Bap.,)  Jan.  1,  1820.^ 

KEW  IirDSOIV— was  formed  from  Rushford,  April  10,  1825,  as  "Halrjld."  Its  name  was 
changed  April  4,  1837.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  CO.,  a  little  n.  of  the  center.  The  surface 
is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  valleys  extending  n.  e.  and  s.  w.  The  principal  streams  are  Black, 
Oil  and  Rush  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  or  clayey  loam.  McGrawvUIe,  (Neiv  Hudson 
p.  0.,)  on  the  N.  line,  contains  a  church,  2  sawmills,  and  20  dwellings;  ]Vew  Iludson  Cor- 
ners, (Black  Creek  p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  30  dwellings.  IVortll  Val- 
ley is  a  hamlet  near  McGrawville.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  Lot  49,  in  the  s.  part,  by 
Spencer  Lyon,  from  Waterbury,  Vt.,  in  1820.'  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  by  Rev. 
James  Eastwood,  (M.  E.,)  at  his  own  house,  in  1821.  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  with  C 
members,  by  Rev.  Robert  Hubbard,  June  4,  1822.* 

RUSIIFORD — was  formed  from  Caneadea,  March  8,  1816.  New  Hudson  was  taken  off  in 
1825.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  divided 
into  two  distinct  districts  by  Caneadea  Creek,  which  flows  E.  through  near  the  center.  The 
valleys  of  several  smaller  streams,  tributaries  of  the  Caneadea,  divide  the  highlands  into  narrow 
ridges.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  loam  underlaid  by  hardpan.  Quarries  of  building  stone,  several 
sulphur  springs,  and  a  brown  mineral  paint  resembling  ocher  are  found  in  town.  A  woolen 
factory  upon  Caneadea  Creek  manufactures  about  12,000  yds.  of  cloth  annually ;  and  a  pineapple 
cheese  factory  turns  out  70,000  lbs.  of  cheese  annually.  Rlisliford,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  center  of  the 
town,  contains  4  churches,  the  Rushford  Academy,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments. 
Pop.  654.  £a$t  Rusllford  (p.  v.)  contains  several  mills  and  40  dwellings.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  on  Lot  30,  in  1808,  by  Enos  Gary,  from  Vt.*  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held 
by  Rev.  Mr.  Sanford,  (Bap.,)  in  1813;  and  the  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1815,  by  Rev. 
Nathan  Peck,  a  missionary  from  Boston.* 

SCIO — was  formed  from  Angelica,  Jan.  31,  1823.  A  part  of  Amity  was  taken  off  in  1830,  a 
part  of  Willing  in  1851,  and  a  part  of  Wellsville  in  1855.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  E.  of 
the  center  of  the  county.  Its  surface  is  a  mountainous  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  700 
to  1,000  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Tlie  streams  are  Genesee  River  and  Knight  and  Vandemark 
Creeks.  The  soil  is  principally  a  sandy  loam.  Scio,  (p.  v.,)  on  Genesee  River,  contains  a  church, 
several  mills,  and  496  inhabitants.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  the  mouth  of  Knights 
Creek,  in  1805,  by  Joseph  Knight  and  his  son  Silas,  from  Oneida  co.'  The  census  reports  5 
churches.® 

WARD — was  formed  from  Alfred  and  Amity,  Nov.  21,  1850.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.E. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  500  to  800  feet 
above  the  valleys.  The  streams  are  Philips  and  Vandemark  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam 
upon  the  hills,  and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  Pliilips  Creeli,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  part, 
contains  2  churches  and  16  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1817,  by  Abraham  Wald- 
ruff,  from  Ontario  co.'  The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  organized  at  an  early  period.  There  are  now 
2  churches  ;  M.  E.  and  Univ. 

WELI.STIL1I1E — was  formed  from  Scio,  Andover,  and  Willing,  Nov.  22,  1855.      It  is  an 


1  In  the  spring  of  the  eame  year  John  Teater.  from  Dut<?besB 
CO.,  Da\'id  Wilson  and  Stephen  Hoyce,  from  Ma-fs.,  settled  in  or 
near  Whitesville.  The  first  child  itorn  was  Dugald  C.  White. 
Oct.  2-3, 1819 ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Daniel  Uemiugton  and 
Eliza  Eaton,  Jan.  1,  1824;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  fnni'l  W. 
Ooodridge.  Jan.  2",  18'.I2.  The  first  school  was  tauj^ht  at  Whitee- 
vUle,  by  Deborah  Covel,  in  the  summer  of  18'22.  Sani'l  S,  White 
kept  the  first  inn,  in  1827,  at  Whitesville,  and  Josiah  W.  (Ireen 
the  first  store,  at  Cireens  Corners,  in  1S22.  Natli'l  Covel  erected 
a  sawmill  on  Cryder  Creek,  in  lf322;  and  Jas.  Maxwell  the  first 
gTlstmitl,  at  Spring  Mills,  in  1820. 

*  The  census  reports  5chui'ches;  Bap.,  Seventh  Day  Bap., 
Presb.,  M.  E.,  and  Univ. 

*  James  Eastwood,  John  C.  McKeen.  and  Jas.  Davidson,  from 
N.  H.,  settled  in  the  s.  part  in  1821.  The  first  birth  waa  that  of 
Mary  McKeen.  in  June,  1821 ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Earl 
Gould  and  Catharine  Eastwood,  in  June,  1822.  The  first  school 
wastaught  by  Mrs.OrahamMcKeeo,inthesnmmerof  1821.  Wra. 
Andrews  kept  tlje  first  inn.  near  Black  Cieek  Corners,  in  1820, 
and  Nelson  McCall  the  first  store,  near  tlie  same  place,  in  183(i. 
The  first  sawmill  was  erected  by  James  Davidson,  ou  Black 
Creek,  in  1829. 

*  The  censtis  reports  4  churches ;  2  Cong,  and  2  M.  E. 

*  Chaa.  Sniff,  Ab«l  Belknap,  Aiuoa  lUwe,  and  Joshua  Wilson, 


from  New  England,  were  settlera  in  the  town  in  1800-10;  Levi 
Beiijamin,  from  Windsor,  Vt..  settled  on  Lot  30,  near  Rushford 
Village,  in  1813.  lietbiali  Belknap,  born  in  the  spring  of  1810, 
and  Sam'l  Gordon.  June  12,  1810.  were  the  first  births  in  town  ; 
Wm.  Kawson  aud  Lawrence  Swift  were  the  first  married,  in 
1811.  Flina  Bannister  taught  the  first  school,  near  the  center, 
inthe  winter  of  1813-U.  Levi  Bergamiu  kept  the  first  inn,  a  littlo 
N.  of  Rushford  Village,  in  1813,  and  Jas.  McCall  the  first  store, 
at  the  same  place,  iu  1814.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  Mat- 
thew P.  Cady.  on  Caneadea  Creek,  in  181,'j;  and  the  first  grist- 
mill, by  Jas.  McCall,  on  the  same  stream,  in  1818. 

«  The  census  reports  4  churches ;  Bap..  Cong.,  M.  E.,  and  TJniv 

7  Silas  Bellamy  and  Silas  Palmer  settled  in  1809,— the  former 
at  Scio  Village  and  the  latter  iu  the  n.  part  of  the  town.  Polly, 
daughter  of  Silas  Knight,  was  the  first  child  born,  in  1806.  and 
the  first  one  that  died,  in  1808;  the  first  marriage  was  that  of 
Silas  Bellamy  and  Betsey  Knight,  in  ISO!).  The  first  school  waa 
tauj^ht  by  Lucy  Moore,  "near  the  village,  in  IMG.  Alfred  John 
son  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1821.  The  first  sawmill  wjis  erected  iu 
1822,  and  the  first  gristmill  in  1823,  by  Benj.  Palmer. 

«  2  H.C.,  Cong.,  Bap.,  and  M.  E. 

*  Daniel  Hart  and  Uezekiah  Waril  settled  in  the  N.  part,  iu 
1817-18.  Geo.  Waldrufi'  kept  the  first  inn,  at  Philips  Creek  ViV 
lage,  and  WaldrulT  k  Cartwrigbt  the  first  stum. 


176 


ALLEGANY    COUNTY. 


interior  town,  Ij'ing  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  very  broken  and  mountainous, 
the  higlicst  summits  being  800  to  1,200  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  declivities  are  too  steep  for 
profitaljle  cultivation.  The  streams  are  Genesee  River  and  Dyke  and  Chenunda  Creeks,  all  flow- 
ing in  narrow  and  deep  valleys  winding  among  the  almost  precipitous  mountains.  The  soil  is 
mostly  a  sandy  loam.  Considerable  pine  lumber  is  still  manufactured  in  town.  TVcHsville, 
(p.  V.,)  on  Genesee  River,  was  incorp.  Oct.  12,  1857;  it  contains  4  churches,  2  weekly  newspaper 
offices,  2  flouring  and  3  saw  mills.  Pop.  1,286.  The  iirst  settlements  were  made  in  the  valley  of  the 
Genesee,  about  the  commencement  of  the  century.'     There  are  4  churches  in  town.^ 

WEST  ALIWOHID— was  formed  from  Angelica,  Almond,  and  Alfred,  April  15,  1833.  It  is 
an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  N.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  broken  and  elevated 
upland.  The  streams  are  Angelica,  Black,  Philips,  and  Karr  Valley  Creeks, — all  flowing  in 
narrow  ravines  bordered  by  steep  hillsides.  The  soil  is  principally  a  clay  loam  underlaid  by 
hardpan.  fVest  Aliuoud  (p.  v.)  contains  a  church  and  15  houses.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  at  the  center,  in  1810,  by  Daniel  Athertou.'  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  by  Rev. 
Robert  Hubbard,  (Presb.,)  at  the  house  of  Daniel  Dean,  in  1823;  and  the  first  and  only  church 
(Bap.)  was  formed  in  1824. 

WII.1.L1VG — was  formed  from  Independence  and  Soio,  Nov.  19, 1851.  Alma  was  taken  off  in 
1854,  and  a  part  of  Wellsville  in  1855.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  e.  of  the  center.  Ita 
surface  is  a  broken  and  mountainous  region,  the  highest  summits  being  800  to  1,200  ft.  above  the 
valleys.  The  streams  are  Genesee  River,  Cryder,  Chenunda,  and  Fords  Creeks,  all  flowing  in 
narrow  valleys  bordered  by  steep  mountain  declivities.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  sandy  loam.  A 
considerable  part  of  the  surface  is  still  covered  with  forests,  and  lumbering  is  extensively  carried 
on.  Beaiivllle,  (Shongo  p.  o.,)  on  Genesee  River,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  contains  a  church 
and  61  inhabitants  ;  and  Halls  Port,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  a  sawmill  and  64  inhabitants. 
Elijah  Robinson,  from  Brookfield,  Madison  co.,  settled  on  the  Genesee,  adjoining  the  State  line, 
in  1825.  He  built  a  sawmill,  made  other  improvements  for  four  or  five  years,  when  he  became 
deranged,  and  left  the  town.'  The  first  religious  meeting  (Prot.  Meth.)  was  held  at  the  house 
of  Daniel  Baker,  by  Rev.  Seneca  Fish,  in  1834.' 

WIRT — was  formed  from  Bolivar  and  Friendship,  April  12,  1838.  It  is  an  interior  town, 
lying  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  wild,  mountainous  upland,  divided  into  three 
general  ridges  extending  n.  and  s.  The  streams  are  headwaters  of  Van  Campens,  Little  Genesee, 
and  Dodges  Creeks.  Ricllbur^h,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches,  the 
Richburgh  Academy,^  2  steam  gristmills,  2  sawmills,  and  50  dwellings.  W^irt  is  a  p.  o.,  near  the 
center  of  the  town.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  in  1812,  by  Benj. 
Crabtree  and  Levi  Abbott,  from  Amsterdam,  Montgomery  co.'  The  first  religious  meeting  (Bap.) 
was  held  at  the  house  of  Benj.  Crabtree,  in  1816,  by  Rev.  Jonathan  Post.  The  first  church 
(Bap.)  was  organized  in  1826.' 


1  The  first  child  bom  was  Rachel  Dyke,  in  1805 ;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  Thos.  Brink,  in  1807.  The  first  school  was  taught, 
near  the  E.  line,  by  Ithiuner  Brookings,  in  1814.  Nath"!  Dyke 
built  the  first  grist  and  saw  mill,  in  1S03,  on  Dyke  Creek,  near 
the  E.  line. 

-  Cong..  SI.  E.,  Bap.,  and  R.  C. 

3  Jason  Bixby,  Isaac  Pray,  and  Daniel  Hooker  settled  on  the 
road  leading  from  Almond  to  Angelica,  and  .Tohu  .\lfred,  from 
N.  .T..  near  the  N.  line,  all  previous  to  1818.  The  first  child  born 
was  Jerusha,  daughter  of  Daniel  Atherton,  in  the  fall  of  1817 ; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  .Tason  Bixby.  in  the  spring  of  1S18. 
The  first  school  was  taught,  in  the  E.  part,  by  Jasper  White,  in 
1S18.  Daniel  Atherton  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1S17,  at  the  center, 
and  Samuel  M.  Eddy  the  first  store,  at  the  same  place,  in  1832. 
The  first  sawmill  was  erected  by  Enoch  Hawks,  on  Angelica 
Creek. in  1833. 

<  The  first  death  was  that  of  a  child  of  Austin  Butler,  in  1837. 
The  first  school  was  taught  near  Beanville,  in  18315,  by  Betsey 


Lovell.  Allen  Giflbrd  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1838,  at  Beanville.  and 
.las.  R.  Wood  the  first  store,  at  the  s.ame  place,  in  1839.  El^ah 
Robinson  erected  the  first  sawmill,  near  the  Penu.  line,  on  the 
Genesee. 

6  There  are  2  churches  in  town;  M.  E.  and  Univ. 

«  This  institution  has  lately  been  incorp.  with  the  common 
school  system. 

'  Azel"  Buckley,  from  Unadilla,  Otsego  co.,  settled  in  1814,  and 
Daniel  Willard.  from  Mass..  in  1815.  Mr.  W.  is  the  oldest  settler 
now  living  in  town.  The  first  child  born  was  Benj.  Crabtree,  jr., 
in  1813;  and  the  first  m.arriage,  that  of  Hyra  Axdell  and  Lucy 
Crabtree,  in  1814.  The  first  school  was  taught,  in  the  N.  part  of 
the  town,  by  Sophia  Hitchcock,  in  1620.  Alvan  llichardson  erected 
the  first  sawmill,  in  1824,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1S25.  on  Gene- 
see Creek,  near  Richburgh.  Mr.  Richardson  also  kept  the  first 
inn.  in  1824,  and  Francis  Ij.  Leroy  the  first  store,  in  the  same  year. 

3  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  Seventh  Day 
Bap.,  and  M.  E. 


ALLEGANY    COUNTY. 


177 


Acres  of  Land,   Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,   Families,   Freeholders,   Sehools,    Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Allegany  County. 


Nahss  of  Towns. 


Alfred 

Allen 

Alma 

Almond 

Amity 

Andover 

Angelica 

Belfast 

Birdsall 

Bolivar. 

Burns 

Caneadea, 

Centerville 

Clarksville. 

Cuba 

Friendship , 

Genesee 

Granger 

Grove 

Hume 

Independence- 
New  Hudson .. 

RusMord 

Scio 

Wardl 

Wellsville" 

West  Almond. 

Willing 

Wirt 

Total 


Acres  of  Land. 


17,V33 

11,1264 

926i 

2,'i,249 

11,2104 

10,4«4 

9.417  J 

9,42,1} 

7,324 

4,203} 

8,7C0i 

6,415 

14,488 

4,836 

13.3024 

11,107 

3,73.iJ 

8,()85 

6,431  J 

12,951:4 

11,9124 

11.282 

13,9434 

7,223 


11,404 

3,9UIJ 

12,5264 


270,035 


11,000 
11,6144 
22,174 
8,051 
23,032 
13.045 
18.0364 
13.250} 
16.764 
17.736 
7,5264 
11.7844 

7,883 

17.464 

8.911 

9.9.18 

15,S42 

7.380 

11,069 

10,3884 

9.252 

9,0034 

8.278 

24,1894 


10,.572 
7.767 
9.937 


341,5491 


Valuation  of  1858. 


■0 

1 

e* 

^ 

|t 

5 

feS 

ft^ 

ft.  a. 

$327,639 

$76,899 

221,612 

9,648 

102,584 

1,000 

400,866 

70,283 

3IM.341 

10.700 

308,243 

10.100 

377,891 

46.730 

360,660 

19,000 

160,807 

6,037 

179,210 

14.100 

274,883 

44.817 

3.39,626 

10,160 

316,350 

29,180 

174,725 

594.310 

110,895 

420.245 

78.060 

168,730 

9,975 

215.011 

12,656 

223.750 

850 

354,906 

29,200 

223.046 

76,605 

269,290 

9,250 

433,860 

86.400 

304.668 

3,860 

163.370 

3,876 

272,835 

24.000 

289.577 

24,848 

135,331 

750 

280,760 

10,925 
828,872 

8.267.696 

e 


J403.r.38 
231,200 
103,684 
471,149 
375,041 
318,:«3 
424,621 
388,660 
165,344 
193.310 
319.700 
349,776 
345,630 
174,725 
705,205 
498,205 
178,705 
227,066 
224,600 
384,106 
299,661 
278,640 
620,250 
308,808 
167,215 
296,835 
314,426 
136,(H1 
291,OT5 


9,006,463 


859 
518 
243 
993 

l,a39 
807 
929 

1,077 
462 
603 
666 

1,237 
674 
421 

1,120 
900 
449 
630 
595 

1,070 
685 
761 

1,005 

1,667 


608 
6S7 
797 


21,372 


848 
608 
169 
969 

1,318 
868 
903 

1,0,53 
386 
482 
821 

1,163 
675 
360 
996 
938 
446 
688 
623 

1,024 
661 
700 
990 

1,527 


464 
540 
727 


S 

_i_ 

343 
191 
73 
348 
506 
339 
307 
414 
156 
189 
201 
474 
256 
168 
388 
367 
169 
250 
212 
42.6 
224 
276 
391 
620 


185 
218 
291 


7,968 


372 
203 
74 
384 
822 
340 
330 
414 
166 
195 
211 
493 
264 
164 
421 
386 
175 
266 
285 
428 
227 
274 
404 
639 


194 
226 
299 


1_ 
328 
173 
37 
323 
384 
285 
264 
266 
126 
156 
165 
272 
242 
140 
330 
331 
164 
196 
185 
296 
218 
246 
372 
415 


94 

203 
286 


^1 


6,483      259    16,381 


."2  ^ 


527 
417 
212 
729 
840 
630 
662 
754 
329 
364 
412 
991 
606 
266 
886 
695 
391 
602 
441 
755 
476 
628 
410 
699 
619 
361 
446 
657 
807 


Names  of  Towns. 


Alfred 

Allen 

Alma 

Almond 

Amity , 

Andover 

Angelica 

Bellast 

Birdsall 

Bolivar 

Burns 

Canead.^a 

Centerville  .... 

Clarke  viUd 

Cuba 

Friendsbip — 

Genesee , 

Granger 

Grove 

Hume 

Independence. 
New  Hudson. 

Rusliford 

Scio 

Ward' 

Wellsville" 

West  Almond. 

■Willing 

Wirt 

Total 


674 
436 
63 
696 
406 
3.65 
365 
484 
281 
167 
400 
312 
663 
163 
546: 
490: 
183 
391 
287 
765 
432 
509 
641 
345 


1,388 

1,152 

248 

1.947 

1,179 

1,208 

996 

1,006 

943 

48S 

883 

9 

1,273 

664 

1,290 

1,033 

601 

934 

723 

1.416 

1,384 

1.233 

1,191 


1,222 

488 

1,181 


1.131 
630 

997 
698 
777 
612 
716 
4.36 
28' 
478 
644 
1,449 
336 
041 
734 
293 
636 
449 
934 
706 
1,043 
1.667 
641 


661 
267 
709 


27,652'l8.569 


03 


11,183 
7,716 
166 
8,236 
3,697 
3.190 
4,219 
3,220 
1,681 
1.499 
3,077 
1.484 
4..39: 
2.518 
7,001 
3.647 
2.207 

s.no 

2.067 
6.414 
3.047 
3,417 
2.685 
2,213 


3,177 

828 

6,657 


102,153 


698 
387 
141 
919 
616 
483 
427 
617 
320 
216 
4231 
450] 
486 
226 
6251 
662: 
241| 
4.32 
4661 
730I 
457 
610 
566 
384 


414 
251 
604 


AORICDLTURAL  PROPUCTS. 


Bush,  op  Grain. 


790 

1,147 

184 

9.293 

3,547 

67 

2,833 

3,6874 

851 

114 

8.822 

7,737 

741 

1,275 

750 

3,323 

387 

3.427 

1.213 

13,3.52 

201 

481 

604 

072 


1,962 

3684 
2,470 


47,934} 
42,226 
4.9794 
65,003 
47.486 
48,448} 
27,281 
25,65fii 
34.5264 
27.9474 
29.1234 
32.998} 
43,735 
24.0.37 
63.546J 
43.417 
16.685 
44.8.S9 
31.23:i4 
48.6611} 
28,403} 
38.5224 
31.2614 
28,761 


47,7684 
9.099} 
04,682 


3,652 
3,024 

1904 
3,0884 
2,439 
1,6234 
2,025 
1,9434 
1,919 
1,032 
1,295 
1,4584 
3,797; 
1,123 
2,S61J 
1,937 
1,0064 
1,823 
1,256 
2,580} 

925i 
2,5734 
.3,426} 
1,439} 


2,4214 

496} 

2.290 


990.213    63,fi38} 


8,134 
3,4.50 
10,226 


202,231 


23.694 

6,691 

176 

22.144 

11.609 
3,751 
3,780 
6,837 
2.527 
1,452 
4.643 
7,260 

14.6S3 
1,4.80 

11.S33 
9.009 
1..342 
4,761 
2.253 

15.721 
7,315 
7,150 

16,866 
4,684 


4,480 

816 

15.316 


Daibv  Proddctb 


0.     q 


81.224 

63,540 

7.960 

106,930 
57.895 
81,430 
43.510 
58.565 
48.168 
35.484 
44,420 
60,901 

103,337 
29.466 

105.360 
77.200 
33,715 
60,001 
49.325 
86.334 
63.805 
81.530 
96,435 
38,400 


65.360 
29.301 
72.799 


211,271  1,662,085 


176.260 

10,170 

340 

4.699 
15,750 
13,870 

1,835 
14.964 

1.270 

1.237 
20,125 

221,075 
880 
42.840 
10.S2i 
3,0.50 
4.410 
2.62; 
12,266 
62.070 
93.308 
317,955 
2,660 


11,368 

410 

6,885 


<5.5 


2,633 

710 

100 

1,033 

1,6984 

1,654 

1,146 

l.OSl 

214 

1,139} 

618} 

468 

1.6,53 

1,036 

2.062 

2,342 

647 

.699 

7624 

665 

1.0514 

1,245 

694 

643 


1,180 

967 

2^854 

307084 


'  Formed  since  1866. 


BROOME  COUNTY. 


Tnis  county  was  formed  from  Tioga,  March  28,  1806.'  Owego  and 
Berkshire  were  annexed  to  Tioga  co.  March  21, 1822.  It  is  situated 
near  the  center  of  the  s.  border  of  the  State,  centrally  distant  110  mi. 
from  Albany,  and  contains  706  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  greatly  diver- 
sified, consisting  of  rolling  and  hilly  uplands,  broad  river  intervales, 
and  the  narrow  valleys  of  small  streams.  The  hills  extend  from  the 
i  Penn.  line  northerly  through  the  co.  They  are  divided  into  3 
general  ranges  by  the  valleys  of  the  Susquehanna  and  Chenango 
Rivers.  The  first  range  lying  e.  of  the  Susquehanna  forms  the  E. 
border  of  the  co.  Its  highest  summits  are  400  to  700  feet  above  the 
Delaware  and  1,400  to  1,700  feet  above  tide.  The  declivities  of  the 
hills  are  usually  steep,  and  the  summits  spread  out  into  a  broad 
and  hilly  upland.  This  ridge  is  divided  by  the  deep  ravines  of  a  large  number  of  small  streams ; 
and  in  several  places  it  rises  into  peaks.  The  second  ridge  lies  in  the  great  bend  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, and  is  bounded  by  the  valleys  of  that  river  and  the  Chenango.  The  highest  summits  are 
300  to  500  feet  above  the  Susquehanna  and  1,200  to  1,400  feet  above  tide.  The  hills  are  generally 
bounded  by  gradual  slopes,  and  the  summits  are  broad,  rolling  uplands.  The  southern  portion  of 
this  ridge  is  high  above  the  valleys ;  but  toward  the  N.  the  hilly  character  subsides  into  that  of 
a  fine  rolling  region.  The  third  ridge  lies  w.  of  Chenango  and  Susquehanna  Rivers.  Its  summits 
are  a  little  less  in  elevation  than  those  of  the  second  ridge ;  and  the  general  characteristics  of  the 
two  regions  are  nearly  the  same.  The  wide  valley  of  the  Susquehanna  divides  it  into  two  distinct 
parts,  the  southern  of  which  is  more  hilly  than  the  northern.  The  hills  in  the  central  and  western 
parts  of  the  co.  are  rounded  and  arable  to  their  summits.  The  narrow  valleys  that  break  the 
continuity  of  the  ridges  are  usually  bordered  by  gradually  sloping  hillsides. 

The  rocks  of  this  co.  all  belong  to  the  Chemung  and  CatskiU  groups.  The  former — consisting  of 
slaty  sandstone  and  shales — occupy  all  the  N.  and  w.  portions  of  the  co. ;  and  the  latter — consisting 
of  gray  and  red  sandstone,  red  shale,  and  slate — crown  all  the  summits  in  the  s.  and  w.  portions. 
Drift — consisting  of  sand,  gravel,  clay,  and  hardpan — covers  a  large  share  of  the  more  level  parts 
of  the  CO.,  the  rocks  only  cropping  out  upon  the  declivities  and  summits  of  the  hills.  The  valleys 
throughout  the  co.  appear  to  have  been  excavated  by  the  action  of  water,  showing  that  a  force 
immensely  greater  than  any  now  in  existence  must  once  have  swept  over  this  portion  of  country. 
Weak  brine  springs  were  early  found,  extending  for  several  mi.  along  the  valley  of  Halfway 
Brook,  in  the  N.  part  of  this  oo.^  Several  excavations  have  been  made  for  coal,  but  without  suc- 
cess, as  all  the  coal  measures  are  above  the  highest  strata  of  rocks  found  in  the  co. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Susquehanna,'  Delaware,  Chenango,  Tioughnioga,*  and  Otselic. 
The  Susquehanna  enters  the  co.  from  the  n.,  and  flows  in  almost  a  due  s.  direction  through  Coles- 
ville  and  Windsor  to  the  Great  Bend  in  the  State  of  Penn.,  whence,  turning  N.,  it  again  enters  the  co. 
in  Conklin,  flows  through  that  town  in  a  N.  w.  direction,  and  thence  westerly  to  the  w.  border  of  the 
CO.  In  the  upper  course  of  this  river  the  valley  is  narrow  and  bordered  by  high  and  steep  declivi- 
ties ;  but  further  w.  it  expands  into  broad  intervales  bordered  by  gradually  sloping  hillsides.  The 
whole  valley  is  celebrated  for  its  beauty.  The  majestic  river,  with  its  strong  current  of  clear, 
sparkling  water,  the  deep,  rich  intervales,  and  the  beautiful  slopes  crowned  with  forests,  all  to- 
gether form  a  landscape  rarely  equaled  for  beauty  and  quiet  repose.  The  Delaware  forms  a  small 
portion  of  the  e.  boundary.     It  flows  through  a  deep,  rocky  valley  bordered*  by  steep  and  often 


1  Named  from  John  Broome,  of  N.  Y.,  then  Lieut.  Gov.  of  the 
Stat*.  For  the  compliment  Lt.  Gov,  Broome  presented  the  co. 
with  a  handsomely  executed  silver  seal,  appropriately  designed 
by  himself,  emblematical  of  the  name. 

2  A  few  years  since,  a  boring  was  commenced  in  Barker,  on  the 
site  of  an  old  deer  lick,  and  was  continued  to  a  depth  of  more 
than  400  feet,  without  any  practical  result.  The  theory  of  the 
oneratorB  was,  that  the  Bait  came  from  the  same  source  as  the 

1!S 


Onondaga  brine,  and  that,  to  obtain  w.iter  of  the  same  degree 
of  saltness,  all  that  was  necessary  would  be  to  bore  to  the  geo. 
graphical  level  of  those  wells.  Sulphur  springs  have  been 
observed  in  Nanticoke,  14  mi.  from  Binghamton.  and  at  Bellon.1, 

8  Called  by  the  Indiana  Ga-wano-wa-na-ueb,  at  the  Great 
Island. 

*  Indian  name,  0-nan'no-gi-is'ka,  Sbagbai  k  hickory. 


BROOME    COUNTY. 


179 


precipitous  hills.  Chenango  River  enters  the  co.  from  the  n.  and  flows  in  a  general  southerly  direc- 
tion until  it  enters  the  Susquehanna  at  Binghamton.  A  broad  intervale  extends  along  the  lower 
part  of  this  river,  but  farther  n,  the  high  ridges  shut  close  in  on  either  side,  confining  the  valley  to 
very  narrow  limits.  The  Tioughnioga  enters  the  co.  from  Cortland  and  flows  s.  e.  until  it  unites 
with  the  Chenango  at  Chenango  Forks.  The  valley  of  this  river  is  very  narrow,  and  is  bordered 
by  high  and  steep  hillsides.  Otselic  River,  also  from  the  N.,  flows  through  a  similar  narrow 
valley  and  unites  with  the  Tioughnioga  at  Whitneys  Point.  The  other  principal  streams  are 
Oquaga  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Delaware,  Okkanum,  Little  Snake,  Little  and  Big  Choconut,  and 
Nanticoke  Creeks,  tributaries  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  Castle  Creek,  tributary  of  the  Chenango. 

The  soil  along  the  river  intervales  is  generally  very  fertile,  consisting  of  deep,  sandy  and  gravelly 
loam  mixed  with  disintegrated  slate  and  vegetable  mold.  The  narrow  valleys  of  tlie  smaller 
streams  are  also  fertile.  The  soil  upon  the  n.  and  w.  hills  consists  principally  of  gravelly  loam 
intermixed  with  clay  and  disintegrated  shale,  and  is  well  adapted  to  grazing.  The  declivities  of 
the  s.  and  e.  hills  are  similar  to  the  last  in  character,  but  their  summits  are  generally  covered  with 
clay  and  hardpan.  The  large  proportion  of  upland  and  the  unevenness  of  the  surface  render  this 
00.  best  adapted  to  pasturage.  While  all  branches  of  agriculture  are  pursued,  fruit  raising,  and  stock 
and  wool  growing,  in  connection  with  the  products  of  the  dairy,  form  the  leading  interests.  A 
limited  amount  of  manufacturing  is  carried  on  at  Binghamton  and  several  other  places. 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  Binghamton,  at  the  junction  of  the  Chenango  and  Susquehanna  Rivers.* 
The  courthouse,  situated  at  the  head  of  Chenango  St.,  fronting  Court  St.,  is  a  fine  stone  and  brick 
edifice,  with  a  Grecian  portico  in  the  Ionic  style.  It  contains  the  usual  co,  offices,  and  in  many 
respects  is  a  model  building."  The  jail  is  on  Hawley  St.,  at  a  little  distance  from  the  court- 
house,' A  fireproof  co.  clerk's  oflice  is  situated  adjacent  to  the  courthouse.  The  co.  poorhouse  is 
located  upon  a  farm  of  130  acres  3  mi.  n.  of  Binghamton.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is 
45,  kept  at  a  weekly  cost  of  %1  08  each,  exclusive  of  the  products  of  the  farm,  which  are  estimated 
at  $800  per  annum.  The  children  are  sent  to  the  district  school,  and  when  of  proper  age  are  bound 
out.  No  religious  instruction  is  afibrded.  The  sexes  are  kept  in  separate  buildings,  and  the  general 
arrangement  of  the  institution  is  such  as  to  secure  the  health  and  comfort  of  the  inmates. 

The  principal  works  of  internal  improvement  are  the  Chenango  Canal,  connecting  the  Susque- 
hanna River  at  Binghamton  with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Utica;  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.,  and  the 
Syracuse,  Binghamton  &  N.  Y.  R.  R.*  These  various  routes  furnish  all  necessary  facilities  for 
traveling  and  commercial  purposes,  and  bring  the  agricultural  lands  of  the  co.  into  close  proximity  to 
the  great  Eastern  markets.^   Several  plank  roads  have  been  built ;  but  they  are  now  mostly  abandoned. 

There  are  6  newspapers  published  in  the  co.® 


1  Binghamton  (then  "Chenango  Point")  was  a  half-shire  of 
Tioga  CO.  previous  to  the  erection  of  Broome  co.  The  co.  was 
divided  into  2  jury  diatricts  in  1801,  and  a  courthouse  was  built 
in  1802.  Previously  the  courts  had  been  held  a  part  of  the  time 
at  the  house  of  J.  Whitney,  in  Binghamton.  A  courthouse 
was  built  in  1826.  which  was  superseded  by  a  new  and  elegant 
brick  edifice  in  1857.  The  first  co.  officers  were  John  Patterson, 
fHrst  Judge;  James  Stoddard,  Amos  Patterson,  Daniel  Hudson, 
Geo.  Harper,  and  Masou  Wattles,  Associate  Judges;  Ashbel 
Wells,  O:  Clerk;  and  Wm.  Woodruff.  Sheri^.  The  first  court 
was  held  on  the  2d  Tuesday  of  May,  1806. 

2  This  building  was  erected  in  1S57,  at  a  cost  of  S32,000.  It 
is  96  feet  long  by  58  wide.  The  front  is  ornamented  by  a  portico 
fiuppnrted  by  4  Ionic  pillars  6  feet  in  diameter  and  36  feet  high. 
The  basement  is  built  of  stone  and  the  upper  stories  of  brick. 
The  rooms  are  all  large,  convenient,  and  well  ventilated. 

*  The  portion  of  the  jail  containing  the  cells  was  built  in  1858, 
ftt  a  cost  of  $15,000.  In  its  construction  due  provisions  were 
made  fur  the  safety,  health,  and  classification  of  prisonei-s. 

*  The  Albany  &  Susquehanna  R.R..  now  in  pmcess  of  con- 
struction, extends  from  Binghamton  n.  e.  through  the  co.  to 
Albany.    This  road  will  probably  be  compl^'ted  in  a  few  years. 

6  The  Delaware,  Lackawanna  &  Western  R.  It.  connect.*!  with 
the  N.  Y.  and  Erie  R.  R.  at  Great  Bend  St.ition.  just  s.  of  the 
line  of  this  co.,  thus  forming  a  direct  counnunication  with  the 
coal  mines  of  e.  Pcnn.  Large  quantities  of  this  coal  are  sent 
over  the  Erie  and  the  S.  B.  &  N.  Y.  R.R.,  supplying  the  sjitt 
works  at  Syracuse  and  the  markets  in  the  w.  part  of  the  State; 
and  a  considerable  amount  is  shipped  on  the  canal  at  Bingham- 
ton. m 

*  TIte  Jm^can  GmstiUation  was  pub.  at  Union  Village  (then 

in  Tioga  en.)  in  lisOO. 
The  Broomt  Oi.  Patriot  was  commenced  at  Binghamton  in  1812, 

by  Chauncey  Morgan.    In  1815  it  was  changed  to 
The  P?tCEniXy  and  was  published  by  Morgan  &  Robiuson.    In 

1S19  it  was  discontinued. 
T!ie  Jiepufiliain  Uf_rald  was  commenced  in  1818,  and  successively 

publishe/l  by  Morgsm  A  Ilowaid,  Abraham  BuiTell,  and 

Durepbus  Abbey,  until  1622. 


Tlie  Broome  Republican  was  established  at  Bing- 
hamton in  1SJ2,  liy  Maj.  Augustus  Morgan.  It  was 
published  by  Morgan  until  1824,  by  Morg.iu  k  Canoll 
until  1828.  by  Evans  &  Canoll  until  1835,  by  Canoll  k 
Cv>oke  until  1839,  when  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Davis  &  Cooke,  it  was  continued  by  T.  Cooke  until 
1848,  and  by  E.  R.  Colston  until  18^19.  It  subsequently 
became  the  property  of  \Vm.  Stuart,  and  is  now  pul> 
lisbed  daily  and  weekly. 

The.  Evening  Express,  d.,  was  issued  from  the  Republican  office 
in  1848. 

The  Daihj  Iris  wa.s  started  in  1840.  by  Wm.  Stuart  and  E.  T. 
Evans.     It  W!i3  sonn  after  changed  to 

TUe  Blngbamtou  Daily  Republican,  and  is  still 
published  by  Wra.  IJLusirt. 

The  Broome  Co.  Oiurier  was  started  in  1831,  by  J.  R.  Orton.  and 
was  continued  by  him  until  1^37.  It'tlien  successively 
passed  into  the  h;inds  of  Sheldon  &  Marble;  I.  C.  Shel- 
don; E.  P.  Marble;  E.  P.  &  J.  W.  Marble;  and  Marble 
&  Johnson.    In  1843  it  was  changed  to 

The  Binghamtmi  Courier  and  Broome  Oi.  Dtinocraty  and  was 
published  by  J.  &  C.  Orton.  In  1846  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  N.  S.  Davis.  In  1S49  it  pjussed  into  the  hands 
of  J.  K.  Dickinson  and  was  changed  to 

The  Binghamton  Democrat.  It  is  now  published 
by'Adams  &  Lawyer. 

The  Iris,  semi-mo.,  was  started  iu  July,  1839.  by  C.  P.  Cooke. 
In  July,  1841.  it  was  purchased  by  Edwin  T.  Evans,  and 
by  him  it  was  enlarged,  and  puldislud  weekly  until  liijS, 
when  it  was  merged  in  the  JJiiighamton  Kei)tiblican. 

The  Binghantfon  Standard  was  started  in  Nov.  1853, 
by  J.  Van  Valkenljurgh,andiastill  pulilished. 

T/ie  Binghamton  Mt:rcury,  semi-mo.,  was  issued  a  short  time  by 
Chester  Del  I  art. 

The  SmqiwJianna  Jnumal,  started  in  Oct.  1S53,  by  W.  II.  Pearne, 
was  merged  in  the  Broome  Kepublican  in  ISS.'t. 

Tfie  Broome  Oj.  American  was  started  iu  May,  1855,  by  Ransom 
Bostwick. 

The  Union  News  v&a  established  at  Uuion  iu  1851,  bj 


180 


BROOME    COUNTY. 


By  a  treaty  held  at  Fort  Herkimer,  June  28,  1785,  between  the  Governor  and  Commissionera 
of  Indian  Affairs  in  behalf  of  the  State,  and  the  Oneidas  and  Tuscaroras,  the  latter  for  ^11,500  ceded 
all  their  lands,  bounded  n.  by  an  e.  and  w.  line  from  the  Chenango  to  the  Uuadilla,  10  mi,  above  the 
mouth  of  the  latter,  e.  by  the  Line  of  Property,*  s.  ])j  Penn.,  and  w.  by  the  Chenango  and  Susquehanna. 
At  the  Hartford  Convention,  in  1786,a  tract  of  230,400  acres,  between  the  Chenango  and  Tioughnioga 
on  the  E.  and  Owego  River  on  the  w.,  was  ceded  to  Massachusetts.^  This  tract  was  afterward  known 
as  the  **  Boston  Ten  Towns,"  and  was  sold  by  Mass.  (Nov.  7,  1787)  to  60  persons  for  £1500.^  It  ia 
embraced  in  Broome,  Tioga,  and  Cortland  cos.  The  Indian  title  to  this  tract  was  extinguished  in 
1787,  and  the  remaining  Indian  titles  within  the  co.  were  extinguished  by  the  treaty  of  Fort  Stan- 
wix  in  1788.  The  s.  and  e.  parts  of  the  co.  were  granted  to  Hooper,  Wilson,  Bingham,  Cox,  and 
others,  several  of  whom  resided  in  Philadelphia.* 

The  first  settlements  in  the  co.  were  made  in  the  valleys  of  the  Susquehanna  and  Chenango,  in 
1785,  The  settlers  were  people  who  had  traversed  the  region  in  the  Revolution;  and  they  located 
while  the  country  was  still  threatened  with  Indian  hostilities,  and  before  Phelps  and  Gorham  had 
opened  the  fertile  lands  of  "Western  N.  Y.  to  immigration.  The  early  settlement  was  retarded  by  a 
remarkable  ice  freshet  in  1787-88,  which  destroyed  most  of  the  property  of  the  settlers  upon  the 
river  intervales.  Scarcely  less  calamitous  to  life  and  property  was  the  scarcity  that  followed  in 
1789.  Oquaga,  on  the  e.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  was  a  noted  rendezvous  of  tories  and  Indians 
during  the  Revolution.^  Most  of  the  invasions  into  the  Schoharie  and  Mohawk  settlements,  as  well 
as  those  upon  the  frontiers  of  Ulster  and  Orange  cos.,  were  by  way  of  the  Tioga  and  Susquehanna 
Rivers  from  Niagara;  and  this  war  path,  with  its  sufferings  and  cruelties,  has  been  often  described 
in  the  narratives  of  returned  captives. 


BI]V€rOAMTO]V — was  formed  from  Chenango,  Dec.  3,  1855.     It  lies  at  the  junction  of  the 

Susquehanna  and  Chenango  Rivers,  and  extends  s.  to  the  s.  line  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  hilly  in 
the  s.,  but  the  n.  part  embraces  the  wide  and  beautiful  intervales  extending  along  the  two  rivers  at 
and  near  their  junction.  The  hills  are  300  to  400  feet  above  the  river,  and  are  generally  arable  to 
their  summits.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  deep,  rich,  alluvial  and  gravelly  loam,  and  upon  the 
hills  it  is  a  fine  quality  of  slaty  loam.  Binghauiton^  (p.  v.)  was  incorp.  April  2,  1813.  By  a 
subsequent  charter,  passed  May  3,  1834,  its  limits  were  enlarged  and  its  territory  was  divided  into  5 
■wards.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  at  its  junction  with  the 
Chenango.  It  contains  the  State  Inebriate  Asylum,'  the  Blnghamton  Academy,  and  the  Susque- 
hanna Seminary,^  3  female  seminaries,^  a  commercial  college,^''  2  water  cures,"  9  churches,^^  5 
newspaper  ofi&ces,  and  several  manufactories.  The  village  is  an  important  station  upon  the  Erie 
R.  R..  and  is  connected  with  Syracuse  by  the  S.  B.  &  N.  Y.  R.  R,  It  is  also  the  s,  w.  terminus  of 
the  Chenango  Canal  and  of  the  Albany  &  Susquehanna  R.  R.     It  ia  the  center  of  a  large  trade, 


A.  F.  Quinlan.  It  was  subsequently  sold  to  Cephas 
Benedict  and  Ebenezer  M.  lietts,  and  is  still  published. 
Tlie  Broome  County  Gazette  was  communced  at 
Wliituc-ya  Point,  in  July,  ly58,  by  G.  A.  Dudge,  its 
present  publielier. 

1  This  liue  was  agreed  upon  at  Fort  Stanwix  in  17G8,  and  was 
surveyed  by  Simon  Metcalf  the  next  year.  It  forms  the  e. 
boundary  of  this  co. 

2  The  s.  bounds  of  this  tract  were  to  be  the  N.  line  of  the  tract 
granted  to  Daniel  Cox  and  Robert  Lettice  Hooper,  and  it  was  to 
extend  aa  far  n.  as  waa  necessary  to  iuclude  tbe  above  quantity 
of  laud.  Upon  survey  it  was  found  to  overlap  the  Military 
Tract  by  17,264  acres,  which  was  allowed,  and  an  equivalent 
was  granted  to  the  claimants  under  the  latter  in  Junius,  Seneca 
CO. — Balloting  Bonk,  pp.  20,  23, 

s  The  partition  of  apart  of  this  tract  by  lot  was  legalized 
March  3,  1789,  in  an  act  reciting  the  names  of  the  CO  associates. 
^Laws  of  N.  K,  f^>l.  Ed.,  \2tk  Sess.,  p.  76,  Nap  JS^u.  148,  State 
Engineer  and  Surveyor's  Office. 

*  A  tract  of  moo  acres  on  both  sides  of  the  Susquehanna  was 
sold  to  Jacob  and  John  Springstead,  Josiah,  David,  and  Daniel 
Stow,  David  Hotchkiss,  and  Joseph  Beebe.  Other  tracts  were 
gold  to  Wm.  Allison,  James  Clinton,  Isaac  Melcher.  Abij;Ui  Ham- 
mond, and  others.  The  islands  in  the  Susquehanna  were  bought 
by  Jaa.  (!linton,  at  4  sliilHngs  per  acre. 

6  This  place  is  sometimes  found  written  On-oh-ogh-wa-ge  and 
Ogh-qua-ga.  There  is  here  a  hill  or  mountain  on  both  sides  of 
the  river,  gently  sloping  from  a  beautiful  vale  of  3  or  4  mi.  in 
h-ngthand  a  mi.' to  a  mi.  and  ah:df  wide.  When  first  settled,  it 
bore  evidence  of  bavins  long  been  occupied  by  the  luJiatis.  Apple 
trees  of  great  age  were  found  growing,  and  traces  of  furtificjttions 
existed,  supposed  to  have  been  erected  by  Gen.  Clinton.  Mission- 
ary Lnbora  were  directed  to  this  locality  about  the  middle  of  the 
la!itc«ntury,  audin  1753  the  Kev.Uiduon  Hawley  was  sent  hither 


from  Mass. — Doc.  Hist.,  III.  1031 ;  WilJdnsnn's  Bi7ig7iamfon. p.142. 

6  Binghamton  was  originally  called  "  Clie.nango  J'oiiit."  Its 
present  name  was  given  in  honor  of  William  Hinghiim.  the 
origiual  puicliaser  of  a  large  tract  of  land  Ij'ing  on  both  sides  of 
the  Susquehanna,  and  including  the  site  of  the  village.  He  made 
liberal  donations  of  land  to  the  village. 

^  The  Kew  York  State  Inehriiite  Asylum  was  incnrp.  in  1854 
for  the  tern)  of  50  years.  It  is  designed  for  the  medic;d  treat- 
ment and  restraint  of  inebriates.  It  owes  its  ori;;in  mainly  to 
the  persevering  efforts  of  Dr.  J.  Edward  Turner.  Kvery  i>frfjon 
donating  $10  is  deemed  a  subscriber  and  stockholder.  The  build- 
ing is  located  e.  of  the  village,  on  a  beautiful  siie.  240  feet  above 
the  water.  It  is  3Co  feet  long  by  S2  feet  broad,  built  of  stona 
and  brick  in  the  Tudor  Ciistellated  style  of  architecture.  Tho 
citizens  donated  a  farm  of  250  acres,  upon  which  the  buildings 
are  erected. 

8  This  institution  is  under  the  charge  of  the  M.  E.  denomina- 
tion, and  is  designed  for  a  large  boarding  school.  The  building 
ia  a  4  story  brick  edifice,  plesifiiintly  located  n.  w.  of  the  village 
upon  an  eminence  overlooking  the  valley. 

0  Biver  Side  Seminary,  estallished  in  1848  by  5Iiss  R.  S.  In- 
galls;  Miss  Barton's  Seminary,  established  in  1857;  and  Harmony 
Retreat  Seminary,  established  in  1857  by  Misses  March. 

10  Lowell  &  Warner's  Commercial  College. 

11  Binghamton  Water  Cure,  established  in  ISS^by  O.  V. 
Thayer;  and  the  Mt.  I'ro.spcct  Water  Cure,  undeWbe  super- 
vision of  J.  U.  North. 

12  2  M.  E.,  and  1,  each,  Bap.,  Prcsb.,  Cong.,  Prot.  E.,  Univ.,  R. 
C,  and  Af.  Metli. 

13  There  was  transhipped  from  the  Del.,  Lackawanna  &  Western 
R.R.cars  to  the  Chenango  canal  bo;its,  iu  1S57,  5I.70Ugruss  tons 
of  cold,  and  from  these  boats  to  the  cars  26,&95  tons  uf  Clinton 
(Oneida  eo.)  iron  ore. 


BROOME   COUNTY. 


181 


and  is  an  important  point  for  the  transhipment  of  coal."  Pop.  8,818.  Ilawleytoil  (p.  o.)  is 
a  hamlet  in  the  s.  part,  near  the  Penn.  line.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1787,  by  emigrants 
mostly  from  New  England.'  The  first  religious  services  wore  conducted  by  Rev.  Mr.  Ilowe, 
(Bap.,)  in  1788.     lion.  Daniel  S.  Dickinson  is  a  resident  of  this  town. 

B  ARK1i)R' — was  formed  from  Lisle,  April  18, 1831.  A  part  of  Greene  was  annexed  April  28, 
1840.  It  lies  upon  Tioughnioga  River,  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  consists  of  a 
high,  broken  plateau  divided  into  two  distinct  parts  by  the  valley  of  the  river.  The  declivities  of 
the  hills  are  in  some  places  very  steep ;  but  their  summits  spread  out  into  a  broken  region 
generally  covered  with  timber  and  adapted  to  pasturage.  The  highest  point,  in  the  N.  w.  part 
of  the  town,  is  about  1400  feet  above  tide.  The  river  valley  is  very  narrow,  but  the  limited  amount 
of  intervale  is  excellent  land.  Hallway  Brook  flows  through  a  narrow  valley  in  the  E.  part 
of  the  town.  In  this  valley  brine  springs  have  been  found ;  and  here  also  the  unsuccessful  boring 
for  salt  was  made.'  The  soil  in  the  valley  is  a  rich  alluvium  and  gravelly  loam,  and  that  upon  the 
hills  is  a  clayey  loam  mixed  with  disintegrated  slate  and  shale.  Cbenango  Forks  (p.  v.)  is 
situated  mostly  in  this  town,  at  the  fork  of  Chenango  and  Tioughnioga  Rivers.  It  is  a  station 
on  the  S.  B.  &  N.  Y.  R.  R.  Pop.  506,— in  Barker  287,  in  Chenango  127,  and  in  Greene  (Chenango 
co)  92.  Barker  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  central  part  of  the  t<iwn.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in 
1791,  by  John  Barker,  from  Branford,  Conn.*     There  are  3  churches  in  town.^ 

CHEjVASJGO— was  formed  Feb.  16,  1791.  Windsor  was  taken  off  in  1807,  Conklin  in 
1824,  and  Binghamton  and  Port  Crane  in  1855.  A  part  of  Union  was  annexed  Feb.  26,  1808,  and 
a  part  of  Maine,  Nov.  27,  1856.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Chenango  River,  a  little  w.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  the  river  intervale  and  several  high  ridges  extending  in  a 
N.  and  s.  direction  and  separated  by  the  narrow  valleys  of  small  streams.  The  declivities  of  the 
hills  are  steep,  and  their  summits  are  300  to  600  feet  above  the  valleys.  Castle  and  Kuttel 
Creeks,  tributaries  of  Chenango  River,  are  the  principal  streams.  The  former  was  named  from 
the  location  of  an  Indian  castle  near  its  mouth,  and  the  latter  from  a  family  of  early  settlers.  The 
eoil  upon  the  N.  hills  is  a  gravelly  loam  mixed  with  disintegrated  slate  and  underlaid  by  hard- 
pan,  but  farther  s.  it  becomes  a  deeper  and  richer  gravelly  loam.  It  is  productive,  but,  from  its 
moist  character,  it  is  largely  devoted  to  grazing.  Stock  growing  and  dairying  form  the  leading 
branchssof  agricultural  interest.  Castle  Creek  (p.  v.)  is  on  the  creek  of  the  same  name,  in 
rhe  w.  part  of  the  town.  Pop.  185.  Glen  Castle,  (p.  o.,)  on  a  branch  of  the  same  stream,  is 
in  the  central  part.  Cbenan^O,  (p.  o.,)  on  Chenango  River,  is  a  station  on  the  S.  B.  <fc  N.  Y. 
R.  R.  Kattclville  is  a  hamlet  on  Kattel  Creek.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1787,  by 
Thos.  Gallup.'    There  are  4  churches  in  town.' 

C01(ESVI1.I.E' — was  formed  from  Windsor,  April  2,  1821.  It  lies  upon  the  Susquehanna, 
E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  principally  of  a  high  and  broken  upland  divided 
into  2  parts  by  the  deep  valley  of  the  river.  The  summits  of  these  ujilands  are  400  to  700  feet 
above  the  valley,  and  considerable  portions  are  still  covered  with  forests.  The  soil  upon  the 
river  bottoms  is  a  deep,  fertile,  gravelly  loam,  and  upon  the  summits  of  the  hills  it  consists  of  clay 
and  slate.  It  is  generally  much  better  adapted  to  pasturage  than  tillage.  Ilarpersville,  (p.  v.,) 
on  Susquehanna  River,  contains  3  churches  and  has  a  pop.  of  230.  Center  Village,'  (p.  v..) 
on  the  Susquehanna,  has  a  pop.  of  147.  IVewOhio,  (p.o.,)  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  Osborne 
Dollotv,  (p.o.,)  in  the  w.  part.  West  Colesvlllc,  (p.o.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  Colcsville, 
(p.  0.,)  s.  of  the  center,  Ouaquagra,  (p.o..)  and  IVincvell,  (p.o.,)  on  the  Susquehanna, 
are  hamleta.   Tallonia  Springs   and  Unitaria  are  p.  offices.      The   first  settlement'" 


1  Among  HieeiirI.v8ettlPrswercC.ipt.  Joseph  Leonnnl.  Col.  Wm. 

Koae,  tlie  two  brotliers  Wliitney. Lyon,  .lesse  Tlmyer.  Peter 

and  Tho3.  In;;em)ll,  Sainl.  ITjinlnvi,  Caft-  .Tohn  Siiwtell, 

Bntler,  and  Solomon  Moore.  The  first  liirlh  was  that  of  Amasa 
Loon:iril,  .Sept.  2^1,  ITSS;  the  first  niarria;;e.  that  of  Kzekiel 
Crocker  anti  Polly  Henton;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs. 
Blunt.  il|.17S7.  Lewis  Keeler  opened  the  first  inn,  and  Delano  & 
Monroe  tne  first  store.  K/.ekiel  Crocker  erected  the  first  grist- 
milL  in  1791.  TIk*  first  school  was  taught  by  Col.  Wm.  Itoso,  in 
17*J-1.  For  details  of  early  history  Bee  WitlLinstm's  Annais  of 
liittjjhnmlfm. 

s  .\iuiieil  fr;*m  .lohn  Karker,  the  first  settler. 

»  F«e  p.  178. 

*  Simeon  Ko^ers.  John  Allen.  Asa  Beach,  and  Stil.  Rose,  from 
Conn ,  ttcttlud   iu    town   ia   1792.     Thu   first  luurriago  waij 


that  of  Simeon  Ro^rs  and  .1  datlf^hter  of  John  Barker,  in  1792; 
the  first  hirth.  that  of  Channcey.  a  son  of  .^^imeon  Itogcrs.  it. 
1793;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Thos.  (lallop,  the  a-ime  year. 
Simoon  Kopers  opened  the  first  inn,  in  179r>,  kept  the  first  store, 
and  hnilt  the  first  mill.  The  first  school  waa  taught  by  Ihos. 
Cartwrisht,  in  1795. 

'2M.  K.  nndCiMiK. 

*  Stephen  P.almer  and  .Tared  Page  wpi^  nmonp:  the  carliefil 
selllers.    The  first  birth  w.ts  that  of  Sally  Smith,  in  1791. 

'  .■!  M.  E.  and  1  Itap. 

8  Nameil  from  Natlianiel  Cole,  one  of  the  first  setUers. 

'  At  this  place  ia  li  tannery,  which  turns  out  60,000  sides  ot 
leather  per  annum. 

1"  I*mue1  and  Nath'I  KadgerandCasperSprincsetHedni  th« 
town  iu  1780;   Nathaniel  and  Vena  Cole,  Uaniel  I'icket.  Jul. 


182 


BROOME    COUNTY. 


■was  made  in  1785,  by  John  Lampliere,  from  "Watertown,  Conn.    The  first  religious  services  were 
conducted  by  Rev.  Joseph  Badger,  in  1793.     There  are  10  churches  in  to^vn.' 

COIVKLiIK'— was  formed  from  Chenango,  March  29,  1824.  A  part  of  Windsor  was  taken  off 
in  1831,  and  a  part  was  annexed  from  Windsor  in  1851.  It  lies  upon  the  Susquehanna,  s. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  the  tine  broad  intervale  of  the  river  and  high,  broken 
uplands  which  rise  upon  each  side.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  400  to  GOO  feet  above  the  valley. 
The  declivities  upon  the  w.  side  of  the  river  are  very  steep,  but  upon  the  e.  they  are  generally  more 
gradual.  Little  Snake  Creek  flows  in  an  easterly  direction  through  the  s.  w.  part.  Its  valley 
is  narrow  and  is  bordered  by  steep  hills.  The  soil  upon  the  summits  of  the  hills  is  a  hard 
clayey  and  gravelly  loam  largely  intermixed  with  fragments  of  slate.  In  the  valley  the  soil  is  a 
deep,  rich  alluvium  and  gravelly  loam.  Kirktvood  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  the  e.  bank  of  the 
Susquehanna,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Erie  R.  R.,  and  contains  25  houses. 
Conklin  Center  and  Corbettsvllle  are  p.  offices,  and  Millburu  and  C'onkliu  are 
hamlets.  At  Millburn  are  extensive  pyroligneous  acid  works.  The  settlement  of  the  town  was 
commenced  in  1788,  at  the  mouth  of  Snake  Creek,  by  Jonathan  Bennett,  Ralph  Lathrop,  and 
Waples  Hanoe.'  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Revs.  David  Dunham  and  John 
Leaoh,  Methodist  missionaries.    There  are  4  churches  in  town  ;  M.  E.,  Presb.,  Bap.,  and  Christian. 

lilSLiE* — was  formed  from  Union,  April  7,  1801.  Nanticoke,  Barker,  and  Triangle  were  taken 
off  in  1831.  The  line  of  Berkshire  was  altered  in  1812,  and  a  part  was  annexed  to  Union  in  1827. 
It  is  the  N.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  mostly  a  hilly  and  broken  upland,  divided  by 
the  valley  of  Tioughnioga  River  into  2  unequal  parts.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  400  to  700  feet 
above  the  river,  and  their  declivities  are  generally  steep.  Dudley  or  Yorkshire  Creek  flows  easterly 
through  near  the  center  of  the  town,  its  narrow  valley  breaking  the  continuity  of  the  w.  ridge. 
The  soil  along  the  valley  is  a  rich,  gravelly  loam,  but  upon  the  hills  it  consists  of  clay  and  a  slaty 
gravel  underlaid  by  hardpan.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  usually  too  steep  for  easy  culti- 
vation, and  the  soil  upon  the  summits  is  a  moist  clay  loam,  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  grain 
growing.  I.isle  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  Tioughnioga.  It  is  a  station  on  the  S.  B. 
&  N.  Y.  R.  R.,  and  contains  about  30  houses.  The  old  Catskill  &  Ithaca  Turnpike,  built  in 
1796,  crossed  the  river  at  this  point.  Yorkshire,  (Center  Lisle  p.o.,)  near  the  center  of  the 
town,  contains  about  30  houses.  Killawog',  (p.o.,)  in  the  n.  part,  on  the  Tioughnioga,  is  a 
station  on  the  S.  B.  &  N.  Y.  R.  R.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1791,  by  emigrants  from 
N.  E.*  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  in  1795,  by  Rev.  Seth  Williston.  There  are  5 
churches  in  town.' 

MAIjVE — was  formed  from  Union,  March  27,  1848.  A  part  of  Chenango  was  taken  off  in 
1856.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  ranges  of  hills 
divided  by  numerous  narrow  valleys,  the  principal  of  which  extends  in  a  N.  and  s.  direction. 
These  hills  are  400  to  600  feet  above  the  valley  of  Chenango  River.  The  principal  streams  are 
Nanticoke,  Bradley,  and  Crocker  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  largely  intermixed  with  the 
underlying  slate.  Maine,  (p.  v.,)  situated  on  Nanticoke  Creek,  w.  of  the  center,  contains  3 
churches.  Pop.  220.  East  Maine  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  May,  1797,  by 
Daniel  Howard,  Alfred  and  Russell  Gates,  and  Winthrop  Roe.'  There  arc  4  churches  in  town  ;  2 
M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Cong. 

BfAKTICOKE'— was  formed  from  Lisle,  April  18,  1831.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of 
the  CO.,  N.  of  the  center.     Its  surface  consists  of  an  upland  broken  by  a  few  narrow  ravines. 


RTertrhant,  Bateman  S.  Dickinson. Wihnot,  Daniel  Crofoot. 

and  Titus  Hnmiston,  in  1795 ;  John  Ruggles  and  Is.iac  Tyrell.  in 
1796 1  and  Eli  Osborne  and  Peter  Warn,  in  18(J0.  Tlie  first  birth 
was  that  of  Louisa  Badger,  May  28, 178S ;  the  first  death,  that  of 
John  Lamphere,  the  same  year;  and  the  first  marriage,  that  of 
I!enj.  Bird  and  flira.  John  Lamphere,  in  1794.  Benj.  Bird  kept 
the  first  inn,  in  1794,  and  Bateman  S.  Dickinson  the  first  store, 
in  1R05.    The  first  school  was  tauglit  bv  Job  Bunnel. 

■  4  M.  E.,  2  Bap,,  2  Union,  Prot.  E..  P'resb. 

2  Named  from  Judge  John  Conklin,  one  of  the  early  set- 
tlers.   Kirkwood  \v.h8  taken  off  in  1859. 

*  Among  the  early  settlera  were  Gerret  Snedaker,  David 
Bound,  Daniel  Chapman,  Peter  TVentz,  Asa  Rood,  Nathaniel 
Tagot,  Asa  Squires,  John  Bell,  Silas  Bowker,  Joei  Lamoreaux, 
Abraham  Snedeu,  David  and  Joseph  Compton,  Abraham  Miller, 
Ebenezer  Park,  Noel  Carr,  and  Thos.  Cooper.  The  first  birth 
was  that  of  William  Wentz,  Feb.  18,  1795 ;  the  first  marriage, 
<hat  of  Noel  Carr  and  Sally  Toualer.  in  1803;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Silas  Bowker.    The  first  gristmill  was  built  at  "  Fitchs 


Creek,"  in  1790.    The  first  school  was  taucht  by  George  Lane,  in 
ISOl.  -        .-  1- 

*  Named  from  Lisle,  in  France. 

*  The  first  settlers  were  Josiah  Patterson,  Ebenezer  Tracy, 
Edward  Edwards,  David  Manning,  Eliphalet  Parsons,  and 
Whittlesey  Gleason.  The  first  birtli  was  that  of  Uenrv  Patter- 
son, in  1793;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Solomon  Given  nnd 
Sylvia  Cook;  and  tlie  first  death,  that  of  Wright  Dudley.  The 
first  gristmill  was  built  in  1800,  by  Jacob  Hill.  The  firat  store 
was  kept  by  Moses  Adams,  and  the  first  tavern  by  0.  Whcaton 
in  1799.  ' 

*  2  Bap.,  Cong.,  Presb.,  and  M.  E. 

7  Benjamin  Norton  settled  in  the  town  in  179S.  The  first  birth 
was  that  of  Cynthia,  daughter  of  Wiutlirop  Roe,  in  July,  1797, 
The  first  school  was  taught  by  Betsey  Ward,  in  1S02,  Daniel 
Iloward  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1810;  JaredKetchum  kejit  the 
first  store,  in  1825,  and  Oliver  Whitcomb  the  first  tavern,  in  1S29. 

8  This  name  is  derived  from  the  Indi.an  name  of  Nanticoke 
Creek, 


BROOME     COUNTY. 


183 


The  summits  of  the  highest  hills  are  100  to  300  feet  above  the  river  and  1,200  to  1,400  feet  above  tide. 
fcThe  town  is  drained  principally  by  the  two  branches  of  Nanticoke  Creek,  which  flow  s.  through 
the  central  portion  of  the  town.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  slaty  loam  underlaid  by  hardpan. 
The  settlements  are  principally  confined  to  the  valleys.  Lianibs  Corners,  in  the  central  part 
of  the  town,  contains  about  12  houses.  IVantlcoke  Springs,  in  the  s.  part,  and  Glen 
Aubrey,  are  p.  offices.  The  iirst  settlement  was  made  on  Nanticoke  Creek,  in  1793,  by  Philip 
Counselman  and  John  Beachtle,  from  Luzerne  co.,  Penn.,  and  Henry  Stoddard,  from  Conn.'  There 
are  2  churches  in  town ;  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

PORT  CRAWE'' — was  formed  from  Chenango,  Dec.  3,  1855.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  bank  of 
Chenango  River,  extending  from  the  central  portions  of  the  co.  N.  to  the  borders  of  Chenango.  Its 
surface  consists  principally  of  a  high  and  rolling  upland  region.  The  valley  of  the  Chenango  is 
very  narrow,  and  the  hills  rise  steeply  to  an  elevation  of  500  to  700  feet  above  the  river.  Page 
Brook  flows  in  a  southerly  direction  through  the  center  of  the  town,  dividing  the  uplands  into  2 
distinct  ridges.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  clay  and  slaty  loam  underlaid  by  hardpan,  and  in  the 
vallevs  it  consists  of  a  fine,  rich  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium.  Port  Crane,  (p.  v.,)  on 
the  Chenango  Canal,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  has  a  pop.  of  193.  Doraville,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  N. 
part,  is  a  hamlet.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  1788,  by  Elisha  Pease.'  The  first  religious  ser- 
vices were  conducted  by  Rev.  John  Camp,  in  1798.     There  is  a  M.  E.  church  in  town. 

SAWFORD — was  formed  from  AVindsor,  April  2,  1821.  It  is  the  s.  e.  town  of  the  co.,  bor- 
dering upon  Delaware  River.  Its  surface  is  principally  occupied  by  the  high,  mountainous  range 
that  extends  between  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  Rivers.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  600  to  900 
feet  above  the  valley,  and  the  declivities  are  usually  very  steep.*  The  deep,  narrow  valley  of 
Oquaga  Creek,  flowing  s.  through  the  center  of  the  town,  separates  the  highlands  into  2  parts. 
This  valley  and  that  of  Delaware  River  are  both  bounded  by  nearly  precipitous  mountain  declivi- 
ties. In  its  course  the  creek  has  numerous  falls,  furnishing  an  abundance  of  water  power.  The 
soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  fertile,  gravelly  loam,  but  upon  the  hills  it  is  a  cold,  clayey  loam  underlaid 
by  hardpan.  Considerable  portions  of  the  central  and  s.  parts  of  the  town  are  still  unsettled. 
Lumber  and  leather  are  largely  manufactured.  Deposit  (p.  v.)  is  situated  partly  in  this  town 
and  partly  in  Tompkins,  (Delaware  co.)  The  depot,  several  hotels,  and  about  half  of  the  dwellings 
are  in  this  town.  Pop.  1249, — 656  in  Sanford,  593  in  Tompkins.*  Sanford,  in  the  central 
part  of  the  town,    TS.   Sanford,  in  the  n.  part,  and  Oulf  Summit,  in  the  s.,  are  p.  offices. 

Settlement  commenced  in  1787,  by  Wm.  McClure,  from  N.  II., Whitaker,  and  C'apt.  Nathan 

Dean.'    There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

TRIA1VGL.E' — was  formed  from  Lisle,  April  18,  1831.  It  is  situated  in  the  extreme  n.  part 
of  the  CO.,  bordering  upon  both  Cortland  and  Chenango.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  hilly  and  rolling 
upland  divided  into  ridges  by  the  valleys  of  Otselic  River  and  Halfway  Brook.  The  summits  of 
the  hills  are  300  to  500  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  loam,  better 
adapted  to  grazing  than  to  tillage.  Whltneys  Point,*  (p.  v.,)  situated  at  the  Junction  of 
Otselic  and  Tioughnioga  Rivers,  contains  3  churches  and  has  a  pop.  of  205.  Upper  Lisle,  (p.  v.,) 
on  the  Otselic,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches  and  35  houses ;  and  Triangle, 
(p.  V.,)  on  Halfway  Brook,  in  the  s.  e.  part,  3  churches  and  175  inhabitants.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  at  Whitneys  Point,  in  1791,  by  Gen.  John  Patterson,  from  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.'  The 
first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Deacon  Josiah  Lee,  in  1792;  and  the  first  sermon  was 
preached  by  Rev.  Seth  Williston,  in  1795.     There  are  9  churches  in  town.'" 


1  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Betsey  Stoddard.  .luly  1,179-1,  and  the 
first  death,  that  of  Sally  Bird,  sisterof  Mrs.  Stoddard,  Jan.  16,1809. 

s  Nnnit-d  from  Jaaon  Crane,  one  of  the  engineers  on  the 
Chenango  CanaL 

3  Jared  ra^ii  and Vining  were  among  the  first  settlers. 

The  first  birth  was  that  of  Chester  Pease,  in  17S3;  the  first 
inarriagi',  that  of  Gardner  Wilson  and  Polly  Rugg,  in  ISOO:  and 
the  first  (ii;itb.  that  of  Mrs.  Pease,  in  1789.  Elisha  Pease  erected 
the  first  sawmill,  in  1797,  and  Thomas  Cooper  kept  the  first 
store,  in  18l:j.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Oziaa  M:i8ch,  in 
1800. 

*  The  highest  point  between  the  two  rivers,  by  the  State 
Koad  Sun'ey,  is  1688  feet  above  tide. 

^  See  page  265. 

6  Among  tlie  first  settlers  were  Daniel  Race,  Noah  Carpenter, 
Nathan  Austin,  Simeon  -Vlex-ander,  Russpl  Famham,  S.  P.  Oreen, 
Anthony  West,  Joseph  Page,  .Tohn  Pinn-^y,  .T.  P.  Api)I,.'ton,  Silns 
Seward,  Capt.  Parker,  Isaac  Denton,  and  Dexter  May.  The  first 
marriage  was  that  of  Conrad  Edict  and  Klizabeth  Whitaker,  in 


April,  1787;  the  first  birth,  that  of  Phebe  Edict,  in  1788;  and 
the  first  dejith,  that  of  Stephen  Whitaker.  Oct.  2.3,  1793.  Capt, 
Dean  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1791,  the  first  gristmill,  in  1792, 
opened  the  first  store,  in  1794,  and  kept  the  first  inn.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Hugh  Compton,  in  1793, 

'  This  name  wa-s  applied  to  the  tract  s.  of  the  Military  Tract 
and  "Twenty  Towns"  and  between  the  Chenango  and  Tiough- 
nioga Rivers.  It  was  bought  by  Col.Wm.  Smith,  at  Sshillings 
3  pence  per  acre,  Ttie  Chenango  Triangle  embraces  Smithville 
and  part  of  Greene  in  Chenango  co.,  and  Triangle  and  part  of 
Barker  in  Broome, 

s  Named  from  Thos.  Whitney, 

fi  In  1792,  David  Seymour  and  family  settled  at  Wliitncys 
Point;  and  between  1794  and  1797,  Timothy  Shepherd,  Asa 
Rodgers.  Benj.  and  Hendrick  J,  Smith,  and  John  Landers,  set- 
tled at  Upper  Lisle,  The  first  death  was  that  of  Mrs,  Hannah 
Lee,  in  1791.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Martha  Seymour, 
in  1193. 

"  4  Bap.,  2  M,  E.,  2  Cong.,  and  1  Univ. 


184 


BROOME    COUNTY. 


UIVIOIV — was  formed  Feb.  16, 1791.  A  part  of  Norwich  and  Oxford  (Chenangoco.)  were  taken  off 
in  1793,  a  part  of  Greene  (Chenangoco.)  in  1798,  Tioga  (Tioga  co.)  in  1800,  Lisle  in  1801,  a  part  of  Che-, 
nangoin  1808,  Vestal  in  1823,  and  Maine  in  1848.  Apart  was  annexed  from  Tioga,  (Tioga  co.,)  April 
2, 1810,  and  apart  from  Lisle,  April  11,1827.  It  lies  upon  the  N.  shore  of  the  Susquehanna,  s.w.of  the 
center  of  the  co.  The  surface  consists  of  the  Susquehanna  intervale  and  the  hilly  region  n.  of  it. 
The  highlands  are  nearly  centrally  divided  by  the  deep  valley  of  Nanticoke  Creek.  The  soil  in 
the  valley  consists  of  a  mixed  clayey,  sandy,  and  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium,  and  is  very  pro- 
ductive. The  hills  have  a  rich  soil  of  slaty  and  gravelly  loam,  and  are  cultivated  to  their  summits. 
Ilnioil,  (p.  V.,)  situated  near  the  Susquehanna,  in  thes.  partof  the  town,  is  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  &E. 
K.  R.  The  Union  News  is  published  at  this  place.  Pop.  520.  Union  Center,  (p.  v.,)  on 
Nanticoke  Creek,  partly  in  this  town  and  partly  in  Maine,  contains  2  churches  and  about  40  houses. 
Hooper,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  is  a  station  on  the  Erie  R.  R.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  in  1785,  by  Joseph  Draper,  Nehemiah  Crawford,  Bryant  Stoddard,  Nathan  Howard, 
Jabesh  Winchop,  Caleb  Merriman,  and  Winthrop  Roe.'  The  first  church  (Ref  Prot.  D.)  was 
organized  in  1789,  at  Union  Village,  and  Rev.  John  Manley  was  the  first  settled  preacher.  There 
are  4  churches  in  town.' 

VEST,41i — was  formed  from  Union,  Jan.  22,  1823.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  bank  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, and  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  The  surface  consists  of  the  river  intervale  and  the 
hilly  region  immediately  s.  of  it.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  fine  quality  of  slaty  loam,  and  in  the 
valley  it  is  a  deep,  rich,  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium.  It  is  adapted  to  both  grain  raising  and 
grazing.  Vestal,  (p. v.,)  near  the  mouth  of  Big  Choconut  Creek,  contains  1  church  and 
about  45  dwellings.  Vestal  Center,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  same  stream,  1  church  and  about  20  houses, 
and  Tracy  Creeli,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  w.  part,  1  church  and  about  10  houses.  Settlement  was  com- 
menced in  1785,  Ijy  emigrants  from  New  England.^  The  M.  E.  church  at  Vestal  was  the  first 
religious  organization  in  town.* 

■WIIVDSOR* — was  formed  from  Chenango,  March  27,  1807.  Colesville  and  Sanford  were 
taken  off  in  1821,  and  a  part  of  Conklin  in  1851.  A  part  of  Conklin  was  annexed  April  18,  1831. 
It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  tlie  co.,  s.  E.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  principally  occupied  by  2 
high  ridges  separated  by  the  valley  of  the  Susquehanna.  Upon  the  E.  side  of  the  valley  the  hills 
attain  an  elevation  of  400  to  800  feet  above  the  river,  and  culminate  in  several  sharp  ridges ;  on 
the  w.  the  hills  are  less  elevated,  though  the  highest  summits  attain  an  elevation  of  400  to  800  feet 
above  the  valley.'  The  declivities  of  these  hills  are  generally  quite  abrupt.  Oquaga  Hill,  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  the  town,  is  one  of  the  highest  peaks,  and  it  has  some  historical  "notoriety.  (See 
p.  180.)  The  valley  of  the  river  is  generally  narrow.  The  soil  is  a  deep,  rich,  gravelly 
loam  in  the  valleys,  and  a  slaty  loam  underlaid  by  clay  and  hardpan  upon  the  hills.  Considerable 
portions  of  the  E.  and  s.  parts  of  the  town  are  yet  uncultivated.  TVindsor,  (p.  v.,)  situated  on 
the  Susquehanna,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches  and  AVindsor  Academy.  Pop. 
339.  Stillsou  Uollow  (West  Windsor  p.o.)  contiiins  about  20  houses.  Randolph  Cen- 
ter' (p.o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  the  Susquehanna,  at  the  mouth  of  Doo- 
little  Creek,  in  178G,  by  John  Doolittle,  from  Conn.'  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  organized  Aug. 
15,  1793,  by  Rev.  Jlr.  Judd.     There  are  5  churches  in  town.* 


'  Amonjr  the  fnrly  settli^rs  wpro  .Tosltna  nn'l  .Tohn  Mereerean. 
Gen.  0.  Stoddar-I.  Nehrmiah  Ppniildinff,  W.itfrrSnbin.Cipt.  Wni. 
Brink,  ^To8  B  ClinnilKTs,  E'/f-liiel  and  Oliver  rn^ker,  .lercmiah 
and  Brni.  Brf>wn.  Amns  Pntti^rson.  Al)npr  Rnckwell,  and  Mpdad 
and  EliBlia  R.  Uradlny.  Tlie  f  rst  death  w.is  that  of  Mary  ,1. 
Fisk,  .Tnne  1^,  1789.  .tamea  Rnas  and  .TabeBlt  Winchop  built  the 
first  gristmill,  in  1791,  and  the  latter  opened  the  first  tavern, 
the  BHHie  year.  The  first  schiiol  wjis  tauftht  by  Flavel  .'•'abin. 
In  1787.  Tlio  tlrst  birth  was  that  of  Joseph  Chauibcrs,  J  uly  4, 1790. 

S'iPresb.  and  2.11   E. 

8  Sanniel  and  Daniel  Seymonr,  David  Barney,  Daniel  Price, 

Wm.  Coc,  l!np:^IeB  Winchel.  and  As.a('anip,  were  the  first  set- 

Ilorn.    Sanil  foe  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1791,  and  H.  Winchel  bnilt 

^  the  first  pi-i>t  mill,  iu  1786.  The  first  school  wad  taught  by  John 

lllutcb,  in  I79o. 


*  The  censns  reportaS  churches;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Ref.  Meth. 

*  Named  fioni  Windsor.  Conn. 

^  The  surface  of  the  Susquehauna  in  this  town  in  about  910 
feet  above  tide. 

'  So  called  from  its  hein<;  the  center  of  Randolph's  Piitent. 

B  David  Amaphad  and  Cyrus  llotcbkiss.  John  tinrnaey  and 

Swift,  settled  in  town  in  1787.    The  first  birth  was  that  of 

David  Doolittle,  Dec.  27,  1786;  the  first  niariiage,  that  of  Capt. 
Andrew  English  and  Miss  Rachel  Moore;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Mrs.  Ashley,  the  intei'proter  at  the  Oquaga  Missien,  in 
Aiig.  1787.  JosiiUi  .^tow  opcucil  the  first  inn  and  stole,  in  1738, 
and  Nathan  Lane  bnilt  the  first  griaUniil,  in  1797.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Stephen  Scyni'iur,  in  1T89. 

ft  2  M.  K,  and  1  each  F.  W.  Bup,,  Rap.,  aud  Presb. 


BROOME    COUNTY. 


185 


Acres  of  handy   Yalnation^  Populatiorij  DwcUhtgSy   FamilieSj  Freeholders ^    Schoohj   Live 
Stocky  Agricultural  ProductSy  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Broome  County. 


Names  op  Towns. 


lljukcr 

liirighamton*. 

Chenango 

OilesviUe 

Conklin 

Lisle 

Maine 

Niinticokc 

Port  Crane*... 

p'anford 

Triangle 

Union 

VcKtal 

Windsor 

-  Total 


Acres  of  Land.  1 

•g 

-e 

g 

£ 

fe, 

s. 

•g 

e 

13,165 

9,299 

29,4«6 

21.040J 

27.023i 

20,102 

10,0-m 

19,613 

13,493 

10.963 

13,S79i 

17,001J 

6,020 

8,424 

14.3501 

40.509} 

16.830 

8,676 

14,167 

6,061 

12,026 

13,919 

22.367J 

29,801 

198.8391 

205.20SJ 

Valuation  op  1858. 


c 

« 

a* 

^ 

|fc 

s 

Be 

05 
$305,712 

O-tt. 

$13,410 

1,829,290 

606,609 

326,076 

20,100 

636,669 

30,806 

608.901 

22,160 

373.229 

18.260 

317,916 

22,620 

119.695 

1,7.60 

198,867 

1,600 

478.620 

3,640 

344724 

30,150 

634,699 

33.3S6 

345,150 

14.161 

492,960 

30,086 

6.710,609 

847,717 

7,568,32f 


639 

6,026 
1.013 
1,340 

925 
1,008 

426 

1,604 
912 

1,259 
997 

1,337 


118,686 


_5_ 
683 

6,.502 

1,522 

1.199 

890 

971 

393 

1,456 
872 

1.204 
970 

1,300 


266 

1,943 

706 
466 
263 
393 
162 

656 
340 
477 
378 
619 


<i 

257 


2,305 
644 
483 
876 
406 
160 

569 
374 
498 
370 
630 


234 

1,362 
660 
403 
362 
366 
129 

434 
283 
3S3 
863 
480 


ScnooLS. 


6,348    212   12,483 


2,876 

470 

1,234 

1.032 

744 

784 

277 

1,160 

362 

696 

1,046 

872 

930 


Names  op  Towns. 


Uarker 

Uiughaiutou* 

Chijiuin^o 

CVlesviile 

CunklJD 

I.i.<le , 

Maiue.; 

Nanticoke.... 
Port  Craoe*. 

Sanford.^ 

Triangle 

UniOD 

Vestal 

Windsor 

Total  .. 


1 

■csa 

284 

1,379 

1,230 

2.669 

740 

2,738 

624 

1,722 

460 

1,442 

396 

l.,521 

173 

642 

S44 

1.630 

603 

1.868 

44S 

1,264 

369 

953 

627 

2,610 

6.998 

20,428 

1,326 

2,705 
2,207 
1.233 
1.212 
1,131 
670 

1.067 
1.745 
1.260 
644 
2,016 

17.116 


2,910 

7,116 
6,18; 
4,626 
3.148 
3,091 
629 

2,366 
1,858 
2,240 
1.700 
6,125 


741 

2,192 

1,342 

1,194 

688 

742 

286 

673 
922) 

1,322 
90S( 

1,241 


40.894!l2.161 


Agricultural  Products. 


Bush,  of  Osaim. 


39,504  . 

183,403 
39.049J 
78,212 
64.705 
62.0165 
18,202i 

36,299 
36,800i 
77.24Si 
41.806 
169,1161 


767.463Ji 


3,874 

7.844 

7.730i 

6,206 

4,162 

3.774i 

1,713 

4,9371 

3,871} 

2.032 

7,941 


9,822 

25.207 
20,226J 
11.293 
10.763 
14.667 
4,433 

11.998 
10,552 
18,568 
10.197 
12.805 


160.420i 


19,154 

28,023 
28.248 
17.474 
21.640 
9.926 
4,955 

7.766 
22,286 
23.029 

9.899 
32.064 


Dairy  Products. 


224,463 


47,727 

212,788 
201.069 
153,614 
119,700 
111.265 
66,000 

238.360 
208.1 
145.251 
67,562 
192,024 


1,763,417 


1,390 

8,232 
4,436  i 
1,422 
1,947 
1,684 
496 

3.I89J 
1,084' 
661 
3,066 
2,865 
27,261 


KIRK.WOOD— was  formed  from  Conklin,  Nov.  23, 1859. 
old  town  of  Conklin  w.  of  the  Susquehanna. 


It  includes  all  of  that  part  of  tbo 


«  f  ormed  Bincc  1856. 


CATTARAUGUS   COUNTY. 


This  county  vras  formed  from  Genesee,  March  11,  1808.  It  lies 
upon  the  Penn.  line,  near  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  State.  It  is  260 
rui.  from  Albany,  and  contains  1,334  sq.  mi.  The  surface  is  a  hilly 
upland,  forming  the  N.  spurs  of  the  Alleghany  Mts.  The  upland  is 
separated  by  deep  valleys  into  distinct  ridges,  haying  a  general  N. 
and  s.  direction.  The  valleys  deepen  toward  the  s.,  and  the  hills 
rise  abruptly  to  a  height  of  800  to  1,300  feet  above  them  and  2,500 
to  3,000  feet  above  tide.  Nearly  the  whole  co.  is  very  broken;  and 
many  of  the  hills,  though  arable  to  their  summits,  are  too  steep  for 
profitable  cultivation.  Toward  the  N.  border  the  extreme  moun- 
tainous character  is  somewhat  modified,  and  the  summits  of  the 
hills  spread  out  into  high,  rolling  uplands.  Allegany  River  enters 
the  s.E.  corner  of  the  co.  from  Penn.,  flows  in  a  n.  w.  direction  to  near  the  center,  thence  s.w.  to 
the  s.  border.  It  receives  Four  Mile,  Trout,  Tunegawant,  Red  House,  Tunessassa,  and  Split  Rock 
Creeks  from  the  s.,  and  Oswaya,  Dodges,  Haskel,  Ischua,  Five  Mile,  Mill,  Wrights,  Little  'V'alley, 
Cold  Spring,  and  Bone  Run  Creeks  from  the  N.  Cattaraugus  Creek,  forming  the  N.  boundary, 
receives  Buttermilk  and  South  Middle  Branch  Creeks.  Connewango  Creek,  draining  the  w.  border, 
flows  into  Chautauqua  co.  Upon  all  these  streams  are  numerous  falls,  furnishing  an  abundance 
of  water-power. 

The  rocks  of  this  co.  belong  mostly  to  the  shales  and  sandstones  of  the  Portage  and  Chemung 
groups.  The  former  are  exposed  along  Cattaraugus  Creek,  and  the  latter  in  the  valleys  in  the 
central  and  s.  parts  of  the  co.  The  summits  of  the  southern  hills  are  covered  with  Catskill  con- 
glomerate. These  rocks  afford  a  good  building  stone  in  a  few  localities,  but  generally  they  are 
too  easily  acted  upon  by  the  elements  to  be  very  valuable.  Drift  deposits  are  found  to  some  extent, 
scattered  over  the  co. ;  and  beds  of  clay,  alluvium,  and  muck  are  found  in  limited  quantities  in 
the  valleys.'  The  only  lime  in  the  co.  is  derived  from  small,  isolated  beds  of  marl  and  tufa. 
Springs  of  sulphur,  weak  brine,  petroleum,  and  carburetted  hydrogen  are  found  in  different 
localities.  The  "Oil  Spring"  of  Freedom,  yielding  petroleum,  is  a  place  of  considerable  note.  A 
very  small  amount  of  bog  iron  ore  has  been  discovered  in  the  swamps,  but  not  in  sufficient  quanti- 
ties to  be  profitably  worked.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  yellowish  loam,  composed  chiefly  of  dis- 
integrated sandstone  and  shale ;  upon  the  uplands  it  is  clay  alternating  with  sand  and  gravel  and 
underlaid  by  hardpan.  The  whole  region  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.  For  many  years  lumbering 
has  been  extensively  carried  on,  and  it  still  is  a  leading  branch  of  business  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co. 
The  pine  lands  now  remaining  are  exceedingly  valuable ;  and  the  revenue  derived  from  them  forms 
no  inconsiderable  portion  of  the  wealth  of  the  co.  Stock  and  wool  growing  and  dairying  form  the 
leading  pursuits  in  the  other  parts  of  the  co. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Ellicottville.-  The  courthouse  is  a  brick  edifice,  situated  near 
the  center  of  the  village,  upon  ample  grounds  donated  by  the  Holland  Land  Company.  The  clerk's 
office  is  a  fireproof  brick  building,  adjacent  to  the  courthouse.  The  jail  is  a  stone  building,  amply 
provided  for  the  accommodation  and  classification  of  prisoners.  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a 
farm  of  200  acres  in  Machias,  16  mi.  n.  e.  of  Ellicottville.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  35, 
supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  .?1.40  each.     The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  about  $1,000.' 

The  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  enters  the  co.  from  the  e.,  and  extends  along  Oil  Spring  and  Ischua 
Creeks  to  Olean,  thence  along  Allegany  River  to  the  mouth  of  Little  Valley  Creek,  thence  up  the 
valley  of  that  creek  about  9  mi.,  and  thence  in  a  N.  w.  direction  to  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  It 
passes  through  the  towns  of  Hinsdale,  Olean,  Allegany,  Carrolton,  Great  Valley,  Bucktooth,  Little 
Valley,  Mansfield,  New  Albion,  Persia,  Dayton,  and  Perrysburgh.*    The  Genesee  Valley  Canal 


J  The  superficial  deposits  and  alluvium  of  the  N.  and  s.  por- 
tions of  the  '■o.  are  essentially  different.  The  hillsides  and  valleys 
of  the  N.  are  covered  with  hemlock,  and  those  of  the  a.  with  pine. 

2  Upon  the  organization  of  the  Co.,  in  1808.  Jonas  Williams, 
Isaac  Sutherland,  and  Asa  R;insom  were  appointed  commissioners 
to  locate  the  county  seat.  They  fixed  upon  the  site  of  Ellicott- 
ville, then  a  wilderness,  and  erected  a  largo  iron-wood  post  to 
indicate  the  spot.  Up  to  1S17  the  co.  was  merged  in  Niagara, 
The  first  co.  courts  were  held  at  Olean,  July  3,  1S17.  Tlie  first 
CO.  officers  were  Timothy  H.  Porter,  J^irst  Judge;  James  Brooks, 
186 


Ashbel  Freeman,  and  Francis  Green,  Cownfy  Judges;  Sands 
Boughton,  County  Clerk;  Israel  Curtiss.  Sheriff;  and  Jeremy 
Wooster,  Surrogate.  The  first  courthouse  and  jail  was  erected 
at  Ellicottville,  in  1817-18.  It  was  burned  in  1829,  and  the 
present  buildings  were  soon  after  erected. 

3  This  establishment  is  represented  by  the  Senate  Committee 
of  1857  as  being  in  bad  repair  and  indifferently  kept.  The  food 
supplied  was  plain  and  wholesome :  but  the  house  was  old  and 
dilapidated,  and  little  atteution  was  paid  to  cleanliness. 

*  Several  railroads  have  been  sui-veyed  through  the  CO.,  and  upon 


CATTARAUGUS    COUNTY. 


187 


extends  through  Hinsdale  and  Glean,  uniting  -with  Allegany  River  at  the  latter  place.  An  exten- 
sion of  this  canal  7  mi.  up  the  Allegany  to  the  Penn.  line  is  in  process  of  construction. 

Five  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.^ 

This  CO.  was  included  in  the  territory  ceded  by  the  Six  Nations  to  the  Holland  Land  Co.  in  1797. 
Three  reservations  made  within  the  limits  of  the  co.  are  held  by  the  Indians  at  the  present  day. 
The  Oil  Spring  Reservation,  containing  1  sq.  mi.,  is  partly  in  Ischua,  Cattaraugus  co.,  and  partly 
in  Cuba,  Allegany  co.  The  Allegany  Reservation,  containing  42  sq.  mi.,  extends  from  the  Penn. 
line  25  mi.  n.e.  along  Allegany  River.  The  tract  is,  on  an  average,  about  2  mi.  wide,  and  em- 
braces nearly  all  of  the  river  intervale, — the  finest  agricultural  region  in  the  co.  It  embraces  por- 
tions of  Allegany,  Carrolton,  Great  Valley,  Bucktooth,  Cold  Spring,  and  South  Valley.  A  small 
portion  of  the  Cattaraugus  Reservation  lies  in  the  n.  part  of  Perrysburgh.^  The  Philadelphia 
Quakers  established  a  mission  on  the  Allegany  Reservation,  in  what  is  now  South  A^alley,  as  early 
as  1798.  The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  at  Glean,  by  Maj.  Adam  Hoops  and  his  bro- 
ther Robert,  from  Albany,  in  1804.  For  many  years  a  large  share  of  Western  emigration  was  by 
way  of  the  Allegany  River  and  Pittsburgh;  and,  being  at  the  head  of  boat  navigation  upon  the 
river,  Glean  speedily  became  a  place  of  importance.  Upon  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  travel 
was  diverted  from  this  route  and  improvements  advanced  very  slowly.  The  completion  of  the 
N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  gave  a  new  impulse  to  enterprise  and  industry;  and  the  co.  is  now  rapidly  pro- 
o-ressine;  in  all  the  elements  of  wealth  and  civilization. 


AI^IjEGAXY — was  formed  from  Great  Valley,  as  ^^  Burton,^'  April  18,  1831.  Its  name  was 
changed  March  28,  1851.  Humphrey  was  taken  off  in  1836.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co., 
E.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  valley  of  Allegany  River,  which 
extends  e.  and  w.  through  the  center.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  steep,  and  their  highest 
summits  are  700  to  900  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  streams  are  Four  Mile,  Five  Mile,  and  Mill 
Creeks,  tributaries  of  the  Allegany.  About  nine-tenths  of  the  town  is  still  covered  with  forests. 
The  soil  is  a  shaly  and  sandy  loam  on  the  hills,  and  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys. 


some  of  them  considerable  labor  haa  been  expended.  Tlie  Erie 
k  N.  Y.  City  R.  U.  extenda  w.  from  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  at 
Bucktooth  to  Erie,  Penn.  A  large  portion  of  this  road  is  graded. 
The  Buffalo  k  Pittsburgh  and  the  Attica  &  Allegany  Railroads, 
both  to  terminate  at  Clean,  have  been  surveyed ;  but  work  upon 
them  has  been  indefinitely  postponed. 
1  The  Allegany  Merctiry,  the  first  paper  in  the  co.,  was  started 

at  "  Hamilton"  now  Olean,  in  1S18,  by  Benj.  F.  Smead. 

In  1S19  Franklin  Cowdery  became  interested  in  its  pub- 
lication, and  the  name  was  changed  to 
The  Hamilton  Recorder.    It  was  continued  but  a  few  years. 
Tfu  Western  Ojurier  was  started  at  Ellicottville   in  1826  by 

Richard  Hill.    In  1827  it  was  cbanged  to 
The  CottaraufiH^  Gczetfe,  and  was  continued  about  2  years. 
The  Lodi  Pioneer  wae  started  at  "Lodi,^*  now  Gowanda,  in  1827 

by  Lewis  B.  Edwards.    At  the  end  of  3  years  it  was 

changed  to 
Tfte  Lodi  Freeman  and  Messenger,  and  issued  by  G.  N.  Starr. 

In  1833  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Eliakim  Hough,  and 

was  cbanged  to 
The  CaUarangus  Freeman,  under  which  name  it  was  continued 

until  1844,  when  it  was  changed  to 
The  Peoplt^'s  Advocate  and  Lodi  Bantta:    In  Oct.  1850,  it  passed 

into  the  hands  of  Henry  M.  Morgan,  and  its  name  was 

changed  to 
The  Cattaraugus  Chronide.    It  was  soon  after  changed  to 
The  Jndepf~ndent  Chrnnicle.  under  which  name  it  was  published 

4  years.    In  1654  John  JI.  Henry  became  interested  in 

ita  publication,  and  it  was  changed  to 
The  Oowanda  Chronicle,  and  was  continued  until  the  oflBce  was 

burned,  April  30,  1856. 
The  Ellicottville  Eepuhlican  was  commenced  in  May,  1833,  by 

Delos  K.  Sill.    In  1834  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  K.  H. 

Phankland.  and  wa?  changed  to 
The  Cattaraugus  Republican.    In  1855  it  became 

the  property  of  I'red.  A.  Stanton,  by  whom  it  is  still 

published. 
The  AUeganxi  Mercury  was  started  at  Olean  in  1835  by  Q.  W. 

Cutler.    In  1836  it  was  changed  to 
The  Olean  Advocate,  and  was  issued  by  Rufus  W.  Griswold  for 

about  1  year.    In  1837  Carlos  Woodcock  had  charge  of 

it;  and  in  lS3Sitpassed  into  the  hands  of  Dudley  Bryan 

and  was  changed  to 
The  Olean  Times.    It  was  afterward  published  by  A.M.  Badger 

until  1841. 
The  HinsdaU  Democrat  was  started  at  the  rillngo  of  Hinsdale 

in  1836  by  Joseph  T.  Lyman.    It  soon  passed  into  the 

hands  of  Edward  Hughs  &  Co.,  and  was  continued  2 

years. 
The  Peopte'«  Gazette  was  started  at  Hinsdale  in  1840  by  Geo.  C. 


Smith.    In  1842  it  was  removed  to  Geneseo,  Livingston 

CO. 

The  Oattaravgns  W7iig\vas  started  at  Ellicottville  in  July,  1840, 
by  Delos  E.  Sill.    It  was  continued  by  him  untU  1854, 
when  its  name  was  changed  to 
The  Cattaraugus  Freeman,  under  which  title  it  is 

still  issued  by  Sill  &  Beecher. 
The  Randolph  Herald  was  started  at  Randolph  in  March,  1842. 
It  was  successively  issued  by  Wm.  Mason,  Lorenzo  and 
Julius  Marsh,  and  Fletcher  &  Russell  until  1S45,  when 
it  passed  into  the  hands  of  J.  J.  Strong,  who  continued 
it  2  years.  Strong  then  joined  the  Mormons,  and  re- 
moved the  establishment  to  Nauvoo,  111. 
The  Prennan  and  Messejiger  was  started  at  Hinsdale  in  1843  by 

L.  E.  Smith.    Its  name  was  soon  changed  to 
TJie  Expositor,  and  it  was  issued  by  Edwin  and  Allen  C.  Fuller 

until  1846. 
The  Gowanda  Whig  was  started  at  Gowanda  in  Nov.  1850,  by 
James  T.  Henry.    In  the  following  Feb.  it  was  removed 
to  Ellicottville,  and  its  name  changed  to 
The  Whig  and  Union;  soon  after  it  appeared  as 
The  Anterlcan  Union,  under  which  title  it  is  now  pub- 
lished by  Robert  H.  Shankland. 
The  Gowanda  Phoenix  rose  from  the  ashes  of  the  great  fire  of 
April,  1856,  and  was  issued  1  year  by  Louis  S.  Morgan, 
when  it  was  removed  to  Bradford,  Penn. 
The  QUtaraugus  Sachem,  was  started  at  Randolph  in  June,  1851. 
and  was  continued  about  1  year,  when  the  presa  was  re- 
moved to  Olean. 
The  Randolph  Whig  was  started  at  Randolph  in  July,  1852.  by 
C.  K.  Jndson  and  Benj.  F.  Morris.    In  1S57  its  name 
was  changed  to 
The  Randolph  Reporter,  and  it  was  issued  by  Morris  until  July 
5, 1858,  when  it  was  removed  to  Gowanda  and  changed 
to 
The  GoTvanda  Reporter*    It  is  now  published  by  X. 

W.  Henry  and  Frank  Stebbins. 
The  Olean  Journal  was  started  at  Olean  in  1853  by  Chas.  Aid- 
rich.    In  June,  1856,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  James 
T.  Henry,  who  changed  its  name  to 
The  Olean  Advertiser,  under  which  title  he  still  issues 

it. 
The  Neosophic  Gem,  mo.,  was  started  at  Randolph  in  1S48  by  A. 
M.  Shattuck,  and  was  continued  4  years. 
•  The  Indian  titles  to  these  lands  have  been  questioned ;  but 
both  the  State  and  U.  S.  courts  have  decided  them  to  be  original, 
absolute,  and  exclusive.  By  an  act  of  Feb.  19,  1857,  the  Legis- 
lature formally  renounced  all  right  upon  the  part  of  the  State 
to  tax  these  lauds.  The  Indians  are  mostly  engaged  in  agri- 
cultural pursuits,  in  which  tboy  have  made  considerable  progress 


188  CATTARAUGUS    COUNTY. 

Lumbering  is  extensively  pursued.  Allegany,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Allegany  River,  e.  of  the  center, 
contains  a  tannery,  door  and  blind  factory,  3  churches,  and  70  houses.  It  is  a  station  on  the  N.  Y. 
°c  E.  R.  R.  The  Franciscan  College  is  located  near  the  village.^  Five  niilc  Run  is  a  p.  o. 
The  first  settler  was  Ebenezer  Reed,  from  Conn.,  who  located  near  the  mouth  of  Nine  Mile  Creek 
in  1820.^  The  first  religious  services  (Bap.)  were  held  at  the  house  of  James  Strong,  by  Elder 
Bonj.  Cole,  in  1823.     The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1829.' 

ASIIFORD— was  formed  from  Ellicottville,  Feb.  16,  1824.  It  is  centrally  located  on  the  N. 
border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  hilly,  with  ridges  extending  generally  in  a  n.  and  s.  direction. 
The  highest  points  in  the  s.  part  are  300  feet  above  the  valleys.  Cattaraugus  Creek,  forming  the 
N.  boundary,  and  Buttermilk  Creek,  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  a  slaty  loam  intermixed 
with  gravel  and  clay.  Maple  sugar  is  largely  manufactured.  Ashrord,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part 
of  the  town,  contains  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  2  churches,  and  36  dwellings;  East  Ashford  (p.  o.) 
contains  2  churches  and  11  dwellings.  The  first  settlers  were  Uenry  Frank  and  his  two  sons  An- 
drew and  Jacob  II.,  from  Herkimer  co.,  who  located  on  Lot  56,  in  1816.*  The  first  church  (F.  W. 
Bap.)  was  organized  in  1821,  by  Elder  Richard  M.  Gary.     There  are  now  6  churches  in  town.* 

BUCK.TOOTII— was  formed  from  Little  Valley,  Nov.  19,  1854.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border 
of  the  CO.,  w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  broken  and  mountainous  upland,  the  highest 
summits  being  800  to  1,000  feet  above  the  valleys.  Allegany  River  flows  w.  and  s.  w.  through  the 
N.  part.  The  other  principal  streams  are  Red  House,  Little  Valley,  and  Bucktooth  Creeks,  and 
Sawmill  Run.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  sandy  loam.  A  large  share  of  the  town  is  yet  covered  with 
forests;  and  lumbering  forms  the  leading  pursuit.'  Rucktooth  isap. o.  in  the  N.  part.  A 
few  settlements  were  made  previous  to  1812;  but  they  were  abandoned  during  the  war.  The  first 
permanent  settler  was  James  Rosenbury,  who  located  in  town  in  1816.'  The  only  church  (M.  E.) 
was  formed  about  1830. 

CARROl,TO]«9— was  formed  from  Great  Valley,  March  9, 1842.  Partof  Allegany  Reservation 
was  annexed  in  1847.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  Ball  Ilill,  in  the  s.  e.  part, 
is  800  feet  above  the  valley.  The  Allegany  flows  N.  w.  through  the  n.  part,  receiving  as  tributaries 
Tunegawant  and  Windfall  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  shaly  loam  upon  the  uplands,  and  a 
gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  Lumbering  is  the  leading  pursuit.  L/iinestone,°  (p.  o.,)  in  the 
s.  part,  and  Tuna,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  n.,  are  hamlets.  Charles  Foster,  Horace  Howe,  and  Marcus 
Leonard  located  upon  Lots  28  and  29  in  1814.'°  The  first  religious  meeting  (Bap.)  was  held  by 
Rev.  Aaron  Kellogg,  at  his  own  house,  in  1831 ;  and  the  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  organized  in  1843. 
The  census  reports  2  churches ;  M.  E.  and  R.  C. 

COI^O  SPRIIVG— was  formed  from  Napoli,  March  20,  1837.  Parts  of  South  Valley  were 
taken  off  in  1847  and  '48.  It  is  an  interior  town,  near  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  The  surface 
is  a  hilly  and  broken  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  400  to  500  feet  above  the  vallevs.  The 
Allegany  flows  s.  w.  through  the  n.  e.  corner,  and  receives  from  the  N.  Cold  Spring  Creek,  which  flows 
through  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  slaty  loam  upon  the  uplands,  and  a  sandy  and  gravelly 
loam  in  the  valleys.  A  sulphur  spring  is  found  in  the  N.  e.  part.  There  is  no  village,  p.  o.,  or 
church  edifice  in  town.  Lumbering  is  extensively  carried  on.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by 
Chas.  Crook,  with  his  3  sons  Chas.,  jr.,  Ira,  and  Nathan,  from  Vt.,  on  Lot  32,  and  Joshua  Basson, 


1  This  institution  is  under  th?  control  of  tlio  Fr.iTiciscan  (K.  C.) 
ABSociatitin.  Tile  ItuililiuRs  .ire  now  in  |iroreS8  of  erection. 
Tv'icliola^  Devereux  donated  to  the  associution,  for  the  in&titute, 
2(J0  acres  of  land  nnd  J5.000. 

*  Anions  tlic  otlier  curly  settlers  were  Andrew  L.  Allen.  Iliram 
■Wood.  Jnnies  .Sfronsr.  Tsiuvc  EgRleston,  Amos  H.  and  Cavid  OrtoD, 
who  located  on  Five  Mile  Creek  in  1R21.  The  flret  child  born 
wa.s  NalhiHi  Tteed,  Oct.  2.  1R20;  the  first  nianiage,  that  of  M'm. 
B.  Fox  Hud  Sally  Strong,  in  1825 ;  and  the  first  persons  who  died 
were  children  of  Isaac  Kggilcston,  in  1S23.  Leonard  Cionkhite 
tauKhl  the  first  school,  in  a  house  of  James  Strong's,  in  the 
winter  of  lS25-2fi;  Kbenc/er  Eeed  kept  the  first  inn.  in  18;;0 ; 
Aaron  Wheelei-,  the  first  .store,  in  IS.'jo;  and  lieuhen  Lamberton 
erected  the  lii-st  sawmill,  on  Five  Mile  Creek,  in  1826. 

'  The  ci'iisns  reports  4  chniches ;  IJap,,  Cong.,  M.  K..  and  R.  C. 


6  2  Hap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  Cong.,  M.  E..  and  Wes.  Melh. 

*  This  town  rontains  an  areaof47.C20  acres,  of  which  lessthui 
1,000  acres  were  under  cullivation  in  IS.'iS. 

I  Among  the  other  early  setllei-s  were  .Tames  Green.  Adam 
.Tohnsou,  and  .Tohn  Hoiitell.  The  first  birtli  was  that  (.f  a  child 
of  David  Hathaway,  in  ].'^.3i;  and  the  first  marriage,  that  of  An- 
drew Mills  and  Sslly  Ilndly.  Leister  Granger  taught  (lie  first 
school,  in  1.^34;  Adam  .lolmson  kept  the  first  inn.  in  If  32.  anti 
.John  Boardman  the  first  store,  in  U.14.  Tlie  first  sjiwuiill  was 
hnilt  by  the  Indians,  in  IS13.  on  Sawmill  Knn. 

*  Named  from  fJ.  Carrelton.  one  of  the  original  proprictora. 

9  Upon  the  flats  near  Limestone  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
fortification.  It  is  in  the  shape  of  a  fl'^ine  S,  the  remains  of  tho 
ditch  and  earlhwoiks  being  plainly  visible. 

l»  John  anil  Wni.  Bloore.  i;iias  Stiaie,  I'eter  ZelulT,  no- 


*  Among  the  other  earlv  settlers  were  John  floodemote,  Saml.  I  cock,  Isaac  Farr.  Aaron  Kellogg,  and  Wm.  Smith  settled  on  TnnA 


Flagg.  Cridin  and  Pavid  Wyley,  Anms.  D.avid.  Thomaa.  and 
Haley  Sampson.  Ilaviil  O.ver,  Augustus  Van  Slyke,  Calvin  Wood- 
rufi'.  Marcem  Itrooks,  .Tacob  and  Mieh.ael  lloughstadcr,  John 
Quackeni'ush  nnA  his  son  Peter,  all  fi'om  Ileikimer  and  Mont- 
gomery COS.,  ami  all  of  wlami  located  In  town  in  ISl.*!.    The  first 


Creek  in  182S.    The  fii-st  hirlh  was  that  of  Jlerit  Zelnff.  in  Jnue, 

bS29 ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of IJiown  aiul  Kmeline  Fuller, 

in  1K28;  and  the  first  death.  Hint  of  Fncjeli  Fuller,  in  1S2S.  Tlw 
first  school  was  taught  bv  Millon  Northrop. at  Limestone,  in  tho 
winter  of  1S:10-.11.     l.lias  Stone  kept  the  first  inn.  iM'ar  th» 


iiiith  was  tjiat  of  t:li/.ahe(h.  daugliter  of  J:icob  II.  Frank,  in  the    moutli  of  Tuna  Creek,  in  lfi2S.  and  (has.  Lewis  the  first  store, 
fall  of  \^M :  and  the  first  death,  that  of  IMia?l>e,  a  rhild  of  An-    in  IS32,    The  first  sawmill  wofl  built  Ly  Edarcua  Icouurd,  in 
dr"W  Frsnk.  Aug.  31).  l^l-i.     Danl.  Thomas  and  Norman  B.  Car-    1826. 
(er  Ua-hl  the  firat  schools,  in  1S22-23.  | 


CATTARAUGUS    COUNTY. 


189 


from  Mass.,  on  Lot  22,  in  1820.^    The  first  religious  meeting  (Cong.)  was  held  in  1823,  by  Rev. 
Win.  J.  Wilcox. 

COMlVEWAIIfGO— was  formed  from  Little  Valley,  Jan.  20,  1823.  Randolph  was  taken  off 
in  1826,  and  Leon  in  lSo2.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  The  surface  in 
the  s.  w.  and  w.  parts  is  level  and  swampy,  the  Counewango  Swamp  being  30  to  50  feet  below  the 
bed  of  Allegany  River  at  its  nearest  point.  The  remaining  parts  are  hilly.  It  is  drained  s.  by 
Connewaugo,  Little  Connewango,  and  Clear  Creeks,  and  other  small  streams.  The  soil  on  the 
uplands  is  clay  and  gravel,  and  on  the  flats  a  gravelly  loam.  Rulledge,  (Connewango  p.  o.,) 
in  the  N.  w.  part,  on  Connewango  Creek,  contains  a  church  and  17  dwellings.  Clear  Creek 
(p.  V.)  is  on  the  line  of  Chautauqua  co.  Axville  is  a  hamlet.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  1810, 
by  Eliph.  Follet,  near  Rutledge.^     The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  at  Rutledge,  in  181G.* 

OAYTOIV— was  formed  from  Perrynburgh,  Feb.  7.  1835.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the 
CO.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  generally  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland.  The  highest  elevations 
in  the  n.  part  are  about  300  feet  above  the  r.  r.  at  Dayton  Station.  It  is  drained  s.  by  two  branches 
of  Connewango  Creek  and  other  small  streams.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.  Lumber- 
ing is  an  important  branch  of  industry.  Daytou,  (p- v-,)  on  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  K.  R.,  in  the  n.  e. 
corner  of  the  tovra,  contains  13  dwellings;  and  "West  Dayton,  (Cottage  p.o.,)  in  the  n.  w. 
corner,  a  church,  2  sawmills,  and  14  dwellings.  Sociality  is  a  hamlet,  in  the  s.  E.  part.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  by  Silas  Nash  and  Simeon  Bunce,  from  Otsego  co.,  in  1810.*  The  first 
religious  meeting  (Bap.)  was  held  at  the  house  of  Joshua  Webb,  in  ISIG,  by  Rev.  Klnathan  Finch; 
and  the  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  March,  1818,  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Webb.^ 

EAST  OTTO— was  formed  from  Otto,  Nov.  30,  1854.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co., 
w.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken;  Mt.  Tug,  the  highest  summit,  being  300  feet 
above  the  valleys.  Cattaraugus  Creek  forms  the  n.  boundary ;  and  South  Middle  Branch  flows  w. 
through  the  town,  s.  of  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam,  favorable  for  both  grain 
and  grass.  Otto  Corners,  (East  Otto  p.o.,)  a  little  s.w.  from  the  center,  contains  3  churches 
and  17  dwellings.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  Joseph  Bates,  on  Lot  20,  and  Horace  "Wells, 
near  Otto  Corners,  about  1816.®  The  first  religious  meetings  were  held  at  the  house  of  Tyler  M. 
Beach,  in  1821.     The  first  preaching  (M.  E.)  was  at  the  same  house,  by  Rev.  Ira  Brownson,  in  1822.' 

EI.L,ICOTTVIL.I.E8— was  formed  from  "Ischua,"  now  Franklinville,  April  13,  1820.  Ash- 
ford  was  taken  ofi"  in  1824.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  n.e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The 
surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  and  narrow  ravines  of  the  streams-  The  principal 
stream  is  Great  Valley  Creek,  flowing  s.  through  near  the  center.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  clay 
loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly  loam.  Ellicottville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  creek,  in  the  s.w.  part 
of  the  town,  was  incorp.  April  1,  1837.  Besides  the  co.  buildiugs,  it  contains  4  chuiches,  3  news- 
paper offices,  and  an  iron  foundery.  Pop.  695.  Plato  and  Asli  Park  are  p.  offices.  The 
Qrst  settlements  were  made  in  1815,  by  David  Waldo,  from  Oneida  co.,  and  Orin  Pitcher,  from 
Mass,*  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Wm.  Vinton,  by  Rev.  John  Spencer, 
m  1818.     The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  Sept.  10,  1822.^° 


1  Eastman  Prescott  and  hia  father  settled  in  the  s.  part,  and 
Ifiaac  Morrill  in  the  N.w.  part,  in  1821.  The  first  birth  was  that 
of  Martha,  daughter  of  Ch.irlr'S  Crook,  jr..  in  the  spring  of  1S24; 
and  the  first  d.:-ath.  that  of  Miss  Jones,  in  thn  fall  of  1S21.  Miss 
E.  Sanf  inl  taught  the  first  schonl.  in  the  summer  of  18.'U.  Phi- 
Icnus  Uall  kept  the  first  inn  and  the  first  store,  in  1822.  Chaa. 
Crook  and  Josliua  Basson  erected  the  first  sawmill,  in  1S20,  on 
Oohl  Spring  Creek. 

8  Sampson  Crooker.  from  Cairo,  Greene  en.,  settled  near  Rut- 
liMlfio  in  1S18;  and  Calvin  Treat,  H.  Camp,  Wm.  Holbrook,  and 
John  Darling  about  the  same  time.  The  first  school  was  taught 
by  Olive  Cheeney,  in  the  summer  of  1819.  Eliphalet  Fultet  kept 
the  first  inn,  in  1817,  near  Hutlcdge,  and  H.Camp  and  \Vm. 
Ilolbrnok  the  first  store,  in  1S22.  at  Olds  Corners.  The  first 
sawmill  was  erected  by  Sampson  Crookei",  on  Mill  Creek,  in  1S19, 
and  the  first  gristmill  by  Calvin  Treat,  near  the  center  of  the 
town,  in  1S21.  Mrs.  Crooker.  wife  of  Sampson  Crooker,  killed  a 
wildcat  at  her  hen  roost  with  a  pair  of  tongs,  in  the  winter  of 
1819. 

8  The  censnq  reports  3  rliurches;  Presb.,  Bap.,  and  M.  K. 

*  Joshua  Webb,  fmni  Madi.'fon  co.,  settled  on  Lot  50.  Lemiin  IT. 
Pitcher,  on  Let  6S.  in  the  s.w.  part;  Ralph  Johnson,  llenian  and 
Anson  Merrill,  and  Timothy  M.  Shaw  in  the  N.  E.  part.— all  in 
1815.  The  first  child  born  was  Amos  Nash,  in  Juno,  1811 ;  the 
first  marriage,  that  of  Benj.  Parsell  and  Mary  Redfi<*ld,  in  March, 
1818;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  De  Witt,  son  of  Silas  Naub,  in 
Feb.  1813.    Caleb  Webb  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1827,  at  West 


Dayton,  and  Wm.  H.  Leland,  the  first  store  in  18.3.3,  in  the  s.e. 
part  of  the  town.  Silas  Nash  erected  the  first  Bawmdl,  in  1817, 
at  West  Dayton. 

6  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  nnd  M.  E. 

«  Soon  after.  Moses  T.  and  Tyler  M.  IJeacli.  Justice  Kartliolo- 
mcw.  Abraham  Gibbs,  and  Sa'ml.  Tuttle  settled  in  the  town. 
The  first  children  liorn  were  Arzan  and  Brittaina,— twins, — sen 
and  daughter  of  Justice  Bartliolomew;  the  first  marriage  wua 
that  of  Mosea  N.  heland  and  Brittaina  Wells,  in  1825:  and  the 
first  death  of  an  adult,  that  of  Mrs.  John  Darling,  in  Dec.  1S24. 
riezekiah  Scovel  kept  the  first  inn.  near  Otto  Corners,  in  1823, 
and  Vine  Plumb  the  first  store,  near  the  s.inie  place,  in  1.S24. 
Mosea  T.  Beaeh  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1S:23,  and  the  first 
gristmill,  in  1824,  on  South  Middle  Branch,  in  the  E.  part  of  tlio 
town. 

'  The  census  reports  3  churches  ;  St.  V...  Cono:.,  and  Bap. 

8  Named  from  Joseph  KUicott.  agent  of  tli'-  Holland  Land  Co. 

*  Grove  Hurlbut  huilt  tbe  fiist  house,  in  ISl.'i,  un  Lnt  ;.7,  and 
settled  in  March.  1816.  Kicknrtson  Burlinganie  and  i:pliriiim 
Fitch  settled  in  1S16.  The  first  child  born  was  Orlanilo  V.  Pit- 
cher, in  June,  1816.  The  first  school  was  langht  by  Knriico 
Carpenter,  at  the  house  of  Orin  Pitcher,  in  the  suuinter  i<{  IS17. 
Baker  Leonard  kept  the  first  inn.  iu  1S17,  and  tne  fuvt  stoie,  m 
1818.  Orin  Pitcher  erected  the  first  aawniill,  in  1821,  on  Great 
Valley  Creek. 

^'*  The  census  reports  4  churches;  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  M.  E.,  and 
R.C. 


190 


C  A  T  T  A  R  A  r  G  U  S    COUNT  Y. 


FARMERSVII.I>E— was  formed  from  "  Ischiia,"  now  Franklinville,  March  29,  1821.  If 
lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  forming  the  water- 
shed hetween  the  streams  flowing  n.  w.  into  Lake  Erie  and  those  flowing  E.  into  Genesee  River 
and  s.  into  Allegany  River.  The  highest  point,  near  the  center,  is  800  to  900  feet  above  the  R.  R. 
at  Olean.  Mud  Lake,  in  the  n.  part,  covering  an  area  of  about  30  acres,  discharges  its  waters  N. ; 
and  Ischua  Creek  flows  s.  through  the  w.  part.  On  the  uplands  the  soil  is  chiefly  a  vegetable 
mold  resting  on  clay,  shale,  and  slate;  in  the  valleys,  a  gravelly  loam.  Farmersville,  (p. v.,) 
near  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  17  dwellings.  Fairvie»V  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  by  Peter  and  Cornelius  Ten  Broeck  and  Richard  Tozer, — all  from  Otsego  co., — on 
Lots  4  and  36,  in  1817."  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  by  Rev.  Eliab  Going,  (Bap.,)  at  the 
barn  of  Levi  Peet,  in  1821.     The  census  reports  2  churches;  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

FRABIKL,IIVTIL,L,E— was  formed  from  Olean,  June  16,  1812,  as  "  Eehe."  Its  name  was 
changed  to  '-Ischua,"  April  17,  1816;  and  to  Franklinville,  March  3,  1824.  A  part  of  Perrys- 
burgli  was  taken  ofi"  in  1814,  Ellicottville,  Freedom,  and  Yorkshire  in  1820,  Farmersville  in  1821, 
and  Lyndon  in  1829.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  un- 
dulating and  hilly.  It  is  drained  s.  by  Ischua  and  Great  Valley  Creeks  and  several  other  small 
streams.  The  soil  is  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  Franklinville,  (p.  v.,)  on  Ischua  Creek,  in  the 
N.E.  corner  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches,  2  sawmills,  and  370  inhabitants;  Cadiz  (p.  v.)  a 
church  and  several  mills.  Pop.  165.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  the  village  of  Franklin- 
ville, by  Joseph  McClure,  originally  from  Vt.,  in  March,  1806.^  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was 
formed  in  1823.     There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  M.  E. 

FREEDOM— was  formed  from  " hchua,"  now  Franklinville,  April  13,  1820.  A  part  of 
Yorkshire  was  taken  off  in  1844.  It  is  the  N.  E.  corner  town  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  rolling 
or  moderately  hilly  upland.  Clear  Creek  and  the  s.  branch  of  Cattaraugus  Creek  are  the  principal 
streams.  Beaver  Lake,  in  the  s.  part.  Fish  Lake,  in  the  e.,  and  Scum  and  Laws  Lakes,  in  the 
center,  are  small  ponds.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  Several  quarries  of  good  build- 
ing stone  are  found  in  different  parts  of  the  town.  Sandusky,  (p.  v.,)  on  Clear  Creek,  in  the  N. 
part,  contains  2  churches,  a  gristmill,  and  2  sawmills.  Pop.  175.  Elton,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  s.  w. 
corner,  contains  a  church  and  14  dwellings.  Freedom  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlements  were 
made  in  1811,  by  Warren  Stanley,  Ezekiel  Reynolds,  from  N.  II.,  and  Earl  Lawyer,  Rufus  Met- 
calf,  and  Enoch  Ilowlett,  from  Vt.'  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Rufus 
Metcalf,  in  April,  1813,  by  Elder  P.  Root.     The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1820.* 

GREAT  TAEEEY— was  formed  from  Olean,  April  15,  1818.  "Burton,"  now  Allegany, 
was  taken  off  in  1831,  and  Carrolton  in  1842.  Part  of  Allegany  Reservation  was  taken  off  in 
1847.  It  is  an  interior  town,  h'ing  a  little  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  mountainous 
and  hilly  upland.  The  highest  summit,  near  the  s.  w.  corner,  is  1,300  feet  above  the  river.  The 
declivities  are  generally  very  abrupt,  and  many  of  them  are  too  steep  for  cultivation.  Allegany 
River  flows  through  tlie  s.  w.  corner,  and  receives  as  tributary  Great  Valley  Creek.  The  soil  upon 
the  highlands  is  a  hard  clay  mixed  with  disintegrated  slate  and  shale ;  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly 
loam.  Lumbering  is  the  leading  pursuit,  five-sixths  of  the  surface  being  still  covered  with  forests.' 
Great  Valley  (station,  (Killbuck  p.  o.,)  at  the  mouth  of  Grea,t  Valley  Creek,  in  the  s.  part, 
contains  18  dwellings ;  and  Peth  (Great  Valley  p.  o.)  11.     Settlement  was  commenced  at  the 


1  Levi  Peet  and  Peleg  Robins,  from  Otsego  co..  settled  on  Lots 
36  and  3.  in  1817.  The  first  cliild  born  was  Addison,  son  of 
Richard  Tozer.  in  1S17 ;  the  first  niari-iaKe,  that  of  Peter  Ten 
Broecli  and  Polly  Tremain;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs. 
Magdalene  Adams,  No%'.  7. 1820.  The  first  inn  was  kept  in  1817, 
by  Richard  Tozer,  and  the  first  store  by  Jacob  Conistock,  in 
1828.  .Tames  Wordeu  erected  the  first  sawmill,  in  1824,  on  the 
outlet  of  Mud  Lake. 

2  Mr.  SlcClure  was  an  agent  and  sun-eyor  of  the  Holland  Land 
Co.,  and  located  his  lot  in  1S05.  He  was  a  leading  man  in  the 
town  for  many  years,  filled  the  principal  town  offices,  serTed 
with  the  rank  of  captain  on  the  Niagara  frontier  in  the  War  of 
1812.  and  represented  the  co.  in  the  Assembly  of  1814-15.  Ilis 
brother  David  settled  in  the  town  in  1806,  Thos.  Morris  and 
Henry  Conrad  in  1S07,  and  Timothy  Butler,  Jereniiali  Bur- 
roughs, and  Danl.  Cortwright,  soon  after. — all  in  the  valley  of 
Ischua  Creeli.  The  first  child  born  in  the  town  and  co.  was 
Hiram  W.,  son  of  David  McClure,  April  30, 1806.  John  McClure 
tauglit  the  first  school,  in  1809:  Joseph  McClure  kept  the  first 
Inn.  in  1806,  and  Thos.  Morris  the  first  store,  in  1816,  at  or  near 
Franklinville  Village.  Ilcnrv  Conrad  huilt  the  first  gristmill,  in 
1808,  and  sawmill,  in  1809.  at  Cadiz. 

»  These  settlers  made  improvements  and  put  up  log  houses  in 


1811,  jind  moved  in  with  their  families  in  the  spring  of  1812. 
The  first  child  born  was  Rufus  Metcalf,  jr..  Dec.  24.  1812;  and 
the  first  death  of  an  adult  was  that  of  Peter  Davis,  Dec.  17, 1816. 
Elihu  Daggart  and  Sally  McKee,  and  Sylvester  Davis  and  Miss 
Daggart.  were  all  married  at  the  same  time,  in  1S17.  The  first 
school  was  taught  in  1816,  by  Jemima  Clark.  P)noch  Ilowlett 
kept  the  first  inn  and  the  first  store,  in  1824.  He  also  erected 
the  first  sawmill,  in  1821.  on  Clear  Creek.  Dr.  Elihu  Cruttenden 
erected  the  first  gristmill,  on  the  same  stream.  In  1822. 

*  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  2  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  Calv. 
Meth.,  and  Univ. 

5  On  Lot  19.  about  1  mi.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  town,  is  a  place 
known  as  the  "  Breathing  Well."  About  ISoO,  Nicholas  Flint 
attempted  to  dig  a  well ;  but,  after  reaching  a  depth  of  25  feet 
and  obtaining  no  water,  he  abandoned  the  undert-aking,  but 
stoned  up  the  well,  hoping  that  water  might  come.  Noticing  a 
current  of  air  proceeding  from  the  well,  he  inserted  a  pump  log 
in  it.  and  covered  it  up.  except  the  end  of  the  log.  A  current 
of  air  is  continually  blowing  either  into  or  out  of  the  well :  and 
a  whistle  placed  in  the  bore  of  the  log  has  been  heard  half  a  mi. 
The  current  is  sometimes  steady  in  one  direction  fur  a  whole 
day,  and  sometimes  it  chiinges  every  hour. 


CATTARAUGUS    COUNTY. 


191 


mouth  of  Great  Valley  Creek,  by  Judge  James  Green,  in  1812.'  The  first  religious  meeting  was 
held  at  the  house  of  Orin  Pitcher,  by  Rev.  John  Spencer,  in  1815.  The  first  religious  association 
(Cong.)  was  formed,  with  8  members,  in  1817.  There  is  now  no  church  edifice  in  town,  and  but  1 
church,  (M.  E.) 

HIIVSOALiE— was  formed  from  Clean,  April  14,  1820.  Ischua  was  taken  off  in  1846.  It 
lies  on  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  and  broken  upland.  The 
hills  are  500  to  600  feet  above  the  valleys  and  are  bordered  by  abrupt  declivities.  The  highest 
points,  on  Lots  23  and  24,  are  500  feet  above  the  R.  R.  at  Hinsdale  Village.  Reservoir  Lake  is  a 
small  sheet  of  water  near  the  s.  e.  corner.  Ischua  and  Oil  Creeks — the  former  from  the  n.e.  and 
the  latter  from  the  N.  w. — form  a  junction  near  the  center,  and  thence  the  united  stream  takes  the 
name  of  Clean  Creek,  flowing  s.  through  the  town.  The  soil  upon  the  uplands  is  chiefly  clay,  and 
in  the  valleys  a  gravelly  loam.  Iliusdale,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  junction  of  Ischua  and  Oil  Creeks, 
contains  2  churches  and  several  mills  and  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  255.  It  is  a  canal 
village  and  a  station  upon  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  Scotls  Corners,  in  the  n.  part,  contains  a 
church  and  13  -houses.  Haskel  Flat  is  a  p. o.  The  first  settlfr^  were  Horace  Noble,  Chas. 
Foot,  and  Thos.  Lusk,  who  located  near  the  present  site  of  the  village  in  ISOO.'-'  The  first  religious 
meeting  was  held  at  the  log  barn  of  Zachariah  Noble,  in  June,  1807.  The  first  regular  preacher 
was  Rev.  Reuben  Aylesworth,  (M.  E.,)  in  1820,  who  organized  the  first  religious  association  in  1821.' 

HIIMPHREY*— was  formed  from  "Burton,"  now  Allegany,  May  12,  1836.  It  is  an  interior 
town,  lying  a  little  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  broken  and  hilly  upland,  the 
highest  summits  being  600  feet  above  the  R.  R.  at  Clean.  Its  streams  are  Great  Valley,  Five  Mile, 
Wrights,  and  Sugar  Town  Creeks.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  mostly  clay,  occasionally  intermixed 
with  sand,  and  in  the  valleys  it  is  a  gravelly  loam.  Humphrey  Center  is  a  hamlet. 
Huinplirey  and  Sugar  Town  are  p.  ofiices.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  N.  w. 
corner,  on  Lot  56,  by  Russel  Chappell,  in  1815.'  The  first  religious  association  (M.  E.)  was  formed 
in  1834.« 

ISCHUA — ^was  formed  from  Hinsdale,  Feb.  7,  1846,  as  "Eke."  Its  name  was  changed  March 
27,  1855.  It  lies  upon  the  E.  border  of  the  CO.,  a  little  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  broken 
and  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  600  feet  above  the  valleys.  Ischua  Creek  flows  s. 
through  the  town  and  receives  several  tributaries.  The  soil  is  chiefly  clay,  with  a  thin  surface 
mold  and  some  gravelly  loam.  Quarries  of  good  building  stone  are  found  in  the  town.  Iscbua, 
(p.  v.,)  formerly  called  "Rice,"  on  Ischua  Creek,  in  the  N.  part,  contains  a  gristmill  and  19  dwellings. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  on  Lot  45,  on  the  creek,  by  Abraham  M.  Farwell,  from  Mass.,  in 
1812.'  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Farwell,  by  Rev.  John  Spencer, 
in  1815;  and  the  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1827. 

IiEOIV — was  formed  from  Connewango,  April  24,  1832.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  a 
little  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  in  the  w.  and  N.  w.  is  level  and  marshy,  and  in  the  remaining 
parts  moderately  hilly.  It  is  drained  s.  by  Connewango  Creek  and  its  tributaries.  The  soil  is  a 
clay,  sandy,  and  gravelly  loam.  Leon,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  18 
dwellings.  East  L.eon  is  a  p.  o.  Ttaompsonville  is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  e.  part.  Settle- 
ments were  made  on  Mud  Creek,  in  1819,  by  Jas.  Franklin  and  his  son  James,  from  Riga,  Monroe 
CO.,  and  Abner  Wise  and  his  son  Abner  W.,  Thos.  W.  Cheney,  and  Ed.  Dudley,  from  Otsego  cp.' 


^  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Danl.  McKay,  Judge 

Renj.  Cliamberlin,  and Ilibbard,  who  located  in  1813:  Lewis 

Worcester  and  Laurin  Norton,  in  1814.  The  tirst  child  born 
was  Ira  Green,  in  1813 :  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  Ilib- 
bard, the  same  year.  The  first  school  was  tangbt  at  the  house 
of  James  Green,  by  Joel  Fairbanks,  in  the  winter  of  1817-18. 
James  Green  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1813,  at  the  mouth  of  Great 
Valley  Creek,  and  Lewis  Worcester  the  first  store,  in  181,^,  at 
Peth.    The  first  sawmill  was  erected  by  J.ime3  Green,  in  1813. 

2  Zachariah  and  Seymour  Noble  also  settled  in  1806.  All  the 
Bottlers  at  this  time  were  from  Ontario  co.  and  originally  from 
Mass.  The  first  child  born  was  Clarissa,  daughter  of  llorace 
Noble,  in  the  fall  of  1808;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Bibbin 
FoUet,  in  1809.  Rachael  Turner  taught  the  first  school,  at 
Scotts  Corners,  in  1818.  Elihu  Murray  kept  the  first  inn,  near 
ninsdale  Village,  in  ISIO,  and  Emery  Wood  the  first  store.  In 
1825.  The  first  sawmill  was  erected  by  Lewis  Wood,  in  1815; 
and  the  first  gristniill,  by  Henry  Conrnd,  in  182.S. 

*  The  census  reports  '2  churches;  Bap.,  and  M.  E. 

*  Named  from  Charles  Humphrey,  of  Tompkins  Co.,  Speaker 
of  the  Assembly  at  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  town. 

6  Among  the  other  eaily  settlers  were  Alonzo  Berry,  Abgab 


Rowley,  Nathan  Howe,  Thomas  Scott,  and  Stephen  S.  Cole.  Tho 
first  school  was  taught  by  John  Howe,  at  Sugar  Town,  in  1820. 
Mr.  Howe  has  since  been  a  member  of  Congress  from  Penn. 
Russel  Chappell  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1824,  and  Averill  Lawyer 
the  first  store,  at  Humphrey  Center,  in  1S4S.  The  first  sawmill 
was  erected  by  Foster  B.  Salisbury,  on  Wright  Creek. 

6  There  are  4  churches  in  town";  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  M.  E.,  ana 
K.  C. 

'  Seymour  Boughton,  from  Westchester  CO.,  settled  at  the  vil- 
lago  in  1815,  and  William  Kimball,  Amos  Pitcher,  and  Jontl. 
than  Davis  about  the  same  time.  The  first  child  born  was  C. 
Adehne,  daughter  of  A.  M.  Farwell.  in  1816;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Henry  Boughton.  by  the  fall  of  a  tree,  in  1811.  The  first 
school  was  taught  on  the  prennses  of  Mr.  Farwell,  by  Caroline 
Putnam,  in  the  summer  of  1821.  Mr.  Farwell  erected  the  first 
sawmill,  on  Lot  45.  in  1814.  and  Cook  &  Tyler  the  first  grlst- 
mill,  fn  1826.  both  on  Ischua  Creek.  The  first  store  was  opened 
by  Albert  Lawrence  and  Henry  Stephens,  in  1832,  aud  the  first 
inn  by  Seymour  Boughton.  in  1816. 

>  Robert  Durfee,  from  R.  I.,  settled  on  Lots  50  and  67,  in  1819, 
where  he  still  resides ;  and  John  Fairbanks  and  John  Battles,  in 
1819-20.    The  first  birth  was  that  of  Edward  Dudley,  July  20, 


192 


CATTARAUGUS    COUNTY. 


The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Abner  Wise,  in  1820,  by  Elder  Uadlcy ;  and 
the  first  church  (Ref.  Metli.)  was  formed  by  Rev.  Ezra  Amadon,  in  1822.' 

L.ITTL,E  TAl,L,ET— was  formed  from  "Perry,"  now  Perrysburgh,  April  10, 1818.  Conne- 
wango  and  Napoli  were  taken  oS'  in  1823,  Mansfield  and  New  Albion  in  1830,  and  Bucktooth  in 
1854.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  mostly  a 
hilly  upland,  divided  into  two  principal  ridges  by  the  deep  valley  of  Little  Valley  Creek.  The 
highest  summits  are  500  to  600  feet  above  the  creek.  Upon  Lot  77,  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  the  town,  is 
a  peculiar  rock  formation,  known  as  "  Rock  City."^  The  soil  is  a  hard,  clay  luam  upon  the  hills, 
and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.'  Little  Talley,  (p-v.,)  in  the  N.w.  corner,  contains  a 
church  and  30  dwellings.  It  is  an  important  station  upon  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  Little 
Valley  CreeK,  near  the  center,  contains  a  church  and  11  dwellings.  The  first  settlements 
were  made  in  the  valley,  in  1807,  by  John  Green,  Judge  Benj.  Chamberlin,  and  several  other 
families,  who  left  during  the  War  of  1812.*  The  first  church  (F.  W.  Bap.)  was  formed  by  Elder 
Richard  M.  Cary,  Oct.  8,  1820.* 

L.Y]VDOiV — was  formed  from  Franklinville,  Jan.  24,  1829.  Its  name  was  changed  to  "Elgin" 
April  7,  1857,  and  back  to  Lyndon  April  16,  1858.  It  lies  on  the  E.  border  of  the  CO.,  N.  of  the 
center.  Its  surface  is  hilly,  the  highest  ridges,  near  the  center,  being  about  500  feet  above  the 
R.  R.  at  Olean.  It  is  drained  by  Oil  Creek  and  branches  of  Ischua  Creek.  The  soil  is  chiefly 
clay  covered  with  a  light  vegetable  mold  upon  the  hills,  and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys. 
Elgin,  (p.  0.,)  near  the  center,  and  Ra'\TSOn,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  e.  part,  are  hamlets.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  by  Solomon  and  Wm.  Rawson,  who  located  upon  Lots  6  and  7  in  1808.' 
The  first  religious  services  (F.  W.  Bap.)  were  conducted  by  Seth  Markham,  at  his  own  house,  in 
1810.  The  first  church  (F.  W.  Bap.)  was  organized  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town,  in  1816,  by  Elders 
Jeremiah  and  Abraham  Folsom.' 

MACHIAS — was  formed  from  Yorkshire,  April  16,  1827.  A  part  of  Yorkshire  was  annexed 
in  1847.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  forms  a  portion 
of  the  elevated  table  land  dividing  the  waters  of  Allegany  River  from  those  of  Cattaraugus  Creek. 
Lime  Lake,  in  the  N.  E.  part,  1,100  feet  above  Lake  Erie,  discharges  its  waters  N.  into  Cattaraugus 
Creek.  Ischua  Creek  flows  s.  into  the  Allegany.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam,  mostly 
of  good  qualify.  Maple  sugar  is  largely  produced.  Macllias,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  e.  part,  con- 
tains 2  churches,  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  30  dwellings.  L<lme  Lake  is  a  hamlet  at  the  head 
of  the  lake  of  the  same  name.  Timothy  Butler  and  Jeremiah  Ballard,  from  Me.,  located  on  Lots  13 
and  14,  on  the  creek,  below  the  village,  in  1813.*  The  first  religious  services  were  performed  by 
Rev.  John  Spencer,  a  missionary  from  Conn.;  and  the  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  organized  in  1822.' 

MA1V.SFIEL.D— was  formed  from  Little  Valley,  Feb.  23, 1830.     It  is  an  interior  town,  a  little 


1820;  the  first  marriagie,  that  of  Abner  "W.  Wise  and  Laura 
Davison,  in  1823;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Laura,  daughter 
of  Capt.  John  Fairbanks,  io  1821.  Richard  Outhout  tauglit  the 
first  school,  in  the  winter  of  1822-23.  Asa  Franklin  kept  the 
first  inn,  in  1823,  and  Jnhnaon  Noyes  the  first  store,  in  1828. 
Ebenezer  Collar  erectfd  the  first  sawmill,  in  1824,  on  Mud  Creek ; 
and  Jabez  Thompson,  the  first  gristmill,  on  the  same  stream,  in 
1832. 

1  There  are  now  3  churches  in  town;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  United 
Bretliren. 

2  Rock  City  is  situati^d  upon  the  nearly  level  summit  of  a  hill 
400  feet  above  the  valley  and  2.000  feet  above  tide,  and  rovers 
an  area  of  about  100  acres.  The  rock,  consisting  of  Catskill  con- 
glomerate, is  arranged  in  regular  blocks,  with  sharp  angles  aud 
pprpendicalar  sideH,  presenting  the  appearance  of  courtyards  or 
squares  in  the  midst  of  numerous  streets  and  alleys.  In  a  more 
minute  description  of  the  place.  Prof  Hall,  in  bis  "  Genlogy  of 
New  Fwfc,"  says,  "The  large  trees  which  stand  upon  the  top 
of  the  immense  blocks  have  often  sent  their  roots  down  the  sides, 
where  they  are  sustained  by  the  deep  soil,  sujiporting  the  huge 
growth  above  upon  an  almost  barren  rock.  The  rectangular 
blocks,  composed  of  pure  white  pebbles  conglutinated,  are  from 
30  to  35  feet  in  thickness,  and,  standing  regularly  arranged 
along  the  line  of  outcrop,  present  an  imposing  appearance.'* 

8  A  successful  experiment  in  domesticating  the  American  elk 
has  been  made  in  this  town  by  Mr.  Lorenzo  Stratton.  Tliis 
gentleman  purchased  a  pair  in  1853,  and  subsequently  3  more, 
from  the  head  branches  of  the  Missouri,  and  placed  them  in  a 
pasture  of  125  acres  of  well  fenced  woodland.  By  frequent  at- 
tention and  feeding,  the  animals  have  become  so  domesticated 
Ihat  they  are  driven  to  tlie  annual  co.  fairs  without  trouble. 
Hid  original  numl>or  of  5  have  increased  to  15.  including  a  pair 
of  5  year  olds  sold  for  $1,000  for  shipment  to  England,  in  1S57, 
and  a  3  year  old  buck  elaughtered  July  4, 1858. 


*  Among  the  first  settlers  before  the  war  were  Luther  Stewart, 
Wm.  Gillmore.  David  Powers,  and  Alpheus  Bascom.  After  the 
war,  Stephen  Crosby,  from  Madison  co.,  located  on  Lot  30,  in 
Feb.  1816;  and  Noah  Culver,  Enoch,  David,  and  Alvin  Chase, 
and  John  Stratton.  from  New  England,  soon  after.  David 
Powers  built  the  first  saw  and  grist  mill,  in  1809,  on  Little 
Valley  Creek. 

6  The  census  reports  3  churches;  F.  W.  Bap.,  Cong.,  and  Prot. 
Meth. 

6  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  J.  Simons.  David,  Seth, 
and  Jephtha  Markham.  fiom  Penn.,  who  settled  on  Lot  7  in  ]809. 
The  Markhams  were  originally  from  Conn.  The  first  child  born 
was  Nattclla,  daughter  of  f^oiomon  Rawson,  in  Aug.  1S09;  the 
first  marriage,  that  of  Wm.  Markham  and  Rachel  Phillips,  March 
1.  1815 :  and  the  first  death,  that  of  James  Markham,  the  father 
of  the  3  Markhams  among  the  first  settlers,  in  1811.  Sally 
Osborne  taught  the  first  school,  in  the  summer  of  IS15,  in  the  E. 
part  of  the  town.  The  fii-st  inn  was  kept  by  Wm.  Rawson,  in 
the  E.  part,  in  1825,  and  the  first  store  by  Charles  Gillmore.  at 
the  center,  in  1827.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  Jasou  Sher- 
man, in  1843. 

'The  census  reports  4  cburchea;  F.  W.  Bap.,  Wes.  Meth., 
Asso.  Presb..  and  Asso.  Ref.  Presb. 

8  Joseph  Kinney  settled  In  1815;  Obadiah  Vaughn  in  1818;  E. 
T.  Ashcraft.  Chas.  Button,  Chas.  II.  Briggs.  and  Wiggen  M.  F.ar- 
rer  soon  after.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Brigham  Brown 
and  Polly  Mason,  in  April.  1823:  and  the  first  death,  that  of 
Esther  Ashcraft,  in  Dec.  1819.  Nathl.  Bowen  taught  the  first 
srhool.  in  1819.  on  Lot  25.  Andrew  McBuzzell  erected  the  first 
sai\Tnill,  in  1822.  and  Danl.  Potter  the  first  gristmill,  in  1823,— 
both  on  the  outlet  of  Lime  Lake.  The  first  store  was  kept  at 
the  same  place,  by  Howard  Perk  and  Alva  Jeffer&on ;  and  the 
first  inn,  on  Ischua  Creek,  by  Widow  Freeman,  in  1820. 

9  The  census  reports  2  churches;  M.  E.  and  Christian. 


CATTARAUGUS    COUNTY. 


193 


N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  hilly,  the  highest  elevations,  in  the  s.  e.,  being  about 
300  feet  above  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  where  it  crosses  the  s.  w,  corner  of  the  town.  The  s.  branch  of 
Cattaraugus  Creek  flows  w.  through  the  n.  part,  and  several  small  streams  s.  into  the  Allegany. 
The  soil  is  a  hard,  clay  loam  on  the  uplands,  and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  Eddyville, 
(p.o.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  2  churches,  a  sawmill,  and  11  dwellings.  The  first  settler  was 
Amos  Morgan,  who  located  in  the  s.  part  in  1817.*  The  first  church,  (Bap.,)  formed  in  1828,  has 
since  broken  up.^ 

IVAPOLI — -was  formed  from  Little  A^alley,  Jan.  20,  1823,  as  **  Cold  Sprinr/."  Its  name  was 
changed  April  15,  1828 ;  and  the  present  town  of  Cold  Spring  was  taken  off  in  1837.  Its  surface 
is  a  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  600  feet  above  the  valley.  The  principal  stream  is 
Cold  Spring  Creek.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  IVapoli,  (p.  v.,)  s.  of  the  center, 
contains  a  church  and  about  a  dozen  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  Lot  27,  by  Major 
Timothy  Butler,  in  1818.^  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  by  Rev.  John  Spencer,  in  1820. 
The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  organized  in  1820.* 

1VE"W  AL.BIOIV— was  formed  from  Little  Valley,  Feb.  23,  1830.  It  is  an  interior  town, 
N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland.  It  is  drained  by  streams  flowing  into 
Cattaraugus  Creek  on  the  n.  and  into  the  Allegany  on  the  s.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam  on  the  hills, 
and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  IVew  Albion,  (P-'^'O  a  little  s.  of  the  center,  contains  20 
dwellings;  Cattaraugus,^  (P-'^-O  i^  ^^^  n.  part,  contains  a  steam  flouring  mill  and  50  dwell- 
ings. It  is  an  important  station  upon  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.,  and  has  grown  up  since  this  road  was 
completed.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  the  s.  w.  corner  of  Lot  57,  by  Matthew  Dimmick,  in 
1818.®  The  first  religious  association  (M.  E.)  was  organized  in  1830.  There  are  3  churches  in 
town,  but  no  church  edifice.' 

OLEAX — was  formed  March  11, 1808,  and  at  first  included  the  whole  territory  of  Cattaraugus 
CO.  "  Ischiia,"  now  Franklinville,  was  taken  off  in  1812,  a  part  of  Perrysburgh  in  1814,  Great 
Valley  in  1818,  Hinsdale  in  1820,  and  Portville  in  1837.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  line  of  the  co.,  near 
the  s.E.  corner.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  separated  into  two  distinct  parts  by  the  valley  of 
the  Allegany.  The  highest  points  are  500  to  600  feet  above  the  valley.  Lumbering  is  the  leading 
occupation.  Olean,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Allegany,  at  the  mouth  of  Olean  Creek,  was  incorp.  in  1854. 
It  contains  6  churches,  the  Olean  Academy,®  a  newspaper  office,  a  flouring  mill,  foundery,  tannery. 
and  3  sawmills.  Pop.  994,  It  is  a  station  upon  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.,  and  an  important  commer- 
cial point  upon  the  river;  and  it  was  for  some  years  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Genesee  Valley 
Canal,®  The  first  settlement  was  made  prior  to  1805.  In  that  year  Robert  Hoops,  agent  of  Adam 
Hoops,  and  David  Heusten  were  residents  near  the  river  on  small  improvements,  and  must  have 
settled  as  early  as  1804.io     The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1820." 

OTTO^-— was  formed  from  Perrysburgh,  Jan.  29,  1823.     East  Otto  was  taken  off  in  1854,    a 


1  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Nathaniel  Fish,  Sewell 

Gunn.  and Bennett,  wlio  located  in  the  8.  part   in  1817 ; 

and  Samuel  L.  Ilollister,  from  Great  Valley,  who  located  in  the 
V.  E.  part  in  1S22.  The  first  child  born  waa  Wahala  Fish,  Dec. 
9, 1820;  and  the  first  marrintre,  that  of  Prince  W.  Fish  and  Lois 
Qrover.  Jan.  1, 1824.  The  first  school  was  taught  hy  I^fo  Cliase, 
in  1821.  Nathaniel  Fish  kept  the  first  inn.  on  the  old  Johnson 
Road,  in  the  s.E.  part,  in  1818,  and  Thos.  IT.  McKay  the  firet 
store,  in  1S48.  at  Eddyville.  The  first  sawmill  was  erected  by 
George  and  Munson  Clark,  in  1637,  on  the  s.  branch  of  Catta- 
raupuF  Creek. 

2  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  M.  E..  F.  TV.  Bap.,  and  Univ. 
'  In  1819.  Geo.  Hill  located  on  Lot  29,  Harvey  Parmaleo  and 

Harlow  Butler  on  Lot  51,  Sargent  Morrill  on  Lot  50.  and  Timo- 
thy Boardman  on  Lot  43.  The  first  child  horn  was  .loseph  Foy, 
in  June,  1820;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Dr.  Noble  and  Slatira 
Canfield,  in  1821 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  child  of  Timothy 
Butler,  in  1820.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Fanny  Board- 
roan,  in  the  summer  of  1819.  Moses  Cook  kept  the  first  store. 
in  1826,  and  Eastman  Prcscott  the  first  inn,  in  1831.  James 
Wait  erected  the  first  sawmill,  in  1829,  on  a  branch  of  Cold 
Spring  Crei'k. 

*  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  Cong.,  Bap.,  F.  "W.  Bap.,  and 
M.  E. 

6  Joseph  Plumb,  the  owner  of  the  lands  on  which  the  village 
in  built,  deeded  the  lots  with  the  condition  on  penalty  of  for- 
feiture that  no  intoxicating  litiuors  should  be  eold  on  the  pre- 
mises.   It  i**,  of  course,  a  temperance  village. 

*  David  Hammond,  jr.  Incatud  on  Lot  33.  and  Jonathan  Kinne- 
cutt  on  Lot  10,  in  ISIS;  A.  Smith  Waterman  on  Lot  25,  and 
James  Godard  on  Lot  9- about  the  same  time;  Benj.  Chamberlin 
on  Lot  1,  and  David  Unl  and  John  A.  Kinnecutt  on  Lot  18,  in 


Dec.  1820;  Itobert  and  Timothy  P.  Gay  subse^ueotly  located  on 


13 


Lot  33.  The  first  birth  was  in  the  family  of  Matthew  Dimmick, 
in  Dec.  1818.  Capt.  Rosecrantz,  an  Indian  trader,  froze  to  death 
in  this  town  in  the  winter  of  1810,  while  on  his  way  from  the 
month  of  Cattaraugus  Creek  to  Olean.  The  first  inn  wa.s  kept 
by  Jas.  Godard.  on  Lot  9,  iu  1819,  and  the  first  store  by  Eraetus 
Hooth,  in  1833,  at  the  center.  Matthew  Nealy  built  the  first 
sawmill,  on  a  s.  branch  of  Cattaraugus  Creek,  and  Charles  Sib- 
ley the  first  gristmill,  on  Lot  49,  in  1S3G. 
^  M.  E.,  Wes.  Meth..  and  Prot.  Mcth. 

8  The  academic  buildings  were  burned  April  1.1856.  The  now 
buildings  are  neRrly  ready  for  the  reception  of  students. 

9  An  act  was  passed  in  1856  authorizing  the  extension  of  this 
canal  7  mi.  to  the  Penn.  line.  The  work  is  now  in  progress; 
and.  when  completed,  it  will,  in  connection  with  elackwater 
navigation  upon  the  river,  open  a  direct  communication  with 
the  coal  mines  of  Penn. 

*o  .Icibn  BrouUs,  James  Green,  Cornelius  Brooks,  Wm.  Shepard, 
and  Willis  Thrall  located  in  1806.  Jas.  G.  Johnson  was  the  first 
Hettler  in  the  village,  in  1S0>^.  The  first  lumber  was  rafted  down 
the  Allegany  in  1807,  by  Bibbins  Follet.  Jed.-.iiah  Strong,  and 
Dr.  Bradley.  The  first  birth  in  town  was  that  of  Olean,  daughter 
of  Wm.  Shepard,  Mav  22.  1S07:  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Wm. 
B.  Shepard,  Sept.  21. 1809.  Sylvanua  Bussell  kept  the  first  inn. 
in  1808,  at  Olean  Point,  and  Levi  Gregory  the  fla-st  store,  in 
1811.  at  Clean  Village.  Wm.  Shepard  and  Willis  Thrall  erected 
the  first  sawmill,  in  1807.  on  Olean  Creek;  and  Adam  Hoops, 
the  first  gristmill,  in  1809,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Creek.  Mr. 
Hoops  was  a  proprietor  of  lands  and  a  pioneer  settler.  He  had 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Continental  army, — at  one  period 
as  aid  to  Gen.  Washingt^-n. 

"  There  are  now  7  churches  in  town;  2  Evan.  Luth.,  M.  E., 
Prot.  E..  Preeb^  Bap.,  and  R.  0. 

^  Named  from  Jacob  S.  Otto,  ageat  of  the  IIoUaDd  Land  Co. 


194 


CATTARADGUS  COUNTY. 


part  of  Perrysburgh  in  1823,  and  a  part  of  Ashford  in  1835.  It  lies  on  the  n.  lino  of  the  co.,  w. 
of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  and  broken  upland.  It  is  drained  w.  by  Cattaraugus  Creek, 
which  forms  its  n.  boundai-y,  and  several  tributaries,  the  principal  of  which  is  the  South  Branch, 
forming  the  w.  boundary.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a  hard,  clay  loam,  -with  occasional  spots  of  gravelly 
loam.  'Waverly,  (Otto  p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  a  church,  woolen  factory,  and  gristmill. 
Pop.  277.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  Cattaraugus  Creek,  in  1816,  by  Joseph  Adams  and 
his  son  Bina,  and  Joseph  Bartlett.'   The  first  church  (Christian)  was  formed  about  1826.' 

PERRYSBURGU'— was  formed  from  Clean  and  "Ischva,"  now  Franklinville,  April  13, 
1814,  as  "Perry."  Its  name  was  changed  April  10,  1818.  Little  Valley  was  taken  off  in  1818, 
Otto  in  1823,  and  Dayton  and  Persia  in  1835.  Part  of  Otto  was  annexed  in  1823.  It  is  the  N.  w. 
corner  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  and  broken  upland.  Cattaraugus  Creek  forms  the 
If.  boundary.  The  streams  are  small  branches  of  Cattaraugus  and  Silver  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  clay 
and  gravelly  loam.  Perrysburgll,  (p.  v.,)  s.  of  the  center,  contains  a  church  and  23  dwellings. 
It  is  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  Tersailles,  (p.  v.,)  on  Cattaraugus  Creek,  in  the  n.e. 
part,  contains  a  church,  2  flouring  mills,  and  a  tannery.  Pop.  274.  The  rapid  descent  in  the 
creek  at  this  point  affords  an  extensive  water-power.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1815,  by 
John  Clark.*  Religious  meetings  (M.  E.)  were  held  in  1820;  but  the  first  church  (Bap.)  which 
drew  the  lands  granted  by  the  Holland  Land  Co.  was  formed  in  1821.^ 

PERSIA — was  formed  from  Perrysburgh,  Feb.  7,  1835.  It  lies  on  the  N.  line  of  the  CO.,  w.  of 
the  center.  The  surface  is  a  billy  upland,' with  a  general  inclination  toward  the  N.  The  highest 
points  are  about  650  feet  above  Lake  Erie.  The  principal  streams  are  Cattaraugus  Creek,  forming 
the  N.  boundary,  and  South  Branch.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  Gowanda,^  (P- v-.) 
on  Cattaraugus  Creek,  in  the  N.w.  corner,  w;xs  incorp.  Dec.  7,  1847.  It  contains  2  churches,  a 
newspaper  office,  a  large  flouring  mill,  2  sawmills,  and  various  other  manufacturing  establishments. 
Pop.  908,  of  which  520  are  in  Persia  and  388  are  in  Collins,  (Erie  co.)  The  first  settlement  was 
made  a  little  above  Gowanda  Village,  in  1811,  by  John  Russell,  from  Vt.  Upon  the  breaking  out 
of  the  War  of  1812,  he  left  with  his  family  and  never  returned.  In  1814,  Ahaz  Allen,  from  Vt., 
settled  permanently  on  the  lot  left  by  Russell.'  The  first  religious  meetings  were  held  by  Elder 
Elnathan  Finch,  (F.  W.  Bap.,)  in  1815-16.  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1826,  at 
Gowanda. 

PORTVIliliE — was  formed  from  Olean,  April  27,  1837.  It  is  the  s.  E.  corner  town  of  the 
CO.  The  surface  is  mostly  a  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  500  to  600  feet  above  the 
valleys.  The  Allegany  River  enters  the  town  upon  the  s.  border,  flows  N.  to  near  the  center,  and 
thence  n.  w.  to  the  w.  border.  It  receives  as  tributaries  Oswaya,  Dodges,  and  Haskel  Creeks. 
The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam ;  and  the  flaUs  were  originally  covered  with  a  magnificent  growth  of  white 
pine.  Lumbering  is  the  leading  pursuit.  Portvillc,  (p. v.,)  on  the  Allegany,  contains  2 
churches,  2  sawmills,  and  a  gristmill.  Pop.  287.  Mill  Grove,  s.  of  Portville,  on  the  Allegany, 
contains  2  sawmills,  a  gristmill,  and  18  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1805,  by 
James  Green,  on  Haskell  Creek,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town.'  The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed 
in  1824.     The  census  reports  2  churches;  M.  E.,  and  Presb. 

KAlVDOIiPII — was  formed  from  Connewango,  Feb.  1,  1826,  and  named  from  Randolph,  Vt. 
A  part  of  South  Valley  was  taken  off  in  1847.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the 
center.  Its  surface  is  an  undulating  and  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  about  400  feet 
above  the  valleys.     Little  Connewango  Creek  is  the  principal  stream.     The  soil  is  mostly  a  clay 

I  Stephen,  Tsaac.  and  Benj.  Ballartl,  from  Vt..  and  Kphraiin 
Brown,  settled  in  1S18,  in  ditToient  parts  of  the  town.  D.tvid  S. 
Elliott  Uept  tlie  fii-st  inn,  and  Vine  Plumb  the  first  fitoie,  in 
1828,  at  Waverly.  The  first  sawmill  was  erected  by  Isaac  W. 
Sherman,  in  IS'22;  and  the  lirst  gristmill,  by  Stephen  Rogers,  in 
182S.  at  Waverly. 

*  There  are  now  3  churches  in  town ;  Christian,  M.  E.,  and  Presb. 

5  Named  from  Commodore  O.  il.  Perry. 

*  Amonj;  the  other  early  settlers  were  Edward  Rnssell,  Phineaa 
Spencer,  IIuj;li  Campbell.  Ralph  Griswold.  Wm.  Cooper.  John 
Sprague.  and  Simon  Waterman,  who  came  in  about  1S16;  and 
Elish?  Ward.  Stephen  Crocker,  and  Freeman  Edwards,  who 
located  near  Peri-ysburgh  Village  in  1817.  The  first  school  was 
tanglit  by  Olive  Barto.  in  the  summer  of  1S19.  Beiy.  Waterman 
kept  the  first  inn,  in  1816,  and  Cobb.  Cook  A  Pelton  the  first 
store,  at  the  village,  in  1827.  The  first  sawmill  was  erected  on 
the  branch  of  Silver  Creek,  by  Isaac  Balcomb;  and  the  first 
frristmill,  at  Versailles,  about  1820. 

6  The  census  reports  4  clmrches ;  3  M,  £.,  and  Bap. 

*  Formerly  called  "  Lodi." 


7  Thomas  Farnsworth  located  in  1814,  and  ilcrrill  Aldrich 
and  Daniel  Wheeler  in  1815.  The  first  child  born  was  Anice 
Farnsworth,  in  the  summer  of  1S15.  The  first  schotil  was  taught 
by  Polly  Redfield,  in  1 M7.  Ahaz  Allen  erected  the  first  sawniill, 
in  1814;  the  first  clothing  works,  in  1S21;  and  fii-st  gristmill,  in 
182.1,  on  Cattaraugus  Creek.  Phineas  Spencer  kept  the  first 
store,  about  1.^25,  at  Gowanda.  "  Point  Peter"  is  the  name  given 
to  a  locality  If  mi.  above  Gowanda  that  marks  the  site  of  an 
ancient  fortification. 

8  There  are  2  churches  in  town :  Presb.  and  M.  E. 

*  The  first  child  born  was  Hannah  Green,  daughter  of  Jaa. 
Green,  April  28,  1807  ;  the  first  marriage  was  that  of  Jonathan 
Dodge  and  Eunice  Atherton,  in  1809;  and  the  first  death,  that 
of  David  Ileusten,  killed  by  the  spring  of  a  tree  v,'liile  getting 
out  spars,  in  the  spring  of  1807.  Anna  Carpenter  taught  the 
first  school,  near  Portville  Village,  in  the  summer  of  1822.  I.u- 
man  Rice  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1822,  and  Allen  Itife  the  flrat 
store,  in  182.3.  The  fiist  sawmill  was  erected  by  James  Gri-en 
and  Alpbeus  Dodge,  on  llnskel  Creek,  in  1807 ;  and  the  first 
gristmill,  by  Samuel  King,  on  Dodges  Creek,  in  1830. 


CATTARAUGUS    COUNTY. 


195 


and  gravelly  loam.  A  sulphur  spring  is  found  J  mi.  n.  of  East  Randolph.  Randolph,  (p-v.,) 
on  Little  Connewango  Creek,  in  the  N.  part,  contains  a  sawmill,  3  churches,  and  about  GOD  inhabit- 
ants;  East  Randolpll,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  e.  corner  contains  2  churches,  a  grist  and  saw 
mill,  a  furnace,  machine  shop,  tannery,  and  about  700  inhabitants.  Randolph  Academy  is  situated 
upon  an  eminence  about  midway  lietween  the  villages.  The  first  settlement  in  town  was  made  at 
Randolph  Village,  by  Edmund  Fuller,  from  Oneida  co.,  in  1820.'  The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was 
organized  in  1823.^ 

SOUTH  TAIiliET— was  formed  from  Randolph  and  Cold  Spring,  April  2,  1847.  A  part 
of  Cold  Spring  was  annexed  in  1848.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  The  surface  is 
mountainous  and  broken.  Allegany  River  flows  s.  w.  through  the  town  and  receives  as  tributaries 
Split  Rock,  Ilotchkiss,  Tunessassa,  Pierce,  Sawmill,  and  Bone  Run  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loajm 
on  the  hills,  and  a  rich,  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  Lumbering  is  the  principal  occupation  of 
the  people.'  Onoville  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Friends'  Mission,  upon  the  Allegany  Indian  Reservation.  The  Mission  was  established  in  1798, 
by  the  Yearly  Meeting  of  Philadelphia  Friends  ;  and  Joel  Swayne,  Holliday  Jackson,  and  Chester 
Simmons,  from  Chester  co.,  Penn.,  settled  upon  the  Reservation,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town.'  It 
does  not  appear  that  any  other  religious  association  has  ever  been  formed  in  the  town.  The  Presb. 
missions  on  the  Reservation,  however,  have  an  extensive  range  in  the  valley  of  the  Allegany. 

TORRSHIRE— was  formed  from  Franklinville,  April  13,  1820.  Machias  was  taken  off  in 
1827.  A  part  of  Freedom  was  annexed  in  1844,  and  a  part  of  Machias  was  taken  off  in  1847. 
It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co.,  e.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  and  hilly 
upland.  Cattaraugus  Creek  forms  the  n.  boundary.  South  Branch  flows  through  near  the  center 
and  receives  several  tributaries.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  A  large  amount  of  maple 
sugar  is  annually  produced.  Yorkshire  Corners,  (Yorkshire  p.o.,)  on  Cattaraugus  Creek, 
contains  38  dwellings.  Yorkshire  Center,  (p.  v.,)  a  little  e.  of  the  center,  contains  2  chui-ches, 
2  sawmills,  a  gristmill,  and  42  dwellings.  liVest  Yorkshire,  (p. v.,)  on  the  n.  line,  at  the 
junction  of  the  South  Branch  with  Cattaraugus  Creek,  contains  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  carding 
machine,  and  14  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1810,  on  Lot  1,  in  the  n.e.  corner, 
by  Abner  Bomp,  from  Vt.'    The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  about  1814.* 


>  The  first  child  horn  was  James  Fuller,  in  Jnne,  1822;  and 
the  first  death  was  that  of  Zaimon  C.  Smith,  June  17. 1824,  while 
at  worlt  OD  mills  of  Cliauucey  C.  Helms.  The  double  marriage 
of  David  Salisbury  and  Clement  Russell  with  dtiughtel-s  of  Thos. 
Harvey,  at  the  same  time,  was  the  first  in  town.  The  first 
school  was  taiipht  by  Sally  Morton,  at  Eandulph  Vill.oge.  in  the 
summer  of  1822,  Benj.  Clark  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1823,  and 
Kohert  Uelnrs  the  first  store,  in  18,37.  Thos,  Harvey  erected 
the  first  aawinill,  in  1823 ;  Chauncey  C,  Helms,  the  first  grist- 
mill, in  1826 ;  and  Jonathan  Wood,  the  first  carding  and  cloth 
dressing  mil!,  in  1827, 

*  There  are  5  churches  in  town ;  M,  E,,  Bnp,,  F,  W,  Bap.,  Cong,, 
and  R,  C, 

8  The  extensive  pine  forests  which  grew  in  town  are  nearly 
exhausted ;  and  the  lumbering  is  now  mostly  confined  to  the 
coarser  kinds  of  lumber.  The  town  lias  an  area  of  37,749  acres, 
of  which  only  about  2,000  acres  are  under  improvement, 

*  Soou  after  the  first  settlement  the  Yearly  Meeting  at  Phila- 


delphia purchased  300  acres  of  land  of  the  Holland  Laud  Com- 
pany and  built  a  saw  and  grist  mill.  The  mills  did  work  for 
white  settlers  on  the  usual  terms,  and  furnished  lumber  and 
ground  com  for  the  Indians  free.  The  Indians  were  also  in- 
structed in  agriculture  and  the  arts  of  civilized  life.  The  mills 
were  built  by  Jacob  T.aylor  and  Jonathan  Thfimas.  Robert 
Clendenon,  from  Chester  co„  Penn.,  occupied  the  Mission  Station 
in  1812,  It  is  said  that  descendants  of  Sir  Wm,  Johnson  are 
now  residing  on  the  Allegany  Reservation, 

6  Benj,  and  Wm,  Fetch,  Edward  Bomp,  Thoe,  Dow,  and  Luther 
Thompson  were  anions  the  first  settlers,  Saml.  G,  Sutton  and 
Robert  Steel,  from  N,  H,.  settled  in  1818.  and  are  now  the  oldest 
residents  in  town.  The  first  store  was  kept  by  Henry  L,  B;dcer, 
In  182;i,  and  the  first  inn  by  Prescott  M'illiams,  in  1820, — both 
at  Yorkshire  Corners,  Isaac  M'illiams  erected  the  first  griat 
and  saw  mill,  in  1814.  on  Cattaraugus  Creek, 

*  There  are  now  3  churches  in  town ;  M.  £.,  Bap.,  and  Univ. 


1% 


CATTARAUGUS    COUNTY. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuafiony  PopvJatwn,    Dwellings^  Families^  Freeholders^   Schools,  Live 
Stockj  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Cattaraugus  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Allegany 

Aflhford 

Bucktootb.... 

Carrolton 

Cold  Spring... 
CoDnewango.. 

Dayton 

East  Otto 

EUicottviUe... 
Farmers  ville. 
FranklinTiUe. 

Freedom 

Great  Valley^ 

Hinsdale 

Humphrey.... 

Ischua 

Leon 

Little  Valley.. 

Lyndon 

Machiaa 

Mansfield 

Napoli 

New  Albion.. 

Clean 

Otto 

Perrysbiu'gh.. 

Persia. 

Portville 

Randolph 

South  Valley. 
Yorkshire 

Total...., 


AceesofLand.  I 

■s 

1     1 

1 

1     & 

•5 

e 

4,09Si 

40,677 

12,138} 

16,423 

794 

4.617 

l.mei 

22,809i 

2.3195 

15.497 

10,954^ 

9,512i 

10.108, 

12,5S-i 

10,76S 

11.619 

9,3S4r 

17.722J 

19..'>76j 

13,456i 

13.972 

17.401 

15.874i 

9,398 

4,586i 

26,285 

7,762i 

15,232 

10.378i 

6,348 

7.394 

12.56ei 

11,740 

9.226} 

6,073i 

13,21Si 

10,289i 

9.627 

10,683 

9,604J 

11.30U 

11.267i 

10,332 

11.361i 

11,270} 

10,272} 

2.618 

9.219 

11,049J 

8,487} 

12,3325 

6,55U 

6,483S 

6,166J 

8.189 

18,823} 

V,206i 

13.214t 

1,714} 

33,074J 

11,059 

11.361 
432,620* 

266,4351 

Valuation  of  1858. 


.s 

■Si- 

fi 

Si 

§  s^ 

« 

n.o< 

$198,096 

$760 

280.728 

1.270 

90,065 

9.400 

81,600 

600 

94495 

260 

176,719 

13,000 

212,610 

17,600 

202.064 

13.480 

251,493 

67,700 

261,458 

36,260 

270,898 

36,460 

364.360 

10..500 

133.284 

6,200 

188.342 

13,650 

183,080 

4,000 

155.987 

1,300 

258.499 

14,457 

115,015 

6,050 

166,190 

6.550 

202.767 

17,070 

197.341 

8.200 

240.771 

11,800 

219,823 

10,962 

302.129 

33.550 

335,216 

29,119 

269.261 

37,800 

223.441 

34,200 

186,637 

14.700 

284.530 

18,500 

128,650 

5,000 

232.619 

14,275 
499,323 

6.508.9.58 

$198,846 
281.998 
99.466 
82.100 
94745 
188,719 
230.110 
216.644 
319,193 
300,708 
307,348 
374,850 
139.484 
201,992 
187,080 
157,287 
272.956 
1211.065 
172,740 
219.837 
205.541 
262,671 
236,776 
335,679 
361,336 
306.761 
267,641 
200,337 
303,030 
133,650 
246,894 


7,008.281  20.211  19.319 


763 
947 
209 
255 
313 
671 
658 
624 
917 
682 
841 
700 
690 
1,030 
364 
618 
648 
384 
630 
097 
649 
633 
763 
772 
631 
729 
684 
654 
881 
204 
818 


297 
359 
84 
81 
110 
207 
217 
227 
350 
266 
816 
2S5 
224 
409 
147 
204 
201 
168 
226 
256 
213 
229 
305 
337 
211 
276 
240 
204 
318 
92 
348 

7.616 


89 
119 
276 
226 
242 
343 
267 
334 
300 
236 
434 
l.'il 
204 
264 
100 
220 
226 
257 
243 
310 
310 
213 
288 
185 
213 
327 
111 
338 


7,646 


228 
337 
38 
69 
80 
228 
157 
2Zr 
152 
244 
348 
261 
183 
229 
130 
107 
283 
142 
220 
210 
185 
231 
241 
223 
189 
24S 
240 
173 
226 
72 
312 


I 


Si 


6,263    2.5.^    16.12: 


NAK28  OF  Towns. 


Allegany , 

Ashford 

Bucktooth 

Oarrolton 

Cold  Spring.. 
Connewango.. 

Dayton 

Kast  Otto 

EUicottTille .. 
Farmersville.. 
FranklinviUe 

Freedom 

Great  Valley.. 

Hinsdale 

Humphrey.... 

Ischna 

Leon 

Little  Valley.. 

Lyndon 

Machias. 

Mansfield 

Napoli , 

Now  Albion.. 

Olean 

Otto 

Perry  sburgh. 

Persia. .'. 

Portville 

Randolph 

South  Vftlley. 
Yorkshire 

'  Total.... 


Live  Stock. 

Ageicultcbal  Products.                            1 

Hi 

489 

Bush. 

OP  Grain. 

1 

<• 

>■  ■ 

■5. 

Dairy  Probccts. 

l| 

a 

i 

882 

~183 

1 
610 

1 

11 

^5 

11; 

1^1 

tt,     05 

Pounds 

0/ 
Cheese. 

121 

296 

20.4034 

l,187i 

9,327 

1.686J 

31.175 

1,046 

475 

1.804 

1,304 

2.880 

721 

1,021 

67.371 

2,824i 

14,679 

9,358 

113.313 

144,876 

35 

186 

94 

136 

49 

40 

3.656 

224J 

2.540 

220 

9.805 

620 

36 

236 

137 

94 

194 

10 

4.699 

283 

2.866 

90 

8,905 

600 

104 

2,S6 

170 

,573 

162 

15 

10.107 

561i 

3.980 

1.829 

12.813 

376 

434 

2.282 

1,019 

1.922 

732 

314 

49,097  J 

3,086J 

10.086 

9.6,50 

107.9.88 

14,245 

344 

1.241 

1,007 

1.415 

456 

866 

36.522 

2.3654 

8.691 

11.641 

61.016 

113,814 

331 

1.203 

1,610 

1.381 

358 

323 

38.908 

2.556 

8,453 

7.657 

86.099 

266,000 

251 

1.083 

691 

2.040 

440 

209 

38.311i 

1.5694 

14,4864 

2.518 

44.846 

22.195 

621 

2.665 

1,774 

4.360 

695 

686 

66.400 

4,758 

18,700 

11.244 

161.746 

161,539 

477 

2.103 

999 

4.303 

667 

1,761 

66.4.34i 

3,567 

18,021 

6,235 

77.870 

78,710 

635 

1,749 

1,604 

3.272 

645 

66,672i 

3.8674 

13.219 

7,356 

162.942 

37,890 

220 

630 

396 

1.259 

347 

208 

20.662 

1.1384 

10.015 

1.730 

34.957 

240 

366 

1,045 

624 

2.828 

676 

857 

57.502i 

2,041 

10.393 

6.665 

68.200 

10.640 

203 

888 

422 

1,822 

268 

216 

30,189 

1.3874 

8.636 

1,800 

35,464 

9.900 

306 

1.277 

642 

2,603 

486 

1.724J 

46.342 

1.903 

8.078 

6,488 

44.640 

5.S70 

369 

1,450 

1,021 

2,314 

695 

1,346 

42.760i 

3.1404 

10.961 

16.060 

69.314 

114,475 

166 

668 

238 

698 

216 

206 

11.646i 

1,030 

6,421 

2.387 

38.636 

9,310 

356 

1.350 

826 

4,063 

601 

909 

40,480J 

2,502 

13.055 

3.W7 

77,700 

46,370 

380 

1,325 

840 

3,446 

531 

641 

65,932 

1.749 

12.351 

3,183 

76.694 

10.644 

312 

1,190 

954 

2,.560 

421 

290 

47,614i 

2.0094 

11.013 

6.269 

72.703 

199,500 

402 

1,225 

790 

2.165 

4S8 

135 

65.350J 

2.486 

12,068 

11.377 

91.776 

5.550 

3S3 

1.557 

1,079 

2,688 

006 

661 

48,655J 

2,643 

11,840 

4,743 

90.4,i8 

77.166 

155 

249 

286 

228 

326 

364 

12.690 

634 

3.905 

1.426 

6.310 

660 

336 

1,167 

1.229 

1,410 

462 

S90S 

41.776 

2,540 

6.6864 

9.186 

77,8'23 

208,476 

425 

1,466 

1,215 

2.437 

713 

4,279 

89.334 

3.4304 

10..334 

9.718 

91,875 

128.994 

240 

826 

6,58 

760 

324 

3.777 

25,679 

1,4604 

7,202 

6.260 

42,666 

38.666 

193 

336 

323 

8.54 

3.54 

178i 

16,561 

789 

9,474 

3,069 

27,983 

2,895 

434 

1.139 

617 

1,2.53 

676 

318 

28,129 

1,9614 

7,479 

6,200 

49.090 

4,616 

88 

314 

171 

4«6 

136 

364 

4.859 

6134 

2.370 

800 

15,366 

400 

1.S29 

S68 
23,633 

2,703 

615 

1,088 

46,646J 
1,118,979} 

2,193} 

13,019 

9,781 

88,925 

12,904 

9,407 

34,766 

69,726 

13,834 

24,094J 

62,646} 

300,245} 

177,1734 

1,967,183 

1,717,484 

38,072} 


CAYUGA   COUNTY. 

This  county  was  formed  from  Onondaga,  March  8,  1799.  Seneca 
was  taken  off  in  1804,  and  a  part  of  Tompkins  in  1817.  It  is  a  long, 
narrow  co.,  13'ing  w.  of  the  center  of  the  State,  and  extending  from 
Lake  Ontario  s.  to  near  the  head  of  Cayuga  Lake.  It  is  centrally 
distant  14C  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  756  square  mi.'  It  has  a 
general  northerly  inclination,  and  is  divided  geographically  into 
two  nearly  equal  parts  by  a  line  extending  eastward  from  the  foot 
of  Cayuga  Lake.  The  N.  half  is  level,  or  gently  undulating,  and 
contains  numerous  marshes.  Some  portions  of  its  surface  are 
covered  with  small,  isolated  drift-hills  50  to  75  ft.  high.  The 
surface  of  the  s.  half  is  rolling,  and  gradually  rises  until  it  attains 
an  elevation  of  500  to  800  ft.  above  the  level  lands  of  the  N. 
These  highlands  are  divided  into  two  general  ridges,  the  first  lying 
between  Skaneateles  and  Owasco  Lakes,  and  the  second  between  Owasco  and  Cayuga  Lakes. 
The  summits  of  both  ridges  are  rolling,  and  have  an  elevation  of  1000  to  1200  ft.  above  tide. 
Their  E.  declivities  are  often  precipitous,  forming  high,  bold  bluffs  upon  the  shores  of  the  lakes, 
but  their  w.  declivities  are  more  gradual,  generally  sloping  gently  down  to  the  very  edge  of  the 
waters.  The  s.  part  of  the  w.  ridge  is  divided  near  its  center  by  the  valley  of  Salmon  Creek, 
which  is  bordered  by  steep  banks  50  to  200  ft.  high.  Among  the  most  peculiar  of  the  natural 
features  of  the  co.  are  the  three  long,  narrow  lakes  which  extend  from  the  level  regions  of  the  n. 
between  the  parallel  ridges  far  into  the  highlands  of  the  s.  Skaneateles  Lake,  upon  the  B.  line, 
is  840  ft.  above  tide,  and  is  bordered  by  bluff  shores  within  the  limits  of  the  co.  Owasco  Lake, 
near  the  center,  is  770  ft.  above  tide,  and  its  shores  are  generally  bold,  and  in  some  places  pre- 
cipitous. Cayuga  Lake,  on  the  western  border,  is  387  ft.  above  tide,  and  along  nearly  its  whole 
extent  in  the  00.  the  land  slopes  beautifully  and  evenly  upward  from  its  surface  to  the  summits 
of  the  ridges.  The  water  of  these  lakes  is  clear  and  transparent,  and  may  be  taken  as  the  very 
type  of  purity.  This  lake  region,  with  its  beautifully  rolling  surface  and  rich  and  productive 
soil,  with  its  green  lawns  apparently  stretching  upward  from  the  very  bosom  of  the  water,  and 
with  its  highly  cultivated  farms,  presents  one  of  the  finest  landscapes  in  the  country.  Seneca 
River  flows  eastward  through  near  the  center  of  the  lowlands  which  form  the  N.  half  of  the  co. 
It  receives  Cayuga  and  Owasco  Outlets  from  the  s.  and  numerous  smaller  streams  from  both  the  N. 
and  8.  A  swampy  region,  known  as  the  Montezuma  Marshes,  extends  along  the  whole  course  of  the 
river.'  The  streams  that  drain  the  central  ridges  are  small  creeks  and  brooks.  Upon  the  level 
land  in  the  n.  part  of  the  co.  are  a  series  of  small,  shallow  lakes  and  ponds,  the  principal  of  which 
is  Cross  Lake. 

The  rocks  in  this  00.  generally  lie  in  nearly  horizontal  layers,  but  in  some  places  they  are 
disrupted  and  broken.  Their  edges  appear  one  above  the  other,  forming  the  declivities  of  the 
hills  that  rise  toward  the  s.  The  lowest  formation  is  the  Medina  sandstone,  which  outcrops  upon 
the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  and  covers  the  n.  half  of  Sterling.  Above  this  successively  appear  the 
Oneida,  conglomerate,  and  Clinton  groups  in  the  s.  part  of  Sterling ;  the  Lockport  group  in 
Victory ;  the  red  shale  of  the  Onondaga  salt  group  in  Cato,  Brutus,  Conquest,  and  Mentz ;  the 
gypsum  of  the  same  group  in  Auburn,  Aurelius,  and  Springport,  and  for  a  distance  of  10  miles 
along  Cayuga  Lake  ;  the  waterlime  and  Oriskany  sandstone  in  Owasco,  Auburn,  Fleming,  and 
Springport;  and,  successively  above  the  Onondaga  and  corniferous  limestone,  the  Marcellus  and 
Hamilton  shales,  TuUy  limestone,  Genesee  slate,  and  the  Portage  and  Ithaca  groups,  the  last 
occupying  the  summits  of  the  southern  hills.  Weak  springs  of  brine  are  found  in  the  Medina 
sandstone  upon  the  borders  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  also  in  the  red  shale  of  the  salt  group  along  the 
course  of  Seneca  River.  In  the  central  part  of  the  co.,  and  along  the  shores  of  Cayuga  Lake,  are 
numerous  quarries,  which  furnish  a  good  quality  of  waterlime,  quicklime,  and  gypsum.  The  red 
sandstone  and  the  Onondaga  and  corniferous  limestone  are  quarried  extensively  for  building 
stone.  Thin  layers  of  corniferous  limestone  and  of  sandstone  are  extensively  quarried  along 
Cayuga  Lake,  and  make  an  excellent  quality  of  flagging. 

The  soil  in  the  n.  half  of  the  co.  is  generally  a  fine  quality  of  sandy  or  gravelly  loam,  inter- 

1  Exclusive  of  160  eq.  mi.  in  Lake  Ontario.  I  raarahes,  and  largo  Fums  have  been  expended.    A  portion  only, 

*Sevcral  efforts  have  been  made  by  the  State  to  drain  these    liuwever,  has  yet  been  redeemed. 

197 


198 


CAYUGA    COUNTY. 


mixed  with  clay,  muck,  and  alluvium ;  and  in  the  s.  it  is  a  gravelly  and  clay  loam  and  very  pro- 
ductive. The  whole  co.  is  well  adapted  to  either  grain  raising  or  pasturage.  Until  within  a  few 
years  wheat  has  been  the  staple  production ;  but  it  has  been  nearly  superseded  by  rye,  oats,  barley, 
and  corn.  Wool  growing  and  dairying  are  also  extensively  pursued.  The  cultivation  of  fruit,  to 
which  the  climate  and  soil  are  admirably  adapted,  is  beginning  to  receive  considerable  attention. 
The  manufactures  of  the  co.,  mostly  confined  to  Auburn,  are  extensive,  though  comparatively 
less  than  in  1810.^ 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  the  city  of  Auburn.^  An  elegant  and  substantial  courthouse 
was  built  in  1807-09.*  It  is  located  upon  a  commanding  site  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  city,  and 
contains  rooms  for  the  usual  co.  offices.  A  fireproof  clerk's  office  is  situated  adjacent  to  the 
courthouse.  A  substantial  stone  jail  was  erected  in  1833,  in  the  rear  of  the  courthouse.*  The 
county  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  90  acres  in  Sennett,  3  mi.  n.  e.  of  Auburn.  It  is  a 
poor,  old,  dilapidated  building,  containing  about  30  rooms.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is 
about  100,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  70  cts.  each.  A  school  is  kept  during  a  portion  of  the 
year.^  The  Cayuga  Orphan  Asylum,  located  in  the  city  of  Auburn,  was  incorp.  in  April,  1852. 
It  receives  orphans  and  destitute  children  and  has  an  average  attendance  of  30.  The  institution 
is  well  managed,  and  the  children  receive  good  care  and  instruction.  The  Erie  Canal  extends 
through  Brutus,  Mentz,  and  Montezuma.  Cayuga  Lake  and  Outlet  are  navigable,  and  form  a 
connection  with  the  canal  at  Montezuma.  The  direct  branch  of  the  N.  Y.  Central  K.  R.  from 
Syracuse  to  Rochester  extends  through  Brutus,  Mentz,  and  Montezuma,  and  the  Auburn  branch 
through  Sennett,  Auburn,  and  Aurelius.® 

Two  daily,  7  weekly,  and  3  monthly  papers  are  published  in  the  co.'^ 


i"The  number  of  looma  in  the  co.  were  1,360,  producing 
340.870  yds.  of  cloth  annually;  there  are  19  tanneries,  47  dis- 
tilleries, 48  asheries,  11  carding  ma<-hines.  11  cloth  dressing- 
mills,  3  oil  mills,  an  air  furnace,  triphammer,  several  nail  facto- 
ries. 6  earthen  ware  factories,  and  several  hatters'  ehops.  About 
2,500  skeins  of  silk  and  60,000  bushs.  of  salt  are  made  annually. 
Thf!  inhabitants  clothe  themselves  principally  in  the  products 
of  their  own  families,  and  were  it  not  for  the  exorbitant  num- 
ber of  their  distilleries,  I  should  add.  are  very  temperate  and 
industrious, — the  character  given  them  by  correspondents." — 
Spaf"r(r$  Gazetteer,  ed.  1813. 

2  When  organized  in  1799,  Cayuga  included  Seneca  co.,  the 
territory  lying  between  the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Lakes ;  and,  as 
central  to  the  thin  population,  the  first  courthouse  was  located 
at  Aurora,  on  the  e.  shore  of  Cayuga  Lake.  It  was  built  of  poles 
and  covered  with  brush.  In  1803  a  circuit  court  and  court  of 
Oyer  and  Terminer  was  held  at  this  place  by  Daniel  D.  Tomp- 
kins, at  which  an  Indian  by  the  name  of  John  was  tried  and 
convicted  of  the  murder  of  Ezekiel  Crane,  jr.,  and  sentenced  to 
be  hung.  He  urgently  requested  that  ho  might  be  shot, — a  pri- 
vilege, of  course,  not  granted  by  our  laws,  A  log  building  at 
Cayuga  Village  was  authorized  to  be  used  as  a  jail  March  25, 
1800.  In  1804  an  act  was  passed,  authorizing  John  Tillotson. 
Augustus  Chidsey,  and  John  Grover,  jr.,  commissioners  to  build 
a  courthouse  on  the  b.  e.  corner  of  Lot  46  of  Scipio,  (now  Auburn,) 
This  act  was  afterward  repealed.  On  the  6th  of  March,  1805, 
Edward  Savage,  of  Washington  co.,  Jas.  Burt,  of  Orange,  and 
Jas.  Hildreth,  of  Montgomery,  were  appointed  commissioners  to 
locate  the  site  of  a  courthouse.  The  commissioners  neglected 
to  fix  the  site;  and.  April  G,  1808,  John  Glover,  Stephen  Close, 
and  Noah  Olmstead  were  appointed  to  superintend  the  finishing 
of  the  courthouse  at  Auburn. 

3  The  first  co.  officers  were  Seth  Phelps,  Fimt  Judge ;  William 
Stuart,  District  Attorney;  Benjamin  Ledyard,  County  Clerk; 
Joseph  Annin,  Sheriff;  Glen  Cuyler,  Surrogate. 

*  This  building  is  45  by  65  feet,  2  stories  high,  with  2  double 
and  26  single  cells,  arranged  in  the  center  of  the  building,  with 
a  hall  on  three  sides,  open  to  the  prisoners  in  daytime. 

6  No  means  are  provided  for  ventilating  the  rooms  or  for 
classifying  the  inmates.  The  insane  are  sometimes  confined 
in  dark  cells  not  provided  with  means  of  warmth;  and  the 
whole  estiiblishment  aod  its  management  are  by  no  means 
creditable  to  the  intelligence  and  humanity  of  the  citizens  of 
the  CO. 

6Tlie  Ontario,  Auburn  &  N.T.R.K.,  extending  from  Little 

Sodus  Bay  8.  to  Ithaca,  has  been  surveyed  through  the  co.  and 

partially  graded;  but  work  upon  it  has  been  suspended. 

J  77ie  Levana  Chisetf*;  or  Onondaga  Advertiser,  the  first  paper 

published  in  Cayuga  co..  was  established  July  20, 1798, 

at  Levaua,  in  the  town  of  Scipio,  (then  Onondaga  co.,) 

by  R.  Delano. 

The  Western  Luminary  was  published  at  Watkins'  Settlement, 

in  Scipio,  in  1799. 
The  Aurora  Gazette  was  established  in  1799  by  11.  &  J.  Pace, 
and   continued  until  1805,  when  it  was   removed  to 
Auburn  and  changed  to 
The.  Whtn-n  Federalist.    It  was  published  as 
The  Auburn  Gazette  by  Skinner  and  Crosby  in  1816. 
I'fte  Cayuga  Ihcsin  was  commenced  at  Union  Springs  in  1812 
by  E.  T.  Chamberlain.    It  was  soon  after  removed  to 


Auburn,  and  continued  by  different  persons  until  1847, 
when  it  was  united  with  the  Cayuga  Patriot. 

The  Cayuga  Patriot  was  started  at  Auburn  by  Samuel  R.  Brown 
in  1814.  Isaac  S.  Allen,  Ulysses  F.  Doubleday.  and 
others,  were  afterward  interested  in  its  publication. 
In  June,  1847,  it  was  united  with  the  Tocsin,  the  joint 
papers  taking  the  name  of 

The  Cayuga  New  Era.  It  was  successively  published  by  Mer- 
rill, Stone  &  Co..  Stone.  Hawes  &  Co.,  Finn  &  Ilallett, 
and  William  L.  Finn,  and  was  discontinued  in  1857. 

T7u  Advocate  of  the  People  was  commenced  at  Aubuin  in  Sept. 
1816,  by  Henry  C.  Southwick. 

The  Cayuga  EepuhHcan  was  commenced  in  1819  by  A.  Buckin- 
ham,  and  was  afterward  published  by  Thomas  M.  Skin- 
ner. In  1833  it  was  united  with  the  Free  Press  and 
issued  as 

The  Auburn  Journal  and  Advertiser  by  Oliphant  &  Skinner. 
Skinner  subsequently  withdrew,  and  the  paper  waa 
continued  by  Oliphant.    In  1846  it  was  i.ssued  as 

Tlie  Auburn  JouriiRl ;  and  the  same  year 

The  Aubui'U  Dally  Advertiser,  the  first  daily  paper 
published  in  the  co.,  was  established  in  connection  with 
it.  In  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  Oliphant  sold  out  to 
Henry  Montgomery,  by  whom  the  papers  were  con- 
tinued until  1850.  when  Knapp  &  Peck,  the  present 
publishers,  became  proprietors. 

ThA  Auburn  Free  Press  was  commenced  by  Richard  Oliphant 
in  1824  and  published  by  him  until  1829.  It  was  then 
sold  to  Henry  Oliphant,  and  in  1833  it  was  united  with 
the  CajTiga  Republican. 

The  Gospel  ^fss':w*7''r  fl'rot.E.)  was  established  at  Auburn  by 
Rev.  Dr.  Rudd  in  1827.  It  was  removed  to  Utica  d  few 
years  after. 

The  Diammid  was  published  in  1830. 

The  Gospel  Advocate  was  published  in  1830. 

The  Cayuga  Democrat  was  published  by  Fred.  Prince  in  1833. 

The  People's  Friend  was  published  in  1836  by  Ohphant  A 
Skinner. 

The  Western  Banner  was  published  in  1836  by  Francis  S. 
Wiggins. 

The  People's  Library.,  mo.,  was  published  in  183G  by  F.  S.  Wiggins. 

The  Primitive  Oiristian  waa  published  in  1830  by  Silas  E. 
Shepard. 

The  Conference  Record  was  published  in  1837  by  Rev.  J.  S. 
Chamberlain. 

Tfie  Northern  Cliristian  Advocate  (M.E.)  was  commenced  in  April, 
1841,  by  Rev,  John  E.  Hobic.  It  was  edited  by  Rev.  F. 
G.  Hibbard  and  Rev.  Wm.  Hosmcr  until  May,  1S44, 
when  it  was  purchased  by  the  Meth.  Genl.  Conference 
and  clianged  to 

nplie  Nortliern  Advocate*  It  was  edited  Fuccessively 
by  Rev.  Nelson  Rounds  and  Wm.  Hosmer,  and  is  now 
under  the  editorial  charge  of  Rev.  F.  G.  Hibbard. 

The  Star  of  Temperance  was  published  in  1845  by  L.  H.  Davey. 

Auburn's  Favorite  was  published  in  1849  by  Newton  Calkins 

The  Cayuga  Chief  was  commenced  at  Auburn  in  January,  1849, 
by  Thnrlow  W.  Brown,  and  continued  until  1857. 

The  Auburn  Daily  Bulletin  was  published  in  1849  by  Stonp. 
Hawes  &  Co. 

The  Masonic  Union,  mo.,  was  published  in  1850. 


CAYUGA     COUNTY. 


199 


This  CO.  formed  a  portion  of  the  Military  Tract,  and  included  the  original  townships  of  Cato, 
Brutus,  Aurelius,  Scipio,  Sempronius,  and  parts  of  Miltou  and  Locke.  Sterling  -was  included  in 
the  lands  granted  as  a  compensation  for  portions  of  the  original  grants,  -which  upon  survey  were 
found  to  belong  to  the  Boston  Ten  Towns.  Before  the  advent  of  the  whites  it  formed  the  chief 
hunting  grounds  of  the  Cayuga  Nation.  The  people  of  this  nation  were  more  migratory  in  their 
habits  than  those  of  the  Onondaga  and  Seneca  nations,  and  they  had  fewer  towns  and  villages. 
Tiie  principal  town  or  place  of  council  of  the  tribe  was  upon  the  shore  of  Cayuga  Lake,  near 
the  present  vilhige  of  Aurora,  The  first  white  settlers  were  soldiers,  who  had  served  during  the 
Revolution  and  who  drew  lots  upon  the  Military  Tract,  or  those  who  had  purchased  soldiers* 
warrants.  The  first  immigration  was  by  the  way  of  Oneida  Lake  and  River,  and  from  the  s.  by 
way  of  Cayuga  Lake;  but  in  1796  a  State  road,  extending  from  Whitestown  to  Geneva  by  way 
i>f  Auburn,  was  cut  through ;  and  in  LSOO  the  celebrated  Cayuga  Bridge^  was  built,  the  new 
route  speedily  becoming  the  great  highway  of  Western  emigration.  The  population  steadily  and 
rapidly  increased  from  1700,  a  great  impulse  being  given  to  it  by  the  completion  of  the  Erie 
Canal  in  1825.  The  first  inhabitants  were  principally  from  New  England  and  the  eastern  cop. 
of  New  York. 


AUBURN  CITY — was  formed  as  a  town  from  Aurelius, 
March  28,  1823.  It  was  incorp.  as  a  village  April  18,  1815,  and 
as  a  city  March  21,  1848.  It  lies  upon  Owasco  Outlet,  near  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  with  an  inclination 
toward  the  n.  Owasco  Outlet,  flowing  n.  w.  through  near  the 
center,  descends  120  ft.,  and  furnishes  an  abundance  of  water- 
power,  which  is  mostly  improved.  Along  its  course  are  valuable 
quarries  of  waterlime,  Oriskany  sandstone,  and  Onondaga  and 
corniferous  limestone.  The  city  is  finely  laid  out  upon  both 
sides  of  the  creek,  most  of  the  streets  having  a  gentle  inclina- 
tion. It  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  country,  and 
it  has  a  large  share  of  internal  trade.  Its  manufactures  are 
extensive  and  important,  consisting  principally  of  woolen  goods,'  paper,  agricultural  implements, 
books,  flour,  and  machinery.  Besides  the  co.  buildings,  it  contains  12  churches,^  3  banks,  and 
many  other  fine  public  and  private  buildings.  Seven  weekly,  2  daily,  and  2  monthly  papers  arc 
published  in  the  city.     Pop.  9,470. 

The  Puhlic  Schools  are  under  a  Board  of  Education,  consisting  of  4  members,  elected  annually. 
The  schools,  5  in  number,  employ  23  teachers, — 5  males  and  18  females.  In  1858  the  number  of 
children  between  the  ages  of  4  and  21  was  3001,  of  whom  2187,  or  73  per  cent.,  attended 
school  during  some  portion  of  the  year.  The  total  expenses  of  the  schools  for  1858  were  ^13,231.19. 
Ttie  number  of  volumes  in  the  district  libraries  is  3986. 


The  Clirlstlan  Ambassador  (Univ.)  was  commenced 

in  Jan.  1851,  and  is  now  editc-d  by  John  M.  Austin. 
The  S2>irif'iiil  and  Moral  Instructor  was  pubUshed  in  lf^51  by 

Pelog  8.  Collrell  A  Co. 
Tlie  A«bum  American,  d.  and  w.,  was  established  in 

Fell.  1855,  by  Wm.  .T.  Moacs.    In  1S59  the  namo  of  tho 

d;iily  w:ifl  chrtnged  to 
rUe  Daily  Uniou,  Mose3  k  Vail  publislKrs. 
The  Journal  of  Specific  HomeopatKy,  mo.,  was 

stJJ-rted  in  M^iich.  1S55,  iind  i.^  piili.  by  K.  Iluiuplireys. 
riie  Spiritual  Clarion,  cumimncfd  Nov.  15,  1851),  is 

published  weekly  by  Urifth  CI. irk. 
TUe  Northern  Independent  w.is  ostab.  in  Au^.  1S56, 

l-ya.  pub.  com.  of  till-  IM.  K.  Ch.;  Hov.Wm.  llosmer,  ed. 
Tlie  Orphans*  Friend,  int).,  njnuneuced  in  Feb.  1^.07,  is 

pub.  by  the  m;in;if;iTs  olthr  Cayuga  Orphan  Ayylum. 
The    t'u'/uga  F'lrmcr  ami  Mechanic  w:ui  commenced  iii  Sf-pt. 

1H50.  by  P.  J.  Becker.     In   Dec.  1857   its    namo  wua 

changed  lo 
The  Teachers*  Educational  Journal)  it  ia  still 

ir'suod  by  its  oricinal  proprietor. 
The  Auburn  Democrat  was  establishwl  in  Aup;.  1857, 

by  Stone  and  Ilawes,  by  whom  it  is  slill  published. 
Tlie  W'-f-fi'<pnrt  A'lnr/isrr  was  published  in  1827. 
The  Northern  PhtrviT  was  published  at  Weedsport  in  1830  by 

p'rederick  Prince. 
The,  Gi-nnn  Spy  was  pnbti;jhcd  in  ISW  by  Gtdim  Ilino. 
The  Port  lii/rov  }hral(i  was  first  published  at  Port  Byron  in 

Oct.  1844.  by  Frederick  I'rhict;. 
TJk  Part  Byrrm  GazHtc  wns  started  in  1S51  by  Oliver  T.  Baird, 

and  continued  until  1857. 


The  Cayuga  'Megraph  was  published  at  Union  Sprin^js  in  1850. 
The  Meridian  Suii  was  started  in  1854  by  Arthur  White.    It 

was  afterward  published  as 
TJi^  Meridian  Advertiser  by  W.  II.  Thomas. 
The  P'amily  Scrap  Book,  nio.,  was  jmblished  at  Victory  Center 

in  1855-50. 

1  The  Cayuga  Bridge  was  finished  Sept.  4, 1800.  by  the  Man- 
hattan CoDipany.  It  was  1  mi.  and  8  rods  long,  22  ft.  wide  and 
22  ft.  between  trestles.  It  was  built  in  IS  mouths,  and  cost 
$150,000.  The  Cayuga  Bridge  Company,  consistiiij;  of  John 
Harris,  Thos.  Morris,  Wilhelmns  Mynderse,  Charles  Williamson, 
and  Jos.  Annin,  was  incorp.  in  1797.  The  bridge  was  de.Kfroyed 
in  1808,  but  afterward  rebuilt.  For  a  gieat  number  of  years 
the  Cayuga  bridge  was  considered  one  of  tho  greatest  public 
improvements  in  tho  State,  and  it  was  taken  as  the  dividing 
line  between  the  E.  and  w.  The  bridge  was  abandoned  in  1857; 
and  tho  lake  is  now  crossed  by  a  ferry. 

2  The  Auburn  Woolen  Mills  give  employment  to  175  liands 
and  manufacture  250.000  yds.  of  doth  per  annum.  The  Auburn 
Paper  Mills  employ  50  hands  and  luanufaclure  $80,000  worth 
of  paper  annually.  The  founderieg  and  machine  shops  give  em- 
ployment to  a  huge  number  of  men,  and  turn  out  work  to  tho 
amount  of  $100,000  annually.  The  N.  Y.  C.  R.  K.  Repair  Shops 
employ  52  hands  exclusively  in  repairing  passenger  cars.  Forj* 
number  of  years  books  were  very  extensively  manufactured; 
but  of  l«to  much  of  this  branch  of  business  has  been  removed 
to  other  cities.  Besides  these,  there  are  hi  tho  city  a  card  lactoiy, 
belting  factory,  carpet  factory,  distillery,  rulling  mill,  and  2 
grist  mills. 

8  2  Presb.,  2  M.  E..  2  R.  C,  Prot.  E.,  Af.  McUi.,  Bap.,  Secoiw 
Advent,  Univ.,  and  Disciples. 


200 


CAYUGA    COUNTY. 


The  Auburn  Academy  is  a  fine  stone  edifice  on  Academy  St.  It  was  first  erected  in  1811,  but 
was  burned  in  1816,  and  the  present  building  was  soon  after  erected. 

The  Auburn  Female  Seminari/,  a  private  institution,  is  in  the  building  erected  for  a  city  hall,  at 
the  junction  of  Mai-ket,  Franklin,  and  North  Sis. 

The  Auhui'u  Theological  Scminari/^  a  Presb.  institution,  was  established  by  the  Synod  of  Gene- 
see in  1819.  It  was  iucorp.  in  1820  and  opened  in  1821.  The  building  is  located  upon  a  com- 
manding site,  fronting  Seminary  St.,  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  city. 

The  Cayxiga  Orphan  Asylum,  an  institution  for  the  care  of  orphan  and  destitute  children,  is 
supported  by  State  and  co.  appropriations  and  private  contributions. 

The  Auburn  State  Prison  is  situated  on  the  n.  bank  of  Owasco  Outlet,  n.  of  the  center  of  the 
city.  The  site,  containing  10  acres,  is  surrounded  by  high  walls,  and  within  this  inclosure  arc  the 
prison  proper*  and  the  various  workshops  in  which  the  convicts  are  employed.  Tlie  main  building, 
fronting  upon  State  Street,  is  3  stories  high  and  276  feet  long,  and  is  flanked  by  two  wings  42  feet 
wide  and  242  feet  deep. 

The  Asylum  for  Lunatic  Convicts,  situated  upon  a  lot  of  10  acres,  formerly  the  prison  garden,  in 
the  rear  of  the  prison,  is  a  fine  brick  building,  faced  with  cut  stone.  It  contains  64  cells,  and 
rooms  for  physicians,  attendants,  &c.^ 

Fort  Hill  is  a  beautiful  rural  cemetery,  located  upon  the  site  of  an  ancient  fortification  and 
Indian  village.     It  contains  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  Logan,  the  celebrated  Cayuga  chief.^ 

The  first  settlement  at  Auburn  was  made  in  1793,  by  Col.  John  Ilardenburgh,  from  Ulster  co.* 
Hon.  Wm.  H.  Seward  resides  in  this  city. 

AUREIjIUS— was  formed  Jan.  27, 1789.  Brutus,  Cato,  Owasco,  and  '^Jefferson"  (now  Mentz) 
were  taken  ofi"  March  30,  1802,  Auburn  and  Fleming  and  a  part  of  Springport  in  1823,  and  a 
part  of  Throop  in  1859.  It  lies  upon  Cayuga  Lake,  near  the  center  of  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its 
surface  is  undulating,  with  a  slight  inclination  toward  the  n.  and  w.  Owasco  Outlet  flows  through 
the  N. E.  corner;  and  upon  its  course  are  several  fine  mill  privileges.  Cayuga  Brook,  Crane  Creek, 
and  several  other  small  streams  take  their  rise  in  the  town.  The  soil  is  mostly  a  heavy  clay  and 
gravelly  loam.  Ca.yug'a^  (p-v-O  upon  Cayuga  Lake,  2  mi.  s,  of  the  outlet,  was  incorp.  in  1858. 
It  is  an  important  station  upon  the  Central  R.  R.,  and  is  connected  with  Ithaca  by  a  daily  line  of 
steamers.  It  contains  2  churches  and  400  inhabitants.  Fosterville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part, 
contains  a  church  and  12  dwellings ;  and  Aiirelius,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  e.  part,  a  church  and  12  dwell- 
ings. ClarkSTille,  on  the  e.  line,  is  a  manufacturing  village,  and  forms  a  suburb  of  Auburn. 
It  contains  a  paper  mill,^  gristmill,  hoe  factory,  woolen  factory,  and  300  inhabitants.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  at  Cayuga  in  1788,  by  John  Harris,  from  Harrisburgh,  Penn.®  The  first 
church  was  formed  in  1804,  by  Rev.  David  Higgins.' 

BRUTUS— was  formed  from  Aurelius,  March  30,  1802.  Sennett  was  taken  off  in  1827.  It 
lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.     In  the  n.  and  w.  its  surface  is  level,  with  an 


1  Tho  cells  of  the  prison  are  built  in  a  block  5  stories  high, 
separated  from  the  exterior  walla  by  aa  open  space  and  sur- 
rounded by  galleries.  Kach  cell  is  7  feet  long  by  3^  wide  and 
7i  high,  closed  by  an  iron  grate.  Breakfast  and  dinner  are 
eaten  at  narrow  tables,  so  arranged  that  the  convicts  cannot 
excliange  looks  or  signs.  Supper  is  eaten  in  the  cell:^.  The 
workshops  form  a  rangeof  nearly  1000  feet,  built  against  the 
outer  wall  and  lighted  from  the  roof  and  inner  sides.  Water- 
power  is  afforded  by  the  Owasco.  These  prison  buildings  were 
commenced  in  1816  and  completed  in  1819,  by  the  State,  at  a 
cost  of  $300,000,  exclusive  of  the  labor  of  convicts  upon  them. 
The  general  control  is  vcst'-d  in  a  Board  of  Inspectors:  54  offi- 
cials, including  a  guard  of  20  men,  a  chaplain,  a  physicia'n,  and 
'2  teachers,  arc  employed  in  the  management  and  government 
of  the  establishment.  The  average  number  of  convicts  is  about 
700.  Their  earnings  in  1857  were  $70,000,  and  tho  current  ex- 
penses of  the  establishment  about  $72,000. 

2  This  building  was  erected  by  the  State  in  1S5S,  at  a  cost  of 
$60,000. 

3  This  ancient  fortification  was  evidently  the  work  of  a  people 
who  occupied  the  country  prior  to  the  advent  of  tho  Indians. 
The  monuments  left  by  this  people,  the  remains  of  the  language 
still  existing,  and  tho  traditions  of  the  Indians,  all  show  that 
they  belonged  to  the  same  general  stock  as  the  aborigines  of 
Mexico.  They  are  known  aa  the  "  Mound  Builders,"  and  in 
history  are  generally  called  the  "Alleghana."  The  fort  at  this 
])lace  was  probably  built  prior  to  tho  discovery  of  America  by 
Columbus,  and  was  occupied  by  them  for  several  hundred  years; 
but  they  were  finally  driven  out  by  the  Cayugas.  It  was  named 
by  them  Osco  or  Was  Kough,  and  became  the  principal  village 
nf  tho  nation  until  the  advent  of  the  wln'tes.  The  celebrated 
Indian  chief,  Logan,  was  born  here  about  the  commencement  of 


the  last  century.  He  afterward  emigrated  to  Penn..  and  finally 
to  Ohio.  He  was  always  known  as  a  peacemaker  and  friend  to 
the  whites  until  his  wife  and  children  were  murdered  by  Col. 
Cresap,  after  which  he  took  up  the  hatchet  and  became  one  of 
the  most  noted  of  the  Indian  warriors.  His  address  to  the 
Peace  Commissioners  at  the  close  of  the  war  has  scarcely  ita 
parallel  in  history  for  true  eloquence  and  pathos.  This  ancient 
work  is  particularly  described  in  the  Smithsonian  Cantribiitions, 
Vol.  JT,  Art.  VI,  p.  So. 

1  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Col.  BrinkerhofT,  Dr. 
TIackcliat  Burt,  Wm.  Bostwick,  Barnabas  Caswell,  and  Lyman 
Paine,  who  came  about  1795.  John  Hardenburgh  built  the  first 
gristmill,  in  1794 ;  and  Wm.  Bostwick  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1796. 
The  place  was  called  *^  Ilardt'tihurgh  Comers"  until  1805,  when 
its  name  was  changed  to  Auburn. 

6  The  Auburn  Paper  Milt  was  incorp.  here  Feb.  17,  1848,  with 
a  capital  of  $50,000.  It  gives  employment  to  40  hands,  and 
manufactures  paper  to  the  amount  of  $150,000  annually. 

6  Mr.  Harris  established  the  first  ferry  across  Cayuga  Lake. 
Wm.  Harris  and  John  Richardson  came  in  the  same  year.  The 
first  marriage  was  that  of  John  Harris  and  Mary  Richardson,  in 
17S9;  the  first  birth,  that  of  John  Harris,  jr.,  in  1790;  and  the 

first  death,  that  of Depuy.  in  1797.    Hugh  Buckley  taught 

the  first  school,  in  1797  ;  John  Harris  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1790, 
and  the  first  store,  in  17S9.  The  celebrated  Cayuga  Bridge,  1 
mi.  8  rods  in  length,  was  built  in  1797,  by  Swartwood  A  Deman, 
of  New  York  City,  and  Joseph  Annin  and  others,  of  Cayuga.  It 
fell  in  ISOS,  but  was  rebuilt  in  1812-13,  and  was  abandoned  in 
1857.  After  it  was  built,  the  road  across  it  was  the  great  high- 
way of  emigration  until  the  canal  was  finished.  The  coun*T 
scat  was  located  here  at  the  first  organization  of  the  co. 

7  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  2  Prosb.,  and  2  M.  E. 


CAYUGA    COUNTY. 


201 


average  elevation  of  not  more  than  10  feet  above  Seneca  River,  which  forms  its  n.  boundary.  Tlie 
portions  immediately  bordering  upon  the  river  are  generally  swampy.  In  thes.E.  the  surface  is 
rolling  and  broken  by  isolated  drift  hills  50  to  75  feet  above  the  general  level.  The  principal 
streams  are  Bread  Creek  and  Cold  Spring  Brook,  both  flowing  into  Seneca  River.  The  former  is  a 
canal  feeder,  and  along  its  banks  are  outcrops  of  limestone  and  plaster,  which  are  quarried  to  some 
extent.  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  clay  and  alluvium. 
fVeedsport'  (P-^-)  '^^^  incorp.  April  26,  1831.  It  is  situated  upon  the  Erie  Canal,  and  is  a 
station  on  the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.  It  contains  a  bank,  insurance  office,  union  school,  4  churches, 
a  foundery,  a  large  distillery,  and  several  mills.  Pop.  1,220.  Tho  first  settlement  was  begun  in 
1800,  by  Wm.  Stevens,  from  Mass,  on  Lot  76.^    The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1816.' 

CATO — was  formed  from  Aurelius,  March  30,  1802.  Sterling  was  taken  ofi"in  1812,  and  Con- 
quest, Ira,  and  Victory  in  1821.  A  part  of  Ira  was  annexed  in  1824.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border 
of  the  CO.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  s.  and  gently  rolling  in  the  N.  The  ridges 
extend  n.  and  s.,  and  their  summits  are  about  50  feet  above  the  valleys  and  150  to  200  feet  above 
Lake  Ontario.  Seneca  River  forms  the  s.  boundary.  Cross  Lake,  upm  the  E.  border,  is  a  shallow 
body  of  water  about  5  mi.  long,  through  which  flows  Seneca  River.  Otter  Lake  and  Parkers  Pond, 
in  the  n.  part,  discharge  their  waters  through  Otter  Creek  into  Seneca  River.  The  soil  is  a  sandy 
and  gravelly  loam  mixed  with  clay  and  disintegrated  red  sh.ale.  l>Icridiail,*  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N. 
part  of  the  town,  was  ineorp.  Oct.  17,  1854.  Pop.  360.  Cato,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line  of  Ii-a,  in  the 
N.w.  corner,  contains  3  churches  and  53  dwellings.  Seneca  River  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  setr 
tlement  was  begun  in  1800,  by  Samson  Lawrence,  on  Lot  32.^  The  first  church  (Bap.)  waq 
formed  Oct.  26, 1810 ;  Rev.  Daniel  Palmer  was  the  first  pastor." 

CO:»fQUEST'— was  formed  from  Cato,  March  16,  1821.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  N. 
of  the  center.  The  surface  is  gently  rolling,  the  ridges  extending  n.  and  s.  The  s.  part  along  the 
course  of  Seneca  River  is  marshy,  and  a  swamp  about  one-fourth  of  a  mi.  wide  extends  n.  and  s. 
through  the  town  along  the  course  of  the  small  stream  which  flows  through  Mud  Pond.  Duck 
Pond,  in  the  N.  w.,  is  about  1  mi.  in  diameter.  Howlands  Island,  in  Seneca  River,  contains  2,700 
acres,  one-third  of  which  is  swampy,  and  overflowed  during  high  water.  Tho  soil  is  a  sandy  loam 
interspersed  with  clay  and  underlaid  by  red  shale.  Conquest  Center  (Conquest  p.  o.)  con- 
tains 2  churches  and  26  houses ;  Pineville,  in  the  w.  part,  contains  15  houses.  The  first  settlers 
were  George  Snyder,  from  Schoharie  co.,  who  located  on  Lot  37,  and  Israel  Wolverton,  from  Tomp- 
kins CO.,  on  Lot  4,  in  1800.^  Tlie  first  church  (Prot.  Meth.)  was  formed  at  Conquest  Center,  in 
1803 ;  Rev.  Joshua  Beebe  was  the  first  settled  preacher.' 

FliEMlBTG"'— was  formed  from  Aurelius,  March  28,  1823.  It  lies  w.  of  the  foot  of  Owaseo 
Lake,  a  little  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  with  an  inclination  toward  the  n. 
and  E.  The  banks  of  the  lake  slope  upward  for  about  three-fourths  of  a  mi.  The  highest  portions 
are  150  to  250  feet  above  the  lake,  and  800  to  1,000  feet  above  tide.  Wheeler  and  Crane  Creeks  are 
the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  principally  a  gravelly  loam,  with  an  occasional  intermixture  of 
clay  and  sand.     Fleming',  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  2  clmrehes   and  25   dwellings. 


1  Named  from  Elisha  and  Edward  Weed,  first  settlers  at  the 
villoge. 

2  Among  the  other  e.arly  settlers  were  Caleb,  Nathan,  and 

Jonah  Rood,  and Powers,  from  Saratoga  co.,  who  located 

at  and  near  Weedsport;  John  Hamilton,  from  Washington  co., 
on  Lot  64,  in  March,  1.S02;  Kdward  Ilorton,  Peter  Dnuf^liias.  and 
Samuel  Moore,  from  N.  J.,  on  Lot  8G ;  Adam  Helmer,  from  Herki- 
mer CO.,  on  Lot  67.  in  ISoi ;  and Van  Dyck  and  Daniel  Mil- 
ler, from  N.  J.,  on  Lot  7fi.  in  1805.  The  first  child  born  was  Bur- 
nett Stevens.  Nov.  13,1801;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Peter 
Douglass  and  Polly  Hamilton,  Jan.  12, 1S04 ;  and  the  first  death, 
♦hat  of  an  infant  child  of  Sunderland  Sweet,  in  ISIJO.  Harriet 
Phelps  taught  the  first  school,  in  1806 ;  Walter  .and  Elisha  Weed 
kept  the  fir.^t  store:  and  Lewis  Putnam  built  the  first  sawmill 
and  gribtmill,  on  Bread  Creek. 

*  Tlie  census  reports  4  churches ;  Presb.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

*  Formerly  "  Cato  Four  Comers^ 

6  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Solomon  Knajip,  on  Lot 
100,  L.  Sheldon,  on  Lot  84,  Jacob  Labei-taux,  from  Penn..  on 
I/Ot  67,  in  May,  1803;  Jesse  Elwcll  and  Abner  Ilollister,  at 
Meridian,  in  lf05.  The  first  child  born  was  Elvira  Stoekwell. 
May  4, 1S05 ;  the  first  marri.oge,  that  of  Andrew  Stoekwell  and 
Sibyl  Root,  June  4,  1804;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Stephen 
Olcott,  in  1R05.  Solomon  Knapp  kept  the  first  inn  at  Cato,  in 
1803:  and  Jesse  Elwell,  the  first  at  Meridian,  in  1805.  Daniel 
M.  Bristol  kept  the  first  store,  in  l^Ofi;  and  Samuel  Woodford 
erected  the  first  gristmill,  on  the  outlet  of  Otter  Lake,  in  ISll. 

*  The  census  reports  4  churches;  Presb.,  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Ref. 
Prot.  D. 


T  Name  given  to  commemorate  the  conquest  achieved  by  those 
who  favored  the  division  of  the  old  town  of  Cato  over  those  who 
opposed  it. 

8  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  .Tames  Perkins,  from 
Onondaga  co.,  on  Lot  3,  Ephraim  Witlierill,  from  Tompkins  CO., 
on  Lot  4,  Theopliilus  Emerson,  on  Lot  27,  aud  Clement  B. 
Emerson,  on  Lot  15,  in  1802;  Dijar  Wilcox,  from  Saratoga  CO., 
on  Lot  74,  Wm.  McCollom  and  John  CrowcU,  from  Newhurgh, 
on  Lot  76,  in  1805;  and  William  Crowell,  on  Lot  77,  in  1807. 
Tlie  first  child  horn  was  Amos  Wolverton,  in  1803;  the  first 
ni.irri.age,  that  of  Gilbert  Perkins  and  Betsey  Snyder;  and  the 
first  death,  that  of  a  traveler  and  stranger,  at  Miisqnito  Point. 
John  Perkins  taught  the  first  school,  at  Conquest  Center,  in 
1SU7;  Ephraim  Wilherill  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1803;  Jonath.in 

Davis,  the  first  store,  at  Coiniuest  Center,  in  1827  ; Twitchell 

erected  the  first  sawmill,  in  1808,  and  Abram  Cherry  the  first 
gristmill,  in  1810.  This  mill  was  long  known  as  the  "  Pepper 
Mill,''  from  tho  fact  that  a  store  was  at  first  kept  in  it.  The 
first  settlers  joined  in  making  a  canoe  which  would  hold  60 
bush,  of  grain;  and  in  this  they  carried  the  grists  of  the  whole 
neighborhood  to  Spriiigpnrt.  by  the  way  of  Seneca  River,  to  bo 
ground.  The  journey  usually  took  4  days.  In  1813  John  Fil- 
kins  took  a  load  of  wheat  to  Altiany,  hut  was  obliged  to  sell  tho 
wheat  and  one  horse  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  jnnrney.  lu 
1804  Ja.s.  Perkins  built  the  first  framed  house,  sawing  out  the 
whole  lumber  with  a  whip-saw.  The  building  still  stands  (1869) 
a  monument  of  persevering  industry. 

*  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  2  Prot.  Meth.  and  M.  E. 

10  Named  from  Qen.  Qeorge  Fleming,  an  old  resident. 


202 


CAYUGA    COUNTY. 


Oirasco  Italic  is  a  p.o.     The  first  settlements -were  made  in  1790-91.'     The  first  religious 
services  were  held  by  Elder  Daniel  Irish  (Bap.)  about  1794.^ 

OI^iVOA — was  formed  as  "Milton,"  Jan.  27,  1789;  and  its  name  was  changed  April  G,  1808. 
Locke  was  taken  off  in  1802.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the  CO.,  lying  upon  the  e.  bank  of 
Cayuga  Lake.  The  surface  is  a  rolling  region,  gradually  rising  from  the  lake  to  a  height  of  about 
600  ft.  and  divided  into  ridges  by  the  valleys  of  Big  and  Little  Salmon  Creek,  which  extend 
through  near  the  center.'  The  declivities  that  border  upon  the  streams  in  some  places  are  steep 
and  50  to  150  ft.  high.  The  soil  consists  of  a  strip  of  clay  along  the  banks  of  the  lake,  and  a 
deep,  rich,  gravelly  loam  in  the  other  parts  of  the  town.  Genoa,  {p. v.,)  on  Big  Salmon 
Creek,  contains  2  churches,  2  flouring  mills,  a  tannery,  and  a  furnace  and  machine  shop.  Pop. 
300.  IVortbville  (Kings  Ferry  p.  o.)  ia  situated  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  town.  Pop.  200. 
Five  Corners  (p. v.)  contains  35  dwellings.  £ast  Oenoa  (p.o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first 
settlements  were  made  anterior  to  the  organization  of  the  co.  Jabez  Bradley  wag  the  first  settler, 
at  Northvllle.     The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town.* 

IRiV — was  formed  from  Cato,  March  16,  1821,  and  a  part  was  annexed  to  Cato  in  1824.  It 
lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  the  summits  of  the 
ridges  being  50  to  75  ft.  above  the  valleys  and  225  to  275  feet  above  Lake  Ontario.  The  streams 
are  small  brooks  and  creeks.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  underlaid  by  red  sandstone,  and  is  very 
productive.  Ira  Center,  (p.  v.,)  the  only  village,  contains  2  churches  and  145  inhabitants. 
The  first  settlements  were  made  by  David,  Eleazur,  and  Andrew  Stockwell,  3  brothers  from  White- 
hall, on  Lot  58,  Wm.  Patterson,  on  Lot  32,  and  Henry  Conrad,  (a  German,)  on  the  same  lot,  all 
in  1800.^  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  at  Ira  Corners,  July  7,  1807,  by  Kev.  Francis 
Pomoroy ;  Rev.  Silas  Bai'nes  was  the  first  preacher.* 

liEW Y  ARD' — was  formed  from  Scipio,  Jan.-30, 1823.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  bank  of  Cayuga  Lake, 
s.w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  inclines  toward  the  w.,its  extreme  E.  border  being  elevated 
500  to  000  ft.  above  the  surface  of  the  lake.  The  slopes  of  the  hills  are  generally  gradual,  but  are  steep 
in  a  few  places.  Its  streams  are  small,  rapid  brooks,  the  principal  of  which  is  Paines  Creek,  flowing 
through  a  narrow  ravine  in  the  s.  part.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam,  very  fertile.  Aurora, 
(p.v.,)  incorp.  May  5,  1837,  is  beautifully  located  on  the  E.  bank  of  Cayuga  Lake.  Its  fine  situa- 
tion and  the  comparative  mildness  of  its  climate  have  made  it  a  place  of  considerable  resort;  and  it 
contains  some  of  the  finest  residences  to  be  found  in  the  interior  of  the  State.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
Cayuga  Academy.*  Pop.  459.  Talcotts  Corners,  (Ledyard  p.  o.,)  near  the  s.  E.  corner,  con- 
tains 2  churches  and  12  dwellings.  L.evaua  (p.  v.)  is  a  steamboat  landing,  2  mi.  n.  of  Aurora. 
Pop.  106.  Roswell  Franklin,  from  Wyoming,  settled  at  Aurora  in  1789,  and  was  the  first  settler  in 
Cayuga  co.  Benj.  Avery  was  the  first  settler  at  Talcotts  Corners.'  Rev.  Seth  AVilliston  (Presb.) 
conducted  the  first  religious  services ;  and  Rev.  H.  Woodruff  was  the  first  settled  minister.'" 

L.OCKE — was  formed  from  "  Milton,"  (now  Genoa,)  Feb.  20,  1802.  Summer  HiU  was  taken 
off  in  1831.  It  lies  upon  the  high  ridges  which  border  upon  Owasco  Inlet,  in  the  s.  part  of  the 
CO.  The  inlet  flows  through  near  the  center  in  a  deep,  narrow  valley  bordered  by  steep  hills 
rising  200  to  400  ft.  above  it.     The  summits  of  the  hills  spread  out  into  a  beautifully  undulating 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Benj.  Irish,  Joseph  (irover, 
Edward  Wheeler,  Ichubod  and  Abel  Wilkinson,  and  James 
Herrington.  The  first  child  horn  was  Aurelius  Wheeler,  in 
1791;  and  the  first  death,  that  uf  Mrs.  West,  in  1792.  John 
Herring  taught  the  first  school,  in  1794;  Abel  Wilkinson  kept 
the  first  inn,  in  1792 ;  and  Joseph  Grover  the  first  store,  in  1797. 

2  There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Eap.,  and  M.  E. 

3  The  s.  part  of  tlie  town  was  settled  by  emigrants  mostly 
from  I'enn.  and  N.  J.,  and  the  n.  part  by  emi;^raot3  from  New 
Kngland.  In  1800  the  town  had  a  pop.  of  3.553;  in  1810  it 
rose  to  5,425;  in  1820,  after  its  territory  was  reduced  to  its 
present  limits,  the  pop.  was  2,5S5 ;  and  in  1855,  2,352. 

4  Two  I'resh.,  2  M.  E.,  Cong.,  and  rniv. 

6  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Daniel  Parker,  on  Lot 

69,  John  C.  Barnes  and  Ilev.  Silas  Barnes,  on  Lot  70,  and  Zadock 
Barnes,  on  Lot  83,  all  from  Mju-cellns.  and  Edward  Wood,  from 
Sennett,  on  Lot  S9.  in  1802:  Archibald  and  Chas.  Green,  on  hot 

70,  in  1803;  Eli  Mattison  and  Ahr.iham  Willey,  from  Conn.,  on 
Lot  34,  Uonry  Ferris  and  his  son,  Augustus,  from  Saratoga  CO.,  on 
Lot  71,  in  1804 ;  and  Thos.  Barnes,  from  Washington  co  ,  at  Ira 
Corners,  in  1805.  Dr.  Squire,  the  first  physici.an.  taught  the  first 
Bchool,  in  1805;  David  Stockwell  kept  the  first  irin,  in  1800; 
Sam'l  and  Israel  Phelps,  the  first  store,  at  Ira  Corners,  in  1813 ; 
and  John  Hooker  erected  the  first  gristmill,  in  ISIS.  The  first 
child  born  was  I'olly,  daughter  of  David  Stockwell,  in  April, 
1602;  the  first  marriage  was  that  of  Eleazur  Stockwell  and  Mar- 


g.iret  Noble,  March  7,  1802 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  tho 
wife  of  Rev.  Sil.as  Barnes,  in  1S02. 

6  Tho  census  reports  5  churches ;  2  M.  E.,  and  1  each  Bap., 
Presb.,  and  Disciples. 

'  Named  from  Benjamin  Ledyard,  agent  and  clerk  for  the  dis- 
posal of  the  lands  belonging  to  the  Military  Tract.  The  trace 
of  an  ancient  fortification  is  found  within  this  town.  It  stood 
upon  a  hilt  between  two  ravines,  and  inclosed  about  20  acres. 
— Smithsonian  Cotttrilndions.  Vol.  21,  Dirt  VI.p.  63. 

8  The  Academy  building  st^rnds  upon  an  eminence  command- 
ing a  fine  view  of  the  bay  and  lake.  The  institution  has  a  well 
selected  library,  competent  teachers,  and  is  in  a  prosperous 
condition.  The  Gospel  and  School  Lot  No.  36  of  this  town  hav- 
ing been  given  to  Union  College,  Lot  89  was  taken  for  school 
purposes,  and  assigned  to  this  academj'. 

*  Elisha  Durkee.  and  Atwell  and  Edward  P.aine,  settled  at 
Aurora  in  1790.  The  first  settler,  Mr.  Franklin,  was  in  the  battle 
of  Wyoming,  at  which  his  wife  was  killed  and  his  youngest  child 
taken  prisoner  by  the  Indians.  He  died  at  Aurora  in  1791, 
under  the  weight  of  his  misfortunes.  Betsey  Durkee  (now  Mrs. 
Sweetland)  wag  the  first  child  born  in  town.  The  first  inn  was 
kept  by  Joshua  Patrick,  at  Aurora,  in  1793.  in  a  house  still 
standing.  Abiathar  Hull  kept  the  first  store,  and  T.  WTieeler 
erected  the  first  mill,  a  little  N.  of  Aurora. 

w  The  census  reports  6  churches ;  2  Friends,  2  M.  E.,  Presb., 
and  Prot.  E. 


CAYUGA    COUNTY. 


203 


region  with  a  mean  elevation  of  about  1,000  ft.  above  tide.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  inter- 
spersed with  clay,  milan,  (Locke  p.  o.,)  situated  on  the  s.  branch  of  Owasco  Lake  lulet,  con- 
tains 2  churches,  2  woolen  factories,  2  gristmills,  and  several  mechanics'  shops.  Pop.  180.  Ccn- 
terville  contains  18  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Ezra  Carpenter,  Jas.  Cook,  Ja.s. 
Durell,  and  Solomon  Love,  in  1790.'     The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1819.^ 

MEIVTZ — was  formed  from  Aui-elius,  as  "Jefferson,"  March  30,  1802.  Its  name  was  changed 
April  G,  1808.  Montezuma  and  a  portion  of  Throop  were  taken  off  in  1859.  It  lies  upon  Seneca 
Kiver,  N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  generally  flat,  with  a  few  low  sand  ridges  near 
the  s.  border.  A  swampy  region  extends  along  Seneca  River.  Owasco  Outlet,  flowing  through 
the  center,  is  the  principal  stream.  Limestone,  gypsum,  and  red  shale  are  the  underlying  rocks. 
The  soil  is  a  clayey,  sandy,  and  gravelly  loam.  I'ort  Bj'roil,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  March  2,  1837, 
is  situated  upon  the  Owasco  Outlet  and  Erie  Canal,  near  the  center  of  the  town.  The  N.  Y.  C. 
R.  R.  station  is  1  mi.  n.  of  the  village.  It  contains  3  churches,  a  woolen  factory,  cabinet  ware 
manufactory,  and  a  flouring  mill  with  10  run  of  stones.  Pop.  1,669.  Ceiitei'port,  a  canal 
village  on  the  e.  line,  contains  22  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1797.*  There  are  ?> 
churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Presb. 

JMOIVTEZUM  A— was  formed  from  Mentz,  April  8,  1859.  It  lies  in  the  n.  w.  angle  formed 
by  the  great  easterly  bend  in  Seneca  River,  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  low 
and  flat.  An  extensive  swamp,  known  as  the  Montezuma  Marshes,  extends  along  the  river. 
The  only  considerable  stream  ia  Cayuga  Brook.  The  soil  is  generally  a  clayey  loam.  Brine 
springs  are  found  along  Seneca  River.  Moiitezuma  (p.  v.)  is  located  upon  Seneca  River, 
in  the  w.  part  of  the  town.  The  Seneca  and  Cayuga  Canals  here  unite  with  the  Erie  Canal.  Salt 
and  some  other  articles  are  manufactured.'  Pop.  650.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1798.' 
The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1803,  by  Rev.  John  Jeffries.  There  are  3  churches  in  town ; 
2  M.  E.  and  Bap. 

itIORATIA — was  formed  from  Sempronius,  March  20,  1833.  It  lies  upon  Owasco  Lake 
and  Inlet,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  co.  The  greater  part  of  its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  broken  by 
^  the  deep  and  narrow  valleys  of  Owasco  Inlet  and  its  branches.'  These  valleys  are  300  to  400  ft. 
below  the  summits  of  the  hills,  and  are  bordered  by  steep  and  in  many  places  nearly  perpen- 
dicular sides.  Upon  the  streams  in  their  course  through  the  ravines  are  several  beautiful  cas- 
cades, furnishing  an  abundance  of  water-power.  Mill  Brook,  just  below  its  junction  with  Trout 
Brook,  flows  over  a  precipice  of  80  ft.  Upon  the  E.  tributary  of  the  outlet,  near  the  s.  border,  is  a 
cascade  known  as  Dry  Falls,  from  the  fact  that  in  summer  the  stream  ceases  to  flow.  A  little 
below  this  cascade  is  a  circular  recess  in  the  face  of  the  perpendicular  precipice,  42  ft.  deep,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  limestone  arch  55  ft.  high  and  125  ft.  long.  Upon  this  arch  rises  a  lofty  hill  covered 
with  primitive  forest  trees.  A  large  spring  of  carburetted  hydrogen  gas,  highly  inflammable,  is 
situated  upon  the  lowlands  near  the  lake.  The  soil  among  the  hills  is  a  gravelly  loam  mixed 
with  clay,  and  in  the  valleys  it  consists  of  a  deep,  rich  loam  formed  of  gravel  and  disintegrated 
limestone  and  slate.  Moravia  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  Mill  Brook,  in  the  valley  3  mi.  s.  E.  of  the 
head  of  Owasco  Lake.  The  rapids  and  cascades  in  the  stream  at  this  point  furnish  an  abundance 
of  water-power.  The  village  is  incorp.,  and  contains  130  dwellings,  the  Moravia  Institute,  and 
several  mills  and  other  manufacturing  establishments.  Montville,'  a  small  village  1  mi.  E.  of 
Moravia,  contains  15  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Moravia  Village,  by  John  StoyeU, 
in  1791.*    The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  March  12,  1806.' 


1  A  daughter  of  Jas.  Durell  was  the  first  child  born;  Aaron 
Kellogg  kept  the  first  store,  at  Milan;  James  Cook,  thefirat  inn; 
Lyman  Brown  erected  t\w>  first  factory,  at  Milan,  in  1810,  and 
Mr.  Durell  the  first  priBtniill.  The  traces  of  an  Indian  buryinp; 
ground,  half  a  mi.  w.  of  Milan,  between  2  deep  trulfs,  covering 
about  'I  acres,  are  still  visible.  The  graves  are  r.inged  in  rows 
E.  and  w. 

*  The  census  reports  3  churches;  2  M.  E.  and  Bap. 

'  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Philip  King,  Seth  Higby, 
from  Sariitopa  co..  on  Lot  72,  Josiah  Patridge,  from  Mass.,  on 
I.^)t  73.  in  1797;  Charles  Anoea,  Aholiab  and  Elijah  Buck,  from 
Chemung  co.,  on  Lot  73.  (now  Port  Byron.)  in  1798;  Dau'l  Love- 
land,  from  Tt.,  on  Lot  49,  in  1799;  Peter  Kausier  and  Moses 
Lent,  from  Owego,  on  Lot  62,  in  1800;  James  Dixon  and  Jo8<*i'h 
Ilannlton,  from  Washington  co.,  Caleb  Hopkins,  from  N.  J., 
and  Ira  lloi'kins,  fi-om  Washington  co.,  on  Lot  85,  from  1800  to 

*  Salt  was  first  manufactured  in  Montezuma  about  179S;  but 
the  biiainess  wae  abandoiud  about  1^40,  in  conf^equence  of  the 
brint^  becoming  too  weak  to  successfully  compete  with  the  salt 
Hprings  of  Syracuse  and  Saliua.      Strong  brine  springs  have 


lately  been  discovered,  and  the  manufiictureof  salt  has  been  suc- 
cessfully resumed.  These  salt  Fprings,  like  those  of  Onondaga, 
belong  to  the  State. 

f>  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Peter  Clark,  from  New  York 
City,  Comfort  Tyler,  and  Abram  Morgan,  at  Montezuma,  in 
179S,  who  located  there  to  manufacture  salt. 

8  The  Owasco  Flats  were  in  part  cultivated  by  the  Indiana 
anterior  to  the  settlement  by  the  whites,  and  still  bear  tracesof 
the  ancient  occupation. 

7  Ex-President  Fillmore  read  law  at  this  place  with  Judge 
"Wood. 

8  Among  the  other  early  settlors  were  Winslow  Perry,  Amos 
Stoyell,  and  Jabez  L.  Bottom,  in  1793;  Oiirshoni  Morse,  in  1794; 
and  Cotton  Skinner,  in  1795.  The  first  child  born  was  Seth 
I'erry,  in  1794;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Jonathan  Eldridge 
and  Sally  Perry,  in  1795;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Cynthia 
Wriglit,  in  179fi.  Levi  Goodrich  taught  the  first  school,  in 
1797 ;  Zadock  Cady  kept  tli^  first  inn.  in  ISOl,  David  Wright  the 
first  store,  and  Jnhu  Stoyclt  built  the  first  mill. 

B  The  census  reports  3  churches  in  town :  Cung.,  Prot.  £.,  and 
M.E. 


204 


CAYUGA    COUNTY. 


HflLiES — ^was  formed  from  Sempronius,  March  20,  1833.  It  lies  between  Owasco  and  Skane- 
ateles  Lakes,  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  principally  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland. 
The  highest  summits  are  700  ft.  above  Owasco  Lake.  The  declivities  are  gradual  toward  Owasco 
but  more  abrupt  toward  Skaneatelea  Lake.  Dutch  Hollow  Brook,  flowing  N.  through  near  the 
center,  is  bordered  by  high,  steep  banks.'  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  Kel- 
log'gsville,  (p. V.,)  in  the  extreme  s.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  30  dwellings;  New 
Hope,  in  the  s.  E.  part,  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  12  dwellings;  IVIles, 
(p.  0.,)  in  the  N.  part,  TVest  Xiles,  Twelve  Corners,  and  Wine  Corners,  are  ham- 
lets. Tho  first  settlements  wore  made  in  1793.^  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  2  M.  E.,  Bap., 
and  Univ. 

OWASCO— was  formed  from  Aurelius,  March  30,  1802.  It  lies  e.  of  the  foot  of  Owasco 
Lake,  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  inclined  to  the  n.  w.  From  the 
lake  it  slopes  gradually  upward,  and  the  highest  summits  attain  an  elevation  of  500  ft.  Owasco 
Creek,  flowing  w.  across  the  s.  part,  and  Millers  Brook,  in  the  N.  part,  are  the  only  streams.  The 
soil  is  a  clayey  loam.  Owasco,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  x.  corner,  contains  3  churches  and  45  dwell- 
ings. The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1792.'  The  first  church  was  formed  in  1798,  by  Rev. 
Abram  Brokaw.*    Ex-Gov.  Throop  is  a  resident  of  this  town. 

SCIPIO — was  formed  March  5,  1794.  Sempronius  was  taken  off  in  1799,  a  part  of  Marcellus 
(Onondaga  co.)  in  1804,  Ledyard,  Venice,  and  a  part  of  Springport  in  1823.  It  lies  on  the  w. 
shore  of  Owasco  Lake,  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  the  highest  summits 
being  500  ft.  above  the  lake.  A  steep  bluff,  20  to  50  ft.  high,  extends  along  the  lake,  and  from 
the  summit  the  surface  slopes  gradually  upward  for  about  one  mi.  The  streams  are  mere  brooks. 
The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam.  Scipio  Center  (Scipio  p.o.)  contains  2  churches  and  80  inhabit- 
ants; Scipioviile,  (p. v.,)  near  the  w.  line,  80  inhabitants;  ShertVOOd,  (p. v.,)  near  the 
s.  w.  corner,  80  inhabitants.  Tbe  Square  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  N.  w.  part,  and  Bolts  Corners 
a  hamlet  in  the  s.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1790.^  The  first  religious  services  were 
held  by  Elder  David  Irish,  in  1794  ;  and  the  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  the  same  year.' 

SEMPROjVinS — was  formed  March  9,  1799.  A  part  was  annexed  to  Marcellus  (Onond.aga 
CO.)  March  24,  1804,  and  Moravia  and  Nilcs  March  20,  1833.  It  lies  upon  Skaneateles  Lake,  in 
the  s.  e.  part  of  the  co.  From  the  valley  of  the  lake  and  inlet  the  hills  rise  abruptly  to  a 
height  of  800  to  1,000  feet,  and  from  their  summits  the  surface  spreads  out  into  a  rolling  and 
hilly  upland.  The  highest  points  are  about  1,700  ft.  above  tide.  Mill  Brook,  flowing  w..  Bear 
Swamp  Brook,  N.,  and  Fall  Brook,  s.,  all  have  excavated  deep  valleys  in  the  drift  deposits 
and  shales.  The  soil  is  a  good  quality  of  clayey,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  mixed  with  disinte- 
grated slate  and  limestone.  Dresservllle,  (p.  v.,)  located  on  Mill  Brook,  in  the  s.  part 
of  the  town,  contains  30  dwellings ;  Vansville,  (Sempronius  p.  o.,)  15 ;  Glen  Ilaven 
(p.  o.)  is  a  noted  water  cure  establishment  near  the  head  of  Skaneateles  Lake.  Its  situation  is 
extremely  beautiful,  and  it  is  supplied  with  pure,  soft  spring  water.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  1794,  by  Ezekiel  Sales,'  Jotham  Bassett,  and  Seth  Burgess.  The  first  church  (Bap.) 
was  formed  Feb.  29,  1798 ;  Rev.  John  Lasure  was  tho  first  preacher.  The  census  reports  1 
church  (Bap.)  in  town. 

SEIVUfETT — was  formed  from  Brutus,  March  19,  1827 ;  it  was  named  from  Judge  Daniel 
Sennett,  a  pioneer  settler.  A  portion  of  Throop  was  taken  off  in  1859.  It  lies  upon  the  E.  border 
of  the  CO.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating,  the  ridges  rising  in  long, 
gradual  slopes  50  to  100  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  streams  are  all  small  brooks.  The  soil  is  a 
deep,  fertile,  clayey  and  sandy  loam,  and  is  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  Sennett,  (p.  v.,) 
a  station  on  the  Auburn  branch  of  the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.,  contains  2  churches  and  30  dwellings. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1794,  by  Ebenezer  Healy,  Jos.  Atwell,  Thos.  Morley,  and  Thos. 


1  On  the  highest  point  of  land,  3  mi.  E.  of  Owasco  Lake,  is  a 
quarry  of  fine  flagging  stone. 

2  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Garret  Conover  and  his  eons 
John  and  Aaron.  Is.Hac  Selover,  James  Brinkerhotf,  and  William 
Bowen.    The  first  child  born  was  Sally  Amerman,  in  1798. 

8  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Samuel  and  Benj.  De  Puy, 
Moses  Cartwright.  and  Jacob  and  Roeliff  Brinkerhoft".  Cornelius 
DeKamater  kept  tlie  first  inn,  in  ISOO;  James  Burrows,  the  first 
store,  in  1S07;  and  David  Bovier  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1798. 

*  There  are  3  churches  in  town;  M.  E.,  Itef.  Prot.  D.,  and  True 
D,  Reformed. 

6  AmoD^  the  early  settlers  were  Elisha  Burkee,  Henry  Wat- 


kins.  Gilbert  and  Alanson  Tracy,  Sam"l  Branch,  Ebenezer  Witter, 
and  Gideon  Allen.  The  first  child  born  was  Betsey  Durkee.  Dec. 
.S,  1790;  and  the  first  niarri.ige,  that  of  Wni.  Allen  ami  Betsey 
Watkins,  June  25. 1793.  Wm.  Daniels  taught  the  first  school, 
in  170S,  and  Dr.  Strong  kept  the  first  store,  in  1808. 

fl  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  Bap,,  Presb..  M.  E.,  and  Univ. 

'  The  first  child  born  was  Benj.  Sales,  in  1794;  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  Sam'I  Bice  and  Matilda  Summerston  ;  and  the  fir«t 
death,  that  of  Sam'l  Bice.  Cyrus  Powers  taught  tlie  first  school, 
in  ISOO;  John  Husted  kept  the  first  inn  and  store,  and  Arteiuaa 
Dresser  erected  the  first  mill. 


CAYUGA    COUNTY. 


205 


Morley»  jr.,  from  Conn.,  on  Lot  21.*  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  Sept.  12,  1799,  by 
Rev.  Mauasseh  French,  who  was  the  first  preacher.  There  are  now  2  churches  in  town;  Presb. 
and  Bap. 

SPRIWTGPORT— was  formed  from  Scipio  and  Aurelius,  Jan.  30,  1823.  It  lies  upon  tht 
E.  shore  of  Cayuga  Lake,  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  rises  in  gradual  slopes  from 
the  water  to  the  e.  border,  where  it  attains  an  elevation  of  400  to  500  ft.  Waterlime,  plaster^ 
and  limestone  used  for  flagging,  are  quarried  along  the  shore  of  the  lake  and  in  the  adjoining 
ravines.  Two  immense  springs  flow  from  the  ground  near  the  village,  furnishing  a  valuable 
water-power.^  The  soil  is  a  superior  quality  of  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  in  some  places  mixed 
with  clay.  The  lake  is  so  deep  that  it  rarely  freezes,  and  the  warmth  of  the  water  essentially 
moderates  the  intensity  of  the  frosts  of  winter.*  Union  Springs  (p-v.)  is  beautifully  situated 
upon  Cayuga  Lake,  s.  of  the  center  of  the  w.  border  of  the  town.  It  contains  several  manufac- 
tories, a  private  academy,  and  many  fine  residences.  Pop.  1,118.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
in  1800,  by  Frederick  Gearheart,  Thos.  Thompson,  and  Jas.  Carr.*  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was 
formed  by  Rev,  Joshua  Lane,  the  first  preacher.^ 

STERliIlVCr — named  from  William  Alexander,  Lord  Sterling,  of  the  Revolution — was 
formed  from  Cato,  June  19,  1812.  It  lies  upon  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  extreme  n.  part  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  rolling  and  has  a  slight  inclination  toward  the  N.  The  summits  of  the  ridges  in 
the  s.  are  200  to  300  ft,  above  the  lake;  and  Big  BluS",  upon  the  lake  shore,  has  about  the  same 
elevation.  The  streams  are  Little  Sodus  Creek  and  its  branches,  flowing  into  Little  Sodus  Bay, 
and  Cortright  Brook,  flowing  into  Blind  Sodus  Bay.^  Little  Sodus  Bay  is  about  2  mi.  long  by  1 
mi.  wide,  and  is  one  of  the  best  harbors  upon  the  s.  shore  of  the  lake.  An  extensive  swamp, 
covering  several  hundred  acres,  extends  along  the  lake  shore,  e.  of  the  bay,  and  another  lies  on 
the  s.  border  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam ;  some  portions  of  the  surface 
are  very  stony  and  hard  of  cultivation.  Outcrops  of  Medina  sandstone'  and  Oneida  conglomerate 
are  quarried  in  this  town  for  building  stone.  Sterling*  Center  (Sterling  p.  o.)  contains  40 
dwellings;  Fairliaven,  (p- "^v)  on  Little  Sodus  Bay,  40;  MartviUe^  (p.  o.,)  near  the  s.  e. 
corner,  25;  and  Sterling*  Valley  20.  IVortli  Sterling  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first 
settler  was  Peter  Dumas,  who  located  upon  Lot  19  in  1805.®  The  first  church  (Asso.  Ref. 
Presb.)  was  formed  in  1818.^ 

SUimWER.  niLili — was  formed  from  Locke,  as  "P?a/o,'*  April  26,  1831;  its  name  was 
changed  March  16,  1832.  It  is  the  s.  e.  comer  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland, 
1000  to  1100  ft.  above  tide.  Fall  Brook,  the  principal  stream,  flows  s.  through  the  e.  part.  Its 
valley  is  300  to  400  ft.  below  the  summits  of  the  hills,  and  forms  the  only  considerable  break  in 
the  general  level  of  the  surface.  Summer  Hill  Lake  is  a  small  pond  in  the  n.  e.  part,  discharging 
its  waters  into  Fall  Brook.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam,  the  clay  predominating. 
Summer  Hill,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  contains  115  inhabitants.    The  first  settle- 


1  In  1795  Judge Dan'l  Sennett,  Amog  Bennett,  and  Jacoh,Kufu9, 
aud  Dan'l  Sheldon,  from  Conn.,  settled  on  Lot  99.  In  1797  Jacob 
Hicks,  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  w]io  drew  Lot  99,  settled  on  it; 
Benj.  Miller,  also  a  Revolutionnry  soldier,  on  Lot  17;  and  Jabez 
Kemmiogton  and  Hezekiah  Freeman,  from  Vt.,  on  Lots  21  and 
10.  The  first  child  born  vraa  Pally  Smith,  in  1795;  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  Nebemiah  Smith  and  Mindevill  Morley,  in 
1794;  andtbe  first  death,  that  of  Thos.  Moiit-y,  in  1796.  Bwtsey 
Morley  taught  the  first  school,  in  1795 ;  Joseph  Atwell  kept 
the  first  inn,  the  same  year;  and  Sheldon  &  Lathrop  the  first 
store. 

*  These  springs  are  about  10  rods  apart.  From  the  larger  flows 
a  stream  of  sufficient  size  to  furnish  water-power  for  running  a 
flouring  mill  with  6  run  of  stones,  a  plaster  mill,  sawmill. 
and  several  other  kinds  of  machinery.  The  stream  from  the 
smaller  spring  drives  the  machinery  of  a  planing  mill,  sawmill, 
and  tannery.  From  the  springs  the  town  and  village  both  derive 
their  names. 

8  Fruit  growing:,  to  which  the  climate  and  soil  are  admirably 
adapted,  begins  to  attract  attention.  The  vine  is  successfully 
cultivated :  and  a  single  vineyard  of  10  acres,  devoted  to  grapes, 
produces  fine  crops. 

*  Amoa  Comely  taught  the  first  school,  near  Union  Springs ; 
Thomas  Collins  kept  the  first  inn;  Laban  Haskins  and  Walter 
Irf)w,  the  first  store;  Philip  Winegar  erected  the  first  woolen 
factory. 

6  The  census  reports  9  churches;  2Friends,  2M.  E.,  and  leach 
Cong.,  Presb.,  Bap.,  Christian,  and  R.  C. 
**  Since  work  commenced  on  the  Ontario,  Auburn  &  N.  Y.  K.  R. 


an  effort  has  been  made  to  change  the  name  of  this  bay  to  On 
tario  Bay. 

J  This  stone  is  much  used  for  the  underpinnings  of  houses  nnd 
farm  buildings.  It  has  been  observed  that  hogs  are  very  fond 
of  licking  the  stone  whenever  they  have  access  to  it;  and  in 
consequence  they  foam  at  the  mouth,  and  can  only  be  fatted  with 
great  difficulty. 

8  Mr.  Dumas  was  a  Frenchman,  who  came  to  this  country  with 
La  Fayette  and  served  during  the  Revolution-  For  his  service* 
he  received  «  lot  in  the  Military  Tract,  nnd  drew  Lot  19,  in 
Sterling.  Capt.  Andrew  Rassmusen  settled  the  same  year  on 
Lot  No.  1.  He  was  killed  on  board  of  an  American  vessel,  on 
Lake  Ontario,  during  the  War  of  1812.  Francis  Decamp  located 
near  Martville,  in  1S06;  M'm.  Divine.  Nathan  Wilmot,  and  Jehiel 
Peck,  on  Lot  11,  in  1807;  Jacob  Wilsey,  from  Saratoga  co.,  on 
Tyot  14,  in  1808;  John  Cooper,  on  Lot  12,  John  Duzeubury,  on 
Lot  44.  Curtis  Stoddard,  on  Lot  19,  John  McFarland  and*  son, 
from  Washington  Co.,  on  Lot  27,  John  and  Matthew  Ilarsho, 
from  Wasliington  co.,  at  Martville,  in  ISlO;  Wm.  Coojjer,  Jos. 
Bunnell,  and  John  Turner,  from  Long  Island,  in  IJiill ;  and  Geo. 
Cooper,  from  Saratoga  co..  in  1812.  The  first  child  born  was 
Isaac  Hopping,  March  16, 1807;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Mat 
thew  Uarsha  and  Charity  Turner;  nnd  the  first  death,  that  ot 
Ezra,  son  of  Peter  Dumas,  July  21, 1S06.  The  first  schonl  was 
taught  by  Benj.  Clark,  in  1812;  Wm.  Cooper  kept  the  first  Jnn, 
inl81D;  John  Cooper  erected  the  first  sawmill,  in  ISIO,  uud  the 
first  gristmill,  in  1815. 

*  The  census  reports  6  churches;  2  M.  K.,  and  1  cocb  Assa 
Ref.,  Presb.,  Bap.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and  Ref.  Prosb. 


206 


CAYUGA     COUNTY. 


ment  was  made  in  1797,  by  IIes:ukiah  Mix,  from  Genoa,  on  Lot  37,  near  the  village.*  The  first 
church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1807;  Elder  Whipple  was  the  first  pastor.^ 

TUROOP' — was  formed  from  Aurelius,  Mentz,  and  Sennett,  April  8,  1859.  It  is  an 
interior  town,  lying  a  little  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  broken 
in  a  few  places  by  eand  and  gravel  ridges  100  to  150  ft.  high.  Its  principal  streams  are  Owasco 
Outlet  and  Cayuga  Brook.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Tlil'OopsTiUe,  (p.  v.,) 
on  Owasco  Inlet,  s.  e.  of  the  center,  contains  3  churches,  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  and  woolen 
factory.  Pop.  IGO.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  Lot  2,  in  1790,  by  Ezekiel  Crane  and  his 
son  Shadrach,  from  N.  J.*     There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Disciple, 

TEIVICE — was  formed  from  Scipio,  Jan.  30,  1823.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  300  to  400  ft.  above 
Owasco  Lake.  Salmon  and  Little  Salmon  Creeks  flow  s.  in  deep  valleys  dividing  the  surface  into 
distinct  ridges.  Owasco  Lake  borders  upon  the  n.  e.  corner.  The  declivities  bordering  upon  the 
lake  and  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Salmon  Creek  are  steep,  but  generally  the  hillsides  are  long,  gradual 
slopes.  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.  Venice,  (p.  v.,)  in  tlie  n.  e.  part 
of  the  town,  contains  1  church  and  20  dwellings;  and  Poplar  Ridg^e,  upon  the  highest  sum- 
mit in  the  n.  w.,  contains  a  foundery  and  machine  shop  and  20  dwellings.  East  Venice  (p.  o.) 
and  Venice  Center  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1800.^  The  first 
church  (Bap.)  was  formed  at  Stuarts  Corners,  in  1800,  by  Elder  Irish,  the  first  preacher.^  Upon 
the  ridge  e.  of  Salmon  Creek,  near  the  s,  border  of  the  town,  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fortifi- 
cation. Upon  the  creek,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  were  extensive  cleared  and  cultivated  fields 
at  the  first  advent  of  the  whites.     Near  these  fields  was  an  Indian  burial  ground. 

VICTORY — was  formed  from  Cato,  March  16,  1821.     It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  eo., 

N.w.  ofthecenter.  Its  surface  is  gently  undulating,  the  highest  points  being  scarcely  50  ft.  above 
the  general  level.  Little  Sodus  and  Bed  Creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  The  underlying 
rocks  are  red  shale  and  blue  limestone,  covered  deep  with  drift.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  sandy 
loam.  A  swamp  in  the  s.  w.  part  covers  several  hundred  acres.  Victory,  (p.  v.,)  near  the 
center  of  the  town,  contains  25  houses;  and  Westbury,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line  of  Wayne  co.,  50. 
The  settlement  of  the  town  was  commenced  in  1800,  by  John  McNeal,  from  Montgomery  co., 
and  John  and  Samuel  Martin,  from  Ireland,  on  Lot  65.'  The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed 
in  1813,  by  Rev.  Zenas  Jones,  the  first  preacher.^ 


1  AmonK  the  e,arly  settlers  were  Nath'l  Fillmore,  (father  of 
Millard  Fillmore,  Ex-Pres.  U,  S.,  who  was  born  in  this  town,) 
Martin  liarber,  AVni.  Webster,  Jos.  Cone,  Wiu.  IIoneywcH,  Jas. 
Savage,  Harvey  Hough,  nud  Josiah  Walker.  The  first  school 
was  tauf;lit  by  Nathl  Fillmore,  in  1S04.  The  first  child  born 
was  Aljllard  Fillmore  or  Anson  Coue ;  the  first  inarriag:e,  that  of 
Ebeuczer  Crowl  and  Kosanna  Mix,  in  1803;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Amos  Mix,  killed  by  the  falling  of  a  troo  in  1798.  Jos. 
Cone  kept  the  first  inn, in  1S03;  Cbas. Crane,  the  first  store;  and 
EbeneztT  lieunett  erected  the  first  mill,  in  1816. 

^  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Bap.,  Cong.,  and  M.  E. 

9  Named  from  lion.  Enos  T.Throop,  Ex-Gov.  of  the  State. 

*  Among  the  ether  early  settlers  were  Isiiac  Barnnm.  Othniel 
Palmer,  and  his  son.  from  Conn.,  Israel  Clapp,  from  Mass.,  on 
Lot  16;  JnH,  Leonard  and  Wm.  Durell,  from  N.  J.,  on  Lots  2  and 
4,  Manonah  Clark,  from  Oneida  co..  on  Lot  4,  Jonas  Ward  and 
his  son  Caleb,  from  N.  J.,  on  Lot  92,  in  1796;  Chriptopher  and 
Kev.  JohD  JelTrit-s,  from  Saratoga  Springs,  on  Lot  16,  Epliraim 
Wetby,  from  Dutchess  co.,  on  Lot  4,  in  1799;  Amos  and  David 
Codner.  on  Lot  14.  in  ISOl.  The  first  marriage  waa  that  of 
Shadrach  Crane  and  Hannah  Palmar;  and  the  lirst  birth,  that 
of  Ezfikitil  Crane.  Edward  C;u-peuter  tauglit  tho  first  school,  in 
ISOO;  iBxael  Clapp  kept  tha  first  inn,  in  1800;  Lather  UardcD 


the  first  store,  in  1804;  and  Prentice  Palmer  erected  the  first 
saw  and  grist  mill,  in  1798. 

6  Amou^  the  early  settlers  were  Henry  Ilewit.  Ezekiel  Landon. 
Samuel  Robinson,  and  Zadock  Bateman,  at  Stuarts  Cornera, 
Samuel  ChikLsey,  and  Amos  Itatbbun,  at  Poplar  lUdgc,  Luke 
Taylor,  and  Thomas  Carman,  all  of  whom  came  in  between  179'^ 
and  ISOO.    The  first  child  boru  was  Lemon  Cole;  and  the  first 

death,  that  of Herrick,  one  of  the  pioneer  settlors:  he  was 

killed  by  the  fall  of  a  tree.  The  first  inn  was  kept  by  Samuel 
Kobinson.    The  first  mill  was  erected  at  Venice  Village,  in  It^. 

*  The  censu^?  reports 3  churches;  2  Friends  and  1  Bap. 

'  Patrick  Murpby.  from  Ireland,  settled  on  Lot  54.  in  Feb.  1806: 
Matthias  Vanderhuydcn,  from  Albany  co..  on  Lot  62,  and  Asahel 
Carter,  from  Vt..  on  Lot  66,  in  1810 ;  John  Ramsey,  and  Wm.  and 
Danl  Griswold,  from  Herkimer  co-,  on  Lot  25,in  1811 ;  Jacob  W. 
and  Martin  De  Forrest,  from  Washington  co,,  Cr.nrad  Phrozine, 
from  Nowburgh,  on  Lot43,  Maunsseh  French,  from  Scipio,  Judge 
C.  Smith,  from  Saratoga  co.,  on  I^ot  40,  I'hilander  Phinncy,  from 
Saratoga  co.,  Silas  Kellogg,  from  Brutus,  on  Lot  39,  and  Ebenewr 
Bird, from  Onondaga  co.,  on  Lot  29.  all  inlSr2.  Mrs. Jane  Wood 
was  the  first  child  Ijorn  in  town,  in  1S04;  and  the  first  death, 
waa  that  of  John  McNeal,  in  1800. 

8  The  census  reports  6  churches;  2  M.  E.,  Presb.,  Bap.,  and 
Christ  iaiL 


CAYDGA    COUNTY. 


207 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    Scliools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Cayuga  County. 


NAUE3  OF  Towns. 


Auburn 

Aurelius 

BrutuB 

Cato 

Conquest 

Fleming 

Genoa. 

Ira 

Ledyard 

Locke 

Mentz 

UoDtezumao. 

Moravia 

NUes 

Owiisco 

Scipio 

Seinproniua... 

Bennett 

Spring,]Oi-t ... 

Sterling 

Summer  Hill. 

ThioopS 

Venice 

Victory 

Total..... 


Acres  of  Land. 


4,427} 
18,O03J 

9,395 
16,210J 
13,919} 
10,2S7J 
19,951i 
1.1,84.5 
17,;70i 
11,466 
21,331 

11.994} 

18,220i 
9,678 
18,975i 
11,278 
17,4.53 
11,313J 
14,134 
10,9414 

19,843} 
14,465i 


315.795} 


172 
8,298 
3,301 
6,159 
7.702 
1,806 
6,710 
6,039 
4,1614 
3,216 
0,197 

4,S30i 
6,035 
2,522 
3,608 
6,486 
3,684 
82,4774 
12,0204 
6,678J 

6,467 
6,9274 


lS7,237j 


Valdation  op  1858. 


6) 
s 

_  »!  

$2,105,074 

1,031,666 
627,910 
646,665 
633,317 
449,145 

1,032,390 
619,001 
966,020 
868,805 

1,262,833 

432,926 
571,990 
429,340 
917,253 
291,191 
828,836 
797,264 
361,804 
261,200 

869,290 
436,048 

$16^821,228 


$1,630,869 
116,300 
1813,960 
41,950 
24,426 
41,700 
196,735 
83,060 
290,110 
89,600 
73,750 

115,028 
92,468 
74,340 

203,275 
34,640 
40,830 

108,480 
24,617 
32,300 

184,940 
64,235 


$3,689,492 


$3,736,643 

1,140,900 
814,809 
687,616 
657,742 
490,845 

1,229,125 
702,061 

1,246,130 
408,306 

1,326,683 

547,964 
664.468 
603,680 
1,120,528 
325,831 
869,666 
906,744 
S89.421 
293,600 

1,054,230 
489,883 


$19,510,720 


4,819 

1,367 

1,466 

1,164 

968 

604 

1,150 

1,064 

994 

636 

2,637 

906 

973 

636 

966 

614 

1,064 

1,107 

1,641 

600 

1,007 
1,025 


27,363 


4,657 

1,207 

1,341 

1,088 

904 

600 

1,202 

1,069 

9S2 

667 

2,421 

913 

939 

067 

930 

656 

1,028 

1,004 

1,483 

678 

932 
901 


1,514 
484 
613 
429 
300 
223 
472 
400 
369 
201 
918 

344 

385 
239 
369 
244 
386 
392 
667 
254 

377 
380 


1,644 
611 
409 
455 
314 
226 
489 
432 
393 
265 
794 

361 
319 

258 
370 
268 
389 
399 
679 
256 

389 
413 


1,122 
300 
335 
323 
280 
216 
363 
342 
266 
208 
694 

260 
279 
276 
268 
258 
298 
282 
492 
127 

306 

327 


7,661 


Schools. 


Nahss  op  Towns. 


Auburn. 

Aurelius 

Brutus 

Cato 

Conquest 

Fleming 

Geuoa 

Ira 

Ledyiird 

Locke 

Mentz 

Montezuma*. 

Moravia 

Niles 

OwHSCO..: 

Scipio 

Sempronius... 

Bennett. 

Springi)ort... 

Stirling 

Summer  Hill. 

Throopl 

Venice 

Victory 

Total.... 


Live  Stock. 

AORICDLTURAL   ProDDCTS. 

1 

, 

||. 

§ 

^ 

!5 

BoBH.  or  Obain. 

•& 

1/ 

D-vmy  Pkoddcts. 

lb 

1i 

1§ 

feo^ 

"3 

S 

g 

* 

6 

tqH. 
2,175 

^^ 

13,560 

iCS 

377 

128 

123 

471 

384 

831 

11,148 

393 

1,617 

200 

806 

1,094 

977 

6,923 

1.678 

20,376 

131,187 

3,1174 

0,260 

8,880 

93.290 

7,694 

627 

1,110 

656 

2,350 

1,412 

10,116 

80,7534 

2,073 

13,886 

22,624 

01,0SS 

12,085 

864 

1,672 

1,004 

3,311 

1.379 

21,2684 

147,5094 

2,01!.} 

17,393 

26,368 

93,410 

4,411 

791 

1,498 

998 

5.374 

1,713 

17,751 

133,6094 

2,457 

16,082 

21,137 

92,992 

4,851 

404 

481 

441 

3,483 

965 

.5,787 

87,2634 

1,485 

6.848 

14.758 

41,090 

4,536 

892 

1.371 

1,246 

7,748 

1,462 

11,769 

162,313 

3,462} 

10,698 

48,284 

161,586 

9,851 

957 

1,785 

1,227 

4,618 

2.024 

12,993 

129,0554 

2,9004 

16,877 

44,602 

128,399 

19,783 

6S0 

930 

6S4 

9,696 

1,132 

10,264 

105,9574 

2,155 

6,516 

10,212 

49,210 

8.629 

627 

1.212 

943 

1,901 

72S 

1,406 

62,395 

3,036 

5,249 

20,190 

105,008 

3.976 

1,153 

2,330 

1,629 

6,34S 

2,700 

27,171 

161,294 

6,613} 

20,905 

23,668 

131,664 

18,997 

544 

1.062 

968 

4.824 

935 

1,606 

62,163 

2,9604 

6,627 

41,624 

124,237 

9,519 

833 

1,393 

1,196 

4,369 

1,421 

2,958 

104,470 

2,8084 

8,2934 

31,147 

145,617 

16,273 

449 

649 

5S2 

3,067 

976 

2,073} 

67,3994 

1,861} 

10,828 

18,169 

62,037 

10,470 

812 

1,131 

864 

7,963 

1,261 

10,865 

127,173 

1,970J 

8,690 

28,968 

72,969 

7,139 

618 

922 

1,066 

1,617 

784 

72 

52,844 

3,2R6 

10,518 

29,080 

140,702 

6,064 

751 

1,6S3 

1,164 

6,286 

1.630 

0,1054 

116,12:14 

3,3404 

21,8.18 

27,430 

84,439 

29,646 

666 

703 

2 

4.720 

1.378 

10,770 

85,992 

1,383 

4,251 

9,134 

48,630 

3.775 

849 

1.490 

1,179 

4,192 

1,768 

9,622 

105,6264 

2,630 

27,027 

20,086 

112,872 

4,917 

492 

912 

912 

2,762 

634 

113 

48,369 

2,732 

0,942 

20,333 

124,670 

6,643 

773 

1.623 

976 

10,267 

1,239 

6,722 

137,404 

3,105 

10,077 

25,488 

101,676 

10,640 

860 

1.377 
26,366 

1,007 

3,081 

1,616 

11,402 

127,099 

2,413 

16,838 
261,718J 

23,262 

101,987 

3,236 

16,405 

19,822 

103,631 

29,081 

200,061} 

2,227,0894 

67,732 

622,761 

2,082,022 

199,333' 

_§.=_ 
148 
311 
156 
633 

1,943 
2.34 
672 

1,318 
20 

1,140 
313 

7244 
1,9904 

6514 

624 
1,227 

338 

1,1S0J 
1,074 

669 
1,5244 


•  Montezuma  w.i8  formed  in  1859,  and  its  statistics  aro  em-  j     *  Throop  was  formed  in  1869,  and  its  statiatics  are  includel 
braced  in  those  of  the  town  of  Meutz.  |  In  tboso  of  Mentz,  ^eunett,  and  Aurelius. 


CHAUTAUQUA  COUNTY. 

This  county  was  formed  from  Genesee,  March  11,  1808.  It  lies 
upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  and  is  the  s.  w.  corner  co.  of  the  State. 
It  is  centrally  distant  288  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  1,099  sq. 
mi.  The  surface  is  mostly  a  hilly  and  rolling  upland.  A  bluff, 
with  a  mean  elevation  of  20  ft.,  extends  along  the  lake ;  and  from 
its  summit  the  land  spreads  out  into  an  undulating  region,  gradu- 
ally rising  for  a  distance  of  3  or  4  mi.  This  comparatively  level 
tract  is  bordered  by  the  declivities  of  a  hilly  upland,  which  occupies 
the  center  and  s.  part  of  the  co.  The  highest  summits  are  1,000  to 
1,200  feet  above  Lake  Erie  and  1,800  to  2,000  ft.  above  tide.  The 
uplands  are  broken  by  several  deep  valleys,  the  principal  of  which 
are  those  of  Chautauqua  Lake  and  Connewango  Creek.  The  sum- 
mits- of  the  hills,  4  to  6  mi.  s.  of  the  lake  shore,  form  the  watershed  which  divides  the  waters  of 
Lake  Erie  from  those  of  Allegany  Eiver.  The  declivities  bordering  upon  the  valleys  are  in  many 
places  too  steep  for  profitable  cultivation. 

Connewango  Creek,  flowing  along  the  E.  border  and  receiving  Cassadaga  Creek  and  Chautauqua 
Outlet,  is  the  largest  stream  in  the  co.  The  other  principal  streams  are  Cattaraugus,  Silver,  Wal- 
nut, Canadaway,  Little  Cattaraugus,  and  Twenty  Mile  Creeks,  flowing  into  Lake  Erie ;  French  and 
Little  Brocken  Straw  Creeks,  tributaries  of  Allegany  River ;  and  Prendergast  Creek,  flowing  into 
Chautauqua  Lake.  Besides  .these  and  their  ti-ibutaries  are  numerous  smaller  streams  flowing 
directly  into  Lake  Erie.  Chautauqua  Lake  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  18  mi.  long  and  1  to  3  mi. 
wide,  occupying  a  deep  valley  in  the  highland  region  about  10  mi.  s.  E.  of  Lake  Erie.'  It  is  726 
feet  above  Lake  Erie  and  1,291  ft.  above  tide.  The  hills  that  surround  it  are  600  to  800  ft.  above 
its  surface.  Its  outlet  forms  a  branch  of  Connewango  Creek,  which  latter  stream  is  a  tributary 
of  Allegany  River.  Several  other  small  lakes  are  located  among  the  highlands,  the  principal 
of  which  are  Bear,  Cassadaga,  Mud,  and  Findleys  Lakes,  all  700  to  900  ft.  above  Lake  Eric. 

The  rocks  of  this  co.  belong  to  the  Portage  and  Chemung  groups, — the  former  occupying  the  n. 
half  of  the  co.  and  the  latter  the  s.  half.  The  summits  of  the  highest  hills  in  the  s.  are  crowned 
with  conglomerate,  belonging  to  the  Catskill  group  and  affording  the  only  good  building  stone  in  the 
s.  part  of  the  co.  The  sandstones  of  the  Portage  group  are  quarried  to  some  extent  in  the  N.  part. 
Lime  is  obtained  in  limited  quantities  from  limestone  boulders  and  marl  beds.  One  of  the  most 
peculiar  geological  features  of  the  co.  is  the  numerous  springs  of  carburetted  hydrogen  gas  found 
in  various  localities  and  especially  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie.  It  comes  from  the  shales  of  the 
Portage  group,  and  at  various  places  is  turned  to  profitable  account. 

The  soil  upon  the  uplands  is  principally  Clay  mixed  with  disintegrated  shale,  generally  known  as 
flat  gravel;  and  in  the  valleys  it  is  a  fine  quality  of  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  mixed  with  allu- 
vium. Along  the  lake  shore  is  a  strip  of  productive  clay  loam.  The  uplands  are  arable  to  their 
summits,  but  are  generally  much  better  adapted  to  pasturage  than  tillage.  The  various  branches 
of  agriculture  form  the  leading  pursuits  of  the  people.  Stock  and  wool  growing,  and  dairying, 
are  largely  and  successfully  carried  on.     Spring  grains  and  fruits  are  also  largely  produced. 

Manufactures  are  few  and  unimportant  and  are  chiefly  confined  to  the  local  wants  of  the  people. 
Commerce — an  important  item  in  the  business  and  wealth  of  the  co. — is  chiefly  concentrated  at 
Dunkirk,  which  is  at  once  an  excellent  harbor  upon  the  lake  and  the  w.  terminus  of  the  Erie  R.  R. 
The  county  seat  is  located  at  Mayville,  in  the  town  of  Chautauqua,  at  the  head  of  Chautauqua 
Lake.'  The  courthouse  is  a  fine  brick  edifice,  erected  in  1834,  at  a  cost  of  $11,000.  The  jail  is  a 
brick  building,  with  stone  cells,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  street  from  the  courthouse.  The 
clerk's  ofiice  is  a  fireproof  brick  building  contiguous  to  the  courthouse.' 

The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  160  acres,  near  De  Wittville,  3J  mi.  s.  E.  from  Mayville. 


1  Near  the  middle  this  lake  is  contracted  to  the  width  of  a 
few  rods,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  two  lakes  connected  by  a 
narrow  strait. 

*  This  CO.  was  united  with  Niagara  from  the  date  of  its  organi- 
zation in  1808  until  1811.  The  first  court  was  held  June  25. 
181).  The  commissioners  to  locate  the  co.  buildings  were  Jonaa 
203 


Williams,  Isaac  Sutherland,  and  Asa  Ransom.  The  first  CO. 
officers  were  Zattn  Cushin;;,  First  Jiidije ;  M;itlhew  Prondorga.st, 
Philo  Orton.  .Tonathan  Thompson,  and  Wm.  Alexander,  Assncvite 
Judges;  I>avid  Eason.  ,Shi:riff;  and  John  K.  Marshall,  rV).  Clerk. 
8  In  1858  the  supervisors  authorized  the  erection  of  a  new 
clerk's  office  at  a  cost  of  $2,500. 


CHAUTAUQUA    COUNTY. 


200 


The  average  number  of  inmates  is  130,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  44  cts.  each.  A  school  ia 
taught  G  to  8  months  in  the  year.  The  buildings  are  poor  and  dilapidated  and  are  destitute  of 
proper  accommodations  and  means  of  ventilation. 

The  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R,  R.  extends  through  Hanover  and  Sheridan  and  terminates  at  Dunkirk. 
This  road  opens  a  direct  communication  with  New  York,  and,  taken  in  connection  with  the  con- 
necting raih-oads  and  vessels  upon  the  lake,  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  great  thoroughfares 
between  the  Atlantic  seaboard  and  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi.  The  amount  of  freight  carried 
over  the  road  is  immense ;  and  the  business  connected  with  it  gives  employment  to  thousands  of 
men.  The  Buffalo  &  Erie  R.  R.  extends  along  the  lake  through  Hanover,  Sheridan,  Pomfret, 
Portland,  Westfield,  and  Ripley.  This  forms  another  link  in  the  great  chain  of  Western  travel, 
and  connects  with  the  Erie  R.  R,  at  Dunkirk  and  with  the  N.  Y.  Central  at  Buffalo.  The  proposed 
Erie  &  New  York  City  R.  R.  extends  through  the  s.  part  of  the  co.,  connecting  Erie,  Penn.,  with 
the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.R.  at  Great  Valley.^ 

Nine  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.^ 

In  17S2  a  party  of  British  and  Indians,  with  a  train  of  artillery  and  other  munitions  of  war, 
spent  the  months  of  June  and  July  around  Chautauqua  Lake  in  constructing  canoes  and  making 
other  preparations  to  navigate    Allegany  Kiver  in  a  contemplated  attack  upon  ^^  Fort  Pitt,"  near 


1  The  suiTeya  of  this  b.  r.  have  been  made,  and  considerable 

work  has  been  done  in  gvading. 
3  The  Chautauque  Gazette,  the  first  paper  published  in  the  co,, 
was  started  at  Fredoniaiu  Jan.lSlT,  by  .Tas.  Porcival.  It 
waa  afterward  issued  by  Carpenter  k  Uull,  and  by  ,Ias. 
IluU,  until  1S22,  when  it  waa  suspended.  In  1823  it  was 
revived  by  Jas.  Hull,  and  continued  until  1S26,  when  it 
was  united  with  the  People's  Gazette  and  its  name  was 
changed  to 

TJu  Frulonia  Gazttte.  It  was  issued  a  short  time  by  Hull  A 
Snow,  when  it  was  removed  to  Dunkirk  b}-  Mr.  Hull 
and  changed  to 

The  Dunkirk  Gazett-e.  In  a  few  months  it  was  remoTod  to  West* 
field  and  united  with  The  Chautauque  Phcenix. 

The  People's  Gazette  waa  started  at  Forestville  in  1S24  by  Wm. 
S.  Snow.  In  1826  it  was  removed  to  Fredonia  and 
united  with  The  Chautauque  Gazette. 

The  Chautauque  Eagle  waa  commenced  at  Mayville  in  May,  1819, 
by  Robt.  .7.  Curtia,  and  was  continued  about  1  j-ear. 

The  Fredonia  Censor  waa  commenced  in  1S21  by  Henry 
C.  Friabee,  who  continued  its  publication  for  17  years. 
In  1838  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  E.  Winchester,  and 
was  published  by  him  2  years  and  by  R.Cuuningtou  1 
year.  In  1841  it  was  bought  by  Wm.  McKinstry,  and 
it  is  DOW  published  by  W.  McKinstry  &  Co. 

The  Western  Star  was  stnrted  at  Westfield  in  June,  1S26,  by 
Harvey  Newcomb,  and  was  discontinued  after  2  years. 
It  was  soon  after  revived,  as 

Tff!  Chautauque  PUamij-.  by  Hull  &  Newcomb.  In  1831  its 
name  was  changed  to 

The  Ame,ri(Xin  Eagle,  and  it  was  issued  by  G.  W.  Newcomb.  In 
1S3S  it  waa  chan?;ed  to 

The  Wcatfield  Oiiiricr.  Rnd  was  issued  a  short  time  by  G.W.  Blios. 

Tlie  J'amesto'vm  Journal  was  commenced  in  June, 
182t),  by  Adolphus  Fletcher,  and  was  continued  by  him 
until  I84t3.  It  was  then  issued  by  John  W.  Fletcher, 
a  son  of  the  original  proprietor,  for  2  years,  when  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  F.  W.  Palmer,  who  contioued 
at  the  head  of  the  establishment  until  1858,  having  had 
in  the  mean  time  associated  with  him  as  partners  Francis 
P.  Bailey,  Ebenezer  P.  Upham,  and  C.  D.  Sackett.  It  is 
now  issued  by  Sackett  &  Bishop. 

The  Chautauque  Repuhlican  was  started  at  Jamestown  in  1828 
by  Morgan  Bates.  Richard  K.  Kellogg,  Lewis  C.  Todd, 
Chaa.  McLean,  Alfred  Smith,  and  Wni.  II.  Cutler  were 
successively  interested  in  its  publication  until  1833,  when 
it  passed  into  the  hands  of  S.  S.  C.  Hamilton  and  iU 
name  was  changed  to 

The  RepiU'lican  Banner.  It  was  soon  after  removed  to  MajTille, 
and  in  a  few  months  was  discontinued. 

The  Genius  ff  Liberty  waa  started  at  Jamestown  in  1829  by 
•     Lewis  C.  Todd,  and  was  continued  about  2  years. 

The  Western  Intdliqencer  was  published  at  Foix'Stville  a  short 
time  in  1833. 

The  MayvlHe  Sentinel  was  started  in  TS3-4  by  Timothy 
Kilby;  and  the  next  year  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Beman  Brockway,  who  continued  it  10  years.  In  I84.'> 
it  was  sold  to  John  F.  Phelps,  by  whom  it  is  atill  issued. 

The  Chautauque  Whig  was  started  at  Dunkirk  in  Aug.  IS'U,  by 
Thompson  &  Cai-penter.  About  1844  its  name  wa.s 
changed  to 

The  Vunhrirk  beacon,  and  it  was  discontinued  a  short  time  after 
ward. 

Tlie  Wesiftdd  L'tmim^  started  in  1835,  was  issued  a  short  tirao 
by  Sheldon  k  Palmer. 

The  Western  Democrat  and  Literary  Inquirer  was  started  at 
Fredonia  in  1835  by  Wm.  Verrinder.  It  was  successively 
issued  by  Randall,  Crosby  &  Co.  and  Arba  K.  Mayuard. 


U 


and  by  the  latter  it  was  removed  to  Van  Buren  Harbor 

in  1837  and  issued  as 
The  Van  Buren  Ti7nes.    It  soon  after  passed  into  the  hands  of 

W.  H.  Cutler,  and  was  continued  about  2  „-car8. 
T/ie  Western  Farmer  was  started  at  Westfield  in  18^6  by  Bliss  & 

Knight,  and  was  continued  about  2  years. 
The  Settler  was  issued  a  short  time  in  1840  from  the  Fredonia 

Censor  office  by  E.  Winchester. 
Tfie  Wesljield  Advocate  waa  commenced  in  May,  1841,  and  waa 

discontinued  in  a  few  months. 
T/w  Westfield  Messenger  was  started  in  Aug.  1841,  by  C.  J.  J.  & 

T.  Ingersoll.    In  ISdI  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Edgar 

W.  Denuison  and  was  changed  to 
TJie  Westjield  Transcript.    In  1S556  Buck  &  Wilson  became  its 

proprietors,  and  continued  it  about  1  year. 
The  Panama  Herald  was  started  at  Panama  in  Aug.  1846,  by 

Dean  &  Hurlbut.    Stewart  &  Pray  afterward  became 

proprietors,  and  continued  it  until  1848. 
Tlie  Frontier  Exm-ess   was  started  in  June,  1846,   by  Cutler, 

Cottle  A  Perham.    In  1849  it  was  changed  to 
The  Fredonia  Express,  and  was  published  by  J.  P.  Cobb  A  Co., 

and  afterward  by  T.  A.  Osborn  &  Co.    In  1850  it  was 

changed  to 
The  Ciiajttaiique  Union,  and  was  published  a  short  time  by  E.  F. 

Foster. 
The  Libert)/  Star  was  started  at  Jamestown  In  1847  by  Harvey 

A.  Smith.   In  1849  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Adolphus 

Fletcher  and  was  changed  to 
The  Northern  Citizen.    In  1853  John  W.  Flu„cher  became  pro- 
prietor; and  in  1855  it  was  changed  to 
The  Chautauqna  Democrat^  under  which  name  it  la 

now  issued  by  Adoljihiia  Fletcher  and  Jas.  Parker. 
Tfie  Silver  Creek  Mail  was  started  at  Silver  Creek  in  1S48  by 

John  C.  Tan  Duzen.    In  1852  it  was  changed  to 
The  Home  Register,  and  was  published  by  Jas.  Long.    In  1854 

Samuel  Wilson  became  proprietor,  and  chauged  it  to 
The  Silver  Creek  Gazrite,  and  continued  it  until  185t5,  when  it 

waa  discontinued.   In  Aug.  of  that  year  it  was  revived,  as 
The  I^ake  Shore  Mirror,  by  H.  M.  Morgan,  by  whom  it 

is  still  published. 
The  Tocsin,  a  temperance  paper,  was  published  at  Mayville  by 

Lloyd  Mills  a  short  time  about  1845. 
The  Chautauque  Journal  was  started  at  Dunkirk  in  May,  1850, 

by  W.  L.  Carpenter.    lu  a  short  timo  its  name  waa 

changed  to 
The  Dunkirk  Journal,  and  it  is  still  issued  by  tiio 

orit^inul  propriL-tor. 
The  Fredonia  Advertiser  was  started  July  4, 1851,  by 

Tyler  &  Shepard.    It  ia  now  published  by  Levi  S.  Pratt 

&  J.  C.  Frisbee. 
The  Undt-Tcurrent  was  published  at  Jamestown  a  short  time  iu 

1851-52  by  Harvey  A.  Smith. 
The  Jamestoion  Herald  was  started  in  Aug.  1852,  by  Dr.  Asaph 

Rhodes.    In  1S53  Joseph  B.  Nessel  became  i^oprietor^ 

removed  it  to  Ellington  Center,  and  changed  its  name  to 
The  EJliiigtim  Luminarr/.    It  was  discontinued  in  185fi. 
The  Philomathi'in  Exponent  was  issued  at   Ellington  by  the 

students  of  the  ac.idemy  in  1852. 
The  WestAeld  Republican  was  commenced  April  25, 

1855,  by  M.  C.  Kice  &  Co,,  by  whom  It  is  still  continued. 
T/ie  Botanic  Afedical  Journal  was  pubUshed  a  short  time   at 

Fredonia. 
The  Pantheon  was  published  at  Fredonia  a  short  time. 
Tfie  Wefitern  Argus  was  started  at  Westflelil  in  isr>7  l)y  John  F. 

Young.    In  about  1  year  it  waa  removed  to  Dunkiik, 

and  changed  to 
The  Dunkirk  Press  and  Argns,  and  is  now  isstcd 

by  Howard  &  Young. 


210 


CHAUTAUQUA    COUNTY. 


Pittsburgh.     Their  plan  was  to  build  a  dam  across  the  outlet  of  the  lake  and  descend  the  river 
upon  the  flood  so  created.     The  party  finally  returned  without  attempting  the  project. 

The  first  settlement  in  the  co.  was  made  at  the  mouth  of  Cattaraugus  Creek  in  1797,  by  Amos 
Cottle.^  Soon  after  making  the  first  improvements,  Sottle  left,  and  returned  in  1801,  with  Mr, 
Sidney  and  Capt.  Rosecrantz.  At  the  time  of  the  first  exploration  of  the  co.  the  only  Indian 
settlement  was  on  Connewango  Creek,  within  the  limits  of  the  present  town  of  Carroll,  In  1802, 
Gen.  Paine,  agent  fur  the  State  of  Connecticut,  opened  a  wagon  road  from  Bufi'alo  to  Chautauqua 
Creek,  to  enable  emigrants  to  reach  the  Conn.  Reserve  lands  in  Ohio.  This  road  was  soon  after 
finished  to  the  Penn.  line.  In  1804  the  town  of  Chautauqua  was  formed,  and  embraced  the 
entire  territory  now  included  within  the  limits  of  the  co.  In  April  of  the  succeeding  year  the 
first  town  meeting  was  held,  at  which  John  McMahan  was  elected  supervisor,  and  John  Mc- 
Mahan,  David  Eason,  and  Perry  G.  Ellsworth  were  appointed  the  first  justices  of  the  peace.' 
In  1806  the  first  mail  route  was  established  between  Buffalo  and  Erie,  Penn.^  The  lands  in  the 
CO.  were  included  in  the  Holland  Purchase.  A  tract  of  60,000  acres  in  the  s.  e.  part  was  sold  to 
Levi  Beardsley,  James  0.  Morse,  and  Alvan  Stewart.  In  1835  the  Holland  Land  Company  sold 
their  outstanding  contracts  and  unsold  lands  to  Trumbull  Cary  &  Co.,  of  Batavia ;  and  the  new 
proprietors  imposed  such  conditions  upon  the  extension  of  contracts  that  the  settlers  rose  en 
masse  and  demolished  the  land  office  at  Mayville  and  burned  the  records  in  the  public  high- 
way.* In  1838  the  interests  of  the  co.  were  transferred  to  Duer,  Morrison  &  Seward,  and  the 
troubles  were  satisfactorily  settled. 


ARKWRIGHT— was  formed  from  Pomfret  and  A^illenova,  April  30, 1820.  A  part  of  Pom- 
fret  was  annexed  in  1830.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface 
is  an  elevated  upland,  broken  and  hilly  in  the  s.  w.,  and  rolling  in  the  n.  e.  The  highest  summit — 
near  the  center,  said  to  be  the  highest  land  in  the  co. — is  1,000  to  1,200  ft.  above  Lake  Erie.  The 
principal  streams  ai*e  Canadaway  and  Walnut  Creeks.  Mud  Lake,  on  the  e,  border,  covers  about 
10  acres.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  Upon  Canadaway  Creek,  in  the  s.  w.  part,  is  a  fine 
cascade  with  22  ft.  perpendicular  fall.  Ark^vrigllt  8uniiuit  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  e.  part  of  the 
town.  Arli'tvriglit  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  in  the  n.  part.  The  first  settlement  was  made  m  the 
N.  w.  corner,  by  Byron  T.  Orton,  Benj.  Perry,  and  Augustus  Burnham,  from  the  eastern  part  of 
the  State,  in  1807.^  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Aaron  Wilcox,  in  1810, 
by  Rev.  John  Spencer.     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  by  Elder  Thos.  Grennel,  in  1820.* 

BUSTI^ — was  formed  from  Ellicott  and  Harmony,  April  16,  1823.  A  part  was  annexed  to 
Ellicott  in  1845.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  e.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  hilly  and 
broken.  It  is  drained  by  several  small  streams  flowing  into  Chautauqua  Lake,  which  lies  along  the 
N.  border,  and  by  others  flowing  e.  into  Connewango  Creek.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam. 
Busti  Comers  (Busti  p.  o.)  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  and  sawmill.  Pop.  201.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  on  Lot  61,  in  1810,  by  John  L.  Frank,  from  Herkimer  co.^  The  first  church 
(Cong.)  was  formed  Aug.  30,  1819  ;  Rev.  Lemuel  Smith  was  the  first  minister.* 


^  Elial  T.  Foote,  (now  of  New  Il.iven.  Cnnu..)  fT  20  years 
First  Judge  of  Chaiitaiuma  CO.,  eay9  that  the  fir,>*t  scttloTuent  in 
the  CO.  was  made  in  179-1,  by  several  persons  from  Erie.  PeiiD.; 
and  araon^  them  were  the  brothers  Lou ry.  These  peisons  had 
been  induced  to  locate  in  Penn.  by  fraudulent  representation  a, 
^nd  were  afterward  obliged  to  leave  their  improvements  and 
commence  anew  in  the  wilderness.  They  settled  within  the 
limits  of  Chautauqua  co. ;  but  the  precise  place  is  unknown. 

3  Previous  to  1804  the  whole  of  the  present  co.  formed  a  part 
of  the  town  of  Batavia,  in  Genesee  co.  The  elections  were  held 
at  Batavia,  nearly  100  mi.  distant,  to  which  place  the  electors 
were  compelled  to  go  if  they  voted.  In  1812  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors consisted  of  2  members,  representing  the  towns  of  Chau- 
tauqua and  Pomfret.  The  county  seat  had  been  located  at  May- 
ville. much  against  the  wishes  of  the  people  of  Pomfret ;  and.  in 
consequence,  the  supervisor  of  Pomfret  voted  against  the  appro- 
priation of  $1,500  to  build  the  courthouse  and  jail.  After  re- 
peated attempts  to  effect  the  object,  the  question  was  temporarily 
laid  aside.  When  the  accounts  of  the  town  officers  of  Pomfret 
were  presented,  the  Chautauqua  member  voted  In  the  negative, 
and  affairs  came  to  a  dead  lock,  but  were  finally  st^ttled  by 
a  compromise,  which  allowed  both  the  appropriation  and  the 
account  to  go  throuj^h. 

3  Tlie  first  mail  was  carried  by  a  man  nanied  Metcalf,  who 
went  on  foot  and  carried  the  mail  matter  in  a  handkerchief. 

*  The  company  demamled  compound  interest  on  al!  sums  due, 
md  an  'ncreasv  of  one-third  upon  all  extensions  uf  contracts. 


6  Aaron  Wilcox  settled  in  1809,  Xathan  Eaton  in  ISIO.  Uriah 
L.  Johnson,  Jonatlian  and  Benj.  Sprague,  from  Otsego  co.,  nenr 
the  center,  in  1811,  and  Simeon  Clinton,  from  Otsego  en.,  at  the 
center,  in  1813.  The  first  child  born  was  Horatio  Nelson  John- 
son. May  11,1811;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Asahel  Burnham  and 
Luania  Eaton,  May  11, 1S15;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Augustus 
Burnham,  in  1S13.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Lucy  Dewey, 
near  the  cente*  in  the  summer  of  1813.  Simeon  Clinton  kept 
the  first  inn,  in  1S17 :  and  Benj.  Orton  built  the  first  sawmill,  in 
1818,  on  the  E.  branch  of  Canadaway  Creek. 

6  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  2  M.  E.  and  Christian. 

'  Named  from  Paul  Busti,  of  the  Holland  Land  Company. 

8  Lawrence  Frank  settled  on  Lot  62  in  ISIO,  Heman  Bush  and 
John  Frank,  from  Herkimer  co.,  audTheron  Plumb,  from  Mass., 
on  Lot  60.  in  1811.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Zebrick 
Root  and  Polly  Parmiter,  in  1813;  and  the  first  death,  that  of 
Lawrence  Fr.'iiik,  in  1811.  Eve  Frank,  a  young  lady,  was  carried 
off  by  the  Indians  in  1811,  and  was  gone  3  years,  when  she  re- 
turned home  and  wa.s  married.  Soon  after,  her  husband  was 
taken  by  the  Indians  and  detained  about  the  same  length  of 
time.  These  incidents  are  noted  upon  a  tombstone  in  the  grave- 
yard at  Busti.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Olive  Mfirph,  on 
Lot  61. in  1813.  Capt.  Heman  Bush  kept  thefirst  inn  and  store, 
and  erected  the  first  mill,  on  Stillwater  Creek,  in  1S15. 

»The  census  reports  5  churches;  Cong.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Uni^- 
and  Christian. 


CHAUTAUQUA    COUNTY. 


211 


CARROLL,'— was  formed  from  Ellicott,  March  25,  1S25.  Kiantone  was  taken  off  in  1853. 
It  is  the  s.  E.  corner  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  hilly  in  the  n.e.  and  E.,  and  rolling 
in  the  s.  and  s.  w.  The  highest  summits  are  900  ft.  above  Lake  Erie.  The  principal  stream  is 
Conncwango  Creek,  forming  part  of  the  vr.  boundary.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam  in  the  n.  and  E., 
and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  s.  and  w.  Fre'»vsburst»,  (p-v.,)  in  the  n.w.  part,  contains  2 
churches,  a  gristmill  and  sawmill.  Pop.  400.  FentoilvUle  is  a  p.  o.  near  the  s.  w.  corner. 
Joseph  Akins,  from  Rensselaer  CO.,  the  first  settler  in  town,  located  on  Lot  29  in  Jan.  1807.' 
There  are  2  churches  in  town  ;  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

CUARLOTTE— was  formed  from  Gerry,  April  18,  1829.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  e. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  moderately  hilly  and  divided  into  several  ridges  by  the  val- 
leys of  the  streams.  North  Hill  and  Lake  Hill,  the  highest  points,  are  about  1,000  feet  above  Lake 
Erie.  It  is  drained  by  Mill  Creek  and  several  tributaries.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a  clay  loam. 
Cliarlotte  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches,  a  good  water-power  with  some  manufactories, 
and  10  dwellings  ;  Sinclearville,'  (Gerry  p.  o.,)  near  the  s.  line,  contains  4  churches,  2  grist- 
mills, and  2  sawmills.  Pop.  450.  The  first  settlement  was  made  near  the  center,  in  1809,  by 
Robt.  W.  Seaver  and  Wm.  Divine,  from  Oneida  co.*  The  first  religious  meeting  (Presb.)  was  held 
at  Sincleai'ville,  in  1811;  and  the  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1816.  There  are  now  6 
churches  in  tovpn.* 

CDAUTAUQUA — was  formed  from  Batavia,  (Genesee  co.,)  April  11,  1804,  and  embraced 
all  the  territory  now  included  within  the  limits  of  Chautauqua  co.  Pomfret  was  taken  ofl'  in  1808, 
Portland  in  1813,  Harmony  in  1816,  and  Clymer,  EUery,  and  Stockton  in  1821.  It  is  an  interior 
town,  lying  a  little  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  moderately  hilly,  oc- 
cupying the  watershed  between  the  waters  of  Chautauqua  Lake  and  those  of  Lake  Erie.  Chautauqua 
Lake  is  on  the  e.  border,  and  chiefly  within  the  limits  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam  of 
good  quality.  Mayville,  (p.  v.,)  pleasantly  located  near  the  head  of  Chautauqua  Lake,  was 
incorp.  April  30,  1830 ;  it  contains  the  co.  buildings,  3  churches,  the  Mayville  Academy,  a  news- 
paper oflice,  and  a  flouring  mill.  Pop.  501.  De  'Wittville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  E.  part,  contains  a 
church,  the  co.  poorhouse,  and  133  inhabitants;  Hartfield,  (p. v.,)  on  the  lake  inlet,  contains  a 
church,  gristmill,  savnnill,  and  furnace.  Pop.  123.  Magnolia  is  a  p.o.  on  the  lake,  near  the  e. 
line.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Mayville,  in  1804,  by  Dr.  Alexander  Mclntyre.^  The 
first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  at  Mayville,  in  1820,  by  Elder  Wilson.' 

CIIERRY  CREEK.— was  formed  from  Ellington,  May  4,  1829.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border 
of  the  CO.,  a  little  n.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  hilly  in  the  n.  w.,  and  rolling  iu  the  s.  E. 
Along  the  s.  border  are  several  small  swamps.  It  is  drained  by  Connewango  Creek  and  several 
tributaries,  flowing  s.  The  soil  is  clay  and  a  gravelly  loam.  Cherry  Creek,  (p.  v.,)  in  the 
s.  E.  part,  contains  3  churches,  2  sawmills,  and  a  gristmill.  Pop.  240.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  on  Lot  15,  in  1812,  by  Joshua  Bentley,  from  Rensselaer  co.'  The  first  religious  services 
were  held  at  the  house  of  AVard  King,  in  1817 ;  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hadley  (Bap.)  was  the  first  preacher.' 

CLYMER'"- was  formed  from  Chautauqua,  Feb.  9,  1821.  Mina  was  taken  off  in  1824,  and 
French  Creek  in  1829.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  Co.,  w.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  hilly 
upland,  broken  by  the  valleys  of  Brocken  Straw  Creek  and  its  tributaries.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly 
loam.     Considerable  lumber  is  still  manufactured.    Clymer,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  s.  w.  corner,  con- 


1  Named  in  honor  of  Charlea  Carroll,  of  Carrollton. 

'  Lalian  Case  settled  on  Lot  31,  Wm.  Akios  on  Lot  21,  in  1807 , 
Jas.  Akius  on  Lot  13,  in  1818 ;  James  Hall  on  Lot  11,  in  1810 ; 
and  Wm.  Sears  on  Lot  11,  in  1811.  The  first  child  born  was 
Hamilton  Tjlor,  in  1810 ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Wm.  Bowles 

and  Jenisha  Walton,  in  ISll ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of 

Woodcock,  killed  hy  the  fall  of  a  tree  in  1810.  Stephen  Rogers 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1813,  on  Lot  51.  The  first  sawmill 
was  built  by  John  Fren  and  Thos.  Russell,  on  Lot  61,  in  1811, 
and  the  first  gristmill  by  John  Fren,  on  the  same  lot,  in  1S17. 
William  Soars  kept  the  first  inn.  on  Lot  11,  in  1814,  and  James 
Uall  the  first  store,  on  the  same  lot,  in  1834. 

*  The  vill.igo  derives  its  name  from  its  first  settler,  M^.  Sam'l 
Sittclear,  wlio  came  in  from  Madison  Co.  in  1810. 

*  John  Picket,  John  Cleveland,  Chas.  Waterman,  and  Ilarvey 
0.  Austin,  from  Eastern  N.  Y.,  settled  in  the  w.  p.art  in  1800. 
The  first  school  w.os  taught  at  Sinclearville,  in  the  winter  of 
1811-12,  by  Wm.  Gilmore.  Maj.  Sinclear  kept  the  first  inn,  in 
1811,  and  Plumb,  Edson  &  Winsor  the  first  store,  in  1817,  at 
Sinclearville.  Maj.  Sinclear  erected  the  first  sawmill,  In  1810, 
and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1811,  on  Mill  Creek. 

'  2  M.  E.,  2  Cni¥.,  Cong.,  and  Bap. 


*  .Jonathan  Smith  settled  about  the  same  time,  near  the  w. 
shore  of  the  lake,  and  Peter  Barnhart,  from  Pemi.,  on  the  E. 
shore;  Martin  Prendergast  and  Messrs.  Griffith  and  Bemus,  also 
on,  the  K.  shore,  in  1806.  Judge  Peacock  was  also  an  early  settler. 
John  Scott  kept  the  first  inn,  at  Mayville,  in  1808,  and  J.  A  M. 
Prendergast  the  first  store,  in  1811. 

'  The  cen.sus  reports  7  churches;  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  Cong.,  Prot. 
E..  and  F.  W.  Bap. 

8  Jos.  Kent  settled  on  Lot  9,  in  1815,  and  Willani  Cheney  on 
T/Ot  10,  Wm.  Weaver  on  Lot  16,  Anson  Hendrick  on  Lot  16,  and 
Cogsdill  Brown  on  Lot  15,  in  1816.  Reuben  Cheney  taught  the 
first  school,  in  1818;  Geo.  H.  Frost  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1823, 
and  Seth  Orover  the  first  store,  in  1831,  at  the  village.  Wm. 
Kilbourn  built  the  first  sawmill,  iu  1821,  on  Cherry  Creek,  uosir 
the  village.  The  first  death  was  that  of  Lydia  Pago ;  she  was 
buried  in  the  woods  near  the  village.  .Toshua  Bentley  lost  a 
daughter,  2  years  old,  in  1817,— supposed  to  have  been  carried 
off  by  the  Indians. 

*  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  2  B.ip.  and  P.  W.  Bap. 

10  Named  in  honor  of  Geo.  Clymer,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence. 


212 


CHAUTAUQUA    COUNTY. 


tains  2  churches  and  110  inhabitants.  Clymer  Center  is  a  p.o.  John  Cleveland  settled  on 
Lot  58  in  1820.'  The  first  religious  meeting  (Bap.)  was  held  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Cleveland,  in 
1820,  by  Elder  Powers.     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1830.' 

ELiliERY'' — was  formed  from  Chautauqua,  Feb.  29, 1821.  A  part  of  Stockton  was  taken  off  in 
1850.  It  is  the  central  town  in  the  co.  The  surface  is  hilly,  the  highest  summits  being  about  400 
ft.  above  the  valleys  and  1,000  ft.  above  Lake  Erie.  Chautauqua  Lake  forms  the  s.  w.  boundary, 
and  into  it  flow  several  small  streams,  which  form  the  principal  drainage.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam 
upon  the  uplands,  and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  Ellery  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  a  church 
and  16  dwellings.  Ellery  is  a  p.  o.  near  the  shore  of  the  lake.  The  first  settlements  were  made 
on  the  lake  by  Wm.  Bemus  and  Jeremiah  Grifiith,  from  Rensselaer  co.,  in  1806 ;  the  former 
located  at  Bemus  Point,  and  the  latter  farther  s.*  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1809,  by 
Elder  Asa  Turner,  the  first  minister.' 

EliEICOTT'— was  formed  from  Pomfret,  June  1,  1812.  A  part  of  Busti  was  taken  off  in 
1823,  Carroll  in  1825,  and  Poland  in  1832.  A  part  of  Busti  was  annexed  in  1845.  It  is  an  in- 
terior town,  lying  s.E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  with  a  gentle  inclina- 
tion toward  the  s.  w.  The  foot  of  Chautauqua  Lake  extends  into  the  s.  w.  corner  ;  and  the  outlet 
flows  E.  through  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  receiving  Cassadaga  Creek  as  a  tributary  The  soil  is 
a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  JamestovFU,  (p.  v.,)  located  on  the  outlet  of  Chautauqua  Lake, 
in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  March  6,  1827.  It  contains  7  churches,  the  Jamestown 
Academy,  2  newspaper  ofiices,  2  banks,  the  ofBce  of  the  Farmers'  Insurance  Company,  2  woolen 
factories,  2  furnaces,  2  flouring  mills,  and  various  other  manufacturing  establishments,  and  an 
ample  water-power.  Pop.  1,625.  Fluvanna,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  foot  of  the  lake,  near  the  w.  line, 
contains  a  church  and  14  dwellings.  l<evant  is  a  p.o.,  on  the  E.  border,  at  the  junction  of  Cas- 
sadaga Creek  with  the  lake  outlet.  DextervUle  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on 
the  outlet  of  Chautauqua  Lake,  in  1806,  by  Wm.  Wilson.''  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  July 
6, 1816,  by  Rev.  John  Spencer,  a  missionary  preacher  from  Conn.    There  are  12  churches  in  town.* 

EEEII^IGTOIV— was  formed  fiom  Gerry,  April  1, 1824.  Cherry  Creek  was  taken  off  in  1829. 
It  lies  upon  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  a  little  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  an  undulating  and 
hilly  upland.  Clear  Creek  flows  through  near  the  center,  and,  with  its  tributaries,  forms  the 
principal  drainage.  Connewango  Creek  flows  through  the  N.  E.  corner.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and 
gravelly  lo.am.  Ellington,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  4  churches,  the  Ellington  Academy, 
and  2  gristmills.  Pop.  487.  Clear  Creek,  is  a  p.  o.  Jos.  Bentley  made  the  first  settlement, 
on  Lot  7,  in  1814.'  The  first  religious  services  were  held  at  the  house  of  James  Bates,  in  1817, 
by  Rev.  Daniel  Hadley.    The  F.  W.  Bap.  denomination  organized  the  first  church.'" 

FRENCH  CREEK— was  formed  from  Clymer,  April  23,  1829.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town 
of  the  CO.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken  by  the  deep  valley  of  French  Creek.  The  soil  is  chiefly 
a  heavy  clay  loam.  French  Creek,  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  n.  part,  and  INtarvln  a  p.  o.  in  the  s. 
Andy  Nobles,  from  Oswego  CO.,  made  the  first  settlement,  on  Lot  44,  in  1812.''  The  first  religious 
meeting  was  held  on  Lot  46,  in  1818,  by  Elder  Ashford;  and  the  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed 
in  1821.     There  is  no  church  edifice  in  town. 


1  Wm.  Rice,  from  Washington  co.,  settled  on  Lot  59,  in  1821, 
Horace  and  .\nson  Starkweatlier.  from  Tt..  on  Lot  43,  in  18*22. 
The  first  birth  was  tiiat  of  Patience  Russell,  in  1823 ;  the  first 
marria^'e.  that  of  Walter  Freeman  and  Roweucia  Drown,  in  1823. 
Alvin  Williams  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1S26,  at  the  village,  John 
Stow  the  first  store,  in  1823;  and  Peter  Jacquins  built  the  first 
mill.  In  1825. 

2  The  census  reports  5  churches;  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Germ.  Evang. 
Ref..  and  Ref.  Prot.  D. 

3  Named  in  honor  of  Wm.  Ellery.  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence. 

*  Isaac  Young,  from  Genesee  CO.,  settled  on  Lot  3.  near  the 
lake,  in  1806.  About  the  same  time,  or  soon  after,  Dan'l  Cheney, 
Alanson  Weed,  Abijah  Bennett,  John  Putnam,  and  Nahum  Al- 
drich  settled  in  town.  Clark  Parker,  from  Washington  co., 
located  near  the  center,  in  1810.  The  first  school  was  taught  by 
Dr.  Gary,  in  the  N.  w.  part,  in  1808.  Wm.  Bemus  kept  the  first 
inn,  in  1811,  erected  the  first  sawmill,  in  1808,  and  the  first  grist- 
mill, in  1811,  on  Bemus  Creek.  David  Bellamy  kept  the  first 
store,  at  the  center,  in  1830. 

6  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  TTniv. 

8  Named  from  Joseph  Elhcott,  agent  of  the  Ilolland  Land 
Company. 

t  Thomas  R.  Kennedy  and  Edward  Works  located  upon  the 
Outlet,  in  1807,  and  Wilson  EUicott,  Ja,s.  Culbertson,  and  Geo. 
W.  Fenton,  in  1808.    Edward  Works  built  tlie  first  sawmill,  in 


1808,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1809, — this  being  the  first  im- 
provement of  the  water-power  of  the  Outlet.  The  first  school 
was  taught  in  the  house  of  John  Bloover,  in  1815,  by  Rev. 

e  2  M.  E.,  Cong.,  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Bap.,  E.  W.  Bap.,  Christian, 
Wes.  Meth.,  Luth.,  Univ.,  and  R.  C. 

*  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Jas.  Bates,  from  Mass., 
Sam"l  McConnel,  from  Cayuga  Co.,  and  Joshua  Bentley,  jr.,  fri>m 
Rens.selaer  CO.,  in  1816;  Simon  Lawrence,  from  Vt.,  Abner  Bates 
and  Ward  King,  from  Mass.,  in  1817.  The  first  child  born  waa 
Simon  Lawrence,  jr.,  in  1817 ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Kufus 
Hitchcock  and  Rauah  Hadley,  in  1817;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Sir.  Hitchcock,  who  fell  from  a  building  and  was  killed 
six  weeks  after  his  marriage.  Jas.  Bates  kept  the  first  inn,  at 
Ellington  Village,  in  181-1,  and  Lewis  Holbrook  the  first  store, 
in  1821.  Ward  King  built  the  first  gristmill,  near  the  village, 
in  1821. 

to  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  Bap.,  Christian,  Presb., 
M.  E.,  and  F.  W.  Bap. 

»  John  CSeveland  settled  on  Lot  31,  in  1812 ;  Eoswell  Coe  on 
Lot  39,  and  Nath'l  Thompson  on  Lot  9,  in  1813;  and  Paul  Col- 
bourn,  from  Oneida  co.,  on  Lot  44,  in  1814,  The  first  death  was 
that  of  a  son  of  Nath'l  Thompson,  drowned  in  French  Creek. 
The  first  school  was  taught  by  — —  Chitsey,  in  1818.  William 
Graves  kept  the  first  inn,  and  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1822; 
and  John  Dodge  opened  the  first  store,  in  one  end  of  the  grislmill. 


CHAUTAUQUA    COUNTY. 


213 


GERRY'— was  formed  from  Pomfret,  June  1,  1812.  Ellington  was  taken  off  in  1824,  and 
Charlotte  in  1829.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface 
is  a  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits,  iu  the  n.  e.  corner,  being  900  ft.  above  Lake  Erie.  It  is 
drained  by  Cassadaga  Creek  and  its  tributaries,  Mill  Creek,  and  several  smaller  streams.  The 
80)1  is  a  clay  loam  upon  the  uplands,  and  a  sandy  loam  in  the  valleys.  There  are  several  sulphur 
springs  in  town.  Upon  Lot  44,  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  town,  a  gas  spring  has  been  found;  and 
the  owner,  James  H.  Mix,  uses  the  gas  for  lighting  his  house.  Bucklins  Corners,  (Vermont 
p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  23  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1811,  by  John 
Love,  jr.  and  Stephen  Jones,  in  the  N.  w.  part.^  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  in  the  spring 
of  1818,  by  Elder  Jonathan  Wilson.  The  first  religious  association  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1819, 
and  drew  the  lot  appropriated  by  the  Holland  Land  Company  for  religious  purposes.  They 
erected  a  church  a  little  w.  from  the  center,  the  only  one  now  in  town. 

HANOVER— was  formed  from  Pomfret,  June  1,  1812.  Villenova  was  taken  off  in  1823,  and 
a  part  of  Sheridan  in  1827.  It  lies  upon  Lake  Erie,  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  oo.  A  part  of  Catta- 
raugus Indian  Reservation  lies  in  the  N.  e.  part  of  the  town.  The  surface  along  the  lake  is  level 
or  undulating,  and  in  the  center  and  s.  it  is  hilly,  with  an  inclination  toward  the  N.  Cattaraugus 
Creek  forms  a  portion  of  the  n.  boundary.  Silver  Creek  flows  in  a  N.  w.  direction  through  the 
town  into  Lake  Erie,  receiving  Walnut  Creek  at  its  mouth,' and  several  other  tributaries.  The  soil 
is  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  (Silver  Creeli,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  lake  shore,  at  the  mouth  of  Silver 
Creek,  was  incorp.  June  8,  1848 ;  it  contains  2  churches,  a  bank,  a  weekly  newspaper  office,  2 
mills,  2  tanneries,  and  various  other  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  C52.  Lake  vessels 
were  formerly  built  at  this  place,*— the  first  by  Ira  Fairchild,  in  1816.  Irving,  (p-V.,)  on  Cat- 
taraugus Creek,  near  its  entrance  into  the  lake,  contains  2  churches,  a  gristmill,  and  2  sawmills. 
Pop.  404.  At  the  mouth  of  the  creek  is  a  harbor  admitting  of  the  entrance  of  vessels.  Smitll 
]>ItII»«,  (p.  V.,)  a  little  s.  from  the  center,  contains  a  flouring  mill,  a  distillery,  and  22  dwellings. 
Forestville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  was  incorp.  April  4, 1849.  It  contains  2  churches,  2  grist- 
mills, and  2  sawmills.  Pop.  540.  It  is  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  IVasbville,  (p.  v.,)  in 
the  s.  E.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  26  dwellings.  HanOVer  is  a  hamlet.  Amos  Cottle  set- 
tled at  the  mouth  of  Cattaraugus  Creek  in  1797.*  The  first  religious  meetings  (Bap.)  were  held 
T^y  Rev.  Joy  Handy,  in  1811 ;  and  the  first  church  (M.E.)  was  organized  in  1816,  at  Forestville.^ 

H  ARIttOWY— was  taken  from  Chautauqua,  Feb.  14, 1816.  A  part  of  Busti  was  taken  off  in 
1823.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  a  little  w.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  moderately 
hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  about  900  ft.  above  Lake  Eric.  Chautauqua  Lake  forms 
the  K.  E.  boundary.  It  is  drained  by  Goose  Creek  and  several  smaller  streams,  flowing  N.  into  the 
lake,  and  by  Little  Brocken  Straw  Creek,  flowing  s.  to  Penn.  The  soil  is  clay,  yellow  and  gravelly 
loam.  Quarries  of  a  fine  quality  of  sandstone  for  building  purposes  are  found  in  several  localities. 
Asliville,  (Harmony  p.  o.,)  on  Goose  Creek,  near  Chautauqua  Lake,  contains  3  churches,  a  grist- 
mill and  sawmill.  Pop.  247.  Panama,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Little  Brocken  Straw  Creek,  near  the 
center,  contains  4  churches  and  500  inhabitants.  BlocUville  (p.  v.)  contains  20  dwellings. 
Stednian  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  Lot  43,  in 
1806,  by  Reuben  Slayton,  from  Otsego  co.'  The  first  religious  meeting  (Bap.)  was  held  in  a 
schoolhouse  at  Blockville,  by  Rev.  Simon  Bowers.* 


1  Named  from  Elbridge  Gerry,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence. 

2  Jesse  Dexter,  David  Cobb,  and  Iluph  B.  Patterson  were 
Among  the  early  settlers.  The  town  settled  slowly  until  after 
the  close  of  the  war  in  1S15,  when  the  settlements  progressed 
rapidly.  The  first  death  was  that  of  Alva  Eaton,  who  was  killed 
by  the  fall  of  a  tree  in  the  spring  of  1S18.  Jas.  Bucklin  kept 
the  first  inn,  in  1820,  and  Howard  B.  Blodget  the  first  store,  in 
1826.  at  Bucklins  Corners.  John  Hines  and  Wm.  Newton  erected 
the  first  sawmill,  on  Cassadaga  Creek,  in  the  8.  w.  part,  in  1819, 
and  the  first  gristmill,  iu  1822. 

*  Named  from  a  gigantic  walnut  tree  that  grew  near  its 
mouth.  This  tree  was  9  ft.  in  diameter  and  27  ft.  in  circum- 
ference.   It  Wius  cut  into  sections  and  sold  as  curiosities. 

«  The  steamboat  W.  F.  B.  Taylor  was  built  here  in  1S36. 

t  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Wm.  Sidney  and  Capt.  Roso- 
crantz.inl801:  Sylvanu9Maybee,Benj.Kinyon.  and  Amos  Avery, 
at  the  mouth  of  Cattaraugus  Creek,  Nathan  Cass,  from  Boston,  Je- 
hiel  More  and  .Tonae  Green,  at  Forestville,  in  180.^;  Abel  Cleve- 
land  and  David  Dickerson.  in  1802;  John  E.  Howard,  in  ISOi);  and 
ArtemuB  R.  Clothier,  in  1809.— all  at  Silver  Creek.  The  flr,«t  child 
born  waa  Caroline  Sidney,  in  1804;  the  first  mai-riage,  that  of 


Richard  Smith  and  Sally  Mack,  in  1S07;  and  the  first  de.ata, 
that  of  Wm.  Sidney,  in  Jan.  1807.  John  Mack  kept  the  first 
inn,  in  1807,  at  the  mouth  of  Cattaraugus  Ci-eek,  and  Parker 
Brownell  the  first  store,  in  1811.  Abel  Cleveland  and  David 
Dickersc  n  built  the  first  sawmill,  m  1804.  and  the  first  gristmill, 
in  1800,  at  Silver  Creek.  In  1805  Mr.  Dickerson  erected  a  saw 
mill  at  Silver  Cl'eek,  to  which  he  attached  a  mortar  and  pestle, 

for  the  purpose  of  pounding  corn  for  food.    Moore  erected 

a  gristmill  at  Forestville  about  the  same  period. 

*  There  are  8  churches  in  town  ;  4  M.  E.,  3  Bap.,  and  Presb. 

T  Daniel  B.  Carpenter,  from  Washington  Co.,  settled  on  Lot  04, 
in  1800;  Jonathan  Cheney  on  Lot  .i2,in  1607 ;  Theron  lily,  from 
Otsego  CO.,  on  Lot  44,  and  Wm.  Mattison  on  Lot  52,  in  1811 ; 
and  Jas.  Carpenter  on  Lot  56,  in  1816.  The  first  child  born  was 
Thos.  Slayton,  in  Nov.  1807 ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Reuben 
Slavton  and  Clarissa  Slayton,  in  1808:  and  the  first  death,  that 
of  Thomas  Slayton,  Nov.  26.  1807.  Ebon  Pratt  taught  the  first 
school,  in  1817;  Jas.  McCallen  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1810,  on  I/Ot 
43;  and  Tihbcta  k  Kellogg  the  first  store,  on  the  same  lot.  in 
1818.    Reuben  Slayton  built  the  first  sawmill,  on  Lot  4.'t.  in  1818. 

8  The  census  reports  9  churches ;  6  M.  E ,  3  Bap.,  and  Preab, 


214 


CHAUTAUQUA    COUNTY. 


KIAIVTOIVE — was  formed  from  Carroll,  Not.  16,  1853.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co., 
E.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  undulating  in  the  E.,  and  hilly  in  the  w.  The  highest  summits 
are  about  100  ft.  above  Chautauqua  Lake.  Connewango  Creek  forms  the  greater  part  of  the  e. 
boundary.  Kiantone  and  Stillwater  Creeks  are  the  other  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  a  clay 
loam  intermixed  with  gravel.  Kiantone  (p.  v.)  contains  about  20  dwellings.  The  fir.st  settle- 
ment was  made  on  Lot  1,  in  1807,  by  Robt.  Russel.'  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the 
house  of  -Joseph  Akins,  in  1814,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Smith ;  and  the  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in 
1815.     There  are  3  churches  in  tovm ;  Cong.,  M.  E.,  and  Univ. 

9II1VA — was  taken  from  Clymer,  March  23,  1824.  Sherman  was  taken  oflT  in  1832.  It  is 
the  central  town  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  hilly.  The  principal 
streams  are  French  and  several  smaller  creeks,  flowing  s.  and  w.  Findleys  Lake  is  a  fine  sheet 
of  water  in  the  s.  w.  part.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam,  mina  Corners,  (Mina 
p.  o.,)a  little  E.  of  the  center,  contains  15  dwellings;  and  Findleys  liake,  (p.  v.,)  near  the 
outlet  of  the  lake,  20  dwellings.  Friends  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  s.  w.  part.  The  fii-st  settlement 
was  made  on  Lot  52,  in  1816,  by  Alex.  Finley,  from  Penn.,  originally  from  Ireland.^  The  first 
religious  services  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  were  held  in  the  barn  of  Benj.  Hazen,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Bradley, 
in  1826.  The  first  and  only  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  in  1853,  and  the  church  edifice 
was  erected  in  1857. 

POLiAKD — was  formed  from  Ellicott,  April  9,  1832.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  s. 
of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  divided  into  several  distinct  ridges.  The  principal 
streams  are  Connewango  and  Cassadaga  Creeks,  which  form  a  junction  near  the  s.  line.  The 
soil  is  a  clay  and  sandy  loam.  Considerable  lumber  is  still  manufactured.  Falconer,^  (p-'^'-i) 
on  Connewango  Creek,  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  23  dwellings.  Poland  Cen- 
ter is  a  p.  0.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Falconer,  on  the  Connewango,  in  1805,  by  Dr. 
Thos.  R.  Kennedy,  from  Meadville,  Penn.*  A  church  (Union) — the  only  one  in  town — is  located 
at  Falconer. 

POMFRET— was  formed  from  Chautauqua,  March  11,  1808.  Ellicott,  Gerry,  and  Hanover 
were  taken  off  in  1812,  a  part  of  Shft-idan  in  1827,  and  parts  of  Arkwright  in  1829  and  '30.  It  lies 
npon  Lake  Erie,  a  little  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  A  strip  of  comparatively  level  land  extends 
along  the  lake,  and  the  remaining  part  of  the  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  the  higher  summits 
being  700  to  800  ft.  above  the  lake.  It  is  principally  drained  by  Canadaway  Creek  and  several 
smaller  streams  flowing  into  the  lake.  Several  small  branches  of  Cassadaga  Creek  take  their 
rise  in  the  s.  part.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  Quarries  of  excellent  building  stone 
are  found  along  the  lake  shore.  Dunkirli,''  (p.  v.,)  on  Lake  Erie,  was  incorp.  May  15, 1837. 
It  is  a  commercial  port  upon  the  lake,  and  the  w.  terminus  of  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  It  has  a 
Sue  harbor,  and  commodious  wharves  and  warehouses  for  the  accommodation  of  the  large  amount 
of  commerce  that  centers  here  during  the  season  of  navigation.*  The  R.  R.  company  have  also 
extensive  warehouses,  work  and  repair  shops,  and  accommodations  for  an  immense  freighting 
business.  The  port  is  the  most  important  one  on  the  lake  between  Buffalo  and  Cleveland  ;  and 
regular  lines  of  steam  propellers  run  in  connection  with  the  R.  R.  The  village  contains  a  bank, 
4  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  union  school,  several  machine  shops  and  furnaces,  and  a 
brewery  and  distillery.  Pop.  4,754.  Fredonla,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Canadaway  Creek,'  3  mi.  s.  of 
Dunkirk,  was  incorp.  May  2,  1829.  It  contains  4  churches,  the  Fredonia  Academy,  2  banks,  2 
weekly  newspapers,  3  flouring  mills,  2  furnaces,  and  various  other  manufacturing  establishments. 
The  celebrated  "Fredonia  Garden   Seeds"  are  raised  and  put  up  at  this  place.'    Pop.  2,004. 

Woodard  were  also  e.-irly  settlers.  Dr.  T.  R.  Kennedy  erected  the 
first  sawmill,  in  1805,  and  the  first  pristmill,  in  ISOli.  on  the  Con- 
newango. The  first  lumber  rafted  down  the  Allegany  was 
made  at  Dr.  Kennedy's  mill. 

^  Formerly  called  ^Chadwiclcs  Bay,^^  from  the  first  settler. 

6  At  this  port  were  received,  in  1S57,  "242.957  bbls.  flour,  38.532 
bhls.  whiskev,  20.153  bbls.  beef,  pork,  and  bacon,  93,44.S  bush, 
wheat.  114,65'2  bush.  corn.  2,162,800  lbs.  wooI.l,20S.400  lbs.  butter, 
9,236  head  of  cattle,  10,7S2  sheep,  and  10,865  hogs. 

I  Upon  the  bunks  of  the  creek — just  below  the  bridge,  in  the 
village — is  a  spring  of  carburetted  hydrogen  gas,  yielding  about 
10,000  cubic  ft.  of  gas  every  24  hours.  This  gas  is  collected  in 
a  gasometer  and  di.stributed  in  pipes,  aflbrding  sufficient  light 
for  about  one-half  of  the  village.  About  one  mi.  E.  of  the  village 
the  gas  oozes  from  the  shale  rocks  on  the  banks  of  the  creek  over 
the  space  of  an  acre.  The  amount  of  gas  escaping  here  is  sup- 
posed to  be  much  greater  than  at  the  spring  in  the  village,  and 
a  company  has  been  formed  to  collect  it  for  use. 

8  Over  GOO  acres  of  laud  are  devoted  to  this  business. 


1  James  Hall  settled  on  Lot  28,  in  1810.  The  first  school  was 
taught  by  Stephen  Rogers,  in  1814.  Jas.  Ilall  kept  the  first 
store,  on  Lot  28,  and  Wm.  Sears  the  first  inn,  on  Lot  11.  Robert 
Russel  built  the  first  sawmill,  on  Kiantone  Creek. 

2  Aaron  Whitney,  from  Dunnville,  Can-ida,  settled  on  Lot  59. 
Zina  Keckford  on  Lot  28.  and  Roger  Ilaskill  on  Lot  50,  in  1821 ; 
James  Ottaway.  from  Kent  CO.,  England,  on  Lot  14.  in  1823. 
The  first  birth  w-as  thfit  of  a  daughter  of  Nathaniel  Throop.  in 
1823;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Isiuic  Stedrnau  and  Nancy  Wil- 
cox, in  April.  1826 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  the  mother  of 
Nathaniel  Throop.  in  1825.  The  first  school  was  taught  by 
Elisha  More,  near  Finleys  Mills,  in  1826.  Cullin  Barnes  kept 
tlie  first  inu,  on  Lot  20,  in  1827,  and  Horace  Brockway  the  first 
store,  in  1824,  on  Lot  52.  Alex.  Finley  built  the  fii^t  mill,  in 
1824.  on  the  outlet  of  Finleys  Lake. 

3  Formerly  known  as  ^^Kennedyinlle" 

*  Edward  ShiUitto  settled  about  the  same  time  at  the  mills  on 

the  Connewango ;  Amasa  Ives,  Isaac  Young.  Owens, 

Wijes,  Jos.  and  Banlt-l  Wheeler,  Nicholas  Dolloff,  and  Joshua 


CHAUTAUQUA    COUNTY.  215 

Laona,  (p.  v.,)  on  Saw  Creek,  near  the  e.  border,  contains  2  churches,  a  paper  mill,  saw  and 
grist  mill,  and  406  iuhalntants.  Brl^ham,  in  the  s.  part,  is  a  p.  o.  Sliumla  is  a  hamlet, 
near  the  s.  e.  corner.  David  Eason  and  Thomas  McClintock,  from  Penn.,  settled  at  Fredonia,  in 
1804.*    The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  Oct.  20,  1808,  at  the  house  of  Judge  Cushing.^ 

PORTIjAIVD — was  formed  from  Chautauqua,  April  9,  1813.  Ripley  was  taken  off  in  1817, 
and  a  part  of  Westfield  in  1829.  It  lies  upon  Lake  Erie,  a  little  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its 
surface  is  level  along  the  lake  shore,  but  broken  and  hilly  in  the  center  and  w.  Its  streams  are 
small  creeks  and  brooks  flowing  into  Lake  Erie.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam. 
Centerville^  (Portland  p.  o.,)  near  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  233  inhabitants; 
Saleui,  (Brockton  p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  e.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  258  inhabitants.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  a  little  w.  of  the  center,  by  Capt.  Jas.  Dunn,  in  1805.®  The  first  religious 
meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Capt.  Dunn,  in  1810,  by  Rev.  John  Spencer,  who  afterward 
organized  the  first  church  (Cong.)  in  1817.* 

RIPEjET^ — was  formed  from  Portland,  March  1,  1817.  A  part  of  Westfield  was  taken  off  in 
1829.  It  lies  upon  Lake  Erie,  in  the  n.  \v.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  along  the  lake 
shore,  and  broken  and  hilly  in  the  s.  e.  The  highest  summits  are  800  ft.  above  the  lake.  It  is 
drained  by  Twenty  Mile  Creek  and  its  tributaries  and  a  large  number  of  small  streams  flowing 
into  the  lake.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  Along  the  lake  shore  are  several  valuable 
stone  quarries.  Quiiicy,  (Ripley  p.  o.,)  about  1  mi.  e.  of  the  lake,  contains  2  churches  and  289 
inhabitants.  State  liine  is  a  station  on  the  B.  &E.  R.  R.  Josiah  Farnsworth,  from  the  e.  part 
of  the  State,  settled  at  Quincy  in  1804.  The  first  religious  services  (Bap.)  were  held  at  the  house  of 
Nathan  Wisner,  by  Rev.  Samuel  Wisner,  in  1806;  the  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1820.® 

8I1ERIDA1V — was  formed  from  Pomfret  and  Hanover,  April  16,  1827.  It  lies  upon  the 
shore  of  Lake  Erie,  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  in  the  n.  w.,  and  hilly  in  the 
8.  E.,  with  a  gradual  inclination  toward  the  lake.  A  nearly  perpendicular  bluff,  50  to  200  ft.  high, 
extends  along  the  lake  shore.  It  is  drained  by  Scotts  Creek,  and  several  smaller  streams,  flowing 
into  Lake  Erie.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam,  mixed  in  some  parts  with  gravel.  81ieridan  Center 
(p.  V.)  contains  2  churches  and  20  dwellings.  The  first  settlements  were  made  on  Lot  17,  at  the 
center,  by  Francis  "Webber,  from  Mass.,  in  1804.'^  The  first  religious  meeting  (Presb.)  was  held 
at  the  house  of  Orsamus  Holmes,  by  Rev.  John  Spencer,  in  1807;  and  the  first  church  (Presb.) 
was  organized  by  Mr.  Spencer,  in  1816,^ 

SIIERMAW^— was  formed  from  Mina,  April  17, 1832.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  w.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  hilly,  broken  by  the  deep  ravines  of  the  streams.  It 
is  drained  by  French  Creek  and  its  tributaries.  The  soil  is  clay  and  sandy  loam.  Considerable 
lumber  is  manufactured  in  the  town.  Sherman,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.,  contains  4  churches,  a  grist- 
mill, sawmill,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  401.  Center  Slierman  is  a 
p.o.    Pleasant  Valley  and  Waits  Corners  are  hamlets.    In  1824,***  Alanson  "Weed  set- 


1  Low  Minegar,  Benj.  Barrett,  Zattu  Gushing.  Barnes, 

Cole,  and  Geer  settled,  in  1S04  and  '05,  at  and  near 

Fredonia.    Timothy  Goulding  settled  1  mi.  w.  of  the  harbor,  in 

11^08.    Solomon  Chadwick  located  at  Dunkirk  in  1809,  and 

Gaylord.  Daniel  Pier,  and  Luther  (Joulding  soon  after.  Samuel 
Perry  brought  the  first  vessel  into  the  harbor,  in  1810.  The 
first  death  was  that  of  a  daughter  of  Oliver  Woodcock.  VI  years 
of  age,  killed  by  the  fall  of  a  tree  in  180S.  The  first  school  was 
taught  by  Samuel  Perry,  at  Fredonia.  in  the  winter  of  1808-09. 
Tho8.  McClintock  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1809,  and  E.  Risley  the 
first  store,  in  1808.  at  Fredonia.  Baker.  Berry  &  Co.  built  tho 
first  sawmill  and  gristmill,  in  1807.  on  Canadaway  Creek. 

2  The  census  reports  llchurches;  3  Bap.,  2  Prot.  E.,  iiPresb., 
2  M.  E.,  Christian,  and  R.  C. 

8  In  1806,  Nathan.  Elisha.  and  Nath'I  Fay  settled  on  Lot  25. 
Peter  Kane  on  Lot  38,  Johu  Price  on  Lot  34.  David  Kaaon  on  Lot 
37,  and  Benj.  Hutchins  in  tho  same  vicinity.  The  first  birth 
was  tliat  of  Ueorge  W.  Dunn,  Jan.  18.  1807;  the  first  marriage, 
that  of  Absalom  Harris  and  Polly  Kane,  in  1810;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  Mrs.  Natlian  F;iy,  in  1807.  The  first  school  was 
taught  by  Anna  Eaton,  on  the  premises  of  Capt.  Dunn,  in  the 
summer  of  1810.  The  first  inu  was  kept  near  Center\'ille,  liy  Capt. 
Dunn,  in  1806,  and  the  first  store  by  Tlios.  Clump,  in  1817,  in 
the  w.  part  of  the  town.  Moses  Sage  and  Wni.  Dunham  built 
the  first  sawmills,  near  tho  lake  shore.  The  first  gristmill  was 
built  at  Salem. 

*  Tho  census  reports  6  chnrchea;  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E,,  Prot.  Meth., 
and  Cong. 

6  Named  in  honor  of  Gen.  EleazurW.  Ripley.  Among  the  other 
early  settlers  were  Perry  G.  Ellsworth,  on  Lot  12,  near  Quincy, 
Samuel  Truesdail*  near  the  Penn.  line,  Alexander  Cochrane,  on 


Lot  10,  and  Wm.  Alexander,  all  of  whom  came  in  1.804;  Silas 
Baird  settled  on  Lot  G.  and  Ira  Loomis  in  town,  in  1806;  Chas. 
Forsyth  in  1808,  The  first  school  was  tanght  by  Ann  Riddle,  a 
little  w.  of  Quincy,  in  ISIO.  The  first  inn  was  kept  near  th«i 
State  line,  by  Sam'l  Truesdail.  in  1805. 

6  The  census  reports  6  churches;  2  Presb.,  M.  E.,  Bap.,  anu 
Union. 

7  Jerrard  Griswold,  John  Walker,  Oraemus  and  Alanson 
ITolmes.  and  Uriah  Lee,  from  Eastern  New  York,  settled  near 
the  center  in  1804-05;  Wm.  Griswold,  from  Conn.,  on  Lot  35,  iu 
1805;  and  Rev.  John  Spencer,  from  Conn.,  at  the  center,  in  1807 
The  first  birth  was  that  of  Jos.  Ellicott,  son  of  Alanson  Holmea. 
in  the  spring  of  1805;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Benj.  Parrows 
and  Betsey  Stebbins.  iu  1807-08:  and  the  lirst  death,  that  of 
Alanson  Holmes,  in  tho  fall  of  1805.  The  first  school  was  taught 
by  Wm.  Griswold,  in  the  winter  of  1808-09,  at  his  own  house 
Oraemus  Holmes  kept  the  first  inn.  w.  of  the  center,  in  1808,  and 
Elisha  Gray  the  first  store,  the  same  year.  Haven  Brigham  built 
tho  first  gristmill,  in  1807,  on  Brighams  Creek. 

8  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Presb.,  Bap.,  and  Wea.  Meth. 
8  Named  iu  honor  of  Roger  Sherman,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 

Declaration  of  Independence. 

10  In  the  same  year,  Harvey  W.Goff  settled  on  Lot  30,  Lester 
R.  Dewey  on  Lot  31,  Otis  Skinner  on  Lot  32,  and  Hiram  N 
Oleason  on  Lot  24.  Tho  first  child  born  was  Amasa  Dormius, 
in  1824;  the  first  marriatie.  that  of  Lester  R.  Dewey  and  Fanny 

Patterson,  in  1825;  and  the  first  death,  that  of Arnold,  in 

182(>.  Otis  Skinner  taught  the  first  school,  in  his  own  house,  iu 
1828.  Josiah  Keeler  kept  the  first  store  and  inn.  on  Lot  27,  in 
1827.  Alanson  Wood  erected  the  first  mill,  on  Lot  30  in  1826. 


216 


CHAUTAUQUA    COUNTY. 


tied  on  Lot  31.    The  first  religious  meeting  (Bap.)  was  held  at  the  house  of  Jonathan  Reynolds, 
by  Elder  Spencer ;  and  the  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  1826.^ 

STOCKTOIV^— was  formed  from  Chautauqua,  Feb.  9,  1821.  A  part  of  Ellery  was  annexed 
in  1850.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling 
and  hilly  upland.  Cassadaga  and  Bear  Lakes,  two  small  bodies  of  water  near  the  n.  border,  give 
rise  to  Cassadaga  and  Bean  Creeks.  These  streams  unite  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town.  The  soil 
upon  the  upland  is  a  clay  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  sandy  loam.  Delaiiti,  {Stockton  p.  o.,) 
near  the  center,  contains  3  churches,  a  grist  and  saw-mill,  and  180  inhabitants.  Cassadagra, 
(p.v.,)  upon  Cassadaga  Lake,  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  contains  a  church,  a  sawmill,  and  151  inhabit- 
ants, Soutb  Stockton,  in  the  s.  e.  part,  and  Oregon,  in  the  s.,  are  p.  offices.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  in  1810,  by  Shadrack  Scofield,  David  Waterbury, 
and  Henry  AValker,  from  Saratoga  co.^  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  the  s.  part,  in 
1815.* 

VIliLE^'OVA — was  taken  from  Hanover,  Jan.  24,  1823.  A  part  of  Arkwright  was  taken 
ofi"  in  1829.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  rolling  in  the 
s.  e.,  and  broken  and  hilly  in  the  center  and  n.  The  highest  summit  is  900  ft.  above  Lake  Erie. 
Two  small  lakes — one  on  the  n.  and  the  other  on  the  w.  border— form  the  sources  of  the  two 
branches  of  Connewango  Creek,  which  unite  in  the  s.e.  corner.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly 
loam.  Omar,  (Hamlet  p.  o.,)  a  little  s.  w.  of  the  center,  contains  2  churches,  a  grist  and  saw 
mill,  and  181  inhabitants.  Villenova  is  a  p.  o.  at  Connewango  Forks,  in  the  s.  e,  part.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  in  1810,  on  Lot  3,  by  Daniel  Whipple,  from  Herkimer  co.,  originally 
from  Mass.^  The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  by  Rev.  Mr.  Dunham;  and  the  first  church 
(M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1812.     There  are  3  churches  in  town;  M.  E.,  Wes.  Meth.,  and  F.W.  Bap. 

"WESTFIEliO— was  formed  from  Portland  and  Ripley,  March  19,  1829.  It  lies  upon  Lake 
Erie,  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  or  rolling  along  the  lake,  and  hilly  in  the 
center  and  s.  It  is  drained  by  Chaiitauqua  and  Little  Chautauqua  Creeks  and  several  smaller 
streams  flowing  into  the  lake.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  Westfield,^  (p.  v.,)  upon 
Chautauqua  Creek,  about  2  mi.  from  the  lake,  was  incorp.  April  19, 1833.  It  contains  4  churches, 
2  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper,  the  "Westfield  Academy,  an  agricultural  implement  factory,  a  hard- 
ware factory,  woolen  factory,  cotton  mill,  and  3  flouring  mills.  Pop.  1,433.  Barcelona, 
(p.  V.,)  a  port  of  entry  upon  the  lake,  contains  109  inhabitants.  Tolusia  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  s.  part 
of  the  town.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1801,  by  Edward  McHenry,  from  Penn.'^  The  first 
church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in  1807,  by  Rev.  John  Linsley.^ 


1  The  census  reports 5  churches;  Cong.,  Bap.,F.W.  Bap.,  M.E., 
and  Univ. 

-  Named  in  honor  of  Richard  Stockton,  a  signer  of  the  De- 
clHi'atiou  of  Independence. 

3  The  first  child  born  was  Wm.  Walker,  Aug.  25, 1811.  Abigail 
Durft'y  tauglit  the  first  school,  in  the  s.  part,  in  the  summor  of 
1815.  Thi.'  first  inn  was  kt-pt  by  Ichabod  Fisher,  at  Cassadaga, 
ID  1811,  and  the  first  store  by  .lames  Haywood,  at  Delanti.  in 
1817.  Hines,  Lazell  &  Nelson  built  the  first  gristmill,  at  De- 
lanti, on  Bean  Creek,  in  1819. 

<  The  census  reijorts  6 churches;  3  Bap., Cong., Christian,  and 
Univ. 

6  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Daniel  Wright,  from 
Herkimer  co.,  on  Lot  19,  Villeroy  Balcomh.  John  Kent,  and  Kli 
Arnold.  The  first  child  born  was  Klecta  Whipple,  May  6, 1812; 
the  first  marriage,  that  of  .Tas.  Maffit  and  Mary  Djghton ;  and 
the  first  death,  that  of  John  Arnold,  in  1811.  Mrs.  Battles 
taught  the  first  school,  in  her  own  house,  near  Wrights  Corners, 
in  1815,  Norris  &  Grover  kept  the  first  store,  and  Villeroy  Bal- 
comb  the  first  ina,  at  Wriuhts  Corners,  tu  1829.    John  Kent 


erected  the  first  sawmill,  in  1815,  on  the  Connewango,  below  the 
Forks  ;  and  a  gristmill  was  attached  in  1818. 

*  The  business  of  this  place  was  ruined  bvthe  finishing  of  the 
N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  to  Dunkirk.  A  lighthouse  here  is  lighted  by 
gas  obtained  from  a  gas  spring,  on  the  bank  of  the  creek,  about 
a  mile  distant. 

7  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Arthur  Bell  and  James 
Montgomery,  from  Penn.,who  located  alittle  w.  of  Westfield  Vil- 
lage, Abraham  Fredrick,  from  Penn.,  on  Lot  71,  and  Dan'l  Kin- 
kaid,  on  Lot  14,  all  in  1802 ;  and  Gen.  John  and  Jas.  McMahan, 
on  the  present  site  of  the  village,  in  1803.  The  first  child  bom 
was  John  McUenry,  in  1802;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  James 
Montgomery  and  Sarah  Taylor,  June  30,  1805;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  Edward  McHenry,  drowned  by  the  upsetting  of 
a  small  boat  on  Lake  Erie,  in  isu3.  John  McMahan  elected  the 
first  sawmill  and  gristmill,  in  1804,  on  and  neiir  the  mouth  of 
Chautauqua  Creek.  Edward  McHenry  kept  the  first  inn,  id 
1802,  and  Jas.  Atkins  the  first  store,  in  ISOS,  at  Westfield  Vil- 
lage.   The  first  school  was  taught  by  Wm.  Murray,  in  1803. 

8  The  census  reports  7  churches;  2  M.  E.,  I'resb.,  Prot.  E., 
Wes,  Meth.,  Bap.,  and  Univ. 


CHAUTAUQUA    COUNTY. 


217 


Acres  of  Lamly   Valuattonj  Popniafwn,  DicelUngs,  Families,  Freeholders ,   Sehoohj    Live 
Stockj  Af/ricullural  ProductSj  and  Domestic  Manufactures^  of  Chautauqua  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Arkwright.... 

Busti 

Carroll 

Charlotte 

Chautauqua... 
Cherry  Creek. 

Clymer 

EUery 

EUicott 

EUingtou 

French  Creek. 

Gerry. 

Hauover 

Harmony 

Kiantoue 

Mina 

Poland 

Pomfret 

Portland 

Bipley 

Sheridan. 

Sherman 

Stockton 

Villenova , 

Westfield 

Total 


Acres  of  Land.  | 

■j 

•H 

g 

§ 

I 

« 

g 

12,250 

9,199 

18,399 

11,342 

6.712 

12,755 

12,696 

8.658 

25,318 

19.617 

11.090 

14,477 

9,260 

13,965 

19.59Si 

10,800 

9,'J51i 

9,2984 

li.171 

8,675 

6.6684 

16,4484 

11,917 

9,837 

21.011 

11,736} 

2S,72S 

26.805 

6,040 

4.234 

10,103J 

12.786 

8,6344 

13,386 

21,5SSi 

10,941J 

16,3304 

5,604 

16.696 

12.630 

15,6594 

6,719 

11,499 

12.038 

16.02S 

12,9001 

12.769S 

9,521 

18.1944 

10.272 

360,110 

294,1454 

Valuation  of  1858. 


$287,734 
662,606 
271,874 
386,336 
784,050 
247,170 
229,812 
646,627 
750,119 
340,666 
190,616 
285,065 
962.119 
821,779 
208,446 
246,841 
252,535 

1,631,057 
607,222 
646,470 
630,236 
305,409 
439,836 
323,081 

1,082,696 


1,889,940 


$306,034 
583,215 
303,049 
459.991 
923.280 
256;620 
240,612 
678,677 

1,083,395 
404,806 
194,541 
30f3,076 

1,089,669 
939,369 
293,521 
266,316 
263,635 

1,961,697 
652,711 
729,070 
684,635 
339,009 
473,786 
369,231 

1,247,656 


649 
980 
710 
827 

1,267 
694 
667 
S93 

1,964 
ii.'S 

02'; 

2,044 

1,701 
233 
614 
623 

4,403 
988 
851 
828 
662 
819 
692 

1,663 
14,819,090    27,101   26.279 


661 
940 
69S 
846 

1,324 
632 
607 
972 

1,971 
972 
400 
635 

2.067 

1,742 
267 
622 
702 

4,754 
978 
852 
763 
662 
869 
721 

1,675 


202 
364 
267 
329 
620 
246 
234 
34« 
715 
874 
153 
242 
798 
713 
90 
199 
251 
1,627 
136 
319 
318 
268 
343 
290 
646 


9,988  10,566 


187 
339 
274 
327 
418 
234 
211 

409 
364 
146 
211 
641 
C21 
91 
192 
206 
1046 
303 
281 
295 
240 
319 
264 
682 


8,628  307 


el 


463 
675 
651 
677 

1,092 
437 
462 
649 

1,654 
941 
316 
489 

1,590 

1,405 
205 
600 
548 

3,063 
652 
699 
582 
441 
621 
493 

1,126 


20,091 


Names  of  Towns. 


Arkwright.... 

Busti 

Carroll 

Charlotte 

Cliautauqua.. 
Cherry  Creek. 

Clymer 

Ellery 

Kllicott 

EHiogton 

French  Creek. 

Gerry 

Hanover 

Harmony 

Kiantone 

Mina 

Poland 

Pomfret 

Portland 

Ripley 

Sheridan 

Sherman 

Stockton 

Villenova...... 

■VV'estfleld 

Tobil 


391 
6.39 
266 
349 
861 
378 
303 
784 
413 
678 
240 
430 
S9S 

1,076 
168 
331 
290 

1,1.59 
iilO 
005 
481 
409 
45' 
46' 
685 


1,376 
2,040 
1,039 
1„617 
2,391 
1,367 
1,230 
1.902 

9.54 
1,648 

788 
1,381 
2.599 
3,710 

667 
1,.548 
1,196 
2,073 
1.427 
2,1 
1,1 

1.218 
1.398 
1.368 
2,198 


1,348 
1,925 

634 
1,429 
2,799 

981 
1,012 
2,033 

725 
1,168 

561 
1,165 
2,366 
3,312 

613 
1,002 

727 
2,748 
1.117 
1.267 
1.035 
1.260 
2  299 
1.461 
1.200 


13,047  40,844  36,046  90,154 


2,174 
5.748 
1,676 
1,001 
4,601 
2,077 
1,624 
3.813 
3,832 
4,895 
4.614 
3.323 
■  4.659 
5.845 
1,660 
2,101 
1,941 
3,786 
5,204 
8,740 
4.331 
2,135 
1,097 
3,285 
6,094 


Agricultural  Products. 


Bush,  of  GsAlM, 


646 

736 

1,480 

90 

1,456 

587, 

886, 

5,625 

1,6264 

289 

327 

282 

8.235 

2.978 

387 

38 

674 

6,936 

6,872J 

10,068 

10,010 

280 

435 

3255 

,001 


^ 


37,1294 

75.708 

26,429 

46,740 

71,190 

40,2434 

28,679i 

86,337} 

41,9074 

73,2934 

18,5054 

42,1585 

66,542J 

96.779: 

20,478 

28,2064 

32,801 

64,938 

49,098 

65.9684 

42.2684 

32.277 

47.402 

44.113 

48,875 


69,1575  1,217,968} 


2,900 

5,810 

2.642 

3,339 

8,250 

2,7.36 

2,612 

4.985 

2,697 

3,663 

1,745 

3.147 

6.6414 

8.586 

1,914 

3,246 

2,921 

6,7694 

4,7424 

5,371 

4,332 

S.6145 

4.41SJ 

3,492 

6,5114 


10,188 

15.196 

7,957 

10,686 

13,703 

9,088 

12,272 

13,091 

11,274 

13,,574 

6,038 

8,475 

17,706 

27,642 

3,632 

9,916 

11,029 

12,870 

7.411 

7,443 

8,288 

11,654 

11.243 

14,772 

7,.504 


11,262 
20,589 

7,219 
10,154 
26,196 
12.448 

3,915 
32,104 
12.454 
22,38' 

2,226 
16,667 
30,068 
28.352 

6,742 

6,007 

7,098 
19.037 
12,671 

9,016 
22,202 

3  24.3 
24.300 
14.529 

9,349 


Daiby  Products. 


t,  « 


99,029 
195.463 

50,460 
139.761 
279.574 

10.782 

95.669 
173,669 

64.694 
144.717 

58.050 
103.685 
229.772 
332.496 

56,630 
111,065 

71,910 
176,368 
131,S36 
122.800 
105,786 
143,745 
212.926 
168.087 
112.064 


105,672  1 282,451  308,116  3,.389.837  1,198,301 '  35,268 


1^1 


120,51.) 
61,780 

4,700 
70,280 
116.272 
20,650 
16,741 
119,439 
12.884 
16,165 

2,;i8 
ei.'.'JO 
68,300 
83,172 
21,400 
10.610 

6.375 
91.509 

8,425 
17,426 
64,700 
14.100 
179,472 
36,609 

6,214 


=;.= 


1,784 

1.427 

1,765 

781 

726 

2,612 

1,931} 

1,865 

6494 

1,693 

1,002 

827 

2,201 

3.941 

136 

9,SS 

1,008 

848 

995 

1,221 

1.619 

1.497 

1.246 

2.990} 

615 


nUlVKIRK — was  formed  from  Pomfret,  Nov.  17,  1859,  the  division  line  being  tlie  north  line 
of  Lots  2,  9,  15,  21,  26,  31,  35,  38. 


CHEMUNG  COUNTY. 


^^^^^P^^ 


Tnis  county  was  formed  from  Tioga,  March  29,  1836.'  A  portion 
of  Schuyler  was  taken  off  in  1854.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the 
State,  is  centrally  distant  158  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  400 
sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  principally  a  hilly  upland  broken  by  the 
deep  ravines  of  the  streams.  The  highest  points  are  400  to  600  fl. 
i  above  the  valleys  and  1300  to  1500  ft.  above  tide.  The  ridges  extend 
.  in  a  general  N.  and  s.  direction,  and  have  steep  declivities  and  broad 
and  rolling  summits.  A  deep  valley,  extending  s.  from  Seneca 
Lake,  divides  the  highlands  into  two  general  systems,  and  forms  an 
easy  communication  between  the  Susquehanna  Valley  and  the  cen- 
tral portions  of  the  State.  Chemung  River  flows  s.  e.  through  the  s. 
part  of  the  co.  and  cuts  the  ridges  diagonally.  Wide  alluvial  flats, 
bordered  by  steep  hillsides,  extend  along  nearly  its  whole  course.  Catharine  Creek  flows  n. 
through  the  central  valley  and  discharges  its  waters  into  Seneca  Lake.  The  other  principal 
streams,  all  tributaries  of  the  Chemung,  are  Post,  Sing  Sing,^  Newtown,  Goldsmith,  Wynkoops,' 
and  Cayuta  Creeks  from  the  N.,  and  llendy  and  Seely  Creeks  from  the  s.  The  valleys  of  these 
streams  are  generally  narrow,  and  are  bordered  by  steep  hills.  The  valleys  of  the  smaller  streams 
are  mere  ravines  and  guUeys. 

The  principal  rocks  in  the  co.  belong  to  the  shales  and  sandstones  of  the  Chemung  group.  In 
the  N.  part  the  rocks  of  the  Portage  group  are  exposed  in  the  ravines.  The  sandstone  is  quarried 
in  several  places,  and  furnishes  a  good  quality  of  stone  for  building  and  flagging.  Bog  iron  ore  and 
marl  are  found  to  a  limited  extent.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  sandy  loam,  intermixed  in  some 
places  with  clay.  The  valleys  are  covered  with  a  deep,  rich  alluvium.  The  highlands  are  best 
adapted  to  pasturage.  The  people  are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture.  Until  within  a  few 
years,  lumbering  has  formed  a  leading  pursuit ;'  but  since  the  disappearance  of  the  fine  forests  this 
business  has  been  mostly  superseded  by  stock  and  wool  growing  and  dairying.  Since  the  com- 
pletion of  the  railroads  and  canals,  commerce  and  manufactures  have  received  considerable  atten- 
tion, although  they  are  still  subordinate  to  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  co. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Elmira,  upon  Chemung  River.'  The  courthouse  and  jail  are  located 
near  the  center  of  the  village,  e.  of  the  canal.  The  jail  is  poorly  arranged,  and  in  construction  it 
meets  neither  the  requirements  of  humanity  nor  the  law.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  12, 
kept  at  a  cost  of  §2  50  per  week  each.  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  180  acres  in  the 
town  of  Horseheads,  on  the  line  of  Erin.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  70,  supported  at  a 
cost  of  $  .80  each  per  week.  The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  $1000.°  The  Chemung  Canal  extends 
s.  from  Seneca  Lake  through  the  central  valley  to  Chemung  River  at  Elmira,  forming'  a  direct 
connection  with  the  great  chain  of  internal  water  navigation  of  the  State.  A  navigable  feeder 
from  Corning,  Steuben  co.,  forms  a  junction  with  the  canal  on  the  summit  level  at  Horseheads 
Village.  Junction  Canal  extends  several  mi.  along  the  Chemung,  affording  navigation  at  points 
where  the  river  is  obstructed  by  rapids  and  naiTows.  The  New  York  &  Erie  R.  R.  extends  along 
Chemung  River  through  Chemung,  Southport,  Elmira,  and  Big  Flats.  The  Chemung  R.  R.  extends 
N.  from  Elmira  through  Horseheads  and  Veteran.  The  Williamsport  &  Elmira  R.  R.  extends  s. 
from  Elmira  through  Southport  into  Penn.,  forming  a  direct  line  to  Philadelphia. 
Two  daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers  are  published  in  this  co.' 


1  Xame  derived  flrom  the  principal  river,  signifiea  "  Big  horn," 
or  "  Horn  in  the  water."  It  :8  called  by  the  Delawarea  Con-on- 
gue,  a  word  of  the  same  Bignification.    These  names  were  ap- 

f)lie4i  to  the  stream  in  consequence  of  numbers  of  immense  deers' 
iorns  having  from  time  to  time  been  discovered  in  the  water.  In 
his  "  Views  of  Elmira,"  Solomon  Southwick  says  that  the  Indian 
uame  of  the  Chemung  was  Con-e-wa-wa,  signifying  "  a  head  on 
a  pole." 

2  Named  from  .Tohn  Sing  Sing,  a  friendly  Indian. 
'  Named  from  Wm.  Wynkoop,  an  early  settler. 

*  For  many  years  10.000.000  ft.  of  pine  lumber  were  floated 
down  the  Chemung  and  Susquehanna  from  Elmira  annually. 

6  Upon  the  erection  of  Tioga  co.  Elmira,  then  "  A'ewtoum,^'  was 

made  half-shire:  and  upon  the  erection  of  Chemung  co.  in  1836 

it  was  designated  aa  the  county  seat,  and  the  old  CO.  buildings 

were  taken  for  the  use  of  the  new  co.   The  first  co.  officers  were 

218 


Joseph  L.  Darling,  I^rst  Judge;  Andrew  K.  Gregg,  District  At- 
timey:  Is.iac  Baldwin,  County  CUrk;  Albert  A.  Beckwitb, 
Sheritf;  and  Lyman  Co\ill,  Surrogate. 

*  The  poorhouse  is  entirely  inadequate  for  the  comfort  or 
health  of  the  inmates.    Many  insane  persons  are  confined,  with- 
out proper  care  or  medical  attendance.    No  school  is  kept,  but 
at  proper  age  the  children  are  bound  out. 
'  Tfte  Telegraph,  the  first  paper  published  in  the  co..  was  estab- 
lished at ''  Newtown"  (now  Elmira,) by  Prindle  &  Murphy 
at  an  early  period.    In  1816  it  was  issued  as 
The  VidetU  by  Prindle.  &  Murphy,  and  subsequently  by  Wm. 

Murphy. 
The  Investigator  was   commenced  at  Elmira,  in  1820,  by  Job 

Smith.    In  1822  its  name  was  changed  to 
The  Tioga  J^rgister.  a-ad  in  1S2S  to 
Tlie  Elmira  Gazette^  and  its  publicatiou  was  continued 


CHEMUNG    COUNTY. 


219 


la  1770,  Gen.  Sullivan  and  his  army  entered  the  co.  from  the  s.  by  the  way  of  Chemung 
River.  Below  ^^Neiviown  Pui7it"  (now  Elmira)  he  encamped  and  threw  up  a  breastwork,  which 
was  afterward  called  Fort  Sullivan.  At  this  point  he  first  encountered  the  Indians  and  torlcs  iu 
force,  and  on  the  29th  of  Aug.  a  battle  ensued.  The  Indians  were  commanded  by  Brant,  and 
the  tories  were  led  by  Cols.  Butler  and  Johnson.  After  an  obstinate  engagement  of  two  hours,  the 
enemy  gave  way  at  all  points  and  fled,  and  no  more  resistance  was  offered  to  the  advance  of  the 
American  army.  The  first  settlements  were  made  from  1787  to  1790,  by  immigrants  from  Pcun., 
who  had  accompanied  Sullivan  in  his  expedition.  They  located  principally  in  the  valley  of  the 
Chemung,  at  Elmira,  Southport,  and  Big  Flats.  Soon  after,  settlements  were  made  at  Catlin  and 
Veteran,  by  immigrants  from  Conn.;  at  Erin,  by  Dutch  and  Scotch  from  N.J.  and  Del.;  and  at 
Chemung,  by  immigrants  from  Lancaster  co.,  Penn.*  The  portion  of  the  co.  lying  s.  of  the  Che- 
mung River  was  included  in  a  royal  grant  made  previous  to  1775.  The  remaining  parts  of  the  co. 
were  included  in  the  Watkins  and  Flint  purchase. 


BALiDTFI^^ — was  formed  from  Chemung,  April  7,  185G,  It  lies  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the 
CO.,  and  a  narrow  strip  extends  to  the  e.  border.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep 
valleys  of  Baldwin  and  Wynkoop  Creeks.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  clayey  and  shaly  loam 
underlaid  by  hardpan,  and  iu  the  valleys  a  gravelly  loam.  Hauinionds  Corners  (North 
Chemung  p.  o.)  contains  a  church,  tannery,  and  18  houses.  Henry  Sice  made  the  first  settlement, 
a  little  N.  of  the  village,  in  1813,  and  Warren  and  Charles  Granger  settled  at  the  village  in  1814.^ 
The  only  church  in  town  (Union)  was  formed  in  1852,  by  Dr.  Murdock,  the  first  preacher. 

BIG  FI-ATS— was  formed  from  Elmira,  April  IG,  1822.  It  lies  upon  the  w,  border  of  the 
CO.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  broken  upland  in  the  n.  and  s.,  separated  by  a  wide 
intervale  or  flat,  which  extends  n.  e.  from  the  Chemung  through  the  center  and  gives  name  to  the 
town.  Chemung  River  receives  several  small  tril)utarie3  from  the  n.,  the  principal  of  which  is 
Sing  Sing  Creek.  The  soil  is  a  slaty  loam  upon  the  hills,  and  a  productive  gravelly  loam  in  the 
valleys.  Tobacco  is  raised  in  considerable  quantities  upon  the  flats.'*  Big  Flats,  (p.  v.,)  situ- 
ated in  the  valley  near  the  w.  border  of  the  town,  is  a  station  upon  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  Pop. 
180.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Christian  Miner,  from  Penn.,  in  1787.^  The  first  church 
(Bap.)  was  formed  in  1807.     Rev.  Roswell  Goff  was  the  first  preacher.^ 

CA1XI\ — was  formed  from  Catharines,  Schuyler  co.,  April  16,  1823.  It  is  the  n.w.  corner 
town  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  200  to  400  feet  above  the 
valleys.  The  principal  streams  are  Post  and  Sing  Sing  Creeks  and  Hubbards  Run.  The  soil  is 
chiefly  a  gravelly  loam,  and  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.     There  is  no  village  or  church  in  town. 


by  Mr.  Smith  until  1831.  It  was  successively  issued  by 
Brinton  Paine,  Cyrus  Pratt,  Pratt  &  Beardsley,  Mason  & 
Rhodes,  Geo.  W.  Mason,  and  Wm.  C.  Mason,  until  lSr>7, 
when  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  S.  C.  Taber,  by  whom 
it  is  still  published. 

The  Elmira  RipuliUcan  was  commenced  in  1820,  and  in  1828  it 
was  changed  to 

rA«  Elmira  Whig,  and  puhlfshed  by  James  Durham.  In  1829 
it  was  changed  again  to 

Tlu  Elmira  R'^puhlicany  and  issued  by  C.  Morgan.  It  was  soon 
after  called 

Tht  Elmira  HepubUmn  and  Caiml  Advertiser.  In  1831  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  John  Duffy,  and  its  name  was  changed 
back  to 

The  Elmira  Jifpuhlican.  It  was  successively  issued  by  Birdsall 
&.  Iluntlev.  Ransom  &  Birdsall,  Polly  &  Carter,  Polly 
k  Couk.  Polly  &  Huntley.  S.  B.  &  G.  C.  Fairman,  G.  C. 
Fairnian.  Fairman  &  Baldwin,  Baldwin  k  Dumas,  and 
Calhoun,  until  1857,  when  it  was  discontinued. 

T^  Elmira  Daihj  Jtepublican  was  issued  a  short  time  iu  1S46, 

The  Daily  Rcpubli':an  w.is  issued  from  the  Republican  office 
from  the  fall  of  1851  to  1S55. 

The  Elnilra  Advertiser  was  commenced  in  1S53  by 
Fairnian  Brothers.  In  1856  F.  A.  De  Voe  became  in- 
terested in  the  publication,  and  the  paper  is  still  issued 
by  Fairman  &  Df  Voe. 

The  Klmlra  Dally  Advertiser  was  commencpd 
pimultaneously  with  the  weekly,  and  is  still  iGSued,  by 
the  6,ime  publishers. 

Tht  Elmira  DaUy  Democrat  was  issued  a  short  time  in  1851  by 
J.  Taylor  &  S.C.  Taber. 

The  Chemunri  Patriot  was  published  in  1837  at  Horseheads  by 
J.  T.  Bradt. 

TIu  PhUoxophrr  was  commenced  at  Horseheads,  April  7, 1855, 
by  Sam'l  C.  Taber,  and  was  continued  until  1857,  when 
it  was  merged  in  The  Elmira  GazeUe. 


The  Daily  Press  was  commenced  in  185i^,  byD-imas,  Van 

Gelder  k  Paine,  its  present  publishers. 
The  Teviperance  Gem  (mo.)  was  published  at  Tllmira  about  1850. 

1  Louis  Philippe,  the  Dnke  de  Nemours,  and  the  Duke  de  Berri, 
visited  Elmira  in  1797,  having  traveled  on  foot  to  that  place 
from  Canandaigua,  a  distance  of  70  mi.  They  went  down  the 
rivi;)-  to  llarrisiiurgh  upon  an  ark. 

2  Named  from  Baldwin  Creek,  which  received  its  name  fmni 
Isaac,  Walter,  and  Thomas  Baldwin,  brothers,  who  setlleii  at  an 
early  period  at  the  mouth  of  the  creek.  It  w.ss  furmerly  called 
Butlers  Creek.  They  were  attached  to  Gen.  Sullivan's  expedi- 
tion against  the  Indians  in  1778-79,  and  Walter  was  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Newtown. 

3  The  first  child  born  was  Simeon  Hanimond,  and  the  first 
death  was  that  of  Thos.  Wheeler,  killed  by  the  fall  of  a  tree.  The 
first  school  was  taught  by  Polly  Blandin,a  little  N.of  the  village. 
D.  R.  Harris  kept  the  first  inn,  and  Miles  Covel  the  first  store,  h. 
of  the  village. 

*  In  1850,  Sanford  Elmore,  from  Conn.,  commenced  the  ciilti- 
Tation  of  tobacco  iu  this  town,  and  it  has  since  become  a  staple 
product.  In  1858  nearly  1000  acres  were  devoted  to  it,  and  250 
tons  of  the  Conn,  seed  leaf  were  produced. 

&  Caleb  Gardner  and  Henry  Starell.  from  Penn.,  settled  on 
the  river  below  Miner  in  the  same  or  the  next  year.  Geo.  Gard 
ner  settled  at  the  village  in  1788,  Clark  Winans  on  the  river 
in  1789,  and  John  Winters,  Jesse  and  Joel  Kowlev,  and  Geo. 
Gardner,  jr.,  all  fi*om  Penn..  in  1790.  The  first  birth  was  that 
of  Christian  Miner,  jr.,  in  1790;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Wm. 
Applegato  and  Catharine  Miner;  and  the  first  death,  that  nf  T. 
Dolson.  Cornelius  McOinnis  taught  the  first  Fchnol.  near  the 
village;  .lobn  Hay  kept  the  first  store,  and  Capt.  Geo.  (birdner 
the  first  inn  at  the  village.  The  first  gristmill  was  erected  by 
Robt.  Miller,  K.  of  the  village. 

fl  The  cowrs  reports  i  chiu-ches ;  Baj-^  F.  W.  Bap.,  Presb.,  and 


220 


CHEMUNG    COUNTY. 


Catlin  Center  and  Post  Creek,  are  p.  offices.     The  first  settlers  were  John  Martin,  from 
Tompkins  co.,  and  Aaron  Davenport,  from  N.  J.,  who  located  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  town.^ 

CHEMUIVG— was  formed  Feb.  28,  1789.  Elmira  was  taken  off  in  1792,  Erin  in  1822,  and 
Baldwin  in  1856.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland  broken  by 
deep  and  narrow  valleys.  Chemung  River  flows  s.  e.  through  the  s.  part.  AVynkoop  Creek  flows 
s.  through  near  the  center,  in  a  deep  valley  bordered  by  steep  hillsides.  The  soil  on  the  uplands  is 
a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  gravel  mixed  with  alluvium.  Broomcorn  and  tobacco  are 
largely  cultivated.  Brecltville,  (Chemung  p.o.,)  on  Chemung  River,  contains  a  church  and 
57  dwellings.  It  is  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  Cbemung  Center  and  Bald\%'iu 
are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Breckville,  in  1788,  by  Elijah  Breck,  Capt.  Daniel 
McDowell,  and  William  "Wynkoop, — the  first  two  from  Penn.=^  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed 
in  1790,  by  Rev.  Roswell  Goff.» 

EI^IYIIRA — was  formed  from  Chemung,  as  "  Newiown,"  April  10,  1792,  and  its  name  was 
changed  April  6,  1808.  Catharines  Schuyler  co.,  was  taken  off  in  1798,  Big  Fhits  and  Southport 
in  1822,  and  Horseheads  in  1854.  It  is  situated  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Ranges  of  hills  occupy 
the  E.  and  w.  borders,  and  a  wide  valley  extends  through  the  center.  The  declivities  of  the  hills 
are  generally  steep,  and  their  summits  are  400  to  600  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  principal  streams 
are  Chemung  River,  forming  the  s.  boundary,  and  Newtown  and  Goldsmiths  Creeks.  The  soil 
upon  the  uplands  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  productive,  sandy  loam,  Elmira 
(p.v.)  is  situated  upon  the  Chemung,  near  the  center  of  the  s.  border  of  the  town.  Upon  an  emi- 
nence 2i  mi.  E.  of  Elmira  Village  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fortification.  It  is  protected  on  one 
side  by  the  river,  and  on  the  other  by  a  deep  ravine.  An  embankment  200  feet  long,  14  feet  wide, 
and  Z\  feet  high  still  extends  along  the  rear  of  the  fortification,  and  upon  it  large  trees  grew  when 
tlie  whites  first  occupied  the  country.  It  was  incorp.  as  "  Ncwtoum"  March  3,  1815,  and  its  name 
was  changed  April  21, 1828.  The  people  are  largely  engaged  in  manufacturing*  and  in  commercial 
pursuits,^  for  which  the  location  of  the  place  is  admirably  adapted.  Besides  the  co.  buildings,  the 
village  contains  3  banks,  1  daily  and  2  weekly  newspaper  offices,  8  churches,  and  a  large  number 
of  fine  and  commodious  commercial  buildings.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  the  Elmira  Female  College,^ 
the  Elmira  Seminary,^  the  Elmira  Academy,^  and  a  large  water-cure  establishment.^  The  public 
schools  are  graded  and  are  in  a  flourishing  condition.  Pop.  8,308,  of  which  7,173  are  within  the 
limits  of  the  town,  and  1,135  in  the  town  of  Southport.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Col.  John 
Hendy  and  Christian  Loop,  who  located  on  the  present  site  of  the  village  in  1788.^**    Col.  Ilendy 


1  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  N.  Swick,  Homer  Tup- 
per,  Edward  Beebe,  Jacob  Bucber.  Alanson  Owen,  John  Woolsey, 
and  J.  M.  Barker,  who  located  in  the  8.  part.    Jacob  Bucher 

kept  the  first  inn  on  Post  Creek,  and Ostraudcr  erected  the 

first  saw  and  gristmills  on  the  same  stream.  Reuben  Beebe 
died  in  the  town  inl8o4,  at  the  age  of  105.  Hia  widow,  Hannah 
Beebe,  was  living.  1858,  at  the  age  of  105.  Mr.  Beebe  served  as 
a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  army. 

2  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Guy  Maxwell  and  Nellie 
Wynkoop,  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Wm .  Boeworth.  The  first 
inn  was  kept  by  Wm.  Wyukoop,  on  Wynkoops  Creek,  and  the 
first  store  by  Elijah  Breck,  at  Breckville.  Epinetus  Owen  erected 
the  first  gristmill,  on  Wynkoops  Creek.  Wm.  Wyukoop  was  from 
Ulster  CO.,  and  settled  at  the  month  of  the  creek  bearing  his 
name.  Samuel  Wallace,  the  first  school  teacher,  was  killed  by 
the  Indians. 

s  The  census  reports  4  churches;  2  Union,  Bap.,  and  Cong. 

*  The  principal  of  the  manufacturing  establishments  are  as 
follows : — The  Elmira  Woolen  Manufactory,  employing  (j4  hands, 
and  turning  out  230,000  yds.  of  cloth  annually ;  the  Phoenix 
Furnace  Iron  Works  gives  employment  to  40  men  ;  the  Elmira 
Ax  Factory  to  25  men;  and  a  barrel  manufactory  to  50  men. 
Beaides  these,  there  are  several  flouring  mills,  a  planing  mill, 
and  other  establishmeuts. 

6  An  immense  lumber  trade  is  still  carried  on  by  means  of  the 
Chemung  Uiver  and  Canal.  The  W.  &  E.  R.  R.  opens  a  direct 
communication  with  the  coal  mines  of  Penu.,  and  a  large  coal- 
trade  is  rapidly  springing  up.  The  village  is  also  the  center  of 
an  extensive  trade. 

6  This  institution  was  chartered  in  1S55,  with  all  the  powers 
and  privileges  granted  to  the  other  colleges  in  the  St,ate.  It  ex- 
tends to  woman,  opportunities  for  the  highest  culture.  It  is 
beautifully  situated  upon  an  eminence  a  little  n.w.  of  the  vil- 
lage. The  building  is  230  feet  long,  with  an  octagonal  center  "0 
feet  in  diameter  and  4  stories  high,  flanked  by  2  wings,  each  80 
by  60  feet,  and  3  stories  high,  all  erected  at  a  cost  of  $80,000. 
The  catalogue  of  1858  reports  188  pupils  in  attendance. 

T  The  Elmira  Seminary  for  young  ladies,  a  i>rivate  institution, 
has  been  in  successful  operation  for  11  years,  under  the  nianage- 
mont  of  Miss  C.  Thurston.  The  catalogue  of  1857  reports  205 
pupils. 


8  The  Elmira  Academy,  once  incorp.,  is  now  a  private  institu- 
tion. It  has  an  endowment  of  $10,000.  New  buildings  for  the 
school  are  in  process  of  erection.  In  1S5S,  262  pupils  were  re- 
ported. 

9  The  Elmira  Water-Cure  is  situated  on  the  hill  1  mi.  e.  of  the 
village,  commanding  an  extensive  view  of  the  valley  and  sur- 
rounding country.    It  contains  accommodations  for  110  patients. 

1*^  Anii>ug  the  earlysettlers  were  John  Konkle,  James  Cameron, 
Wm.   yeeley,   Nathaniel     Seely,    John    Muller.   Caleb    Baker. 

Marks,  Thomas  Hendy,  and  John  J.  AcMody.    Cornelius 

Lijw  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1791,  at  JVewtown  Pointy  and 
Cyms  Ilallenbeck  the  first  store,  at  about  the  same  time  and 
place.  The  first  gristmill  was  built  by  Wm.  Dunn  and  Brin- 
ton  Parne,  at  the  village  in  1701,  and  the  first  sawmill,  wool 
carding  and  cloth  dressing  mill  by  Gen.  Matthew  Carpenter, 
on  the  site  of  the  present  woolen  factory.  The  following  ac- 
count of  the  first  birth  in  town  was  given  in  the  N.  Y. 
Commercial  Advertiser: — "One  Saturday  afternoon,  about  4 
o'clock,  iu  the  summer  of  17SS,  while  C-ol.  John  Ilendy  waa 
working  on  his  log  bouse,  a  man  and  woman,  both  on  horse- 
back, emerged  from  the  Indian  pathway  and  crossed  the  New- 
town Creek  to  his  land.  The  man  rode  before,  with  a  basket  on 
each  side  of  hia  horse,  and  a  child  in  each  basket,  while  the 
woman  brought  up  the  rear,  having  on  her  nag  the  goods  and 
chattels  of  the  family  ;  for  they  were  man  and  wife.  The  hus- 
band rode  up  to  Col.  H.,  inquiring  with  much  anxiety  if  there 
was  a  doctor  to  be  found  in  the  vicinity.  '  What  is  the  matter  ?* 
said  the  veteran.  'My  wife  has  got  hurt  by  the  stumbling  of 
her  horse,  and  wants  a  doctor  as  soon  as  possible,'  was  the 
reply.  *That  is  very  unfortunate.'  said  the  Col.,  'for  there  ie 
no  doctor  in  this  wilderness.'  He  had  no  shelter  nor  resting 
place  to  offer  them,  save  the  ground,  the  pine  trees,  and  the 
canopy  of  heaven.  They  rode  on  a  few  rods,  and  stopped — for 
they  were  obliged  to  stop — under  the  best  shelter  they  coald 
find.  On  Sunday  morning  Col.  Hendy  met  the  man  iu  the 
woods,  near  the  spot  where  they  had  conversed  before,  and,  in- 
quiring how  bis  wife  was,  was  answered,  '  She  is  as  well  aa 
could  be  expected.'  The  Col.  did  not  think  again  of  the  traveler 
till  Monday,  when  he  sent  his  son  to  look  after  them.  The  boy 
returned  with  the  intelligence  that  they  were  getting  ready  tc 
Htart.      'But  how  is   the  woman,  my  hoy?'   said  he.      'The 


CHEMUNG    COUNTY. 


221 


was  the  pioneer  in  the  valley  of  the  Chemung,  and  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  early  settlers. 
The  first  preacher  (Presb.)  was  Rev.  Nathan  Culver.* 

ERIIV — was  formed  from  Chemung,  March  29,  1822.  A  part  of  Van  Etten  was  taken  off  in 
1854.  It  extends  from  near  the  center  of  the  co.  to  the  n.  border.  Its  surfiice  is  a  hilly  upland 
broken  by  the  deep  and  narrow  valleys  of  the  streams.  The  principal  streams  are  Winkoop, 
Bakers,  Baldwin,  and  Newtown  Creeks.  Upon  Bakers  Creek,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  is 
a  fine  sulphur  spring.  The  soil  is  a  medium  quality  of  gravelly  loam,  and  is  best  adapted  to 
grazing.  Considerable  lumber  is  still  manufactured,  little  more  than  one-third  of  the  surface 
being  under  improvement.  £rin,  South  £rin,  and  State  Road  are  p.  offices.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  in  1817,  by  Kobert  Park  and  John  Bonfield.^  There  are  2  churches  in 
town;  Presb.  and  M.  E. 

IIOR8£IIE]ADS^ — was  formed  from  Elmira,  Feb,  17,  1854.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
near  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  level  in  the  w.  and  hilly  in  the  e.  The 
summit  level  of  the  Chemung  Canal  at  Horseheads  Village  is  443  ft.  above  Seneca  Lake,  and  the 
summits  of  the  hills  are  200  to  400  feet  higher.  Its  principal  streams  are  Newtown  Creek  and  its 
branches.  The  soil  is  generally  a  good  quality  of  gravelly  loam.  Considerable  attention  is  paid  to 
raising  tobacco,  and,  in  1857,  1000  acres  were  devoted  to  this  crop.  Horsebeads  (p.  v.)  was 
incorp.  May  15, 1837,  as  "  Fairport,''  and  its  name  was  changed  April  18, 1845.  It  contains  2  steam 
flouring  mills,  a  plaster  mill,  a  givng  sawmill,  and  3  churches.  Pop.  1000.  The  Chemung  navigable 
feeder  from  Corning  intersects  the  canal  at  this  place.  Breesport  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches 
and  18  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Horseheads  in  1788,  by  Nathan  Huntington.* 
The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  by  Rev.  Daniel  Thatcher;  the  first  settled  minister  was  Rev. 
EUian  Pratt.^ 

SOUTIIPORT— was  formed  from  Elmira,  April  16,  1822.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the 
CO.  Its  surfixce  is  mostly  a  hilly  upland  broken  by  the  deep  valleys  of  the  streams.  Chemung 
River,  forming  most  of  the  n.  boundary,  is  bordered  by  wide,  fertile  alluvial  flats.  Seely  Creek, 
the  principal  stream,  receives  as  tributaries  South,  Bird,  and  Mud  Lick  Creeks  ;  Hendy  Creek  flows 
along  the  N.  border.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  slaty  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  fine  quality 
of  gravelly  loam,  \f  ellsbur^li,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Chemung,  in  the  s.  e.  corner  of  the  town,  con- 
tains 2  churches  and  several  mills  and  manufacturing  establishments.  It  is  a  station  on  the  N.Y.  & 
E.  R.  R.  Pop.  365,  Soutliport  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches,  2  mills,  a  woolen  factory,  and  44 
houses.  Webbs  Mills  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet,  and  Seely  CreeU  is  a  p.  o.  The  3d  ward  of  El- 
inlra,  containing  a  pop.  of  1135,  is  on  the  s.  bank  of  the  Chemung  in  this  town.  The  first  settle- 
ment at  "Wellsburgh  was  made  by  Green  Bentley  in  1788  and  Abner  and  Henry  Wells  in  1789. 
Abraham  Miller  located  at  Southport  in  1789,*  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  at  "Wells- 
burgh, in  1790;  Rev.  Roswell  Gufi"  was  the  first  preacher.*^  On  an  eminence  known  as  Fort  Hill, 
near  the  Chemung,  in  the  w.  part,  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fortification,  supposed  to  have 
been  French, 

TAIV  ETTEM" — named  from  James  B.  Van  Etten — was  formed  from  Erin  and  Cayuta,  April 
17,  1854.    It  is  the  n.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.    Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland.    Cayuta  Creek  flows 


woman,  eh?  oh,  the  woman  hna  got  a  haby;  and  I  piiesg  she 
wants  another  basket  to  put  it  in.'"  The  child  whose  birth  is 
told  above  was  Clark  Winans,  jr.  The  place  was  surveyed,  in 
1788,  by  Jas.  Clinton,  Gen.  John  Hnthom,  and  John  Cantine 
(>>ni8;  and  the  first  lands  were  boM  at  IS  pence  per  acre.  In 
1790,  a  council  with  the  Indians  was  held  under  a  tree  on  Lake 
St,,  just  E.  of  the  present  site  of  the  courthouse.  About  1200 
Indians  were  present.    Nathaniel   Seely,  tlio  first  patentee,  of 

Elmira  Village,  sold  to  Moses  D'>  Witt,  who  sold  to White; 

and  in  1794  White  sold  to  Ouy  Maxwell  and  Saml.  Hepburn. 

*  The  census  rt-oorts  8  churches;  2  M.E., Bap.,  Cong.,  Presb., 
Af.  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.;  and  R.  C. 

*  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Jesse  L.  White,  Isaac 
Shoemaker,  Alexander  and  John  McKay.  Thomas  Baker,  Wm. 
and  Robert  Stewart,  John  and  James  Ilallenbeck,  B.  Sperry. 
Thomas  Van  Ilouton,  Philip  Thomas,  J.  Boyn,  Robert  McDowell 
and  his  son  Barnum,  and  Andrew  Austin,  Joseph,  Daniel,  and 
Samuel  VauK'^f''  The  first  death  was  that  of  Mrs.  Thomas 
Baker.  Tlie  first  school  was  kept  on  Ne\vtown  Creek,  and  the 
first  sawmill  was  erected  at  the  same  place  by  J.  and  J.  McMillen. 

'  This  name  was  derived  from  the  following  incident.  While 
Qon.  Sullivan's  army  was  encamped  at  this  place,  some  30  or  40 
worn-out  hordes  were  shot.  The  Indians  afterward  gathered 
tho  heads  and  arranged  them  on  the  sides  of  the  path,  and  the 
Iticaliti;  becune  known  aa  the  Horaeheads. 


■*  John  Breese  (from  N.J.)  settled  at  the  same  place  in  179U. 
and  Jonathan  S.  Concklin.  Nathaniel  Huntington,  Asa  Guilder- 
sieve,  and  a  family  named  Gilbert,  in  1791.  Soon  after,  a  com- 
pany from  Oran^o  co.,  among  whom  were  James,  Ebenezer.and 
John  Sayre,  purchased  a  tract  of  1400  acres,  covering  the  site  of 
tlie  village,  and  settled  on  it.  The  first  child  born  was  Susanna 
Concklin,  in  1792;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Wm.  Dunn  and 
Mary  Sayre;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Susanna  Concklin. 
Amelia  Parkhurst  taught  the  first  school  at  tin-  village.  Vin- 
cent Concklin  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1822.  and  Westlick  &  Dunn 
the  first  store.  The  first  gristmill  was  erected  by  Lewis  Breeee, 
E.  of  the  village. 

6  The  census  reports  5  churches;  2  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  and  1  Preeb. 

6  Col.  Abraham  Miller  was  from  Penn.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction as  a  captain  in  the  army  of  the  Itevolution,  aud  was  ap- 
pointed First  Judge  of  Tioga  co.  by  Gov.  Geo.  Clinton,  in  1791. 
Tho  first  birth  was  that  of  Eunice  Kelsey,  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Stephen  Kent.  The  first  school  waa  taught  by  Caleb 
Baker ;  the  first  inn  was  kept  by  Wm.  Baldwin,  and  the  first 
store  by  Wm.  and  Henry  Wells,  on  tho  river  at  Wellsbnrgh. 
The  first  sawmill  was  erected  by  Col.  Abraliam  Miller,  on  a 
branch  of  Seely  Creek ;  the  first  gristmills  were  erected  by  David 
Griswold  and  Solomon  Bovier,  and  the  first  factory  by  Charles 
Evans,  at  Southjiort. 

7  The  census  reports  5  churches;  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  and  Presb. 


222 


CHEMUNG    COUNTY. 


s.  E.  through  near  the  center,  and  receives  as  tributaries  Jackson  and  Langfords  Creeks  from  the  n. 
and  Bakers  Creek  from  the  s.  The  soil  on  the  hills  is  a  clay  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly 
loam.  Van  Ettenville  (p.  V.)  contains  3  churches  and  20  dwellings  ;  Cayuta  is  a  p.  o.  The 
first  settlements' were  made  along  the  valley  of  Cayuta  Creek  in  1795,  by  Alexander  and  Benjamin 
Ennis,  Peter,  Jacob,  Emanuel,  and  Isaac  Swartwood,  from  N.J.  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was 
formed  by  Rev.  Ebenezer  Jayne,  the  first  settled  preacher." 

VETEKAlV^was  formed  from  Catharines,  April  16,  1823.  It  lies  on  the  N.  line  of  the  co.,  w. 
of  the  center.  The  surface  is  principally  a  hilly  upland.  Catharine  Creek  flows  n.  along  the  w. 
border,  affording  an  abundance  of  waterpower.'  The  other  streams  are  Newtovrn  and  Beardsley 
Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam  of  good  quality.  Millport  (p.  v. )  contains  2  churches, 
flouring  and  saw  mills,  and  various  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  706.  Sullivanville, 
(p.  V.,)  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  contains  a  church  and  155  inhabitants.  Veteran  and  Pine 
Valley  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlements  were  made  at  about  the  commencement  of  the  cen- 
tury,— in  the  N.  part  of  the  town  by  immigrants  from  Conn.,  and  in  the  s.  part  by  immigrants  from 
Penn.*    The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1817.^ 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,  Schools,  Live 
Slock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Chemung  County. 


Names  of  Tow^s. 


Baldwin*,... 
Big  Flats.... 

Catlin 

Chemung.... 

Elmira 

Erin 

IlorscJioadg. 
Southport.. 
Van  Etten.. 
Veteran 

Total.. 


AcitES  OF  Land. 


12,616J 
11,670 
1!),S64 
10,094} 
9,638 
12,490 
16,831} 
12,689 
16,326 


120.219} 


I 


11,125 

9,316 
20,364 

6,425 
18.169 

7.840 
16,960J 
12,083 

8,073 


110,3S5J 


Valuation  of  1858. 


$641,430 
276.084 
661.100 

2,130,801 
141,873 
707,870 
903,644 
102,448 
482,471 


6,947,621 


It 


t.0. 


$54,576 
6,064 
64.600 
869,860 
3,227 
81,860 
34,960 
2,660 
24,600 


1,132,367 


e 


$696,006 
282.148 
615.700 

3.000,661 
146,100 
789,720 
938,494 
106,098 
607,071 


7,079,988 


POPDLATION. 


929 

769 
1,437 
4.137 

604 
1,356 
2,286 

781 
1,423 


13,711 


924 

769 
1.348 
4,349 

686 
1.292 
2,194 

741 
1,384 


342 
295 
493 
1,463 
229 
430 
814 
277 
674 


13.677  1 1  4,857 


353 
300 

498 
1,689 
231 
467 
869 
281 
668 


203 
245 
386 
1,023 
232 
314 
878 
208 
416 


3,665    116    10,621 


cs 


427 
666 
651 
929 

2,866 
644 

1,037 

1,833 
659 

1,061 


NAME3  OF  Towns. 


Baldwin*... 
Big  Flats.... 

Catlin 

Chemung... 

Elmira 

Erin 

Horseheads. 
Southport... 
Van  Etten., 
Veteran 

Total. 


649 
603 
674 
627 
289 
670 
729 
348 
667 


4,856 


■^1 
I     i 


1,422 
1,002 
1,961 
767 
1,025 
1,166 
1.473 
1.076 
1.318 
11.209 


959 
694 

2.1S3 
93S 
845 
995 

1,220 
684 

1,172 


9.690 


3,009 
3,630 
2,48; 
361 
1.632 
2.496 
1,408 
2.066 
4,374 


21,364 


« 


1,216 

809 

1,785, 

1,019; 

676 

1,232' 

1,542| 

6891 


Agricultural  Products. 


BiTBB.  OF  GaAm. 


13.8673 
4,S63 
8,683 
6,778 
2,097 

10,S73i 
9,S13 
2,708 
7,129 


67.312 


132,203 
83,270 

117,986} 
76,813, 
81,960 

120.262} 
95,626} 
41,055 

109,4.30 


827,607 


2.664 

2,031 

4.866 

2,461 

1,898 

2.825} 

3.391 

1.868 

2,956} 

24,941 


^5 


12.101 
9.226 
15,189 
34,843 
8,947 
13.741 
15,626 
6.936 
14,685 


131.291 


16.771 
6.503 

19..')11 
6,870 
8.322 

13,916 
9,613 
8.964 

17.994 


107  J64 


Daibt  Pboducts. 


1^1 

0,     m 


86.702 
65.720 

209.735 
79,767 
72,140 

108,260 

118,899 
57,870 

126,662 


924,646 


860 
850 


2,770 
3,611 


7,861 


it's 


2S2 

1,128 
280 

l,fi87 
213 
192 

1,370 
658 


7,013  j 


*  Formed  since  1855. 


1  James  Van  Etten,  John  and  David  Hill,  Isaac  and  Levi  Decker, 
Som'I,  James,  Daniel,  and  Josliua  Westbrook,  John  Lattimore. 
Johnson,  and Crammer,  all  from  Delaware  River,  set- 
tled on  the  Cayuta  Flats,  at  and  near  Tan  Ettenville,  from  1795 
to  1800.  Harmon  White,  (from  Lit<:hfield.  Conn.,)  David  Jayne 
and  Gahriel  Ogden,  (from  N.J.,)  settled,  in  1802,  on  a  branch  of 
Cayuta  Creek.  Most  of  these  persons  served  as  soldiers  during  the 
Revolution.  James  Van  Etten  and  Isaac  Decker  were  wounded 
by  muaket  balls,  which  they  carried  to  their  graves.  Flanders 
&  Skauts  kept  the  first  store,  at  Van  Ettenville;  Isaac  Swart- 
wood  erected  thefirst  gristmill, inlS03;  Jacob  Swartwood  opened 
the  first  inn,  in  1801.  His  old  sign  (still  hanging)  reads  as  fol- 
lows:— 

"  You  jolly  topers,  as  you  pass  by, 
C^ll  in  and  drink;  for  I  know  you  are  dry! 
And  if  you  have  but  half  a  crown, 
Ton  are  welcome  to  my  jug,  Eit  down ! 
Entertainment 

by 
J.  Swartwood." 


2  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  M.  E. 

3  In  the  summer  of  1S57  a  sudden  and  destructive  tlood  oc- 
curred upon  this  stream,  which  swept  away  every  dam  upon  it, 
and  every  lock  on  the  canal  from  Horseheads  to  Seneca  Lake. 
The  whole  valley  was  flooded  ;  and  at  Millport  and  other  places 
the  people  were  obliged  to  flee  for  their  lives. 

<  Among  the  e^rly  settlors  were  E.  Mallary  and  son,  Eli  and 
David  Banks,  and  families  named  Meeker.  Baldwin,  and  Parsone, 
from  Conn. ;  Theodore  Valleau,  D.  Shaffer.  N.  Butsford,  and  B. 
Lockesby,  from  Penn.  Daniel  Parsons  kept  the  first  inn.  on  the 
middle  road,  and  E.  Crandeil  the  first  st<jre,  at  Millport.  The 
first  sawmill  waa  erected  by  G.  Bennett,  on  Catharine  Creek, 
below  Millport. 

6  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  2  M.  E.  and  Presh. 


CHENANGO   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Herkimer  and  Tioga,  March  15, 1798. 
Sangerfield  (Oneida  co.)  was  taken  off  in  1804,  and  JIadison  co. 
in  1806.  It  is  an  interior  co.,  lying  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  State ; 
is  centrally  distant  94  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  898  8q.  mi. 
Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  ravines  of  the 
streams.  The  highlands  consist  of  two  principal  ridges,  extending 
N'.  and  s., — the  first  lying  between  Unadilla  and  Chenango  Rivers, 
'  and  the  second  between  the  Chenango  and  Otselic.  These  ridges 
are  subdivided  by  numerous  parallel  and  lateral  valleys,  and  their 
declivities  are  often  too  steep  for  profitable  cultivation.  The  sum- 
mits are  broad  and  rolling,  and  of  nearly  uniform  elevation  through- 
out the  00. ;  and  the  highest  points  are  600  to  800  feet  above  the 
principal  valleys. 
Susquehanna  River  flows  s.  w.  through  the  s.  E.  comer,  receiving  from  the  N.  the  Unadilla,  which 
forms  the  greater  part  of  the  e.  boundary  of  the  co.  The  principal  branches  of  the  Unadilla  and 
Susquehanna  are  Beaver  Creek,  Shawler,  Great,  Kent,  and  Kelsey  Brooks.  Chenango  River  flows 
in  a  generally  southerly  direction  from  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  to  near  the  center,  and  thence  s.  w. 
to  the  s.  w.  corner.  It  receives  from  the  E.  Handsome  Eddy,  Padgets,  and  Pages  Brooks,  and  from 
the  w.  Canasawacta,  Fly-Meadow,  Ludlow,  and  Genegantslet  Creeks,  and  Pleasant,  Fly,  Cold,  and 
Mill  Brooks.  Otselio  River  flows  s.  w  through  the  N.  w.  corner,  receiving  from  the  E.  Middletown 
Brook  and  Brackel  Creek,  and  from  the  w.  Manns,  Buck,  and  Ashbel  Brooks  and  Mud  Creek. 
In  basins  among  the  hills,  far  above  the  valleys,  are  numerous  small  ponds.  The  valleys  of  the 
Susquehanna  and  Chenango  are  among  the  finest  in  the  State.  They  consist  generally  of  fer- 
tile and  highly  cultivated  intervales  of  an  average  width  of  about  1  mi.,  usually  bordered  by  steep 
and  finely  wooded  hillsides.  All  the  valleys  of  the  co.  seem  to  have  been  formed  by  the  action 
of  great  currents  of  water,  which  have  plowed  deep  furrows  in  the  gently  rolling  region  whidi 
probably  once  formed  the  general  face  of  the  country. 

The  lowest  rocks  in  the  co.,  appearing  upon  the  N.  border,  beiohg  to  the  Hamilton  group.  Suc- 
cessively above  these  toward  the  s.  appear  the  TuUy  lioiestone,  Genesee  slate,  the  Portagi-, 
Chemung,  and  Catskill  groups.  The  sandstone  of  the  Portage  group  furnishes  a  good  material 
for  building  and  flagging.  Several  quarries  have  been  opened  along  the  Chenango  Valley  between 
Greene  and  Oxford.  A  quarry  of  the  same  stone  a  little  below  Oxford  furnishes  grindstones  and 
whetstones.  The  rock  which  crowns  the  summits  of  the  s.  hills  is  the  red  sandstone  of  tbe  Che- 
mung group.  The  soils  are  almost  entirely  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  the  rocks.  In  a 
few  localities  is  fonnd  a  very  limited  amount  of  drift.  Upon  the  hills  the  soil  is  principally  a 
shaly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  fine  quality  of  productive  alluvium. 

The  CO.  is  almost  exclusively  agricultural.  Dairying  is  the  leading  pursuit,  and  is  gradually 
gaining  upon  all  the  other  branches  of  agriculture.  Stock  and  wool  growing  are  carried  on  to 
same  extent.  Grain  is  produced,  though  not  in  sufficient  quantities  for  the  wants  of  the  people. 
Hops  are  cultivated  to  some  extent  along  the  river  valleys. 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  Norwich.'  The  courthouse  is  a  fine  stone  building,  situated  near  the 
center  of  the  village,  fronting  the  public  park.^  It  is  built  in  the  Grecian  style  of  arcliitecture, 
with  a  colonnade  in  front,  supported  by  Corinthian  columns.  The  jail  is  a  stone  building,  con- 
tiguous to  the  courthouse.  The  clerk's  office  is  a  fireproof  brick  building,  upon  the  courthouse  lot. 
The  poorhouse  is  situated  upon  a  farm  of  170  acres  in  Preston,  6  mi.  w.  of  the  courthouse.  The 
average  number  of  inmates  is  90,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  56  cts.  each.  The  farm  yields  a 
revenue  of  $800.  The  house  is  poor  and  dilapidated,  and  the  accommodations  for  the  inmates  are 
extremely  poor.     A  school  is  taught  6  months  in  the  year. 


*  The  CO.  at  firet  had  holf-Bhiros,  the  courts  being;  held  al- 
ternately at  Hamilton  (now  in  Madison  county)  and  Oxford. 
From  the  orf^nization  of  Madison  Co..  in  isuij.  until  lsn9,  the 
oourt3  were  held  alternately  at  Oxford  and  North  Norwich,  liy 
act  of  March  6. 1807,  the  co.  seat  was  located  at  Norwich.  The 
new  courthouse  was  built  and  first  occupi&l  in  1809.  The  first 
conrthouse  was  a  wooden  building.  cri*ct<^d  at  a  cost  of  36-.iO0. 
The  present  courthouse  was  built  in  18^7,  at  a  cost  of  $16,000, 


under  the  direction  of  Wm.  Randall,  Wm.  Knowlton,  and  Era.*. 
tU8  Lathrop,  commissioners.  The  present  .jail  was  erected  irt 
1830.  at  a  cost  of  $"2,00O.  It  is  a  two  story  building,  containing 
10  cells  and  a  house  for  the  jailer. 

2  The  first  CO.  officers  were  Isaac  Voot,  PirslJudr/e :  .Toab  Enos, 
and  .Tosh u a  Jji-Annd,  Judf/e-^ :  Oliver  Norton  and  Klisha  I'aync, 
Ax.-^isUtitt  Ju.^tici:s ;  Uri  I'racy.  Sheriff;  Sidney  S.  Brecse,  Clerk  • 
and  John  L.  Mersereau,  Surrogate. 

2i3 


224 


CHENANGO    COUNTY. 


The  Chenango  Canal  extends  along  Chenango  River  through  the  co.  It  crosses  the  river  below 
Earlville,  below  Sherburne,  and  below  Greene,  upon  wood  aqueducts,  supported  by  stone  piers. 
The  Albany  &  Susquehanna  R.  R.,  now  in  process  of  construction,  extends  along  the  Susque- 
hanna through  Bainbridge. 

Five  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.^ 

This  CO.  included  11  of  the  "Twenty  Towns"  or  "Governor's  Purchase,"  the  "Gore"  lying 
between  them  and  the  Military  Tract,  the  Harper  Patent  of  16,000  acres,  Vermont  Sufferers*  Tract 
of  40,960  acres,'  Livingston  Tract  of  16,000  acres,  the  French  Tract  of  nearly  the  same  extent,  a 
portion  of  the  Chenango  Triangle  Tract,  and  several  smaller  tracts.  The  territory  included  within 
the  Twenty  Tovraships  was  ceded  to  the  State  by  the  Indians,  in  a  treaty  held  with  Gov.  George 
Clinton,  at  Fort  Schuyler,  Sept.  22,  1788.^  This  tract  is  sometimes  called  "  Clinton's  Purchase," 
and  sometimes  "  The  Governor's  Purchase." 

The  early  settlers  were  principally  from  Vt.,  Conn.,  and  the  eastern  part  of  the  State.  The 
settlers  in  the  n,  part  of  the  co.  came  in  by  way  of  Rome,  and  those  in  the  central  and  s.  parts  by 
way  of  Chenango  and  Susquehanna  Rivers.  Many  of  the  early  settlers  almost  perished  from  want 
of  food,  at  >times,  during  the  first  few  years.     A  colony  of  French  settled  at  Greene  in  1792,  but, 


*  The  Western  OracU,  the  first  paper  published  in  the  co..wa8  I 
commencod  by  A.  Romeyn,  previous  to  1804,  at  Sher- 
burne I'our  Corners.  It  was  discontinued  in  1808  j 
or  '09.  ] 

The  Olive  5rancft  was  started  at  Sherburne  in  May.  1806.  by 
rhinney  &  Fairchild.  In  1808  John  F.  Faircliild  became 

sole  proprietor.    Miller,  Lot  Clark,  and  John  B. 

Johnson  were  succeesively  interested  in  its  publication. 
In  1812  or  '13  Johnson  changed  its  name  to 

The  Volunlrer.  ]nl816  the  press  was  purchased  by  John  F. 
Hubbard,  who  commencfd 

TJie  Norwich  Journal.  In  1844  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  La 
Fayette  Leal  and  J.  H.  Sinclair,  who  merged  it  with  The 
Oxford  Kepublican  in  1847  and  changed  tlie  name  to 

The  Chenango  Union.  Harvey  Hubbard  purchased 
Leal's  interest  Oct.  20,1847,aDdSinclair'8  iuterestSept. 
1st  1859,  and  the  paper  is  now  published  by  Hubbanl. 

The  Chenango  Patriot  was  commenced  at  Oxford  in  1807  by  John 
B.  Johnson,  and  its  publication  continued  for  3  or  4  yrs. 

The  PresUknt  was  published  at  Oxford  in  1808  by  Theophilus 
Fat  on. 

The  Rtpuhliciin  Messengt^r  was  commenced  at  SherburnemlSlO 
by  Petit  &  Percival. 

Tfie  Oxford  Gazi'tte  was  started  in  1814  by  Clianncey  Morgan, 
who  published  it  some  years,  when  it  was  sold  to  tieo. 
Hunt,  and  afterward  to  Hunt  &  Noyes.  Mr.  Morgan 
again  became  i)roprietor  in  1826,  and  after  a  few  years 
the  paper  was  discontinued. 

The  Rfpuhlican  Agriculturalist  was  commenced  Dec.  10, 1818,  by 

Thurlow  Weed.    It  soon  parsed  into  the  hands  of 

Curtiss,  who  continued  it  for  a  short  time,  when  it  was 
discontinued. 

The  F^nple's  Advocate  was  commenced  at  Norwich  in  1824  hy  H. 
P.  W.  Brainard.  It  passed  into  the  hands  of  Wm.  G. 
Hyer,  and  was  discontinued  in  a  eliort  time. 

The  Chenango  Etpuhlican  was  cummencod  at  Oxf'ud  in  1826  by 
Benj.Cory.  In  1828 it  was  purchased  bv  Mack  &Chap- 
nian.  March  3, 1S31,  Wm.  E.  Chapman  and  T.  T.  Flagler 
commenced  a  new  series,  and  soon  alter  changed  its 
name  to 

The  Ox/m-d  Rcpuhlican.  In  1838  Mr.  Chapman  became  sole 
proprietor.  It  was  successively  published  by  J. Taylor 
Bradt,  Benj.  Welch,  jr.,  R.  A.  Leal.  C.  E.  Chambeilin. 
and  La  Fayette  Leal.  In  1847  it  was  merged  witli  The 
Oxford  Journal  and  published  as  The  Chenango  Union. 

Tlie  Anti  Masonic  Telegraph  was  commenced  at  Norwich  in  Nov. 
1829. by  E.  P.  Pellet.  In  1831  B. T.  Couk  became  asso- 
ciated in  its  (publication.  Its  name  was  subsequently 
chanced  to 

The  Chenango  Telegraph.  In  1840.  on  the  death  of 
K.  P.  Pellet,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  his  brother.  Nel- 
son Pellet;  and  upon  his  death,  in  18.^1,  it  was  conducted 
for  the  estate  by  L.  Max  Leal  and  F.  B.  Fisher.  In  Sept. 
1855,  it  was  purchased  by  Rice  &  Martin,  by  whom  it  is 
now  published. 

Tin:  Clietiungo  Patriot  was  commenced  at  Greene  in  1830  by 
Nathan  Randall.  It  afterward  passed  into  the  hands 
of  Joseph  M.  Farr.  who  changed  its  name  to 

Tlt£  Clicnango  Democrat,  and  in  a  short  time  it  was  discontinued. 

Tfie  New  Berlin,  Herald  was  comnienced  in  1831  bv  Samuel  L. 
Hatch.  In  1834  it  was  published  by  Randall  &  Hatch. 
It  soon  after  passed  into  the  liamls  nf  Isaac  C.  Sheldon ; 
and  afterward  into  the  hands  of  Hiram  Ostrandei-,  who 
clianged  its  name  to 

The  New  Berlin  Sentinel.     It  was  discontinued  about  1840. 

'"he  Chenango  miig  was  publislied  at  Oxford  a  short  time  in 
1835. 

The  Miniature,  a  small  mo.,  was  issued  from  the  same  office. 

The  Sherburne was  commenced  in  1836  by  J.  Worden 

Marble.    In  1839  it  was  removed  to  Binghampton. 


The  Oxford  Times  was  commenced  in  1836  by  a  joint 
stock  company.  It  was  for  some  time  conducted  hy  H, 
U.  Cook.  In  1841  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  E.  H. 
Purdy  and  C.  D.  Brigham.  In  1844  it  was  published  by 
Waldo  M.  Potter:  in  1845,  by  Potter  &  Galpin;  and  in 
184S  J.  B.  Galpin  became  sole  proprietor,  and  still  con- 
tinues its  publication. 

The  Bainbridge  Eagle  was  commenced  in  1843  by  J.  Hunt,  jr. 
In  1846  its  name  was  changed  to 

The  Bainbridge  Freeman  ;  and  in  1849  it  was  merged  in 

The  Chenango  Free  Democrat,  commenced  at  Norwich  Jan.  1, 
1849,  by  Alfred  G.  Lawyer ;  and  J.  D.  Lawyer  soon  after 
became  associated  in  its  publication.  It  was  then  early 
removed  to  Cobleskill,  Schoharie  co. 

The  New  Berlin  Gazette  was  commenced  in  1849  by  Jos.  K.  Fox 
and  M.  E.  Dunham,  and  was  published  about  1  year. 

The  Chenango  Nnvs  was  commenced  in  1850  by  A.  T.  Boynton. 
J.  M.  Haight  soon  after  became  associated  in  its  publi- 
cation, and  subsequently  became  sole  proprietor.  Ho 
removed  the  press  to  Norwich,  and.  in  connection  with 
A.  P.Nixon,  commenced  the  publication  of 

The  Temperance  Advocate  in  1855,  and  published  it  1  year,  when 
it  was  discontinued. 

The  Saturday  Vii^it'rr  was  commenced  in  1852  by  Joseph  K.  Fox. 
Its  name  was  soon  after  changed  to 

Tlie  Social  Visitor,  after  which  it  was  published  about  5  years. 

The  Spirit  of  the  Age.  was  commenced  at  Berlin  in  1S52  by  J.K. 
Fox,  J.  D.  Lawyer,  editor.  It  was  continued  but  a  short 
time. 

The  Oxford  Transcript  was  commenced  in  1853  by  G.  N.  Carhart, 
and  was  published  about  6  months. 

The  Slterburne  Transcript  was  commenced  in  1855  by  James  M. 
Scarritt,  and  was  published  about  2  years. 

The  Chenango  American  was  commenced  at  Greene, 
Sept.  20,  1855,  by  Denison  &  Fisher,  its  present  pub- 
lishers. 

The  Daily  If cporter  was  commenced  at  Norwich  in  185"  by  G.H. 
Smith.  In  1858  it  was  purchased  by  Rice  &  Martin,  and 
was  soon  after  discontinued. 

TJie  Literary  Indrpmdent -was  commenced  at  Norwich  in  the 
fall  of  1858  by  E.  P.  Pellet,  G.  H.  &  J.  E.  Spry,  It  was 
pulilished  abuut  4  months. 

The   New  Berlin   Pioneer   was   commenced   Feb.  19, 

1N59.  by  Squires  &.  Fux,  its  present  publishers. 

2  This  tract  was  grunted  to  relieve  those  persons  who  had 

purchased  lands  of  the  State  of  New  York  within  the  present 

limits  of  Vermont.    These  lauds  were  claimed  by  both  New 

Hampshire  and  New  York,  and,  alter  an  anirry  and  prutracted 

controversy,  extending  through  several  years,  New  York  eur* 

rendered  her  claim  to  Vermnut. 
8  These  towns  were  designated  originally  by  their  numbers 

only,  and  are  now  in  the  counties  of  Madison,  Chenango,  and 

Oneida,  as  foUows : — 


JVos. 

Present  Tovms. 

Not. 

Present  Tmrna. 

1 

Nelson,  MadisoD  co. 

11 

PhTnouth,  Chenango  co. 

'/. 

Eaton,                " 

1'2 

Pharsalia,                   " 

3 

Madison.             " 

13 

McDonough,               " 

4 

Hamilton,         " 

14 

Preston,                      " 

fi 

Lebanon,            " 

■a, 

Norwich,                     " 

6 

Georgetown,      " 

16 

New  Berlin,                " 

7 

Otselic,  Chen.ingoco. 

17 

Columbus,                  " 

8 
9 

J^myrna,               " 
.Sherburne,           " 

IS 
19 

1  Brookfield,               " 

10 

Norwich  and^    (( 
New  Berlin,  j 

20 

'"S'etaLtjo-'^-- 

CHENANGO    COUNTY. 


225 


from  defect  in  title,  most  of  them  left.  The  greater  part  of  the  later  immigration  was  also  from  New 
England.  In  consequence  of  the  gradual  change  which  has  been  going  on  for  the  last  20  years  in 
the  business  of  the  co.,  and  the  substitution  of  dairying  for  all  other  branches  of  farming,  the  popu- 
lation of  the  CO.  has  gradually  decreased,  and  is  now  no  greater  than  it  was  40  years  ago. 


AFTOKT — was  formed  from  Bainbridge,  Nov.  18,  1857.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  consists  principally  of  a  rolling  upland,  separated  into  two  nearly  equal  parts  by  the 
broad  valley  of  the  Susquehanua.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  300  to  500  feet  above  the  valleys, 
and  their  declivities  are  generally  gradual  slopes.  The  Susquehanna  flows  s.  w.  through  near  the 
center,  in  a  broad  and  beautiful  valley.  It  receives  from  the  N.  Kelseys  and  Harpers  Brooks. 
Round  Pond,  one  mi.  N.  E.  of  the  village,  covers  an  area  of  about  40  acres.  It  is  25  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  river,  and  without  any  visible  outlet.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  shaly  loam,  and 
in  the  valleys  a  clayey  loam  and  alluvium.  Aftou,  (p.  v., )  upon  the  Susquehanna,  near  the  center 
of  the  town,  contains  4  churches  and  270  inhabitants.  Ayresllire,  (p.o.,)  upon  Kelsey  Brook, 
in  the  n.  part,  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  upon  the  Susquehanna,  below  Afton,  in 
1786,  by  immigrants  from  Conn,  and  Vt.'     There  are  5  churches  in  town.'' 

BAIIVBRIDGE — was  formed  as  part  of  Tioga  co.,  by  the  name  of  "Jericho'  Feb.  16, 1791. 
Its  name  was  changed  April  15,  1814.  Parts  of  Norwich  and  Oxford  were  taken  off  in  1793,  of 
Greene  in  1798  and  '99,  and  Afton  in  1857.  It  lies  upon  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its 
surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  Susquehanna,  which  flows  s.  w.  through 
the  center.  The  valley  of  the  river  is  about  one  mi.  wide,  and  is  bordered  by  moderately  steep 
hillsides.  The  highest  summits  are  400  to  600  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  soil  upon  \he  hills  is 
a  gravelly  and  shaly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  clay  loam  and  alluvium.  Bainbridi^e,  (p.  v.,) 
upon  the  Susquehanna,  was  incorp.  April  21,  1829.  It  contains  3  churches  and  350  inhabitants. 
BennettsvlIIe,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Bennetts  Creek,  in  the  s.  E.  part,  contains  2  churches,  ;/  gristmill, 
sawmill,  and  about  20  houses.  West  Bainbridge  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  N.  w.  corner,  and  East 
Bainbridg^e  is  a  hamlet  in  the  n.  e.  corner.  The  lands  in  this  town  were  first  claimed  by  Ro- 
bert Harper  under  a  grant  from  the  Indians  ;  but  the  title  was  repudiated  by  the  State,  and  a  por- 
tion of  the  lands  was  granted  to  settlers  from  Vt.  who  had  suffered  from  failure  of  title  to  lands  in 
that  State  granted  to  them  by  N.  Y.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1785,  by  immigrants  from 
Yt.  and  Conn.'    The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  about  1790,  by  Rev.  William  Stone.* 

COl,UMBlJS— was  formed  from  Brookfield,  (Madison  co.,)  Feb.  11,  1805.  A  part  of  Norwich 
was  annexed  in  1807.  It  is  the  n.  b.  corner  town  in  the  co.,  and  occupies  a  portion  of  the  high 
ridge  between  Unadilla  and  Chenango  Rivers.  The  highest  summits  are  400  to  600  f'^et  above  the 
valleys.  Unadilla  River  forms  its  e.  boundary,  receiving  as  tributaries  Beaver  Crtek,  Shawlei 
Brook,  and  several  other  small  streams.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  shaly  loam.*  Columbus 
Center,  (Columbus  p.  o.,)  upon  a  branch  of  Shawler  Brook,  contains  3  churches,  a  tainery,  and 
25  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  upon  Lot  44,  in  1791,  by  Col.  Converse."  The  first 
religious  meeting  was  the  funeral  of  Mrs.  Dorcas  Howard,  conducted  by  Elder  Campboli,  (Bap.,) 
in  1797.' 

COTEIVTRT — was  formed  from  Greene,  Feb.  7,  1806.  Parts  of  Oxford  and  Greene  were  an- 
nexed in  1843.  It  is  situated  centrally  on  the  s.  line  of  the  co.  The  highest  elevations,  midway 
between  the  Susquehanna  and  Chenango  Rivers,  are  about  800  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  hills 
are  arable  to  their  summits,  and  their  slopes  are  generally  long  and  gradual.  Harpers  and  Kelseys 
Creeks,  flowing  into  tlie  Susquehanna,  are  the  principal  streams.   The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  shaly 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Seth  Stone.  Nath'l  Benton, 
Isaac  Miner,  and  Japhet  Bush  and  sons,  from  Conn.,  and  lleze- 
Kiah  Stowell  and  sous,  Orlando  Bridgnian  and  sons,  and  Eben- 
e«er  Church  and  sons,  from  Vt.  The  three  last  named  families 
were  "  Vermont  Sufferers."    The  first  child  born  was  Win.  Bush, 

in  17S(5;  and  the  firatdeath  was  that  of I'oll.v.   NathI  Chiirch 

taught  thefirst  school,  in  1790;  Asa  .Stowell  kept  the  first  inn.  in 
1788,  Peter  Betts  the  first  store,  in  1805;  and  David  Cooper  and 
Isaac  IVliner  built  the  first  sawmill,  on  Kelseys  Brook. 

2  Two  M.  E.,  Cong.,  Bap.,  and  Univ. 

8  Among  the  early  settlers  wereWm.  Gutherie,  Abraham  Fuller, 
Reuben  Kirby,  and  Oouid  Bacon,  from  Conn.;  St^'phen  and  .John 
htiles.  Heath  Kelsey,  Chas.  Bush,  Ebon  and  Jos,  Lander..*,  and 
Jas.  t^ratiam,  Sam'l  Bixby  settled  on  Lot  "ih.  in  1788,  and  M-ij. 
Henry  Evans  on  Lot  SI),  in  1789.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  K. 
Landers.diiughterof  Jos.  Landers,  in  March,  1791;  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  Charles  Bush  and  Joan  Harrington,  in  1794; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs,  Reuben  Kirbey,  in  1792.  Wib 
liom  Gutherie  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1793,  on  Lot  85,     I'hineas 


IS 


and  Reuben  Bennett  erected  a  gi-iatmiU  on  Bennetts  Creek,  in 
1789, 

*  There  are  7  churches  in  town ;  2  M,  E.,  2  Bap.,  F.  W,  Bap,, 
Presb.,  and  Prot.  E. 

^  The  people  are  almost  solely  engaged  in  dairying.  For  30 
years  the  population  has  been  contiuually  decreasing  and  tho 
dairies  increasing. 

8  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Ilenry,  Daniel,  and  Jae. 
Williams,  from  R.  I.,  who  located  upon  Lot  90,  in  1792;  Thos. 
Howard,  from  R.I.,  on  Lot  89,  Israel  Greenleaf,  from  N.  U.,  on 
Lot  t>2,  Gilbert  Strong,  on  Lot  61,  and  Josiah  Ratbbone,  on  T/it 
.54,  in  1794,  The  first  child  born  was  Sally  Williams;  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  Joseph  Medbery  and  Hannah  Brown,  in  17iH; 
and  Uie  first  death,  that  of  ^Irs.  Dorcas  Howard,  in  1797.  Nicho- 
las Pago  taught  the  first  school;  Col.  Converse  kept  the  first  inn, 
in  179.1;  Amos  C.  Palmer,  the  first  store,  in  1797 ;  and  Job  Vail 
built  the  fii-st  sawmill,  in  1794.  and  tlie  first  gristmill,  in  179,5. 

'  The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town;  Bap.,  E.  W.,,  Bap.f 
Cong.,  M.  E.,  and  Univ. 


226 


CHENANGO     COUNTY. 


loam,  with  occasional  spots  of  a  red,  slaty  loam.  Coventry?  (p.  v.,)  x.  w.  of  the  center,  contains 
2  churches,  a  pocket-book  factory,  and  40  dwellings ;  and  Coventry  ville,  (p.  v.,)  2  mi.  e.  of  Cov- 
entry, a  church,  mill,  and  25  dwellings.  Ctaurcli  llollo^v  is  a  p.  o.  on  the  s.  line.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  near  the  center,  by  Simon  Jones,  in  1785.'  In  the  e.  part  is  a  spoke  factory. 
The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  Nuv.  19, 1807.    Rev.  David  Ilarrower  was  the  first  preacher.^ 

GERMAIV* — was  formed  from  De  Ruyter,  (Madison  co.,)  March  21,  1806.  Otselic  was  taken 
oflf  in  1817,  Lincklaen  in  1823,  and  a  part  of  Pitcher  in  1827.  It  is  located  centrally  upon  the  w. 
line  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  watered  by  several  brooks,  forming  what  is  called  Five 
Streams,  which  flow  through  the  town  in  a  s.  direction.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam, 
well  adapted  to  grazing.  JLiveruiore!^  Corners^  (German  p.  o.,)  near  the  w.  line,  is  a 
hamlet;  and  East  German  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1795,  by  Benjamin 
Cleveland,  from  Oneida  co.*  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  at  an  early  period,  and  a  M.  E. 
association  was  formed  in  1815,  at  the  house  of  Walter  Oyshlenbank.^ 

GREEIVE^— was  formed  from  Union  (Broome  co.)  and  "/eric^o,"  (now  Bainbridge,)  March 
15,  1798.  A  part  of  ^^  Jericho'*  was  annexed  in  1799.  Coventry  was  taken  off*  in  1806,  and  Smith- 
ville  in  1808.  A  part  of  Barker  (Broome  co.)  was  taken  ofii"  in  1840,  and  a  part  of  Coventry  in 
1843.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland.  The  hills 
rise  500  to  700  feet  above  the  river,  and  are  broken  by  the  ravines  of  the  streams.  Che- 
nango River  flows  s.  w.  through  the  center  of  the  town,  in  a  broad  valley  about  1  mile  in  width. 
The  Chenango  Canal  passes  through  the  valley.  Genegantslet  Creek  flows  s.  through  the  w.  part 
in  a  wide  valley,  and  joins  the  Chenango  a  few  miles  below  the  village  of  Greene.  Pages  Brook 
flows  through  the  s.  E.  corner;  and  several  small  streams  are  tributary  to  the  Chenango.  The  soil 
is  a  gravelly  and  shaly  loam  on  the  hills,  and  alluvium  in  the  valleys.  Greene,  (p.  v.,)  near  the 
center,  was  incorp.  April  12,  1842.  It  contains  4  churches,  a  flouring  mill,  furuace,  and  814  in- 
habitants. East  Greene  (p. v.)  contains  a  church  and  158  inhabitants.  Genegantslet 
(p.  V.)  contains  1  church  and  12  houses.  Chenango  Forks  (p.  v.)  is  partly  in  this  town,  S. 
Ketchum  settled  in  1792.*^  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1795,®  by  Elder  Nath.  Kellogg. 


1  Wm.Gnodell  and  Andw.  Clark  settled  uear  Mr.  Jones  in  17S6, 
aod  Benj.  Jones  at  the  same  place  In  1788.  (Jzias  Yale  and  0.  S. 
M.  Stork  LcJited  a  little  n.  of  Co\eutiy  in  1799,  i-li^ba  \A  ari-en 
on  Lot  2.  in  1><04.  and  Mosea  AIHs,  and  about  10  oth-r  f;tmilies, 
soon  after.  The  first  birtU  was  that  of  Wui..  son  of  Moses  Allis, 
in  1794;  the  tirst  marriage,  that  of  Simeon  I'arker  and  Polly 
bpraguo;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  son  of  Koger  Egertoii. 
in  1790.  Sherman  I'age  taught  ih<-  first  school;  lit-nj.  Jones 
kept  the  first  inn.  in  17S8.  itnd  Jotbam  Tarkor  the  first  Btore, 
in  1799.  The  first  gristmill  vv;ia  erected  by  Capt.  Parker,  in 
1796,  and  the  first  carding  and  cloth  drerfsing  mill  by  Miles 
Doolittle,  abuut  the  year  lsl5. 

-  The  cenau-s  reports  5  churches ;  2  Cong.,  2  M.  E.,  and  Bap. 

8  Named  from  Gen.  Obadiah  German  the  nriijinal  ctwner  of 
the  township.    It  was  first  named  ^-Brakel  Tf/wnship.'' 

*  Abraham  Livermore  settled  at  Livermores  C^irners.  in  1796, 
with  his  wife  and  children.  Abraham,  jr..  Becka,  Daniel,  Polly. 
Abel,  Cyrus.  Hepaey,  Sally,  and  Martin  Livermore.  From  their 
isolated  position  in  the  wilderness — remote  from  any  settlement 
— the  Cleveland  and  Livermore  families  suffered  grcit  priva- 
tions and  hardships  during  the  first  years  of  their  settlement. 
In  June.  1796,  Mr. Cleveland  set  out  for  "Fort  SLaitwix"  for  pro- 
Tisions,  his  family  Ijeing  entirely  destitute.  He  inten-led  to  re- 
turn in  3  or  4  days,  but  was  detained  for  some  time.  On  the  fourth 
day  of  his  absence,  his  wife  and  children,  who  had  e^t'-n  nothing 
for  3  days  except  a  few  roots  found  in  the  woodsi.  set  out  for  their 
nearest  neighbors,  in  Cincinnatus,  on  Otselic  River,  4^  mi.  dis- 
tant. When  about  a  mile  from  home,  they  encountered  a  bear, 
and  were  frightened  back.  The  next  morning  the  mother  was 
too  weak  to  walk,  and  the  two  older  children  again  set  out  for 
Mr.  Raymond's,  on  the  Otselic.  Upon  learning  the  suffering 
condition  of  the  liimily,  Mrs.  Raymond  made  them  a  pudiling 
of  bran, — the  only  food  she  had  in  the  hou.-ie.  This  and  a  bottle 
of  milk  kept  the  family  from  starvation  until  relief  came.  At 
another  time,  when  the  ftimily  were  reduced  to  the  last  ex- 
ti'emity.  two  unmilked  cows  came  to  their  house  one  n  ight.  and 
went  away  in  the  morning,  furnishing  them  with  milk  for  several 
days.  It  was  never  known  where  the  cows  came  from  or  where 
they  went  to.  Other  families  in  the  vicinity  suffered  in  a  similar 
manner.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Polly  Cleveland,  in  1796; 
the  first  marriai;e,  that  of  Jonathan  Head  and  Hepc^ey  Liver- 
more; and  the  first  death,  that  of — —  Hartshorn.  Abraham 
Livermore  kept  the  firat  inn:  Jonathan  Chandler  kept  the  first 
Btore.  and  erected  the  first  mill  and  tactory,  on  the  e.  branch  of 
Otaelic  River. 

6  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Presb.,  M.  E.,  and  F.  W.  Bap. 

«  Named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Nath'l  Greene.  That  part  of  the 
original  township  of  Greene  lying  e.  of  Chenango  River  was  in- 
C^iidod  in  a  purchaeeBiade  by  the  State  from  the  Oneida  and  Toa- 


carora  Indians  in  1785.  Tliese  lands  were  subsequently  sold  by 
the  State  to  individual  patentees. 

7  Mr.  Ketchum  located  within  the  bounds  of  the  present  vil- 
lage of  Greene.  In  the  fall  of  1792  a  settlement  was  made  by  a 
company  of  French  refugees.  One  of  tbeir  number,  Chas.  Felix 
De  IJulogne.  had  preceded  the  main  body,  and  m.-ide  a  ijurchaso 
of  15.000  acres  lying  on  the  e.  side  of  Chenango  River.  The  first 
party  that  came  consisted  of  M.  Bulo^ne,  M.  Shamont,  M.  Le 
Fevre.  M.  Bravo.  M.  Du  Vernet,  and  M.  Obre.  A  portion  of  them 
had  families  ;  and  several  young  ladies  were  among  the  party. 
In  Otsego  CO.  Simon  Barnot  joined  the  p:\rty,  and  subsequently 
M.  Dutremont,  with  bin  family,  settled  with  them.  Before  the 
disitersion  of  the  colony  they  were  joined  by  Jos.  Juliand,  who 
W!L«  the  only  French  emigrant  that  became  a  permanent  resident. 
M.Bulogue,  on  his  way  to  Philadelphia  in  the  springof  1795,  waa 
drowned  while  fording  a  creek  mnch  swollen  by  tliti  floods. 
The  untimely  death  of  the  leader  of  this  adventurous  band 
proved  fatal  to  the  future  success  of  the  settlement.  The  failure 
of  the  company  to  pay  the  balance  of  the  purchase  money  dne 
on  the  tract  caused  the  title  to  revert  to  the  original  patentees. 
After  all  the  hardships  and  privations  they  had  endured,  the 
failure  to  secure  a  title  to  their  land  proved  a  signal  for  dis- 
persion. The  majority  of  them  left  in  the  year  1796.  In  1794, 
Talleyrand,  the  celebnited  French  diplomatist,  visited  his  fellow- 
countrymen  in  Greene.  Among  the  early  permanent  settlers 
were  Nath'l  Kellogg,  Zopher  Belts,  Benajah  Loomis,  Cornelius 
Hill,  and  Daniel  Tremaine.  who  located  at  East  Greene  in  1793. 
The  first  road  that  was  cut  through  the  town  was  called  "TA* 
Chmango  Road."  It  runs  from  the  present  village  of  BaiD- 
bridge  to  the  mouth  of  Page  Creek,  on  the  Chenango, — a  dis* 
tance  of  about  25  mi.  The  first  settlers  upon  this  road  within 
the  then  limits  of  the  town,  commencing  at  the  w..  were  Nathan 
Bennett,  Joshua  Root,  Eleazur  Skinner.  Thomas  Elliott,  Joab 
Elliott,  Koswell  Fitch,  Aden  Elliott,  Philo  Clemmons.  Capt.  Man- 
deville,  Simeon  and  Benj.  Jones,  Hardin  Bennett,  Record  Wilber, 
and  Deacon  Richards,  who  came  in  from  1792  to '95.  The  settlers 
who  located  in  the  S.  part,  w.  of  the  river,  were  Jas.  and  Herman 
Terwilliger.  Elisha  and  Noah  Gilbert.  Stephen  Palmer,  and  Joe. 
and  Cornish  Messenger. as  early  as  1796.  The  fii-st  birth  was  that 
of  Johnston  Rundall.  son  of  .Tea.  Rnndall, — for  which  honor  the 
mothor  subsequently  received  a  deed  of  50  acres  of  land  from 

the  Hornby  Estate.    Cartwright  taught  the  first  school, 

in  1794;  Conrad  Sharp  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1794;  Elisha  Smith 
the  first  store,  in  1801  Conrad  Sharp  built  the  firat  sawmill,  it 
1795.  and  Abraham  Storm  and  Henry  Vorse  the  first  gristmill, 
in  1794. 

8  The  census  reports  9  churches ;  5  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  Presb.,  un4 
Prot.  E. 


CHENANGO    COUNTY.  227 

and  was  the  first  church  of  that  denomination  in  the  co.    Elder  Kellogg  continued  its  pastor  ahout 
30  years. 

GUIE.FOIID — was  formed  from  Oxford,  April  3,  1813,  as  "Eastern."  Its  name  was  changed 
March  21,  1817.  It  lies  on  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
broken,  consisting  of  the  elevated  lands  between  Chenango  and  Unadilla  Rivers,  the  hills  rising 
200  to  700  feet  above  the  valleys.  It  is  drained  by  the  Unadilla,  which  forms  the  entire  E.  boundary, 
Guilford  Pond  Creek,'  and  several  other  smaller  streams.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  slaty  loam, 
occasionally  intermixed  with  clay.  Oullford,  (p.  v.,)  located  in  the  valley  of  Guilford  Pond 
Creek,  contains  3  churches,  an  iron  foundery  and  machine  shop,  and  several  mills ;  pop.  203. 
Guilford  Center  (p.  V.)  contains  2  churches  and  20  dwellings.  East  Guilford,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  s.  e.  corner  of  the  town,  contains  a  church,  a  mill,  and  15  dwellings.  IHount  Upton, 
(p.  V.,)  upon  the  w.  bank  of  the  Unadilla,  contains  4  churches,  several  mills,  and  other  manu- 
facturing establishments;  pop.  190.  Rockdale,  (p. v.,)  on  the  river,  4  miles  below  Mount 
Upton,  contains  2  churches,  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  and  25  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  1787,  by  Ezekiel  Wheeler,  a  little  n.  of  Mount  Upton,  on  the  farm  now  occupied  by  his 
grandson,  Silas  Wheeler,  2d.^  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  by  Elder  Orange  Spencer, 
in  1803.' 

L.I1«CRL,AE1V*— was  formed  from  German,  April  12,  1823.  Parts  of  Pitcher  were  taken  off  in 
1827  and  '33.  It  is  the  N.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly,  broken  upland,  divided 
into  ridges  by  narrow  ravines  extending  N.  and  s.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  usually  steep, 
and  the  summits  are  400  to  600  feet  above  the  valleys.  Mud  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Otselic,  flows 
s.  through  the  w.  part  of  the  town.  Ashbel  Brook  and  several  other  small  streams  take  their  rise 
in  the  s.  and  E.  parts.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  and  clayey  loam.  Lincklaen,  (p.  v.,)  on  Mud 
Creek,  contains  a  church  and  15  dwellings.  Burdick  Settlement,  in  the  N.  part,  contains 
a  church  and  12  dwellings.  Bforth  Lincklaen  is  a  p.o.  in  the  n.e.  part.  The  first  settle- 
ments were  made  about  1796.  The  first  religious  services  were  held  by  Rev.  Seth  Williston,  in 
1798.     The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town.' 

MACDOWOUGII^ — was  formed  from  Preston,  April  17,  1816.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in  some  places  broken  by  deep  ravines  and 
sharp  ridges  extending  N.  and  s.  It  is  drained  s.  by  Bowmans  and  Geuegantslet  Creeks  and 
several  other  streams.  Genegantslet  Lake  lies  near  the  w.  border.  The  sod  is  a  clay  loam,  better 
adapted  to  grazing  than  tillage.  Macdonough,  (p. v.,)  on  Genegantslet  Creek,  contains  2 
churches,  several  mills,  and  168  inhabitants.  East  Klacdonougrll  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church 
and  14  dwellings.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1795,  by  Nathaniel  Locke,  Loring  and 
Emery  Willard,  Henry  Ludlow,  and  others.'  The  first  religious  association  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in 
1798.     The  first  church  edifice  (P.  W.  Bap.)  was  erected  in  1831 ;  Elder  Steer  was  the  first  pastor." 

JVEW  BERLIN — ^waa  formed  from  Norwich,  April  3,  1807,  changed  to  "Lancaster"  May 
9,  1821,  and  origin.il  name  restored  March  22,  1822.  A  part  of  Sherburne  was  taken  off  in  1852. 
It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  Co.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland, 
the  ridges  extending  n.  and  s.     Unadilla  River  forms  its  e.  boundary ;  and  Great  Brook  flows  s 


1  This  stream  h.ia  a  fall  of  140  feet  in  passine  through  Guilford 
Village,  alToniinc  a  fine  and  very  valuable  water-power. 

2  .Joshua  Mercereau  and  liis  brother  ^Krenclinieu)  eettlod  at 
the  utouth  of  Guilford  Creek,  and  erected  the  firat  mill  in  town, 

in  17^9.    Jamea  Phelps  and Button  settled  neiir  RocUdale 

in  1790;  Robert  McLeod,  on  Lot  1,  and  Isaiic  Fuller,  from  GuU- 
ford.  Conn.,  in  1701;  I)an'l  Savage,  John  Nash,  and  Nelson  Kob- 
hius.  from  Ballston  Spa,  in  1702,  at  and  near  the  old  Four  Cor- 
ners; John  Secor,  from  Haveratraw,  on  Lot  2;  Gurdon  and 
Wyatt  Chiimberlin. at  Mount  Upton;  Wm.and  Nathaniel  Uyer, 
— all  in  1703.  Major  Kichmond  and  his  sons  Joseph  and  tctli, 
Asa  Haven,  father  of  Hon.  Solomon  G.  liaven,  of  BufliUo.  lian'l 
T.  Dickinson,  father  of  lion.  l>aniel  S.  Bickinson,  of  Uingh.nm- 
ton,  Caleb  Uurdick,  Sam'l  irmith,  and  i'aris  Windsor  were  also 
among  the  pioneer  settlers  of  the  town.  The  first  child  born 
wtis  I'rudcnce  Fuller,  in  April.  1791;   the  first  marriage,  that 

of Powell  and  the  widow  of  Isaac  Fuller,  in  170;i:  and  the 

first  death,  that  of  Isaac  Fuller,  in  1793.  Ezekiel  Wheeler  kept 
the  first  inn,  in  1796 ;  and  Sullivan  Reynolds  kept  the  first  store 
and  erected  the  first  mill  on  the  Unadilla,  in  1790.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Nathan  Bennett,  in  1794. 

'The  census  reports  12  churches;  5  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  2  Oong., 
Presb.,  Prot.  E..  and  Union. 

*  Named  from  John  Lincklaen,  former  proprietor  of  the  town- 
lihip  and  several  adjacent  tracts.    Among  the  early  settlers  were 


Guerdon  Wells.  Abel  Fairchild,  Elisha  Catlin,  Joseph  Pullbrd, 
Backus,  Nathaniel  Gray,  Wolcott  Bennett,  Joseph  Dar- 
ling, Jesse  Catlin.  Aaron  Feet,  John  Wilson,  Etisha    Blonnt, 

Christopher  Shipman,  and  Walters.    The  first  child  born 

was  Matilda  Wells,  about  1800;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  a 
child  of  Christopher  Shipman.  Wm.  Bly  tnuglit  the  first  school ; 
F;iiaha  Catlin  kept  the  first  inn ;  Fairchild  Brothers,  the  firht 
store;  Catlin  .%  Shipman  built  the  first  Ba^^^nill,  and  J.  Pulford 
the  first  gristmill. 
6  Bap.,  Seventh  Day  Bap.,  Cong.,  and  M.  E. 

6  Nnmeti  in  honor  of  Commodore  Macdonough. 

7  Edward  Colbom,  Benj.  Ketchnm,  Benj.  Kenyon,  Ephniill 
Fish,  John  Anderson,  Nehemiah  Dunbar,  Jonah  and  Sylvanus 
Moore.  Joseph  and  R.ansom  Cook,  Wm.  Mead.  Wni.  Norton, 
Dunl.Wainwright,  .Adam  Oyshterbank,  and  M.Turner  settled  in 
town  from  1795  to  1S08.  The  first  marriage  w.aa  that  of  Sylva- 
nns  Moore  and  wife;  and  the  fii-st  dt>ath,  that  of  Mrs.  jleuj. 
Ketchnm,  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Capt,  Joshua  A, 
Burke.  Sylvanua  Moore  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1799.  and  Henry 
Ludlow  the  first  store,  in  1802.  Gates  Wilcox  eri'Ctcd  the  first 
gristmill,  in  1818;  John  Nevins,  the  first  paper  mill,  in  1828,  «t 
Macdonough  A'illage.  Henry  Ludlow  built  the  first  sawipill,  oo 
the  outlet  of  Ludlow  Fond,  in  1798, 

8  The  census  reporta  4  churches;  Bap,,  M,  E.,  Presb.,  and 
Union, 


228  CHENANGO    COUNTY. 

through  near  the  center.  Mathewson  Pond  is  near  the  w.  border.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  loam,  occa- 
sionally intermixed  with  clay.  MeiT  Bci'lln,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Unadilla,  in  the  N.  e.  part  of  the 
town,  was  incorp.  April  17,  1816.  It  contains  4  churches,  the  New  Berlin  Academy,  a  newspaper 
office,  paper  mill,  cotton  factory,  tannery,  and  several  minor  manufactories.  Pop.  740.  Soutb 
IVew  Berlin,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Unadilla,  in  the  s.  E.  part,  on  the  line  of  Otsego  co.,  contains  2 
churches,  a  large  tannery,  and  285  inhabitants.  IIoIniC!4VilIe,  in  the  extreme  s.  E.  corner, 
contains  a  tannery  and  about  20  houses.  Wew  Berlin  Center  is  a  p.  o.  Ambler  Set- 
tlement is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  part.  Daniel  Scribner  settled  upon  the  Unadilla  in  1790.'  The 
census  reports  8  churches.^  Hon.  Henry  Bennett,  who  has  been  elected  to  Congress  five  successive 
terms  from  this  district,  resides  in  New  Berlin  Village. 

WORTH  IVORiriCH — was  formed  from  Norwich,  April  7,  1849.  It  is  an  interior  town, 
lying  N.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  the  valley  of  Chenango  River  and  the 
high  rolling  uplands  which  rise  upon  either  side.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  200  to  600  feet 
above  the  valley.  It  is  drained  by  Chenango  River,  Cold  and  Fly  Brooks,  and  several  other  small 
streams.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  slaty  loam,  in  some  places  mixed  with  clay.  IVortll  IVor- 
wicll,  (p.v.,)  upon  the  Chenango,  contains  3  churches,  several  mills,  and  about  150  inhabitants. 
It  is  an  important  village  upon  the  Chenango  Canal.  Kin^s  Settlement  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  E. 
part;  and  Plasterviile,  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  w.  Jos.  Lothrop  and  A.  Mead  located  on  Lot  1,  in 
1794.'    The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1790;  Elder  Eleany  Holmes  was  the  first  preacher.* 

NORWICH— was  formed  from  Union  (Broome  co.)  and  "Jericho,"  (now  Bainbridge,)  Jan. 
19,  1793.  Pharsalia,  Plymouth,  and  Preston  were  taken  ofi"  in  1806,  New  Berlin,  and  a  part  of 
Columbus,  in  1807,  and  North  Norwich  in  1849.  A  part  of  Preston  was  annexed  in  1808,  and  a 
part  taken  off  in  1820.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  E.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of 
two  high,  rolling  ridges,  separated  by  the  valley  of  the  Chenango.  The  highest  summits  are  about 
500  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Chenango  River  flowss.  through  the  w.  part.  It  receives  the  Canasa- 
wacta  and  several  other  streams  as  tributaries.  Unadilla  River  forms  the  E.  boundary.  The  soil 
upon  the  uplands  is  a  shaly  and  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium. 
Aiorwicla,  (P-^-.)  upon  Chenango  River,  in  the  n.  part,  was  incorp.  April  16, 1816.  It  contains 
the  CO.  buildings,  5  churches,  the  Norwich  Academy,  2  banks,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  piano  forte 
factory,  3  carriage  factories,  2  tanneries,  2  blast  furnaces,  a  hammer  factory,  planing  mill,  foundery, 
machine  shop,  2  sash  and  door  factories,  and  plaster  mill.  Pop.  2,430.  Wllite  Store,  (p.  o..)  on 
the  Unadilla,  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  and  10  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1788,  by 
Avery  Power.*     The  first  religious  services  were  held  by  Rev.  Manasseh  French,  in  1793  or  '94.* 

OTSEIilC — was  formed  from  German,  March  28,  1817.  It  lies  on  the  ^f.  border  of  the  co.,  w. 
of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  hilly,  consisting  of  high  ridges  500  to  800  ft.  above  the  vallev 
of  Otselic  Creek,  which  are  broken  by  the  ravines  of  the  streams.  Otselic  Creek  is  the  principal 
stream,  and  flows  s.  w.  through  the  center  of  the  town.  Several  small  streams  are  tril)utaries  of 
the  Otselic.  The  soil  on  the  hills  is  a  shaly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  alluvium.  Otselic,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  n.  part,  contains  100  inhabitants;  Soutb  Otselic,  (p.v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  1  church 
and  225  inhabitants.  Settlement  was  commenced  about  1800,  by  Ebenezer  Hill.'  The  first  preacher 
was  Stephen  C.  Nicholas.     There  are  4  churches  in  town;  2  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  Christian. 

OXFORD — was  formed  from  Union  (Broome  co.)  and  "Jericho,"  (now  Bainbridge,)  Jan.  19, 


1  Among  the  other  early  SL'tth^rs  were  Nath'I  and  Joseph  Med- 
hery,  who  located  upon  tireat  Brook ;  Thos.  Sarle,  who  located 
on  the  Unadilla;  Samuel  Anderson,  Silas  Burliaganie.  Jeremy 
G(X)ilrich,  Levi  Blakeslee,  Chas.  Knapp,  and  Joseph  Mo3a,  who 
located  upon  the  present  siteof  the  village.    The  first  child  born 


Cole,  Wm.  Smiley,  Nicholas  Pickett,  Maj. Thomas  Brooks,  Israel, 
Cbas.  and  Matt.  Uraves.  Josiah  Brown.  John  Wait,  Wm.  Hansford 
and  sons  Hascall  and  Wm..  jr..  .John  Harris,  Manasseh  French. 
Joab  Enos,  Hezekiah  Brown,  Elisha  Smith,  Wm.  andChaun- 
cey  Gibson,  Mark,  Wm.,  and  Stephen  Steere.  Stephen  Collins,  Jas. 


was  Louisa  Bancroft,  in  1797 ;  and  the  tirst  marriage,  that  of  IGilmore.  lIosesSuow.JohuKandall,  John  McNitt, and  I>avid and 
Dan'l  Williams  and  Phila  Parker,  in  1794.  Josiah  Burlingame  ;Jobn  Shattuck.  The  first  child  born  was  Lucy  Power;  the  first 
tauijht  the  first  school;  Dan'l  Scribner  kept  the  first  inn;  Levi  male  child,  Marcus  Cole;  the  first  marriage  in  the  town  and  co. 
Blakeslee  the  first  store;  and  Job  Vail  built  the  first  mill.  [was  that  of  Hascall  liansford  and  Fanny  Graves,  July  12,  1792. 

8  2  Bap.,  2  Cong.,  2  M.  E.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  Prot.  E.  JBenj.  Edmunds  kept  the  first  iuu;  Jonathan  Johnson  was  the  first 


8  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Judge  Joel  Thompson, 
Jeremiah  and  Abner  Purdy,  and  Benj.  Ferris,  from  Dutchess  co., 
in  1795 ;  and  Jesse  Rnndell,  Jacob  Grow.  Gon.  Obadiah  German, 
Ebenezer  Hartwell,  and  James  Purdy,  in  179G, — all  of  whom 
settled  at  the  village  and  along  the  valley  of  the  Chenango. 
The  first  child  born  was  Amos  Mead,  jr.,  Sept.  12, 1794 ;  the  first 
niaTri.ige,  that  of  Ebenezer  Hartwell  and  Rachel  Mead,  in  1795; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  Abner  Purdy,  in  1796.  Thomas 
Brooks  taught  the  first  school ;  Amos  Mead  kept  the  first  inn, 
iu  1803,  aud  Gen.  Obadiah  German  the  first  store.  Benj.  Hart- 
well built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1803. 

*  The  census  reports  4  churches ;  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Univ. 

^  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  David  F'airchild,  Silas 


physician;  and  Llisha  Smith  built  the  first  saw  and  grist  mill. 

*  There  are  6  churches  in  town;  Bap.,  M.  E,,  Ct>ng.,  Prot.  E., 
Union,  and  K.  C. 

'  An  Indian  name,  signifying  Plum  Creek. 

s  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Reuben  Buckingham,  David 
Steadman.  Wm.  Fish,  Jonah  Wolcott,  Wm.  Cross,  Wm.  Hurl- 
but,  aud  Wm.  Smith,  in  the  N.  part :  Elias  Benjamin,  Buell 
Warner  and  his  sons  Oliver,  Abner.  and  Bnell,  jr.,  Bent'ui  Ptarce. 
Lewis  Cook,  ^lineas  Thompson,  John  and  James  Warner,  Abra- 
ham Fairchild,  and  Wm,  Greene,  in  the  s,  part.  Hiinnah  War- 
ner taught  the  first  school.  Ebenezer  Hill  kept  the  first  inn, 
in  ISIO,  and  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1S20.  G.K.Cooleykept 
the  first  store,  in  1812.    Jas.  Kust  built  the  first  sawmill. 


CHENANGO    COUNTY. 


229 


1793.  Guilford  was  taken  off  in  1813,  and  a  part  of  Coventry  in  1843.  It  is  an  interior  town, 
lying  a  little  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  valley  of  the 
Chenango.  The  hills  bordering  upon  the  river  are  500  to  800  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Chenango 
River  flows  s.  w.  through  the  w.  part  in  a  valley  averaging  about  1  mi.  in  width.  It  receives  Eddy 
and  Padget  Brooks  from  the  E.,  and  Fly-Meadow,  Mill,  and  Ludlow  Brooks  from  the  w.  The  soil  is 
a  shaly  loam  upon  the  hills,  and  a  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium  in  the  valleys.  Oxford,  (p.  v.,) 
upon  the  Chenango,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  incorporated  April  6,  1806,  contains  6  churches, 
tlie  Oxford  Academy,'  a  hoe  factory,  sash  and  blind  factory,  carriage  shop,  grist  and  saw  mill,  and 
plaster  mill.  Pop.  1,218.  Soutli  Oxford  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  s.  w.  corner ;  and  Cliestaireville 
a  p.  0.  near  the  s.  line.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1790,  by  Benjamin  llovey.'  The  tir.st 
preacher  was  Rev.  Uri  Tracy,  (Presb.,)  in  1792.' 

PIIARSAliIA — was  formed  from  Norwich,  as  "  Stoninglon,"  April  7,  1806.  Its  name  was 
changed  April  6,  1808.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a 
rolling  and  hilly  upland,  occupying  a  portion  of  the  watershed  between  Chenango  and  Otselic 
Rivers.  The  latter  flows  through  the  extreme  n.  w.  corner.  Canasawaota,  Genegantslet,  and 
Brackel  Creeks  take  their  rise  near  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  loam.  Pliarsalia,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  w.  part,  contains  12  houses  ;  East  Pbarsalia,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.,  2 churches, 2  gristmills, 
a  sawmill,  and  15  houses.  IVortli  Pliarsalia  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced 
in  1797,  by  John  Randall,  on  Lot  48.*  John  Peck  was  the  first  settled  minister.  There  are  three 
churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  Presb. 

PITCHER'— was  formed  from  German  and  Lincklaen,  Feb.  13,  1827.  A  part  of  Lincklaen 
was  annexed  in  1833.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  consists 
principally  of  two  high  ridges  500  to  800  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Otselic  River  flows  s.  e.  through 
the  center.  Brackel  Creek  flows  3.  w.  through  the  s.  part.  The  ravines  of  the  streams  are  narrow 
and  are  bordered  by  steep  hillsides.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  and  gravelly  loam.  Pitcher,  (p.  v..) 
upon  the  Otselic,  s.  w.  of  the  center,  contains  3  churches,  a  woolen  factory,  and  25  dwellings. 
Nortb  Pitcher,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Otselic,  n.  e.  of  the  center,  contains  2  churches,  2  sawmills, 
a  hame  factory,  fork  factory,  and  about  20  dwellings.    Pitcher  Springs  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  E. 

of  the  center.'     South  Pitcher  is  a  p.  o.    John  Wilson  and  Schuyler  settled  in  1794 

or  '95.'    The  first  religious  services  were  held  by  Rev.  Seth  Williston,  in  1797.* 

PETMOUTH — was  formed  from  Norwich,  April  7,  1806.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  of 
the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  deep  ravines.  Canasawacta  Creek, 
and  its  e.  and  w.  branches,  flow  s.  E.  through  deep  and  narrow  valleys  and  form  a  junction  near 
the  center  of  the  town.  Southwest  of  the  center  are  2  small  ponds,  covering  an  area  of  100  to 
150  acres  each.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  Plymouth,'  (p- v.,)  n.  of  the  center, 
contains  3  churches  and  150  inhabitants;  South  Plymouth,  (p. o.,)  in  the  s. E.,  a  gristmill 
and  10  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  about  1794,  by  some  French  families.'"  The 
first  church  (M.  E.)  was  organized  about  1806  ;  and  the  Rev. White  was  the  first  preacher." 

PRESTOST— was  formed  from  Norwich,  April  2,  1806.  Macdonough  was  tarken  off  in  1816. 
A  part  of  Norwich  was  taken  off  in  1808,  and  a  part  of  the  same  town  was  annexed  in  1820. 


1  This  Institution  for  many  years  bore  tlie  Iiifiliest  repiit.ition 
of  any  academy  w.  of  the  Hudson.  Many  distinguished  citizens 
of  the  central  portions  of  the  State  received  their  academic  edu- 
cation at  this  place. 

2  Among  tlie  other  early  settlers  were  Elijah  Blackman,  Eben 
Eno3,  John  Bartle  and  6 sous,  i'eter  IJurgot,.Iohn  Church,  Theo- 
dore Burr,  Benj.  Loomis.  Samuel  Karnham,  Charles  Hurst,  John 
Uolmes,  John  -McNeil.  Diui'l  Tucker,  Francis  Balcom.  Wm.  and 
Heury  Gordon,  and  Thos.  McAlpine.  The  lirst  child  horn  was 
Ellis  Loomis,  in  May,  1792;  tJie  first  marriage  was  th.at  of  Peter 
Bartle  and  Tabitha  Loomis,  in  May,  179.');  the  first  death  was 
that  of  a  child  of  Peter  Burgot,  and  the  first  death  of  an  adult, 
that  of  Andrew  Loomis.  in  1893.  Mrs.  Philip  Hartle  taught  the 
first  school,  in  1793.  Philip  Bartle  built  the  first  schooihouse, 
indiiidually,  on  "Panther  Ilill"  in  1793;  John  Bartle  kept  the 
first  inn.  on  Bowmans  Creek;  Benj.  Hovey  kept  the  first  store, 
And  Peter  Burgot  built  the  first  will,  on  .Mill  Brook. 

*  The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap., 
M.  E.,  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  B.C.,  and  Univ. 

*  .\mong  the  other  c-u-ly  settlers  were  Joseph  Breed,  on  Lot  49, 
Sanfurd  .Morgan,  on  Lot  3ti.  John  Weaver,  on  Lot  28.  Daniel  lleni- 
Bon.on  Lot  70.  Lo<iowick  Weaver,  on  Lot  32,  Joshua  Weaver  and 
David  Davie,  on  Lot  69, — all  from  Cunu.  The  first  birth  was  that 
of  Denison  R.  Weaver;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Jabesh  Brown 
and  Ketura  Brown ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  Nehemiah 
Lewis.  Aruna  Wioit  taught  the  first  school.  The  first  tavern 
ftud  store  were  kept  by  Santbrd  Morgan,  on  Lot  36;  the  first 
mill  was  built  by  Asa  Weaver,  on  Lot  27,  on  Cauaeawacta  Creek. 


»  .Named  from  Nathaniel  Pitcher,  Lieutenant  Governor  of  the 
State. 

»  Pitcher  Springs,  formerly  quite  a  watering  place,  was  named 
from  the  sulphur  springs  lociitcd  there.  It  is  now  almost  de- 
serted. 

'  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Ebenezer  Wakely,  Benj. 
Fairchdd,  Jonathan  Chandler,  George  Taylor,  Silas  lleebo,  .Tonas 

Hinman,  Abijah  Ithines,  Simon  Peet. Millard,  and  Elijah 

Fenton.  nie  first  child  born  was  a  son  of  Sil.is  Beebe,  In  Nov. 
179tj;  and  the  first  marriage,  that  of  .Tohn  Wilson  and  Polly 
Hinman,  May  16,  1799.  Ebenezer  Walcelv  taught  tho  first 
schwil;  Benj.  Fairchild  kept  the  first  inn.  Hcuben  Knot  the  first 
store,  and  John  Lincklaen  built  the  first  mills. 

'  The  census  reports  6  chmches  in  town ;  2  Cong.,  2  M.  E., 
Bap.,  and  Union. 

*  Formerly  called  '•FrankviW^." 

10  Among  the  i.urly  settlers  were  ,Iohn  R.iyiiorandO.  D.Jeffrey, 
(Frenchmen.)  James  liumford.  Nathan  Wales,  John  Miller.  Col. 
Wm.  Munroe,  Silas  Holmes,  Dan'l  Prentiss.  .las.  Purdy,  Juilah 

Bement,  and  K.  D.  Dill.iye.    The  first  death  was  that  of 

Blowers;  Elizabeth  Bowdish  died  about  the  same  time.  Clarissa 
Brooks  taught  the  first  school,  in  ISOl)  or  '01 ;  Charles  Bjibcok 
ke])t  the  first  inn,  and  John  Kavnor  the  first  store.  Col.  WaMi.-r 
Prentiss  built  the  first  mill,  and  John  Thorp  the  first  woolen 
factory,  at  an  early  day. 

"  There  are  4  cliurches  in  town ;  M.  E.,  Bap.,  F.  W.  Ban,  aud 
Cong. 


230 


CHENANGO    COUNTY. 


It  ie  the  central  town  of  the  co.  Ita  surface  is  a  high,  rolling  upland,  divided  into  two  distinct 
ridges.  The  summits  of  the  hilla  are  200  to  800  feet  above  the  Chenango  A''alley  at  Norwich.  The 
principal  streams  are  Fly-Meadow  Creek  and  Mill  Brook,  flowing  s.  into  the  Chenango.  The  soil 
is  a  gravelly  and  slaty  loam, — in  many  places  stony  and  hard  to  cultivate.  It  is  generally  well 
adapted  to  grazing.  Preston  Corners,  (Preston  p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  2  churches 
and  105  inhabitants.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  Fly-Meadow  Creek,  in  1787,  by  James 
Glover,  who  erected  the  first  gristmill,  in  1788-89.^  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1806, 
by  Elder  Haskall,  the  first  preacher.^ 

SHERBURIVE — was  formed  from  Paris,  (Oneida  co.,)  March  5,  1705.  Smyrna  was  taken 
off"  in  1808,  and  a  part  of  New  Berlin  was  annexed  in  1852.  It  lies  on  the  n.  border  of  the  co,, 
£.  of  the  center.  The  highest  summits  are  200  to  500  feet  above  the  valleys  of  the  streams, 
Chenango  River  enters  the  co.  from  Madison  and  flows  in  a  s.  e.  direction  through  the  town, 
receiving  Handsome  and  Mad  Brooks  and  several  other  tributaries.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a 
gravelly  and  slaty  loam,  but  some  portions  of  the  valley  lands  are  a  sandy  loam.  The  Che- 
nango Canal  passes  through  the  valley  parallel  to  the  river.  On  the  bottom  lands  of  the  river 
hops  are  extensively  grown.  Sherburne,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Chenango,  s.  of  the  center,  was  incorp, 
April  16,  1830.  It  contains  6  churches,  the  Sherburne  Academy,  and  several  manufactories.  Pop. 
about  1200.  £arlTille,  (P-^-O  on  the  line  of  Madison  co.,  contains  441  inhabitants,  of  whom 
208  are  in  this  town.  Joseph  Gutherie  settled  in  the  valley  of  the  Chenango,  near  Sherburne 
Village,  in  1792,  Major  Brooks,  one  of  the  "  Shay's  men,"  is  supposed  to  have  been  there  a 
year  or  two  earlier.'  The  first  religious  services  were  held  by  a  number  of  families  from  New 
England,  who  purchased  the  s.  w.  quarter  of  the  9th  township,  (Sherburne,)  and  settled  on  it  in 
March,  1703.* 

SHIITUVILIjE— was  formed  from  Greene,  April  1,  1808.  It  lies  on  the  w.  line  of  the  co., 
s.  of  the  center.  The  surface  consists  of  high  ranges  of  hills,  with  narrow  valleys  extending  n. 
and  s.  It  is  drained  s.  by  Genegantslet  and  Ludlow  Creeks  and  their  tributaries,  and  several 
other  streams  flowing  into  the  Chenango.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clay  loam  in  the  valleys,  and 
a  clay  and  slaty  loam  on  the  hilla.  Sniitlaville  Flats,  (p-'^-O  on  Genegantslet  Creek,  in 
the  s.  w.  corner,  contains  4  churches,  3  sawmills,  a  gristmill,  and  315  inhabitants,  Hast  Smith- 
Ville,  on  Ludlow  Creek,  near  the  e.  line,  contains  2  churches  and  18  dwellings.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  in  the  valley  of  the  Genegantslet,  in  1797,  by  Robert  Lytle,  from  Ireland.*  The 
first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1805,  by  Elder  Gray,  the  first  preacher.^ 

SMYRIVA— was  taken  from  Sherburne,  March  25,  1808,  as  *' Stafford.'*  Its  name  was 
changed  April  6  of  the  same  year.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co.  Its  sur- 
face is  a  broken  and  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  500  to  800  feet  above  the  valleys. 
The  principal  stream  is  Pleasant  Brook,  flowing  s.e.  through  near  the  center.  Cold  Brook  and 
several  other  small  streams  flow  through  portions  of  the  town.  These  streams  mostly  flow  through 
narrow  valleys  bordered  by  hillsides,  the  largest  portions  of  which  are  too  steep  for  cultivation. 
The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  shaly  loam.  Smyrna,  (p-"^->)  upon  Pleasant  Brook,  near  the  e.  line, 
was  incorp.  April  20,  1829.  It  contains  3  churches,  a  gristmill,  2  tanneries,  and  320  inhabitants. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Joseph  Porter,  in  1792,^  The  first  religious  society  (Friends)  was 
formed  at  an  early  period.* 


1  David  Fairchild  and  his  sons  John  and  Amns  pottled  nt  Pres- 
ton Corners  in  1795;  Kandall  EiUingsaud  Silas  Chnnipion,  from 
Conn.,  at  FreatonCentt^r.  in  1790;  Jonas  Marsh,  IVuni  Muss.,  Cul. 
Gnrdon,  and  Dudley  Hewitt,  in  1799.  Among  the  other  early  eet- 
tlere  were  Saml  and  Clark  Lewis.  Rev.  Hazaid  Burdick,  David 
>.ccIeston,  Jouiia  Marsh,  Champlam,  \Vm.  Packer,  Abra- 
ham Avery,  aud  Wm.  Walsworth.  Ihe  tirst  child  born  wiw  Fanny 
Billings,  July  16.  1796;  the  first  marriaRP.  that  of  Capt.  Lyon 
and  Widow  Crandall,  in  179^;  and  the  fir.st  death,  that  of  an 
inf:iiit  child  of  Geo.  Crary.  The  first  school  was  tmipht  I'y  AVm. 
McAlpinc.  who  surveyed  the  Livingston  Patent  in  179S  and  sub- 
sequintly  tlie  Morris  Tract.  Jonaa  Marsh  kept  the  first  inn,  in 
IStiO;  Jiis.  Glover  kept  the  first  store  and  erected  the  first  mill. 

'  The  censua  reports  5  churches ;  Bap.,  F.  M'.  Bap.,  Seventh 
Day  Pap.,  Presb..  and  Univ. 

3  A  company  from  New  England,  consisting;  of  Nath'l  Gray. 
Joel  Hatch.  Abraham.  JimiPS,  and  Newconib  Kayiiinnfl,  .Tnseph. 
John,  and  Ele;tznr  Loth rop.  Cornelius  Clark,  and  Juel  Northiop, 
witli  th(Mr  families,  settled  in  1793.  The  deed  of  their  purchase 
ifl  dated  in  June  of  that  year. 

*  Purine  the  first  week  after  their  arriTal  they  erected  a  log 
Dieetinghuuse,  and  on  the  succeediug  Sabbath  met  in  it,  after 
the  example  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  to  make  pnlilic  and  united 
ackuowledfimonte  for  the  protection  and  guidance  of  an  over- 


ruling Power  while  on  a  perilous  and  tedious  Journey  through 
the  wilderness  to  their  new  homes.  The  census  reports  9 
chnrchee;  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  Cong.,  Prot.  E.,  Univ., 
and  Union. 

sjos.  Agard  and  Eppaphes  Sheldon.  IVom  Litchfield.  Conn., 
bouj^ht  out  tlie  log  house  and  improvement  of  Mr.  Lytle  in  Feb. 
1798,  moved  in  their  families,  and  became  the  sole  resitlents  of 
the  town.  Tliey  were  joined  in  179S-99  by  Edward  Loorais,  who 
settled  on  Ludlow  Creek,  Simeon  NeaJ.  Robt.  Williams.  A8:i 
Stiuight.  Dan'i  Phillips.  Capt.  Samuel  A.Slteel,  John  Yunng.  and 
John  Palmer.  The  first  child  born  was  Jane  Loomis.  May  *2, 
1800;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Jason  Smith  and  Hannah  liora- 
pnugh.  in  1807:  aJid  the  first  death,  that  of  a  son  of  Georgo 
Shaddock,  in  1799.  Capt.  John  Palmer  kept  the  first  inn  aiij 
store  and  erected  the  first  distillery.  Timothy  Scoville  built  thd 
first  sawmill,  in  1805,  and  Nicholas  Powell  the  first  gristmill,  in 
1S09. 

6  The  census  reports  4  churches:  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  ami  Univ. 

^  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Jos.  Collins.  Jos.  Bil- 
lings, Joshua  Talcott,  David  Wilbur,  and  John  Parker.  Tho 
first  griatmill  and  clothing  works  were  erected  by  Collins  &  Bil- 
lings, in  1705. 

8  The  census  reports  5  chuixhes  in  town;  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap,, 
Cong.,  M.  E.,  and  Friends. 


CHENANGO    COUNTY. 


231 


Acres  of  Land,   Valuation,  Population,   Dioellings,   Families,  Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Chenango  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Afton' 

Itainbridije. 

Ouluinliua 

Coventry 

German 

Greeue 

Giiill'oid 

Lincklaen 

Macdtinough .... 

New  IWliiii 

North  Nuiwich, 

Norwicll 

Otselic 

Oxford 

PhAi'Riilia 

Pitcher 

Plynioiith 

PreBt^Mi 

Shorburne 

Smitlivdlo. 

Smyriiii 

Total 


AcBES  or  Land. 


27.0801 

14,319 

■21,447 

10.003i 

2«.170i 

23.633 

10..'i44i 

13.1Sli 

19.942 

lil.lOlii 

lil  sasi 

14.352 

19,159 

12.794 

13.3545 

1.5.10G 

15,936J 

20.702 

20..341 

l>V903i 


20,092 
7,393 

10.606 
6.035i 

14.0S2i 

10.963 
6,2(iU 
8,619 

10,046 
6,691 
6,477i 
9,871 

12,101 

12,248 
4,396J 
9,671 
6,361 
5,644i 
9,366J 
7,2SU 


Valuation  op  1S58. 


$383,045 
386.550 
382,312 
464,715 
167,990 

1,031,905 
t>40,220 
149,740 
232,900 

1,223,675 
362,341 
646,761 
292,760 
627,600 
234,380 
241,090 
376,645 
277,010 
776,686 
400,665 
442.42S 


.347,S2SJ  182936  I  9,620,318  i  1.677.823 


$406,345 
409  250 
436,655 
498.165 
161,665 

1,364,470 
723,120 
158,440 
252,240 

1,734,111 
390,191 
603.706 
.308,010 
790,325 
247,380 
263,830 
415,945 
303,060 
891,786 
429,666 
610,792 


11,298,141 


POPOIATION. 

1 

^ 

1 

Set 

: 

, 

i 
1 

■5 

< 

13 

1,688 

1,689 

618 

643 

655 

14 

670 

661 

253 

292 

238 

fi 

842 

842 

333 

357 

214 

12 

406 

400 

146 

146 

133 

S 

1,880 

1,837 

697 

743 

628 

22 

1,272 

1,280 

492 

624 

443 

19 

649 

682 

214 

219 

194 

9 

701 

716 

279 

2S2 

262 

9 

1,224 

1,283 

479 

524 

354 

20 

686 

641 

210 

235 

194 

8 

2,005 

2,104 

761 

822 

683 

19 

887 

834 

339 

360 

077 

13 

1,619 

1,697 

029 

030 

621 

19 

594 

658 

210 

218 

209 

10 

662 

629 

260 

315 

260 

11 

769 

772 

299 

677 

603 

16 

612 

632 

ISO 

483 

279 

8 

1,307 

1,409 

632 

392 

297 

17 

837 

824 

311 

198 

176 

10 

920 

946 

370 

270 

230 

14 

19,879 

20,038 

7,002 

8,236 

6,435 

289 

?    ?. 


G  ° 
571 
668 
446 
640 
360 

1,283 
S92 
445 
621 
690 
444 

1,401 
729 

1,219 
462 
486 
620 
362 

1,029 
681 
698 


Names  of  Towns. 


Aftoni 

llaiubridgo 

Columbim 

Coventry 

GeriiiHii 

Greene 

Onilford 

Lincklacn 

MaedonongU  ..., 

New  Berlin 

North  Norwich, 

Norwich 

Otselic 

Oxford 

Plmrsalia, 

Pitcher 

Plymouth 

Preston , 

Sherburne 

SmilhviUu 

Smyrna 

Total 


763 

464 

634 

290 

848 

697 

376 

374 

M5 

37 

«',2 

626 

736 

330 

446 

653 

349 

R41 

490 

711 


3.146 
1.106 
1.771 

826 
2.822 
2.206 

802  j 
1,009 
1.363 

986 
1.933 
1,278 
2,216 

812 
1.122 
1,386 
1,287 
1,856 
1,882 
1,744 


2,226 
1.807 
2.140 
1.160 
3;603 
2.721 
981 
1.535 
2.439 
1.061 
2.220 
1,4.33 
1.714 
1,31S 
1,269 
1,531 
1,497 
2,179 
2,620 
1,495 


03 


6,438 
2,835 
2,760 
964 
4,090 
3,756 
2  29' 
2J43 
2,097 
3,335 
7.287 
2,562 
5,835 
1,926 
4,487 
4,413 
6,793 
11,726 
2,290 
7,300 


V! 


1,361 
898 

1,0211 
361 1 

1,6401 

1,2961 
486' 
635' 

1,047 
727 

1,003 
676 

1,450 
606 
685 
643 
625 

1,189 

1,135 

1.018 


Agricultural  Products. 


BCSH.  OF  GkaiN. 


3,1 86S 
136 
930 
286 

3.272J 

2,384 
64 
177 
675i 

1,464 
492 
21 

1.760 

166 

128 

679 

82 

1,601 
584 

1.128 


10,971131,452136,939  85,923  18,0921  19,089*  1.018,320*  117,370j 


93.411  J 
48.605 
60.962 
16.934 
88,2834 
68,908} 
30.134} 
18.274 
65,390 
46,291i 
46.446 
4S.310i 
60.623 
20.674 
29,81Ci 
47,884 
24,797} 
111,742J 
41,701* 
63,942 


30,609 

13.531 

16.795 

6.827 

22,634 

16,931 

6,160 

8,645* 

12,976 

13,314 

14,291 

13,612 

17.028 

9.186 

8.369 

13,291 

9,094* 

16.118 

11,399 

13,831 


-0,642 


40.714 
26.738 
31,330 
11,616 
41,208 
34,093 
13,358 
16.153 
30,227 
18,162 
31,889 
11,116 
43,924 
11,714 
21,682 
27,997 
35,265 
47,116 
32,689 
27,614 


653,654 


DAmr  Products. 


225,645 
107.410 
250,270 
123.600 
451,433 
344.045 
95.785 
1(>4.9S5 
190.839 
136.381 
198,380 
141,505 
289,502 
114,048 
144,200 
155,603 
176.953 
208,415 
319,695 
146,210 


0,3 


=;-s 


14,000 

283.019 

6.510 

700 

17.7681 

29.226 

19.680 1 

1,805 

248,173 

99.200; 
107.32S| 

67.300; 

17.100; 

51.4.50; 

13,797; 

76,604; 

23.380 

92.7081 

13,660; 

39,186 


6,109 

1.360 

1,343 

2..358 

6,530* 

1,109 

1,682} 

3,44S, 

1,298 

347 
1,188} 
1,772 
2,297 
2,399 
1,412* 
1,062 
1476* 

694 
3,387* 
2,488* 


3,990.564  1,212,544'   42,662 


1  Formed  since  1855. 


CLINTON    COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Washington,  March  7,  1788.'  Essex 
was  taken  off  iu  1799.  St.  Lawrence  was  provisionally  annexed 
in  1801,  and  taken  off  in  1802;  a  portion  of  Oneida  was  annexed 
in  1801 ;  and  Franklin  was  taken  off  in  1808.  It  lies  upon  Lake 
Champlain,  and  is  the  n.  e.  corner  co.  of  the  State.  It  is  cen- 
trally distant  143  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  1,092  sq.  mi. 
The  surface  is  generally  hilly  and  broken,  and  in  some  parts 
mountainous.  The  Au  Salile  Range  enters  the  s.  w.  corner  from 
Essex  CO.  and  extends  in  spurs  and  broken  ranges  through  more 
than  one-half  of  the  w.  part  of  the  co.  The  highest  peaks,  along 
the  w.  border,  are  3,000  to  4,000  feet  above  tide.  These  moun- 
tains have  the  same  general  characteristics  as  those  further  s. 
They  are  wild  and  broken,  and  their  declivities  and  summits  are  so 
covered  with  ragged  ledges  of  rocks  that  they  can  produce  but  a  scanty  crop  of  timber  and  are 
almost  inaccessible.  The  uplands  decline  toward  the  N: ;  and  along  the  N.  line  of  the  co.  is  a  wide 
tract  nearly  level.  Along  the  lake  shore  the  surface  is  level  or  moderately  uneven;  and  from  this 
tract  it  rises  gradually  but  unevenly  to  the  summits  of  the  ridges  in  the  interior.  A  large  share 
of  the  central  and  w.  portions  of  the  co.  is  covered  by  the  original  forests,  and  is  too  rough  to  ever 
admit  of  profitable  cultivation.  The  mountainous  region  in  the  s.  w.,  comprising  about  one-third 
of  the  CO.,  is  underlaid  by  gneiss,  granite,  and  other  primary  rocks.  A  belt  of  Potsdam  sandstone 
extends  in  a  great  curve  around  the  primary  region  and  occupies  more  than  one-half  of  the  re- 
maining part  of  the  co.  On  the  n.  it  extends  nearly  to  Canada,  but  toward  the  s.  it  gradually 
diminishes,  and  on  the  s.  line  it  is  but  a  few  miles  wide.  Surrounding  this,  and  lying  next  above  it, 
is  a  narrow  belt  of  calciferous  sand  rock,  outcropping  on  the  surface,  along  the  lake  shore,  between 
Au  Sable  and  Salmon  Rivers.  The  limestones  next  appear,  occupying  the  n.  e.  corner  of  the  co. 
and  outcropping  along  the  lake  from  Salmon  River  to  Rouses  Point.  Tertiary  clay  is  found  in  a, 
few  places  along  the  lake;  and  drift  deposits  are  abundant  in  the  n.  and  e.  parts.  Peat  bogs  are 
numerous  in  the  N.  E.  part.  The  primitive  region  is  exceedingly  rich  in  minerals.  Magnetic  iron 
ore  is  found  in  inexhaustible  quantities,  and  of  a  quality  equal  to  the  best  in  the  world. '^ 

Au  Sable  River  forms  most  of  the  s.  boundary.  North  of  this  are  Little  Sable,  Salmon,  Sara- 
uao.  Little  Chazy,  and  Great  Chazy  or  Champlain  Rivers,  all  flowing  into  Lake  Champlain.  English 
River  flows  n.  into  Canada.  Upon  all  these  streams  are  numerous  fills,  furnishing  an  immense 
amount  of  water-power.  In  the  western  wilderness  are  numerous  small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which 
are  Chateaugay  and  Chazy  Lakes,  and  Sampson,  Taylor,  and  Slush  Ponds.  The  soil  along  the  lake 
is  clayey,  and  in  the  interior  and  w.  a  sandy  loam,  best  adapted  to  pasturage. 

The  people  are  principally  engaged  in  stock  raising,  dairying,  lumbering,'  mining,  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  iron*  and  starch.  A  large  business  is  carried  on  in  peltries,  the  wilderness  still 
furnishing  numerous  valuable  fur-bearing  animals.'  Fish  are  abundant  in  the  mountain 
streams  and  lakes,  although  the  salmon,  once  so  abundant,  have  now  nearly  disappeared.*  The 
Northern  (Ogdensburgh)  R.  R.  extends  w.  from  Rouses  Point,  on  Lake  Champlain,  through  Cham- 
plain, Mooers,  Altona,  Ellenburgh,  and  Clinton.  The  Plattsburgh  &  Montreal  R.  R.  extends  N. 
through  Plattsliurgh,  Beekmantown,  Chazy,  and  Mooers. 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  Plattsburgh,  on  Lake  Champlain.' 


The  courthouse  is  a 


1  N.imed  from  Geo.  Clinton,  then  Governor.  When  orfijanized, 
it  embraced  all  the  land  on  both  sides  of  Lake  Chami>lain.  as 
claimed  by  the  State  of  New  York.  The  claim  E.  of  the  lake 
was  abandoned  upon  the  recognition  of  Vermont  .as  an  indepen- 
dent State,  in  1791. 

-  Clinton  and  Kssex  are  the  two  most  important  minine  cos. 
in  the  State.  The  veins  of  iron,  in  extent  and  richness,  svirpass 
those  of  any  other  piirt  of  the  world.  Ore  was  first  discovered 
in  the  '*  Winter"  ore  bed.  in  Au  Sable,  by  Geo.  Shaffer,  in  1800, 
— although  travelers  had  previously  frequently  noticed  the  im- 
mense quantities  of  iron  s.ind  upon  the  lake  shore.  Tlie  prin- 
ripal  veins  now  opened  are  the  Arnold,  RutRers,  Finch,  Winter. 
Indian,  Cook,  Battie,  Mace,  Jackson,  and  Mclntyre  Mines,  in 
'  Au  Sable ;  the  Palmer  and  Rutgers  Mines,  in  Black  Brook  ;  and 
the  Skinner  and  Avei  ill  Mines,  inDannemora.  Veins  of  greater 
or  lees  richness  are  found  in  all  the  towns  underlaid  by  the 
primary  rocks. 

*  Au  Sable  aud  Saranac  Rivers  flow  through  valuable  lumber 
232 


districts,  and  upon  them  are  numerous  sawmills.  Immense 
quantities  of  logs  are  annually  floated  down  these  streams  and 
worked  up  at  the  mills  below.  .Several  important  plank  roads 
have  been  constructed  in  the  wilderness  for  the  special  accom- 
modation of  the  lumber  and  iron  business. 

*  The  iron  manufactured  is  principally  in  the  form  of  blooms. 

B  Hunting  is  pursued  as  a  business  to  somee.\tent:  and  during 
the  summer  large  numbers  of  amateur  hunters  from  the  cities 
flock  to  the  wilderness  for  recreation  and  amusement. 

6  So  abundant  were  salmon  that  30  years  ago  100  bids,  were 
annu.ally  taken  Id  the  co. ;  and  from  its  importance  to  the  early 
settlers  this  fish  was  taken  as  a  device  for  the  first  co.  seal. 

I  The  first  court  was  held  Oct.  28, 17SS.  A  blockhouse  erected 
at  the  time  of  the  alarm  occasioned  by  the  defeat  of  St.  Clair  by 
the  Indians  was  used  for  the  first  jail.  A  courthn.ise  and  jail 
of  wood  w.as  erected  in  1802-03,  and  burned  in  ISll  by  the  in- 
vading British  army.  A  new  one  erected  soon  after  was  burned 
in  1836,  and  the  present  one  was  erected  on  its  site.    The  firsc 


CLINTON    COUNTY. 


233 


Bubstantial  brick  building,  with  a  stone  basement,  fi-onting  the  public  square  and  the  river.  The 
jail,  a  stone  building  in  the  rear  of  the  courthouse,  affords  no  accommodations  for  the  cUissification 
of  prisoners,  and  is  destitute  of  means  of  ventilation.  The  clerk's  office  is  a  fireproof  building  on 
an  adjacent  lot.  The  poorhouse  is  located  in  Beekmantown,  4  mi.  n.  of  Plattsburgh.  It  has  an 
average  of  65  inmates,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  $1.00  each.  The  farm — 90  acres — yields  a 
revenue  of  $800.^     Four  weekly  newspapers  are  published  in  the  cc* 

The  first  white  man  that  ever  visited  this  co.  was  Samuel  Champlain,  in  1G09,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  French.  From  that  time  until  the  final  surrender  of  Canada  in  17G0,  the  French  claimed  and  held 
this  region  of  country,  and  the  lands  were  mostly  occupied  by  parties  holding  title  under  French  grants.' 

At  the  close  of  the  war  in  1700,  settlement  rapidly  spread  down  the  lake  shore.  By  the  terms  of 
the  treaty  between  England  and  France,  the  French  settlers  were  to  be  secured  in  their  rights  ;  but 
the  Government  of  New  York  made  conflicting  grants,  which  gave  rise  to  controversies  and  quarrels 
and  seriously  retarded  the  progress  of  settlement.  A  few  families  were  scattered  along  the  shore 
previous  to  the  Revolution  ;  but  the  expedition  of  Burgoyne  in  1777  broke  up  every  settlement 
in  the  co.  An  important  naval  engagement  took  place  Sept.  11,  1776,  in  the  strait  between  Val- 
cour  Island  and  the  w.  shore,  between  the  British  and  American  forces,  without  any  decisive 
results.  The  conflict  was  renewed  on  the  13th,  and  the  American  vessels  were  nearly  all  run  ashore 
on  the  Vt.  side  and  burned.* 

Settlements  were  made  at  all  the  principal  places  bordering  upon  the  lake  within  10  years  after 
the  close  of  the  Revolution.  Point  Au  Fer  was  occupied  by  the  British  until  1706,  when,  in  com- 
mon with  several  other  posts  along  the  n.  frontier,  it  was  surrendered  to  the  Americans.^  During 
the  same  year  the  St.  Regis  Indians  ceded  their  claims  to  the  State.  The  embargo  &f  1808  was 
openly  violated,  and  many  severe  encounters  took  place  between  the  revenue  officers  and  organized 
bands  of  smugglers.^  Several  attempts  were  made  by  lawless  bands  to  seize  the  collectors  and 
revenue  officers,  but  without  success.  During  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain  this  co.  was  the  seat 
of  important  military  transactions,  and  along  its  frontiers  and  upon  the  adjacent  waters  of  the  lake 
many  skirmishes  and  engagements  took  place.' 


CO.  officers  were  Chaa.  Piatt,  First  Judfff :  Josiah  Throop  and 
Chas.  Ih^y,  Judges :  Robt.  Cochran,  Peter  Sailly.  Wm.  McAuley, 
and  Pliny  Moore,  Assistant  Justices ;  Thendoru-*  Piatt.  Stirrofiate ; 
Beuj.  Mooera,  Shfirijf;  and  Melancthon  Lloyd  Woolsey,  Clerk. 

J  The  Sonate  Committee  of  1857  report  that  ''this  house  is  a 
very  poor  one,  indifferently  kept,  and  a  disgrace  to  the  co.'*   The 
rooms  were  filthy  and  not  at  all  ventilated;  and  the  water  sup- 
plied to  the  estal)lit<hment  is  furnished  from  springa  into  which 
drains   from   the  barnyard  and  jirivies   emi)ty.     No  school   is 
taught;  and  the  children  are  not  admitted  to  tlie  public  si-hools. 
The  Supervisors  have  authorized  a  loan  of  $4,000  for  rebuilding 
this  establishment. 
2  Tfie  Ampj-ican  ^f'm^tor  was  established  at  Plattsburch  in 
lSo7  by  W.  Nichols  and  Sam'l  Lowell,  and  continued  a 
short  time. 
The  Plattsburgh  Republican  was  begun  in  July, 

18U,  by  Reynolds.     In    1813   Aznri.ih   C.  Flagg 

became  publisher,  and  continued  it  until  1826.    It  was 
subsequently  under  the  charge  of  11.  C.  Milh_>r  and  Wm. 
Laud.    In  Aug.  ISS.'l,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Iloby 
G.  Stone,  l\v  whom  it  is  still  continued. 
The  Northern  Ileruld  was  begun  April  10,  1^13,  by  Fred.  C. 

Powell.     In  1815  it  was  changed  to 
The  Ptattshurgh  Hn-ald,  and  soon  after  it  was  discontinued. 
Hie  Northern  Inti'Uiqtmcer  was  begun  at  Plattsburgh  in  May, 
1821,  by  Fred.  R.  Allen.     In  1832  it  was  united  with 
The  Aurora  Bormlis,  which  waa  established  in  1828,  the  com- 
bined piipers  taking  the  name  of  the 
Plattsburgh  Aurora.    It  was  continued  but  a  short  time. 
The  Democratic  Press  waa  published  at  Plattsburgh  in  1834  by 

J.  K.  Averill. 
The  Whig  was  started  at  Plattsburgh  in  1835  by  Q.  W.  Piatt. 

In  1838  it  was  changed  to  the 
Clinton  Count)/  Whig.    After  several  changes  of  ownership,  in 

'^ct.  ISfj.S.  it  wiia  changed  to 
The  Plattsburgh  Kxpress,  published  by  Albert  G, 

Carver,  and  is  still  contiuued  by  him. 
The  Berean  Guide  was  published  a  short  time  at  Beekmantown 

in  1837  by  Rev.  Mr.  Bailey. 
The  Free  Democrat  was  pnblishi.'d  in  184S  by  Oliver  Hart. 
Tlie  Northern  Laifet. mo.,  wa-S  bi'gun  in  1849  by   I)r.  Horace 

Nelson.     It  WHS  soon  changed  to 
The  Lancrf,  and  was  continued  till  1856. 

The  CJiamploin   H-acon  was  commenced  in  1850  by  Kefchum 
&    AveriU.      In   1852   it   was  sold  to  D.    Turner,    of 
Ki-oflfvrlb'.  who  chiinged  it  to 
The  Rouses  Point  Advertiser,  under  which  name  it 

is  still  published. 
Tfie  Oottage.  Gazette  was  published  in  IS.'il  by  Arthur  C.  Nelson. 
The  American  Sentinel  waa  stiirteri  Jan.  lb,  1855,  by  Warren 
Dow.     It  was  soon  changed  to 


The  Plattsburgh  Sentinel,  and  ia  still  published. 

'^  The  Governor  General  and  Intendant.  on  the  10th.  11th,  and 
l'2th  days  of  April.  1733,  granted  3  seigniories  within  the  present 
limits  of  Champlain  and  Chazy,  eacli  3  le.agnes  in  depth  and 
fronting  upon  Lake  Champlain.  The  first,  granted  to  Huguea 
Jacques  Pean.  Sieur  dt*  Liviandi^re.  cajitain  in  the  marines,  ex* 
tended  from  (,'liazy  River  2^  leagues  northward;  the  aecond  waa 
granted  to  Sieur  Migeon  de  la  GauchitSre,  also  a  captain  in  the 
marines,  and  the  third  to  Sieur  do  St.  Vincent,  jr.,  an  ensign 
in  the  marines;  each  grant  being  2  leagues  in  front.  These 
grants  were  assigned  forever,  in  fief  and  seignii^ry,  with  the 
rightofsuperior,  mean,  and  inferior  jurisdiction,  (/ant(f,Trto^cHTw, 
<t  basse  justice,')  with  the  right  of  hunting,  fishing,  nnd  Indian 
trade,  subject  to  the  performance  of  fealty  and  homage  at  the 
Castle  of  St.  Louis,  in  Quebec,  agreeable  to  the  custom  of  Paris 
followed  in  Canada.  They  were  conditioned  to  the  preservation 
by  tenants  of  the  oak-timber  fit  for  the  royal  navy,  the  reserva- 
tion of  mim-a  and  highways  to  the  crown,  and  the  use  of  the 
be.iches  to  fishermen  unless  actually  occupied  by  the  seigni«>r. 
The  pntentees  miglit  grant  concessions  to  tonant^s,  subject  to  tho 
customary  cens  H  rrtiie.s  and  dues,  for  each  arpeiit  of  land  in  front 
by  40  arpents  in  depth.  If  used  for  military  purpost^s,  materials 
for  the  erection  of  fortifications  and  firewood  for  the  use  of  gar- 
risons were  to  be  given  without  charge,  and  tho  grant  was  to  be 
submitted  for  the  royal  approbation  within  one  year.  The 
grantees  having  failed  to  make  improvements  on  the  10th  of 
May.  1741,  all  tiiese  grants  were  declared  to  havt  reverted  to  his 
majesty's  domain.  On  the  1st  of  Nov.,  1752,  a  beigniory  of  2^ 
leagues  in  front  by  3  in  depth,  and  including  Cha!,y  River,  waa 
granted  to  the  Sieur  Redou.  counccllor  in  the  Superior  Council 
of  Quebec,  under  conditions  like  those  of  Ftan.— Titles  atid Dues, 
relating  to  the  Seignorial  Tenure. 

*  This  engagement  was  one  of  the  most  gallant  fought  during 
the  war.  and,  although  resulting  disaatrously,  it  reflected  no 
dishonor  on  the  American  arms.  Tho  American  forces,  com- 
manded by  Benedict  Arnold,  consisted  of  1  skwip.  2  schooners, 
4  galleys,  and  8  gondolas,  with  84  guns  and  144  swivLds ;  aud  tho 
British  force,  commanded  by  Capt.  Thos.  I'ringles,  of  1  ship.  2 
schooners.  I  razee.  1  gondola,  20  gunboats,  and  28  long  boats, 
with  89  gtina  and  697  men.  The  American  Into  was  80  to  I'O, 
and  the  British  about  the  same.  The  Americana  saved  thnn- 
aelvea  by  rurming  their  veasela  aground  and  swimming  ashore. 

6  Judge  Pliny  :\Innre.  who  settled  in  Champhiiu  in  17S5,  waa 
visit,ed  on  (he  Ist  of  every  month  by  a  British  corporal  and  file 
of  men.  from  Point  An  Fer.  to  notify  him  that  his  claim  nnder 
the  State  woulil  not  be  recognized ;  but  no  attention  waa  pairl  to 
these  repeated  warnings. — l\ilm*-r's  Hi.<f.  L<if:r  n,(i,iiphjin.p.1lj'2. 

«  In  1S08  two  Government  officers  were  killotl  in  attempting 
to  seize  a  smugiiling  vessel  called  the  Black  Snakt-. 

^  The  following  ia  a  brief  chronological  list  of  the  most  Im- 
portant events  of  the  war  conaected  with  this  co. 


234 


CLINTON     COUNTY. 


In  the  summer  of  1814,  Sir  Geo.  Provost,  Gov.  of  Canada,  made  extensive  preparations  for  an 
invasion  of  the  country  ah>ng  Lake  Cliamplain.  Toward  the  last  of  Aug.  a  land  force  of  14,000 
men  assembled  on  the  frontier  and  commenced  their  march,  supported  by  a  formidable  fleet  under 
Commodore  Dovrnie.  Gen.  Macomb,  vrho  commanded  the  Americans,  had  a  force  of  less  than 
3,000 ;  but,  as  the  invading  army  drew  nigh,  he  was  continually  re-inforced  by  volunteers  and 
militia.*  The  American  fleet,  under  the  command  of  Commodore  MacDonough,  took  position  in 
Cumberland  Bay,  awaiting  the  attack  of  the  British.  On  Sunday  morning,  Sept.  11,  a  simul- 
taneous attack  was  made  by  the  British  land  and  naval  forces,  and  a  bloody  and  desperate  battle 
ensued.  At  the  end  of  2  hours  Commodore  Downie's  flag  struck,  and  nearly  the  whole  British 
fleet  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Americans.^  The  cannonade  was  continued  upon  the  shore  until 
night,  when  the  British  slowly  and  sullenly  retreated  and  in  a  few  days  returned  to  Canada.^ 
These  engagements  were  justly  considered  among  the  most  brilliant  that  occurred  during  the  war, 


1812,  Sept.  1.— Gen.  Bloomfield,  with  8,000  troops,  prepared  to 

attack  Canada. 

"  Sept.  IG. — Tr<)np3  consisting  of  3,000  regulars  and  2,000 
militia,  under  <_ien.r>t'arl)orn,  encamped  with- 
iu  a  half  mile  of  the  Canada  line. 

"  Sept.  20. — Guardhouse  at  La  Cole  surprised;  but,  as 
plans  of  attack  were  fru'^trated,  the  troops 
retired  to  Plattsltiirgh  fur  winter  quarters. 

1813,  Feb.— Two   brigades   marcliud    to   Snckt-ts    Harbor, 

Ie.iviDg  the  w.  Bide  of  the  hike  entirely  un- 
protected till  Sept. 

"  June  2. — Naval  engagement  near  Ash  Island,  Canada, 
between  an  American  fiTce.  under  Lieut. 
Sidney  Smith,  and  several  British  gunboats, 
resulting  in  the  loss  of  the  American  sloops 
Growler  and  Eagle  and  112  men.  The  ves- 
sels wei-e  subsequently  I'e-captiired. 

"  July  31. — A  British  force  of  1,400  men.  under  C<.)1.  Murray, 
made  a  descent  upon  Plattsbnrgh  and  de- 
stroyed a  largo  amount  of  public  and  private 
property. 

"  Sept,  19. — A  body  of  3,000  American  troops,  under  Gen. 
Uampton.  concentrated  at  Cumberland  Head 
and  started  on  an  expedition  a^raiust  Canada. 

**  Sept.  21.— After  remaining  one  day  in  Canada,  the  Gen. 
changed  his  plan,  and,  ostensibly  on  his  way 
to  Montreal,  he  marched  to  Chateaugay,  and 
there  remained  idle  26  days. 

*•  Oct.  1. — A  small  party  of  American  militia  surprised  a 

picket  guard  at  Odeltown,  Canada. 

•*  Oct.  11.— Col.  Is.iac  Clark,  with  110  men.  crossed  the 
lake  fiom  Champlain,  attacked  a  purty  of 
British  at  Missisco  Bay,  killed  9,  wounded  14, 
and  took  101  prisoners. 

*  Nov. — A  party  of  Vt.  militia  crossed  the  lake  and 

placed  themselves  under  General  Hampton. 
The  Gov.  of  Vt.  ordered  them  to  return;  but 
they  refused  to  obey. 

"  Dec.  1. — A  British  naval  force,  consisting  of  6  armed 

galleys,  under  Capt.  Pring,  entered  the  lake 
and  burned  an  empty  storehouse  near  Rouses 
Point.  In  the  report  of  Sir  George  Provost, 
this  building  was  converted  into  a  large 
magazine  of  stores  at  Plattsburgh. 

1814,  Jan.  18.— A  detachment  of  infantry  from   Plattsburgh 

arrived  upon  the  frontier,  soon  followed  by 
another  body  of  troops,  under  Gen.  Wilkinson. 

**  March  30.— Uij.ler  the  direction  of  Gen.  Wilkinson.  Mnj. 
p.'rsyth  attacked  a  gristmill  at  La  Cole,  but 
was  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  104  in  killed  and 
wounded.    The  British  loss  was  56. 

**  May  9. — A  British  naval  force,  consisting  of  5  sloops  and 

13  row-galleys,  under  Capt.  Pring.  were  re- 
pulsed in  an  attack  upon  Otter  Ci-eek.  in  Vt. 
On  their  retreat  they  entered  Baquet  Kiver. 
but  were  attacked  by  a  body  of  militia,  and 
nearly  all  the  men  in  the  rear  galley  were 
killed  or  wounded. 

"  June  24.— Lieut.  Col  Forsyth,  with  70  riflemen,  entered 
Canada,  and  was  attacked  by  a  British  force 
of  200  men.  He  effected  his  retreat  with 
little  loss,  but  a  few  days  after  was  killed  in 
another  skirmish. 

"  Aug.  29.— Gen.  Izard,  with  the  greater  part  of  the  Ameri- 
can force,  left  Chamjilain,  leaving  the  im- 
mense amount  of  military  stores  at  Platts- 
burf,'h  in  charge  of  Gen.  Macomb,  at  the 
head  of  ,".400  men,  1,400  of  whom  were  sick. 

«  Aug.  30. — Gen.  Brisbane,  with  the  advance  truard  of  the 
British  army,  took  possession  of  Champlain. 

**  Sept.  3.— Sir  Geo.  Provost,  Gov.  of  Can.ada,  at  the  head 
of  14.1100  men,  advanced  s.  from  Champlain. 
arriving  within  8  mi.  of  Plattsburgh  on  the 
evening  of  the  6th. 

*  Sept.  C— Skirmish  at  Culvers  Hill,  and  the  iirst  attack 
on  Plattsburgh.  in  which  the  British  lost  200 
men  and  the  Americana  45. 


1814,  Sept.  11. — Naval  engagement  in  Cuml>erland  Bay,  result- 
ing in  the  complete  victory  of  the  Americans ; 
and  an  attack  upon  the  American  landworks, 
which  was  repulsed.  The  British  army  re- 
treated during  the  following  night. 
"       Sept.  24. — Last   division  of  the  British   army  retired  to 

Canada, 
t  Gov.  Chittenden  of  Vt.  issued  a  proclamation  calling  upon 
the  militia  to  rally  and  repel  the  invasion  ;  and  large  numbere 
promptly  responded  to  the  call  and  repaired  to  the  camp.  The 
call  upon  Wiishington  and  Warren  cos.  was  answered  by  350 
more  men  than  had  ever  mustered  at  an  inspection  or  review. 

2  The  c^imparative  strength  and  loss  of  the  two  parties  on  the 
lake  were  as  follows: — 

AMETilCAX, 


Vessels. 


Flagship  Saratoga,  Com.  Macdonough... 

Brig  Ei':7Je.  Capt.  Ilenlyn. 

Schooner  ISfontUraga.  Lieut.  Cassin 

Sloop  Pre.bk,  Lieut.  Chas.  Budd 

Galleys  Allen,  Bui"rmos,  Borer,  Nettle, 
Viper,  and  Centipede  (each  1  long 
24  and  1  CoUnnbian) 

Galleys  Ludlow,  M^mer,  Alunn,  and 
Ballard  (each  1  12  pound) 


Total.. 


. 

e 

^ 

S 

i^ 

212 

26 

2S 

ISO 

20 

13 

110 

17 

6 

30 

7 

2 

210 

12 

140 

4 

862 

86 

49 

BRITISH. 

Frigate  Confiance,  Capt.  Downie, 

Brig  Ltii7i€t,  Capt.  Pring 

Sloop  Chub,  Lieut.  McGhee 

"      Finch,    "       Hicks 

Galleys  Sir  Jas.  Tea,  Sir  Gen.  Provost, 
Sir  Sidney  Bechwith,  Broke,  and 
Murray  (each  2  guns) 

Galleys  Wellington,  Tfcumseh,  Drum- 
mftnd,  Simcoe,  and  4  names  un- 
known (each  1  gun) 


Total.. 


300 
120 
45 
45 

39 
16 
11 
11 

41 

10 

6 

255 

10 

S60 
1,095 

8 
95 

TT 

The  action  lasted  2}  hours.  The  British  galleys  lowered  their 
colors :  but.  not  being  pursued,  they  escaped,  as  did  also  a  store- 
ship  which  lay  near  the  point  of  Cumberland  Head  during  the 
engagement.  The  loss  upon  the  enemy's  galleys  was  not  ascer- 
tained, but  was  large;  and  the  total  British  loss  was  one-fifth 
of  their  whole  number.  In  their  retreat  the  British  left  behind 
them  a  vast  quantity  of  provisions,  tents,  camp  equipage,  and 
ammunition,  together  with  their  sick  and  wounded.  The  British 
and  American  officers  were  buried  8ei)avately  near  the  center  of 
the  village  cemetery;  and  the  sailors  and  m.irines  of  both  fleets 
side  by  side  in  one  common  grave,  on  Crab  Island.  Some  time 
after,  the  sister-in-law  of  Com.  Geo.  Downie  placed  a  tablet  over 
his  grave:  and  on  the  anniversarj- of  the  battle,  in  1843,  the 
citizens  of  Plattsburgh  and  the  Clinton  Co.  Military  Association 
erected  plain  marble  monuments  at  the  unmarked  graves  of 
Lieut.  G.  W.  Runk,  Lieut.  Peter  Gamble.  Lieut.  John  Stansbury, 
Sailing  Master  Rogers  Carter,  Midshipman  J.  M.  Baldwin,  and 
Pilot  Josepli  Barrowof  the  American  navy;  andCol.  Willington, 
Ensign  J.  Chapman,  Lieut.  B.  Kingsbury,  Boatswain  Chas. 
Jackson,  Capt.  Purchase.  Cnpt.  Alex.  Anderson,  (marines.)  Acting 
Capt.  Wm.  Paul,  and  Midshipmau  V.  M.  Gunn,  of  the  British 
army  and  navy. 

8  Sir  Geo.  Provost,  in  his  official  report,  says,  "This  unlocked 
for  event  deprived  me  of  the  co-operntii-n  of  the  fleet,  without 
which  the  further  prosecution  of  the  service  was  become  imprac- 
ticable. I  did  not  hesitate  to  arrest  the  conrse  of  the  troops  ad- 
vancing to  the  attack,  because  the  most  conijilete  success  would 
have  been  unavailing,  and  the  possession  of  the  enemy's  work« 
offered  no  advantage  to  compensate  for  the  loss  we  mast  haTO 
sustained  in  acquiring  possession  of  them." 


CLINTON     COUNTY. 


235 


and  they  served  to  partially  obliterate  the  disgrace  that  attached  to  most  of  the  movements  that 
were  planned  and  executed  along  the  n.  frontier.  The  immense  snm.s  of  money  expended  within 
the  CO.  during  the  war  greatly  gtimulated  it.s  industry  ;  and  although  Plattsburgh  was  twice  in  tho 
hands  of  the  enemy  and  partly  burned,  still  business  prospered.  At  the  close  of  the  war  the  ex- 
citement subsided,  and  a  commercial  re-action  followed  that  entirely  prostrated  business.  Upon 
the  completion  of  the  Champlain  Canal  in  1823,  business  again  revived;  and  a  new  impulse  has 
'again  been  given  to  it  by  the  railroads  and  plank  roads  since  constructed.  In  1838-40  the  co. 
shared  the  intense  excitement  attending  the  "  Patriot  Wars,"  and  several  encounters  between  the 
insurgents  and  the  military  authorities  took  place  in  the  neighlx)ring  parts  of  Canada. 

The  lands  in  this  co.  were  mostly  granted  in  comparatively  small  patents.  The  w.  portion  embraces 
4  townships  of  the  Old  Military  Tract.  A  tract  of  231,540  acres  in  the  n.  e.  and  central  parts  of  the 
CO.  was  included  in  the  lands  granted  by  the  Legislature  of  New  York  to  the  refugees  from  Canada 
and  Nova  Scotia  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution.*  These  lands  were  divided  into  SO  and  420  acre 
lots,  except  5,000  acres,  which  was  divided  into  15  equal  parts,  which  were  granted  to  the  officers 
and  privates  among  these  refugees.  Considerable  land  lying  along  the  lake  was  granted  in  small 
tracts  to  English  officers  who  served  during  the  French  War.  Among  the  principal  remaining 
patents  were  Piatt's,  Livingston's,  Beekman's,  Duerville,  Dean's,  and  Graves. 


ALiTOXA — was  formed  from  Chazy,  Dec.  2,  1857.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  with  a  slight  inclination  toward  the  n.e.  The 
W.  half  is  underlaid  by  Potsdam  sandstone,  and  hundreds  of  acres  are  covered  with  the  naked 
rock.  Great  Chazy  River  is  the  principal  stream.  The  soil  is  light  and  sandy,  and  a  large  share 
of  it  is  unfit  for  cultivation.  A  few  settlements  are  scattered  through  the  town,  and  the  people 
are  mostly  engaged  in  lumbering.  There  is  no  village  or  p.  o.  in  town.  Cbazy,  in  the  n. 
part,  is  a  station  on  the  N.  R.  R.  Ellenbur^li  Depot  lies  on  the  w.  line.  The  first  settler 
was  Simeon  Wood,  who  located  in  town  in  1800.^  The  town  embraces  parts  of  the  Refugee  Tract 
and  Ducrville  Patent.     The  first  church  (French  Bap.)  was  formed  Jan.  1,  1856, 

W  SABIjE^^was  formed  from  Peru,  March  29,  1839.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  in  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  neaidy  level  in  the  e.,  rolling  in  the  center,  and  hilly  in  the  w.  The  highest  summits 
are  500  to  600  ft.  above  the  lake.  Au  Sable  River  forms  the  s.  boundary,  and  the  Little  Au  Sable 
flows  N.  E.  through  the  w.  part.  The  soil  is  generally  a  light,  sandy  loam,  moderately  fertile  in  the 
E.  and  center  and  nearly  unfit  for  cultivation  in  the  w.  Upon  the  Au  Sable  where  it  breaks  through 
the  Potsdam  sandstone  is  a  beautiful  cascade  known  as  Birmingham  Falls.*  Iron  ore  of  an  excel- 
lent quality  is  found  in  abundance.^  Keeseville,^  (P-^-0  upon  the  Au  Sable,  5  nil.  from  the 
lake,  contains  7  churches,  the  Keeseville  Academy,  2  extensive  rolling  mills,  3  nail  factories,  a 
machine  shop,  an  ax  and  edge  tool  factory,  a  cupola  furnace,  an  axletree  factory,  a  horseshoe 
factory,  a  planing  mill,  2  gristmills,  and  a  nail  keg  factory.'  Pop.  2,569, — of  whom  1,999  are  in  Au 
Sable  and  570  are  in  Esses  co.  ClintonTille,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Au  Sable,  in  the  w.  part  of  the 
town,  was  incorp.  April  11,  1825.  It  contains  2  churches  and  an  extensive  iron  manufactory.* 
Pop.  855.  IVew  S^veden,  (p-^-i)  upon  the  Au  Sable,  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  town,  contains 
2  forges  and  150  inhabitants.     Birniingbaiii  Falls,  at  the  head  of  the  rapids  upon  the  Au 


1  The  art  making  this  grant  bears  date  of  May  11, 1782.  The 
names  of  Canadian  refugees  were  reported  by  Biig.  Gen.  Moses 
Hazen  and  Col.  Jeremiah  Throop,  and  those  of  the  Nova  Scotia 
refugees  by  Col.  James  Livingston.  The  small  Iota  were  laid 
out  in  narrow  strips  fronting  upon  the  lake,  and  the  remainder 
in  the  rear.  These  lands  were  ilistributed  among  252  piTSons. 
who  drew  the  lots  by  ballot.  The  greater  part  of  the  tract  was 
not  occupied  in  the  time  specified  by  the  act,  and  reverted  to  the 
State. 

2  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Lyman  Clothier,  Eliphalet 
Haacall,  Daniel  and  Robert  Baker,  Tbo,^.  Cmlwnrth.  Simon  Good- 
speed,  and  Daniel  Robinson.  The  (irst  birth  was  that  of  Matilda 
K.  Wood.  >Iay  30,  1S02.  Sarah  Stockwell  taught  the  first 
school,  in  1S04;  and  Lyman  Clothier  ktpt  the  first  ion. 

*  Pronounced  Au  Saw'ble,  a  French  name  signifying  river  of 
fliind.  The  name  is  said  to  have  been  derived  from  a  sandy  bar 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

*  This  cascade  is  located  about  2  mi.  bplow  Keeseville.  From 
the  face  of  the  cliff  the  river  has  worn  hack  a  ragged  and  irre- 
gular channel  in  the  solid  sandstone  for  a  distance  of  nearly  2 
mi.  and  to  the  depth  of  100  to  130  feet.  The  r.>cks  that  border 
it  are  perpendicular,  and  in  some  places  overhanging,  so  that 
the  water  can  scarcely  be  seen  from  tlie  banks  above.  At  several 
points  this  ravine  is  compressed  to  a  width  of  less  than  30  feet. 
Tlio  river  plunges  into  the  cbiism  in  a  perpendicular  descent  of 
TO  feet,  and  struggles  through  the  tortuou?  channel,  foimiing, 
whirling,  and  eddying  over  its  rocky  bed. 


6  The  Arnold  ore  bed.  2^  mi.  N.  w.  of  Clintonvillo,  was  first 
opened  in  lb09.  The  shaft  is  350  feet  deep,  and  the  ore  is  raised 
by  steam.  For  many  years  the  average  annual  yield  has  been 
I.UO.)  tons;  and  for  5  years  before  IS.'^fi  it  was  1.500  tons.  There 
are  fi  veins,  with  atotal  width  of  25 foet. yielding oresof  different 
qu;tliti«'S.  This  mine  has  supplied  tho  forges  of  Jay.  Wilmington, 
and  Chesterlield.  in  F.ssex  Co.,  and  of  Peru,  Au  Sable,  and  lilaclc 
Rrook.  in  Clinton  co.  Other  ore  beds  are  found,  of  which  the 
Finrh  vein,  a  continuation  of  the  Arnold,  is  the  only  one  now 
wniked.  It  has  supplied  the  forge  in  Jay.  The  ore  from  this 
bed  is  a  peroxid,  and  may  be  worked  without  washing  or  other 
sepai-ation. 

^  Named  from  Tllchard  and  Oliver  Koose,  sons  of  .Tohn  Keese, 
one  of  the  original  proprietors.  Tho  two  parts  of  tlie  villago 
are  connected  by  3  bridgi-s, — one  of  stone,  one  of  wood,  and  one 
an  iron  suspension  foot  bridge.  The  stone  bridge  is  a  single 
arch  of  110  fet-t. 

7  About  3.500  tons  of  nails  and  1,500  tons  of  merchant  iron 
and  70.000  nail  kegs  are  manufactured  here  annually.  The  flrat 
r'llling  mill  in  the  State  was  established  here,  in  1816. 

8  ITie  Peru  Iron  Co.  was  incorp.  Nnv.  U.  1824.  with  a  capital 
of  .■$2110.000.  The  iron  works  built  by  thi-nt  at  Clintonville  snb«f^ 
qiienHy  passed  into  tho  hands  of  Francis  Saltiis,  and  are  now 
owntd  by  him  and  his  sons.  In  one  building  are  20  forge  fires, 
and  thf  blooms  made  are  entirely  worktfl  up  into  merchant  iron, 
of  which  ".500  tons  are  produced  amiuuUy. 


236 


CLINTON    COUNTY. 


Sable,  contains  20  houses.  The  Union  is  a  hamlet,  on  the  line  of  Peru,  and  contains  two 
Quaker  incetinj^houses,  Edward  Everett  located  upon  the  site  of  The  Union  in  1786.^  The  first 
religious  society  ^Friends)  was  organized  in  1799.^ 

BEEKMAXTOW:^^— was  formed  from  Plattsburgh,  Feb.  25,  1820.     Dannemora  was  taken 

off  in  1854.  It  lies  upon  Lake  Champlain,  near  the  center  of  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  The  surface 
is  level  in  the  e.  and  moderately  hilly  in  the  w.  Its  streams  are  small  creeks  and  brooks.  St. 
Armands  Cay  extends  into  the  s.  e.  corner.  Point  an  Roche  and  Rams  Head  are  capes  upon  the 
lake.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam  in  the  center  and  e.,  and  a  light  sand  in  the  w.  A  spring  emitting 
sulphuretted  hydr.);;-en  and  carbonic  acid  gases  is  found  in  town.  Beek.mantO'VTn  (p.  o,) 
and  East  Beekniantoivu  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlers  were  Maj.  Benj.  Mooers  and 
7  associates,  who  located  at  Point  au  Roche  Aug.  10,  1783.*  The  British  passed  through  the  town 
in  1814,  and  on  the  6th  of  Sept.  a  slight  skirmish  took  place,  in  which  several  were  killed.^  The 
census  reports  4  churches ;  3  M.  E,  and  1  Presb. 

BliACK.  BROOR*'— was  formed  from  Peru,  March  29,  1839.  It  is  the  s.w.  corner  town  in 
the  CO.  Its  surface  is  a  rocky  and  mountainous  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  1,500  to  2,500 
ft.  above  the  lake.  Among  the  mountains  are  several  nearly  level  table  lands  200  to  300  ft.  above 
the  general  level.  Ledges,  crags,  and  boulders  cover  a  large  share  of  the  surface.  The  forest 
trees  are  thinly  scattered,  and  nearly  the  whole  town  is  too  rough  and  poor  for  cultivation.  Sara- 
nac  River  flows  across  the  n.  w.  corner,  and  the  Au  Sable  forms  a  portion  of  the  s.  boundary. 
Great  Black  Brook  and  Little  Black  Brook,  tributaries  of  the  Au  Sable,  drain  the  central  parts 
of  the  town.  In  the  mountainous  region  are  several  small  lakes  or  ponds,  the  principal  of 
which  are  Mud,  Sampson,  Taylors,  Slush,  and  Military  Ponds.  The  soil  is  cold,  wet,  and  unpro- 
ductive. Extensive  beds  of  iron  ore  are  scattered  through  the  town.'^  The  people  are  principally 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  iron^  and  charcoal,  and  in  lumbering.^  Au  Sable  Foi'kS^ 
(p.  V.,)  on  the  Au  Sable,  in  the  s.e.  partof  the  town,  is  mostly  on  the  s.  bank  of  the  river,  in  Esses  co. 
Black  Brook,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  s.  border,  contains  extensive  iron  works,  several  sawmills,  and 
about  85  houses.  Clayburg^h,  on  the  Saranac,  in  the  n.  part,  lies  partly  in  the  town  of  Saranac. 
It  contains  iron  works  and  30  houses.*''  Union  Fall!>i  (p.o.)  and  Garlick  Falls,  (p.o.,)  both 
on  the  Saranac,  are  hamlets  and  lumber  stations.  The  first  settler  was  Zephaniah  Palmer,  who 
, located  at  Au  Sable  Forks  about  1825.^*     The  census  reports  one  church  (R.  C.) 

CHAMPLAIIV — was  formed  March  7,  1788.  Chateaugay  (Franklin  co.)  was  taken  ofi*  in 
1799,  and  Mooers  and  Chazy  in  1804.  It  lies  upon  Lake  Champlain,  in  the  n.  e.  corner  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  generally  level,  with  a  gentle  slope  toward  the  lake.  The  crest  of  a  swell  of  land 
between  Champlain  Village  and  Rouses  Point  is  abnit  200  feet  above  the  lake.  Great  Chazy  or 
Champlain  River  flows  in  a  tortuous  course  through  the  town  and  discharges  its  waters  into 


1  Amoni;  the  other  (-arly  settlers  were  Jrihn  Keese  and  his 
Bons  Richard,  John,  Oliver,  Ste|)heii,  and  Wiltiam.  Caleb  Gret-n 
and  his  sons  Henry,  Rodman,  John,  and  Janii-s.  Feter  Hnlleck, 
Danl.  Jackson.  Gilbert  and  Gerrit  Thew,  Juhn  Haff,  Elisha 
Arnold,  and  John  Stanton,  about  1795.  The  first  child  bom  was 
in  the  family  of  John  Stanton,  abont  1795.  The  mother  of  this 
child  was  a  servant  girl  in  the  family.  The  wife,  not  being 
exactly  reconciled  to  the  circnmstance.  insisted  upon  being 
immediately  taken  to  her  friends  in  Dutchej5s  co.  It  heing 
winter,  the  hvisband  took  her  upon  a  hand  t;Ud  and  drew  h-r 
upon  the  lake  to  *^  SJcmeshnrotigh,"  thence  to  Fort  Edward,  and 
down  the  Hudson  to  her  father's,  after  which  he  returned  to  Au 
Sable,  having  been  5  weeks  in  performing  the  journey.  Upon 
his  return  he  married  the  mother  of  the  child,  and  lived  with 

her  many  years.    The  first  Echool  was  taught  in  1791,  by 

Thompson ;  the  first  inn  was  kept  by  Joel  Buck,  in  1800;  and 
the  first  forge  was  erected  by  Geo.  Griswold,  in  1812. 

2  The  census  reports  S  churches  in  town;  '2  Cong.,  2  M.  E.,  2 
Friends.  Presb.,  and  R.  C. 

3  Named  from  Wm.  Beekman,  to  whom,  with  29  others,  the 
town  was  granted  March  27, 1769,     It  embraced  22.475  acre.'*. 

*  Mooers  was  appointed  to  survey  the  Refugee  Tract.  After 
several  years  he  removed  to  Cumberland  Head,  and  afterward 
to  Plattsburgh.  Thos.  Tread  well,  Ezekiel  Hubbard.  Henry  Dem- 
ing.  Jonathan  Scribner,  Abner  Pomeroy.  Simon  Newcomb,  Jr.. 
Capt.  John  Jersej',  and  Joseph  Main  settled  near  Beekmantown 
Corners;  Philip  Roberts,  Henry  Barnes.  Ephraim  and  Amm 
Mooere  and  John  Deming  were  also  among  the  early  settlers. 
The  first  birth  was  that  i.f  Silas  Pomeroy;  the  first  marriage, 
that  of  Eli  Howe  and  Miss  Hubbard,  in  1794;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  a  child  of  Simon  Newcomb. 

5  Amom;  t-he  killed  were  Lieut.  C-ol.  Willington  and  Ensign 
Chapman,  of  the  enemy,  and  several  of  the  American  militia. — 
PiUvur'R  Hint.  Lake  Chnmplain,  p.  lo2. 

fl  Kamfid  from  its  prijicipal  stream.    The  town  comprises  por- 


tions of  the  Old  Military  Tnict  and  of  Livingston's  Patent.  The 
military  lands  were  finally  conveyed  to  Benj.  Birds.iII  and  his 
associates  by  act  of  Feb.  4.  1793.  to  satisfy  claims  growing  out 
of  the  Buppfession  of  the  lease  of  all  of  the  Indian  lands  in  tlie 
St:ite  for  999  years.— iioiio  Laivsj  XVI.  Sess.,  p.  24.  aark's  Hist. 
Orion.,  vol.  I,  p.  368. 

'  The  Palmer  Mine,  2  mi.  N.  of  Au  Sable  Forks,  was  discovered 
by  7..  Palmer  in  1825.  It  is  situated  on  a  hill  400  to  500  feet 
above  the  river.  The  ore  is  raised  by  ste:frii.  and  the  yield  is 
16.000  to  20.000  tons  per  year,  nie  M)/er.-!  Min'\  at  Claybur^-h, 
has  been  worked  since  1846.  It  yields  annually  1.500  tons  of  ore, 
priticipally  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wire,  t.icks.  and  small 
nails.  The  'Promhnis  Mine  was  discovered  in  1^45.  and  about 
10.000  tons  of  ore  have  been  raised.  The  iron  made  from  it  is 
soft  and  tough,  and  is  principally  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
boiler  plates,  horse  shoe  nails,  and  car  axles. 

8  The  Sable  Iron  Company  liave  extensive  works  at  Au  f?ahl9 
Forks  and  at  Black  Brook,  and  they  manufacture  2.600  tons  of 
hK>oms.  900  tons  of  merchant  iron.  50.000  to  55.000  kegs  of 
nails,  using  1,600.000  bush,  of  charcoal  per  annum.  2.500  tons 
of  biooms  are  manufactured  at  their  establi-^hmenf  at  Black 
Brook  alone.  The  Co.  was  incorp.  in  Sept.  18o4.  and  the  stock 
is  now  owned  by  J.  &  J.  Rogers. 

9  There  are  S  to  10  large  sawmills  in  town. 

10  The  products  of  tlie  Myers  Mine  are  principally  mnnufac- 
tured  at  this  place.  A  water-power  near  the  mine  is  improvedt 
and  a  forge  of  5  fires  is  in  active  operation.  A  steam  forge  and 
steam  hammer  for  the  manufacture  of  K.  R.  axles  were  in  opera- 
tion here  about  4  years. 

11  Several  plank  roads  have  been  built  in  this  town  to  facilitate 

the  iron  and  lumber  business.    Curtis  k«"pt  the  first  inn, 

near  the  center,  in  1^28.  Ilalspy  Rogers  and  John  Mclntyre 
located  in  town  in  1830.  The  Sable  Iron  Co.  erected  the  ^at 
forge  the  same  year. 


CLINTON    COUNTY. 


237 


Kings  Bay.  It  Is  navigable  to  near  Champlain  Village.  Corbeau  Creek,  ite  tributary,  is  the 
other  principal  stream.  Point  au  Fer*  and  Stony  Point  are  two  capes  projecting  into  the  lake. 
The  soil  is  a  clay  or  clayey  loam.  Peat  is  found  in  numerous  localities.  Cbaniplaln^  (p.  v.,) 
upon  the  Chazy,  near  the  n.  line  of  the  town,  contains  the  Champlain  Academy,  3  churchori,  2 
founderies,  a  linen  factory,  planing  mill,  and  carriage  factory.'^  Pop.  1,473.  Perrys  Mills' 
(p.o.)  is  a  lumber  station  upon  the  Chazy,  iu  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the  town.  Rouses  Point,* 
(p.  V.,)  upon  the  lake,  in  the  N.  e.  corner  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches,  a  brewery,  newspaper 
office,  and  extensive  depSts  and  repair  shops  belonging  to  the  Northern  R.  R.  Co.  It  is  divided 
into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Villages,  the  latter  being  about  twice  as  large  as  the  former.  Pop. 
1 J69.  Coopersville,^  or  Corbeau,  is  a  village  upon  Chazy  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Corbeau  Creek.  It  contains  1  church  and  40  houses.  The  first  settlers  were  Canadian  and 
Nova  Scotia  refugees,  who  located  in  town  soon  after  the  Revolution.  The  first  English  settler 
was  Pliny  Moore,  who  came  in  to  reside  in  1789.^     The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town.'' 

CHAZY® — was  formed  from  Champlain,  March  20,  1804.  Altona  was  taken  off  in  1857.  It 
lies  upon  Lake  Champlain,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  has  a  gentle  incli- 
nation toward  the  e.  The  principal  stream  is  the  Little  Chazy,  flowing  n.  e.  through  near  the 
center.  Corbeau  Creek  flows  through  the  n.  border.  Potsdam  sandstone  underlies  the  w.  part, 
and  Chazy  and  Trenton  limestone  the  e.  Tertiary  clay  extends  along  the  lake  shore.  The  soil  is 
clayey  and  productive  in  the  central  and  e.  parts,  but  sandy  in  the  w.  Cbazy,  (p.  v.,)  upon 
Little  Chazy  River,  contains  2  churches  and  a  saw  and  grist  mill.  Pop.  326.  "West  Cliazy^ 
(p.  V.,)  upon  Little  Chazy  River,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches,  a  saw  and  grist 
mill,  and  starch  factory.  Pop.  280.  It  is  a  station  on  the  P.  &  M.  R,  R.  8ciota  (p.  v.)  is  a 
station  on  the  P.  &  M.  R.  R.,  in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  town.  Chazy  I^andiu^  is  a  hamlet 
on  the  lake  shore.  In^raliani  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  s.  e.  corner.  The  first  settler  was  John  La 
Trombois,®  who  came  in  town  in  1763.  After  the  Revolution  the  first  settlers  were  refugees  from 
Canada  and  Nova  Scotia.  Of  these,  Lieutenant  Murdock  McPherson  was  the  first  one  that  could 
speak  English.^**     The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.*^ 

CEjIWTOIV — was  formed  from  Ellenburgh,  May  14,  1845.  It  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  in  the 
CO,  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  with  a  gentle  inclination  toward  the  n.  w.  The  highest  points 
along  its  s.  border  are  about  1,050  feet  above  Lake  Champlain.  A  portion  of  the  surface  is  undu- 
lating. It  is  nearly  all  underlaid  by  Potsdam  sandstone,  which  here  is  remarkably  white.  The 
streams  are  small  brooks.  More  than  three-fourths  of  the  town  is  yet  a  wilderness.  The  soil  is  a 
light,  sandy  loam,  capable  of  supporting  but  a  thin  growth  of  forest  trees.  A  large  part  of  the  land 
is  owned  by  capitalists  and  speculators.  Clierubusco^  (p.o.,)  the  summit  station  upon  the 
0.  R.  R.,  Tlie  Frontiers,  (Frontier  p.o.,)  and  Wrl^litsville,  upon  the  w.  border,  are 
hamlets.  This  town  lies  within  No.  6  of  the  Old  Military  Tract.  The  first  settlers  located  upon 
the  Old  Military  Road  and  near  The  Frontiers."    A  M.  E.  church  has  lately  been  organized. 

DAIVIVEMORA^^ — was  formed  from  Beekmantown,  Dec.  14,  1854.  It  is  the  central  town 
upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  wild,  mountainous  upland,  covered  with  a 
sandy  soil  and  light  growth  of  forest  trees.     Chazy  Lake,  near  the  center,  3J  miles  long  by  IJ- 


1  Called  Point  au  Feu  (Fire  Point)  upon  a  map  bearing  date 
of  1748.  During  the  KevolutioD.  the  Moira.  a  veseel  of  war, 
aocliorcd  off  this  point,  and  barracks  were  built  upon  the  land 
for  the  winter  quarters  of  the  marines.  The  place  was  occupied 
by  the  British  until  1796.  It  was  reaei-ved  by  the  State  iu  1767 
for  military  purposes,  but  waa  not  used. 

-  This  place  contains  a  fine  water-power,  and  a  larpo  amount 
of  manufacturing  is  carried  on.  The  greater  part  of  the  lumber 
brought  down  by  the  Ogdensburgh  R.  R.  is  shipped  here. 

3  Nameil  from  Geo.  Perry,  former  proprietor. 

*  Named  from  Jacques  Rouse,  a  Caiiadi.tn,  who  settled  here  in 
17B3.  Tliis  village  has  grown  to  importance  since  the  comple- 
tion, of  the  B.  R.  The  passenger  and  freight  depfits  are  both 
among  the  largest  r.  r.  structures  in  the  State.  A  bridge  a  mi. 
long  here  crosses  the  lake.  A  floating  draw  of  300  feet,  opined 
and  shut  by  steam,  admits  the  pa^i^age  of  vessels.  About  one 
mi.  N.  of  the  village,  upon  the  banks  of  the  lake.  Fort  Mont- 
gomery is  situated.  This  fort  commands  the  entrance  to  the 
lake.  It  was  begun  soon  after  the  War  of  1812  ;  but  in  1818  it 
was  found  to  be  within  the  limits  of  Canada,  and  the  work  was 
abandoned.  It  became  known  as  "F't/ ^S/wnt^-r;"  but  by  the 
Webster  Treaty  of  1842  it  was  ceded  again  to  the  U.  S.  Work 
upon  it  has  been  resumed;  and  it  is  estimated  that  the  completed 
works  will  cost  $600,000,  of  which  sum  $275,000  has  already  been 
expended. 

&  Named  from  Ebenezer  Cooper,  who  erected  millH  there. 

*  Moore  came  in  to  survey  the  tract  granted  to  Smith,  Graves, 


and  others,  in  17P5.  He  erected  the  first  saw  and  grist  mills,  in 
17S9.  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Elnathan  Rogers, 
Wm.  Beaumont,  Chas.L.Sailly.  Samuel  Ashman.  Joseph  Corbin, 
Sihifl  Hubbell,  FAiaa  Dewey,  Charles  Bedlow,  David  Savage,  and 
Benj.  Tyler. 

7  M.  K..  Prot.  E.,  Presb.,  and  R.  C.  Since  1855. 3  churches  hare 
been  organized  at  Rouses  Point;  R.  C,  M.  E..  and  Prot.  E. 

8  Pronounced  Shfi-zee.  It  included  the  patent  granted  to 
Elkanah  Dean  and  29  others,  July  11. 1T69. 

"  He  was  accompanied  by  two  men,  named  Gonde  and  Swarte. 
Ho  wftK  driven  off^  in  1776,  but  returned  after  the  war.  and  died 
there  in  lS\(i.~I\ilmer's  Hid.  Lake  Oiamplain,  p.  soi 

J"  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Levi  Ilazen.  Septa  Fillmore, 
John  BronMin.  Elisha  Ransom.  George  Root,  and  John  Douglas. 
Miss  M.  Rin;;ham  tiught  the  first  school,  in  1802. 

"  2  M.  E..  Bap.,  Cong.,  and  Wes.  Meth. 

12  Among  these  early  settlers  were  Junio  Uoward,  Calvin  John- 
son. C.  A.  Smith,  Ebenezer  Gates.  George  Peters,  and  Stephen 
Martin,  mostly  from  Vt.  The  first  child  born  was  Rhoda  S. 
Howard,  Feb.  7. 1819;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Cornelius  Aus- 
tin and  Fannv  Hall,  in  1822;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  child 
of  William  Hunter,  in  1820.  Mary  Emmonds  taught  the  first 
school,  in  1821 ;  Benjamin  Roberts  kept  the  firist  inn ;  Charlew  D. 
Backus  the  first  store,  in  1835;  and  John  McCoy  erected  the  first 
sawmill. 

'8  Named  by  Gen.  Skinner,  from  a  celebrated  iroa  locality  in 
Sweden. 


238 


CLINTON    COUNTY. 


■wide,  discharges  its  waters  e.  into  Cliazy  River.  Upper  Chateaiigay  Lake,  on  the  w.  border,  5  mi. 
long  by  1 J  broad,  discharges  its  waters  w.  into  Chateaugay  River.  The  few  settlements  in  town 
are  confined  to  the  s.  E.  corner.  Dannemora  (p.  v.)  is  a  small  village  grown  up  around  the 
Clinton  Prison.  This  prison  was  located  here  in  1845,  for  the  purpose  of  employing  convicts  in 
the  mining  and  manufacture  of  iron,  so  that  their  Inbor  would  not  come  so  directly  in  competition 
with  the  other  mechanical  trades.'  The  first  permanent  settler  was  Thomas  Hooker,  who  came  to 
reside  in  1838.     The  census  reports  1  religious  society  (Presb.)  in  town. 

El,L,EIVBrRGir— was  formed  from  Mooers,  April  17, 1830.  Clinton  was  taken  off  in  1845.  It 
lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  an  upland,  mountainous  in  the 
s.  and  rolling  in  the  N.,  with  an  inclination  toward  the  N.  E.  English  River  flows  E.  across  the 
N.  border.  The  soil  is  generally  sandy ;  but  in  many  places  the  sand  is  covered  with  a  ricli  vege- 
table mold.  The  settlements  are  principally  confined  to  the  valley.  Potatoes  are  raised  in  large 
quantities.  Lumbering  is  estensiv-ely  carried  on.  EHcnburgll  (p.  v.)  contains  3  churehes,  a 
sawmill,  tannery,  and  125  inhabitants.  Ellenburg'b  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  a  church,  saw 
and  grist  mill,  2  starch  fiictories,  a  machine  shop,  and  15  dwellings.  Ellenbui'g'b  Depot  is  a 
hamlet  on  the  line  of  Altona.  James  Hanchett  came  to  this  town  in  179G,  but  left  soon  after.  The 
first  permanent  settler  was  Abner  Pomeroy,  from  Vt.,  about  1800.'    There  are  4  churches  in  town.* 

MOOERS* — was  formed  from  Champlain,  March  20,  1804.  Ellenburgh  was  taken  off  in 
1830.  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  with  a  gentle  inclination  to  the  N.  e.  The  principal  streams 
are  Great  Chazy  and  English  Rivers.  The  surface  is  entirely  underlaid  by  Potsdam  sandstone, 
and  is  covered  with  a  light,  sandy  soil.  Along  the  n.  border  are  several  small  Swamps.  Upon  the 
Canada  line,  in  the  n.  w.  corner,  is  a  remarkable  chasm  in  the  rocks,  called  The  Gulf.'  Center- 
Ville,  (Jlooers  Forks  p.  o.,)  upon  the  Chazy,  contains  2  churches,  a  sawmill,  stave  factory,  and  30 
houses.  It  is  a  station  on  the  N.  R.  R.  Mooers,  {p.  v.,)  upon  the  Chazy,  in  the  E.  part,  con- 
tains 2  churches  and  40  houses.  It  is  near  the  junction  of  the  0.  and  P.  &  M.  R.  R's.  Ang'ell- 
ville,  upon  Corbeau  Creek,  in  the  s.  E.  corner,  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settler  was  Joshua  C.  Bos- 
worth,  who  located  in  town  in  1796.'  The  first  preacher  was  Rev.  Andrew  Blackman,  in  1800 ; 
and  the  first  settled  minister  was  Rev.  Martin  Powell,  in  1807.' 

PERr»— was  formed  from  Plattsburgh  and  Wilhsborough,  (Essex  co.,)  Dec.  28, 1792.  A  part 
■was  annexed  to  Willsborough  in  1799,  and  An  Sable  and  Black  Brook  were  taken  off  in  1839.  It 
lies  upon  the  lake,  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  in  the  center  and  e.  is  rolling  and 
slightly  inclined  toward  the  lake,  and  in  the  w.  broken  and  mountainous.  The  Au  Sable  flows 
across  the  s.  e.  corner,  and  along  its  course  are  extensive  swamps.  Little  Sable  drains  the  greater 
part  of  the  remaining  portions  of  the  town.  The  principal  body  of  water  is  Military  Pond,  on  the 
W.  line.  A  strip  of  land  2  mi.  wide,  extending  along  the  lake,  has  a  soil  composed  of  clay  and 
clay  loam.  West  of  this  is  a  plain  4  mi.  wide,  covered  with  sand  and  interspersed  with  swamps. 
In  the  w.  the  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam.  Peru,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Little  Sable,  near  the  center  of 
the  town,  contains  2  churches,  a  gristmill,  starch  factory,  and  tannery.  Pop.  504.  Eapbauis 
Mills,  2  mi.  below  Peru,  contains  a  large  flouring  mill,  a  plaster  mill,  forge,  and  15  dwellings ; 
Peasleville,  on  Salmon  River,  in  the  N.  w.  corner,  a  foi-ge  and  25  dwellings.  Port  Jackson, 
(Valcour  p.  o.,)  on  the  lake,  opposite  Valoour  Island,  iS  a  hamlet  containing  a  church.     Peru 


I  The  prisoQ  was  erected  under  the  euperintendence  of  Ransom 
Cook,  uniier  an  act  passed  May  1.  1844.  Tlie  prison  grounds. 
compvisins  '^  acres,  are  located  upon  the  elope  of  a  liill,  and  are 
surrounded  by  pickets  20  feet  high.  The  main  buildings,  con- 
structed of  dressed  stone,  are  in  the  form  of  a  T.  and  are  respi-ct- 
ively  3G4  by  5'j  feet,  and  160  by  40  feet.  The  cells  are  con- 
structed in  a  block  3  stories  high  in  the  center  of  the  building. 
a  wide  corridor  extending  completely  around  between  them 
Rnd  the  outer  walls.  The  main  buildings  have  slate  roofs  and 
are  completely  fireproof.  Within  the  grounds  area  steam  forge, 
with  10  fires,  a  rolling  mill,  foundery.  steam  separator  Mpable 
of  washinjr  SOU  tons  of  ore  per  month,  7  coal  kilns,  a  steam  saw- 
mill, machine  shop,  and  theruinsof  a  blast  furnace,  burned  Juno 
2ii.  l?-'j6.  A  large  stuareof  the  labor  of  constructint;  tliesc  works 
has  been  d'jue  by  convicts.  The  prison  works  were  first  supplied 
with  ore  from  the  Skinner  Mine,  owned  by  the  State :  but  more 
recently  from  the  Averill  Mine.  A  new  mine  has  lately  been 
discovered  upon  the  Stnte  grounds.  Besides  the  manul;icture  of 
iron,  stave  makint:.  cooi>ering.  and  shoom.akinK  are  carried  on. 
The  total  earnings  in  4  years,  ending  in  1857,  were  $120,537.50; 
and  the  total  expenses,  $Zl-2,901,-22. 

s  Name'l  inC'inpliuientto  KUen,  daughter  of  John  R.  Murrav, 
of  N.  Y.,  the  piineipal  proprietor  of  Township  No.  5  of  the  Mili- 
tary Tract. 

8  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Aaron  Broadw^ll  and  Lewis 


Ransom,  in  1822:  and  Benjamin  nine,  W.Jennings,  jr.,  Joseph 
Serey,  Pardon  Daily,  Joseph  Lawrence,  and  Samuel  Ilazleton. 
soon  after.  The  first  child  born  was  Lloyd  Rogers  Hines.  He 
was  named  after  Lloyd  Ho.^ers.  and  received  a  farm  of  50  acres 
for  the  name.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Smith  Delamater 
and  Phoi-be  Hastabrook.  John  R.  Murr.ay  built  the  fii-st  BUW 
and  grist  mill. 

4  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  Presb.,  and  Union.  The  Union  Church  waa 
built  by  J.  R.  Murray. 

6  Named  from  .M<ij.  Gen.  Beiy.  Mooera,  an  early  settler  aud 
prominent  citizen  of  the  co. 

fl  This  gulf  is  16  rods  wide  and  300  feet  deep.  At  its  bottom 
is  a  pond  of  water  said  to  be  150  feet  deep.  The  walls  are  of 
sandstone,  and  perpendicular.  No  existing  agencies  could  have 
produced  the  chasm.— iV.  1'.  Ged.,  M  Dist.,  p.  309. 

7  Among  the  e.arly  settlers  were  Ichabod  Bosworlb.  Geo.  and 
Daniel  Peri'y,  Andrew  Blackman  and  sous,  Daniel  Southwick, 
John,  Joseph,  and  Samuel  Churcbill.  John  .Sheldon,  and  Kobert 
Tripp.  The  first  child  born  was  Wm.  llallenbe-k.  in  1801 ;  the 
first  marriage,  that  of  David  Anderson  and  Khoda  Perry,  Dec.  6, 
ISO.*) ;  and  the  first  death  of  an  adult,  that  of  Mrs.  J.  C.  Bosworth. 
Sept.  26,  1S0^2. 

8  The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town ;  Cong.,  M.  E.,  Prct.  E., 
and  Presb. 

^  Name  applied  from  its  mountainous  character. 


CLINTON    COUNTY. 


2.30 


liandin^  is  a  hamlet,  n.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Sable.     The  first  .=ettler  was  Wm.  Ilay,  a 
Scotchman,  who  located  upon  Steward's  Patent  in  1772.'     The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town.' 

PI<ATT.SDURGII — was  first  recognized  as  a  town  April  4,  1785.  A  part  of  Peru  wa.^ 
taken  oft'  in  1702,  Beekmantown  in  1820,  Saranao  in  1824,  and  Schuyler  Falls  in  1848.  It  lies 
upon  Lake  Champlain,  a  little  s.  of  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  and  includes  Valcour'  and  Crab' 
Islands  in  the  lake.  The  surface  is  level  in  the  E.  and  broken  and  hilly  in  the  w.  It  is  slightly 
inclined  toward  the  E.,  its  w.  border  being  elevated  about  500  feet  above  the  lake.  It  is  princi- 
pally drained  by  Saranac  River  and  its  branches.  In  the  E.  part  the  soil  is  a  clayey  loam, 
underlaid  by  Trenton  limestone  ;  in  the  center,  a  sandy  loam,  underlaid  by  calciferous  sandstone ; 
and  in  the  w.  a  light  sand,  underlaid  by  Potsdam  sandstone.  Cumberland  Head  is  a  peninsula 
extending  into  the  lake  and  forming  Cumberland  Bay.*  Plattiliburgb,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Cumber- 
land Bay,  at  tlie  mouth  of  Saranac  River,  was  incorp.  March  .3,  1815.  It  has  a  safe  and  commo- 
dious harbor,  and  an  excellent  water-power,  giving  it  facilities  for  a  large  amount  of  both  com- 
merce and  manufactures.  Besides  the  co.  buildings,  it  contains  a  town  hall,*  customhouse,'  the 
Plattsburgh  Academy,  6  churches,  a  foundery,  planing  mill,  sawmill,  gristmill,  and  2  tanneries. 
Pop.  2,926.  Upon  a  sandy  plain,  1  mi.  s.  of  the  village  and  90  feet  above  the  lake,  are  situated 
extensive  barracks  belonging  to  the  U.  S.  Government.'  CadyvlIIe,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Saranac, 
10  mi.  above  Plattsburgh,  contains  a  church,  sawmill,  and  25  houses.  Elsinore,  1  mi.  above 
Cadyville,  contains  a  forge  and  a  half  dozen  houses.  Salmon  River,  (South  Plattsburgh 
p.  0.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  a  church,  sawmill,  and  25  houses.  TVest  Plattsburgb  is  a  p.  o. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  before  the  Revolution,  by  Chas.  de  Fredenburgh  and  several  asso- 
ciates, under  royal  grants.  During  the  war  the  settlers  were  driven  off  and  the  improvements  were 
destroyed.  In  1785  a  tract  7  mi.  square  was  granted  to  Zophaniah  Piatt  and  32  associates,  who 
had  bought  up  military  land  warrants  to  that  amount.'  The  first  3  families  who  settled  under 
this  grant  were  those  of  Charles  Piatt,  Chas.  McCreedy,  and  Kinner  Newcomb.  Nathaniel  Piatt 
was  the  first  surveyor  and  agent  for  the  proprietors.  A  farm  of  80  acres  was  offered  to  each  of  the 
first  10  settlers  in  town.'"  Rev.  Benj.  Vaughan  preached  the  first  sermon,  in  1787;  and  Rev. 
Frederick  Halsey  was  the  first  settled  minister,  in  1795."     There  are  9  churches  in  town.'^ 

SARAHTAC — was  formed  from  Plattsburgh,  March  29,  1824.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of 
the  CO.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  broken  and  mountainous  upland.  The  highest  summits, 
along  the  w.  border,  are  4,000  feet  above  tide.  Saranac  River,  flowing  through  the  s.  e.  part, 
is  the  principal  stream.  Upon  its  course  are  several  falls,  affording  an  immense  amount  of  water- 
power."  The  E.  part,  sloping  tow.ard  the  river,  is  covered  with  a  light,  sandy  soil,  and  the  river 
intervale  with  a  sandy  loam  and  alluvium.    The  soil  among  the  mountains  is  sandy ;  but  the  whol« 


X 


1  Hay  lived  opposite  Valcour  Island,  and  witnessed  the  naval 
enfjagenient  of  Arnold.  He  Boon  after  ri'moved  to  Canada,  but 
returned  in  1785.  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  John 
Cochrane.  John  Howe.  Isnnc  Finch.  Abijah  Ketchum,  Lott  and 
John  Elmore.  Ezekiel  Loekwood,  f^amuel  Jackson.  Cyrenus 
Newcomb,  Geo.  Hayworth,  Benj.  Sherman,  and  Pilaa  and  Robert 
Cochrane.  The  first  child  born  was  Ira.  son  of  John  Howe,  in 
1784;  the  first  marrince,  that  of  Lott  Elmore  and  Mary  Hay. 
Dec.  17.  17SS;  and  thclirst  death.  th:it  of  Wm.  Hay,  Feb.  '2^. 
17T9.     M.  Finch   tauijht    the   first    school,  in  1790-91;    John 

Cochrane  bnilt  the  first  grist  and  saw  mill;  Weed  built 

the  first  forge,  and  Geo.  Hayworth  and  John  Hack^taff  built 
the  first  factory.  A  large  stone  woolen  factory  built  in  lS3t>.  by 
Richard  Hayworth,  was  changed  in  1851  to  a  starch  factory. 

«2M.  E.."Cong.,  andR.  C. 

•  This  island  is  mt-morable  for  the  naval  engagement  whi^h 
took  place  near  it  durinj;  the  Rr-vulution.  The  r-^mains  of  the 
schooner  Royal  Sarajje.  sunk  at  that  time,  may  still  be  seen. 

•  The  sailors  and  marines  killed  in  the  naval  battle  of  Sept. 
11, 1814,  were  buried  upon  this  island. 

6  Extensive  military  works  were  begun  here  in  1814.  but 
were  abandoned  upon  the  approach  of  the  enemy.  The  Sfcito 
of  Vt.  presented  Com.  MacDonouRh  with  a  farm  on  this  point, 
which  is  still  owned  by  his  descendants. 

•  Built  in  185fi.  at  a  cost  of  $3,000.  It  is  a  fireproof  briik 
building,  and  contains  a  town  hall,  armory,  and  fire  engine 
room. 

'  This  is  a  fine  fireproof  brick  building,  built  at  a  cost  of  $80. 000. 
and  contains  rooms  for  the  customhouse,  postoifice,  and  U.S. 
Court, 

8  These  buildings  were  commenced  in  1838.  and  were  originally 
designed  to  inclose  a  space  of  WO  fret  square.  Only  a  part  of 
the  design  has  been  carried  out.  Troops  were  stationed  here 
until  184G,  when  they  were  sent  to  join  the  army  in  Mexirn. 
The  buildings  are  now  used  by  the  Clinton  Co.  Agricultural 
Society  for  its  annual  fairs. 

•  This  grant  was  made  in  accordance'  with  the  provisiont  of  an 
act  passed  in  1781,  which  proviiled  that  wheu  61  rightB,  or  ^0,U)0 


acres,  should  be  jointly  located,  a  tract  7  mi.  square  should  b« 
granted,  including  860  acres  for  gospel  and  school,'!. 

10  Among  tliu  settlers  who  received  lots  under  this  offer  were 
Kinner  Ncwcuinb.  Jacob  Ferris,  Thos.  Allen,  John  B.  H;irtwick, 
Derrick  \\'ebb.  .Tabez  Peftit,  Moses  Soper.  Lucius  Reynolds,  and 
Heni-j'  Ostrauder.  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Icbalmd 
Truesdale.  Peter  Roberts,  Woi.  Campbell",  Bmj.  Ketchum,  and 
Benj.  (irnves,  who  settled  at  the  village;  Melaucthon  L.  Woolsey, 

Adams.  Frederick  Durant,  Wm.Coe.  Russell  Ransom,  litnxj. 

Mooers.  Wm.  V.  and  Tlieodorus  Piatt,  who  settled  on  Cumber- 
land Head;  Lambert  Iloppin.  John  Stevenson.  Gideon  Ruger, 
Joshua  Hillyard,  and  Abm.  Webb,  who  located  on  South  St.: 
Benj.  UeynoldH.  8;im'l  Xorcross,  John  Roberts,  and  Benj.  Ham- 
mond, on  Center  St.;  Nath'l  Piatt,  Sam'l  Benson. Eliplndet  Ha;*- 
kins.  Jon.  Orm'fby,  Benj.  Vaughn,  and  John  Wait,  on  North  St. ; 
and  Jh'l.incthon  Smith,  Zephaniah  Piatt.  Tlios.  Treadwell,  Peter 
Sailly.  and  Wm.  Bailey,  in  rither  parts  of  the  town. 

"  The  first  child  born  was  Ida  Ostrander.  Sept.  7. 1785;  the 
first  malo  child.  Piatt  Newcomb,  Nov.  1,  1785;  the  first  niarriagw 
w.Hs  that  of  Peter  Saiily  and  ^L^riann6  Adelaide  Greille.  Juno 
8,  1789:  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  Saiily,  first  wife  of 
Peter  Saiily.  Dec.  '23, 1786.  Twelve  of  the  original  proprietors 
met  at  the  house  of  Judge  Piatt,  at  Poughkeepsie,  Dec.  SO.  1784, 
and  took  measures  for  the  immediate  erection  of  a  grist  and  saw 
mill  and  forge.    These  buildinirs  were  the  first  in  town. 

12  3  U.  C.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Wes.  Meth.,  Presb.,  Prot,  E.,  ana 
Union. 

13  At  the  Saranac  Falls  the  river  flows  through  a  narrow,  tor- 
tuous channel,  bounded  by  nearly  perpi-ndiculnr  rncki*.  for  the 
spare  of  a  mi.  In  its  course  its  descent  is  very  rapid,  nnd  tC. 
several  places  it  i.s  picci  pita  ted  down  precipices  of  20  or  30  ft., 
and  at  l.tst  it  plunges  uito  a  ba.ain  in  a  perpendicular  fall  of  60 
feet.  The  ragged  rocks  upon  the  bottom  and  sid-s,  and  tho 
abrupt  angles  in  tho  channel,  cause  the  water  to  Iwil  and  seethe 
and  Htru-glt-  in  tho  wildest  commolion.  In  high  wHt<M-.  thou- 
sands of.«awlogs  float  down  tho  river,  and  in  their  p.i.iHa^^e 
down  the  falls  they  ore  pitched  and  tossed  upon  the  surges,  or 
thrown  into  the  air  like  play  things. 


240 


CLINTON    COUNTY. 


w.  regidn  is  too  rough  for  cultivation.  Saraiiac,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Saranac  River,  contains  a  church, 
sawmill,  forge,  and  50  houses.  Red  ford,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Saranac,  near  the  s.  border,  contains 
3  churches,  several  sawmills,  and  GO  houses.'  Russia,  2  mi.  above  Saranac,  contains  2  forges 
and  20  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  begun  in  1S02,  by  Russell  Case  and  Ezekiel  Pearce.^  The 
first  preaclier  was  Rev.  Lambert  Hopper,  in  1805.' 

SCHUYLER  FAL.1,S*— was  formed  from  Plattsburgh,  April  4,  1848.  It  is  an  interior 
town,  lying  a  little  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  in  the  E.  and  hilly  in  the  w., 
with  an  inclination  toward  the  E.  The  Saranac  forms  its  n.  boundary,  and  Salmon  River  flows 
along  its  s.  border.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam.  Schuyler  Falls,  (p.  v.,)  on  Salmon 
River,  near  the  s.  line  of  the  town,  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  starch  factory,  and  50  dwellings. 
lUorrisouville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Saranac,  lies  partly  in  Plattsburgh.  It  contains  3  churches,  a 
gristmill,  sawmill,  starch  factory,  foundery,  machine  shop,  and  35  houses.  Korrisvllle,  upon 
Salmon  River,  3  mi.  w.  of  Schuyler  Falls,  contains  a  starch  factory,  2  forges,  and  15  dwellings. 
The  first  settler  was  Ezra  Turner,  who  located  upon  Sahnon  River  in  1797.^  The  census  reports 
2  M.  E.  churches  in  town.* 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Slock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Clinton  Counfi/. 


Names  of  Towns. 

Acres  of  Land.    1 

Valuation  of  1858, 

POPUI.iI10.V. 

i 

1 

1 

i 

666 
482 
841 
1,062 
809 

ais 

84 
343 
630 
635 
984 
633 
344 

Schools.   | 

1 

1 
£ 
1 

1 

l! 

..J 

1 

S 

B 

1 

1 
1 

vl 

^q 

10 
12 
16 
14 
14 
17 

1  22 
:  21 
;  17 
13 
10 
182 

ll 

Altona« 

Au  Sable  

11,067 
24,103 

6,983 
18,208 
23,526 

4,213 

7,423 
12.012 
26,060 
14,764 
11.058 
11,521 

i    10,034 

13,2864 

I    69,560} 

9,035 

66,053 

24,760 

54,919 

66.6084 

s    25,308 

-    19,3464 

I    12,094 

39,607} 

9,984 

$202,376 
606,712 
631,385 
166,034 
763,383 
62,3,656 
117.592 
113,806 
177,937 
406.003 
616,294 

1,069,2:TO 
201,362 
246,694 

$2,575 
64,327 
15,300 
3,100 
82,230 
60,880 

1,450 
6,800 
102,700 
348,400 
2,200 
29,600 

$204,950 
671,039 
546,686 
158.734 
8)5,613 
674,.536 
117,692 
113,806 
179,387 
411,803 
718,994 

1,417,690 
203,652 
276,294 

1,864 

1,480 

1.567 

.3,080 

2,233 

709 

601 

907 

1,819 

1,7»8 

2,998 

1,666 

974 

1.949 

1,463 

1.468 

3,117 

2,2'29 

662 

222 

844 

1,803 

1,732 

3.082 

1402 

963 

616 
483 
499 
996 
780 
246 
84 
321 
608 
606 
896 
623 
337 
6,994  1 

257 
426 
192 
373 
675 
157 
62 
231 
492 
441 
W2 
362 
272 
4^8  f 

749 

1,614 

1,136 

1,396 

2,205 

1,619 

785 

222 

684 

1.837 

1.636 

2,602 

1,1T9 

849 

Beekoiantown 

Ellenburgh 

Mooers 

Peru 

Plattsburgh 

Saranac 

Schuyler  Falls 

Total 

108.9.32t 

}  401,0S0j 

5,631,112 

679,562 

6,310,674 

21.666 

20.926 

7,345 

18,351 

Names  of  Towns. 

Live  Stock.                  1 

Aqricult 

ORAL  Products.                          | 

1 

si 

S  o  <; 

III 

1 

1 
« 

1 

Bush,  op  Grain, 

ft 

ll 

•is 

DaIKY  PnOUDCTS. 

i 

c 

E 

ll 

IJ 

633 
1,085 

371 

919 
1,233 

192 

350 
602 
1,049 
1,008 
611 
494 

814 
2.265 

653 
1,4'27 
2,199 

356 

439 

1,257 

1,942 

1,269 

822 

939 

71 
1,82 

56 
1,09 
1.66 

37 

44 

81 

1,39 

1,01 

66 

72 

6    2,139 
1    6,491 

4  4S6 
6    4.037 

6  8,776 
1       662 

7  959 

8  1,581 

5  5,628 

6  3.794 
0    1,067 
4    2,931 

1 
1 

1 

666 
,117 
370 
708 
,173 
272 

277 
469 
,0S9 
856 
450 
532 

368 

964 

1,195 

668 

83 

1,686 

72 

291 
695 
3,561 
2,002 
1,367 
2,646 

27,3114 
82,2634 
9,2274 
76,919} 
81,1954 
-      6,723 

13  0284 

16,0914 

84.1424 

40,1234 

19,226 

29,6364 

3,126 

7,232 

1,262 

6,571 

7,645} 

1,0074 

1,990} 
4,0844 
6.117} 
4,247} 
2,3314 
2,6244 

26,186 
62,827 
18,876 
20,106 
36,552 
12,865 

32,019 
14,668 
68,068 
35,224 
26.271 
50,842 

944 

15,646 

20 

8,762 

16,704 

415 

210 
2,345 
11,918, 
11,967 
1,442 
6,664 

38,245 
172,696 

30,0914 

84,210 
101.239 

23,560 

39,605 
81,681 
111,404 
76,360 
67,661 
74,790 

6,475 

17.823 

600 

10.690 

14,.5O0 

4,000 

766 
7,505 
15.696 
12.357 
7U1 
14,796| 

230 
2,951 

9664 
1,214 

1,373* 

1,7024 

5094 

269 

1,385 

Black  Brook 

Chazy  

Clintoa 

EUeuburgh 

Mooers 

Peru 

Plattsburgh 

Schuyler  Falls 

Total 

8,444 

14,271 

11,28 

4  38,361 

16,211 

484,8874  48,241 

386,492 

76,936j 

891,43141105,906 

10,679} 

<»  Formed  since  1855. 


1  In  1831,  John  S.  Foster,  agent  of  a  company,  canie  to  this 
place  and  erected  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  and,  during  the  next 
season,  a  large  manufactory  of  crown  glass.  The  manufacture 
of  glass  was  carried  on  with  varying  success  until  1862.  when  it 
was  tinally  abandoned.  Mr.  Foster  went  to  Jefferson  co.  in  1832, 
and  there  commt-nced  the  manufacture  of  glass,  (see  page  355  :) 
Uershum  Cook,  Elias  W.  Corning,  and  M.atthew  Lane,  of  Troy, 
were  proprietors  of  the  establishment. 

2  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Sylvanus  Smith,  "Wright 
Spaulding,  Lyman  Maoly,  Natli'l  Lyon,  John  Gregory  and  son 
Czar,  Lewis  FeiTis  and  sons,  Isaiah  and  John  Lambert, 
John  M.  Hopper  and  John  Chamberlain.  Samuel  Stone,  first 
agent  for  Township  No.4  of  the  Old  Military  Tract,  with  another 
man,  attempting  to  go  to  Malone.  was  cnught  in  a  snow  storm, 
and  his  companion  frozen  to  death,  Oct.  8, 1802.    Ue  was  himself 


80  iiyured  that  he  died  in  3  weeks.  John  D.  Fiske.  the  second 
agent,  was  killed  by  a  falling  tree,  June  21, 1805.  The  first  birth 
was  that  of  Isaac  Smith,  May  9, 1804;  the  first  marriage,  that 
of  Cornelius  Hopper  and  Sophia  Case,  in  1810;  and  the  first 
death  of  a  settler,  that  of  John  D.  Fisko,  June  8,  1SU5.  Roynl 
Spaulding  taught  the  first  school,  In  1805;  and  Isaiah  Ferris 
built  the  first  saw  and  grist  mill,  in  1806. 

3  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  2  M.  E.,  Presb.,  and  R.  C. 

4  Named  from  the  proprietor  of  the  present  village  site. 

6  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Daniel  and  Itoswell  Jones, 
John  P.  Koberts,  David  Uare,  Daniel  Hillson,  Henry  Purdy, 
Jonathan  Wickham,  and  Jas.  Brand,  all  of  whom  located  upon 
Salmon  Kiver. 

6  2  churches  (Hap.  and  Union)  at  Morriaonville  are  located  N. 
of  the  river,  in  Plattsburgh. 


COLUMBIA   COUNTY. 

This  county  was  formed  from  Albany,  April  4,  1786.^  It  lies  upon 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  between  Rensselaer  and  Dutchess  cos,, 
and  extends  e.  to  the  Massachusetts  line.  It  contains  an  area  of  688 
sq.  mi.,  and  is  centrally  distant  29  mi.  from  Albany.  The  Taghkanick 
Mts.  extend  along  the  e.  border,  and  the  adjoining  parts  of  the  co. 
ire  broken  by  numerous  irregular  ranges  of  hills  vrhich  constitute 
the  outlying  spurs  of  those  mountains.  The  w.  part  of  the  co.  con- 
0fi/  ^'^^^^  ^f  ^^  undulating  plateau  terminating  in  bluffs  on  the  Hudson 
River.  The  principal  streams  are  Roeliff  Jansens  KiP  and  Claverack 
and  Kinderhook  Creeks.  Upon  these  streams  and  their  tributaries 
are  numerous  valuable  mill  sites.  In  the  e.  and  n.  parts  of  the  co. 
are  several  picturesque  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are  Kinder- 
hook,  Copake,  and  Charlotte  Lakes,  and  Whitings,  Robinsons,  Snyder,  and  Rhoda  Ponds.  The 
prevailing  rocks  are  the  Hudson  River  shales.  The  slate  rocks  in  this  co.  crop  out  toward  the  w., 
usually  at  an  angle  of  45°,  but  sometimes  almost  vertically.  Limestone  crops  out  in  different  parts 
of  the  CO.  Brown  hematitic  iron  ore  is  found  in  numerous  localities  in  the  e.  part  of  Ancram  and 
Copake.'  Lead  has  been  mined  in  Ancram,*  and  manganese,  peat,  and  marl  are  found  in  different 
localities.  In  New  Lebanon  are  the  celebrated  thermal  springs ;  in  Stockport  are  other  mineral 
springs,  and  in  Chatham  is  a  small  sulphur  spring. 

The  various  branches  of  agriculture  form  the  leading  industrial  pursuits  of  the  people.  Hay. 
(of  which  large  quantities  are  pressed  and  sent  to  market,)  rye,  oats,  corn,  potatoes,  and  buck- 
wheat, are  the  staple  productions.  Stock  raising  and  dairying  receive  considerable  attention. 
The  manufacture  of  paper,  cotton  fabrics,  vegetable  extracts,  and  iron,  is  largely  carried  on.*  A 
greater  quantity  of  paper  is  made  in  this  co.  than  in  any  other  in  the  State,  and  the  co.  also  takes 
precedence  of  all  others  in  the  amount  of  tinctures  and  extracts  prepared  from  medicinal  plants. 

The  city  of  Hudson  is  the  county  seat.®     The  courthouse  and  jail  is  a  fine  building,  fronting  on  • 
Washington  Square.     It  has  a  marble  front,  with  an  Ionic  portico,  and  contains  the  court  and  jury 
rooms,  and  the  co.  clerk's,  sheriff's,  and  district  attorney's  offices.''     The  poorhouse  is  a  spacious 
brick  building  located  upon  a  farm  of  200  acres  in  Ghent.^ 

The  most  important  works  of  internal  improvement  are  the  Hudson  River  R.  R.,  extending 
through  the  w.  part  of  the  co.,  tlie  Albany  &  West  Stockbridge  R.  R.,  through  the  n.  part,  the 
Hudson  &  Boston  R.  R.,  terminating  at  Hudson,  and  the  New  York  &  Harlem  R.  R.,  terminating 
at  Chatham  Four  Corners.     Four  newspapers  are  published  in  the  co.® 


1  By  this  act  the  n.  Ijoundary  wns  definoil  as  the  N.  line  of 
'^Kinderhook  Dislrii-t,'''' aad  the  s.  bimndHry  as  the  s.  line  of 
" Kings  District"  The  latter  line  was  more  accurately  defined, 
April  1, 1799. 

*  Named  from  Uoeliff  Jansen,  OTcreeer  of  the  Orphan  Cham- 
ber (an  office  similar  to  tliiit  of  surrogate)  under  the  Dutch  Gov- 
ernment. The  Indian  name  was  "  iSauk-hcn-ak" — Doc.  Uist.,  III. 
C12. 

»  Large  quantities  of  ore  have  be^n  taken  from  these  localities. 
It  is  obtained  near  the  eurfuce,  and  its  depth  is  not  known. 

*  This  ore  is  found  near  the  juuction  of  the  slate  and  lime- 
Btone  strata,  and  occurs  in  strings  and  bunches. — Geol.  Rep., 
1838,  p.  59. 

'  There  are  15  paper  mills  and  8  cotton  factories  in  the  co. 
The  first  paper  mill  was  erected  at  Stuyvesant  Falls,  io  1802,  by 
Geo.  Chittenden;  and  the  first  cotton  factory,  in  1S13,  by  Nath'l 
Wilde. 

*  The  CO.  seat  waa  formerly  located  at  Claverack.  The  first 
meeting  of  the  board  of  supervisors  was  held  at  the  house  of 
Gabriel  Esselstyne,  in  Claverack.  An  appropriation  of  £2000 
was  made  for  a  courthouse,  and  Wm.  B.  Whiting,  Abraham  J. 
Van  Alstyne,  John  Livingston,  Ilenrj'  I.  Van  Kensselacr.  Mat- 
thew Scott,  Seth  Jenkins,  and  Wm.  H.  Ludlow  were  appointed 
commissioners  to  superintend  its  erection.  In  17S8,  an  addi- 
tiiinal  appropriation  of  £1200  was  made,  and  in  1798  another  of 
£4U0.  The  first  co.  officers  were  Peter  Van  Ness,  Firi^t  Judtje.; 
Pt-ter  Sylvester,  I'uter  K.  Livingston.  Henry  I.  Van  Rensselaer, 
and  Wm.  B.  Whiting,  Jud(/ns;  Killian  K.  Van  Rensselaer,  .Vur- 
r'VfoU;  LawTLMiCB  Uogebiwrn,  5/(en^;  Robert  Van  Roiip.sclaer, 
Clrrk;  and  Walter  Vrooman  Wemple,  TVf^axurer.  By  the  act  of 
Feb.  26, 1805,  the  co,  seat  was  removed  to  Hudson  on  condition 
that  the  city  appropriate  for  the  nse  of  the  co.  tho  city  hall,  a 


lot  of  land,  (upon  which  to  erect  co.  buildings,)  and  tho  sum  of 
$2000.    A  committee,  consisting  of  "Wm.  AViL^on,  Jacob   Ford, 
Tlios.  Jenkins,  Beoj.  Birdsall,  and  Nathaniel  Green,  was  ap- 
pointed to  superintend  repairs  and  the  erection  of  a  jail. 
'  The  courthouse  was  erected  in  1835,  at  a  cost  of  $3500. 
8  This  building  was  erected  in  1857,  at  a  cost  of  $22,000,  and, 
together  with  the  surrounding  buildings,  has  accommodations 
for  500  persons.    The  farm  is  mostly  worked  by  tho  inmates  of 
the  institution. 
*  The  Hudson  Gazette,  the  first  paper  published  in  the  co..  was 

established  April  7,  \'>^b,  by  Ashbel  Stoddard  and  Chas. 

R.  Webster.    "Webster  soon  after  withdrew,  and   the 

paper  was  continued  by  Stoddard  until  l80;j-01, 
TJie  Bee  wag  removed  from  New  London.  Conn.,  to  Iludson.  Aug. 

17, 1802,  and  was  published  by  Chas.  Holt  until  1810. 

It  then  passed  into  the  hands  of  Saml.  W.  Clark,  and 

afterward    into  those  of   John   \V.  Dutcher.     It  was 

changed,  about  1820,  to 
The  Ooluml/ia  Cfntijirl,  and  two  years  aflerwai-d  it  was  united 

with  the  Cohimbia  Republican. 
The  Balance  and  Columbia  R>p(i^itin-y  was  started  in  1802,  by 

Ezra  Sampson,  George  Cliittenden,  and  Harry  CroswelL 

It  Wios  removed  to  Albany  in  1K08,  and  discontinued  ia 

1811. 
The  Wa^-p  was  edited  a  short  time  by  "  Roht.  Rusticoat,''  in  the 

early  part  of  the  present  century. 
TheSudson  NerospnpT  ati<l  Jinktnce  Jdrertiser  vriLS  commenced 

in  Oct.  180fi,  by  Harry  Croswell. 
The  Iiepuhlir<in  PnunUnn.  established  in  Dec.  1806,  was  published 

about  1  year,  by  Sylvester  Roberts. 
The  Northern  Whig  was  begun  in  1K08.   by  W.   B.  Stebbins. 

Wm.  L.  Stono  became  the  publisher  in  2  or  3  years, 
m  241 


242 


COLUMBIA    COUXTY. 


The  first  settlements  were  made  in  the  n.  part  of  the  co.,  under  the  Dutch  Government,  The  E. 
border  was  settled  chiefly  by  squatters  from  New  England.  Livingston  Manor^  was  patented  July 
22,  1G86,  and  first  settled  by  tenants  about  the  beginning  of  the  last  century.  The  most  important 
settlement  was  made  by  German  Palatinates,  in  1710,  upon  a  tract  of  6000  acres — now  constituting 
the  principal  part  of  Germantown — M'hich  had  been  sold  back  to  the  Government  by  Robert  Living- 
riton.  The  territory  of  Mass.,  under  its  charter,  extended  westward  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  grants 
were  made  by  that  colony.^  Conflicting  claims  gave  rise  to  bitter  contentions  and  riotous  outbreaks. 
Arrests  made  under  Mass.  warrants  led  to  riots  and  bloodshed.'  Combinations  were  formed  to 
dispossess  the  proprietor  of  the  Livingston  Manor,  which  resulted  in  tumults  and  murders.^  These 
difficulties  continued  until  after  the  !Kevolution.  During  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  for  several 
years  after,  this  section  of  the  country  was  much  infested  by  robbers,  and  acts  of  violence  were  of 
frequent  occurrence.^  The  anti-rent  movement  of  1840-50  extended  to  the  Livingston  Manor,  the 
John  J.  Van  Rensselaer  Tract,  and  other  districts  held  by  leasehold.  In  Dec.  1844,  the  Governor 
ordered  out  7  companies  of  militia  to  assist  the  sherifi*  of  this  co.  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties. 
Most  of  the  leases  which  had  then  been  issued  were  for  1,  2,  or  3  lives;  but  the  anti-rent  difficultiea 
have  led  to  the  policy  of  conveying  the  title  in  fee  as  rapidly  as  circumstances  will  admit.® 


ANCRAM — was  formed  from  Livingston,  March  19,  1803,'  as  "  GallatinJ'    Its  name  was 
changed  March  25,  1814,  and  Gallatin  was  taken  off  in  1830.     It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co. 


Richard  L.  Cross  in  1816,  and  W.  R.  Stebbina  in  1821. 

It  was  discoutinued  in  1824. 
The  Columbia  Magadne  was  published  at  Hudson  at  an  early 

date,  by  Uev.  John  Clie,«tpr. 
The  Spirit  of  the  Forum  an<l  Huihon  Reniarker  waa  published  in 

1SI7,  by  a  literary  ;iS'^i>ri;itiMn. 
Tlie  Coluiikbia  Republican  was  started  in  Aug.  1S18. 

by  Soiomou  Wilbur,     in  1M20  it  passt'd  into  tlie  bands 

of  Ambrose  L.  and  Allen  Jordan,  and  is  now  published- 

by  Wm.  IJryan.    For  a  year  or  two,  about  1836-30,  it 

was  issiu'd  as 
The  Cnhiinl'ia  Ii'pnbli:nn  and  Hudson  City  Advertiser. 
Tlie  Hudson  Gazette  was. established  in  1824.  by  Pelo^ 

G.  bliirtevant,  and  is  now  published  by   Williams   & 

Bi-otber,  John  W.  Edmonds.  Ed. 
Th&  StesufTirjer  of  Peace  was   startt-d  in  1824,  at  Hudson,  by 

Ricliard  Carrique,  and  continued  1  year. 
The  Rural  L'^positort/,  semi-mo.,  was  cnnimencod.  June  12, 1824, 

by  Wra.  B.  Stoddard,  and  continued  until  1851. 
Oibnnbia  and  Greene  Co.  Env-ny  was  started  at  Hudson,  in  1S31, 

by  Kdwin  G.  Lindsley.  and  continued  2  years. 
T'le  Diamond,  eemi-mo.,  was  published  at  Hudson,  in  1S33,  by 

G.  F.  Stone. 
The  Mognolia.,  semi-mo.,  was  published  at  Hudson,  in  1834,  by 

P.  C.  Carriiiue. 
The  Hudsmi  Flail  was  published  by  J.  R.  S.  Van  Yliet,  during 

the  campaign  of  1840. 
J7ic  Columhia  Washivgtonian  waa  started  at  Hudson  in  1842,  by 

J.  K.  S.  Van  "Vliet.    The  paper  changed  bauds  several 

times,  and  was  changed  to 
The  Daily  Evening  Star,  Dec.  28, 1847,  by  Alex.  N.  Webb.    It  is 

now  piiblislied  as 
The  Hudson  Star,  da.  and  w. 

The  Ci-linnhui  iJnnocrat  was  commenced  at  Chatham  Four  Cor- 
nel s,  in  1847,  by 

The  Temp'ra7iC''  FuUadium  waa  published  at  Hudson  in  1851, 

by  J.  W.  Dutcher. 
The  Hudsm  Daily  Aews  was  published  in  1855,  by  Richard  Van 

Antwerp. 
The  KindiThonk  Sentinel  was  established  at  Kindorhook  in  June, 

1825.  by  Peter  Van   Schaack,  and  in   Jan.  1832,  was 

changed  to 
Cblujnhia's  Sr>itinel.     In  IS.'U  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  John 

V.  A.  Hoes,  but  about  IS  months  afterward  it  reverted 

to  Van  gchaack.     It  has  since  been  changed  to  the 
Rough    Notes,  and   since   1854  it  has   been  published  at 

Kinderhook.  by  P.  H.  Van  Vleck. 
The  Valatie  Weekly  Times  was  published  in  1853.  bv  H.  N.  Hopkins. 
The  Eciual  Rights  Advocate  was  started  at  Chatham  Four  C-or- 

ners.  by  an  anti-rent  association.    In  1848  it  was  re- 
moved to  Hudson  and  changed  to 
The  Democratic  Freeman.    It  was  discontinued  in  1855-56. 
T/w  Columhia  (Ih.  Journal  was  published  at  Cliatham  Four  Cor- 
ners in  1850.  by  Philip  11.  Osfrander. 
The  Journal  of  Materia  Medlca  was  commenced 

at  New  Lebanon  in  1857 ;  H.  A.  Tilden,  pub..  Joseph 

Bates.  M.  D.,  ed. 
1  The  patent  of  this  manor  conferred  upon  Robert  Livingston, 
the  patentee,  ft-udal  privileges,  and  impr)'*ed  an  annual  qviitrent 
of  28  shillings.  The  manor  contained  100,240  acres,  and  in- 
cluded nearly  all  the  present  towns  of  Clermont,  Germantown, 
Livingstnn.  Gallatin,  Taghkanick,  Ancram,  and  Copako.  It 
cu'isisted  of  2  pui  chaacs :  the  Livingston  purchase,  obtained  of 


the  Mohegan  Indians  in  July,  1683,  and  the  Taghkanick  par- 
chase,  obtained  Aug.  10, 1685.  They  were  confirmed  by  Gov. 
Dongan,  the  former,  Nov.  4,  1684.  and  the  latter,  Aug.  12, 1685. 
In  1701  there  were  but  4  or  5  houses  on  the  manor.  From  and 
after  1716  the  manor  vam  represented  by  a  member  in  General 
Assembly.  Before  his  death — which  took  place  in  1728 — Robert 
Livingston  bequeathed  to  his  son  Robert  tliat  part  of  the  manor 
now  included  in  the  town  of  Clermont,  and  the  residue  to  his 
eldest  eon,  Philip.  The  latter  was  succeeded  by  Robert  Living- 
ston, Jr.:  and  in  1792  the  land  e.  of  the  post  road  was  divid^ 
between  Walter,  Robert  C.  John,  and  Henry  Livingston,  the 
devisees  of  Robert  Livingston,  Jr.,  according  to  the  provisions 
of  his  will. — Sutherland's  Deduction  of  the  Title  of  the  Manor 
of  Livingston:  Dor.  Hist.  III.  0>hmial  Hist. 

1q  the  patent  and  upon  the  maps  of  the  manor,  several  places 
are  designated  by  their  Indian  names,  viz., — 

Ahashawaghkick,  a.\A\\  in  N.w.rorner.  on  Mass.  line.  Acxi- 
vjnnuk,  a  flat  or  rock  in  N.  part  of  North  Fast,  (Dutchess  co.) 
Kacfiwawyick.  a  place  w.  of  a  certain  mountain.  Kickiut,  or 
A'lH/ja,  one  of  3  plains  near  RooliffJansens  Creek.  MananosicJc, 
hill  in  w.  part,  on  or  near  Mass.  line.  Afawanagua-tirk,  stone 
heaps  on  R.  line,  "where  Indians  have  laid  several  heaps  of 
stones  together,  by  an  ancient  custom  amongst  them."  Mahas' 
kakook,  a  ''cripple  bush"  on  s.  line  of  patent.  MnwichnaJe^  a 
flat  on  both  sides  of  a  creek  where  it  joins  R.  Jansens  Creek. 
Minmissichtauock,  a  piei^e  of  land  n.  of  RoeliflF  Jansens  Creek. 
Nowanagquasick,  on  N.  line  of  manor,  fSauthier's  map.)  Nacha- 
warvachkano,  creek  tributary  to  Twaatawekak.  JSlchavkookf, 
one  of  3  plains  near  Roeliff"  Jansens  Creek.  Pottkook.  patented 
to  K.  Van  Renssi^laer,  s.  of  Kinderhook.  Quisichkonk,  a  small 
creek  N.  of  Roeliff  Jansens  Creek.  Saai^kahampka,  or  Sjoaska- 
hajriaka,  a  place  opposite  Saiigerties.  Ulster  co.  Saealika,  on  N. 
line  of  the  town  of  North  East.  Sankhenak,  Boclifl'  Jansens 
Kil.  Skoankook,  a  creek.  Jbwastawekak,  or  Tivaxtawekak,  a 
creek.  WachanekaiseJr,  a  small  stream  opposite  Cat^kill  Creek. 
Wahanlasick\  near  Roelifi"  Jansens  Creek,  (Sauthier's  map.) 
Wawyachtonock,  a  place.  Whichquc^uhbau,  s.  w.  comer  of 
Mass. 

2  With  the  view  of  settling  their  claims  upon  the  Hudson,  tho 
Boston  Government,  iu  March.  1672.  sent  John  Paine  to  New 
York  to  solicit  permission  to  pass  and  repass  by  water.  The 
application  was  received  with  cold  civility,  and  the  subject 
referred  home  for  the  decision  of  his  Majesty.  Gov.  Lovelace 
improved  the  occasion  to  remind  the  Mass.  people  of  the  distrust 
with  which  they  had  received  tho  commissioners  sent  over  in 
1C64,  .ind  intimated  that  their  application  uiid(T  other  circum- 
stances might  have  been  difl'erently  received. — General  Entries, 
IV.  177,  178.    Sec.  Office. 

8  Doc.  Hi,^t.  ni..  754. 

■*  In  1791  the  sheriff'  of  the  cO.  was  murdered  by  an  armed 
mob  while  in  the  discharge  of  his  official  duty. 

6  A  party  of  rangers  was  organized  to  suppress  these:  and 
under  the  act  of  May  11, 1780,  £1500  waa  raised  to  defray  thi 
expenses  thus  incurred. 

6  Afsem.  Doc.  15ti:  1846.  p.  2. 

7  This  town  was  included  in  the  Livingston  Manor.  The  lina 
bordering  upon  Taghkanick  was  altered  March  25.  1S14.  A 
narrow  triangular  tract  of  about  1000  acres,  in  the  extreme  e. 
part  of  the  town,  known  as  "  B-'Ston  Comer"  formerly  belonged 
to  the  town  of  Mt.  Washington,  Berkshire  co..  Mass.  The 
Taghkanick  Mts.  extend  along  the  E.  boitler  of  the  tract,  and 
form  an  almost  impassable  barrier  between  this  and  the  ro 
moiuiug  parts  of  that  town.    Thus  entirely  isolated  from  the 


COLUMBIA    COUNTY. 


243 


The  surface  is  broken  and  hilly.  In  the  E.  part  the  hills  range  in  a  N.  and  s.  direction,  but  else- 
where they  are  irregular.  Roeliif  Jansens  Kil'  crosses  the  town  in  a  s.  w.  direction.  A  narrow 
intervale,  bordered  by  steep,  irregular  hills,  extends  along  its  course.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam 
intermixed  with  clay.  Iron  ore  has  been  obtained  at  diiferent  places  from  the  hills  upon  the  E. 
border  of  the  town,^  and  lead  ore  is  mined  at  Hot  Ground.'  Ancraui,*  (p-'*'v)  situated  on 
Roeliff  Jansens  Kil,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches,  a  paper  mill,  a  sawmill,  and 
about  30  houses.  Hot  Ground  (Ancram  Leadmines  p.  o.)  and  BoNton  Corner,  (p.o.,)  a 
station  on  the  Harlem  R.  R.,  are  hamlets.  The  town  was  first  settled  by  the  Dutch,  in  th«  neigh- 
borhood of  Ancram  Village.     There  are  3  churches  in  town.' 

AITSTERI.ITZ— was  formed  from  Canaan,  Chatham,  and  Hillsdale,  March  28, 1818.  It  lies 
on  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  of  the  center.  The  E.  and  central  parts  are  broken  by  irregular 
ranges  of  hills,  and  the  w.  part  is  undulating.  The  principal  streams  are  Green  River  in  the  E. 
and  Myrtle  Creek  in  the  w.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  intermixed  in  some  parts  with  slate  and 
clay.  The  hills  are  mostly  arable  to  their  summits.  Speucei'town,  (p.  v.,)  on  Myrtle  Creek, 
in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches,  an  academy,'  and  2  gristmills.  Pop.  225. 
Austerlitz,  (p. v.,)  in  the  valley  of  Green  River,  contains  2  churches  and  150  inhabitants. 
Upper  Green  River  is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  e.  part  of  the  town.  The  first  settlements  were 
made  about  1745  to  1750,  by  squatters  from  Conn.'  Disputes  concerning  the  ownership  of  lands 
thus  appropriated  arose ;  and  on  the  31st  of  May,  1757,  the  settlers  appointed  a  committee  to  adjust 
the  difficulties.  About  1774,  Nathaniel  Culver  and  Jas.  Savage  were  sent  to  England  to  secure  a 
grant  of  these  lands  to  the  settlers ;  but,  owing  to  the  trouble  existing  between  the  mother  country 
and  the  colonies,  they  were  unsuccessful.  The  land  titles  were  finally  settled  by  the  act  of  March 
22,  1791.  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  organized  in  1750,  and  Rev.  Jesse  Clark  was  the  first 
pastor.' 

CA]VAA1V — was  formed  as  "  Kings  District,"  March  24, 1772,  and  its  name  was  changed  March 
7,  1788.  A  part  of  Chatham  was  taken  ofi"  in  1795,  and  New  Lebanon  and  a  part  of  Austerlitz  in 
1818.  It  is  situated  on  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  between  Austerlitz  and  New  Lebanon.  A  range 
of  mountains  or  hills  separates  it  from  Massachusetts.  The  surface  is  broken  and  hilly.  Whitinga 
Pond,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  is  about  2  mi.  in  circumference.  Its  outlet  is  tributary  to  Kin- 
derhook  Creek  and  affords  several  valuable  mill  sites.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  or  slaty  loam  and 
clay.  The  hills  are  mostly  arable  to  their  summits.  Near  the  center  of  the  town  is  a  slate  quarry.* 
Canaan  Four  Corners,  (p.  v.,)  a' station  on  the  A.  &  W.  S.  R.  R.,  contains  1  church  and  32 
dwellings ;  Flat  BrooU,  (p.  v.,)  a  station  on  tlie  same  R.  R.,  contains  1  church  and  15  dwellings. 
Canaan  (p.o.)  and  Canaan  Center  (p.o.)  are  hamlets.  Queecliy,  on  the  outlet  of 
Whitings  Pond,  contains  1  church,  2  paper  mills,  a  sawmill,  a  gristmill,  and  21  dwellings;  and 
Red  Rocfc,'"  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches,  a  sawmill,  a  gristmill,  and  30 
dwellings.  Two  families  of  Shakers,  consisting  of  about  75  persons,  reside  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the 
town.  They  are  chiefly  engaged  in  farming,  and  their  estate  consists  of  over  1400  acres.  They 
raise  garden  seeds  to  a  limited  extent,  and  manufacture  brooms,  mop  sticks,  and  other  similar 
articles.  The  settlement  of  the  town  was  commenced  about  1756."  At  a  meeting  of  the  citizens 
of  "Kings  District,"  (June  24,  1776,)  held  for  the  purpose  of  choosing  delegates  to  the  Provincial 


seat  of  civil  authority,  it  became  the  resort  of  fugitives  from 
Justice,  prifO  fighters,  and  otbers  of  like  character,  who  bade 
defiance  to  tlie  laws  and  practiced  their  unlawful  acts  with  im- 
punity. In  Dec.  1848,  the  inhabitants  petitioned  to  be  annexed 
to  N.Y.  The  State  of  Mass.  consented  in  May,  1863.  The 
cession  was  accepted  by  New  York.  July  21  of  the  same  year, 
contirmed  by  Congress.  Jan.  3,  l'^55,  and  the  Corner  was  an- 
nexed to  this  town,  April  13,  1857.— iV.  F.  AssPtii.  Docs,,  54  & 
194,  1849. 

t  Called  "  Ancram  Creek"  in  this  town. 

8  Tlieso  mines  have  been  worked  many  years.  Considerable 
quantities  of  ore  are  obtained  on  the  land  of  A.  Mc.^rtbur  and 
Bent  to  Millerstown  (Dutchess  co.)  on  the  Harlem  R.R.  An  ore 
bed  N.  of  this,  owned  by  the  Kmpire  Co.,  is  coimected  with  tlie 
R.  R.  by  a  track  H  mi.  lon^. 

*  This  mine  waii  discovered  on  land  leased  by  the  keeper  of 
the  Livingston  Manor.  Kobt.  R.  Livingston  purchased  the  lease, 
and  Riild  it  to  a  N.  Y.  Co.,  by  whom  the  mine  was  worked  until 
within  a  few  years.  A  shaft  has  tieen  sunk  100  feet,  and  galleries 
opened  in  different  directions.  The  mine  is  on  land  now  owned 
by  11.  Mclntyre. 

*  This  place  was  formerly  celebrated  for  its  iron  works.  These 
were  erected  as  early  as  17.'>6.  Tlie  ore  was  olitained  from  Siilis- 
bury.  Conn.,  and  from  mines  in  the  E.  part  of  this  town,  and 
pig  and  bar  iron  of  a  superior  quality  was  made. 


&  Evang.  Luth.,  M.  E.,  and  Presb. 

6  The  Spencertown  Academy  was  established  mainly  tbrougtl 
the  exertions  of  Rev.  Dr.  T.  Woodbridge. 

'  Among  the  early  settlers  were  John  Dean,  John  Williama, 
Seth  and  Truman  Powell.  Jas.  Sexton,  Ephraim  Kidder,  and 
families  by  the  names  of  Osborne,  Lawrence,  Spencer,  and  Whit- 
more. 

8  The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town ;  Christian,  Cong., 
M.  E..  and  Presb. 

*  This  quarry  is  on  the  land  of  L.  D.  Ford.  The  elate  is  of  a 
dark  blue  color,  and  plates  of  any  required  size  or  thickness  may 
be  obtained. 

10  So  named  from  a  large  rock  by  the  roadside,  painted  red, 
and  surmounted  by  a  wooden  column  about  10  feet  high,  bearing 
the  date  "  Jan.  1S26." 

u  Among  the  early  Bettlers  were  families  named  Dnnglnss, 
Warner,  Whiting,  Alesworth,  lialdwin,  and  Ilawley.  Tlie  first 
mill  was  bnilt  by  Wm.  B.  Whiting,  about  1775.  This  milI,8torM 
with  grain  belonging  to  the  government,  was  burned  by  toTina 
during  the  war.  In  the  first  book  of  records  is  a  memorandum, 
without  date  or  signature,  statimr  that  "the  town  records  were 
kept  on  loose  paper  previous  to  1772,  but  not  probably  but  a  few 
years.  The  deed  from  the  Indians  of  6  mi.  sq.  was  executed  in 
1768.  The  compensation  was  £250,  that  being  paid  for  the  C  mi. 
sq."    The  record  is  continuous  since  May  5, 1772. 


244 


COLOMBIA    COUNTY. 


Congress,  it  was  voted  to  recommend  to  that  body  the  passage  of  a  declaration  of  independence.' 
There  are  7  churches  in  town.^ 

CIIATIIAI*! — was  formed  from  Canaan  and  Kinderhook,  March  17,  1795,  and  parts  of  Aus- 
terlitz  and  Ghent  were  taken  off  in  1818.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  The 
surface  is  moderately  hilly,  the  ranges  generally  extending  n.  and  s.  The  principal  stream  is  Kin- 
derhook Creek,  upon  which  are  numerous  mill  sites.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  gravelly  loam 
intermixed  with  clay,  and  upon  the  hills  it  is  slaty.  The  valleys  are  broad  and  fertile,  and  the 
hills  arable  to  their  summits.  Near  New  Concord  is  a  sulphur  spring.  Cliatliaui  Four  Cor- 
ners (p.v.)  is  situated  partly  in  this  town  and  partly  in  Ghent.  It  is  an  important  station  on  the 
A.  &  W.  S.  R.  R.  and  the  H  &  B.  R.  R.,  and  is  the  terminus  of  the  Harlem  R.  R.  The  depSts  of  these 
roads  are  in  Ghent.  The  village  contains  3  churches,  a  machine  shop,  and  3  foundries.  Pop.  697. 
East  Cliatliam,  (p.v.,)  a  station  on  the  A.  &  W.  S.  R.  R.,  near  the  line  of  Canaan,  contains  2 
churches,  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  candle  factory.  Pop.  245.  ]Ve\v  Concord  contains  1  church 
and  109  inhabitants;  CUatbani,  (p.v.,)  1  church,  a  furnace  and  plow  factory,  gristmill,  and  saw- 
mill, and  a  pop.  of  214 ;  Ray  ville  a  Friends  meeting  house  and  13  houses ;  Cliatliani  Cen- 
ter, (p.v.,)  1  church  and  127  iuhabit.ants ;  Maiden  Bridge,  (p.v.,)  1  church,  a  paper  mill, 
sawmill,  and  tannery,  and  a  pop.  of  193 ;  and  Riders  Mills,  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  12 
houses.  IVortll  Cliatliani,  (p.v.,)  contains  2  churches,  a  sawmill,  gristmill,  and  plaster  mill. 
Pop.  179.  The  settlement  of  this  town  commenced  about  1725.  The  settlers  were  from  Kinder- 
liook,  but  originally  from  Holland.  A  company  from  Connecticut  settled  at  New  Concord  in  1758.' 
The  census  reports  11  churches  in  town.* 

CLiAVERACK^  ( Claw' ve-rack)— was  formed  as  a  district,  March  24,  1772.  Hillsdale  was 
taken  off  in  1782,  and  Hudson  in  1785.  It  was  recognized  as  a  town,  March  7,  1788.  A  part 
of  Ghent  was  taken  off  in  1818.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  in  the  w.  part  is 
undulating,  and  in  the  E.  hilly.  Claverack  Creek,  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  town,  and  its  tribu- 
taries, are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  a  rich  loam  in  the  w.,  and  a  gravelly  loam  inter- 
mixed with  slate  in  the  E.  ClaveracK,  (p.v.,)  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  a  station  on  the 
H.  &  B.  R.  R.,  contains  2  churches  and  the  Claverack  Academy  and  Hudson  River  Institute  f  pop. 
496  ;  Mellenville,  (p.  v.,)  a  station  on  the  II.  &  B.  R.  R.,  contains  2  churches,  a  gristmill,  and 
30  dwellings  ;  and  Plliliuont,  (p.v.,)  a  station  on  the  Ilarlem  R.  R.,  contains  several  manufac- 
turing establishments'  and  35  dwellings.  Soutli  Bend  Mills,  Martlndale  Depot,  (p.  o.) 
and  Humplireysville  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets.  Smoky  Uollotv  (p.  v.)  contains  several  manu- 
ffictories'  and  25  dwellings,  and  Cliurclltovi'n  (p.v.)  1  church  and  14  dwellings.  The  Ref.  Prot. 
I),  church,  Claverack,  was  organized  in  1716,  and  the  present  edifice  was  erected  in  1765.  There 
are  6  churches  in  town.' 

CXERMOIVT— was  formed  from  the  Livingston  Manor,  March  12,  1787.'°  It  lies  upon  the 
Hudson,  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  undulating.  Roeliff  Jansens  Kil  forms  the  E. 
boundary.  The  soil  is  a  fertile  loam,  and  in  some  places  sandy.  Clermont,  (p.  v.,)  near  the 
E.  part  of  the  town,  hs,s  a  pop.  of  155.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  an  early  day  by  Germans, 
who  occupied  the  lands  as  tenants.  A  school  was  established,  in  1791,  by  a  special  act  of  the  legis- 
lature, before  any  general  school  system  had  been  adopted  in  the  State."  Robert  R.  Livingston,  a 
prominent  statesman  of  the  Revolution  and  the  first  chancellor  of  the  State,  was  a  resident  of  this 
town.  A  German  Lutheran  church,  about  3  mi.  w.  of  the  village  of  Clermont,  is  the  only  church 
in  town. 

COP  ARE— was  formed  from  Taghkanick,  March  26,  1824.  It  lies  on  the  E.  border  of  the 
CO.,  between  Hillsdale  and  Ancram.     Its  surface  is  broken  by  ranges  of  hills  separated  by  broad 


1  William  B.  Whiting,  As.i  Waterm.in.  Philip  Frishie,  Martin 
Beebe,  Elistia  Pratt,  Capt.  Baldwin.  Daniel  Etick.  Elijah  Bost- 
wick.  Gideon  King,  .Jarvis  Mudge,  Sanil.  Johnson.  Saml.  Gillett. 
L.  A.  Ilerrick,  Joseph  Wood,  John  Woodworth.  and  Saml.  Baily 
were  appointed  a  committee  to  prepare  a  memorial  making  Hucli 
recommendation  to  Congress. 

2  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  Christian,  Cong.,  and  Presb. 

8  Among  those  were  John  Beebe,  and  others  named  Cady, 
ITnrlburt,  Palmer,  and  Davis.  A  little  w.  of  Chatham  Center 
was  a  stone  house,  used  as  a  defense  against  the  Indians  during 
the  Revolution.  A  man  named  Vosbnrgh,  who  lived  near  this 
house,  was  killed  and  scalped ;  but  his  family  escaped. 

<  0  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  Christian,  Cong.,  and  Ref  Prot.  D. 

6  This  town  formerly  extended  to  the  Hudson,  and  the  bluffs 
©n  the  bank  were  named  the  "  Klauvers,"  (clovers,)  whence 
*•  t'laver-reach,"  or  "  Claverack." — Benson's  Memoir,  p.  44. 


«  This  institution  is  located  upon  a  beautiful  eminence  in  the 
N.  part  of  the  village,  and  commands  an  extensive  view  of  the 
surrounding  country  and  of  the  distant  Catskills.  It  is  one  of 
tlie  most  flourishing  institutions  in  the  State.  It  has  accommo- 
dations for  500  to  600  pupils. 

'  Three  paper  niill^,  a  carpot  factory,  woolen  factory,  sash  and 
blind  factory,  furnace  and  machine  shop. 

8  Among  these  are  a  woolen  factory,  cradle  factory,  gristmill, 
and  sawmill. 

0  2  Ref.  Prot.  T)..  Bap.,  Evang.  Luth..  M.  E.,  and  Prot.  E. 

10  By  an  act  of  legislature  passed  March  2,  1858,  a  triangular 
tr.act,  now  constitutiug  the  N.  part  of  Germantown,  was  taken 
off  from  Clermont. 

11  An  academy  was  incorp.  April  26, 1.S34,  and  received  under 
the  regents  Feb.  26, 1837,  but  it  was  never  successfully  organ 
izcd. 


COLUMBIA    COUNTY. 


•245 


and  fertile  valleys.  A  high  and  nearly  unbroken  range  extends  along  the  e.  border.  In  the 
town  are  several  small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are  Copake  Lake  in  the  w.,  and  Robinsons, 
Snyder,  and  Rhoda  Ponds  in  the  s.  Tlie  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  Near  Copake  Station 
are  several  iron  mines.^  Copake  Slation,  (Copake  Iron  Works  p.  o.,)  on  the  Harlem  R.  R., 
contains  I  church,  a  blast  furnace,  and  2G  houses;  Copake  Flats  (Copake  p. o.)  contains  1 
church  and  20  houses;  and  Haines  {Station,  (North  Copake  p. o.,)  a  station  on  the  Harlem 
R.  R.,  15  houses.  The  settlement  of  this  town  commenced  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.-  A 
Ref.  Prot.  D.  church  was  the  first  church  organized,  and  Rev.  Jeremiah  Romeyn  was  the  first  pastor.' 

GAl.I.ATIK'' — was  formed  from  Ancram,  March  27,  1830.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  s. 
border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  broken  by  several  ranges  of  hills,  which  extend  in  a  n.  and  s. 
direction.  The  highest  point  is  Mattashuk  Hill,  s.  of  Lake  Charlotte.  Roeliif  Jausens  Kil  is  the 
principal  stream :  its  banks  are  steep  and  in  some  places  rocky.  Charlotte  Lake,  in  the  n.  part 
of  the  town,  is  a  fine  sheet  of  water,  surrounded  by  gentle  slopes  cultivated  to  the  water's  edge. 
The  soil  is  a  slaty  and  gravelly  loam,  and  moderately  fertile.  Gallatinville,  (p.  v..)  on  Roeliff 
Jansens  Kil,  contains  a  gristmill  and  11  houses ;  'Weaver  Hollow,  Jacksons  Corners, 
(on  tlie  line  of  and  p.  o.  in  Dutchess  co.,)  and  Union  Corners,  (partly  in  Livingston,)  are 
hamlets.  The  town  was  settled  at  a  very  early  day  by  emigrants  from  Holland  and  Germany.*  A 
Ref.  Prot.  D.  church  was  organized  in  1748,  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Freymoot  was  the  first  pastor.* 

GIIEWT' — was  formed  from  Chatham,  Claverack,  and  Kinderhook,  April  3,  1818;  and  a  part 
of  Stockport  was  taken  off  in  1833.  It  is  an  interior  town,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface 
is  hilly  in  the  e.  and  undulating  in  the  w.  The  town  is  watered  by  several  small  streams  tribu- 
tary to  Kinderhook  and  Claverack  Creeks.  The  soil  is  mostly  a  gravelly  loam,  but  in  some  parts 
it  is  clayey.  Glient,"  (p-'^-O  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town,  is  a  station  on  the  H.  &  B.  and  Harlem 
R.  Rs.  It  contains  2  churches  and  18  houses.  fVest  Glient  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church  and  16 
houses.  Pulvers  Station  is  on  the  II.  &  B.  R.  R.  The  first  settlement  was  made  about  1735, 
by  emigrants  from  Holland  and  Germany.'     There  are  4  churches  in  town.'" 

GREEIVPORT— was  formed  from  Hudson  City,  May  13,  1837.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson, 
near  the  center  of  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  hilly.  Beacrofts  Mt.,  is. 
the  E.  part  of  the  town,  is  nearly  precipitous  upon  its  w.  side.  Merino  Point,"  near  the  Hudson, 
has  an  elevation  of  250  feet  above  the  river.  Claverack  Creek  forms  the  e.  boundary  of  the  town, 
and  a  small  tributary  of  this  stream  and  Kahseway  Creek  are  the  principal  watercouiscs.  The  inter- 
vale of  the  latter  is  broad  and  fertile.  The  soil  is  clayey  along  the  river  and  a  sandy  and  gravelly 
loam  in  the  interior.  Limestone  is  extensively  quarried  on  the  e.  side  of  Beacrofts  Mt.  Oak  Hill 
(p.o.)  is  a  station  on  the  Hudson  R.  R.  R.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  tovra.  A  steam  ferry  connects 
this  place  with  Catskill  Point  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Hudson.  Settlement  commenced  in  this 
town  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century."    There  is  but  one  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  in  town. 

OERMAafTOWRf" — was  formed  as  a  district  April  1,  1775,  and  recognized  as  a  town  March 
7,  1788.  A  part  of  Clermont  was  annexed,  March  2,  1858."  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  s. 
part  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  undulating.  Roeliff  Jansena  Kil  forms  the  N.  boundary.  The 
soil  is  a  rich,  fertile  loam,  sandy  in  a  few  places.  Geriuantovrn  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church  and 
19  houses,  and  East  Camp  17  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1710,  by  German 
Palatinates,  under  the  patronage  of  Queen  Anne.  The  first  arrival  was  in  1710;  and  on  the 
1st  of  May,  1711,  there  were  1178  settlers  in  town,  and  the  four  villages  "  Hunterstown," 
"  Queenabunj,"  "Annsberg,"  and  "  HaysburgJi"  had  sprung  into  existence.'*    A  school  was  estab- 


1  The  ores  obtained  from  theao  mines  aro  hematites.  A  new 
ore  bed,  that  promises  an  almndaut  supply  of  an  excellent 
quality,  has  recently  been  opened  to  the  deptli  of  13  feet. 

"  Families  by  the  names  of  Snyder,  Brieae,  and  Lampuian  were 
among  the  early  settlers. 

8  The  census  reports  ."i  churches ;  M.  E.,  Prcsb.,  and  Prot.  E. 

*  Named  in  honor  of  lion.  Albert  Gallatin. 

6  The  Knickenbackers  and  the  .Snyders  were  among  the  first 
Bettlers.  An  Englit^liman,  named  Koss,  was  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers in  the  neighborhood  of  Gallatinville. 

c  There  are  2  cburches  in  town ;  Ref.  Prot.  D.  and  M.  E. 

'  Named  from  Client,  in  Holland. 

6  The  Indian  name  of  this  locality  was  "  .Srom-pa-muck." 

8  Among  the  tirst  settlers  were  John,  Cornelius,  Andrew,  and 
Lawrence  Sharp,  and  Abraham  Hogeboom,  who  located  ne.ar 
Ghent  Village.  A  man  named  Cflx  had  settled  near  the  same 
place  a  short  time  before. 

l»  2  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Evang.,  Meth.,  and  Friends. 

n  This  point  was  formerly  called  "  liorabitck."    Its  present 


name  was  derived  from  the  fact  that  a  largo  sheep  farm  was 
established  hero  many  years  ago. 

12  Jacob  Johannes  Van  Hoesen  and  Erneric  Plaice  settled  in 
the  town  as  early  as  1763. 

18  Named  "  I^ast  Camp^  and  "  Gt-mian  Camp'^  in  some  early 
records. 

n  That  part  annexed  was  almost  isolated  from  the  rest  of  Clei* 
mont,  imd  lay  N.  of  this  town. 

15  A  tract  of  6000  acres,  forming  the  present  town  of  German- 
town,  was  purchased,  on  the  9th  of  Sept.  1710,  of  Robt.  Living- 
ston by  Gov.  Hunter,  for  the  use  of  these  people.  It  was  do 
signed  to  employ  them  in  raising  hemp  and  making  tar.  pitch, 
and  rosin  for  the  royal  navy,  and  they  were  furnished  with  pro. 
visions  and  tools.  The  management  of  their  ailuirs  was  in- 
trusted to  a  boani  of  commissioners,  consisting  of  Robt.  Living- 
ston, Richard  Sacket.  John  Cast,  Godfrey  Walsen,  Andrew  Rag- 
ger.  and  Herman  Scbureman.  John  Peter  Knieskem  was  ap- 
pointed "master"  in  Hunterstown,  Jolin  Conrad  Weiser  in 
Queensbury,  ilartman  Windecker  in  Annsberg,  and  John  Chris- 


246 


COLUMBIA    COUNTY. 


lished  in  1711.     The  Ref.  Rrot.  D.  church  was  formed  in  1728,  and  Johannes  Van  Driesen  was  the 

first  pastor.' 

HIL.I.SDAI1E — was  formed  from  ClaveracK,  as  a  district,  March  26,  1782,  recognized  as  a 
town  March  7,  17S8,  and  a  part  of  Austerlitz  was  taken  off  in  1818.  The  surface  is  broken  by 
ranges  of  high  hills  extending  in  a  N.  and  s.  direction  and  separated  by  narrow  valleys.  Green 
River  crosses  the  n.  e.  corner;  and  several  small  streams,  which  form  the  headwaters  of  Roeliff 
Jansens  and  Claverack  Creeks,  take  their  rise  in  the  town.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  and  clay. 
Hillsdale,  (p.  v.,)  a  station  on  the  Harlem  R.  R.,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches 
and  has  a  pop.  of  225 ;  Harlem ville  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church  and  225  inhabitants,  and  Green 
River  (p.  v.)  1  church  and  about  12  houses.  The  town  was  settled  at  a  very  early  day,— the  s. 
part  by  immigrants  from  Mass.  and  the  N.  by  Dutch  settlers.'  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized 
June  23,  1787,  and  Rev.  Stephen  Gano,  D.D.,  was  the  first  pastor.    There  are  6  churches  in  town.* 


H5JDSOIV  CITY — was  formed  from  Claverack,  and  incorp. 
as  a  city,  April  22,  1785.*  A  part  of  Stockport  was  taken  ofi'  in 
1833,  and  Greenport  in  1837.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  bank  of  the 
Iludson,  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation,  near  the  center  of  the  w. 
border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  rolling  upland.  A  slate 
bins'  rises  abruptly  from  the  river  to  the  height  of  60  ft.,  and 
from  its  summit  a  beautifully  rolling  ridge  extends  eastward  and 
slopes  gradually  upward  for  a  distance  of  one  and  a  half  mi.,  termi- 
nating in  Prospect  Hill,  a  high,  rounded  eminence  300  ft.  above 
tlie  surrounding  lands  and  500  ft.  above  the  river.  This  ridge 
is  from  6  to  50  rods  in  width,  and  is  bounded  on  the  N.  and  s.  by 
gradual  and  uniform  slopes.  North  and  South  Bays  (two  shallow 
bodies  of  water)  extend  about  1000  ft.  inland  from  the  river,  converting  the  w.  extremity  of  the 
ridge  into  a  promontory.*  A  public  square,  containing  an  area  of  about  an  acre  and  a  half,  has 
been  laid  out  upon  the  summit  of  the  blufi"  overlooking  the  river,  and  furnishing  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  public  promenades  in  the  country.  From  the  summit  of  Prospect  HiU  an  extensive  view 
is  obtained  of  the  windings  of  the  Hudson,  with  the  distant  Catskills  on  one  side,  and  the  Green  Hills 
of  Mass.  on  the  other. 

In  the  river,  opposite  the  city,  is  an  extensive  mud  flat,  through  which  a  canal  has  been  cut  for 
the  Hudson  and  Athens  Ferry.    This  canal  has  recently  been  abandoned. 

This  city  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  Hudson  &  Boston  R.  R.,  and  an  important  station  on  the 
Hudson  R.  R.  R.  The  manufactures  are  extensive,  consisting  principally  of  iron  and  clothing.' 
A  considerable  amount  of  commerce  is  carried  on  by  means  of  the  Hudson.' 

The  City  Hall  is  a  brick  building,  situated  on  Warren  St.  near  the  center  of  the  city.  The  lower 
story  is  used  for  mercantile  purposes. 

The  Public  Schools  are  in  a  flourishing  condition.  In  1857  the  city  was  divided  into  4  districts, 
and  gave  employment  to  21  teachers, — 5  males  and  16  females.  The  number  of  children  between 
the  ages  of  4  and  21  was  2562,  of  which  1095  (or  42J  per  cent.)  were  in  attendance  some  portion 
of  the  year.  The  total  expenses  of  the  schools  for  that  year  was  §4448  38  ;  total  receipts,  the  same ; 
number  of  volumes  in  district  libraries,  700.  A  Lancasterian  School  Society  was  incorp.  April  15, 
1817,  and  it  maintained  a  school  many  years.* 

The  Hudson  Academy  building,  a  plain,  3  story  brick  edifice  near  Prospect  Hill,  was  erected  in  1805. 


tian  Tucks  in  Haysburgh.  The  enterprise  was  unsuccessful,  and 
many  of  the  settlers  removed  to  the  Mohawk  and  Schoharie  Val- 
leys. In  the  summer  of  1711  a  company  of  25  men  from  "  Flun- 
terstown"  volunteered  in  the  expetlitiou  .-jgainst  Canada.  In  1725 
the  tract  was  granted  hy  letters  j)atent  to  the  inhabitants  of 
^East  Camp"  to  be  divided  equally  in  fee  after  reserving  40  acres 
for  church  and  school  purposes. 

1  The  census  reports  3  churches  in  town;  Evang.Luth.,  M.E., 
and  Ref  Prot.  D. 

2  Among  the  early  Dutch  settlers  were  families  named  Showei^ 

man.  Blackman,  Kinyon.  Fregers.  Evens,  and  Slinrts.  Foster 

was  one  of  the  first  settlers  near  Hillsdale  Village.  The  State 
Bnrreodered  its  cUums  to  the  lands  actually  occupied,  March  12, 
1793 

8  3  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Christian,  and  Presb. 

4  The  express  object  of  this  incorporation  w.as  to  facilitate  com- 
■ttercial  operations.  The  charter  iucluded  all  the  territory  N,  of ! 
Livingston  Manor,  w.  of  Llaverack  Creek,  and  s.  of  il^jor  Abra-I 
nams  Creek,  extending  Ibu  feet  into  the  iludfjou.  I 


6  Warren  St.,  the  principal  street  of  the  city,  extends  along  .he 
crest  of  this  ridge  from  the  foot  of  Prospect  Hill  to  the  prome- 
niide  grounds  on  the  bluff.  Few  streets  in  any  city  have  a  finer 
location  than  this. 

6  The  Hrdson  Iron  Co.  have  a  double  blast  furnace,  driven  by 
an  engine  of  300  horse  power :  80  to  90  men  are  employed,  and 
40  to  50  tons  of  pig  iron  turned  out  per  day.  At  the  Columbia 
Iron  Works  about  40  men  are  employed,  and  20  to  25  tons  of  pig 
iron  made  daily.  The  ore  used  in  these  furnaces  is  obtained 
from  Weston.  Mass..  and  from  Dutchess,  Orange,  and  Essex  cos, 
Clark's  Clothing  Manufactory  employs  about  400  hands.  In  1858, 
siiles  were  made  to  the  amount  of  $130,000,  mostly  for  the  South* 
em  market.  Beside  these,  there  are  in  the  city  2  machine  shops^ 
2  iron  foundries,  a  stove  foundry,  gunshop,  cutlery  manufactory, 
bookbiudery,  flouring  mill,  brewery,  and  brickyard. 

7  An  immense  quantity  of  pressed  hay,  annually  sent  to  th« 
New  York  maa"kot,  forms  the  principal  export  of  the  co. 

8  By  act  of  May  11, 1S35,  this  society  was  allowed  to  raiat 
$400  annually. 


COLUMBIA    COUNTY. 


247 


The  Hudson  Female  Academy  was  organized  in  1851,  and  occupies  a  substantial  stone  edifice 
formerly  used  as  a  private  lunatic  asylum. 

The  Orphan  Asylum  was  established  in  Oct.  1843,  and  is  in  charge  of  a  board  of  lady  managers. 
Forty  to  60  children  are  provided  for.  It  is  supported  by  private  donations,  assisted  by  an  annual 
stipend  of  .§1000  from  the  co. 

The  city  contains  11  private  schools,  2  public  libraries,  3  banks,  and  3  newspaper  offices.  Pop. 
6,720. 

A  lunatic  asylum  was  established  here  in  1832,  but  it  was  given  up  upon  the  opening  of  the  State 
Asylum  at  Utica.'  The  first  religious  organization  (a  society  of  Friends)  was  formed  in  1784,  and 
a  meeting  house  was  built  in  1785.     There  are  now  11  churches  in  the  city.^ 

Hudson  was  formerly  known  as  "  Claverack  Landing."^  The  foundation  of  its  future  prosperity 
as  a  city  was  laid  by  Seth  and  Thos.  Jenkins  and  their  associates,  in  1783.*  It  grew  with  great 
rapidity,  and  soon  became  the  center  of  a  very  extensive  commercial  business.  In  1775  it  became 
a  port  of  entry,*  and  at  an  early  period  its  commerce  extended  to  the  West  Indies  and  Europe." 
Shad  and  herring,  from  the  river  and  coast  fisheries,  ship  timber,  and  country  produce  were  ex- 
ported, aud  numbers  of  ships  were  employed  in  the  whale  fisheries.  The  embargo,  and  the  war 
which  followed,  destroyed  this  trade.  The  whaling  business  was  afterward  resumed,  and  for  some 
time  prosecuted  with  success ;  but  it  has  since  been  entirely  abandoned.  A  daily  line  of  steamers 
plies  between  this  city  and  Albany,  and  the  day  line  between  Albany  and  New  York  touches  here. 

HIXOERIIOOIi' — was  formed  as  a  district,  March  22,  1772,  and  reorganized  as  a  town 
March  7, 1788.  A  part  of  Chatham  was  taken  olf  in  1795,  a  part  of  Ghent  in  1818,  and  Stuyvesant 
■  in  1823.  It  occupies  the  central  part  of  the  n.  border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  or  undu- 
lating. Kinderhook  Lake,  in  the  n.  e.  part,  is  about  4  mi.  in  circumference.  The  principal 
streams  are  Kinderhook  Creek  and  the  outlet  of  Kinderhook  Lake.  The  soil  is  a  fertile,  sandy, 
and  gravelly  loam.  Hindertaook,  (p.  v.,)  situated  on  the  creek  of  the  same  name,  was 
incorp.  April  18,  1838.  It  contains  4  churches,  the  Kinderhook  Academy,  a  newspaper  ofiice,  2 
banks,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.^  Pop.  1078.  L<indeuvralcl,  the  residence 
of  Ex  Pres.  Martin  Van  Buren,  is  about  2  mi.  s.  of  this  village.  Valatie,*  (vol'a-che,  p.  v.,) 
situated  at  the  junction  of  Kinderhook  Creek  and  the  outlet  of  Kinderhook  Lake,  was  incorjj.  June 
30,  1856.  It  contains  4  churches,  5  cotton  factories,'"  and  several  other  manufactories."  UTiver- 
Ville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  outlet  of  Kinderhook  Lake,  is  a  station  on  the  A.  &  W.  S.  K.  R.  It  contains 
a  wadding  factory,  batting  fixctory,  gristmill,  and  21  houses.  Settlements  commenced  under  the 
Dutch  Government.'^  The  rights  of  certain  settlers  were  confirmed  by  the  act  of  March  12,  1793. 
A  controversy  concerning  the  patent  of  John  Hendrick  De  Bmyn,  granted  in  1086,  was  settled  by 
commissioners  June  8,  1812.  A  Ref  Prot.  D.  church  was  organized  in  1712.  Rev.  Johannes 
Lydius,  of  Albany,  conducted  the  first  religious  services,  and  Rev.  J.  Van  Driesen  was  the  first 
settled  pastor.     There  are  8  churches  in  town." 

LiIVIlVCSTOlV— was  granted  as  a  manor,"  July  22,  168G,  formed  as  a  district,  Jlarch  24, 
1772,  and  organized  as  a  town,  March  7,  1788.  Clermont  was  taken  off  in  1787,  and  Ancram  and 
Taghkanick  in  1803.  It  is  situated  in  the  s.w.  part  of  the  co.,  bordering  on  the  Hudson.  The 
surface  is  generally  undulating.  Claverack  Creek  crosses  the  n.  e.  corner,  Kleina  Kil''  flows 
through  near  the  center,  and  Roeliff  Jansens  Kil  forms  the  s.  w.  boundary.     In  most  of  its  course 


1  Established  by  Dr.  S.  White.  It  wai  continued  6J  years, 
and  during  that  time  297  patients  were  admitted. 

»  Bap.,  M.  K.,  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  R.  C,  Univ.,  Wes. 
Metb.,  .4f.  Moth.,  and  2  Friends  meeting  bouses. 

*  In  17S3,  Peter  Ilogeboom.  Peter  Van  Hoesen,  Caspar  Huyek, 
John  Van  Allen,  and  John,  .Jacob,  Jonathan,  and  Leonard  Uen- 
dricks  lived  at  tliis  place.  Van  Allen  kept  a  store,  and  Conrad 
Plock  kept  a  canoe  ferry  to  Loonenburgb. 

<  Seth  and  Thomas  Jenkins,  and  28  others,  that  year  formed 
themselves  into  an  association  for  commercial  purposes,  and 
Belected  •'  dawrack  Landing"  as  the  Beat  of  their  operations.  A 
city  plot  was  at  once  surveyed,  docks  were  built,  and  shipbuild- 
ing commenced.  The  following  year  the  Hudson,  a  ship  of  3U0 
tons,  w.as  launched  by  Jenkins  k  Gelston.  Cotton  Gelston 
opened  a  store  the  same  year,  and  in  17S5  Thom.aa  Jenkins  and 
Josiah  Alcott  built  a  ropewalk,  000  feet  long.  Josiah  Barnard 
built  a  wind  gristmill  on  Prospect  HiU,  Jn  1787  :  and  Thos.  and 
Beth  Jenkins  and  Stephen  Paddock,  a  hemp  ducking  factory,  in 
1789. 

^  Henry  Malcomb,  the  first  collector,  was  appointed  Jane  12, 
1795. 

*  It  is  said  that  at  one  time  a  greater  amount  of  shipping  was 
owned  at  this  port  than  at  New  York. 

'  A  Dutch  name,  signifying  "  Cliildrens  Point."  There  are 
loveral  versions  of  the  origin  of  this  name :  one  is,  that  it  was 


given  by  Hudson  from  the  number  of  Indian  children  congre- 
gated to  see  his  vessel  at  a  point  above  Stuyvesant  Landing;  and 
another,  that  it  \v.a.s  derived  from  the  number  of  children  belong- 
ing to  a  family  residing  at  the  forks  of  an  Indian  trad,  where 
the  village  of  Kinderhook  now  is. 

8  A  steam  cotton  factory,  gristmill,  sawmill,  2  hat  factories,  and 
a  candle  factory. 

»  A  Dutch  word,  signifying  "  Little  Falls."  There  is  a  fall  here 
of  about  15  feet ;  and  hence  the  name. 

10  There  are  about  400  looms  in  these  factories,  and  400  to  500 
persons  employed :  warp  and  wicking  exclusively  are  made  at 
one  of  them. 

"  A  paper  mill,  furnace,  machine  shop,  plaster  mill,  and  saw- 
mill.   Pop.  estimated  at  about  1500. 

12  A  record  belonging  to  the  Kef.  Prot.  D.  church,  dated  1729, 
and  signed  by  Johannes  Van  Driesen.  gives  the  names  of  lOO 
families  then  residing  in  town.  Among  these  are  the  names 
Van  Alsteyn,  Van  Allen,  Van  Scliaack.  Van  Burjren.  Van  Der 
Pool,  Conyn.  Hnijk,  Vosburg,  Schermerhorn.  Klauw,  Uardenier, 
Van  Valkenburgh,  Van  Sleijk.  Wieber,  and  Mulder. 

13  2  M.  E,  Bap.,  Evang.  Luth.,  Presb..  Prot.  E.,  Bef.  Prot.  D., 
and  R.  C. 

i<  The  manor,  of  which  this  town  ia  a  part,  was  granted  t« 
Robert  Livingston. 
i»  Little  Creek. 


248 


COLUMBIA    COUNTY. 


this  last  stream  flows  through  a  broad  and  fertile  valley,  but  near  the  Hudson  its  banka  are  steep 
and  rocky.  The  soil  is  a  fertile,  sandy  loam.  JolinisloiiVii^  {Livingston  p.o.,)  situated  near 
the  center  of  the  town,  contains  1  church,  a  parochial  school,  and  28  houses.  Glencoe  I^Iills^ 
(p.v,,)  on  Clavcrack  Creek,  contains  a  free  chapel,  2  sawmills,  and  IG  houses.  Bakers  I>lills, 
(p.o.,)  on  KoeliS'  Jansens  Kil,  contains  a  woolen  factory,  2  paper  mills,  a  gristmill,  and  10 
dwellings.  EHzaville^  (p-o.,)  Blue  Store,  and  Linlithg'O  are  hamlets.  Settlement 
commenced  soon  after  the  patent  was  granted.*     There  are  4  churches  in  town.^ 

1¥EW  IjEBAIVOIV — was  formed  from  Canaan,  April  21,  1818.  It  is  the  n.e.  corner  town 
of  the  CO.  The  surface  consists  of  steep  hills  separated  by  broad,  irregular  valleys.  The  Taghka- 
nick  Mts.,  upon  the  e.,  separate  this  town  from  Mass.  The  Wyomanock  or  Lebanon  Creek  is  the 
principal  stream.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  slaty  loam  intermixed  with  clay.  The  valleys  are 
generally  narrow  and  the  hills  arable  to  their  summits.  Lebanon  Springs,  (New  Lebanon 
Springs  p.o.,)  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town,  is  celebrated  for  its  thermal  springs.^  It  contains  2 
churches,  4  hotels,  a  female  seminary,  and  a  gristmill.  Pop.  278.  Tildens  (New  Lebanon  p.  o.) 
contains  1  church,  a  barometer  and  thermometer  manufactory,  a  laboratory  for  the  preparation  of 
medicinal  extracts,*  and  35  houses.  l¥eTV  Ijebauou  Center  (p.v.)  contains  a  gristmill,  saw- 
mill, tannery,  and  22  houses ;  MoflTatts  Store,  (p.v.,)  1  church  and  23  houses;  and  IVew 
Britain,  (p.o.,)  1  church  and  C  houses.  In  the  e.  part  of  the  town,  about  2  mi.  s.  of  Lebanon 
Springs,  is  a  large  Shaker  community.^  The  first  settlement  was  made  about  1760,  by  immigrants 
mostly  from  Mass.  and  Conn.^    There  are  8  chui'ches  in  town.^ 

STOCKPORT— was  formed  from  Hudson,  Ghent,  and  Stuyvesant,  April  30,  1833.  It  lies 
upon  tiie  Hudson,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  consists  of  a  high  table  land,  rising  from 
the  river  in  bluffs  and  descending  with  a  moderate  slope  toward  the  e.  Kinderhook  and  Claverack 
Creeks  unite  near  the  center  of  the  town.  The  valleys  of  these  streams  are  narrow  and  their  banks 
often  steep  and  rocky.  Near  Stottsville  are  4  mineral  springs,  known  as  the  Columbia  Springs.® 
Stockport,  (P-"^v)  situated  at  the  junction  of  Kinderhook  and  Claverack  Creeks,  contains  3 
churches,  several  manufactories,®  and  44  dwellings.  Cliittendens  Falls  contains  1  church, 
2  paper  mills,  and  14  dwellings,  and  Stottsville  2  woolen  factories  and  21  dwellings.  Co- 
luuibiaville^"  (Stockport  station  on  the  Hudson  R.  R.  R.)  is  situated  on  the  Hudson.  This  town 
was  settled  at  an  early  period  by  the  Dutch.     There  are  4  churches  in  town." 

STUYVESAIVT^^— was  formed  from  Kinderhook,  April  21,  1823,  and  a  part  of  Stockport  was 
taken  off  in  1833.  It  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.,  is  situated  on  the  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
and  includes  the  adjacent  islands  e.  of  the  middle  of  the  river.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
except  along  the  river  bank,  wbere  it  is  broken  by  ravines  and  low  hills.  Kinderhook  Creek 
crosses  the  s.  part  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  generally  clayey,  but  in  some  places  it  is  a  light,  sandy 
loam.  Stuyvesant  Falls,  (p.v.,)  on  Kinderhook  Creek,  contains  1  church,  several  manufac- 
tories," and  35  houses.  Stuj'vesant  Landing,  (Stuyvesant  p.o.,)  on  the  Hudson,  contains  1 
church,  a  flouring  mill,  a  foundry,  2  coal  yards,  a  lumber  yard,  and  34  houses.     It  is  a  steamboat 


1  On  Beatty's  map  of  1714.  the  manorhouse  and  mill  are 
located  within  tbis  town,  near  the  Hudson,  and  the  residences 
of  families  uamt-d  Witbeck,  Claiis,  and  Brusie  near  Claverack 

2  2  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Evang.  Lnth.,  M.  E. 

8  The  eprinp  is  10  feet  in  diameter  and  4  feet  deep,  and  dis- 
charges 16  barrels  of  water  per  minute.  The  water  is  wholly 
tasteless,  aud  has  a  temperature  of  73°  at  all  seasons.  Accord- 
ing to  an  analysis  made  by  Br.  Meade.  1  pint  of  water  contains 
1.25  grs.  solid  matter,  as  follows: — 0,25  grs.  chloride  of  calcium, 
0.44  grs.  chloride  of  sodium.  0.19  grs.  carbonate  of  lime,  and  0.37 
grs.  sulphate  of  lime.  Bubbles  of  gas  constantly  rise  from  the 
bottom  of  the  spring,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  boiUog.  This 
gas  is  composed  of  89,4  parts  nitrogen  and  10.6  parts  oxygen, 
and  is  given  out  in  the  proportion  of  5  cubic  inches  from  a  pint 
of  the  water.  So  great  is  the  volume  of  water  discharged  that 
it  not  only  supplies  several  baths,  but  2  or  3  mills  are  kept  run- 
ning by  it  buth  summer  and  winter. — h.  C.  Beck's  Report,  1S48, 
p.  48,  and  Gi-ology  \st  Dist.,  p.  105.  The  medicinal  properties  of 
these  watiTs  were  first  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  public  by 
Jas.  Hitchcuck.  There  are  several  eimilar  springs  of  less  volume 
in  the  vicinity. 

*  Tildeu  k  Co.  have  under  cultivation  40  acres  of  medicinal 
plants,— chiefly  dandelion,  hyoscyamus,  lettuce,  belladonna,  stra- 
.  raonium.  yellow  duck,  burdock,  poppies,  digitalis,  aconite,  hore- 
hound,  wormwood,  and  valerian.  They  also  use  large  quantities 
of  conium,  gathered  from  the  surrounding  cnuntry,  as  well  as 
imported  medicinal  herbs  and  roots.  Sixty  persons  are  employed 
in  the  preparatirin  of  tlieir  extracts. 

6  There  are  600  to  600  persons  in  this  community.    They  owu 


about  2000  acres  of  land  in  this  State,  besides  a  considerable 
tract  in  Mass.  They  have  a  large  meeting  house,  a  laboratory 
furnished  with  steam  jiower,  a  gristmill,  4  sawmills,  2  machine 
shops,  8  dwellings,  and  several  other  buildings.  They  are  prin- 
cipally engaged  in  farming,  and  in  preparing  extracts,  roots, 
herbs,  botanic  medicines,  and  garden  seeds.  They  also  mann-' 
factux-e  brooms,  sieves,  and  fancy  baskets.  About  200,000  Iba. 
of  medicinal  articles  and  garden  seeds  are  put  up  annually. 
The  neatness  of  their  grounds  and  premises  is  proverbial. 

*  Among  the  first  settlers  were  families  named  Gilbert,  Cor- 
nell, King.  Skinner,  Mudge,  Gurnsey.  Jones,  'Waddams.  Sanford, 
and  Pfttchin.  An  inn  was  kept  at  Lebanon  Springs  for  several 
years  before  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  The  honee 
is  still  standing,  and  is  supposed  to  be  nearly  a  century  old. 

'  3  M.  E.,  Bap,,  Christian,  Presb.,  R.  C,  and  a  Shaker  meeting 
house. 

8  The  waters  of  these  springs  have  never  been  analyzed.  A 
hotel  and  bathing  houses  have  recently  been  erected  near  them, 
and  they  are  now  much  frequented. 

*  2  cotton  factories,  a  matrass  factory,  machine  shop,  and 
sash  and  blind  factoi-y. 

w  ColnmbiaviUe  was  incorp.  Feb.  21. 1812,  but  the  act  of  in- 
corporation was  repealed  April  20.  1833.  It  was  formerly  a 
manufacturing  place  of  considerable  importance.  In  1813  it  had 
a  cotton  factory  of  1500  spindles,  2  paper  mills,  4  cording  mills, 
2  fulling  mills,  together  with  grist,  saw,  and  plaster  mills. 

"  M.  E..  Presb.,  Prot.  E..  and  Univ. 

J2  Named  in  honor  of  Gov.  Peter  Stuyvesant. 

w  3  cotton  factories,  a  woolen  factory,  a  gristmill,  6awinill» 
machine  shop,  and  an  asi'icultural  implement  factory. 


COLUMBIA    COUNTY. 


249 


landing'  and  a  station  on  the  Hudson  R.  R.  R.  Coxsackic  Station,  on  the  Hudson  R.  R.  R., 
has  half  a  dozen  houses.  At  this  place  is  a  ferry  to  Coxsackie,  (Greene  co.,)  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  river.  The  first  settlement  was  made  hy  the  Dutch  about  the  period  of  the  English  conquest.* 
There  arc  3  churches  in  town.' 

TACJIIIiAlVICK' — was  formed  from  Livingston  as  "  Granger,"  March  19,  1803.  Its  name 
was  changed  JMarch  25,  1814,  and  Copake  was  taken  ofi'  in  1824.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  hilly.  Taghkanick  Creek  is  the  principal  stream.  Its 
banks  are  low  and  rocky,  and  upon  it  are  numerous  mill  sites.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  slaty 
loam.  The  hills  are  generally  arable  to  their  summits,  although  some  are  wooded  and  rocky. 
West  Tag'likanick.  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church,  a  gristmill,  and  14  houses.  TagliUanick 
(p.  0.)  and  IVcvv  Foi'ge  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  German  and  Dutcli 
settlers,  among  whom  were  families  named  Brises,  Shurts,  and  Shoefelts.  A  tract  of  about  600 
acres,  called  Taghkanick,  included  in  this  town,  was  purchased  by  Robert  Livingston  in  1685. 
The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  organized  in  1843.  There  are  now  2  churches  in  town;  Evang. 
Luth.,  and  M.  E. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,   Population,  Diccllinijs,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schools,  Live 
Stoch,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Columbia  County. 


Names  op  Towns. 


Ancram 

Austerlitz 

Canaan 

Chatham 

Claverack...... 

Clermont 

Copake 

Gallatin 

German  town... 

Ghent 

Greenport , 

Hillsdale 

Hudson 

Kinderhook.... 

Livingston 

New  Lebanon. 

Stockport 

Stnyvesant 

Taghkanick. ... 

Total 


Acres  op  Land. 


21,136 

22,805 

16.601 

26,856 

28.065 

10,23lj 

18,344 

17.6S3 

5,768 
22,606 

9,866 
21,068 
373 
15,865 
20,648 
16,218 

6,650 
10,820 
16.991 


304.277{ 


6.7S4 
4,!)S7 
6:218 
4.3S1 
4,916 
2,047 
4,.524 
6,ir,l 

673 
6,420 
1,649 
6,641 
77 
2,811 
2,055 
3,804 

901 
2,448 
5,008 


69.2.55 


Valuation  op  1868. 


$626,300 
401,600 
447.810 

1,094,908 
927.201 
279.057 
433,820 
2SS,924 
220,407 
881,604 
357.280 
462,830 

1,000.600 
721,867 
692,072 
286,090 
233,818 
460,752 
283,980 


ft.  a. 


$49,900 

08.460 

66.100 

271.730 

133.353 

161,331 

100,250 

126,089 

100,305 

92,103 

222,600 

132.060 

1,360,042 

994.240 

254.600 

lOi.OfiO 

f4,250 

203.000 

63.100 


$9,989,970  $4,562,379  $14,642,349  21.857 


$076,200 

470.260 

613,910 

1,366,098 

1,065,554 

430.388 

634,070 

414,093 

320,712 

973,607 

679,880 

694,880 

2,350,642 

1,716.09 

846,872 

390,090 

298,1 

653,752 

347,086 


029 

796 

989 

2,030 

1,654 

638 

838 

778 

673 

1,272 

6S5 

1,101 

3,120 

1,800 

1,025 

1,151 

776 

974 

828 


872 

822 

957 

1,993 

1,709 

620 

782 

739 

668 

1,266 

698 

1,093 

3.600 

2,064 

1,039 

1,178 

845 

963 

837 


!2,634 


=1 

4 

284 
323 
389 
724 
569 
183 
271 
260 
175 
412 
215 
394 
895 
671 
328 
352 
2S2 
316 
274 


7,287 


E 

d 

_5__ 

323 
354 
426 
821 
619 
183 
269 
272 
193 
471 
242 
366 
1,365 
743 
370 
370 
304 
8.54 
291 


j,236 


17i 
228 
236 
460 
444 
130 
ISO 
166 
132 
237 
146 
273 
600 
161 
204 
291 
126 
2«7 
178 

4,564    188   16,503 


757 

674 

634 

1,497 

1,179 

383 

642 

672 

446 

700 

445 

979 

2,390 

1,628 

932 

821 

619 

849 

656 


Kauzs  o;  Towns. 


Ancram 

Austerlitz 

Canaan 

Chatham 

Claverack. 

Clermont 

Copake 

Gallatin 

Germantown.. 

Ghent 

Greenport. 

Hillsdale 

Hudson - 

Kinderhook. .. 

LiviuRston 

New  Lebanon. 

Stockport 

Stu^esant — 
Taghkanick..., 

Total 


la 

610 
614 
464 
897 
841 
378 
436 
620 
220 
806 
346 
638 
248 
642 
611 
448 
133 
180 
481 


1,268 
800 
690 

1,338 
964 
289 
981 

1,035 
189 
962 
366 
866 
7 
642 
697 
833 
203 
347 
799 


852 
827 
078 
1,462 
1,113 
695 
804 
8.37 
435 
981 
498 
893 
118 
639 
995 
926 
327 
660 
881 


11,381 
8,486 
8,711 
6,679 
4,573 
2,639 
7.211 
6,135 

243 
4,469 

740 
5,900 

3,866 
3.954 
9,230 
87 
1,442 
3.005 


Vj 


3,836 

1.193 

1.01.3' 

2,924l 

2,888 

1,355 

2,837 

2,530 

723 

2,272 

925 

2,1S6 

612 

1,639 

1,859 

972 

250 

632 

2,123 


AoRlCDUrOK&L  Proddcts. 


BUSB.  or  Gkajn. 


22.298i 

12,821 

12.325 

40,844 

49,049 

14,867 

40,774 

28.431 

6,736 

60.172 

12,324 

26,367 

100 

33.911 

49.23S 

8.809 

2,784 

10,562 

31,546 


9,103   13,176'14,500  87.649'32,56S  453.008i   987,172i  65,103  269,419, 


W 


101,274 
47.664 
60,779 

110.398 
68,701J 
22,8064 
71,454 
55,373 
7,920 
71,132 
19,9154 
73,928 
936 
99.730 
49.446J 
61.295 
9.786 
27,619 
37,114 


3,383 
3,l'.9S 
3,078 
4,283 
6,060 
3,242 
3,011 
2,848 
2.229 
4,818 
3.926 
4,26S 
178 
2,802 
4,99' 
4.783 
1.894 
2,934 
2,694 


21,006 
17,066 
18,790 
17,706 
23.080 

6.499 
20,076 
13,084 

2,617 
13,428 

6,177 
19,353 

2324 
20,0.50 

9.519 
15,868 

4,114 
21.236 

9,019 


14,680 

12,626 

14.702 

17.532 

18,581 

6.508 

11,671 

7,662 

3,969 

7,914 

9,493 

26,885 

270 

7,876 

9.440 

22.436 

6,170 

6,689 

7,748 


Djusr  Pboducts. 


Iti 


91,036 

98,665 

75,080 

130,875 

107,575 

42,046 

72,295 

60.076 

3.3,068 

104,023 

46.088 

98,707 

1.700 

64,IU0 

90,246 

84.022 

26.173 

45.408 

67.588 


10,342  1,347,428   67,167 


300 
8.300 
12,386 
10.284 
1,168 

1,220 
750 

100 

260 

6,061 

626 

144 

26,794 

255 
630 


230 
161 

1,017 
321 
622 
487 
305 

1,208 

105 

68 

236 

13 

139 

3,016 


8,575 


1  2  propellers,  owned  by  parties  here,  ply  on  the  Hudson  and 
run  from  this  place. 

2  Among  the  early  settlers  were  families  by  the  names  of  Van 
Alstyne,  Van  Allen,  Van  Ness,  Van  Slyke,  Van  I>yke,  Van 
Valkenburiih,  Vosburgh,  and  Schernierhorn. 


»  Evang.  Lnth.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and  M.  E. 

*  Pronounced  Toh-kon'nick,  and  supposed  to  signify  "  Wntet 
Enough."  Upon  this  side  of  Mt.  Tom.  in  Cupiike,  was  formerly 
a  spring  which  was  a  favorite  resort  of  the  Indians ;  and  heuco 
the  name  '* Taghkanick'  for  the  locality. 


CORTLAND   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Onondaga,  April  8,  1808,  and 
embraces  the  original  townships  of  Virgil,  Ciucinnatus,  Homer, 
Solon,  and  the  south  half  of  Tully  and  Fabius'  in  the  s.  E.  corner 
of  the  Military  Tract.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Pierre  Van  Cort- 
landt,  first  Lieut.  Gov.  of  the  State  of  N.  Y.'  It  lies  near  the 
center  of  the  State,  upon  the  northern  spurs  of  the  Allegany 
Mts.,  and  just  s.  of  the  watershed  between  the  Susquehanna  and 
Lake  Ontario.  It  contains  an  area  of  485  square  miles,  and  is 
centrally  distant  120  miles  from  Albany.  Its  surface  is  hilly 
and  occasionally  broken,  consisting  mostly  of  arable  ridges  with 
narrowish  valleys  between  them.  The  highlands  are  divided 
into  three  general  ridges  extending  through  the  county  in  a 
northerly  and  southerly  direction.  The  first  of  these  occupies  the  extreme  eastern  edge  of  the 
county,  and  is  bounded  on  the  w.  by  the  valley  of  the  Otselic  River;  the  second  lies  between  the 
Otselic  and  Tioughnioga  Rivers ;  and  the  third  embraces  all  the  highlands  lying  w.  of  the 
Tioughnioga.  These  highlands  are  all  divided  laterally  by  the  valleys  of  small  streams,  and  in 
some  places  they  are  but  little  more  than  a  collection  of  sharp  ridges  separated  by  narrow  ravines. 
The  northern  portion  of  the  county  spreads  out  into  a  high  plateau,  broken  by  hills.  This  level 
has  an  average  elevation  of  1,100  to  1,200  feet  above  tide,  and  the  ridges  rise  from  200  to  500  feet 
higher.  A  broad  plain,  into  which  nearly  all  the  valleys  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Tioughnioga 
converge,  occupies  the  center  of  the  western  part  of  the  county  :  and  here  the  county  seat  is  located. 
South  of  this  the  valleys  contract  until  they  become  ravines.  The  highest  points  in  the  county  are 
Blount  Toppin,  in  Preble,  the  Truxton  Hills,  and  the  Owego  Hills,  in  Virgil  and  Harford,  which 
attain  an  elevation  of  1,000  to  2,100  feet  above  tide. 

The  drainage  is  nearly  all  through  the  Tioughnioga  River,  which  flows  through  near  the  center 
of  the  county.  In  its  upper  course,  it  consists  of  two  principal  branches,  the  eastern  entering 
the  town  of  Cuyler  from  Madison  county,  and  the  western  taking  its  rise  in  the  small  lakes  in 
the  northern  part  of  Preble  and  the  southern  part  of  Onondaga  county.  The  principal  branches 
of  the  Tioughnioga  are  the  Otselic, — which  flows  through  a  deep  valley  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
county  from  Chenango  county, — Trout,  Cheningo,  and  Labrador  Creeks,  and  Cold  and  Factory 
Brooks.  The  Skaueateles  Inlet  drains  the  northwestern,  the  branches  of  Fall  Creek  the  extreme 
western,  and  Owego  Creek  the  southwestern,  parts  of  the  county.  The  only  considerable  bodies 
of  water  in  the  county  are  the  Skaueateles  Lake,  which  borders  upon  the  N.  w.  corner,  and  several 
small  lakes  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Tioughnioga  Valley. 

The  Hamilton  group  of  rocks — consisting  of  calcareous  shale,  with  limestone  and  slate  iutei^ 
mixed — enters  the  northern  portions  of  the  county ;  and  successively  above  this,  toward  the  south, 
appear  the  Genesee  slate,  and  the  Portage  and  Chemung  groups.  Quarries  of  sandstone  and 
limestone,  affording  excellent  building  material,  are  worked  in  Scott,  Homer,  Cortlandville,  and 
several  other  parts  of  the  county.  A  little  s.  e.  of  Cortlandville  are  several  small  lakes,  containing 
deposits  of  marl,  from  which  an  excellent  quality  of  lime  is  manufactured.  The  soil  upon  the 
hills  is  principally  a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam ;  and  that  of  the  valleys  is  of  the  same  character, 
with  a  large  mixture  of  disintegrated  slate,  shale,  and  limestone. 

From  its  considerable  elevation  above  tide,  the  climate  of  this  co.  is  colder  than  the  lower  regions 
N.  and  w.  The  winters  are  longer,  and  snow  falls  to  a  greater  depth.  The  people  are  almost 
exclusively  engaged  in  the  different  branches  of  agriculture.  Spring  grains  are  largely  produced 
in  the  valleys,  but  the  whole  county  is  better  adapted  to  pasturage  than  tillage.  Dairying  and 
stock  raising  ar^  extensively  pursued.  The  production  of  wool  also  receives  considerable  attention. 
The  more  hardy  fruits  generally  flourish,  but  are  liable  to  injury  from  early  and  late  frests. 


I  The  following  lots  in  these  towns  were  set  apart  for  the  sup- 
port  of  the  gospel  and  schools; — In  Tully,  69. 76,  SI ;  Fabius,  55. 
6S ;  Homer.  4,  34.  70,  85. 93,  98 ;  Solon,  'iS.  25, 30, 41,  64, 98 ;  Virgil, 
20,  30,  61,  86.  91, 99 ;  Cincinnatus,  1, 16, 37, 49.  63.  62.  The  terri- 
tory of  the  "  Boston  Ten  Towns,"  lying  immediately  south  of 
this,  was  found  to  overlap  or  extend  over  a  portion  of  tliis 
tract,  and  to  embrace  nearly  all  of  the  two  southern  tiers  of  lots 
250 


in  Virgil,  and  4  lots  in  the  s.  w,  corner  of  Cincinnatus.  Two  ad- 
ditional towusliips  I  Junius,  Cayuga  Co..  and  Galen.  Wayne  co.) 
were  set  apart  by  the  Land  Commissioner^.  July  31.  1790.  to  sup- 
ply the  deficiency  thus  occasioned  in  the  Military  Tract. 

2  Gen.  Van  Cortlandt  was  an  extensive  owner  of  lands  upon 
the  Military  Tract  in  this  and  adjoining  counties. 


CORTLAND    COUNTY. 


25] 


Manufactures  are  of  limited  extent.  The  completion  of  the  Syracuse,  Binghamton,  and  New  York 
R.  R.  through  this  county  lias  given  an  additional  impulse  to  every  branch  of  business,  and  haa 
greatly  enhanced  the  value  of  the  farms  by  furnishing  an  easy  and  direct  avenue  to  market.* 

Cortland  Village,  tlie  county  seat,  is  situated  upon  the  Tioughnioga,  near  the  center  of  the  town 
of  Cortlnndviile.  The  county  clerk's  office  and  the  court  house  are  finely  situated  in  the  center 
of  the  village.^  The  jail  is  located  in  the  basement  of  the  court  house,  the  floors  of  the  cells  being 
4  or  5  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  average  number  of  prisoners  is  2.  The  poor 
house  is  situated  upon  a  farm  of  118  acres,  3  mi.  n.  e.  of  Cortland  Village.  The  average  number 
of  inmates  is  about  50.     The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  §600. 

There  are  four  papers  published  in  the  county.^ 

Few  events  of  general  interest  have  occurred  in  this  county.  Settlement  began  in  Homer  in 
1791,  in  Virgil  and  Cortlandville  in  179-1,  and  in  several  other  towns  before  the  commencement 
of  the  present  century.  Being  remote  from  the  great  routes  of  travel,  its  settlement  advanced  but 
slowly  for  many  years,  and  the  fertile  but  more  distant  valley  of  the  Genesee  had  been  mostly 
taken  up  by  immigrants  before  civilization  spread  over  the  hills  and  along  the  valleys  of  Cortland 
county.  The  fear  of  Indian  massacre  then  had  not  entirely  siibsided,  and  at  times  occasioned 
distress  almost  as  real  as  if  hostilities  actually  existed.  The  wild  beasts  often  claimed  a  share 
of  the  little  flocks  and  herds  of  the  pioneers ;  and  long,  weary  forest  roads  to  distant  mills  and 
markets,  for  many  years,  proved  a  heavy  burden  to  the  early  settlers  in  this  and  many  other  sections 
of  the  State  not  favored  with  navigable  streams. 


CIiVCI]V]VATUS — was  formed  from  Solon,  April  3,  1804.  It  embraced  the  township  of  Cin- 
cinnatus,  or  No.  25  of  the  military  tract,  a  name  applied  by  the  Land  Commissioners  upon  its  first 
survey.  The  present  town  is  one-fourth  of  its  original  size, — having  been  reduced  by  the  erection 
of  Freetown,  Willett,  and  Marathon,  in  1818.  It  lies  upon  the  eastern  border  of  the  county,  s. 
of  the  center.  Its  surface  consists  of  the  narrow  valley  of  the  Otselic  River  and  of  the  high  ridges 
which  rise  upon  each  side.  Deep  ravines,  forming  the  valleys  of  small  tributaries  to  the  river, 
extend  laterally  far  into  the  highlands,  dividing  nearly  the  whole  surface  of  the  town  into  steep  ridges 
of  hills.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  loam,  and  best  adapted  to  grazing.  Cincinnatus 
(p.  V.)  contains  about  290  inhabitants,  and  l.O'^ver  Cinciuuatus  150,  The  former  contain3 
3  churches*  and  an  academy.*  The  first  settlers  were  Ezra  and  Thos.  Rockwell,  from  Lenox, 
Mass.,  who  located  upon  lot  19;  and  Dr.  John  McWhorter,  from  Salem,  N.Y.,  on  lot  29,  in  1795.* 
The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  by  a  union  of  the  people  of  Cincinnatus,  Solon,  Taylor,  and 
Pitcher,  Chenango  co. 


1  This  road  is  "bcilt  along  the  Tioughnioga  Valley,  connecting 
wUhtheN.Y.C.R.R.  at  Syracuse,  and  with  theN.Y.  &  E.  R.  R. 
at  Binyliamton.  It  has  stations  at  Pruble,  Little  York.  Uonier, 
Cortlandville.  Blodgets  Mills,  State  Bridi^e,  and  Marathon. 

•  The  county  courts  were  first  directed  to  be  held  at  the 
schoollioiise  on  lot  45,  in  Homer.  By  an  act  of  April  5,  1810, 
Josejih  L.  Richardson,  of  Auburn,  Nathan  Smith,  of  Herkimer, 
and  Nathaniel  Locke,  of  Chenango,  were  appointed  commission- 
ers to  select  the  site  for  a  court  house,  and  $2000  waa  appro- 
priated for  the  erection  of  the  huiUHnc:.  The  first  county  officers 
were  John  Keep.  First  Judge;  "Wm.  Malloiy,  Sheriff;  and  John 
McWhorter,  Surrt^ate. 

*  Tht  Cortland  Courier  was  established  at  Homer  in  1810  bv 

Jas.  &  Saml.  Percival.  In  1812  H.  R.  Bender  &  R.  Wa^h- 

burne  became  the  proprietors,  and  changed  its  name  to 
The  Farmers  Jnurnal.     They  sold  it  to  Jesse  Searl  in  1813,  by 

whom  it  was  issued  as 
The  Cor'luTut  h't-positori/,  and  continued  until  1825.   Then  Milton 

A.  Kinney  became  proprietor,  and  changed  its  title  to 
The  Cortland  Observer.     It  passed  into  the  hands  of  S.  S.  Brad- 
ford in  1833,  and  in  1836  into  those  of Holmes, 

by  whom  ita  title  was  changed  to 
The  ITomer  EaijU.    In  1S3V  it  was  united  with  the  Cortland  Ee- 

■puhlican,  and  issued  by  R.  A.  Roid  as 
TAe  Rrpuhliran  and  Eagle,  and  continued  until  1852.     C.  B. 

Giiiild  then  became  proprietor,  and  changed  it  to 
The  Cr/rtbmd  County  Whig.     In  1856  it  was  sold  to  J.  R.  DLxon, 

and  by  him  it  is  now  pnlilishHfl  as 
Tlie  Cortland  County  Republican. 
The  PriMstant  ^ntinel  was  started  at  Homer  in  1831  by  John 

Maxeon,  and  continued  until  1^33. 
The  OoHlaTfd  Erpublv^an  was  commenced  in  1815,  at  Cortland 

Village,  by  James  Percival.  and  was  continued  by  him, 

by  Osbora  &.  Campbell,  and  by  the  Campbell  Bros., 

until  1821. 
The  Wcfifrn  Oiurier  was  founded  at  Homer  in  1821  by  Roberts 

&  Hull,  and  was  soon  after  removed  to  Cortland  Village. 

la  1824  it  appeared  as 


Tlie  Cortland  Journal,  and  in  1832  as 

T/ie  Oortlavd  Adi'ocate.      It  was  published  successively  by  0 
"W.  Gill,  H.  S.  Randall,  and  David  Fairchild,  and  in  1845 
it  was  styled 
The  Cvrtland  Democrat.     Seth  Haight  &  H.  G.  Crouch  have 
been  interested  in  its  management;  and  it  is  now  pub- 
lished by  A.  P.  Cole,  as 
The  Cortland  Gazette,  which  name  it  received  in  1857. 
The  Cortland  Chronicle  was  started  in  1828  by  Reed  &  Osboni. 

It  was  sold  to  R.  A.  Reed  in  1832.  and  by  him  called 
The  Jvti-Masonic  li^puhlican.    In  1833  it  was  styled 
The.  Oirthijid  Ifepublican,  and  in  1837  it  was  united  with 
Thu  Homer  Eagk. 
The  Lihertij  Iltrald,  semi-mo.,  was  pubUshcd  at  Cortland  Village 

in  184i  and  '45  by  E.  F.  Graham. 
Tlie  True  American  and  Keligious  Examinf'.r  was  started  in 
1845,  at  Cortland  Village,  by  C.  B.  Gould.    The  follow- 
ing year  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  S.  R.  Ward,  waa 
issued  by  him  as 
The  True  AmeJ-ican,  and  continued  until  1848. 
Tlie  Republican  Banner  was  started  in  1858  by  E,  D 

Van  Slyck  &  P.  H.  Bateson. 
The  South  Cortland  Luminary  was  published  in  1840,  at  South 

Cortland,  by  M.  Reynolds. 
The  Morning  Star  was  published  at  McGrawville  in  1850,  and 
The  Central  Reformer  in  1858. 
*  Cong.,  Bap.,  Meth. 

6  Cincinnatus  Academy  waa  chartered  bv  the  regents,  April 
21. 1857. 

6  Eb'r  Crittenden,  from  Barrington,  Mass..  removed  to  the  pro- 
sent  town  of  Willett  in  1793.  and  to  the  present  limits  of  this 
town  iD  1707.  The  first  child  born  was  Sally  Rockwell,  the 
first  marriage  that  of  Dr.  McWhorter  to  Katy  Young,  and  the 
first  death  that  of  Daniel  Hartshorn.— all  in  1790.  Mrs.H.Beebe 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1797;  Col.  John  Kingman,  tho  first 
inn ;  Elijah  Bliss,  the  first  store ;  and  Eph'm  Fish  ouilt  the  first 
miU,  in  1814. 


252 


CORTLAND    COUNTY. 


CORTl,AlVI>VIL,L,E— Tvas  formed  from  Homer,  April  11,  1829,  and  embraces  the  southern 
half  of  the  oi-i;;iiuil  township  of  Homer,  and  a  small  portion  of  the  N.  E.  corner  of  Virgil.  The 
name  was  applied  to  the  town  from  its  being  the  county  seat  of  Cortland  county.  It  is  situated 
at  the  junction  of  the  eastern  and  western  branches  of  the  Tioughnioga  River,  and  extends  from  the 
central  portion  of  the  county  to  the  extreme  western  border.  The  surface  of  much  of  the  town  is 
level ;  but  the  eastern  and  southern  parts  are  hilly.  From  an  eminence  just  w.  of  Cortland 
Village  can  be  seen  7  distinct  valleys,  separated  by  ranges  of  hills  radiating  in  different  directions. 
The  ridges  are  200  to  400  feet  above  the  valleys ;  and  the  southern  part  of  the  town  is  a  broken 
upland  region,  the  hills  being  arable  to  their  summits.  The  tributaries  of  the  Tiouglmioga  in 
this  town  are  Trout  Brook  from  the  e.  and  Dry  and  Otter  Brooks  from  the  w.  A  small  part  of  the 
■western  portion  of  the  town  is  drained  by  streams  flowing  westward  into  Cayuga  Lake.  In  the 
s.  w.  part  of  the  town  are  three  small  ponds,  fed  by  springs,  and  furnishing  an  almost  unlimited 
supply  of  marl,  from  which  an  excellent  quality  of  lime  is  manufactured.'  The  soil  is  generally 
a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam.  Cortland  Tillag'e^  (p-^'-)  is  finely  situated  upon  the  Tiouglmioga, 
near  the  center  of  the  town.  It  contains  an  academy,'  5  churches,  3  hotels,  and  a  jiopulation  of 
1,576.  McGra'tvville  (p.  v.)  is  situated  upon  Trout  Brook,  4}  mi.  E.  of  Cortland  Village.  It 
contains  3  churches  and  several  manufacturing  establishments,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  N.Y.  Central 
College.*  Pop.  558.  Soutli  Cortland,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  161 
inhabitants.  Blodg'ets  Mills  is  a  p.o.  The  first  settlers  of  this  town  were  Jonathan  Hubbard 
and  Col.  Moses  Hopkins, — the  former  upon  the  lot  where  Cortland  Village  now  stands,  and  the 
latter  upon  lot  94.*     The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town.' 

FREETO'WIV — was  formed  from  Cinoinnatus,  April  21,  1818,  and  embraces  the  N.  w.  quarter 
of  that  township.  Lot  20  of  Virgil  was  annexed  in  1850.  It  is  situated  upon  the  ridge  between 
the  Otselio  and  Tioughnioga  Rivers,  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  county.  It  is  high  and  hilly,  and 
its  surface  is  much  broken  by  the  narrow  ravines  of  the  watercourses  which  flow  N.  and  s.  A 
considerable  part  of  the  more  hilly  portions  is  yet  covered  with  the  original  forests.  Its  soil  is  a 
sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  and  is  best  adapted  to  piasturage.  Freetown  Corners  (p.  v.)  has 
2  churches  and  about  100  inhabitants.  Robert  Smith,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  drew  lot  2, 
and,  accompanied  by  his  son-in-law,  Ensign  Rice,  took  possession  of  it  in  1795.'  The  first  church 
(Bap.)  was  organized  in  1810,  by  Elder  Caleb  Shepard,  of  Lisle,  who  was  the  first  preacher.* 

HARFORD — was  formed  from  Virgil,'  May  2, 1845,  and  it  embraces  the  s.  w.  quarter  of  that 
township.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  in  the  county.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  high,  broken  upland, 
500  to  700  feet  above  the  valleys  and  1500  to  1700  feet  above  tide.  The  Owego  Hills,  in  the 
central  part,  are  the  most  elevated  portions.  The  declivities  are  usually  s1:eep,  and  often  rocky, 
and  the  summits  are  crowned  with  forests.  One  half  of  the  town  is  yet  a  wilderness.  The  streams 
are  mere  brooks.  The  soil  is  a  moderately  productive  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  best  adapted  to 
pasturage.  Harford  (p.  v.)  contains  30  houses,  and  Soutli  Harford  20.  The  first  settler 
■was  Dorastus  De  Wolf,  in  1803.'"  Religious  meetings  were  held  as  early  as  1804;  but  the  first 
church  (Bap.)  was  not  organized  till  1815." 

HOMER— was  formed  March  5,  1794.  Solon  was  taken  off  in  1798,  Virgil  in  1804,  and 
Cortlandville  in  1829.     It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  county,  N.  of  the  center.     Its  surface 


1  Crandalls  Tow^  covers  an  area  of  15  acres ;  Swains,  6,  and 
Chatterdons,  4.  The  marl  is  generally  of  an  ash  color  when 
first  talieu  out.  but  the  vegetable  matter  wliich  it  contains 
whitens  upon  expnbuieto  the  air.  AVhen  partially  dried,  it  is 
moulded  into  the  form  of  bricks,  and  these  are  thoroughly  dried 
and  burned.  The  greatest  known  thickness  of  these  deposits  of 
marl  is  about  20  feet.— G.oi.  Third  Dist..  p.  291.  2  Incorp. 

8  The  Cortlandville  Academy,  incorp.  .Tan.  13,  1843. 

*  This  institution  was  incorp.  in  1850.  It  wiia  originally 
started  as  a  manual  labor  school,  and  is  open  to  all,  without  dia- 
tinction  of  color  or  sex. 

6  In  1795,  Thos.  Wilcox,  from  "^Miitestown.  located  upon  lot 
94;  Keuben  Doud,  from  New  Haven,  Jiis,  and  John  Morse,  and 
Joseph  Lee.  upon  lot  75.    In  1796-97,  Aaron  Knapp  located  near 

Cortland  Village. Ilotchkiss  upon  lot  73.  and  i^aml.  Inglis 

and  son  on  lot  75.  In  1800,  Wilmot  Sperry  (from  Woodbridge, 
Conn )  settled  on  lot  73;  and  a  few  settlers  came  yearly  until 
1810,  when  the  growth  became  more  rapid.  The  first  school- 
house  stood  on  the  present  site  of  the  Eagle  llotel.  The  first 
inn  was  kept  by  Sanil.  Inglis,  in  1810. 

«  2  Bap.,  2  51.  E„  2  Presb,  Christian,  Ref.  Presb.,  and  Dniv. 

'  About  10  years  after.  Smith  and  Rice  sold  their  improve- 
loents  to  Saml.  G.  Hathaway  and  Sanil.  .Tennings;  and  about 
the  same  time  Caleb  Shepaj-d  and  David  H.  Munro,  from  Wash- 


ington CO.,  settled  on  lot  22.  In  1806,  Remembrance  Curfiss  set- 
tled on  lot  12;  and  Curtis  and  Chas.  Richardson,  from  Saratoga 
CO.,  on  lot  32.  Henry  Gardner,  Wm.  Tuthill,  Jacob  Hicks,  Gideon 
Chapin,  Simeon  Doty,  John  Backus,  and  Amos  Eaton,  woro 
among  the  other  early  settlers.  The  first  marriage  was  tliat  of 
Robert  Smith,  jr.,  with  Amity  Smith.  The  first  schoolteacher 
was  Don  A.  Robertson,  The  first  store  was  kept  by  Peter 
McVean,  at  "The  Comers,"  The  first  permanent  merchant  was 
"Walton  Svveetland,  still  a  resident  of  the  town. 

*  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  1  Bap.,  2  M.  E. 

l>  A  p.  o.  (Harford)  was  established  in"  tiiis  part  of  Virgil  In 
1825  or  "26.  From  this  the  town  derives  its  name.  The  village 
was  formerly  called  •^W'rthingfon.'* 

10  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were  Thos,  Nichols,  in  1804, 
John  Greeu.  in  1805,  Eben  Burgess,  L.  liarus,  Gordon  Bur- 
lingame,  Nathan  Hejiton,  Theodore  E.  Uart,  and  Levi  Moore. 
Theodore  E.  Hart  kept  the  first  store,  in  1824.  The  first  birth 
Wiis  that  of  Dr.  Charles  Barns ;  tlie  first  marriage,  that  of  Obed 
Graves  and  Alice  Munroe;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs. 
Dorastus  De  Wolf.  Betsey  Carver  taught  the  first  school,  in 
1806;  Lewis  Moore  kept  the  first  inn;  and  Nathan  Heaton 
built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1814. 

u  The  census  reports  3  churches^  Christian,  Cong.,  and 
Union. 


CORTLAND   COUNTY. 


253 


is  quite  uneven,  consisting  of  the  valleys  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Tioughnioga  River  and  the 
ridges  which  border  upon  them.  The  valley  of  the  western  branch  is  over  a  mile  wide,  and 
elevated  1,0%  feet  above  tide.  The  eastern  valley  is  narrower.  A  ridge  of  hills.  200  to  500 
feet  above  the  river,  separates  the  two  valleys  ;  and  a  similar  ridge  occupies  the  s.  e.  corner  of  the 
town.  The  western  part  is  a  hilly  upland,  1500  to  1600  feet  above  tide.  The  principal  branches 
» of  the  Tioughnioga  are  Cold  and  Factory  Brooks,  from  the  w.  The  valleys  of  these  streams 
open  northward  into  corresponding  valleys,  through  which  flow  streams  emptying  into  Otisco  and 
Skaneatelos  Lakes.  The  soil  upon  the  river  intervales  is  a  deep,  rich  alluvial  and  dark  loam,  well 
adapted  to  tillage ;  among  the  hills,  it  is  a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam,  better  for  pasturage,  lloiner' 
(p.  v.)  is  finely  situated  on  the  Tioughnioga,  3  mi.  n.  of  Cortland  Village.  It  contains  6  churches, 
a  printing  office,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments,  including  the  only  cotton  factory  in  the 
county.  It  is  the  seat  of  Cortland  Academy,^  an  old  and  very  flourishing  institution.  Pop.  1625. 
East  IBonier  (p.  v.)  contains  25  houses,  and  Little  Vork.  (p.  v.)  15.  Spencer  Beebe  and 
his  brother-in-law,  Amos  Todd,  were  the  first  settlers  of  this  town,  and  of  Cortland  county,  in 
1791.^  The  first  religious  meetings  were  held  in  1793,  when  there  were  but  6  families  in  town; 
and  all  attended.  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  founded  in  1801,  chiefly  through  the  influence  of 
Mrs.  Ilobart,  wife  of  Lieut.  Hobart.* 

liAPEER — ^was  formed  from  Virgil,  May  2,  1845,  and  embraces  the  s.  e,  quarter  of  that 
tovraship.  It  lies  upon  the  high  ridges  w.  of  the  Tioughnioga  River,  on  the  s,  border  of  the  county, 
w.  of  the  center.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  bordering  upon  the  river  are  precipitous.  "  Luce 
Hill,"  in  the  north  western  part  of  the  town,  is  the  highest  point,  and  is  1,600  to  1,700  feet  above  tide. 
The  streams  are  all  small  brooks.  Upon  Fall  Creek,  near  the  s.  border  of  the  town,  is  a  wild 
and  beautiful  cascade,  71  feet  high,  known  as  Hunts  Falls.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam. 
Nearly  one  half  of  the  town  is  still  unsettled.  Hunts  Corners  contains  10  houses.  I^a-peer 
(p.o.)  is  near  the  center  of  the  town.  There  is  no  church  edifice  in  town.^  The  first  settler  was 
Phineas  Grant,  a  colored  man.^ 

MARATIIOIT — was  formed  from  Cincinnatus,  April  21,  1818,  as  "  J5a?Ti50H,"  embracing  the 
s,  w.  quarter  of  the  military  township.  Its  name  was  changed  in  1827.  It  lies  upon  the  southern 
border  of  the  county,  e.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  rugged  and  hilly,  the  ridges  rising  500  to  700 
feet  above  the  valleys.  The  Tioughnioga  flows  through  its  western  part,  in  a  deep,  narrow  valley 
■with  precipitous  sides.  Hunt  Creek  in  the  n.  w.  and  Merrill  Creek  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town 
also  flow  through  deep  and  narrow  valleys.  The  arable  land  lies  principally  along  these  valleys, 
the  uplands  being  broken  and  only  fit  for  pasturage.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam 
lUaratUon^  (p.  v.)  contains  3  churches,  the  oldest  of  which  is  the  Presb.,  organized  Feb.  11, 
1814.®  Pop.  500.  Texas  Valley  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  n.  e.  corner.  Dr.  Japheth  Hunt,  a  surgeon  of 
the  army,  who  served  in  both  the  French  and  Revolutionary  Wars,  settled  on  Lot  93,  in  1794.* 


1  Incon\Mfiy  11,1835. 

s  Incoip.  Ffbniary  2.  1S19.  Tliis  institution,  from  its  com- 
monccnu-nt,  has  uuifomily  borne  a  bigh  reputation.  Samuel 
B.  Woolworth,  LL.B.,  present  Secretary  of  the  Regents  of  the 
UnivtT&ity,  was  at  the  liend  of  this  institution  for  nearly  22 
years.  At  a  jubilee  celebration,  held  July  7  and  8, 1846,  it  was 
Btated  that  4uiXt  students  had  been  connected  with  the  academy. 
Tho  whiilc  number  up  to  1859  was  over  8,000. 

8  They  came  in  the  fall,  and  erected  a  temporary  dwelling,  a 
little  N.  of  Homer  Village,  near  the  bridge,  and  returned  in 
the  winter  for  their  goods,  leaving  Mrs.  Beebe  the  sole  occupant 
of  the  house,  and  the  only  representative  of  civilization  within 
a  circuit  of  30  miles.  They  were  prevented  from  returning  for 
6  weeks  by  the  deep  snows ;  and  during  the  whole  of  that 
period  the  lone  woman  remained  in  anxious  doubt  as  to  the 
fate  of  her  husband  and  brother.  Mr.  Todd  located  on  lot  42, 
'•  West  Hill."  Among  the  other  early  settlors  were  John  House, 
John  Miller,  Jas.  Matthews,  Jas.  Moore.  Silas  and  Danl.  iSIiller, 
(from  Binghamton.)  in  1792;  Darius  Kinney,  (from  Brimfield, 
Mass..')  in  17'J3;  Koderick  Owen,  (from  Lebanon,  N.Y..)  Jonathan 
Hubbard,  and  Moses  Hopkins,  in  1794;  Thos.  Wilrox,  (from 
WhiteBt^jwn.)  Zebulon  Keene,  and  John  Stone,  (from  Brimfield,) 
John  Keep,  Solomon  and  John  Hubbard,  and  AsaWhite.  in  179.'j. 
Tho  flrfst  male  cliild  born  was  Homer  Mooro,  and  the  first  female 
RHsey  House;  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  Gould  Alvord.  The 
first  marriage  was  that  of  ZadocStrongand  Wid.  Russell,  who  were 
obliged  to  go  through  the  forests  to  Ludlowville,  Tompkins  co..  on 
horseback,  to  have  the  ceremony  perfonned.  The  first  school- 
house  waa  built  a  little  S.  of  Homer  Village  in  1798.  The  first 
teacher  was  Joshua  Ballard.  Enos  Stimson  kept  the  first  inn, 
and  A.M.  Coats  the  fir.-^t  store.  The  first  permanent  and  suc- 
cessful merchant  was  Jedediah  Barber.  John  Keep,  Solomon 
Hubbard,  and  Asa  White  built  the  first  gribt  mill  in  1798,  on  the 


Inresent  site  of  that  cf  Cogswell  &  Wilms.     The  old  mill  for 
some  time  was  used  a.s  church,  public  hall,  and  liall  room. 

*  The  first  sermon  was  preached  by  Rev.  Mr.  Hillard,  of  N.J. 
He  was  assisting  at  a  raising ;  and,  when  it  became  known  that 
a  minister  was  present,  a  sermon  was  clamorously  called  for 
and  was  delivered  on  the  spot.  The  census  reportsG  churches 
in  town;  Cong.  Bap.,  M.  K.,  Prot.  E.,  and  Univ.  at  Homer, 
and  M.  E.  at  K^st  Homer. 

s  Free  Bap.,  Meth.,  and  Christian  denominations  hold  meetings 
in  echoolhouses.  The  Free  W.  Bap.  Society  was  formed  by  Elder 
Lake  in  1820. 

0  Among  the  ctJier  first  settlers  were  Peter  Gray,  (on  lot  70.) 
Rnbt  K.  Wheeler,  and  Thomas  Kingsley.  who  came  in  1802; 
Seth  Jennings  and  Timothy  Roberts,  in  1805 ;  Zac'h  Lynes,  John 
K.  Smith,  Urial  Sessions,  Simeon  Luce,  Avery  Hartshorn,  and 
H.  J.  Richards.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Simeon  Luce  and 
Rebecca  Ayres,  Oct.  9,  1805 ;  and"  the  first  death,  that  of  Simeon 
Luce,  in  1808.  Ebenezer  Luce  taught  the  first  school,  in  1814; 
and  Harrcy  Jennings  built  the  first  mill,  in  1813. 

^  About  one  mile  9.  o(  the  village,  on  the  e.  bank  of  the  river, 
is  the  site  of  an  old  Indian  village  and  burial  ground.  Tradition 
says  that  this  was  once  the  seat  of  a  powerful  tribe  of  Indians. 

8  The  census  rt-ports  4  churches;  2  Presb..  Hap.,  and  M.  E. 

*  Among  the  other  pioneer  settlers  were  Julin  Hunt,  in  1796; 
Abram  Brink,  (first  innkeeper,)  Barnabas  Wood  and  Son,  and 
Zacbariah  Squires,  in  1802.  The  first  child  born  was  S.  M.  Hunt,  a 
gnindsonof  the  first  settler;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Nich<'laa 
Brink  and  Polly  Alfred;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  the  firet 
settler,  in  March,  1808,  aged  97  years.  Wm.  Cowdrey  taught 
the  first  school,  in  1.S03;  John  Hunt  built  the  first  sawmill; 
and  Weed  &  Waldo,  James  Burgess,  and  David  Munroe  were  tho 
early  morchants.  The  first  successful  mercantile  firm  was  thai 
of  Peck,  Archer  &  Dickson,  now  of  New  York  City. 


254 


CORTLAND    COUNTY. 


PREB£iE— named  in  honor  of  Commodore  Edward  Preble,  was  formed  from  Tully  upon  the 
organization  of  Cortland  co.,  April  8,  1808,  and  embraced  the  southern  half  of  the  latter  town. 
Scott  was  taken  off  in  1815.  It  lies  upon  the  northern  border  of  the  county,  w.  of  the  center.  Its 
surface  consists  of  the  valley  of  the  western  branch  of  the  Tioughnioga  River,  which  is  here  nearly 
2  miles  wide,  and  the  ridges  which  rise  on  the  e.  and  w.  Mount  Toppin,  s.  w.  of  the  village,  is 
1,700  feet  above  tide ;  Truxton  Hills  are  the  highest  land  in  the  county.  The  declivities  of  the 
liills  are  steep,  and  some  of  tlieir  summits  sharp  ridges.  North  of  Mount  Toppin  a  valley  extends 
northward  and  opens  into  the  valley  of  the  Otisco  Inlet.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  town  are 
several  beautiful  little  lakes ;  and  upon  the  southern  borders  are  others  of  a  similar  character, 
known  as  the  Little  York  Lakes.  The  soil  is  a  iine  quality  of  gravelly  loam.  Preble  Corners 
(Preble  p.o.)  contains  200  inhabitants,  and  Baltimore  75.  The  first  settlers  were  James  and 
Robert  Cravarth,  John  Gillett,  and  Elijah  Mason,  who  came  in  1798.^  The  first  church  (Cong.) 
was  formed  through  the  efforts  of  Revs.  Theodore  Hinsdale  and  Joel  Hall,  missionaries  from  Conn.* 
Rev.  Matt.  Harrison  was  the  first  pastor. 

SCOTT — was  formed  from  Preble,  April  14,  1815,  and  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Winfield  Scott. 
It  is  the  N.  w.  corner  town  of  the  county.  Its  surface  is  mostly  upland,  broken  by  two  deep  and 
narrow  valleys  which  extend  N.  and  s.  thi'ough  the  town.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  very 
steep,  and  in  many  places  precipitous.  Cold  Brook  flows  through  the  eastern  valley,  and  Factory 
Brook  and  Skaneateles  Inlet  through  the  western.  Skaneateles  Lake  borders  upon  the  N.  w. 
corner.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  and  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.  Scott  Center 
(Scott  p.o.)  contains  about  300  inhabitants.  Scott  Corners  (East  Scott  p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet. 
Peleg  and  Solomon  Babcock  and  Asa  Howard  (from  Mass.)  and  George  Dennison  (from  Vt.) 
located  on  lot  82  in  1799.'  The  first  church  was  a  Seventh  Day  Baptist,  organized  in  1820,  Wm.  B. 
Maxson  first  pastor.* 

SOliOX — ^was  formed  from  Homer,  March  9,  1798,  and  embraced  the  townships  of  Solon  and 
Cincinnatus.  A  portion  was  annexed  to  Truxton,  April  4,  1811.  Ciucinnatus  was  taken  off  in 
1804,  and  Taylor  in  1849.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  near  the  center  of  the  county.  The  surface 
is  mostly  upland,  broken  by  numerous  narrow  valleys  of  small  brooks  and  creeks.  The  hills  on 
the  eastern  border  are  1400  to  1500  feet  above  tide.  Many  of  the  highest  summits  are  too  rough 
for  cultivation,  and  are  crowned  with  forests.  Trout  Brook  flows  in  a  westerly  direction  through 
near  tlie  center,  forming  a  narrow  but  fertile  valley.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  well  adapted 
to  grazing.  Solon  (p.v.)  contains  about  100  inhabitants.  The  first  settlers  were  Johnson 
Bingham  and  Eddy  Wildman,  from  Canterbury,  Conn.,  who  located,  the  former  on  lot  62,  and  thg 
latter  on  lot  51,  in  1790.^  The  first  church  was  formed  in  1804,  Rev.  Josiah  Butler  the  first 
preacher.* 

TAYliOR — ^was  formed  from  Solon,  Dec.  5, 1849,  and  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Zachary  Taylor. 
It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  eastern  border  of  the  county.  Its  surface  is  mostly  upland  and  is 
very  broken  and  hilly.  The  declivities  are  generally  precipitous,  rising  600  to  800  feet  above  the 
valleys.  Mount  Rhoderick,  lying  partly  in  this  town  and  partly  in  Solon,  is  the  highest  point. 
The  streams  are  mere  brooks,  generally  flowing  in  a  southerly  direction  and  discharging  their 
waters  into  the  Otselio.  Solon  Pond  is  a  small  sheet  of  water  near  the  center  of  the  town.  The  soil 
is  a  s.andy  and  gravelly  h.iam.  Taylorville,  (Taylor  p.  o.,)  or  "Bangall,"  contains  25  houses, 
and  Union  Valley  (p.  v.)  20.'  The  first  settlers  were  Zerah  Beebe,  a  Revolutionary  soldie; 
Latus  Beebe,  his  son,  and  John  Tinker,  his  son-in-law,  from  Waterbury,  Conn.,  in  1794.' 


lAmoBfjthe  other  first  settlers  were  Amos  Steel,  Setb  and 
Samuel  Trowbridge,  Kichard  Egbertson,  Samuel  Orvis,  Jabez 
B.  Phelps,  Kd.  Cumminga,  and  Francis.  Albert,  and  Garret  Van 
Itoesen.  The  first  child  born  was  Nancy  Gill:  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  Amos  Ball  and  Sally  Mason  ;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Jihn Patterson,  a  Revolutionary  patriot,  in  1799.  Kuth 
Thorp  taught  the  first  school,  in  1801 ;  Davis  &  Taylor  kept  the 
first  store,  and  Moses  Naah  the  second ;  Samuel  Trowbrige  kept 
the  first  inn. 

*  The  census  reports  2  churches ;  1  Presb.,  1  M.  E. 

8  Among  the  other  first  settlers  wore  C^irnish  Messenger  and 
Daniel  .Ltkeway.  (from  De  Rnyter,)  Maxon  Itiiljcock.  (from  Mass.,) 
Gershom  Riclianison.  .Tared  and  .Tolin  llabcock,  Elisha  Sabins, 
Henry  and  .Te.^se  Burdick,  Timothy  Brown,  and  Nathl.  ?Iorg<an. 
The  first  child  i)orn  was  Harriet  Babcock ;  the  first  marriage,  that 
of  Solomon  Bitbcock  .and  Amy  Morgan,  and  the  first  death,  that 
of  an  infant  daughter  of  Peleg  Babcock.  Amy  Slorgan  taught 
the  first  school,  in  1804;  James  Babcock  kept  the  first  Idd,  aud 
Nathan  Babcock  the  first  store. 


i  Besides  this,  there  are  in  town  3  societies;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and 
Presb. 

6  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were  Benj.  Beebe,  Lewis 
Beebe.  (first  innkeeper.)  Daniel  Porter.  Zerah  Tinker,  .Tas.  H. 
Wheeler,  Elisba  Johnson,  Paml.  G-  Hathaway,  Stephen  N.  Peck, 
aud  Noah  Greeley,  (first  mill  owner.)  The  first  child  born  was 
a  daughter  of  Johnson  Bingham;  the  first  maniage,  that  of 
Kobt.  Smith  and  Amy  Smith,  and  the  first  death,  a  daughter  of 
Johnson  Bingham.  Koxana  Beebeaud  Lydianna Stewart  taught 
the  first  school,  in  1804 ;  and  B.  Tubbs  kept  the  first  store. 

^  The  census  reports  2  churches ;  1  Bap.  and  1  R.  C. 

7  The  census  reports  5  churches;  Bap.,  Cong.,  Wes.  Moth., 
2  M.  E. 

8  The  first  child  born  w.os  Kezia  Beebe;  the  first  marriage, 
that  of  Asaph  Butler  and  Lucy  Beebe;  and  the  first  death,  that 

of  Zerah  Beebe,  in  1800.    Beers  taught  the  first  school,  in 

1810;  Orlando  Beebe  kept  the  first  inn,  Ilurlbut  A  Gilbert  the 
first  store,  and  Ezra  and  ThoB,  Rockwell  built  the  first  saw  mill, 
in  1816. 


CORTLAND    COUNTY. 


255 


TRUXTOM^ — named  in  honor  of  Commodore  Thomas  Truxtun,  \vas  formed  from  Fabius, 
April  8,  1808,  and  embraced  the  s.  half  of  the  latter  town.  The  n.  4  tiers  of  lots  of  Solon  -were 
annexed  April  4,  1811.  Cuyler  was  taken  oS*  in  1858.  It  is  the  n.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  The 
surface  consists  of  a  broken  upland  divided  into  ridges,  which  have  a  general  northerly  and 
southerly  direction.  The  east  branch  of  the  Tioughnioga  River  flows  in  a  s,  w.  direction  through 
the  center  of  the  town,  cutting  the  ranges  of  hills  diagonally.  The  Truxton  Hills  are  the  highest 
in  the  co.  North  of  the  river,  nearly  the  whole  surface  is  divided  into  sharp  rJdges  with  steep  de- 
clivities, their  summits  being  technically  termed  "  hog  backs."  Muncey  Hill,  in  the  s.  e.  part,  the 
highest  land  in  town,  is  a  wild,  broken  region,  poorly  adapted  to  cultivation.  On  the  n.  border  is  a 
small  lake  known  as  Labrador  Pond,  noted  for  its  wild  and  picturesque  scenery.  Upon  a  small 
brook,  which  flows  into  the  outlet  of  this  pond  from  the  e.,  is  a  beautiful  cascade,  called  Tinkers 
Falls.  The  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  In  amount  of  dairy  products  this  town  is 
one  of  the  first  in  the  State.  Truxton  (p.  v.)  contains  257  inhabitants,  and  Cuyler  (p.  v.)  112. 
Keeney  Settlement  is  a  hamlet  on  the  n,  line.  There  are  in  town  a  woolen,  a  sash  and 
blind,  and  butter  tub  factory,  and  an  extensive  carriage  shop.  The  first  settlers  were  Saml.  Bene- 
dict, Chris.  Whitney,  and  Jonas  Stiles,  in  1795,  who  located  on  Lots  12,  93,  and  2,  respectively.^ 
The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1806,  under  Eld.  Rufus  Freeman.* 

VIRGIE* — was  formed  from  Homer,  April  3,  1804.  Harford  and  Lapeer  were  taken  off  in 
1845.  A  small  portion  of  its  e.  part  has  been  annexed  to  Cortlandville  and  Freetown.  It  lies  upon 
the  w.  border  of  the  county,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  broken  and  hilly  upland.  The 
Owego  Hills,  in  the  s.  w.  part,  are  about  600  feet  above  the  valleys  and  1600  to  1700  feet  above 
tide.  The  valleys  are  narrow,  bordered  by  the  steep  declivities  of  the  hills.  Virgil  Creek,  flowing 
w.,  and  Gridley  Creek,  flowing  e.,  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam, 
and  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.  Virgil  (p.  v.)  contains  206  inhabitants,  and  £a^t  Virg"il  (j>.  v.) 
about  60.  State  Bridg'e  (Messengerville  p.  o.)  is  a  r.  r.  station.  Franlis  Corners  is  a 
hamlet  in  the  s.  w.  part.  The  first  settler  was  Joseph  Chaplin,  in  1792.*  The  first  religious  meeting 
■was  held  in  1802;  and  the  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed,  Feb.  5,  1805,  by  Rev.  Seth  Williston.* 

WII.IjET  —  was  formed  from  Cincinnatus,  April  21,  1818,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Col. 
Marinus.AVillett,  of  Revolutionary  memory.  It  lies  in  the  s.  e.  corner  of  the  county.  Its  surface 
consists  of  the  narrow  valley  of  the  Otselic  River  and  of  the  high  ridges  which  rise  on  either  side. 
The  upUinds  are  broken  by  the  narrow  ravines  through  which  the  small  streams  flow.  Nearly 
one-third  of  the  town  is  yet  unsettled,  the  surface  being  too  rough  for  profitable  cultivation.  In 
the  N.  w.  part  of  the  town  is  a  small  lake,  known  as  Bloody  Pond, — its  sanguinary  name  having 
been  bestowed  in  consequence  of  the  vagaries  of  deUrium  tremens.     The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly 


1  In  Nov.  1858,  thia  town  was  divided  into  2  nearly  equal  parts 
by  a  line  extending  n.  and  s. ;  and  the  e.  half  now  forms  the 

town  of  CUYLEB. 

*  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were  Robt.  Kuight,  (from  Mon- 
mouth, N.  .T.J  Hugh  Stewart,  (from  Coleram,  Maa3..)  John 
Jeffrey  and  Etiob  Phelps,  (from  N.J.,)  Billy  Trowbridge  and 
Dr.  John  Miller,  (from  Dutches.';  co.)  The  Va&I  named  was  the 
first  physician,  and  is  etill  living.  (1858.)  aged  82.  The  first 
child  born  was  a  son  of  Samuel  Denedict;  and  the  first  dinvth 
waa  a  child  in  the  same  family.  A.  W.  Bakt-r  taup:ht  the  first 
school,  in  1799 ;  Bowen  Brewster  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1801,  and 
Stephen  Hedges  the  first  store. 

*  The  census  returns  -i  churches;  2  M.  E.,  Bap..  Presb. 

<  Mr.  Chaplin  was  cng;aged  to  open  a  road  from  Oxford  to 
Cayuga  Lake,  which  he  commencwl  in  1792  and  finished  in 
two  years.  This  road  was  60  mi.  in  length,  and  it  became  the 
thoroughfare  for  emigrants.  Mr.  Chfiplin  brought  in  his  family 
from  Oxford  in  the  winter  of  1794-95.  Among  the  other  first 
settlers  were  John  M.  Frank.  John  Gee,  John  E.  Roe.  James 
Wright,  Jas.  Knapp,  Jae.  and  John  Glenny,  Joseph  Bailey,  and 
Enos  Bouton.  The  first  flock  of  sheep,  brought  in  by  BIr.  Frank, 
were  all  destroyed  by  thu  wild  animals.  Mr.  Roe  and  Capt. 
Knapp  killed  15  wolves  in  one  ye.-ir.  The  first  child  born  was 
a  son  of  Jriseph  Chaplin  ;  the  first  marriage  was  that  of  BulufF 
Whitney,  of  Dryden,  and  Susan  Glenny,  in  1800;  and  the  first 
death  was  that  of  a  stranger,  named  Charles  Hoff'man,  who  was 
found  dead  in  the  woods  in  April,  1798.  Clias.  Joyce  was  the 
first  teacher;  Peter  Vanderlyn  and  Nathl.  Knapp  built  the  first 
grist  mill,  in  1805;  Daniel  Edward  built  the  first  sawmill  in  1801, 
and  Danl.  Sheldon  kept  the  first  store,  in  1S07.  As  early  afl  182.'^,  in 
a  series  of  articles  io  the  "  Cortland  Obsei-ver,"  NathaniL-l  Bon  ton, 
a  farmer  in  this  town,  strongly  advocated  the  constructinn  (tf  a 
R.  R.  through  the  southern  tier  of  counties.  From  the  proceed- 
ings of  a  "  Fe8ti\c  Gathering'  of  the  early  settlers  and  inhabit- 
ants of  the  town  of  Virgil  we  make  the  following  extracts : — 
"The  patents  issued  to  the  purchasers  of  the  military  lots  con- 
tained the  whole  mile  square;  yet  the  State  reserved  to  itself 
the  right  to  retain  100  acr&s  in  the  s.  E.  corner  of  each  lot  and 
five  ttD  e«iual  amount  of  land  in  Ohio.    This  reserved  lot  was 


known  as  '  The  States  Hundred.'  By  giving  notice  that  he 
wished  to  retain  his  land  together,  and  paying  gS.OO  for  the  sur- 
vey, the  pattmtee  could  retain  the  whole  lot.  In  default  of  the 
payment,  the  State  retained  50  acres  of  the  Jf,fe5^/wre,  culled 
the  '  Sur^  ey  of  Fifty  Acres.'  "  As  an  illustration  of  the  hard- 
sliips  to  which  the  pioneers  of  thia  town  and  co.  were  subjected, 
we  extract  the  following: — "Id  the  spring  of  1797,  John  E.  Roe 
came  on  from  Ulster  co.  and  made  a  beginning  on  his  lot. — the 
same  occupied  till  recently  by  himself  and  family, — boarding 
with  Mr.  Frank.  He  cleared  a  spot,  put  up  the  body  of  a  log 
house,  split  plank  and  laid  a  floor,  peeled  bark  for  a  roof,  and 
agreed  with  a  man  in  Homer  to  put  it  on.  He  also  cut  and 
cured  some  of  the  wild  gra-ss  growing  in  the  swamp,  for  hay, 
and  returned.  Preparations  were  then  made  for  moving  on; 
which  was  dune  in  the  winter  following.  He  and  his  wife  cjime 
in  a  sleigh,  with  a  young  cow  following  them.  \Vhen  they  came 
to  the  river,  ojiposite  Mr.  Chaplin's,  they  found  the  water  high, 
and  the  canoe  that  had  been  used  in  crossing  carried  away.  Mr. 
Chaplin's  hog  trough  was  procured,  and  Mis.  Roe  was'  safely 
carried  over  in  it.  She  then  stood  upon  the  bank  to  await  the 
crossing  of  what  remained.  The  horses,  being  urged  in,  swam 
across  with  the  sleigh,  the  cow  following,  and  came  near  being 
carried  away  with  the  current,  but.  after  a  hard  struggle,  made 
the  shore  in  safety.  They  put  up  for  the  night,  the  horses 
being  fastened  to  the  sleigh,  (as  no  accommodatiuns  could  be 
procured,)  and  they  ate  out  the  flag  bottoms  of  the  chairs  to 
allay  the  keen  demands  of  appetite.  The  snow  was  two  feet 
deep,  with  no  track,  and  the  whole  day  was  consumed  in 
coming  from  the  river  to  their  new  home.  When  they  arrived, 
they  were  surprised  to  find  their  house  without  covering,  con- 
sequently the  snow  as  deep  in  it  as  out  of  it.  Persons  of  less 
perneverance  would  have  been  disheartened.  But  no  time  wjia 
to  be  lost.  The  snow  was  cleared  away  from  a  portion  of  the 
floor,  a  fire  built  against  the  logs,  some  blankets  drawn  acrons 
the  beams  for  a  covering,  the  horses  tied  in  one  corner,  with 
some  of  that  coarse  Imy  before  them ;  and  thus  their  first  and 
sevpral  successive  nights  were  passed." 

^  The  census   reports  5  churches;    Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  CoDg« 
M.  £.,  Union. 


256 


CORTLAND    COUNTY. 


loam.  Dyersville  (Willet  p.  o.)  contains  20  houses.  The  first  settler  was  Ebenezer  Crittenden, 
from  Barrington,  Mass.,  in  1793.'  The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1810.  There  is  also  a 
Cong,  church  in  town. 

CUY1.ER — was  formed  from  Truston,  Nov.  18, 1858.    The  statistics  of  this  town  are  embraced 
in  the  town  of  Truxton,  page  255. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,    Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    ScJiools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Cortland  County. 


Names  op  Towss. 


Cinciunatus.., 
Cortliindville. 

Cuylera 

Freetown 

Harford 

Homer 

Lapeer 

MarathoD 

Preble 

Scott 

Solon 

Taylor 

Truxton 

Virgil 

Willet 

Total 


AcEEs  OF  Land. 

1 

■g 

1 

1 

1 

10,368 

6,016 

24,160 

8,399i 

10.8484 

5,1.59 

7.054i 

7,812 

21.676 

It.lCTJ 

9.371 

6.ti544 

9,530J 

6,4ti2 

10,713i 

6,920 

8,772i 

6.081 

10.648i 

7,663 

10.244 

7.7S7 

32.7071 

21.0644 

20,756i 

8,789} 

8,097} 

7,7984 

194,736J 

113,6624 

Valuation  of  1858. 


^ 

c 

-.5» 

^ 

^ 

i;"- 

$253.6.'!6 

$8,500 

1,101,940 

210,400 

22n,0.'10 

11,650 

138.174 

4,750 

1,03;1.9.'.0 

140,200 

129.546 

11,440 

270,931 

15,700 

274,546 

15,390 

221.020 

33,805 

256,326 

12,000 

171,026 

3,450 

672,757 

41,040 

308,225 

15,200 

145,140 

14.860 

6,278,182 

643,985 

$202,135 
l,37i|340 

241,480 
142,924 
1.180,150 
14I1.9S6 
292631 
289,936 
264,525 
267.325 
174,475 
713,797 
323.425 
160.000 


6,821,127 


Population. 


661 
2,127 

484 

477 

1,807 


614 
670 
649 
615 
1,736 
1,094 
464 


12,267    12,318 


608 
2,202 

471 

449 

1,978 

367 

665 

606 

623 

608 

5S6 

1,708 

1.137 

461 


220 
827 

188 
180 
732 
142 
249 
240 
247 
206 
226 
646 
446 
178 


4,727 


247 
879 

137 
190 
477 
149 
276 
268 
269 
206 
232 
766 
466 
182 


4,722   4,212     182 


Schools, 


600 
1,690 

387 
356 

1,274 
371 
619 
428 
617 
465 
376 

1,306 
827 
318 


9,224 


Names  of  Towns. 


Cincinnatus.,,. 
Cortl.andville,. 

Cuyler2 

Fret'town 

Harford 

Homer 

Lapeer 

Marathon 

Preble 

Scott 

Solon 

Taylor 

Truston 

Tirgil 

Willet 

Total....'. 


Live  Stook. 

Is 

s 

« 

, 

?■ 

:j 

s 

£  = 

S 

« 

1 

369 

978 

1,154 

2,221 

487 

1,078 

1,648 

2,833 

4,918 

1,976 

363 

880 

1,233 

2,062 

626 

227 

619 

628 

1,961 

380 

930 

1,924 

2,390 

3,438 

1,861 

340 

884 

802 

1.696 

450 

338 

862 

1,008 

3,260 

673 

478 

920 

1,032 

2,301 

906 

390 

776 

765 

2,058 

614 

446 

816 

1,170 

1,826 

637 

328 

1,063 

1,133 

2,225 

602 

1,044 

2,406 

4,724 

6,002 

1,9,66 

813 

1,449 

1.909 

6,800 

1,049 

266 

889 

837 

1,663 

437 

7,410 

16,003 

21,668 

41,321 

12,302 

AGRICrLTURAL  PRODUCTS. 


668 
2,397} 

226 
1,306 
664 
263 
406 
784 
206 
23 
1694 

1,5764 
3994 


29,020 
117,7724 

34.936 

32,646 

90,381J 

29,4114 

27,774 

80,7094 

44,317 

30,507 

29,640 

77,561 

90,0624 

18,1664 


3,621 
5,964 

3,289 
1,6034 
6,6634 
2,644 
2,887 
2,078 
2,080 
3,645 
3,643 
12,712} 
4,721 
2,627  4  i 


6,660 
21,376 

8,414 
6,260 

21,600 
6,676 
5,937 

11,411 
9,841 
8,63; 
7,805 

26,177 

12,485 
6,411 


14,015 
64,928 

13.860 
10;296 
65,052 

8,671 
17,6; 
24,840 
18.020 
21,788 
13,61 
60,686 
30,474 

8,212 


8,8684  732,884}  56,7694    156,389  361,976 


Dairy  Pboocctb. 


118,760 
319,229 

108,690 

72,305 
279,626 

76,970 
135,009 
141,030 

91,825 
140.976 
151,886 
416,246 
243,423 

83,285 


3,070 
28,021 

71,580 

16,220 

28,622 

10,620 

8,101 

4,640 

7,604 

300 

5,836 

517,281 

4,390 

2,595 


859 
1,3474 

971 
1,0004 

903 
1,664 
2,786 

329 
1,227 
1,130 
1.80"4 
2.1474 
3,749} 
1,883 


,379,267  708,679  21,8004 


X  Mr.  Crittenden  embarked,  ■with  his  wifp,  child,  and  goods, 
opon  a  rude  boat,  at  Chenango  Forks,  and  with  a  paddle  and 
setting-p'tle  worked  his  way  up  the  r.ipid  current  of  the 
Tioughnioga  and  Otselic  Rivers  to  his  place  of  settlement. 
For  9  years  he  was  the  sole  inhabitant  of  the  town.  Among 
the  other  first  settlers  were  Jabez  .lohnson,  (from  Tt.,)  Benj. 
Wilson,  (from  Westchester  co.,)   John    Fisher,  Thos.   Gayley, 


Thos.  Tjeach,  Phineae  Parpent,  and  John  Covert.  The  first  birth 
was  that  of  a  child  of  Eb'r  Crittenden.  The  wives  of  golomon 
Smith,  Danl.  Roberts,  and  F.dward  Nickerson  all  died  in  1812; 
and  these  were  the  first  deaths  in  town.  The  first  school  was 
taught  in  1814.  Benj.  Wilson  kept  the  first  inn  and  built  the 
first  mill,  and  John  S,  Dyer  kept  the  first  store. 
2  Formed  since  1865. 


DELAWARE   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Ulster  and  Otsego,  March  10,  1797.' 
It  lies  upon  the  headwaters  of  Delaware  River,  from  which  it 
derives  its  name.  It  contains  an  area  of  1,580  sq.  mi.,  and  is  cen- 
trally distant  70  mi.  from  Albany.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  and 
mountainous  upland,  divided  into  3  general  ridges  by  the  valleys 
of  the  2  pirincipal  branches  of  Delaware  River.  This  upland  region 
J  is  a  connecting  link  between  the  Blue  Ridge  upon  the  s.  and  the 
Catskill  and  Ilelderbergh  Mts.  on  the  N.  In  the  s.  part  of  the  co. 
these  ridges  form  a  mountainous  region,  with  lofty,  rocky  peaks  and 
precipitous  declivities  broken  by  wild  and  narrow  ravines.  In  the 
N.  the  highlands  are  less  wild  and  precipitous,  and  the  whole  region 
assumes  the  character  of  a  rugged,  hilly  upland.^  The  main  or  w. 
branch  of  the  Delaware'  River  takes  its  rise  in  Utsyanthia  Lake,*  a  small  sheet  of  water  upon  the 
N.  E.  line  of  the  co.  It  flows  60  mi.  in  a  s.  w.  direction  to  the  w.  border  of  the  CO.,  thence  turns 
abruptly  to  the  s.  and  forms  the  s.  e.  boundary  of  Tompkins  and  Hancock.  In  its  course  in  the  co. 
it  descends  about  1000  feet.  Pepachton  River,^  the  e.  branch  of  the  Delaware,  rises  in  Rosbury 
and  flows  60  mi.  s.  w.,  uniting  with  the  Delaware  at  Hancock.  The  Susquehanna  forms  a  portion 
of  the  N.  boundary  of  the  co.  Charlotte  River  and  Ouleout  Creek  are  tributaries  of  the  Susque- 
hanna. The  other  streams  are  creeks  and  brooks,  principally  tributaries  to  the  2  branches  of  the 
Delaware.  The  valleys  of  these  streams  are  usually  narrow,  and  bordered  by  steep  hills  which 
often  rise  into  mountains.  The  rooks  of  the  co.  mostly  belong  to  the  old  red  sandstones  of  the  Cats- 
kill  division. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  the  co.  is  limited  to  stone  useful  for  building  and  flagging,  of  wliioh  large 
quantities  of  a  fine  quality  are  found.  Vague  traditions  of  silver  and  lead  mines  have  here,  as  in 
other  counties,  hauntcil  the  brains  of  dreaming  adventurers.  A  brine  spring  is  reported  4  mi.  x.  w. 
of  Delhi  Village,  and  1.38-1  feet  above  tide,  another  3  J  mi.  from  Colchester,  and  several  chalybeate 
springs  in  various  parts  of  the  co. ;  but  none  of  them  are  important.'  The  soil  is  generally  of  a 
dark  reddish  color,  composed  of  the  disintegrated  sandstone  and  shale.  In  the  valleys  are  occa- 
sionally narrow  strips  of  fertile  alluvium.  Dairying  is  at  present  the  leading  occupation  of  the 
people.  The  numerous  fresh  springs  of  water  issuing  from  its  hillsides,'  the  fresh  herbage,  and 
bracing  mountain  air,  seem  peculiarly  adapted  to  this  business.'  Lumber  was  formerly  rafted  in 
large  quantities  to  Philadelphia;  but,  although  still  extensively  exported  by  K.  k.,  the  quantity  is 
diminishing.'  Since  the  completion  of  the  r.  r.,  tanneries  have  sprung  up  in  favored  localities,  and 
will  continue  until  the  supply  of  bark  is  exhausted.  The  other  manufactures  are  chiefly  limited 
to  the  local  wants  of  the  inhabitants.  The  immense  amount  of  water  power  in  the  co.  will  greatly 
facilitate  the  establishment  of  manufactories  whenever  the  exigencies  of  the  co.  may  demand 
them. 


1  The  w.  branch  of  tho  Delaware  waa  formprly  the  boundary 
line  between  Otsego  ami  Ulster  cos.  The  line  between  tliis  co. 
and  Broome  was  run  according  to  the  treaty  of  Fort  Stanwi.\ 
of  Nov.  5,  1768,  and  was  known  for  a  long  period  as  the  "  Line 
of  I^npfrlt/.^' 

2  The  followinf?  is  a  list  of  elevations  above  tide,  principally 
derived  from  the  Slate  Uoad  Survey  in  1S25,  and  various  B.  R. 
surveys  of  more  recent  date ; — 

Delaware  River,  F..  bonier  (estimated) 8.10  feet. 

.Tunction  of  the  two  branches  of  Delaware..... 932    " 

Hancock  Station 94.3    " 

Delaware  River  at  Itales  Eddy 950     " 

Dickinsons  Station 953    " 

Deposit  (State  Road  Survey) 1004    " 

Sidney  Tillaile 1010    " 

M.uth  of  Beaver  Kil 1018     " 

Franklin  Villace 1240    " 

Arkville,  near  Margaretville 1345    " 

Courthouse  Square 1453    " 

West  Meredith  (.7ohn  Stittson) 1726    " 

Perch  Pond 1765    " 

Stamford  Village  (Newburgh  &  Syracuse  R.  R. 

Suney) 1705     ■' 


Fish  Lake,  near  Delhi 1770  feet. 

Elk  Creek  Summit  (3  or  4  mi.  from  Delhi) 1859  '■ 

Warner  Pass  (3  mi.  w.  of  Stamford  Village) 1SS7  " 

Head  of  Delaware,  Stamford 1888  " 

Davenport  Center 1898  " 

Lowest  summit  between  Ouleout  Creek  and  Delhi  2143  " 

Mt.  Pisgah,  Andes  (estimatetl) 3400  " 

*Otherwi.so  called  the  "Mohawk  Branch  of  the  Delaware,'- 
and  by  the  Indians  '•  Cbokf^itafto''  or  "  (/art/iiagn." 

*  This  lake  is  often  mentioned  in  early  documents.  In  colo- 
nial times  it  waa  at  one  of  tin-  angles  of  -Mbany  co. 

6  Sometimes  written  Popacton.  Papotnnk.  In  the  Govern- 
ment returns  tho  p.  o.  n.amed  from  the  river  is  written  Po- 
pacton. 

«  Br.cl-'s  ilinrralori!/  X.  Y..  p.  160. 

7  The  first  court  held  in  the  CO.  adopted  as  its  seal  the  devicfl 
of  a  "stream  of  water  issuing  from  a  high  mountain." 

8  111  amount  of  butter  this  co.  ranks  second  only  to  St.  Law- 
rence. 

*  111  number  of  aawmills  this  zo.  is  now  surpassed  by  none  but 
Steuben  and  Oneida. 

:  257 


258 


DELAWARE     COUNTY. 


The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  Delhi. ^  The  present  courthouse  was  erected  in  1820.^  The  co.  clerk's 
office  and  jaiF  are  in  separate  buildings,  adjacent  to  the  covirthouse.  The  poorhouse  is  an  old,  two 
story  wood  building,  situated  upon  a  farm  of  175  acres  about  2  mi.  s.  of  Delhi  Village.  The 
average  number  of  inmates  is  G5,  supported  at  a  cost  of  $1.00  per  week  each.  The  farm  yields  an 
uicorae  of  §250.  The  N.  Y.  &  Erie  K.  R.  extends  along  the  Delaware,  and  the  Albany  &  Susque- 
hanna R.  R.  tlirough  the  n.  w.  corner.  Soon  after  the  completion  of  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.,  in  1849, 
plank  roads  were  built,  extending  from  several  of  the  stations  into  the  interior  of  the  co,* 

The  CO.  has  7  weekly  newspapers.^ 

The  Hardenburgh  Patent,^  embracing  10  mi.  square,  lying  s.  of  the  e.  branch  of  the  Delaware, 
was  granted  April  10,  1708,  to  Johannes  Hardenburgh,  of  Kingston,  Ulster  co.,  and  associates, 
who  had  previously  purchased  the  lands  of  the  Indians.  A  tract  of  250,000  acres,  between 
the  w.  branch  of  the  Delaware  and  a  line  a  mi.  e.  from  the  Susquehanna,  was  bought  from 
the  Indians  at  ^'Johnson  Hall,''  Montgomery  co.,  June  14,  17G8,  by  John  Harper,  Sen.,  and  Gen. 
Wm.,  Joseph,  and  Alex.  Harper  and  others.  On  the  s.  e.  side  it  extended  from  Utsyanthia  Lake 
down  the  Delaware  to  the  mouth  of  a  small  stream  called  Camskutty.  Within  this  tract  5  towns, 
with  full  privileges  of  townships,  were  created  by  patent  in  1770;  but  in  none  of  them  was  an 
organization  ever  effected  under  this  authority.'^ 

Under  their  grant  of  10  mi.  square  the  proprietors  of  the  Hardenlmrgli  Patent  claimed  all  the 
land  between  the  branches  of  the  Delaware,  and  leased  it  to  actual  settlers.^  In  1844,  the  settlers, 
who  had  previously  paid  annual  rents,  refused  longer  to  submit  to  what  they  believed  to  be  a  wrong 
and  fraud,  and  they  called  for  legislative  and  judicial  aid.  In  the  mean  time,  the  lessors  prosecuted 
for  rent.  In  1845,  associations  were  formed  to  prevent  the  collection  of  rent;  and  when  the  sheriff 
attempted  to  make  a  levy,  or  to  sell  property  for  rent,  men  disguised  as  Indians  appeared  to  prevent 
the  sale,  determined  thus  to  stay  proceedings  until  the  question  of  title  should  be  legally  settled. 


1  The  courthouse  was  located  by  the  judges,  justices,  and 
supervisore;  and  the  sum  of  $1200  was  grauted  April  4.  1798, 
for  the  erection  of  the  co.  buildings,  on  a  lot  given  by  Levi  Bax- 
ter and  George  Fish.  Under  an  act  of  March  28,  1806,  the 
eherift's  mileage  was  reckoned  from  the  courthouse;  and  under 
an  act  of  June  18, 1812,  a  tavern  was  allowed  to  be  kept  iu  the 
courthouse.  The  courthouse  and  jail  was  burned  April  17, 1S20, 
and  a  prisoner  confined  for  some  trifling  offence  perished  in  the 
flames.  An  act  passed  April  11, 1820,  authorized  a  loan  of  gSOOO 
fur  rebuilding,  and  the  present  edifice  was  erected  in  the  sum- 
mer of  that  year.  About  a  dozen  prisoners,  on  "  the  limits"  at 
the  time  the  jail  was  burned,  were  released  upon  bail ;  and  it 
happened  that  while  the  co.  was  without  a  jail  there  was  no 
occasion  for  its  use ;  but  within  a  few  hours  after  a  prison  room 
was  so  far  completed  as  to  hold  a  prisoner,  it  was  needed  and 
occupied. 

"  Supernsors'  meetings  and  courts  were  held  at  the  house  of 
Gideon  Frisbie  until  the  courthouse  waa  completed.  The  first 
CO.  officers  were  Joshua  H.  Brett,  First  Judge;  Patrick  Lamb, 
Wm.  Horton,  and  Gabriel  North,  Judges;  Isaac  Hardenburgh 
and  Alex.  Leal,  Asst.  Justices;  Ebenezer  Foote,  Chirk;  Elias 
Butler,  Sheriff;  and  Anthony  Marvin,  Surrogate. 

3  The  jail  is  of  wood,  warmed  by  furnaces.  It  contains  4 
rooms,  and  generally  has  1  or  2  inmates. 

<  During  the  first  10  years  of  this  century  several  turnpikes 

were  built  through  this  co.,  and  these  tended  greatly  to  i)ro- 

mote  settlement,  by  opening  routes  to  market. 

£>  Tlie  Dela-ware  Gazette  was  established  at  Delhi, 

Nov.  18, 1819,  by  John  Jas.  Lappan.    In  1833  it  was 

sold  to  A.  M.  Paine,  by  whom  it  is  now  jmldished. 

The  Delaware  Republican  was  started  at  D'lhi,  .luly  4,  1822,  by 

Elijah  J.  Roberts,  and  was  continii'  d  ;ibnnt  2  years. 
The  Ddmvare  Journal  was  started  at  Di_lhi  in  18.04,  by  Geo. 
I^Iarviue,  and  was  continued  1  year.    It  was  revived  by 
Bonne  &  McDonald,  but  was  again  discontinued. 
Tlie  Delaware  Express  was  started  at  Dellii,  in  Jan. 

1839,  by  Norwood  Bowne,  the  present  publishir. 

Voice  of  the  Pwple.  an  anti-rent  paper  establisheil  at  Delhi  in 

1845,  by  Wm.  S.  Hawley,  was  continued  about  4  years. 

The  Deposit  Oturier  was  started  in  Mnrch,  1849,  by  C.  E.  Wright, 

and  was  continued  till  Mav,  isji.O.    From  the  same  office. 

in  Sept.  1853.  Sylvester  D.  Ilnlso  issued 

The  Deposit  Union  Democrat,  and  still  continues  to 

piililish  it. 
Tlic  Bloomville  Mirror  was  begun  May  2S,  ISol,  by 
S.  B.  Champion.  The  first  number  contained  but  101 
words,  and  till  July  no  price  was  fixed.  The  "  office,'' 
located  in  the  corner  of  a  mill,  consisted  of  10  lbs.  of 
type  without  a  press;  and  the  paper  was  "printed"  hy 
striking  with  a  mallet  on  a  block  laid  over  the  type. 
It  has  grown  into  respectable  size,  and  has  an  unusually 
large  patronage  for  a  country  newspaper.  It  is  now 
printed  on  a  power  press. 
The  Hobart  Free  Press  was  started  Jan. 1855, by  E.  B. 

Fenn. 
The  We^l-ly  Visitor  was  commenced  April  14.  1855,  at  Franklin, 
by  Geo.  W.  Reynolds.    It  has  been  changed  to 


The  Franklin  Visitor,  and  is  still  published. 

I'he  Waltan  Journal,  commenced  in  1S56  by  E.  P.  Ben'ay,  was 

continued  2  years. 
The  Village  Record  was  established  at  Hobart  in  1856, 

by  G.  \V.  Albright. 
The  Walton  Blade  was  commenced  in  1S56  by  E.  P.  Berray,  but 

was  soon  after  discontinued. 

6  Most  of  the  Hardenburgh  Patent  was  surveyed  by  Ebenezer 
VTooster,  in  1749;  and  in  that  year  the  proprietors  released  to 
each  other  certain  lots,  bounded  by  monuments  on  the  Deiawaro 
and  Papaknnk  Rivers.  After  the  Revolution  it  was  found  that 
the  monuments  were  lost,  and  an  act,  passed  March  29, 1790, 
appointed  Charles  Tappen  and  Jas.  Coekburn  commissioners 
to  make  a  survey  of  certain  lines,  to  be  properly  marked  by 
stone  heaps  every  2  mi.  along  the  division  lines.  The  tract  was 
divided  into  great  tracts,  numbered  from  1  to  42.  Of  these,  36 
to  42  lay  between  the  branches  of  the  Delaware,  and  parts  of  2 
to  8  s.  of  the  E.  branch. 

7  These  towns  were  as  follows: 


Names  of 
Townships. 

Date  of 
Patent. 

Acres. 

Patentees. 

Bedlington, 

May  24, 1770, 

27,000 

John  Lake  and  asso- 
ciates. 

Franklin, 

Feb.  26, 1770, 

30,000 

Tbomasw  Darton  and 
Reese  Meredith. 

Goldsborough, 

June  15, 1770, 

6,000 

Edward  Tudor,  Ber- 
nard Ratzer,  and 
John  Clark. 

Strasburgh, 

Dec.  4, 1770, 

37,000  JohnButlerandasao- 

ciates. 

■VThiteborough, 

March  10, 1770, 

38,000 1  Henry  White  and  as- 
1     sociates. 

The  quitrents  of  these  lauds  were  fixed  at  2  shillings  sixpence 
per  100  acres,  payable  annually  on  the  Feast  of  the  Annuncia- 
tion of  R.  V.  M.  There  was  generally  in  the  patent  1  name  to 
each  1000  acres  of  the  grant,  although  the  bona  fide  owners  were 
usually  few  in  numbers. 

8  A  select  committee  of  the  Assembly,  in  1846,  reported  the 
following  tracts  under  lease  in  this  co. :  Kortright  Patfnt,  20,000 
acres,  mostly  leased  in  fee.  at  sixpence  sterling  j)er  acre.  It 
was  offered  for  sale  at  $2  per  acre.  Desbrosse^  Tract.  (Harden- 
burgh Patent,)  60.000  acres,  mostly  leased  in  fee  between  1790 
and  1807,  at  1  shilling  per  acre  after  the  first  7  years.  Farms 
from  100  to  200  acres.  Morgan  Lewis  Estate,  20,000  acres,  about 
15,000  under  perpetual  lease,  at  20  bush,  of  wheat  per  100  acres 
after  15  years:  for  the  first  5  of  the  15  years  it  was  rent  free,  a 
years  for  one-half  rent,  and  5  for  three-qu-arters.  G.  and 
S.  Verplanck,  3  tracts,  originally  50,000  acres,  of  which  less  than 
20.000  were  under  lease.  J{.  R.  Livingston  and  Jilrs.  Mont- 
Qomery.,  20,000  acres,  under  perpetual  lease,  on  a  rent  of  20  bush, 
of  wheat  per  100  acres.  Gm.  Armstrong.  8,000  acres,  under 
lease  for  3  lives,  at  20  bush,  of  wheat  per  100  acres.  Hunter"! 
and  Oi'iring's  large  tracts  in  this  co.,  Sullivan,  aud  Greene,  in 
fee,  with  a  rent  of  12J  to  15  or  18  cents  per  acre. 


DELAWARE    COUNTY. 


259 


An  act  was  passed,  Jan.  25, 1845,  forbidding  persons  from  appearing  disguised  and  armed,  under  a 
penalty  of  imprisonment  in  the  co.  jail  for  a  term  not  exceeding  6  months.  Persons  thus  armed  and 
disguised  might  be  prosecuted  under  the  fictitious  names  they  assumed,  if  their  real  names  could  not 
be  discovered ;  and  such  persons  assembling  in  public  houses  or  other  places  to  the  number  of  three 
ormore  might,  upon  conviction,  be  imprisoned  lyear  in  the  co.  jail.  If  convicted  upon  an  indictment 
for  a  conspiracy  or  riot  or  other  misdemeanor,  in  which  offense  they  were  armed  with  deadly  weapons, 
they  were  further  liable  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  $250,  with  or  without  a  year's  imprisonment.  In  a 
few  cases  these  laws  were  disregarded ;  several  arrests  weremade,  and  the  co.  was  declared  in  a  state 
of  rebellion.  Aug.  7, 1845,  Sheriff  Moore,  accompanied  by  P.  P.  Wright,  went  to  the  town  of  Andes 
to  sell  the  property  of  Moses  Earl  upon  execution  for  rent.  There  he  found  176  men  armed  and  dis- 
guised, who  told  him  to  do  his  duty,  and  they  would  protect  him:  "but,"  said  they,  "let  bidders 
beware."  The  sheriff  and  Indiana  drove  the  cattle  near  the  road,  the  Indians  forming  a  semicircle 
about  the  property.  At  this  crisis  Dept.  Sheriffs  Osman  N.  Steele  and  R.  Edgarton  (whom  Sheriff 
Moore  had  requested  not  to  come  to  the  sale)  appeared  on  horseback,  jumped  their  horses  over  the 
fence,  were  joined  by  Wright,  and  rode  into  the  midst  of  the  Indians,  flourishing  their  revolvers  and 
firing  several  shots.  The  Indians  gave  ground ;  but  thechief  ordered  them  to  shoot  the  horses.  Seve- 
ral shots  were  made,  killing  the  horses  of  Steele  and  Edgarton,  and  mortally  wounding  Steele,  who 
survived  but  a  few  hours.'  The  Governor  immediately  issued  a  proclamation  declaring  the  co.  to  be 
in  a  state  of  insurrection,  and  placing  it  under  martial  law.  A  battalion  of  300  militia,  one-half  of 
whom  were  mounted,  were  called  out  and  placed  at  the  disposal  of  tbe  local  ofiicers.'  They  con- 
tinued in  service  several  months.  The  mounted  men  were  actively  employed  the  first  2  or  3  months 
in  small  detachments,  aiding  the  civil  authorities  in  making  arrests,  and  in  patrolling  day  and 
night  such  districts  as  the  exigency  of  the  service  required.  The  residue  was  employed  in  guard- 
ing the  jail,  and  as  foot  patrols  in  the  vicinity  of  Delhi  on  the  occasion.  On  two  occasions  detach- 
ments of  troops  attended  the  sheriff  to  State  prison  with  prisoners.' 

ANDES* — was  formed  from  Middletown,  April  13,  1819.  It  lies  on  the  s.  e.  border  of  the  co., 
E.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  broken  and  hilly  upland,  intersected  by  the  deep,  narrow  ravines 
of  the  E.  branch  of  the  Delaware  and  its  branches.  The  hiUs  are  high,  rocky,  and  irregular,  and 
are  bordered  by  steep  declivities.'  The  Delaware  flows  s.  w.  through  near  the  center  of  the  town. 
Trempers  Kil,  Little  Bush  Kil,  and  Shaw  Brook  are  the  other  principal  streams.  The  valleys  of 
these  streams  are  all  narrow  and  tortuous  and  are  bordered  by  rocky  hillsides.  A  considerable 
portion  of  the  town  is  still  covered  with  forests.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  shaly  loam  underlaid 
by  hardpan  upon  the  hills,  and  a  gravelly  loam  of  good  quality  in  the  valleys.  Andes,  (p.  v.,) 
nn  Trempers  Kil,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  contains  an  academy,'  3  churches,  a  flouring  mill,  and 
2  tanneries.  Pop.  350.  Cabin  Hill,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  w.,  is  a  hamlet.  Shavertown  and 
Trempers  H.I1  are  p.  offices.  Permanent  settlement  commenced  in  1784.  A  few  farms  were 
taken  up  prior  to  the  Revolution,  but  were  abandoned.  The  w.  part  of  the  town  began  to  be 
settled  in  1794-96.'    Rev.  Mr.  House,  of  Colchester,  held  the  first  religious  meetings,  in  1797.' 

BOVIXA'— was  formed  from  Delhi,  Stamford,  and  Middletown,  Feb.  25,  1820.  It  is  an  inte- 
rior town,  lying  directly  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the 
deep  valleys  of  small  streams.  The  highest  summits  are  1500  to  2500  ft.  above  tide.  The  streams 
are  Little  Delaware  River,  flowing  w.  through  the  center  of  the  town.  Bush  Creek,  the  outlet  of 
Teunis  Lake,  and  Coulter,  Maynard,  Moimtain,  and  Grants  Brooks.     The  valleys  of  these  streams 


'  For  full  particulars  see  Govemor^s  Message  in  1S46,  and 
Goidd'a  Hut.  Del.' Cb.^  Chap.  xii.  About  90  persons  were  in- 
dicted for  the  murder,  of  whom  one-third  were  arrested.  Two 
(o'Conner  and  Van  Steenburgh)  were  convicted  and  sentenced 
to  be  executed,  but  their  punishment  was  commuted  to  State 
prison  for  life  by  Gov.  Wright,  and  they  were  fully  pardoned  by 
Gov.  Young.  The  co.  remained  under  martial  law  from  Aug.  IS 
to  Dec.  22, 1845.  The  murder  of  Steele  led  to  the  speedy  aban- 
donment of  secret  organizations  and  Indian  coetumes. 

-  A  company  of  volunteers  under  Benj.  T.  Cook,  and  another 
under  John  R.  Baldwin,  were  formed,  and  organized  into  a  bat- 
talion under  Thom.as  Marvine  as  major.  A  company  of  light 
infantry  from  Unadilla,  under  Capt.  Holies,  waa  also  called  out, 
and  reported  themselves  to  M^.  Marvine. 

»  Adjutant  General's  Report:  Assem,  Doc.  6, 1846.  The  whole 
expense  of  this  service  was  S*^,6S3  20,  which  was  charged  to  the 
CO.,  but  has  never  been  repaid.  Considerable  tracts  of  land  have 
since  been  conveyed  in  fee:  and  of  others,  the  rent  is  now  paid 
as  formerly,  and  if  in  arrears,  suits  are  instituted  without  tliffl- 
cnlty. 

*  Namod  from  the  mountainous  character  of  its  surface. 


^  "  Mt.  Pisgah"  is  the  highest  point  between  the  two  branches 
of  the  Del.aware.  By  a  r.r.  survey  from  Oneonta  by  way  of  Elk 
Creek,  Delhi  and  Fish  Lake,  the  Fish  Lake  summit  is  ascertained 
to  be  1040  ft.  above  tide.  By  another  route,  up  the  Little  Dela- 
ware and  Coulters  Brook,  the"  highest  point  on  the  lino  was  almost 
the  same  height.  RIt.  Pisgah  measured  ISOO  ft.  above  this,  or 
about  3400  feet  above  tide. 

fl  Erected  by  Henry  Dowie  in  1847.    It  is  not  incorp. 

^  Among  the  first  settlers  were  James  Phcenix, Olmsted, 

Peter  Burgher,  Joseph  Erskine,  Silas  Parish.  E.  Washburn,  Eli 
Sears,  Jacob,  Adam,  and  Philip  Shaver,  and  Philip  Barnhart. 
The  first  birth  w.as  that  of  Philip,  son  of  Adam  Shaver,  Oct.  9, 
1786;  tho  first  marriage,  that  of  Henry  Myers  and  Catharine 
Shaver,  Juno  17, 1789 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Wm.  June. 
Wm.  Washburn  taught  the  first  school,  in  1792-93;  Edward 
Sands  kept  tho  first  store,  Russell  Comstock  the  first  inn,  and 
Robt.  More  built  the  first  mill  on  Trempers  Kil  in  1797. 

8  The  census  reports  8  churches ;  2  Asso.  Ref.  Prot.,  and  1  each 
Bap.,  0.  S.  Bap.,  Cong.,  M.  E.,  Presb.,  and  Union. 

•  Name  applied  by  Gen.  Erastus  Root,  from  the  Latin,  in  allu- 
sion to  its  fitness  for  grazing. 


260 


DELAWARE    COUNTY. 


are  narrow  and  are  bordered  by  steep,  rocky  hillsides.  Teunis  Lake^  (s.)  and  Landons  Lake  (w.) 
are  small  bodies  of  water.  The  surface  is  stony,  and  the  soil  is  generally  a  clay  loam,  ad- 
mirably adapted  to  grazing.  Brushland,^  (p-v.,)  on  the  Little  Delaware,  contains  a  tan- 
nery, gristmill,  and  clothing  works.  Pop.  183.  BOTina,^  (P-'^-O  ^t  the  junction  of  Maynard 
and  Mountain  Brooks,  contains  about  a  dozen  houses.  The 

first  settlement  was  begun  in  1792,  by  Elisha  B.  Maynard,  and  during  the  succeeding  3  years 
many  families  from  Conn,  and  Scotland  located  in  the  ralleys.*  Rev.  James  Richie  conducted  the 
first  religious  services,  in  1795.  The  first  church  (Un.  Presb.)  was  formed  in  1809.  The  census 
reports  3  churches;  M.  E.,  Asso.  Presb.,  and  Ref.  Presb. 

COLiCHESTER^— was  formed  from  Middletown,  April  10,  1792.  A  part  was  annexed  to 
Walton  in  1799;  Hancock  was  taken  ofi*  in  1806,  and  a  part  of  Walton  was  annexed  in  1827.  It 
occupies  a  central  position  upon  the  s.  e.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  mountainous  upland, 
broken  by  the  narrow  valleys  of  the  streams.  The  e.  branch  of  the  Delaware  flows  westward 
through  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  dividing  the  highlands  into  two  distinct  parts.  From  the  n.  it 
receives  West  Trout,  Downs,  and  Coles  Brooks,  and  from  the  s.  Clearwater  and  several  smaller 
brooks.  Beaver  Kil  flows  through  the  3.  w.  corner,  receiving  Spring  Brook  as  a  tributary.  The 
valleys  of  these  streams  are  all  narrow,  and  many  hundred  feet  below  the  summits  of  the  hilla 
which  rise  on  either  side.  The  soil  is  a  reddish  clay,  and  is  often  very  stony.  A  considerable 
Bhare  of  the  surface  is  still  covered  with  forests.  Lumbering  is  extensively  piirsued.  Dofrns- 
ville,^  (P'"^-*)  on  the  Delaware,  at  the  mouth  of  Downs  Creek,  contains  3  churches.  Pop.  206. 
Pepacton  and  Colchester  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was  begun  in  May,  1774.'' 
The  first  religious  services  (Bap.)  were  conducted  by  Elder  Haynes,  and  the  first  church  (Bap.)  was 
formed  in  1803.     There  are  now  2  churches  in  town;  M.  E.  and  Presb. 

DAVEWPORT^— was  formed  from  Kortright  and  Maryland,  (Otsego  co.,)  March  31,  1817. 
It  lies  along  the  n.  border  of  the  co.,  e.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  broken  upland,  divided  into 
two  ridges  by  the  valley  of  Charlotte  River,  which  extends  e.  and  w.  through  the  center  of  the 
town.  These  ridges  are  subdivided  by  the  narrow,  lateral  valleys  of  tributaries  of  Charlotte 
River.  The  soil  is  a  chocolate  colored  clay  loam  mixed  with  slate.  Ferg'USOUVille,^  (P-'^-O 
on  Charlotte  River,  on  the  E.  border  of  the  town,  contains  an  academy,*^  a  church,  and  several  manu- 
facturing establishments.  Pop.  125.  Davenport,  (p-^^-t)  3  mi.  below,  contains  a  population 
of  95.  Davenport  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  a  cradle  and  rake  factory  and  5  sawmills.  Pop. 
125.     "West  Davenport"  (p.  v.)  contains  a  woolen  factory,  3  sawmills,  and  90  inhabitants. 

The  first  settlers  were  Daniel  Farnsworth  and Pross,  who  located  upon  the  present  site  of 

Davenport  Center  in  1786.^^  At  that  time  an  Indian  trail,  of  sufficient  width  to  admit  the  passage 
of  wagons,  extended  along  Charlotte  River.  Elder  Mudge  (M.  E.)  conducted  the  first  religious 
services,  and  commenced  regular  preaching  in  1813." 

DEEHIi*— was  formed  from  Middletown,  Kortright,  and  Walton,  March  23,  1798.  A  part 
of  Bovina  was  taken  off  in  1820,  and  a  part  of  Hamden  in  1825.     A  part  was  annexed  to  Walton  in 


1  This  lake  lies  near  the  foot  of  Mt.  Pisgah,  and  its  shores  are  j 
inudtiy,  and  covered  with  bushes  and  coarse  grass.  It  was 
cameii  from  a  friendly  Indian  who  saved  the  early  settlers  of 
Middl'-town  from  massacre  by  giving  them  a  timely  warning. 
His  hnt  was  near  the  lake,  and  he  remained  several  years  after 
the  war.  Tradition  attributes  to  this  region  rich  lead  mines 
known  only  to  Indians. 

s  Named  from  Alex.  BruRh,  first  settler  and  proprietor. 

8  Locally  known  as  ■'  Butt  End.** 

*  Francis  Coulter,  Levi  and  Jacob  Mabie,  Jas.  Kidzie,  Andrew 
Chisholm,  Jas.  Kay,  Thos.  Liddle,  Sam'l  Davis,  and  A.  Nichols, 
were  early  settlers.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Elisha  II.,  son 
of  Elisha  B.  Maynard,  An^;.  26,  1793;  the  first  marriage,  that 
of  Jas.  Russell  and  Nancy  Richie,  in  1799;  and  the  first  death, 

that   of  Hezekiah   David,  in  179S.    Edwards  taught  the 

first  school,  in  ISOS;  James  Wetmore  kept  the  first  inn,  at  the 
"Hook;"  Robert  Hume  the  first  store,  at  Brnshland;  Stephen 
Palmer  built  the  first  mill,  in  1796,  for  Gov.  Lewis;  and  John 
Jerome  the  first  factory,  in  ISOS. 

ft  Name  applied  by  Joseph  Gee,  from  Colchester,  Conn. ' 

8  Named  from  Abel  Downs,  who  erected  thCTO  extcnsiTO  tan- 
neries and  mills. 

T  Timothy  Russell,  Thos.  and  John  Gregory,  (from  Westchester 
CO.j)  Frederick  Miller,  (still  living,  1S69,  aged  luO  years,)  Jas.  and 
S.  Shaver,  Silas  Bowker,  Peter,  Harry,  and  Nehemiah  Avery, 
Jacob  Bramhart,  Daniel  and  Wm.  Parish,  and  Wm.  Rose,  began 
settlement  before  the  war,  but  were  driven  off  by  the  Indians 
and  tories.  Before  leaving  they  buried  their  iron  implements, 
to  preserve  them.  After  the  war  several  of  the  families  returned, 
and  were  joined  by  Wm.  Horton,  Abraham  Sprague,  Thos.  Cal- 


breth,  Nathan  Elwood,  Nathan  Fnller,  Joseph  Gee,  Caleb  and 
Henry  Sutton,  Jas.  Miller,  and  Dennis.  Jared,  and  John  Ilitt. 
The  first  birth  was  that  of  Catharine,  a  daughter  of  Wm.  Koe,  Dec. 
24, 17S4;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Thomas  Gregory.  Adam  J. 
Doll  opened  the  first  store,  and  built  the  first  bridge  across  the 
river  at  the  place  now  known  as  Brooks  Bridge.  Wm.  Ruse  built 
a  sawmill  in  1790.  On  the  farm  of  Wm.  Early,  near  the  month 
of  Coles  Brook,  is  the  site  of  an  Indian  village,  with  many  of  the 
apple  trees  planted  by  the  natives  still  standing. 

8  Named  from  Julin  Davenport,  an  early  settler  and  first 
snpervisor. 

9  Named  from  Me8srs,rergu8on,  who  were  largely  engaged  in 
business  here. 

10  Erected  by  the  Fergnsons  about  1848. 

11  Called  Ad-a-quightin-ge,  or  Ad-i-<jua-tan-gie.  by  the  iDdiaoB. 

12  Among  the  other  first  Bettlers  were  Humphrey  Denio.  Geo. 

Webster,    Daniel   Olmstead,  Van  Valkenbnrgh,  Harmon 

Moore,  and  Elisha  Orr.  Dr.  Dan'l  Fuller  came  in  1^96,  and  waa 
the  first  physician.  The  first  marriages  were  those  of  Harmon 
Moore  and  Mary  Orr.  and  Richard  Moore  and  M.  Banks,  in  1791, 
the  two  marriages  taking  place  at  the  same  time;  the  first  biith 
was  that  of  a  child  of  Harmon  Moore,  who  died  in  infancy;  this 
was  the  first  death.  The  first  death  of  an  adult  was  that  of  Mrs. 
Harmon  Moore,  in  1796.  Wid.  Hannah  Dodge  taught  the  first 
school ;  Dan'l  Prentice  built  the  first  grist  and  saw  mill,  in  1792- 
93,  and  it  is  believed  he  kept  the  first  inn.  Ezra  Denio  kept  the 
first  store,  in  1800. 

18  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  3  M.  E.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  Presb. 

1*  Named  through  the  influence  of  Judge  Ebenezer  Foote.  The 

name  of^'MajtUtan"  was  suggested  by  several  prominent  citizen* 


DELAWARE    COUNTY. 


261 


1812.  It  occupies  a  nearly  central  position  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the 
deep  valleys  of  the  streams.  The  w.  branch  of  the  Delaware  flows  s.  w.  through  the  center  of  the 
town,  receiving  from  the  n.  w.  Platners,  Peeks,  Steels,  and  Elk  Creeks,  and  from  the  s.  e.  Little 
Delaware  River.  The  valleys  are  generally  narrow  and  bordered  by  steep  hills.  The  soil  is  a 
clay  loam,  and  the  surface  is  very  stony  in  places.  Delbi,  (p.  v.,)  the  county  seat,  is  finely  situated 
on  the  N,  bank  of  the  w.  branch  of  the  Delaware.  It  was  incorp.  March  16,  1821.  Besides  the 
CO.  buildmgs,  it  contains  the  Delhi  Academy,'  4  churches,  a  bank,  2  printing  offices,  a  woolen  factory, 
an  iron  foundry,  a  gristmill,  and  a  sawmill.  Pop.  919.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  by 
Abel  and  John  Kidder,  in  1785.^  The  first  religious  meetings  were  conducted  by  Elder  Kidder 
Beck,  in  1786.    The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  1798.* 

FRANR1.ITV*— was  formed  from  Harpersfield,  April  10,  1792.  Walton  was  taken  ofi"  in 
1797,  and  a  part  was  restored  in  1801.  A  part  of  Meredith  was  taken  ofi"  in  1800,  Sidney  in  1801, 
and  a  part  of  Otego,  (Otsego  co.,)  as  '' Hunisville"  in  1822.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co., 
w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  deep  and  narrow  valleys.  The  principal 
streams  are  Ouleout^  Creek,  flowing  w.  through  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  and  its  two  tributaries  from 
the  s.,  Croton  Creek  and  Handsome  Brook.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  shaly  loam  underlaid  by  hard- 
pan,  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium.  Franklin,  (p-v-,)  on  the  Ouleout,  in 
the  N.  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  the  Delaware  Literary  Institute,^  printing  office,  and  3  churches. 
Pop.  490.  Croton  (p.  v.)  is  situated  upon  Croton  Creek,  near  the  line  of  Meredith.  Pop.  200. 
IVortb  Franklin  is  a  p.  o.  Sluman  Wattles,  afterward  judge,  was  the  first  white  settler  who  built 
his  cabin  in  the  valley  of  the  Ouleout.  He  came  in  1785,  and  was  accompanied  by  his  brothers  John 
and  Roger  and  his  sisters  Sarah  and  Caroline.  The  town  was  surveyed  under  Judge  Wattles,  who 
acquired  one  of  the  4  shares.'  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  at  the  house  of  Gad  Merrick  by 
Elder  Hamilton,  in  1798.« 

HAMDE^— was  formed  from  Walton  and  Delhi  as  ''Hampderiy"  April  4,  1825.  Its  name 
was  corrected  March  17,  1826.  It  is  the  central  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  mountainous 
upland,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  valley  of  the  w.  branch  of  the  Delaware.  The  s.  part  is 
covered  by  lofty  peaks  and  ridges  scarcely  susceptible  of  cultivation.  Bagleys  Brook,  a  tributary 
of  the  Delaware,  and  Clove  Brook,  in  the  s.  e.  part,  are  the  other  principal  streams.  The  soil  is 
generally  a  brownish  clay  loam  underlaid  by  hardpan.  Uamden^  (P-v.,)  upon  the  Delaware, 
near  the  center,  contains  mills,  a  woolen  and  satinet  factory,  and  2  churches.  Pop.  191.  !Lan- 
sing^'llle^  IJ  mi.  above,  on  the  s.  side  of  the  river,  contains  2  churches  and  IIG  inhabitants. 
IVortb  Hamden  is  a  p.  o.  Tne  first  settlers  were  Daniel  Harrower  and  Benajah  McCall,  who 
came  in  some  time  previous  to  1795.^     The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town.^** 

HANCOCK"— was  formed  from  Colchester,  March  28, 1806.  It  lies  upon  Delaware  River,  in 
the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  mountainous  upland,  ending  in  high  and  nearly  pre- 
cipitous bluffs  upon  the  Delaware,  and  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  e.  branch  of  the  Delaware, 
which  flows  w.  through  the  n.  part.  Beaver  Kil  flows  into  the  e.  branch  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town. 
Sands  and  Cadosia  Creeks  and  Rieds  and  Baxters  Brooks  are  tributaries  of  the  e.  branch  of  the 
Delaware,  from  the  n.  ;  and  Big  Trout,  Basket  Pond,  Giers,  Sand  Pond,  Lords,  and  Homer  Pond 


1  The  first  acndemic  building  was  erected  in  1S20,  on  the 
public  square,  near  the  courthouse.  In  1856-57  a  new  site  was 
procured,  containing  20  acres,  upon  the  w.  bank  of  St^jels  Brook, 
and  a  new  edifice,  with  two  epacious  boarding  halla.  was  erected. 
The  site  is  commanding,  and  affords  a  fine  view  of  the  villafro. 
The  institution  has  been  endowed  by  moneys  derived  from  the 
sale  of  escheated  lands  in  tho  co.  to  the  value  of  $5114.  Its  total 
property  amounts  to  $28,820. 

*  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Judge  Gideon  Frisbee,  Thos. 
Farrington,  Bartholomew  Tandes,  Joseph  Denio,  Geo.  Fipber. 
John,  Francis,  and  Levi  Baxter, Preston,  and  Gideon  Rath- 
bone  and  his  eons  John,  David,  and  Gideon,  jr.  The  first  birth 
was  that  of  Uuldah,  daugliter  of  Gideon  Frisbee,  June  14, 17S7; 
the  first  marriage,  that  of  Philip  Frisbee  and  Jerusha  Harmon, 
in  1791;  and  the  first  death  of  an  adult,  that  of  Dr.  Philip  Fris- 
bee, in  1797.  Thos.  Averill  taught  the  first  school.  The  first  mills 
were  built  in  1788. 

8  The  census  reports  8  churches;  2  Christian,  2  Presb.,  and  1 
each  Prot.  E.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Asso.  Presb. 

*  The  township  of  Franklin,  embracing  30,000  acres,  was 
patented  Feb.  26, 1770,  with  the  usual  powers  uf  a  township,  and 
*  quitrcnt  of  two  and  eixpt-nco  for  every  100  acres  annually. 
The  patentees  were  Thos.  Wharton,  Reese  Meredith,  and  28 
others.  It  was  named  from  Temple  Franklin,  a  natural  son  of 
Pr.  Benj.  Franklin. 


6  In  the  great  Indian  purchase  of  250,000  acres,  June  14, 1768, 
this  stream  is  named  Au-ly-ou-let. 

6  The  buildings  consist  of  one  large  stone  edifice,  containing 
recitation  rooms.  &c.,  and  two  large  boarding  halla.  The  total 
property  of  the  institution  is  valued  at  $20,000. 

7  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Nath'l  Edgerton,  Jas.  Follett, 
Alex.  Smith,  Daniel  and  Chauncey,  sons  of  Enos  Parker,  Gen. 
Aaron  Chamberlain,  Moses  Clark,   Asa  Turner,  Gad  Merrick, 

Hugh  Thompson,  Eph'm  McCall, Case,  Turner  and  Daniel 

Clarke,  Sol.  Green,  John  Dewey  and  sons,  MaJ.  Joel  Gillett, 

Mix, Sharp,  and Fitch.    The  first  child  born  was  Thos. 

Edgerton ;  the  first  marriago  was  that  of  Judah  Bartlett  and 
Caroline  Wattles;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  Alexander 
Smith,  in  1795.  Shuman  Bartlett  taught  tho  first  school,  and 
Asa  Turner  kept  the  first  inn  and  store. 

9  The  census  reports  8  churches ;  3  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  2  Cong.,  and 
Union. 

*  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Joseph  Fisk,  Henry  Van  Wag 
goner,  Jas.  Mason,  Reuben  Ward,  Henry  Edwards,  Henry  and 
John  Howard,  Sam'l  R')I>inaon,Wm.C<.irn'-ll.  and  John  and  Silaa 
Grimes.  Jas.  Howard  kept  the  first  inn,  in  179(>,  and  Matthiaa 
Sweney  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1797.  Gen.  Eliaa  Butler  waa 
the  first  merchant  near  the  Walton  line. 

10  Asso.  Presb..  Christian.  Cong.,  and  Presb. 

i»  Named  in  honor  of  John  Hancock,  President  of  Continental 
Congress. 


262 


DELAWARE    COUNTY. 


Brooks,  are  tributaries  of  the  Delaware.  These  streams  all  flow  through  narrow  ravines  bordered 
by  steep,  rocky  hills  nearly  perpendicular.  The  valley  at  the  junction  of  the  two  branches  is  922 
feet  above  tide,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Beaver  Kll  it  is  1018  ft.  above  tide.  The  summits  are  1000  to 
1500  ft.  above  the  valleys.  A  large  portion  of  the  surface  is  still  covered  with  forests.  The  soil 
upon  the  uplands  is  a  hard  clayey  loam,  scarcely  susceptible  of  cultivation.  Lumber,  leather, 
Bhingles,  and  staves  are  largely  manufactured.  Ilaucock,^  (p.  v.,)  at  the  junction  of  the  two 
branches  of  the  Delaware,  is  an  important  trading  and  R.  R.  station.  Pop.  502.  Stockport 
Station  and  LiOi'dsville  are  r.  r.  stations  and  p.  offices.  East  Brancb,  (p.  v.,)  at  the 
mouth  of  Beaver  Kil,  contains  2  churches  and  20  houses ;andllarvard, (p.v.,)3mi.aboveE. 
Branch,  15  houses ;  Partridge  Island,  on  the  e.  branch,  at  the  mouth  of  Rieds  Brook,  and 
Cadosia  Valley,  (p.  o.,)  on  Hawks  Brook,  3  mi.  above  Hancock,  are  hamlets.  Before  the  Revo- 
lution two  families  settled  in  town ;  but  they  soon  after  left  and  never  returned.  The  first  perma- 
nent settlement  was  made  soon  after  the  close  of  the  war  by  families  from  Dutchess  co.''  In  1784, 
Canope,  a  friendly  Indian,  was  treacherously  killed  in  this  town  by  Bon  Haines.'  The  first  reli- 
gious meetings  (M.  E.)  were  conducted  by  Rev.  Titus  WLUiams.'' 

HARPERSFIEL,»5— was  formed  March  7,  1788.  Franklin  was  taken  off  in  1792,  Kort- 
right  in  1793,  and  a  part  of  Stamford  in  1834.  It  is  the  n.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  sui-face 
is  a  rolling  upland,  constituting  a  portion  of  the  high  plateau  region  stretching  westward  from  the 
Catskill  Mts.  The  principal  streams  are  head  branches  of  the  w.  branch  of  the  Delaware,  in  the 
s. ;  of  Middle  Brook,  in  the  center ;  and  of  Charlotte  River,  in  the  u.  The  valleys  are  usually 
narrow,  and  bordered  by  gradually  sloping  hills  arable  to  their  summits.  The  soil  is  a  shaly 
and  slaty  loam  of  good  quality.  The  quality  of  the  soil,  and  the  great  abundance  of  pure  soft 
water  which  issues  from  the  hillsides,  render  this  co.  one  of  the  finest  grazing  regions  in  the  State. 
Ilarpersfleld,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  e.  line,  contains  20  houses.  IVortli  Uarperstield  (p.  o.)  is 
a  hamlet.  FergTUSonville  (p.  v.)  lies  on  the  line  of  Davenport,  Nortli  Kortright  (p.  v.)  on 
the  line  of  Kortright,  and  Stamford  (p.  v.)  on  the  line  of  Stamford.  This  town  formed  pai't  of  a 
large  purchase  made  from  the  Indians  by  the  Harpers  in  1768.°  In  1771,  Col.  John  Harper  and 
David  Hendi-y  surveyed  this  town,  and  a  small  settlement  was  made  soon  after.  One  of  the  first 
settlers  was  Samuel  Claxton,  a  tory.  Several  murders  were  committed  by  tories  and  Indians 
during  the  war,  and  the  settlement  was  abandoned.  In  1784,  Col.  John,  Capt.  Wm.,  Col.  Alex., 
and  Joseph  Harper  returned,  and  began  the  first  permanent  settlement."  Rev.  John  Lindsley 
conducted  the  first  religious  services,  at  an  early  period.  There  are  now  two  churches  in  town, 
Bap.  and  Presb. 

H.ORTRIGHT'— was  formed  from  Harpersfield,  March  12,  1793.  A  part  of  Delhi  was 
taken  off  in  1798,  a  part  of  Meredith  in  1800,  a  part  of  Davenport  in  1817,  and  a  part  of  Stamford 
in  1834.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland, 
troken  by  narrow  valleys  and  ravines.  The  mean  elevation  of  the  town  is  1700  ft.  above  tide,  and 
the  highest  simimits  attain  an  elevation  of  2400  ft.  The  streams  are  the  w.  branch  of  the  Delaware, 
forming  its  s.  boundary,  and  its  tributaries,  and  several  small  tributaries  of  Charlotte  River, 
draining  the  N.  half  of  the  town.  The  hills  are  steep,  but  are  generally  susceptible  of  cultivation. 
The  soil  is  adark,  shaly  loam,  well  adapted  to  pasturage.  Blooniville  (p.  v.)  is  in  the  s.  w.  part 
of  the  town.  Pop.  184.  Kortri§^llt  Center  (Kortright  p.  o.)  contains  a  church  and  25  houses. 
IVortb  Kortriglit  (p.  o.)  and  South  Kortrigbt  (p.  o.)  are  farming  neighborhoods.    Setr 


1  Formerly  "  Shohakin"  or  '*  CJi^hocton"  8aid  to  signify  the 
unioQ  of  streams.  A  planli  road  extends  from  this  place  to 
Walton,  a  distance  of  21 J  mi. 

3  Among  tlie  first  settlers  were  Dr.  Elnathan  Gregory  and  his 
Eon  Samuel,  John  Barber.  Daniel  Bonker,  llenry  Ruff,  Timothy 

Rine,  Chris.  Ruff,  Dennis  Ilitt, Uilbert, Leonard, (from 

New  England,  who  settled  on  Reeds  Flat,)  John  Hitt,  John  and 
Richard  Biddlecon,  Ebr.  Wheeler,  Win.,  Jos.,  John,  and  Sam'l 
Mallory,  (near  Partridge  Island,)  .Tosiah    Parker.  Geo.  Hanks, 

and Jones,  (at  Hancock  Village.)    The  first  birth  was  that 

af  Elisha,  son  of  Dan'I  Bouker,  May  11,  1792;  the  first  marriage, 
that  of  Abni.  Sprague  and  Puily  Parish,  in  1791;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  Lieut.  Day.    John  Gregory  taught  the  first  school. 

3  OouWs  Hist.  Del.  Co.,  p.  184. 

*  The  census  reports  6  churches;  3  M.  £.,  and  1  each  Bap., 
Cong.,  and  R.  C. 

6  Named  in  honor  of  Col.  John  Harper,  a  proprietor  and 
pioneer  settler.  The  family  consisted  of  John  and  his  wife 
Abigail  and  nine  children, — Wm.,  James,  Mary,  John,  Joseph, 
Alexander,  Abigail,  and  two  others.  The  brothers  were  ardent 
patriots  of  the  Revolution  and  active  defenders  of  liberty. 
t^eir  names  are  intimately  associated  with  oar  State  history. 


*  On  the  2d  of  April,  17S0,  a  party  of  14  prrsone,  under  Capt. 
Ale.x.  Harper,  was  sent  from  Schoharie  to  Harpersfield  for  the 
purpose  of  making  maple  sugar  and  watching  the  disafi"ected 
in  that  quarter.  On  lu3  return,  Cajit.  H.  was  taken  prisoner  by 
a  party  of  tories  and  43  Indians.  Of  the  party  he  bad  left,  3  were 
killed  and  the  rest  taken  prisoners.  The  representation  made 
by  Capt.  Harper  concerning  the  strength  of  the  Schoharie  settle- 
ment saved  it  from  destruction  at  that  time. 

t  Roawell  Hotchkiss,  and  Levi  and  Jedediah  Gaylord.  settled 
with  the  Harpers  near  the  center  of  the  town.    Jo.'siah  Seely, 

Matthew  Lindsley,  Sam'l  and  John  Knapp,  2  Hamiltons, 

Washburn,  Isaac  Pierce,  Stephen  Judd,  Sam'l,  Eliab,  and 

.John  Wilcox,  Richard  and  John  Bristol,  Atajah  Baird,  B.vron 
Mclivaine,  D.avid  and  John  McCuUough,  Isaac  Patchin,  Wm. 
Lamb,  Caleb  Gibbs,  and  Wm.  McFarland  were  among  the  early 
settlers.  Rebecca  Harper,  born  Jan.  8, 1783,  was  the  first  birth 
after  the  war.  Rev.  John  Lindsley  is  believed  to  have  taught 
the  fii-at  school.  A  gristmill,  erected  about  1775  by  Col. 
Harper,  was  burned  by  the  enemy,  and  was  rebuilt  soon  after 
the  war. 

8  Named  from  Lawrence  Kortright,  the  patentee. 


DELAWARE    COUNTY. 


263 


tlements  commenced  before  the  Revolution,  but  were  broken  up  by  the  war,^  The  first  permanent 
settlers  after  the  -war  were  from  Conn.,  Dutchess  cc,  N.  Y.,  and  Scotland.^  The  first  church 
(Presb.)  was  formed  in  17S9:  Rev.  Wm.  McAuley  settled  in  town  in  Sept.  1794,  and  was  installed 
pastor  June  6,  1795.  He  filled  that  office  until  the  time  of  his  death,  March  21,  1851,  a  period 
of  56  years.* 

MASOIVVILiliE*— was  formed  from  Sidney,  April  4,  1811.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland, 
divided  into  2  ridges  by  the  valley  of  Bennetts  Creek,  which  extends  e.  and  w.  through  the  N.  part 
of  the  town.  These  ridges  are  subdivided  by  numerous  lateral  ravines,  through  which  flow  small 
brooks.  The  highest  summits  are  600  to  1000  feet  above  the  valleys  and  1800  U>  2000  feet  above 
tide.  The  surface  is  stony,  and  the  soil  a  shaly  loam,  difficult  of  cultivation  except  in  the  valleys. 
masonvllle  (p.v,)  is  situated  on  Bennetts  Creek,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town.  Pop.  234.  The 
first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1795,  on  **  Cochhurns  Gore,''^  ujx)n  the  w.  border  of  the  town,  by 
immigrants  from  Mass.^  In  1797,  the  State  Road  from  Cherry  Valley  to  Jericho  was  opened 
through  the  town.  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Rev.  Joel  Chapin,  in  1797.  The 
first  church  (Bap,)  was  formed  Dec.  7, 1811.    There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  Presb.  and  M.  E. 

MEREDITH^ — was  formed  from  Franklin  and  Kortright,  March  14,  1800.  It  is  an  interior 
town,  lying  n.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  less  broken  than  most  of  the 
towns  in  the  co.  The  s.  and  e.  parts  of  the  town  are  occupied  by  the  high  ridges  forming  the 
watershed  between  Susquehanna  and  Delaware  Rivers.  The  streams  are  small  brooks  and  creeks. 
The  soil  is  a  reddish  clay  and  shaly  loam.  Ouleout  (p.  v.)  contains  25  houses.  Mereditb 
Square  (Meredith  p.  o.)  contains  2  churches  and  20  houses.  West  lUereditb  (p.  o.)  is  a 
hamlet.  These  last  two  places  are  on  the  old  Catskill  Turnpike.  Settlement  was  begun  in  1787,  by 
Joseph  Bramhall,  whose  family  were  sole  inhabitants  till  1793.^  Elder  Nathan  Stilson  (Bap.)  held 
the  first  meetings.    He  was  not  a  regular  preacher,  but  a  zealous  promoter  of  education  and  religion.® 

MIDOLETOWIV— was  formed  from  Rochester  and  Woodstock,  (Ulster  co.,)  March  3,  1789. 
Colchester  was  taken  off  in  1792,  a  part  of  Delhi  in  1798,  Andes  in  1819,  and  a  part  of  Bovina  in 
1820.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  mountainous  upland,  bisected  by  the 
deep,  narrow  valley  of  the  e.  branch  of  the  Delawax'e.  The  principal  streams  ai'e  Delaware  River, 
Platte  Kil,  Batavia  Kil,  Rod  Kil,  Bush  Kil,  and  Mill  Creek,  The  valleys  of  these  streams  are 
bordered  by  steep,  rocky  hillsides  often  rising  into  mountains.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  and  gravelly 
loam.  Margaretville,^^  (p-^-j)  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Delaware,  near  the  center  of  the  town, 
contains  40  houses.  OrifliBls  CornerSj"  (p-v.,)  on  the  Bush  Kil,  in  the  s.e.  part,  contains  30 
houses.  Clovesvllle,  (p.o.,)  Solitude,  and  Arkville  are  hamlets  on  the  Bush  Kil,  below 
Griffins  Corners.  Ory  Brook  Settlement  is  a  lumber  station  on  the  s.  branch  of  the  Bush 
Kil.  Oalcottsvllle,^-  (p.  o.,)  on  the  Delaware,  near  the  e.  border  of  the  town,  is  a  hamlet  of  a 
dozen  houses.  Spruceville  is  a  little  settlement  between  Ilalcottsville  and  Margaretville. 
IVew  Kin^ston^^  (p-o-)  is  a  hamlet  upon  the  Platte  Kil,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town.  Clarks 
Factory"  (p.  o.)  is  a  little  settlement  on  the  Platte  Kil,  near  its  mouth.     liUmbcrvllle  (p.  o.) 


1  Among  these  early  Bettlors  wcro  Alex.  Mille,  agent  for  the 
proprietor,  Alex.  Leal,  Dauiel  JlcGilivrne,  and  Ilugb  Clark.  The 
township  was  surveyed  by  Wm.  Cockburn  in  1770,  and  the  first 
improvement  began  eoou  after. 

2  By  an  advertiaement  dated  Jan.  1785,  it  appears  that  30 
families  were  then  settled  in  town.  The  proprietor  oflTered  150 
tarms,  more  or  less  improved,  tree  of  rent  5  years,  and  sixpence 
sterliug  per  acre  annually  after  forever.  The  first  school  waa 
taught  by  Jared  Blakoley,  in  1795.  Thos.  McAuley,  brother  of 
the  minister,  and  afterward  Prof,  in  Union  College,  taught  here 
in  1799.  Judge  Keeler  waa  the  next  teacher.  A  Mr.  Alexander 
built  a  mill  before  the  war,  and  the  irons  concealed  then  have 
never  been  found.  The  first  birth  wasthatof  Dan'lMcGilivrae; 
the  first  marriage,  that  of  Michael  Sexsmith  and  Maiy  Ann 
Kiggs;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  son  of  Isaac  Kandell.  By 
an  act  of  April  5, 1810,  fairs  were  established  Id  the  tillage  of 
*' Health,"  in  this  town,  for  the  sale  of  live  stock,  agricultural 
produce,  and  domestic  manufactures.  It  was  to  be  supported  by 
a  tax  of  1  per  cent,  on  all  sales. 

8  The  census  reports  6  churches;  3  Asao.  Ref.  Presb.,  2  M.  E., 
and  1  Ref  Presb. 

4  Named  from  the  Rev.  John  M.  Mason,  of  N.  Y.,  principal 
owner  of  the  Evans  Patent  in  this  town. 

&  A  narrow  strip  of  land  between  Evans  Patent  and  the  "Line 
of  Property." 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Wm.  and  Aden  Wait,  Danl. 
Scrnnton,  Enoe  Goodman.  Justin  Xash,  Pores  Moody  aud  3on 
Moses,  Asa,  Terry,  and  Caleb  Monson.  The  first  birth  was  that 
of  Sally,  daughter  of  Daniel  Wait,  Aug.  10,  1797,  and  the  first 
death  was  that  of  Wm.  Wait,  the  same  summer.    Dr.  Eli  Em- 


mons taught  the  first  school ;  Simeon  Wells  kept  the  first  inn ; 
Fitch  &  Phelpa  the  first  store,  In  1S08 ;  and  Joseph  Bickneli 
bcilt  the  firMt  saw  and  grist  mill,  in  1S02. 

7  Named  from  Sam'l  Meredith,  of  Philadeljihia,  who  owned  a 
part  of  Franklin  Patent.  Hon.  Saml.  A.  Law  came  into  this 
town  in  1796,  as  agent  and  part  owner  of  the  Franklin  Patent, 
Being  a  New  England  man  he  influenced  a  large  immigration 
of  New  Englanders  to  this  place,  giving  to  it  the  peculiar 
characterieticB  of  a  Connecticut  town. 

8  Among  the  early  settlers  who  came  In  1793  were  Nathan 
Stilson,  Caleb  Strong,  Natb'i  Stewart,  Ohver  Button,  Dan'l  North, 
and  Truman  Stilson.  Lucy  Austin  taught  tbf  firnt  school;  Joa. 
Brambidl  kept  the  first  inn,  and  the  first  birth  and  death  oc- 
curred in  his  family.  Rufus  Bunnell  kept  the  first  store,  at  the 
Square,  in  1799;  David  Spoor  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1802. 
The  first  marriage  of  settlers  was  that  of  Elijah  Georgia  and 
Keziah  Stewart,  who  eloped  and  were  married  in  the  fall  of 
1796. 

^  The  census  reports  4  churches ;  2  Bap.,  1  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  1 
Cong. 

10  Theold  Indian  village  of  "Po-A-a-iapft-A-an"  was  situated  about 
1  mi.  K.  of  this  village,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bush  Kil. 

11  Named  from  the  Grifiin  dmily,  early  proprietors  and  resi- 
dents. 

12  A  wctolen  factory  is  located  at  this  place. 

13  This  village  is  situated  in  the  center  of  a  tract  of  land  given 
by  Wm.  Livingston  to  100  sufferers  of  the  Kingston  fiie  in  1777 
Each  family  received  50  acres. 

1*  Named  from  the  Messrs,  Claiks,  who  have  an  extensive  tan- 
nery Qt  this  place. 


264 


DELAWARE    COUNTY. 


is  a  lumber  station  at  the  mouth  of  Mill  Creek,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town.  A  vague  tradition 
exists  of  an  early  settlement  of  this  town  by  French  traders,  but  no  pusitive  proof.  In  1762-63  a 
party  from  Hurley,  Ulster  Co.,  commenced  a  settlement,  which  increased  rapidly  and  in  a  few 
years  spread  over  the  Delaware  bottom  lands.*  The  settlers  were  driven  out  in  1778,*'^  but  returned 
soon  after  the  war.  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  in  1794.  There  are  3  churches  in 
town ;  2  M.  E.  and  1  Asso.  Ref.  Presb. 

ROXBURY^ — was  formed  from  Stamford,  March  23,  1799.  It  occupies  the  extreme  e.  por- 
tion of  the  CO.  Its  surface  is  a  mountainous  upland,  forming  a  portion  of  the  great  plateau  extend- 
ing w.  from  the  Catskill  Mts.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  steep  and  rocky  and  are  mostly  unfit 
for  cultivation.  The  highest  points  on  the  n.  and  w.  borders  of  the  town  are  estimated  to  be  2800 
feet  above  tide.  The  principal  streams  are  the  e.  branch  of  the  Delaware,  flowing  s.  w.  through 
the  center  of  the  town.  Bear  Kil  in  the  e.,  Batavia  Kil  and  Red  Kil  in  the  s.,  and  numerous  smaller 
creeks.  The  soil  is  a  reddish  clay  loam.  Roxbury  (p.  v.)  lies  on  the  Delaware,  near  the  center 
of  the  town.  Pop.  232.  Moresvillc/  (p.o.,)  near  the  n.e.  border,  Strattons  Fall/  (p.o.,) 
in  the  s.,  liitf  le  Falls,  upon  the  e.  border,  and  Batavia  Kil  are  hamlets.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  by  John  M(.ire,  a  Scotchman,  on  the  site  of  Moresville,  in  1786.^  The  first  religious 
meetings  were  conducted  by  Rev,  H.  Myres.' 

SID1VEY«— was  formed  from  Franklin,  April  7,  1801.  Masonville  was  taken  ofi"  in  1811.  It 
lies  upon  Susquehanna  River,  in  the  n.w.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  ending  in 
high  blufi's  upon  the  valley  of  the  river.  The  highest  summits  are  800  to  1200  ft.  above  the  valley, 
Ouleout  and  Carrs  Creeks*  flow  w.  through  the  town  and  empty  into  the  Susquehanna.  The  valleys 
of  these  streams  are  deep  and  narroAv,  and  are  bordered  by  steep,  rocky  hills.  The  soil  in  the  val- 
leys is  a  fine  fertile  alluvium,  and  upon  the  hills  a  dark,  shaly  loam.  Sidney^  (p.  v.,)  on  the  s. 
bank  of  the  Susquehanna  opposite  Unadilla,  contains  about  25  houses,  $»idney  Center, 
(p.  V.,)  on  Carrs  Creek,  3  churches  and  20  houses,  .and  Sidney  Plains,  {p.  v.,)  upon  the  Sus- 
quehanna, in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  town,  2  churches  and  about  20  houses.  In  May,  1772,  Rev. 
Wm.  Johnston,  with  an  Indian  guide,  explored  this  region  of  country,  and  finally  selected  the 
present  site  of  Sidney  Plains  as  a  place  of  settlement.'^  Early  in  1773  he  moved  in  with  his 
family,  being  the  first  settler  in  the  Susquehanna  Valley  within  the  limits  of  the  State.  Several 
others  soon  followed.  Just  before  the  war,  Gen.  Herkimer  held  an  interview  with  Brant  at  this 
place;  and  the  menacing  attitude  assumed  by  the  Indians  led  Johnston  and  others  who  sympa- 
thized with  the  Continental  cause  to  leave  their  new  home  for  a  less  exposed  situation.  A  few 
inhabitants  remained  during  the  war,  and  many  returned  immediately  after  its  close.^'  By  an  act 
of  April  6,  1790,  £800  was  granted  for  the  construction  of  a  road  from  "  OUhoudf*  Creek  to 
Catskill  on  the  Iludson.^^    The  census  reports  5  churches;  2  M,  E.,  2  Cong.,  and  1  Bap, 

STAMFORD"— was  formed  April  10,  1792.  Roxbury  was  taken  off  in  1799,  and  a  part 
of  Bovinain  1820.  A  part  was  annexed  from  Harpersfield  and  Kortright,  April  22,  1834.  It  lies 
N.  of  Roxbury,  on  tlie  n.  e.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  mountainous  upland.  Mt.  Prospect, 
E.  of  Stamford  Village,  is  estimated  to  be  1500  ft.  higher  than  the  valleys.  From  its  summit 
Albixny  City  is  visible  in  a  clear  day.  The  streams  are  the  w.  branch  of  the  Delaware,  forming  a 
portion  of  its  n.  boundary,  and  Town  and  Rose  Brooks,    The  soil  is  principally  a  reddish  clay 


1  The  first  settlers  were  Ilarmanus  and  Peter  Dumond,  Jo- 
hannes Van  Waggoner,  and Ilendrickg,  who  located  neai' 

the  old  Indian  village.  Among  those  who  came  soon  after  were 
families  named  Kittle,  Yaplo,  Brugher,  Slyter,  Ilinebaugh,  Green, 
and  Bieurch. 

2  Most  of  the  settlers  hecame  toriee,  and  in  1779  the  Governor 
was  empowered  to  cause  the  removal  ordestniction  of  grain  in 
the  bsick  settlementu  of  Ulster  co,,  to  prevent  it  from  being  ser- 
viceable to  tha  enemy.  Soon  after  the  war,  the  settlers  of"/^- 
kcUaghkan"  came  before  the  legislature  for  redress;  but  no  act 
was  passed  ia  their  fa.yor.-^ Legislative  Papns,  St.  Lib. 

3  Named  from  Roxbury,  Conn.,  from  which  place  many  of  the 
early  settlers  came. 

*  Named  from  the  first  settler. 

b  Named  from  an  early  settler.  Strattons  Brook  falls  about 
40  feet  at  this  place,  furnishing  a  good  water  power. 

«  John  More,  Israel  Inmau,  Abm.  Gould,  Geo.  Squiers,  Josiah 
Patchin,  Nehemiah  Hayes,  Da\id  Squiers,  (most  of  them  from 
Fairfield,  Conn.,)  settled  along  the  valley  near  the  present  village 
of  Roxbury,  in  17  ^9.~GoukCs  Hist.  Del.  Co.,  197-98-99.  The  first 
child  born  was  Charlotte,  daughter  of  Nath"!  Tiffany,  in  March, 
1792;  and  the  first  in;»le  child  born  was  John  Gould,  in  Oct.  of 
the  same  year.  David  Smith  taught  the  first  school,  in  the  winter 
of  1794-95 ;  Isaac  Ilardenburgh  owned  the  first  store,  John  More 
kept  tlie  first  inn,  and  John  Pierson  built  the  first  gristmill. 


7  The  census  reports  8  churches ;  3  M.  E.,  2  0.  S.  Bap.,  2  B«L 
Prot.  D.,  and  1  Christian. 

8  Named  from  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  the  British  Admiral.  Th* 
name  wjis  first  applied  by  Jobn  Mandeville^,  an  English  school- 
master, then  living  on  Sidney  Plains. 

^  Named  in  memory  of  John  Carr,  a  tory,  who  built  a  sawmill 
upon  this  stream  at  an  early  period. 

10  At  this  place  was  the  site  of  an  old  Indian  fort.  Three  acres 
of  ground  were  enclosed  by  mounds  of  earth  surrounded  by  a 
ditch.  From  early  times  the  place  has  been  called  "  The  Fort 
Grounds.'" 

11  The  first  gristmill  w.  of  Uarpersfield  was  built,  in  1778,  by 
Abm.  Fuller,  on  the  Ouleout,  near  Wattles  Ferry.  An  inn  waa 
opened  at  the  ferry  in  17S5,  by  Nathaniel  Wattles.  The  first 
raft  was  sent  down  to  Ilai-risbnrgh  in  1795,  by  Capt.  David 
McMtisters.  In  1787  a  great  scarcity  uf  provisions  occasioned 
much  distress  in  this  valk*y,  and  the  settlers  were  saved  from 
starvation  by  a  boat  l<i;td  of  fiour  from  Northumberlaud,  Pt-nn., 
got  to  them  thruuLrli  tb--  (exertions  of  Qen.  Daniel  Bates. 

12  The  contract  tnr  Imiidiiig  this  road  was  awarded  to  Nathaniel 
Wattles  and  Mt-d.ul  Hunt ;  but,  proving  ruinous,  the  parties  were 
relieved,  in  1793,  by  a  fiiither  grant  of  £120. 

13  Originally  UHmed  •' Ntiv  Stdinford"  from  Stamford  in  Conn. 
It  la  situated  on  Great  Lot  No.  42  of  Uardensburghs  Patent. 


DELAWARE    COUNTY. 


265 


and  shaly  loam.  Stamford,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Delaware,  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  town,  on  the  line 
of  Harpersfield,  contains  a  seminary,^  2  churches,  and  2  woolen  factories.  Pop.  185.  Oobart 
(p.  V.)  is  situated  on  the  Delaware,  4  mi.  below  Stamford.  Pop.  391.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  1773,  by  Dr.  Stewart  and  John  and  Ales.  More,  from  Scotland.^  The  first  church  (St. 
Peters  Prot.  E.)  was  formed  at  Ilobart,  Dec.  8,  1790.  Rev.  Philander  Chase,  afterward  Bishop 
of  Ohio  and  111.,  the  first  pastor,  was  installed  Aug.  1799.^ 

TOMPKIIVS*— was  formed  from  "Walton,  Feb.  28,  1806,  as  ''Flnefield,"  and  its  name  wag 
clianged  March  11,  1808.  It  is  the  central  town  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Delaware  River  flows 
westward  through  near  the  center  of  the  town  to  the  w.  border,  where  it  turns  s.  and  forms  a  por- 
tion of  the  w.  boundary.  The  portion  of  the  town  s.  of  the  river  ia  composed  of  broken  and  rocky 
mountain  masses  too  steep  and  rough  for  cultivation.  The  n.  part  is  broken  and  hilly  and  but 
partially  cultivated.  The  soil  is  a  clay,  slate,  and  gravelly  loam.  Deposit^  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on 
Delaware  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Oquaga  Creek,  on  the  line  of  Sanford,  Broome  co.  It  was  incorp- 
April  5,  1811.®  It  is  the  center  of  a  large  lumber  business,  and  is  an  important  trading  station 
and  wood  depot  upon  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  It  contains  a  seminaj-y,^  printing  office,  sawmill,  a 
large  tannery,  and  4  churches.  Pop.  1249, — of  which  593  are  in  Tompkins  and  656  are  in  Sanford, 
Broome  co.:  the  depot  and  R.  R.  buildings  are  in  the  latter  ix)wn.  Ciinnonsville,^  (p-'^O  at 
the  mouth  of  Trout  Brook,  on  the  Delaware,  7  mi.  above  Deposit,  contains  a  sawmill,  flouring  mill,  a 
large  tannery,  and  2  churches.  Pop.  325.  Hales  Eddy,*  (p-o.,)  on  the  Delaware,  5  mi.  below 
Deposit,  Barbourville,  (p.  o.,)  on  Cold  Spring  Brook,  near  the  n.  border,  and  Trout 
Creek,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  e.,  are  hamlets.  Dickinsons  Station  is  near  the  s.  line.  The 
first  settler  was  Squire  Whittaker,  from  Wyoming, ^^  Penn.,  who  camein  1787  ;  John  Hulse,"from 
Neversink,  (Sullivan  co.,)  came  in  April,  1789,  and  Philip  Pine  and  Conrad  Edict  in  1791.^^  The 
first  religious  meetings  were  held  at  the  house  of  John  Hulse,  by  Rev.  Hugh  Compton,  in  1794." 

WAIiTOIV"— was  formed  from  Franklin,  March  17,  1797.  A  part  of  Delhi  was  taken  off  in 
1798,  Tompkins  in  1806,  a  part  of  Hamden  in  1825,  and  a  part  of  Colchester  April  14,  1827.  A 
part  of  Colchester  was  set  off  Feb.  1,  1799,  a  part  of  Franklin  March  13,  1801,  and  a  part  of  Delhi 
was  annexed  June  17, 1812.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  deep 
valley  of  the  Delaware  divides  the  town  into  two  nearly  equal  parts.  The  s.  half  is  a  broad, 
rocky,  mountainous  region  with  abrupt  declivities  and  a  surface  too  rough  for  cultivation ;  the  n. 
half  is  broken  and  hilly,  but  generally  well  adapted  to  pasturage.  The  principal  streams  are  East, 
West,  and  Hydes  Brooks.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  loam  upon  the  hills  and  a  fertile  allu-sdum  in  the 
valley.  Tanning  and  lumbering  are  extensively  carried  on.  fValton^  (p*v.,)  upon  the  n.  bank 
of  the  Delaware,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  the  Walton  Academy*^  and  3  churches. 
Pop.  430.  IVe^w  Road,  a  p.  o.  in  the  extreme  n.  part,  has  1  church.  West  Brook  is  a  p. 
office.  Dr.  PlattTownsend,*®  of  Dutchess  co.,  purchased  a  tract  of  1740  acres  in  this  town  in  1784. 
He  surveyed  it  the  same  year,  and  in  1785  he  located  upon  the  present  site  of  Walton  Village.  He  was 
accompanied  by  5  families,  of  20  persons,  mostly  from  Long  Island.     A  large  number  of  immigrants 


1  The  Stamford  Collegiate  Institute,  establiabed  in  1851. 

2  Jas.  Stewart,  Wm.  Frazer  and  son  Simon,  from  Scotland, 
came  in  1775.  Durinf;  the  war  most  of  the  settlors  left,  but  re- 
turned in  March,  1786.  In  1789,  a  company  consisting  of  20 
heads  of  families  and  2  single  men  {principally  from  Fairfield 
CO.  Conn.)  came  into  Delaware  co.  to  examine  the  country  and 
select  locations.  Several  of  them  loeated  in  this  town,  and 
others  soon  followed.  Dea.  John  Grant  taught  the  firat  school. 
In  the  winter  of  1788-89.    Lieut.  Paiue  kept  the  first  inn  and 

store,  and Calden   built   the  first  mill,  near  Bloomville, 

before  1780.  Andrew  Beers,  the  almanac  maker,  resided  in  thia 
town.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Simon  Frazier  and  Abiah 
Potter,  Jan.  1787  ;  the  first  birth,  that  of  Wm.  Stewart,  Sept.  1, 
1776;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Margaret  Frazier,  in  1791. 

8  There  are  8  churches  in  town;  4  M.  E.,  2  Asso.  Ref.  P.,  Prot. 
E.,  and  Union. 

*  Named  from  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  soon  afterward  Governor. 

6  Named  from  having  formerly  been  an  important  station, 
or  place  of  "  deposit,'*  for  lumber  preparatory  to  rafting  in 
"the  spring  freshets."  It  waa  called  by  the  Indians  *'Chke- 
os«,"  (Owls  Neat,)  a  name  corrupted  by  the  English  into 
"Cookhouse,"  by  which  it  is  still  designated  by  the  old  inhabi- 
tants. 

*  The  original  corporate  limits  of  the  village  were  entirely 
within  the  town  of  Tompkins.  A  part  of  Sanford,  Broome  co., 
was  annexed  in  1852.    The  charter  waa  amended  in  1858. 

7  Laurel  Bank  Seminary  was  opened  Dec.  14, 1853.  It  is  a  fine 
building,  situated  8.  of  the  river,  on  a  commanding  site  over- 
looking the  village  and  valley.    It  has  accommodations  for  200 


boarding  students.  The  recent  death  of  the  principal  has  canscd 
a  temporary  suspension  of  the  school. 

8  In  1786  Jesse  Dickinson,  of  Philadelphia,  made  a  purchase  of 
an  extensive  tract  of  land  in  this  vicinity,  and  made  preparations 
for  the  building  of  a  city,  to  be  called  "  IHck-insons  Cit)/."  He 
built  a  gristmill  upon  Trout  Creek,  and  a  large  hotel,  which  he 
called  the  "  Citi/  IlttU."  The  town  meetings  were  held  in  this 
building  for  several  years.  Dickinson  run  the  first  raft  that  went 
from  the  w.  branch  of  the  Delaware.  Upon  his  failure,  Benjamin 
Cannon  purchased  the  property,  and  from  him  the  village  de- 
rived its  name. 

»  Named  from  the  Hale  family,  who  were  early  settlers. 

w  Mr.W.  was  one  of  the  survivors  of  the  massacre  of  Wyoming; 
and  his  sons  John  and  Benjamin,  then  children,  remombtT  many 
incidents  of  that  event  and  the  subsequent  escape.  He  stated 
that  Brandt  was  at  Cherry  Valley  at  the  time  of  the  massacre, 
and,  nf  course,  was  not  a  participant  in  its  atrocities'. 

"  The  place  where  he  settled  is  now  (1859)  occupied  by  his 
grandson.  Martial  R.  Hulse. 

12  Mr.  Edict  was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  The  first  birth 
waa  that  of  Polly  Hulse,  in  1789  or  '90 ;  and  the  first  death,  that 
of  Dorcas,  wife  of  Oliver  Hale,  about  1790. 

W  The  census  reports  7  churches;  3  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  and  2  Presb. 

1*  Named  from  AVm.  Walton,  a  large  land  proprietor  in  this 
vicinity.    Walton's  Patent  (20.000  acres)  was  granted  in  1770. 

16  The  academy  building  was  erected  in  1853.  The  institution 
has  a  good  library  and  is  in  a  flourishing  condition. 

1*  Dr.  Townsend  received  1700  acres  for  surveying,  and  paid 
50cta.por  acre  for  the  remainder,  receiving  his  deed  in  17SG. 


266 


DELAWARE    COUNTY. 


from  New  Canaan,  Conn.,  came  in  within  a  few  years.'     The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in 
1793.' 


Acres  of  hand,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Delaware  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Andes 

Bovina 

Colchester..., 
Davenport.-. 

Delhi 

Franklin 

Hamden 

H.antork 

Harpersfield 
Kortright.... 
Masonville... 

Meredith 

Middletown. 

Roxbury 

Sidney 

Stamford.... 
Tompkins,... 

Walton 

Total.. 


Acres  of  Land. 


22,S63 
16,682^ 
li,1894 
19.22nj 
22,u20i 
34,614 
17.310 
6,329 
lB,002i 
24.307i 
13,519* 
21.194 
26.213} 
34.63Si 
19,051 
19,055i- 
18,7211 
18,581 


21.629 

8;217 

72,626 

14.844 

16.273J 

14,499 

13,783 

96,548 

6,711 

9,3391 

17,442} 

10,840i 

24,381J 

15,043J 

11,475 

9,622 

40,3I4i 

35,S69i 


364.4001  43^4521 


Valdation  of  1858. 


Si 


$407,233  $51,348  $458,581  1,337  1,199 

240,753  67,926  298,679  638  686 

242.931  18,460  201,381  1,237  1.123 

376..i.33  40,154  416.6S7  1.113  1,120 

668.490  237,467  906,967  1,335  1,376 

728,725  92,710  821,436  1,581  1,606 

349,!ll0  28,044  377,954  967  924 

373,640  7,900  381,640  1,336  1,177 

338,050  69.376  408,025  722  758 

405,516  73,252  608,767  968  1.055 

259.292  14,207  273,499  801  742 

339.470  46,900  386,370  738  765 

304.512  61,500  426,012  1,490  1.456 

648,503  102,554  661,057  1,276  1,257 

405.210  14.000  419.210  920  877 

378.488  119.313  497,801  780  817 

600.1)29  127,100  627,729  1,671  1,619 

478,636  74,534  563,169  1,202  1,202 

JtSstT™  $1,235,734  $8,672,853  20,091  19,558 


432 
208 
411 
399 
466 
618 
339 
430 
2S5 
380 
286 
303 
634 
460 
345 
295 
692 
467 


7,238 


441 
220 
427 
422 
489 
651 
360 
456 
298 
389 
294 
316 
675 
473 
373 
322 
653 
491 


7,650 


366 
183 
376 
279 
409 
657 
307 
204 
283 
330 
307 
273 
370 
277 
299 
249 
639 
398 


ScnooLS. 


1,107 
616 

1,039 
979 

1.022 

1,091 
818 
868 
461 
666 
675 
697 

1.346 

1,003 
710 
622 

1,405 
886 


16,800 


Names  of  Towns. 


Andes 

Bovina 

Colchester... 
Davenport..., 

Delhi 

Franklin 

Hamden 

Hancock 

Harpersfield 
Kortright.... 
MasonviUo .. 

Meredith 

Middletown . 

Roxbury 

Sidne,v 

Stamford 

Tompkins.... 
Walton 

Total.. 


598 
414 
349 
663 
626 
871 
440 
192 
439 
613 
370 
474 
762 
677 
602 
434 
490 
436 


iOt;; 


1.895 
1.144 
1.725 
1,382 
1,441 
2.545 
1,809 
695 
1.583 
l,85i 
1,703 
1,336 
2,610 
2,139 
1,622 
1.205 
2,017 
1,991 


2,175 
1,774 
1.036 
1.749 
2,051 
3,195 
1,682 
494 
1.776 
2,385 
1.291 
1.7 
2.441 
3.817 
1,756 
1,867 
1,616 
1.618 


9,140  30,697  34,4,84  71,315  16,870 


6,710 
3,673 
3,201 
3,445 
4,544 
6.930 
5,926 
816 
2,614 
3,976 
3,699 
2,821 
4,138 
3,.346 
4.449 
3.809 
3.583 
3,731 


933 
706 
736 
973 
870 

1,502 
693 
408 
704 

1,054 
567 
823 

1,118 

1,595 
907 
791 
736 
724 


AGRICULTDBAL   PROD0CT8. 


Bush,  op  Geain. 


4,001 

4.029 

3,096J 

4.0S8 

2,065 

6,394 

3,432 

1,619 

1,987 

2,556i 

2,396 

1,509 

4.259 

6.496 

2.888 

1,997 

1,588 

4,083 

67;483"  637,488 


44,776i 

2J,324J 

24,519} 

43,109 

30,73U 

66,666 

20,691J 

16,839 

31,716i 

36,672 

36,314} 

34,741 

39,965 

30,6161 

54,517} 

23,596 

45,041  J 

26,7601 


0) 


6,707 

4,924 

4,805, 

4,452 

6,002 

9,470} 

4.898 

1.948 

6,465i 

6,629 

4.631-, 

4,434i 

7,069 

9,078 

6,342J 

5.103J 

6,861 

6,190} 


103,8961 


«  3 

So 


7.774 

6.109 

7,168} 

13.926 

7,847 

26,599 

7.146 

7.489 

13.180 

9,661 

14.310J 

13,063 

14,506J 

9.786S 

17.441 

8.887 

14,626 

10.247 


5  9i 


9,737 

6,966 

16,165 

9,984 

9,676 

29.166 

7.526 

5.835 

20.636 

20.«5 

13,700 

11,722 

21.276 

21,379 

17,471 

11,460 

13,205 

12,623 


Daiby  Froddcts. 


•3  s 


269.052 
223.490 

97,572 
192,860 
216.202 
393,332 
170,786 

45.608 
240.010 
326,740 
124,252 
221,217 
261,611 
472,090 
204,329 
245,658 
166,262 
155.506 


209,567J  259,160  4,026,675  61,185 


4,80 
2,998 

390 
1,955 
1,080 
12,249 
1,146 

3,354 
1,310 
6,171 
3,777 
620 
2,116 
7, 
2,980 
11,500 
1.27 


3,686 
2,413 
1,883 
2,613 
1,236 
1,254 
1,825 

454 
2,464 
2,569 
2,626 

666J 
6,020 
4,335 
1,909 

706i 
2,009 
1,891} 


39,657} 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Gabriel  and  Robert  North, 
Isaac  and  Wm.,  sons  of  Piatt  Townsend,  Wm.  Farnum,  Joshua 
Pine  and  sons,  Diiniel  and  Joshua,  Michael  Goodrich.  Eph,  Beers, 
Job.  Cable,  Thaddeus  Hoyt,  Chas.  W.  Stockton,  Matthew  Beniv 
diet.  John  Eells,  Alan  Mead.  Lindal  Fitch,  Jas.  Weed,  Nathan 
Kellopi^,  Cephas  Beech  Eph'm  Waring,  Sam'l  Ilanford,  jr,,  Seth 
Berray.  David  and  Sellick  St.  John,  and  Seymour  Fitch.  The 
proprietor  offered  a  lot  of  land  to  the  first  male  child  born  in 
town  who  should  be  named  Wm.Walton;  and  the  prize  was  within 
reach  of  a  sou  of  Mrs.  Robert  North,  the  first  woman  who  came 


into  town,  but  she  had  set  her  heart  upon  the  name  of  Samuel, 
and  a  lot  of  land  could  not  induce  her  to  change  her  mind.  The 
first  marriage  was  that  of  Seth  Berray  and  Ann  Goodrich, 
Lewis  Seyninnr  and  Judd  Raymond  kept  the  first  store,  in  1791 ; 
M.  Goodrich  built  the  first  saw  and  grist  mill,  and  Robt.  North 
the  first  framed  house. — Hist,  of  Walton,  in  Nos.  6  to  22,  Vol.  II 
of -^  The  Walton  Jour."  Hon.  Joel  T.  Headley,  late  Secretary  of 
State,  was  a  native  of  this  town. 

s  There  are  reported  6 churches;  2  Cong.,  2  Bap.,  and  1  each 
M.  E.  and  I'rot.  E. 


DUTCHESS  COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  Nov.  1,  1683.*  It  was  provisionally  an- 
nexed to  Ulster  CO.,  and  was  first  represented  separately  in  the 
General  Assembly  in  1713.  Livingston  Manor  was  taken  ofi',  and 
annexed  to  Albany  co.,  in  1717 ;  and  Putnam  co.  was  taken  off  in 
1812.    It  lies  on  the  e.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  about  midway  between 


*Sl  New  York  and  Albany,  is  centrally  distant  60  mi.   from  Albany, 


and  contains  810  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  principally  a  rolling  and 
hilly  upland  broken  by  the  deep  valleys  of  the  streams.  The  Tagh- 
kanick  Mts.,  extending  along  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  are  300  to 
500  ft.  above  the  valleys  and  1000  to  1200  ft.  above  tide.  Their 
declivities  are  generally  steep,  and  in  some  places  rocky.  A  wide 
valley  skirts  the  w.  foot  of  this  range,  bounded  on  the  w.  by  the 
Matteawan  or  Fishkill  Mts.,  a  high,  broad  range  which  extends  n.  and  s.  and  occupies  the  whole 
central  part  of  the  co.  A  spur  from  this  range  extends  eastward  along  the  s.  border  to  the  Hudson, 
forming  the  n.  extremity  of  The  Highlands.  This  range  has  an  average  elevation  of  about 
1000  ft.  above  tide,  the  highest  peaks  along  the  s.  border  attaining  an  elevation  of  1500  to  1700  ft.' 
In  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  the  declivities  of  these  mountains  are  steep  and  in  many  places  rocky,  but 
toward  the  n.  they  become  more  gradual,  and  the  country  assumes  a  rolling  character,  broken  by 
rounded  hills.  AVest  of  this  range  the  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  occasionally  broken  by  deep 
ravines  and  isolated  hills,  and  terminating  upon  the  Hudson  River  Valley  in  a  series  of  bluffs  100 
to  180  ft.  high.  The  greater  part  of  the  streams  that  drain  the  co.  are  tributaries  of  the  Hudson. 
They  mostly  flow  in  a  s.  w.  direction,  and  have  worn  deep  valleys  through  the  bluffs  that  border 
upon  the  river.  The  principal  of  these  streams,  commencing  upon  the  n.,  are  the  Sawkil,  Landi- 
mans,  Crum  Elbow,  Fall,  Wappingers,  and  Fishkill  Creeks.  Sprout  Creek  is  a  considerable  branch 
of  the  Fishkill.  The  wide  valley  extending  n.  and  s.  through  the  co.,  separating  the  Taghkanick 
Mts.  from  The  Highlands  farther  w.,  is  drained  by  several  streams.  Ten  Mile  River  flows  s.  in  this 
valley  through  Amenia  to  near  the  s.  line  of  Dover,  where  it  turns  E.  and  discharges  its  waters  into 
the  Housatonic  River,  in  Conn.  It  receives  Swamp  River  from  the  s.  Croton  River  takes  its  rise 
in  the  s.  part  of  tlie  valley.  Roeliff  Jansens  Kil  flows  through  a  small  portion  of  the  extreme  n. 
part  of  the  co.  Among  the  highlands  in  the  central  and  e.  parts  are  numerous  beautiful  little 
lakes,  noted  for  the  purity  of  their  waters  and  the  beauty  of  the  scenery  immediately  about  them. 
The  principal  rock  formation  in  the  co.  is  the  Hudson  River  slate,  which  crops  out  upon  the  hills 
and  along  the  courses  of  the  streams.  The  rock  has  been  quarried  at  Red  Hook  for  flagging,  and 
in  various  places  for  roofing  slate.' 

A  low  ridge  of  metamorphic  limestone  extends  longitudinally  through  near  the  center  of  the 
valley,  which  lies  at  the  base  of  the  Taghkanick  Mts.  and  along  its  course  are  numerous  quarries, 
from  which  is  obtained  a  fair  quality  of  marble.*  Hematitic  iron  ore  is  found  in  almost  inex- 
haustible quantities  along  the  E.  and  s.  parts  of  the  CO.,  and  it  has  been  extensively  nuned  in 
several  places.*  Thin  veins  of  galena  have  also  been  found,  but  none  have  been  worked  since  the 
Revolution.^  Mineral  springs  are  found  in  several  parts  of  the  co.,  but  none  of  them  have  ac- 
quired notoriety.'    Marl  and  peat  beds  are  scattered  over  the  whole  co.    The  soil  is  generally  a 


I  Tbe  act  by  which  this  co.  was  formed  defines  its  original 
boundaries  aa  follows ; — '*  The  Dutchess  Co.  to  be  from  the 
bounds  of  the  co.  of  Westchester,  on  the  8.  side  of  the  High- 
lands, along  the  E.  side  as  far  as  Roeliff  JausenB  Creek,  and  s. 
info  the  woods  20  miles.*' 

i  Old  Beacon,  2  mi.  E.  of  Matteawan  Village,  is  1470  ft.  above 
tide ;  and  New  Beacon,  or  Qrand  Sachem,  a  i  mi.  8.  of  the  same 
place,  is  1680  ft.  above  tide. 

8  A  company,  styled  the  "iV.  K  Slate  Co.,"  was  incorp.  March 
23,1810,  to  continue  15  years;  and  another,  styled  the  ^'Dutche^s 
Co.  Slate  fb.,"  June  8, 1812.  to  continue  21  years.  The  operations 
of  the  latter  CO.  were  to  be  coniined  to  Northeast. 

*  This  marble  is  of  the  variety  called  dolomite,  and  yields  upon 
analysis  about  SOs  per  cent,  of  carbonate  of  magnesia ;  but  the 
proportion  is  not  uniform.  The  principal  workings  have  been  in 
Dover,  where  a  portion  of  the  marble  is  pure  white,  fine  grained, 
and  capable  of  receiving  a  good  but  not  a  high  polish.  Clouded 
varieties  are  found  in  Amenia  and  Northeast. — Ckol.,  1st  ZHst., 

p.m. 


6  This  ore  is  generally  compact,  but  in  some  places  it  is  fibrous 
Its  cavities  are  lined  with  a  glossy  black  surface,  and  often  con 
tain  stalactital  and  botryoidal  concretions  of  the  ore. 

^  Considerable  excavations  were  made  in  Northeast  in  colonial 
times — it  is  said  as  early  as  1740 — by  a  company  of  Qermans, 
who  sent  the  ore  to  Bristol,  Eng.  The  mines  were  ro^ipened 
during  the  Revolution,  and  a  few  tons  of  ore  were  obtained- 
Traces  of  lead  ore  have  been  also  observed  in  Rhinobeck  and 
Amenia. — Geol.,  1st  Dist.,  pp.  46,  47.  Among  the  other  useful 
minerals  that  have  been  observed  in  the  co.  are,  graphite,  for- 
merly worked  to  some  extent  in  the  Fishkill  Mts,,  oxyd  of  roan- 
ganese,  and  tbe  sulpburets  of  copper  and  iron,  Ac.  Besides  these 
are  found  calcite,  asbestos,  gibbsite,  garnet,  Btanrotide,  epidote, 
feldspar,  and  tourmaline. 

'  Infiammable  carburetted  hydrogen  gas  is  emitted  from  the 
bottom  of  a  lake  in  Northeast,  and  from  a  locality  ^  of  a  mi. 
from  Ameniaville  on  the  road  to  Pouglikeepsie.  A  sulphur 
spring  is  situated  IJ  mi.  N.  W.  of  Ameniaville. — ikd^-'s  Mineralogy 
N.Y.,p.\m. 

267 


268 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


fine  quality  of  Bandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Upon  the  hills  in  some  places  it  is  composed  of  disinte- 
grated slate,  and  upon  the  Iludson  River  intervale  it  is  a  deep,  rich  alluvium.  Agriculture  is  the 
leading  pursuit,  and  few  cos.  in  the  State  oflfer  greater  attractions  to  the  farmer.  The  richness  and 
variety  of  its  soil,  and  its  proximity  to  the  New  York  market,  insure  a  rich  return  for  all  agri- 
cultural labor.  Farming  is  of  a  mixed  character,  aU  branches  being  successfully  pursued.  Sending 
milk  to  New  York  and  the  raising  of  improved  breeds  of  cattle  have  become  important  branches 
of  business.^ 

A  considerable  amount  of  manufacturing  is  carried  on  in  the  co.,  the  principal  establishments 
being  located  at  Poughkeepsie  and  Fishkill,  and  a  large  amount  of  commerce  is  carried  on  by 
means  of  the  Hudson. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  the  city  of  Poughkeepsie.  The  colonial  courthouse  and  jail  was 
burned  in  1785,  and  a  new  one  was  built  soon  after.  This  was  burned  in  1808.^  The  present 
building  was  erected  in  1809,'  and  contains  the  courtroom,  jail/  clerk's  office,  and  all  the  usual  co. 
offices  except  that  of  surrogate,  which  is  in  a  small  building  adjacent.  The  co.  poorhouse  is  situ- 
ated on  a  farm  of  107  acres  in  the  town  of  Poughkeepsie,  1  mi.  e.  of  the  courthouse.  The  average 
number  of  inmates  is  220,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  95  cents  each.  The  farm  yields  a  revenue 
of  §1631.^  The  Hudson  River  R.  R.  extends  along  the  e.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  through  Fishkill, 
Poughkeepsie,  Hyde  Park,  Rhinebeck,  and  Redhook ;  and  the  New  York  &  Harlem  R.  R.  extends 
along  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  through  Pawling,  Dover,  Amenia,  and  North  East.  In  summer, 
regular  lines  of  steamers  ply  between  Poughkeepsie,  New  York,  and  Albany. 

One  daily  and  sefen  weekly  papers  are  now  published  in  the  co.^ 


1  In  cultivated  area  Dutchess  co.  is  excelled  only  by  Jefferson, 
Oneida,  Otsego,  and  St.  La«Tence  cos.;  and  in  cash  value  of 
farms  by  Monroe  and  SVestchesteronly.  Over  2,000,000  gallons 
of  milk  are  sent  annually  to  the  N.  Y.  market. 

2  A  courthouse  and  jaii  were  first  ordered  to  be  built  July  21, 
1715;  but  they  do  not  appear  to  have  been  completed  until  30 
years  afterward.  In  1760.  an  act  authorized  the  conversion  of 
a  jury  room  into  a  jail,  and  4  years  after  money  was  raised  to  com- 
plete the  arrangemeut.  The  act  of  April  11, 17S5,  appropriated 
the  sum  of  £1500  to  re-construct  the  buildings,  which  had  been  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  and  Coruelius  Humfrcy,  Peter  Tappen,  and  Gil- 
bert Livingston  were  appointed  a  building  committee.  A  further 
tax  of  £2000  was  ordered  in  17S6,  aud  of  £1300  in  1787.  In  the 
mean  time,  prisoners  were  sent  to  the  Ulster  co.  jail.  By  act  of 
March  19,  1778,  the  sheriff's  mileage  was  to  be  reckoned  from 
the  house  of  Mj'ndert  Vielle,  in  Beekmau's  Precinct. 

3  The  act  for  the  re-construction  of  thi-se  buildings  was  passed 
March  24,  1809,  and  $12,UiKI  was  raised  fur  that  purpose.  Jaa. 
Talmadge,  John  B.  VanAVyck,  and  John  Van  Benthuysen  were 
appointed  building  commissioners.  The  nest  year,  $13,000  addi- 
tional was  raised,  and  the  building  waa  completed  soon  after.  It 
is  a  stone  edifice,  50  by  100  ft.  The  first  deed  on  record  was  en- 
tered Dec.  26, 1718,  conveying  property  from  Henry  Van  De  Bo- 
gart  to  Capt.  Barent  Van  Kleeck,  aud  others. 

*  The  condition  of  the  jail  was  represented  by  the  Senate  Com- 
mittee of  1856  as  extremely  unfit  for  its  purpose  and  unhealthy 
to  its  inmates. 

6  The  buildings  are  large,  and  can  accommodate  350  inmates. 
The  sexes  are  kept  separate,  and  an  asylum  is  provided  for  luna- 
tics. A  school  is  taught  during  the  whole  year,  and  religious 
worship  is  regularly  conducted. 

*  Tilt  New  York  Journal,  first  established  in  the  city  of  New 

York  by  John  Holt  in  1734,  waa  removed  to  Pough- 
keepsie in  1776,  in  consequence  of  the  British  occupa- 
tion. In  1778  it  became  the  first  State  paper  under  the 
new  Government;  and  on  the  11th  of  April,  1785,  its 
name  was  changed  to 

27ie  Poughkeepsie  Journal,  published  by  Nicholas  Power.  In 
1786  its  name  was  changed  to 

Tfie  Ooitntrif  Journal  mid  JPoughkeepsie  Advertiser;  and  in 
1789  to 

Tite  Country  Journal  and  Dutchess  and  Ulster  Family  Register. 
In  1808  it  was  sold  to  Paraclete  Potter,  who  changed 
it  to 

The  Poughkeepsie  Journal  and  Gonstitulional  S^piMican.  In 
1812  it  was  changed  to 

The  Pbitghkeepsi^  Journal,  and  in  1834  Jackson  &  Schram  became 
the  proprietors.  In  1S44  it  waa  united  with  The  Eagle^ 
aud  was  issued  as 

77te  Journal  and  Poughkeepsie  Eagle.  In  1850  the  name  waa 
changed  to 

The  Ponglikeepsle  Eagle^  under  which  title  itia  still 
publi^ahed  by  Piatt  k  Schram. 

The  New  York  Packet  and  American.  Advertiser,  published  by 
Sam'l  Loudon,  waa  removL-d  from  New  York  when  the 
British  took  possession  of  the  city,  and  was  first  issued 
at  Fishkill  Oct.  1,  1776.  It  waa  removed  to  New  York 
again  after  the  close  of  the  war. 

The  American  Farmer  a}id  Dutchess  Omnty  Advertiser  was  com- 
menced in  Aug.  1798,  by  John  Woods,  and  was  con- 
tinued a  short  time. 


I7te  Barometer,  commenced  in  May,  1802,  by  Isaac  filitchell, 
was  changed  to 

7'Jte  Political  Barometer  in  1806,  and  was  published  by  Thomas 
Nelson.    Its  name  was  changed  to 

The  Northern  Politician,  and  it  was  soon  after  discontinued. 

The  Fanner  was  published  at  Poughkeepsie  in  1806-07. 

Tfic  Pepiiblican  Herald  was  started  in  Nov.  ISll,  by  Derick  B. 
Stockholm  and  Thos.  Browiyohn.  It  was  continued 
until  1823  under  the  charge  of  Johnston  Verplank  & 
Wm.  Orr. 

The  Dutchess  Observer  waa  first  started  May  10, 1815,  by  Chas. 
P.  Barnum  &  Richard  Nelson.  Nicholas  Jaycocks, 
Nathan  Myers,  jr.,  and  Orrin  Osborne  were  successively 
interested  in  the  publication  until  1826,  when  the  paper 
was  united  with  The  Tdegragh,  and  issued  as 

The  Poughkeepsie  Telegraph  and  Observer.  It  waa  successively 
under  the  charge  of  Chas.  P.  Barnum,  Egbert  B.  Killeyy- 
Aaron  Low,  and  Benson  J.  Lossing.  In  1841  it  waa 
changed  to 

T7te  Telegraph,  and  was  published  by  Killey  &  Lossing.  Albert 
S.  Pease  &  E.  K.  Olmsted  were  afterward  interested  in 
its  publication ;  and  in  1852  it  was  united  with  The 
Democrat,  and  was  issued  as 

The  Poiiglilceepsic  Telegraph  and  Dntcliees 
Democrat^  now  published  by  Onbome  &  Killey. 

The  Republican  Telegraph  was  first  issued  May  5. 1S24,  by  Wm. 
Sands  &  Isaac  Piatt    In  182G  it  was  united  sv\ih 

The  Observer. 

The  Dutchess  Intelligencer  was  first  issued  April  SO,  1828,  by 
Chas.  F.  Ames  &  Fred.  T.  Parsons.  It  was  afterward 
published  by  Piatt  &  Parsons  and  Isaac  Piatt  until 
1833,  when  it  was  united  with 

The  Rejiuhlican,  and  was  issued  as 

Tlie  Intelligencer  and  Republican,  published  by  Piatt  &  Ranney. 
In  1834  the  name  waa  changed  to 

The  Poughkeepsie  Eagle;  and  in  1844  it  waa  united  with  The 
Jonmal. 

The  Dutchess  TrvA  American  waa  published  at  Poughkeepsie  in 
182S,  by  Peter  K.  Allen. 

The  Dutchess  Inquirer  was  started  in  Aug.  1829,  by  Pet.  E.  Allen. 
In  1830  it  was  changed  to 

The  Anti  Mason.  It  was  under  the  charge  of  John  M.  Yethake 
and  Stephen  Butler  untU  1831.  when  it  waa  discon- 
tinued. It  was  soon  after  revived  by  Eliphaz  Fay,  and 
was  issued  a  short  time  as  The  Independence. 

The  Dutchess  Repvbliojti  was  started  in  Aug.  1831,  by  Thoa.  S. 
Ranney.  In  April,  1833,  it  was  united  with  The  Intel- 
ligencer, 

The  Poughkeepsie  Casket  was  published  by  Killey  &  Lossing  in 
1836. 

Tlie  Branch  was  issued  a  short  time  in  1836  by  Joa.  H.  Jackaon. 

The  Youth's  Guide  (semi-mo.)  waa  iasued  in  1S37  by  Isaac  Har- 
rington, jr. 

The  Thomsonian  (medical)  was  issued  at  Poughkeepsie  in  1840 
by  Thos.  Lapham. 

TJie  Free  Press  was  started  at  Fishkill  in  1841  by  Fred.  W.  Rit- 
ter.  In  1842  it  was  removed  to  Poughkeepsie-  its  name 
was  changed  to 

The  Dutchess  Free  Press,  and  was  continued  until  1844. 

The  Temperance  Safeguard  was  started  at  Poughkeepsie  in  1843 
by  G.  R.  Lyman,  and  was  continued  2  or  3  years. 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


269 


The  first  settlements  in  the  co.  -were  made  by  the  Dutch  at  Rhinebeck  and  Fishkill  before  1690.* 
Other  settlements  were  made  along  the  river  in  1700;  but  for  some  years  the  progress  of  growth 
was  very  slow.  About  1720  a  considerable  number  of  settlers  came  in ;  and  from  that  time  the  set- 
tlements increased  rapidly  until  all  the  lands  of  the  co.  were  taken  up.^  Among  the  early  settlers 
were  considerable  numbers  of  French  Huguenots,  who  had  fled  from  the  persecutions  that  followed 
the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  A  portion  of  the  co.  was  settled  upon  leaseholds,  which  here, 
as  elsewhere,  led  to  much  difficulty.^     The  first  civil  divisions  were  established  in  1737.'* 

This  CO.  comprises  the  greater  part  of  the  Oblong,*  Great  and  Little  Nine  Partners,  Beekmans, 
Rumbouts,  and  Schuylers  Patents.^  In  1777,  the  co.  for  a  short  time  was  in  possession  of  the 
British,  and  for  a  considerable  time  dui-ing  the  Revolution  it  was  the  seat  of  the  colonial  convention 
and  legislature.  By  an  act  of  April  11,  1808,  semi-annual  fairs  of  sale  were  directed  to  be  held 
in  this  CO.  under  the  management  of  five  commissioners  to  be  appointed  by  the  judges  of  Com- 
mon Pleas.' 

AJJIEXIA® — ^was  formed  March  7,  1788.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center. 
The  Taghkanick  Mts.  extend  along  the  e.  border,  and  the  higlilands  belonging  to  the  Fishkill 
Range  extend  through  the  w.  part.  The  wide  valley  separating  these  two  ranges  occupies  the 
central  portions.  The  declivities  of  the  mts.  are  often  steep,  and  their  highest  smnmits  are  300  to 
500  feet  above  the  valleys.     Amenia  Station,  on  the  Harlem  R.  R.,  is  540  feet  above  tide.     The 


77ie  Anti  Bank  Democrat  (mo.)  was  ifisued  from  the  oflBce  of  The 

Free  Press  in  18-13. 
Ifie  American  was  started  in  Nov.  1S45,  by  Augustus  T.  Cow- 
man.   It  was  Hoon  changed  to 
The  Pouglikecpsie  Aniencan,  and  was  published  by  Isaac  Tomp- 
kins and  Elias  Pitts  until  1853,  when  it  waa  sold  to  E. 
B.  Osborne,  and  changed  to 
The  DtUcftess  Democrat.    In  1856  it  was  nnited  with  The  Tele- 
graph. 
Tlie  Safeguard  (Tempemnce)  was  iesned  in  1S45  by  Wm.  Patten. 
Th&  Daily  City  Preis  was  aimmenced  at  Poughkeepsie,  Hay  1, 
1852,    ty  Nichols,   Bush,  &  Co.      It  waa  soon   after 
changed  to 
The  Dally  Press,  which  is  still  issued  by  A.  R.  Pease  &.  Co. 
The.  Ind<:pcndent  Kxamiiur  was  started  in  Feb.  1855,  by  Henry 

A.  Gill,  and  was  discontinued  in  1858. 
The  American  Banner  was  started  at  Poughkeepsie  in  1856  by 
Charles  J.  Ackert.    In  1857  it  was  removed  to  Fishkill, 
and  was  changed  to 
The  Dutchess  Co-  Times,  under  which  name  it  is  still 

puMirthcd  by  .1.  Carpenter  Mills. 
The  Poughkeepsie  Gazette  was  started  Jan.  1, 1859, 

by  li.  L.  Hannah. 
The  Fishkill  Standard  was  started  Aug.  2,  1842,  at 
Fishkill  Landing,  by  Wm.  It.  Addington,  and  is  stiU 
issued  by  him. 
r/ic  Fishim  Journal,  started  in  1853  by  H.  A.  Guild,  was  dis- 
continued in  1S55. 
The  American  Mechanic  was  started  at  Poughkeepsie  in  1849  by 
Geo.  W.  Clark.    In  1850  it  was  removed  to  Khinebeck, 
and  was  united  with  The  Gazette,  under  the  name  of 
The  Amen'rnn  Mechanic  and  Rhinebeck  Gazette.    It  waa  soon 

changed  to 
The  Rhinebeck  Gazette  and  Dutchess  County 
Advertiser.     It  was  euccessiwlj  issued  by  Edward 
™.i.    T>i  .'^^^  •'^"^'^f'  ""''  ^'-  i^-  Ulanchard,  and  now  by  Wm.  Luff. 
The  Rhmeheck  Gazette  was  established  in  1846  by  Smith  &  Car- 

penter,  and  in  IS.^jO  was  united  with  The  Mechanic. 
The  Rhinebeck  Advocate  was  published  by  Robert  Marshall  in 

1H44).    It  was  subsequently  changed  to 
r^e  Dutchess  Connty  A<hricate^  and  was  discontinued  about  1850. 
The  American  Citizen  was  commenced  June  12, 1858 

at  Rhinebeck,  by  Geo.  W.  Clark. 
The  True  Balance^  a  campaign  paper,  was  published  at  Ehine- 

beck  by  C.  J.  Ackert  in  1858. 
The  Amenia  Times  was  started  at  AmeniaviUe,  April  7, 
1852,  under  the  charge  of  Joel  Benson.  It  was  sub- 
sequently issued  by  H.  Livingston  &  Co.,  and  Palmer, 
vail  A  Co.  It  is  now  pub.  by  J.  W.  Dutcber. 
The  Redhook  Journal  was  commenced  April  29. 1859. 
I'V  L.  Piester.  * 

J  The  following  copy  of  a  letter,  now  in  possession  of  T.  Tan 
Wyck  Brinkerhoff,  of  East  Fishkill,  throws  some  light  upon 
tbe  early  history  of  the  co.  "In  the  year  1823,  I  saw  Istuic 
Upt<5n,  a  coaster  from  Newport,  who  informed  me  that  about 
1760  he  came  up  the  North  River  to  Poughkeepsie,  and.  in  com- 
pany with  another  person,  went  to  Mabbitfs  storf,  in  Washing- 
ton, on  busioPHB.  That,  on  their  return,  they  took  a  circuitous 
route  from  Pleasant  Valley,  and  passed  a  Gennan  by  name  of 
Hoffman,  who  was  then  US  years  old.  He  supposed  himself  to 
be  the  first  whitesettler  in  Dntchessco.;  and  that,  wlien  young. 
he  deserted  from  a  Dutch  ship  of  war  in  New  York,  squatted 
where  be  tbeo  livedj  built  him  a  ehanty,  and  lived  a  number  of 


years  a  solitary  life  without  being  able  to  find  a  white  woman 
for  a  wife;  that  afterward,  finding  a  German  family  at  Rhine- 
beck, he  married,  and  bad  lived  where  he  then  was  to  that  ad- 
vanced age.  I  waa  informed  that  he  died  two  years  afterward, 
at  120  years.  (Signed)  Paul  Upton." 

-  Smith,  in  his  history,  written  in  1732,  says  of  this  co.,  *'  The 
only  ^'iIlage3  in  it  are  Poughkeepsie  and  the  Fishkill,  though 
they  scarce  deserve  the  name.  The  inhabitants  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  are  Dutch,  but  those  more  easterly.  Englishmen, 
and  for  the  most  part  immigrants  from  Conn,  and  Long  Island. 
There  is  no  Epis.  church  in  it.  The  growth  of  this  co.  has  been 
very  sudden,  and  commenced  but  a  few  years  ago.  Within  the 
memory  of  persons  now  living,  it  did  not  contain  above  12 
families ;  and  according  to  the  late  returns  of  the  militia  it  will 
furnish  at  present  above  2500  fighting-men." — Hist.  N.Y.,  Alb. 
M..  p.  304. 

8  In  1766,  the  district  now  embraced  in  Rensselaer,  Columbia, 
and  Dutchess  cos.  waa  involved  in  a  domestic  war,  arising  from 
tho  conflicting  jurisdiction  of  adjacent  colonies  and  resistance  to 
tlie  claims  of  proprietors.  In  June  of  that  year,  the  sheriff  of 
Albany  Co..  with  105  men,  went  to  a  house  on  the  manor  to  dis- 
perse a  band  of  rioters,  60  in  number.  Several  shots  were  ex- 
changed :  Cornelius  Ten  Broeck,  of  Claverack,  was  killed,  and  7 
others  of  the  militia  were  wounded.  Three  of  the  rioters  were 
killed,  and  many  wounded,  among  whom  was  Capt.  Noble,  one 
of  their  leaders.  In  July,  tho  28th  Regiment  was  ordered  into 
Dutchess  CO.,  to  quoll  riots ;  and  a  small  body  of  light  infantry 
was  soon  after  fired  upon,  and  3  were  wounded.  One  Pender- 
grast,  a  leader,  was  taken,  tried  before  Judge  Horsmanden  for 
high  treason,  and  sentenced  to  be  executed,  but  was  afterward 
pardoned.  Fifty  to  60  others  were  fined,  imprisoned,  or  pilloried. 
Soon  after  the  sentence  of  Pondergrast,  an  advertisement  was 
issued,  offering  a  good  reward  to  any  one  wilHng  to  assist  as  the 
executioner,  and  promising  disguise  against  recognition  and  pro- 
tection against  insults. — Dunlap's  Hist.  N.  F.,  77.,  Af^en.  CXCIII. 

*  By  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly,  passed  Dec.  16, 1737,  this 
CO.  was  divided  into  3  divisions.  The  s.  division  extended  from 
below  tbe  Highlands  to  Wappingers  Creek;  the  middle  division 
from  the  latter,  n.  to  Cline  Sopas  Island,  (Little  Esopus  Island;) 
and  the  n.  division  from  this  point  to  the  n.  bounds  of  the  co. 
Each  of  these  divisions  elected  a  supervisor.  Tho  subsequent 
formation  of  precincts  is  mentioned  under  the  several  towns. 

6  The  Oblong,  a  tract  580  rods  wide,  extending  across  the  e.  bor 
dor  of  this  co.  and  Putnam,  was  mostly  granted  to  Thos.  Hawley 
and  others,  in  1731 ;  South,  Beekmans,  Crum  Elbow,  and  North 
Precincts  were  extended  across  to  tho  Conn,  line,  Dec.  17, 1743. 
Tho  patent  was  divided  into  lower,  middle,  and  upjier  districts, 
March  9,  1774,  to  facilitate  the  collection  of  quitrents. 

*  Several  of  these  patents  were  granted  as  follows :  Rumbout, 
to  Francis  Rumbout  and  others,  Oct.  17,  ltJS5;  Great  or  Lower 
Nino  Partners,  to  Caleb  Ileathcoto  and  others.  May  27, 1697; 
Rhinebeck,  to  Henry  Beekman,  June  5, 1703;  Little  or  Upper 
Nine  Partners,  to  Sampson  Boughton  and  others,  April  10, 1706. 

'  These  fairs  were  to  be  supiwrted  by  a  tax  of  1  per  cent,  on 
all  sales,  ouo-half  to  bo  paid  by  the  piirchaser  and  one-half  by 
tho  seller. 

8  According  to  Benson,  this  term  was  applied  by  Young,  tho 
American  poet,  in  his  '■'^  Conquest  of  Quebec,'^  in  a  description  of 
the  several  provincial  troops  employed  in  that  campaign.  Tho 
precinct  of  this  name  was  formed  from  Crum  Elbnw  Precinct, 
March  20, 1762,  and  included  a  part  of  Amenia  and  North  East, 
and  the  whole  of  Washington,  Pleasant  Valley,  Stanford,  Clinton, 
and  Hyde  Park. 


/TO 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


principal  streams  are  Ten  Mile  River,  Wassaie  Creek,  and  West  Brook,  and  their  branches.  A  low 
range  of  metamorphic  limestone  extends  N.  and  s.  through  near  the  center  of  the  valley.'  Iron  ore 
has  been  extensively  mined  in  the  highlands  w.  of  the  valley.^  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  sandy 
loam.  Ameniavllle,  (Amenia  p.  o.,)  n.  of  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  the  Amenia 
Seminary,'  3  churches,  and  30  houses.  It  is  a  station  upon  the  Harlem  R.  R.  The  City,  (City 
p.o.,)  in  the  n.  tv.  corner,  contains  a  church  and  17  houses  ;  'WassaiC,  (p.  v.,)  a  r.  r.  station,  a 
furnace,  sash  and  blind  factory,  and  18  houses;  Amenia  Union,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Conn,  line, 
2  churches,  a  -woolen  factory,  and  30  houses;*  and  Soutb  Amenia  (p. v.)  a  church  and  14 
houses,  licedsville  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  near  the  E.  border.  Sharon  .Station,  on  the  line 
of  Northeast,  is  a  p.o.  Richard  Saokett  purchased  large  tracts  of  the  Indians  in  this  town  and  in 
Sharon,  Conn.,  and  settled  in  1711 ;  he  failed  of  getting  his  title  recognized  by  the  crown,  and  died 
in  poverty  in  1748  or  '49.*  During  the  Revolution  a  furnace  and  foundery  for  the  manufacture 
of  steel  for  the  use  of  the  army  was  established  about  1  mi.  s.  of  Wassaie.  The  site,  known  as 
"  The  Steel  Works,"  is  still  covered  by  coal  dust  and  cinders.     There  are  7  churches  in  town." 

BEEHM  AIV — ^was  formed  as  a  town,  March  7, 1788.'  A  part  of  "  Freedom"  (now  La  Grange) 
was  taken  off  in  1821,  and  a  part  of  Union  Vale  in  1827.  It  lies  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  the  co., — one 
corner  extending  to  the  s.  border.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  and  broken  upland.  Pleasant  Hill,  on  the 
N.  border,  is  the  highest  summit.  Limestone  and  slate  crop  out  on  the  summits  and  declivities 
of  nearly  all  the  hills.  The  streams  are  small  creeks  and  brooks  tributaries  of  the  Fishkill,  and 
are  bordered  by  wide,  fertile  intervales.  Silver  Lake  is  a  fine  body  of  water  near  the  w.  line.' 
Iron  ore  is  found  s.  of  this  lake.'  The  soil  is  a  productive,  gravelly  loam.  Green  Haven, 
(p.v.,)  near  the  w.  border,  contains  1  church  and  18  dwellings;  ISeel&manrille,  (Beekman 
p.o.,)  near  the  center,  1  church  and  12  dwellings;  Pougbqiiag  (p.v.)  2  churches  and  15  dwell- 
ings ;  and  Beeliman  Furnace,  on  the  n.  line,  an  iron  manufactory  and  10  houses.'"  The 
first  settlements  are  supposed  to  have  been  made  about  1710;  but  the  early  records  are  lost.  A. 
Delong  located  in  1716,  and  kept  an  inn  at  an  early  day.  Rt.  Rev.  Alonzo  Potter,  Bishop  of  Penn., 
and  his  brother,  Rt.  Rev.  Horatio  Potter,  Provisional  Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of  N.  Y.,  were  natives 
of  this  town.     There  are  4  churches  in  town.'' 

CLiIMTOW^— was  formed  from  "  Charhtte"  and  Rhinebeck  Precincts,  March  13,  1786.  Hyde 
Park  and  Pleasant  Valley  were  taken  off  in  1821.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  w.  of  the  center 
of  the  CO.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland  considerably  broken  by  hills  in  the  N.  and  w.  Shultz 
Mts.,  on  the  n.  border,  and  Sippe  Barrack,  in  the  w.,  are  the  highest  points."  Salt  Point  Creek, 
the  principal  stream,  flows  s.  through  near  the  center.  Crum  Elbow  Creek  forms  a  portion  of  the 
w.  boundary.  Several  small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  is  Long  Pond,  lie  in  the  n.  part.  The 
soil  in  the  n.  is  a  sandy  loam,  and  in  the  center  and  s.  it  is  a  productive,  slaty  loam.  Clinton 
IIoUoiv,  (p.v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  25  houses,  Clinton  Corners  (p.v.)  25  houses. 
Schultzville  (p.o.)  a  gristmill  and  10  houses,  and  Pleasant  Plains  (p.  o.)  a  church  and 
8  houses.  Bulls  Head,  Clinton  Point,  and  Hibernia  are  p.  ofBces.  Derrick  Van  Vliet 
located  in  town  about  1755.     There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  Friends,  Prcsb.,  and  Prot.  E. 

DOVER— was  formed  from  Pawling,  Feb.  20,  1807.  It  lies  on  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of 
the  center.  The  e.  and  w.  borders  are  occupied  by  hills  and  mts.,  and  the  center  by  a  deep,  wide 
valley.  The  valley  is  about  400  feet  above  tide,  and  the  summits  of  the  hills  are  300  to  500  feet 
higher.  Ten  Mile  River  flows  s.  from  the  N.  line  to  near  the  s.  boundary,  thence  turns  e.  and  dis- 
charges its  waters  into  the  Housatonic.     It  receives  from  the  s.  Swamp  River,  a  stream  that  is 


1  Thi8  limestone  is  of  a  bluish  color,  hard  and  brittle ;  and 
where  it  crops  out  it  is  considerably  disintegrated,  covering  the 
ground  in  the  immediate  vicinity  with  a  white  sand. 

2  An  ore  bed  ^  mi.  w.  of  Ameniaville  has  been  extensively 
worked  for  25  or  30  years,  and  the  supply  of  ore  seems  inex- 
haustible. Another  ore  bed  has  been  opened  2  mi.  N.  w.  of  Was- 
saic,  and  another  near  the  N.  line  of  the  town. 

3  This  institution  has  been  under  the  charge  of  the  M.  E.  de- 
lomination. 

*  1  church,  the  woolen  factory,  and  about  half  of  the  buildings 
are  in  Conn. 

6  Mr.  Sackett  was  connected  with  the  Livingstons  in  the 
settlement  of  the  Piiliitinates  at  ^^Gt^rman  Camp,^^  (now  German- 
town,  Columbia  co.)  Ulric  Winegar  and  his  son,  Capt.  Garrett, 
were  the  next  families.  Tliey  removed  from  "  Gennan  Camp" 
in  1724  and  settled  on  the  Oblong  tract.     The  father  died  in 

1754,  aged  102  years.      Delamater  settled  soon  after  the 

Winegars,  N.  w.  of  Amenia  Union.  Henry  Nase,  Stephen  IIop- 
kins,  Joel  Gillett,  Ilez.  King,  Abm.  and  Joshua  Paine,  J.  Howe, 


and  Elisha  Kinney  settled  previous  to  174.3.  After  this  time  the 
town  rapidly  filled  up  with  settlers,  mostly  from  New  England. 
The  fi  rst  mill  is  supposed  to  h.ave  been  built  by  John  Delamater, 
at  Leedsville,  and  the  first  inn  to  have  been  kept  by  Michael 
Hopkins,  near  the  center  of  the  town. 

6  3  Presb.,  2  M.  E.,  and  1  each  Bap.  and  Prot.  E, 

7  The  town  embraced  the  land  granted  to  Col.  Henry  Beekman. 
Beekman  Precinct  was  formed  Dec.  16,  1737,  and  Pawling's 
Precinct  was  set  off  in  1768. 

8  The  Indian  name  for  this  lake  is  A-po-qua-gue,  signifying 
round  lake. 

*  Ore  from  this  bed  is  extensively  mined  and  taken  to  Pough- 
keepsie  and  Fishkill  Furnace. 

10  Tlic  furnace  at  this  place  is  supplied  with  ore  from  Union- 
vale:  700  tons  of  iron  are  annually  produced. 

11  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  and  Union, 

13  Named  from  Geo.  Clinton,  first  Governor. 
13  A  sl.ite  quarry  was  formerly  worked  at  the  N.  extremity  of 
the  Shultz  Mts,;  but  it  is  now  abandoned. 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


271 


bordered  by  swamps  upon  the  greater  part  of  its  course.  The  limestone  ridge  extends  n.  and  s. 
through  the  center  of  the  principal  valley.  Along  its  course  several  marble  quarries  have  been 
opened.*  Iron  ore  is  found  in  abundance.^  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  sandy,  gravelly,  and  slaty 
loam.  The  small  streams  flowing  from  the  w.  hills  have  worn  deep  ravines,  and  in  several  places 
form  beautiful  cascades.  The  most  noted  of  these  is  known  as  **  Dover  Stone  Church.''^  Dover 
Plains,  (Dover  p.o.,)  a  r.  r.  station,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches,  a  gristmill, 
and  plaster  mill.  Pop.  375.  Soutb  Dover,  (p.  v.,)  on  Ten  Mile  River,  contains  2  churches,  a 
grist  and  saw  mill,  and  30  houses.  Chestnut  Ridge  (p.o.)  and  Wing"  Station  (p.o.)  are  ham- 
lets. The  first  settlements  are  said  to  have  been  made  by  the  Dutch  from  the  river  towns.  Among 
the  early  settlers  are  found  the  names  of  Knickerbacker,  Osterhout,  Dutcher,  and  Van  Duzen. 
The  fii-st  settlers  upon  the  Oljlong  tract  were  from  Conn.  The  first  church  (Ret.  Prot.  D.)  is  said 
to  have  been  formed  about  1770.* 

EAST  FISHKIIiL— was  formed  from  Fishkill,  Nov.  29,  1849.  It  is  the  center  town  upon 
the  s.  border  of  tlie  co.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  s.  and  e.  and  hilly  in  the  n.  and  w.  The 
highest  points  of  the  Fishkill  Mts.,  in  the  s.,  are  1000  to  1200  ft.  above  tide.^  The  principal  streams 
are  the  Fishkill  and  its  tributaries,  "Wortel  Kil  and  Sprout  Creek.  Black  Pond  is  a  small  sheet 
of  water  near  die  s.  line.  The  inteiwales  along  the  streams  are  generally  wide,  and  bordered  by 
steep  hillsides  in  the  s.  and  more  gradual  slopes  in  the  n.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam.  Fatting 
cattle  for  the  New  York  market  is  one  of  the  leading  pursuits.  East  Fisliliill,  (p.  v.,)  near 
the  center,  contains  a  grist  and  sawmill  and  15  houses;  Jol&nsville,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  w.  border, 
1  church  and  14  houses;  StormviUe,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  e.  part,  20  houses;  Fislikill  Plains, 
(p.v.,)  in  the  n.  w.,  1  church  and  15  houses;  and  Slienaudoali  Corners,  in  the  s.,  a  church 
and  15  houses.  Pecksville,  Ilope'well,  (Adriance  p.  o.,)  and  Fishkill  Fnrnace^  are 
hamlets.  The  first  settlers  were  Genet,  Geo.  and  Isaac  Storm,  about  the  year  1730;  Cornelius 
Wiltsie  and  Isaac  Adrience  came  in  about  1740.     There  are  4  churches  in  town.'' 

FISHHIEIi — was  formed  as  a  town,  March  7,  1788.  A  part  of  "^^  Freedom'"  (now  La  Grange) 
was  taken  off  in  1821,  and  East  Fishkill  in  1849.  A  part  of  Philipstown  (Putnam  co.)  was 
annexed  March  14,  1806.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudsoa,  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is 
mountainous  in  the  s.  and  hilly  in  the  n.  The  Fishkill  Mts.,  extending  along  the  s.  border,  are 
high,  rocky,  and  precipitous.  Old  Beacon  and  Grand  Sachem,  in  the  s.  e.  corner,  the  hi^iest  sum- 
mits, are  respectively  1471  and  1685  ft.  above  tide.  A  break  in  these  mountains,  in  the  e.  part-, 
opening  toward  the  s.,  is  known  as  the  Wiccopee  Pass.®  The  Fishkill  flows  s.  w.  through  near  the 
center  of  the  town,  skirting  the  foot  of  the  mountains  and  separating  them  from  the  hilly  region  in 
the  N.  w.  Wappingers  Creek  forms  the  w.  boundary.  A  high  rolling  ridge  lies  between  these 
two  streams,  and  the  highest  point  is  Mt.  Hope,  1000  ft.  above  tide,  near  the  e.  border.^  Sprout 
Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Fishkill,  forms  a  portion  of  the  e.  boundary.  A  series  of  bluffs,  150  to 
200  ft.  high,  extends  along  the  river,  broken  by  the  valleys  of  the  streams.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and 
gravelly  loam,  FIslftkill  liandin^,  (p'^-i)  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  Newburgh,  contains  a 
newspaper  office,  2  machine  shops,  and  4  churches.  Brinckerhoff's  Nursery,  the  largest  on  the 
Hudson,  and  occupying  50  acres,  is  at  this  place.  Pop.  1,100.  It  is  a  R.  R.  station  and  steamboat 
landing,  and  is  connected  with  Newburgh  by  a  steam  ferry.  Matteaivan,  (p-v.,)  on  Fishkill 
Creek,  1  mi.  above  the  landing,  is  an  important  manufacturing  village.  It  was  formerly  the  seat 
of  extensive  cotton  mills;  but  these  have  mostly  been  converted  to  other  purposes.^**     It  contains  4 


1  The  principal  quar»es  are  between  Dover  Plains  and  South 
Dover. 

2  White's  ore  bed,  3  mi.  N.  w.  of  South  Dover,  has  been  exten- 
sively workeil,  and  the  ore  produced  is  of  good  quality.  The 
Dover  Iron  Works  formerly  did  an  extensive  business:  tbey 
closed  about  2  years  since.  White's  Furnace,  halfway  between 
South  Dover  and  Dover  Plains,  is  making  6  to  6  tons  of  iron 
per  day. 

»  This  ravine  is  about  a  \  mi.  w.  of  Dover  Plains.  It  is  20  to 
25  feet  wide  at  the  bottom  and  1  to  3  feet  at  the  top,  and  the 
rocks  that  border  it  are  40  to  50  feet  high.  It  extends  into  the 
hill  30  to  40  feet,  and  at  its  farther  extremity  the  stream  tlows 
from  the  mountain  above  in  a  succession  of  rapids.  The  name 
was  given  in  consequence  of  its  resemblance  to  the  Gothic  arch. 
In  another  raviDe,  about  i  mi.  8.  of  Stone  Church,  are  tlie 
"  Wells."  A  small  stream  here  flows  down  from  the  mountAin 
iu  a  eticceflsion  of  rapids  3  to  12 feet  in  height:  and  at  the  foot 
of  each  fall  smooth,  rounded  holes,  called  the  Wells,  have  been 
worn  in  the  rocks  to  the  depth  of  3  to  8  feet.  The  holes  occupy 
the  whole  width  of  the  bottom  of  the  ravine,  and  the  rocks  on 
each  side  are  shelving  and  slippery,  rendering  a  near  approach 
difficult  and  dangi-roua.  These  two  localities  are  frequently 
visited  by  the  lovers  of  nature  during  the  summer  season. 

^  This  is  now  a  Union  church.  A  Friends  meeting  house  was 
bnilt  here  about  the  same  time. 


6  The  highest  point  on  the  s.  border  is  locally  known  as  ''  Wiv- 
coppp,"  ov  '^ lA>ng  Hill"  and  the  highest  on  the  e.  border  as 
"^Looking  Rock." 

fi  A  furnace  at  this  place  manufactures  pig  iron  from  the  ore. 
It  employs  40  hands,  and  makes  about  400  tons  of  iron  per 
annum.  The  ore  is  obtained  from  the  mine  near  Silver  Lake,  in 
Beekman.  A  mine  on  the  e.  line,  after  being  worked  20  years, 
was  exhausted. 

1  2  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Ref.  Prot.  D.  The  last  named  haa  an 
endowment  of  $5000. 

8  This  pass  was  carefully  guarded  during  the  Revolution,  to 
prevent  the  British  from  turning  the  American  works  at  West 
Point.  A  considerable  American  force  was  stationed  at  its  upper 
extremity  daring  the  campaign  of  1777. 

^  Mt.  Hope  is  5  mi.  8.  of  Myers  Corners.  A  beautiful  and  ex- 
tended view  is  obtained  from  its  summit.  A  beacon  has  been 
erected  here  by  the  Coast  Survey,  to  serve  as  a  point  in  the  tri- 
angulation  of  the  Hudson  River  Valley. 

w  Among  the  most  important  manufactories  are  ''The  Seam- 
less Clothing  Manufacturing  Co.,"  incorporated  with  acnpitalof 
$50,000.  It  gives  employmentto32ohauds,Rud  turns  out  4500,000 
worth  of  goods  annually.  The  Matteawan  Macliine  Works,  S.  B. 
Schenck,  proprietor,  givea  employment  to  200  hands,  and  turns 
out  annually  gonda  to  the  auiomit  of  |;500,000.  J.  Kothery's 
file  factory  employs  70  hands^  and  manafactures  goodei  to  the 


272 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


churches.  Pop.  1476.  WappingcrsFalls,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  head  of  navigation  onWappingers  Creek, 
li  mi.  from  the  Hudson,  lies  partly  in  Poughkeepsie.  It  is  largely  engaged  in  manufacturing.'  Wap- 
pingers  Creek  here  falls  75  feet,  furnishing  an  excellent  water  power.  The  village  contains  4  churches. 
Pop.  1819,  of  which  1139  are  in  this  town.  HugrbSOllvlIle,  (p.  v.,)  U  mi.  s.  of  Wappingers 
Falls,  contains  a  church  and  a  steam  saw  and  grist  mill.  Pop.  245.  ]Vew  Hackensacli, 
(p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  1  church  and  15  dwellings;  FisIlkJII,  (p-v.,)  near  the  center, 
contains  the  Fishkill  Seminary,  the  Fishkill  CoUegiate  Institute,  2  private  schools,  a  newspaper 
office,  a  hank,  savings'  bank,  3  churches,  and  130  dwellings.  GI,enliaill,  {p.  v.,)  2i  mi.  below 
Fishkill,  contains  a  woolen  factory,^  3  churches,  and  75  dwellings.  Carthagre  Landing,  (p.  v.,) 
on  the  Hudson,  5  mi.  above  Fishkill  Landing,  contains  1  church  and  30  dwellings.  Myers  Cor- 
ners, Sivartoutville,  and  BrinkertaoflTville  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  made  before  1690.  The  earliest  records,  dated  in  1697,'  are  papers  relating  to 
lands.  The  town  lies  within  the  tract  granted  to  Francis  Rumbout  and  others,  Oct.  17,  1685.*  In 
colonial  times  it  formed  a  part  of  the  Rumbout  and  Fishkill  precincts.  The  first  constitutional  con- 
vention held  a  session  in  this  town  in  the  fall  of  1776.     There  are  22  churches  in  town.' 

HTDE  PARR'>— was  formed  from  Clinton,  Jan.  26, 1821.  It  lies  upon  tlie  Hudson,  a  little 
N.  of  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  principally  a  rolling  and  moderately  hilly  upland, 
terminating  on  the  Hudson  in  a  blufi"  180  ft.  high.  Hog  and  Lloyds  Hills,  in  the  N.  part,  each 
about  500  ft.  above  the  river,  are  the  highest  points  in  town.  The  principal  streams  are  Crum 
Elbow  Creek,  and  Fall  Kil,  tributaries  of  the  Hudson.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam 
underlaid  by  slate.  Hyde  Park,  (p.  v.,)  finely  situated  upon  an  eminence  half  a  mi.  e.  of  the 
river,  contains  4  churches,  a  gristmill,  and  692  inhabitants.  Staatsburgli  (p.  o.)  is  a  r.  r.  station 
and  hamlet  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town ;  Union  Corners  and  Oyde  Park  Lianding'  are 
hamlets.  Numerous  elegant  residences,  occupying  splendid  sites,  have  been  erected  along  the 
banks  of  the  river.  The  first  settler  is  supposed  to  have  been  Jacobus  Stoughtenburgh,  the  owner 
of  one  of  the  nine  "  water  lots ;"  he  came  to  the  town  about  1720.  Gov.  Morgan  Lewis  formerly  re- 
Bided  upon  the  place  now  occupied  by  Hon.  J.  K.  Paulding.   The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.' 

liA  GRAIVGE'— was  formed  from  Beekman  and  Fishkill,  as  "Freedom,"  Feb.  9, 1821.  Its 
name  was  changed  in  1828.  A  part  of  Union  Vale  was  taken  ofi'  in  1827.  It  is  an  interior  town, 
lying  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  oo.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  and  moderately  hilly  upland.  Sprout 
Creek,  the  principal  stream,  flows  s.  through  near  the  center.  Wappingers  Creek  forms  the  w. 
boundary.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam.  La  (•rang'eville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  e.  part,  contains 
2  gristmills  and  14  houses;  and  Freedom  Plains,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  a  church  and  14 
houses.  Titusvllle,'  1  mi.  s.  of  Manchester  Bridge,  is  a  hamlet.  Sprout  Creek  (p.  o.)  is 
a  hamlet  in  the  s.  part.  Itlancliester  Bridge,  (p.  o.,)  on  the  w.  line,  is  mostly  in  Pough- 
keepsie. Artliursburg'Ii  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  corner.  The  first  religious  society 
(Friends)  was  formed  before  1800.     There  are  two  churches  in  town  ;  Friends  and  Presb. 

MII.AW"' — was  formed  from  Northeast,  March  16,  1818.  It  lies  on  the  n.  border  of  the  co., 
w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland  broken  by  the  deep  valleys  of  the  streams.  The 
declivities  are  generally  gradual  slopes,  and  the  hills  are  arable  to  their  summits.  Roeliff  Jansens 
Kil  crosses  the  n.  e.  corner.  The  other  streams  are  small  and  are  bordered  by  fertile  intervales. 
The  soil  is  a  clayey,  gravelly,  and  slaty  loam.    Jacksons  Corners,  (p.  v.,)  on  Roelifi' Jansens 


amount  of  $45,000  annnally.  Wiccopee.  i  mi.  below  Matteawan, 
was  the  seat  of  the  Wiccopee  Color  Mills,  since  changed  to  the 
New  York  Rubber  Co.,  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  rubber 
toys.  This  co.  has  a  capital  of  $125,000,  employs  125  men,  and 
turns  out  $100,000  to  $1.50,000  worth  of  goods  per  year. 

1  The  Dutchess  Printing  Co.,  incorp.  with  a  capital  of  $300,000, 
employs  300  hands,  and  produces  $750,000  worth  of  prints  per 
annum.  The  Franklin  DaleManuf 'g  Co.,  incorp.  with  a  capital 
of  $150,000.  employs  250  hands,  and  turns  out  $150,000  worth 
of  printing  cloths  per  annum.  There  are,  besides,  a  foundry, 
comb  factory,  and  numerous  machine  shops.  A  large  cotton 
factory  w;i3  burnt  here  a  few  years  since,  and  has  not  been  re- 
built. 

2  The  Glenham  Woolen  Co.,  incorp.  with  a  capital  of  $75,000. 
employs  175  hands,  and  turns  out  $275,000  worth  of  goods  an- 
nually.   It  was  first  started  in  1811. 

8  The  first  mill  was  erected  at  the  mouth  of  Fishkill,  some 
time  before  1709.    A  ferry  to  Newburgh  was  authorized  in  1743. 

*  The  house  now  occupied  by  Hon.  Isaac  Teller  and  his  sisters 
at  Matteawan^-one  of  the  first  built  in  town — belonged  to  Roger 
Brett,  a  son-in-law  of  Rumbout.  It  was  built  about  1710.  The 
liouse  is  one  story,  87  by  36  ft.,  the  sides  and  roof  covered  with 
mdar  shingles.    It  was  often  filled  with  oflBcers  and  soldiers 


in  the  Revolution,  and  salt  was  stored  in  its  cellar  for  the 
army. 

s  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  at  Fishkill  Vil- 
lage early  in  the  last  century ;  but  the  precise  date  cannot  be 
ascertained.  The  earliest  church  records  bear  date  of  Sept.  30, 
1727.  Rev.  Dr.  De  Witt  supposed  that  the  church  was  formed  as 
early  as  1716.  The  present  edifice  was  built  in  17S6,  in  the  place 
of  one  built  in  1731.  The  old  church  was  used  for  barracks  by 
the  American  army  during  the  Revolution.  The  present  churches 
are  as  follows :— Presb..  M.  E..  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and  Af.  ISIeth.  at  Fish- 
kill Landing;  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Prot.  Metb..  and  R.C.  .it  Jlattca- 
wan;  M.E.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and  Prot.  E.  at  Glenham;  Jl.E..  Ref. 
Prot.  D..  and  Prot.  E.  at  Fishkill ;  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  and  Bnp.  at  Wap- 
pingers Falls ;  Presb.  at  BrinkerhoffviUe;  M.  E.  at  Carthage  Land- 
ing; Presb.  at  lIiighsonviHe;  and  Uef.  Prot.  D.  at  New  Hackensack. 

6  Named  by  Dr.  John  Hard,  Irom  Hyde  Park,  London. 

'  Prot.  E.,  M.  E..  Bap.,  Presb.,  Kef.  Prot.  D.,  K.C.,  and  Friends. 

6  Named  from  La  Fayette's  residence  in  France. 

6  The  Titus  Woolen  Factory,  established  here  in  1828,  employs 
60  to  70  liands.  and  turns  out  about  $100,000  worth  of  cloths  per 
annum;  capital,  $50,000. 

10  This  town  is  included  in  the  tract  known  as  the  *'  Little 
Nine  Partners." 


Z 

o 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


273 


Kil,  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  containa  1  church  and  25  houses;  KocR  City'  (p.  v.)  a  grist  and  saw  mill 
and  20  houses;  Milanville  (Milan  p.o.)  12  houses;  and  l.a  rayctteville  (p. v.)  IGhouses. 
SbOOkville  and  Tlioriiville  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlements  were  principally  made  by- 
tenants  under  the  original  proprietors,  about  1760,^  ard  a  large  share  of  the  land  is  still  hold  by 
leasehold  tenure.    The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  fijrmed  about  1790.    The  census  reports  4  churches.'' 

BIORTIIEAST* — was  formed  as  a  town,  March  7,  1788.  Milan  was  taken  ofi'  in  1818,  and 
Pine  Plains  in  1823.  It  is  the  n.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  A  tongue  of  land  li  mi.  wide,  upon 
the  E.  border,  extends  4  mi.  N.  of  the  remaining  part  of  the  town.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  and 
broken  upland.  The  Taghkanick  Mts.,  extending  along  the  E.  border,  are  rocky  and  broken,  and  are 
1000  to  1200  ft.  above  tide.  The  highest  point  in  the  valley  w.  of  the  mountains,  forming  the  sum- 
mit level  of  the  N.  Y.  &  H.  R.  R.,  is  771  feet  above  tide.  Ten  Mile  River,  the  principal  stream, 
flows  s.  through  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  town.  Chekomiko  Creek  flows  N.  through  the  w. 
part.  Indian  Pond,  on  the  e.  line.  Round  Pond,  on  the  s.  line,  and  Ruds  Pond  are  the  principal 
bodies  of  water.  The  valleys  have  generally  a  gravelly  and  clayey  soil,  but  the  hills  in  some 
places  are  rocky  and  fit  only  for  pasturage.  An  extensive  bed  of  iron  ore  has  been  opened  1  mi. 
N.  E.  of  Millerton,  near  the  Conn,  line.*  IVortUeast  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches  and 
20  houses;  Millerton,"  (p.  v.,)  a  rail  road  station,  contains  1  church  and  27  houses ;  and 
Spencers  Corners  (Northeast  p.o.)  a  church  and  12  houses.  Coleman  IStation  is  in 
the  s.  part.  Federal  Store  ami  Oblong  are  p.  offices.  The  pioneer  settlers  were  mostly  from 
Conn.,  and  located  here  from  1725  to  1730.'  The  first  religious  services  were  held  by  Moravian 
missionaries,  at  an  Indian  mission  house  at  the  n.  end  of  Indian  Lake.'  There  are  4  churches  in 
town.' 

PAWliUVG'" — was  formed  as  a  town,  March  7,  1788.  Dover  was  taken  oif  in  1807.  It  is  the 
s.  E.  corner  town  in  the  co.  A  high  range  of  hills  extends  along  the  E.  border,  and  another  occupies 
the  w.  part.  A  fine,  broad  valley  occupies  the  central  portions  and  separates  the  two  highland 
regions."  Swamp  and  Croton  Rivers  take  their  rise  in  the  valley,  tlie  former  flowing  n.  and  the 
latter  s.  Whaleys  and  Little  Ponds— the  sources  of  the  Fishkill— lie  near  the  w.  border,  and  Ob- 
long Pond  lies  in  the  N.  E.  part.  The  ridge  of  limestone  from  which  marble  is  quarried  extends 
into  the  n.  part  from  Dover.  The  soil  is  a  slaty  and  gravelly  loam.  Large  quantities  of  milk  are 
daily  sent  to  the  New  York  market.  Pawling^,  (p.  v.,)  a  station  on  the  11.  &  N.  Y.  R.  R.,  con- 
tains a  bank,  2  churches,  and  25  houses.  Canipbollville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  part,  contains  14 
houses.  Quaker  Hill  (p.o.)  and  Farmers  Uill  (p.o.)  are  hamlets.  Settlements  are  suj>- 
posed  to  have  commenced  at  Quaker  Hill  between  1720  and  1730,  by  Friends  from  R.  I.,  who 
organized  the  first  religious  society  soon  after  their  arrival.'-  There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  M.  E., 
Bap.,  and  Friends. 

PIRTE  PliAUVS"— was  formed  from  Northeast,  March  26,  1823.  It  lies  on  the  N.  border 
of  the  CO.,  E.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  the  ridges  being  separated  by  bi-oad 
valleys.  The  highest  summit  is  Stissing  Mt.,  in  the  w.  part,  400  to  500  feet  above  the  valleys. 
Its  declivities  are  steep,  and  it  is  crowned  with  a  mass  of  naked  rock.  Roelifi'  Jansens  Kil  crosses 
the  N.  w.  corner,  and  the  Shekomeko  or  Cheecomico  flows  n.  through  near  the  center.  Thompsons, 
Stissing,  and  Mud  Ponds  lie  at  the  e.  foot  of  Stissing  Mt.,  and  Buttermilk  Pond  and  several  smaller 
ones  are  in  the  s.  part.     The  soil  is  generally  a  productive,  gravelly  loam.    Marl  is  found  in  several 


X  Named  from  the  rock  which  crops  out  in  the  ac^acent  hills 
and  alon^  the  streams. 

n  In  1760,  Johannes  Rowe  bought  of  Robert  Livingston  911 
acres  a  little  n.  of  La  Fayetteville,  and  located  upon  it.  Among 
the  other  early  settlers  we  find  the  names  of  Clark,  Stewart, 
Simons,  and  Herrick,  a  part  of  whom  wore  from  Conn. 

8  2  M.  E..  andl  each  Christian  and  Union. 

*  Named  from  its  geographical  position  in  the  co.  Northeast 
Precinct  was  formed  from  the  North  Precinct,  Dec.  16, 1740,  and 
embraced  the  Little  or  Upper  Nine  Partnei-s  Tract.  Tlie  North 
Precinct  was  extended  across  the  Oblong  Tract  to  the  Conn,  lino, 
Dec.  17,  174.3. 

*  The  Dakin  ore  bed  was  opened  in  1846  b,v  the  proprietor, 
who  erected  a  furnace  in  the  vicinity  and  nin  it  until  1856. 
The  mine  is  at  the  foot  of  the  Taghkanick  Mt..  where  it  makes 
a  bend  into  Conn.,  and  about  li  mi.  above  the  Salisbury  (Conn.) 
mines.  From  SOOO  to  10.000  tons  of  ore  are  taken  out  annually, 
and  are  mostly  sent  by  R.  R.  to  Hudson.  Benedict's  Furnace.  1 
mi.  N.  w.  of  Millerton,  makes  5  tons  of  pig  iron  daily,  principally 
from  Salisbury  ore.  A  cupola  furnace  has  also  been  erected 
here,  and  the  manufacture  of  car  wheels  commenced.  A  slate 
company  waa  incorp.  in  this  town  in  1813. 


*  Large  qnantities  of  milk  are  daily  sent  to  the  N.T.  market 

7  Baltus  Lott  and  Adam  Showernian  first  settled  in  the  s.  part 

of  the  town.    Barzillai  Rudd,  Elder  Dakin,  and  Spencer 

were  also  early  settlers. 

8  The  remains  of  this  old  mission  bouse  are  still  visible  on  tho 
fai-m  of  Douglas  Clark. 

9  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Cong. 

10  Pawling  Precinct  was  formed  from  Beekman  Precinct,  Dec. 
31,  1708. 

n  Mt.  Tom,  a  prominent  peak  i  mi.  w.  of  Pawling  Station,  ic 
about  300  feet  above  the  valley. 

12  The  Friends  meeting  house  on  Quaker  ITill  was  used  as  a 
hospital  during  the  Revolution,  aad  a  eonsiderable  number  of 
soldiers  were  buried  in  the  vicinity.  A  body  of  troops  were 
stationed  here  for  some  time;  and  Oen.  Washington  spent  a 
short  time  here  iu  1778. 

13  This  town  formed  a  portion  of  the  *'  Little  Nine  Partners" 
tract.  Many  of  tho  fiirms  are  still  owned  by  tho  heirs  of  tho 
original  proprietors,  and  are  leased  to  the  occupants.  All  efforts 
to  convert  the  leasehold  tenure  into  a  freehold  have  proved 
unsuccessful. 


18 


274 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


localities.^  Pine  Plains,  (p.  v.,)  iiear  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  a  bank  and  3  churches. 
Pop.  382.  Uaniiuerto^vn  contains  an  extensive  scythe  factory  and  a  dozen  houses.^  Pul- 
vers  Corner  (p.o.)  and  Mount  Ross  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlements  -were  probably 
made  about  1740.^  A  Moravian  mission  was  established  among  the  Indians  at  Shekomeko,  2  mi. 
s.  of  Pine  Plains,  in  Sept.  1740.*     There  are  7  churches  in  town.^ 

PliEASAMT  VALLEY— was  formed  from  Clinton,  Jan.  26,  1821.  It  is  an  interior  town, 
lying  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland.  Barnes  and  Dennis 
Hills,  in  the  N.  w.,  are  the  highest  points,  Wappingers  Creek  flows  s.  w.  through  near  the  center; 
Sprout  Creek  takes  its  rise  in  a  pond  in  the  s.  w.  part.  Slate  crops  out  along  the  hills,  and  a  vein 
of  marble  has  lately  been  discovered.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.  Pleasant  Val- 
ley, (p.  V.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  was  incorp.  April  15,  1814;  it  contains  a  cotton  factory^  and  4 
churches.  Pop,  500.'  Salt  Point,  (p.  v.,)  on  Wappingers  Creek,  contains  a  grist  and  plaster 
mill  and  17  houses.  Wasbin^on  Uollow,  (p.v,,)  on  the  line  of  Washington,  contains  a 
church,  cotton  factory,^  and  16  houses.  Cruni  Elboiv  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  church  (Presb.) 
was  formed  in  1765  ;  Rev.  Wheeler  Case,  the  first  pastor,  was  installed  Nov.  12  of  the  same  year- 
There  are  5  churches  in  town.^ 

POrCHREEPSIE^'*— was  formed  as  a  town  March  7, 1788.  The  city  of  Poughkeepsie  was 
taken  off  March  28,  1854.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is 
mostly  a  rolling  upland.  Wappingers  Creek,  forming  the  e.  boundary,  and  Fall  Kil,  flowing  s. 
through  Poughkeepsie  City,  each  furnish  a  considerable  amount  of  water  power.  The  soil  is 
clayey  in  the  w,  and  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  in  the  remaining  parts.  ]!Ve'W  llamburgb, 
(p.v,,)  on  the  Hudson,  in  the  extreme  s.  angle,  contains  2  churches.  It  is  a  r.  r.  station,  and  is 
connected  by  a  ferry  with  Marlborough,  Orange  co.  Pop,  339.  Cbannin^ville,  opposite  Wap- 
pingers Falls,  contains  a  gristmill,  2  churches,  and  50  houses.  Illancbester,  (Manchester  Bridge 
p.  0.,)  on  the  line  of  La  Grange,  contains  about  a  dozen  houses.^^  Rocbdale,  in  the  n.  e.  corner, 
contains  2  cotton  factories  and  15  houses.  I^ocust  Glen  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlements  were 
made  by  the  Dutch,  about  1700.****     There  are  4  churches  in  town;  2  M.  E.,  Presb.,  and  R.  C. 

POrGMREEPSIE  CITY— was  formed  from  Pough- 
keepsie, and  incorp.  as  a  village  March  27,  1799,  and  as  a  city 
March  28, 1854.  It  is  situated  upon  the  Hudson,  a  little  s.  of  the 
cente*  of  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  The  ground  gradually  rises 
from  the  river  to  a  table  land,  150  to  200  ft.  high,  upon  which 
most  of  the  city  is  built,  and  about  1  mi.  back  into  a  hill  500  ft. 
high.*^  Fall  Kil,  a  small  stream,  flows  in  a  tortuous  channel 
through  the  city,  affording  a  limited  amount  of  water  power. 
The  city  is  finely  laid  out  on  the  bluff  overlooking  the  Hudson; 
and,  besides  the  co.  buildings,  it  contains  4  banks,  1  saWngs^ 
bank,  18  churches,  and  many  other  fine  public  and  private 
buildings.  Its  location  gives  to  the  city  commercial  advantages 
which  are  fully  improved.     During  the  summer  daily  lines  of  steamers  run  to  New  York  and  to 


1  Upon  draining  Uoag  Pond,  li  mi.  s.  E.  of  Pine  Plains  Village, 
a-very  deep  bed  of  marl,  covering  6  or  8  acres,  was  found.  Marl 
is  also  found  in  Buttermilk  Pond. 

2  Harris'e  Scythe  Factory  gives  employment  to  50  hands,  and 
turns  out  about  2000  dozen  scythes  per  nnnum. 

8  Id  1740.  John  Ran,  a  German,  lived  on  a  hill  N.  E.  from  She- 
komeko. John  Tice  Smith.  Jas.  Graham,  C.  W.  Rantz,  Ebr. 
Dibble,  aiid Snyder  were  also  early  settlers. 

*  This  mission  was  commenced  in  Sept.  1740,  by  Henry  Ranch, 
and  on  the  22d  of  Feb.  1742,  the  firsts  Indian  converts  were 
baptized.  Before  the  end  of  the  year,  26  more  were  converted, 
and  a  place  of  worship  was  erected.  This  little  community  had 
not  become  fully  settled  before  its  quiet  was  disturbed  by  the 
intrusion  of  an  armed  force  under  the  orders  of  the  sheriff,  at 
the  instigation  of  intolerant  and  bigoted  neighbors;  and,  al- 
though neither  arms  nor  any  thing  else  were  found  that  could 
lie  construed  into  hostile  designs  a^^ainst  the  Government,  the 
uiissionaries  were  seized  and  brought  before  the  Governor  and 
Council  at  New  York,  under  charge  of  being  in  the  interests  of 
the  French  and  nf  endeavoring  to  seduce  the  Indians  from  their 
alliance  with  the  English.  Upon  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiancfi,  they  were  reprimanded  and  discharged.  Their  ene- 
mies, well  knowing  their  conscientious  scruples  in  regai-d  to 
oaths,  in  1744  obtained  the  passage  of  an  act  "for  securing  his 
majesty's  government  in  New  York,"  by  which  an  oath  of  alle- 
giance was  made  obligatory.  Rather  than  do  violence  to  their 
crmscittuces,  the  uiissio&aries  removed  to  Bethlehem,  Peun.^ 


followed  by  several  of  their  Indian  converts.  The  mission  was 
visited  by  Count  Zinzendorf  and  Bishop  David  Nitschman  soon 
after  its  location  in  this  town.  During  the  last  2  years,  62  native 
converts  were  baptized  and  admitted  to  the  rliurch.  Gottlieb 
Buettner,  one  of  the  missionaries,  died  in  Feb.  1745,  at  this 
placf . — Beckeivdder's  Hist.  Mnrav.  Missions,  20  ;  Doc.  Hist.  K.  T,, 
in.  1014;  Davis's  Sftekomeko,  p.  29. 

6  Bap.,  M.  E..  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  and  Friends. 

6  This  factory  was  built  in  1815,  by  John  Gibbons.  It  con- 
tains 80  looms,  and  gives  employment  to  76  hands. 

'  The  charter  of  this  village  is  a  dead  letter,  as  no  election  baa 
taken  place  in  10  years.    The  village  records  are  lost. 

8  This  factorv  gives  employment  to  about  40  hands. 

»  2  M.  E.,  Friends,  Prot.  E.,  and  Presb. 

10  Poughkeepsie  Precinct  was  formed  Dec.  Ifi,  1737.  Tn  early 
documents  the  name  is  spelled  in  a  variety  of  ways,  as  *'  Picipsi" 
and  ^' Poh-ipsi.'^  The  original  name  is  said  to  have  been  Apo- 
keep-sink,  signifying  ''deep  water." 

n  A  cotton  factory  was  formerly  in  operation  here.  In  1849  it 
was  changed  to  a  paper  mill,  which  was  run  until  lSo7. 

12  Near  the  s.  line  of  the  city  is  a  house  built  before  the  Revo- 
lution and  formerly  owned  by  Philip  Livingston.  It  still  bears 
the  marks  of  balls  fired  by  the  British.  The  dwelling  of  Gov. 
Geo.  Clinton,  still  standing,  6  mi.  below  the  city,  is  now  owned 
by  Philip  S.  Van  Rensselaer.  Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse,  the  inventor 
of  the  electric  telegraph,  resides  2  mi.  S.  of  the  city. 

13  About  1  uii.  N.  of  this  hill  is  another  of  about  the  same  ele- 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


275 


Albany,  and  a  considerable  trade  is  carried  on  by  barges  and  boats.  The  daily  line  of  steamers 
between  New  York  and  Albany  touches  here.  A  steam  feri*y  connects  the  city  with  New  Paltz 
Lauding.  The  manuf;ictures  are  extensive  and  various.  They  consist  chiefly  of  pig  iron,  car- 
riages, carpets,  pins,  chairs,  drugs,  files,  sewing  silk,  and  ale.^ 

The  City  Hall  is  a  plain  l)rick  building,  situated  on  Main  St.,  a  little  w.  of  the  courthouse. 

Tlie  FuUic  Schools  are  under  the  charge  of  a  board  of  education,  consisting  of  12  members, 
of  whom  3  are  elected  annually.  The  schools  are  G  in  number,  and  employ  23  teachers, — 3  males 
and  20  females.  In  1857  the  number  of  children  between  4  and  21  was  4329,  of  whom  1900  (or  44 
per  cent.)  were  in  attendance  at  school  during  some  portion  of  the  year.  The  total  expenses  of  the 
schools  were  §S444  13.     The  number  of  volumes  in  the  district  libraries  was  4683. 

The  Dutchess  Co.  Academy  occupies  a  large  3  story  brick  building  on  Hamilton  St.^ 

The  Pomjhheepsie  Female  Seminary,  situated  on  Cannon  St.,  was  founded  by  a  st^:»ck  co.,  at  a 
cost  of  S15,000.     Eleven  teachers  and  two  lecturers  are  connected  with  it. 

The  Ftfuyhkcepsie  Collegiate  School  is  situated  on  a  hill  J  of  a  mi.  E.  of  the  city.  A  lot  of  80 
acres  is  connected  with  the  institution,  and  the  building  and  grounds  are  valued  at  §75,000.* 

The  Mansion  Square  Female  Institute  is  a  private  institution,  corner  of  Mansion  and  Catharine 
St«.     It  has  9  teachers  and  80  pupils. 

The  Dr.  McLellans  Female  Collegiate  Institute,  a  private  institution,  is  situated  at  the  corner  of 
Mill  and  Catharine  Sts.  It  occupies  a  3  story  brick  building,  and  has  10  teachers  and  about  100  pupils. 

The  Cottage  Hill  Seminary,  a  private  institution  for  young  ladies,  is  located  on  a  beautiful  site 
upon  Garden  St.  It  is  under  the  charge  of  a  principal,  assisted  by  12  teachers  and  lecturers.  A 
library  of  2000  volumes  is  connected  with  it,  and  the  niunber  of  pupils  is  limited  to  50. 

The  Law  School,  incorp.  in  1851,  and  first  located  at  Ballston  Spa,  w^  removed  to  this  city  in 
1853,  and  its  sessions  are  still  held  here.  A  Young  Men's  Association  has  been  established,  for 
the  purpose  of  furnishing  winter  lectures. 

The  PougJikeepsie  Lyceum  of  Literature,  Science,  and  Art  was  incorp.  April  6,  1838. 

The  Poughkeepsie  Orphan  Asylum  and  Home  of  the  Friendless,  having  for  its  object  the  care  of 
orphans  and  destitute  children,  was  organized  June  21, 1847.  Besides  these,  there  is  ^  Rural  Cefme- 
tery  Association,*  a  well  organized  Fire  Department,  and  an  Aqueduct  Association,  Population  of  the 
city,  12,703.5 

The  first  settlement  was  begun  in  1690  and  1700.  BaltusVan  Kleeck  built  the  first  house  within 
the  present  limits  of  the  city,  in  1702,  on  land  now  owned  by  Matthew  Vassar  Jr.,  near  Cong. 
Church.^  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  about  1700,  Rev.  Cornelius  Van  Schie  was 
installed  pastor  of  this  church  and  the  one  at  Fishkill  in  1727 .'' 

The  Van  Kleeck  House,  a  substantial  st^ne  building,  was  used  for  purposes  of  defence,  and  just 
'  under  the  eaves  the  walls  were  pierced  with  loop-holes  fi:)r  musketry.  This  building  was  after- 
ward the  meeting  place  of  the  inhabitants  to  consult  upon  the  public  welfare  when  the  Boston 
Port  Bill  and  kindred  measures  awakened  a  spirit  of  resistance  through  the  country.  There  the 
Committee  of  Correspondence  of  Dutchess  held  their  meetings ;  and  there  the  pledge  to  sustain  the 
Continental  Congress  and  the  Provincial  Assembly  was  signed  by  the  inhabitants  of  Poughkeepsie 
in  June  and  July,  1775. 


vation.  Many  beautifHil  and  costly  dwellings  are  built  upon 
these  table  landa  about  the  city,  affording  a  fine  view  of  the  city 
and  viillt-y.  The  eye  here  has  au  uniuterrupted  range  of  view 
over  JSUO  sq.  mi.  of  country. 

1  The  Poughkeepsie  Iron  Works  were  estaMished  in  1S48,  with 
a  capital  of  fJU*i.0O(j;  75  hands  are  employed,  and  10,000  to  11.000 
tuns  of  pig  iron  are  manufactured  per  annum.  The  ores  used  are 
the  JuMiiatitc  from  Kislikill.  and  the  magnetic  ore  from  Kssex 
CO.  The  i'oughkeepsie  Carriage  Manufactory,  with  a  capital  of 
$36,000.  employs  <iO  hands,  and  turna  out  $90,000  to  glOO.OOO 
worth  of  carriages  per  annum,  whirh  are  chiefly  sold  in  the 
Southern  marketa.  Peltoii's  I'arpet  Factory,  with  a  capital  of 
$00,000,  t-mploys  60  to  70  hands,  and  produces'00,00o  tn  B5.000  ydH. 
of  carpeting  per  year.  A  pin  fnctory.  iu  the  same  building,  em- 
ploys 16  handa.  The  Poughkeepsie  Chair  JlauuHxctory  employs 
300  hands,  and  produces  $i>0.000  worth  of  chairs  per  year,  which 
are  nn)8tly  sent  to  Soutli  America.  An  establishment  for  the 
prep;»ratinn  of  dye  Btuffs  and  drugs  employs  30  liand.t,  and  manu- 
facture** $200,000  worth  of  gH^danunually.  A  file  factory,  started 
in  ls.^t).  cmploy.<3 1*2  men:  and  a  sewing  silk  factory,  started  in 
IKSS.  employs  15  to  '20  h  mds.  \I.  Vas.«iar  &  C'l.'s  Brewery  and 
Malt  Works,  commenced  in  1795.  has  a  capital  of  $150,000,  em- 
ploys .'(II  men,  and  manufacturfs  30.000  bbls.  of  ale  per  year. 

*  TluH  building  was  en-cted  in  1836.  at  a  cost  of  $U.OOO. 

'  The  building  of  this  institution  is  of  brtck, modeled  after  the 
Parthenon.  It  waa  organized  under  the  charge  of  ('has.  liart- 
lett,  N.  P.TaUmage,  and Cuuuingbam.    See  p.  750. 


*  The  PonghkeepBie  Rural  Cemetery  consists  of  54  acres,  aitu 
ated  in  the  town  of  Poughkeepsie.  a  short  distance  below  the 
city,  between  the  Highland  Turnpike  and  the  Hutison. 

6  The  population  of  the  town  of  Poughkeepsie  (including  the 
city  recently  organized)  at  different  periods  has  been  as  fol- 
lows : — 

17')0 2,529  I  1814 5,673  I  1830 7.222  I  1845 11,791 

1800 3,246     1820 5.726     1835 8,529     IS-^O 1.3,944 

1810 4,669  I  1825 5,935  |  1840 ;i0.006  |  1S55 15.873 

«  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Dutch  families  named  Van 
Do  Bogart,  Van  Beuechoten,  Van  De  Bergh.  Van  Wagener,  Da 
(iraff.  ho  Koy,  Parmentier,  Messier,  Ostrom,  llogeboom,  Filkins, 
Swartwout,  Frear,  Hegenian.  and  Liviugston.  The  first  house 
stood  until  1S35.  It  was  built  of  stone,  and  was  furnished  with 
loopholes  for  the  use  of  musketry.  During  the  Revolution  tho 
colonial  legislature  held  several  sessions  in  it. 

^  In  175S,  the  controversy  between  the  Cetus  and  Confevontio 
parties  distracted  this  church,  and  led  to  its  divitiiou  in  1763. 
The  former  of  these  parties  wished  to  sever  their  connection  from 
the  Classis  at  Amsterdam  and  become  independent,  and  the 
latter  wished  to  still  preserve  their  connection  with  the  mother 
church.  The  controversy  divided  nearly  all  the  Ucf.  Prot.  D. 
churches  in  America,  and  it  was  not  entirely  settled  until  about 
1790,  when  a  reconciliation  tookplace.  Thereare  nowlSchurchea 
in  the  city;  4  M.  K..  2  Kef.  Prot.  D.,  2  prot.  K.,  {Christ's  and  St, 
.lolin's,)  2  Bap,,  and  Cong.,  Presb.,  Uuiv.j  Ocr.  Luth.,  Af.  Moth., 
Frieuds,  R.  C,  and  Jewish. 


276 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


As  soon  as  tlie  alarm  occasioned  by  the  invasion  of  Sir  Henry  Clinton  (in  1777)  had  subsided, 
Gov.  Clinton  called  a  meeting  of  the  Legislature  at  Poughkeepsie.  It  assembled  at  the  Van  Kleeck 
House  early  in  Jan.  1778.  Various  acts  to  complete  the  organization  of  the  State  Government 
were  passed  ;  provisions  were  made  for  strengthening  the  civil  and  military  powers  of  the  State  ; 
and  it  was  during  that  session  that  the  State  gave  its  assent  to  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  the 
organic  law  of  the  Federal  Union  until  our  present  Constitution  was  formed  and  adopted. 

The  State  Convention  to  consider  the  Federal  Constitution  assembled  at  the  Van  Kleeck  House  on 
June  17,  1788.  There  were  57  delegates  present,  and  Gov.  George  Clinton  was  chosen  President 
of  the  Convention.  In  that  assembly  were  some  of  the  most  distinguished  men  of  the  Revolution, 
and  the  debates  were  of  the  most  interesting  character.  In  no  State  in  the  Union  was  hostility  to 
the  Federal  Constitution  more  extensive  and  violent  than  in  the  State  of  New  York.  Forty-six  of 
the  57  delegates,  including  the  governor,  were  Anti-Federalists,  or  opposed  to  the  Constitution. 
The  principal  advocates  of  the  instrument  were  John  Jay,  Alexander  Hamilton,  and  Robert 
Livingston.  Mr.  Hamilton  had  been  a  leading  member  of  the  National  Convention  that  framed 
the  Constitution,  and  also  one  of  the  principal  writers  of  The  Federalist.  He  felt  the  responsibility 
of  his  situation,  and  the  Convention  readily  acknowledged  the  value  of  his  judgment.  He  was  per- 
fectly familiar  with  every  topic  included  in  the  wide  range  which  the  debates  embraced,  and  he 
was  nobly  sustained  by  his  colleagues  Jay  and  Livingston.  The  hostile  feelings  of  many  of  the 
Anti-Federalists  gradually  yielded,  and  on  the  26th  of  July  the  final  question  of  ratification  was 
carried  in  the  affirmative  by  a  majority  of  3  votes. 

Huddlestone,  the  famous  spy,  who  was  captured  upon  Wild  Boar  Hill,  near  Y'onkers,  West- 
chester CO.,  was  tried,  condemned,  and  hung  in  Poughkeepsie  in  April,  1780.  The  place  of  his 
execution  was  upon  a  verge  of  the  plain  on  which  the  town  stands  known  as  Forbuses  Hill.  He 
was  accompanied  to  the  scaffold  by  the  co.  officers  and  a  small  guard  of  militia  enrolled  for  the 
purpose.^ 

REDIIOOK- — was  formed  from  Rhinebeck,  .June  2, 1812.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the 
N.  w.  corner  of  tlie  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolliug  upland,  terminating  on  the  Hudson  in  a  series  of 
bluffs  100  to  150  ft.  high.  The  e.  part  is  hilly.  Prospect  Ilill  is  a  prominent  peak  a  little  s.  of 
Upper  Redhook  Village.  The  streams  are  the  Saw  Kil  and  AVhite  Clay  Kil.  The  valleys 
of  the  streams  are  broad  and  their  banks  low.  Long  Pond,  in  the  E.  part,  forms  the  source  of  the 
Saw  Kil.  The  soil  along  the  river  is  a  clay  loam,  and  in  the  remaining  parts  a  sandy,  gravelly,  or 
slaty  loam.  Redliook,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  a  cigar  and  tobacco  manufactory,  a 
female  orphan  asylum,"  and  3  churches.  Pop.  625.  Tivoli,*  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  w.  part,  is  a  steam- 
boat landing  and  a  R.  R.  station.  A  large  forwarding  business  is  carried  on  here.  It  is  adja- 
cent to  Myersvllle,  the  two  places  forming  a  continuous  village.  They  contain  5  churches  and 
about  600  inhabitants.  Barrytown  (p.  v.)  is  a  r.  r.  station,  6  mi.  below  Tivoli.  It  contains  1 
church,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  Pop.  250.  Upper  Redliook,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  E. 
part,  contains  1  church  and  175  inhabitants.  Cedar  Hill,  on  the  Saw  Kil,  contains  1  church,  a 
carpet  yarn  manufactory,  a  flouring  mill,*  and  175  inhabitants.  The  first  settlements  were  made 
between  1713  and  1727,  by  the  Dutch.  There  are  11  churches  in  town."  Along  the  river  are 
numerous  elegant  country  seats.  The  old  residence  of  Gen.  .John  Armstrong  is  now  owned  by  his 
son-in-law,  William  B.  Astor.  The  former  estate  of  Gen.  Montgomery  is  now  occupied  by  Mrs. 
Edward  Livingston.' 

RHIKEBECR*'— was  formed  as  a  town,  March  7,  1788.  Redhook  was  taken  off  in  1812. 
It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  and  moderately 
hilly  upland,  terminating  on  the  river  in  bluffs  100  to  150  ft.  high.  Landmans  Creek,  the  principal 
stream,  flows  s.  w.  through  near  the  center.  Rhinebeck  Kil  is  its  tributary.  Lake  Sepasco  is  a 
small  body  of  water  in  the  n.  e.  corner.     The  soil  is  principally  a  fine  quality  of  sandy  loam. 


1  Losmtg's  FiM  Bvk,  rul.  T,  pp.  3S3,  SS4. 

2  By  the  Dutch  called  Koode  llot-ck.  Tradition  ascribes  the 
name  of  the  town  to  a  marsh  near  Tivoli,  covered  with  ripe 
cranberries  when  first  seen. 

3  Supported  entirely  by  Mrs.  William  B.  .^stor. 

*  Pronounced  Tiv'o-le.  A  ferry  connects  this  place  with  Sau- 
gerties,  Ulster  co.  ^  Erected  in  1856.  at  a  cost  of  530,000. 

^  4  Prot.  E.,  3  M.  E.,  Lutb.,  Bap.,  Union,  and  Independent ;  the 
laflt  is  the  Sylvanian  Chapel  at  Barrytown,  owned  by  Robert 
I)onal3on. 

'  .\mong  the  early  settlors  were  families  named  Haeners,  Shn- 
foldt,  Zippertie.  Hagerdorn,  Wiederwax,  Tranvs.  Stjiats.  Mell- 
»uu,  Bermar,  Woldorf,  Near,  Proseus.and  others,  mostly  from 


Germany.  They  lirst  settled  near  Barrytown  and  Tivoli.  The 
first  marriage  on  record  is  that  of  Adam  Sh.affer  and  Maria 
Schoett,  July  81, 1746.  The  first  baptism  on  the  church  record 
is  that  of  Catherine  Woldorf,  April  IS,  1734. 

8  Rhinebeck  Precinct,  ,as  formed  Dec.  16, 1737,  included  the 
lands  purchased  of  the  widow  Pauldiui;  and  her  children  by  Dr. 
Sjim'l  Staats ;  all  the  land  granted  to  Adrian.  Roosa,  and  C^tbe ; 
land  patented  by  Col.  Henry  Beekman.  June  5,  1703;  and  the 
land  granted  to  Col.  Peter  Schuyler,  called  the  Magdalen  Island 
Purchase.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  first  settlers,  who  were 
from  near  the  Rhine,  in  Germany,  and  Beekman,  an  original 
proprietor. 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


277 


Rhinebeck,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  April  23,  1834.  It  contains  a 
bank,  paper  mill,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  private  academy,'  and  5  churches.  Pop.  1051.  Rhine- 
beck  Station,  (p.  v.,)  on  tlie  Hudson,  contains  a  paper  mill  and  18  houses.  A  steam  ferry 
connects  the  place  with  Rondout,  Ulster  co.  Monterey,-  near  the  x.  border,  contains  a  church 
and  10  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  some  time  before  1700,  but  the  precise  date  cannot 
be  determined.  The  first  family  that  came  in  was  that  of  AVm.  Beekman,  the  original  proprietor.' 
His  homestead  (known  as  the  Beekman  House,  built  on  a  high  point  above  llhinebeck  Station)  is  still 
standing.*  The  first  religious  services  are  said  to  have  been  held  in  this  house.  The  first  church 
(Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  May  23,  1724,  at  the  present  village  of  Monterey.^  The  Lutheran 
church  at  Monterey  was  formed  in  1730.'     There  are  6  churches  in  town.' 

STAMFORD' — was  formed  from  Washington,  March  12,  1793.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
N.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  broken  and  hilly  upland.  The  hills  are  generally 
rounded,  and  admit  of  cultivation  to  their  summits.  Slate  crops  out  in  numerous  places  along  their 
declivities,  and  bowlders  and  water-worn  pebbles  are  thickly  strewn  over  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  surface.  The  highest  point  is  Carpenter  Hill,  in  the  s.  e.  corner.  Wappingers  Creek,  flowing 
s.  w.  through  near  the  center,  is  the  principal  stream,  llunns  Lake,'  in  the  N.  E.,  and  Uptons  Pond, 
in  the  s.  w.,  are  the  principal  bodies  of  water.  The  soil  is  a  good  quality  of  gravelly  and  slaty  loam. 
A  considerable  quantity  of  milk  is  sent  daily  to  New  York  by  the  Harlem  R.  R.  Stanford- 
ville,  (p.  V.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  a  gristmill,  carriage  axle  factory,  paper  mill, 
3  churches,  and  35  dwellings.  Bangall,  (p.  v.,)  on  AVappingers  Creek,  contains  2  gristmills,  2 
sawmills,  a  foundry,  2  churches,  and  30  dwellings.  Attlebury,  (p.o.,)  Stissing-ville,  and 
Old  Attlebury'"  are  hamlets.  Smith  Thompson,  U.  S.  Circuit  Judge,  was  a  native  and  resident 
of  this  town.     There  are  5  churches  in  town." 

UIVIOIV  VAliE'^ — was  formed  from  Beekman  and  "Freedom,"  (now  La  Grange,)  March  1, 
1827.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  and  broken 
upland  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  broad  valley  which  extends  N.  and  s.  through  the  center. 
Slate  crops  out  upon  the  summits  and  the  declivities  of  the  hills.  The  Clove  Kil,  a  tributary 
of  Fishkill  Creek,  flows  s.  w.  through  near  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  slaty  loam.  An 
iron  mine  near  Clove  p.o.  supplies  the  Beekman  Furnace,  2  mi.  farther  s.  Verbank,  (p. v.,)  in 
the  N.  w.  corner,  contains  2  gristmills,  a  paper  mill,  church,  and  a  dozen  dwellings.  Oswego 
Village,  (p.o.,)  near  the  w.  border,  contains  a  church  and  10  dwellings.  Clove,  (p.o..)  near 
the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  about  a  dozen  dwellings.  CroMse  Store,  in  the  s.  part, 
Mansfield,  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  and  Pleasant  Ridge,  in  the  s.  E.  corner,  are  p.  offices. 
Henricus  Beekman,  the  patentee,  conveyed  1,000  acres  to  his  son  Henry  in  171G,  and  settlement  is 
supposed  to  have  commenced  soon  after.     There  are  4  churches  in  town.'^ 

W.tSIIIl«GTOM"— was  formed  March  7,  1788.  Stanford  was  taken  oS"  in  1793.  It  is  an 
interior  town,  lying  near  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland.  Slate 
crops  out  on  the  hills,  and  water-worn  pebbles  are  thickly  strewn  over  a  small  portion  of  the  sur- 
face. The  principal  elevations  are  Muckle  Hill,  near  the  center,  Molly  Mt.,  in  the  N.  w.  corner, 
Plymouth  Hill,  in  the  s.  E.  corner,  and  Canoe  Hill,  near  the  N.  line.  The  streams  are  small  creeks 
and  brooks.  Round  and  Shaw  Ponds,  in  the  N.  part,  form  the  sources  of  Wappingers  Creek.  A 
large  quantity  of  milk  is  sent  from  the  e.  part  to  N.  Y.  by  the  Harlem  R.  R.  The  raising  of  blooded 
stock  receives  considerable  attention.'*  llarts  Village,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  2  grist- 
mills, 2  sawmills,  a  spoke  factory,  and  28  dwellings."  Mabbettsville,"  (p.o.,)  2  mi.  e.  of  Harts 


1  The  Rbinebeck  Academy  was  formerly  incorp.,  but  ia  now  a 
priv.tte  institution.  It  employs  2  teachers,  and  has  an  average 
of  100  pupils. 

2  Named  by  Geo.  Pink,  who  was  appointed  first  postmaster 
in  1849.    The  p.o.  has  since  been  discoulinucd. 

>  Wm.  Beekman  came  from  Germany  witli  his  son,  Henricus, 
in  May.  Tfi47  :  anil  with  them  cime  a  number  of  poor  families, 
who  afterward  settled  in  this  town.  Among  the  first  families 
were  those  uauied  Sipperly,  Kipp,  Pink,  Schmidt,  Shoptown, 
Backman.  and  Elseffer. 

*  This  house  was  built  of  stone,  and  was  used  as  a  fortress  in 
early  times.  The  brick  used  in  the  chimneys  were  brought 
from  Holland.     It  is  now  owned  by  A.  J.  Hermance,  Esq. 

6  About  ISOO  this  church  divided,  by  mutual  consent  of  the 
members:  one  branch  located  at  Rhinebeck  and  the  other  at 
Itedhook.  The  first  baptism  on  record  is  that  of  John  Schmidt, 
April  6.  1730. 

*  Fred.  Uenry  Quitman — fiither  of  Gen.  Quitman,  of  the  Mexi- 
can \Nar — was  for  several  years  pastor  of  tliis  church.  He  was 
born  in  the  Duchy  of  Cleves,  WestpbaUa,  in  17  60,  and  died  in  1832. 


'  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Luth.,  Prot.  E,  M.  E.,  and  Bap.  at  Rhine- 
beck. and  Luth.  at  Monterey. 

8  This  town  was  included  in  the  Great  Nine  Partners  Tract. 

^  Formerly  Thompsons  Poml. 

10  An  inimeuse  spring  of  pure  cold  water  near  this  place  bos 
considerable  local  notoriety. 

'1  Orthodox  Friends,  Uicksite  Friends.  Christian,  Bap.,  and 
M.  E. 

12  This  town  constitutes  a  portion  of  the  Beekman  Purchase. 

13  2  M.  E.,  Friends,  and  Christian. 

1*  This  town  is  mostly  comprised  within  the  Great  Nino  Part- 
ners Tract. 

1*  Saml.  Thorn,  of  Thorndalo.  1  mi.  w.  of  Four  C(.>rner8,  is  ex- 
tensively engaged  in  raising  the  short  horn  Durham  cattle. 
His  herd  of  70  head,  valued  at  $70,000,  is  the  most  vsiluable  one 
in  America. 

1^  A  mill  was  built  at  this  place  about  1760,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  fii-sl  in  town. 

17  ^'amed  from  J  as.  Mahbett,  a  former  proprietoi^ 


278 


DUTCHESS    COUNTY. 


Village,  contains  12  dwellings,  Liitbgow,  (p.o.,)  near  the  e.  line,  2  churches  and  10  dwellings, 
McctaaniC,  (Washington  p.o.,)  2  mi.  s.  of  Harts  Village,  a  boarding  school,'  2  churches,  and 
15  dwellings,  and  Little  Rest,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  E.  part,  2  gristmills  and  15  dwellings.  Four 
Corners  is  a  hamlet.  fVasliin^on  Hollow  (p-v.)  is  on  the  line  of  Pleasant  Valley. 
There  are  4  chui-ches  in  town.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,   Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Dutchess  County. 


Names  op  Towns. 


Anieoia. 

Beekman 

Clinton 

Dover. 

East  Fishkill 

Fishkill 

Hyde  Park 

La  Grange 

Milan - 

Northeast 

Pawling 

Pine  Plains 

Pleasant  Valley 

Poughkeepsie 

Poughkeepsie  City 

Redh.wk 

Khinebeck 

Stanford 

Union  Vale 

Washington 

Total 


Acres  op  Land. 


17,709 
13.003 
19.635 
17,4.s2 
22,611 
25.672 
17.090 
22.S2Si 
18.370i 
18,05liJ 
19,07lj| 
14,23.5 
17.464S 
15.R10J 
1.176} 
19,423 
17,3S7J 
26,067 
12,000i 
31.671 


|306,369J 


Valuation  of  1858. 


0.86'J 
4.227 
4.429 
9.1S7 
7.455 
4.210 
6.410 
3.153 
6,04'J 
6.193, 
9,773} 
3.941 
2.694 
6,118 
38 
2.725 
4,379 
6.514 
2,S75i 
4,077 
98.104J  121,170.239 


$1,113,660 

644.432 

611,195 

902.466 

876.426 

2.164,463 

1,321,925 

940.209 

472.307 

770,020 

602.993 

612.087 

626,970 

1,179.940 

2.177.940 

1,913.974 

1,863.905 

1,013.721 

436,672 

1,134,555 


$274,750 
177,550 
206.830 
206.713 
367,307 

1,265.057 
340.600 
247,020 
128.576 
126,400 
271,960 
179,305 
157,200 
333,350 

1,925,282 
409.600 
604,603 
237,479 
70,530 
271,,'iOO 


g 


$1,388,300 

721,982 

718,0251 

1,109,168; 

1,243,733 

3,429,620! 

1,062,526 

1,187,229 

600.883 

896,420 

874,943 

791,992 

784,170 

1,513,290 

4,103,222 

2,323,474 

2,358.608 

1,251.200 

607,102 

1,406.056 


701,602    28,871.741  29.638   30.997 


1,080 

078 

940 

971 

1,289 

4,244 

1,219 

904 

812 

876 

895 

754 

916 

1,649 

6,936 

1.895 

1,627 

1.107 

727 

1,321 


1,119 

701 

900 

954 

1,330 

4,620 

1,261 

948 

818 

882 

897 

699 

938 

1,561 

6,827 

1,865 

1,638 

1,094 

736 

1,419 


376 
242 
343 
289 
462 

1,205 
415 
328 
203 
291 
324 
275 
374 
602 

1,706 
604 
525 
403 
255 
483 


409 
269 
890 
282 
495 

1,602 
207 
360 
830 
886 
361 
272 
269 
495 

2,430 
701 
611 
446 
300 
610 


250 
169 
282 
161 
239 
668 
288 
235 
231 
193 
260 
160 
362 
256 
933 
292 
335 
301 
204 
305 


9,705   10.081    6.984     214    21.448 


Scuoou. 


732 
402 
652 
679 
881 
3,201 
821 
819 
«63 
763 
650 
606 
750 
959 
4,337 
1,274 
1,097 
795 
679 
887 


Names  of  Towns. 


Amenia 

Beekman 

Clinton 

Dover 

East  Fishkill 

Fishkill 

Hyde  Park 

La  Grange 

Milan 

Northe.ast 

Pawling 

Pine  Plains 

Pleasant  Valley 

Poughkeepsie 

Poughkeepsie  City.. 

Kedhook 

Khinebeck 

Stanford 

Union  Vale 

Washington 

Total 


Live  Stock. 

Ageicultdbal  Products. 

II 

■ri. 

Bdsb.  of  Grain. 

1 

li 

Daisy  Pbodpcts. 

y 

$ 

•§C 

■Si 

1 

1 

5 

r 
g 

•1 
1,666 

■| 

11 

1^ 

if 

II 

429 

1,111 

1,592 

4,647 

4,619 

63.812 

6.109 

14,716 

15,436 

85.055 

9,866 

317 

1.111 

796 

2,027 

1.663 

9,597 

49,042 

8.422 

7,530 

6,868 

66,865 

6,497 

658 

906 

1,369 

2,980 

8,103 

24,747 

73,791 

3,324 

9,715 

6.184 

122,844 

636 

2S3 

1,283 

1,285 

1,4.80 

1,276 

2,0,50 

30,077 

4,464 

9.l»2 

4.431 

65,961 

3,840 

699 

1,737 

1,681 

2,750 

2,S06 

13,694 

75,237 

6,770 

12.318 

6.990 

150,087 

864 

1,060 

1,291 

1,646 

2,738 

2,671 

19.718 

104,357 

7,003 

0,779 

3.227 

105.648 

200 

642 

824 

1,366 

911 

2,171 

16,535 

48,9934 

3,867 

6.703 

11,147 

93,660 

720 

662 

899 

1,166 

3,418 

2,113 

23,988 

73,818i 

4.242 

6.129 

6.156 

89,460 

100 

606 

8.53 

873 

4,916 

2,300 

24,405 

48,2444 

3.049 

11,486 

7,716 

90,916 

1,7S2 

455 

1,002 

1,151 

7,497 

2,077 

10,903 

74.939 

8.475 

18,273 

31.511 

62,826 

8,259 

387 

l,2(i8 

1,479 

2,689 

1.259 

3.06U 

30,1404 

5.210 

18,099 

7,999 

89,460 

960 

407 

711 

678 

6,723 

2,117 

14,914i 

46.61!-i 

2,309 

11,005 

6,319 

39.990 

6,188 

476 

698 

1,067 

2,142 

1,S96 

21.487 

65.097 

3,7204 

6,942 

6,938 

106,785 

660 

607 

1,819 

1,242 

2,329 

11,153 

69.7304 

3,610 

4,072 

1,137 

48.058 

439 

48 

264 

604 

692 

4.672 

364 

1.336 

830 

1,350 

654 

900 

962 

3,1.51 

2.204 

26,302 

63.721 

5,729 

10.742 

14.837 

67.900 

60« 

662 

8S0 

1,157 

2,141 

2,155 

17.1.56i 

47,8304 

6,0984 

9,699 

13.257 

75,005 

661 

1,308 

1,680 

12.116 

4,152 

26.614 

109.180 

4,256 

14,503 

24.898 

126.019 

8,116 

326 

602 

693 

3.177 

1,192 

7,53Si 

45.099} 

3,1464 

6,4.81 

11.392 

57,614 

1,767| 

717 

1,698 

1,870 
24,684 

8.037 
73.687 

3,432 
42,986 

10,430 

121,8984 

6,660 

20,339 

80.S21 

156,553 

6,744^ 

110,829 

19,542 

293,53411,232,3054 

83,8784 

205,498 

216.593 

1,681,695 

54,11* 

■S-3 
11 


105 
183 
328 
140 
13S» 

48 
166 
6064 


7874 
183 
2il 
122 


1  The  Nine  Partners  Boarding  School  was  founded  at  this 
place  in  1796.  by  the  Friends'  Yearly  Meeting.  A  farm  of  lOii 
acres  is  attached  to  it,  and  it  has  a  cash  endowment  of  $10,000. 
It  is  devoted  to  the  education  of  the  children  of  Friends  in  indi- 


gent circumstances,  and  for  many  years  it  has  bad  an  average 
attendance  of  100  pujiils. 

3  An  Orthodox  and  a  Ilicksite  Friends  at  Mechanic,  and  ft 
M.  £.  and  Prot.  E.  at  Lithgow, 


ERIE  COUNTY. 


%. 


uxa-'v^  This  county  was  formed  from  Niagara,  April  2,  1821.     It  lies  upon 

Lake  Erie  and  Niagara  River,  on  the  w.  line  of  the  State,  is  cen- 
trally distant  253  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  1,071  sq.  mi.  Its 
surface  is  level  in  the  N.,  rolling  in  the  center,  and  hilly  in  the  8. 
A  region  perfectly  flat,  and  much  of  it  marshy,  lies  along  Tona- 
Avanda  Creek,  and  occupies  the  greater  part  of  the  N.  tier  of  towns. 
This  low  region  is  bounded  on  the  s.  by  a  limestone  teri-aoe,  20  to 
uO  ft.  high,  extending  from  Black  Rock  E.  through  the  s.  part  of 
Amherst,  Clarence,  and  Newstead.  A  nearly  level  region,  extend- 
ing s.  from  the  summit  of  this  ridge,  embraces  the  city  of  Buffalo  and 
the  towns  of  Chicktowaga,  Lancaster,  and  Alden,  and  terminates  in 
tlie  rolling  region  which  occupies  the  entire  central  part  of  the  co. 
The  ridges  in  the  center  aud  s.  have  a  general  n.  and  s.  direction,  and  rise  gradually  toward  the  s.,  their 
highest  summits  att;iining  an  elevation  of  200  to  300  ft.  above  the  valleys,  900  to  1,000  ft.  above  Lake 
Erie,  and  1,400  to  1,000  ft.  above  tide.'  The  highlands  are  divided  into  several  distinct  ridges  by 
the  valleys  of  Cazenove  and  Eighteen  Mile  Creeks.  The  slopes  of  the  hills  are  generally  long  and 
gradual ;  but  in  some  places  the  banks  immediately  bordering  upon  the  streams  are  very  steep. 
The  land  along  the  lake  in  the  n.  is  low  and  level,  but  in  the  s.  it  rises  in  steep  banks  to  a  height 
of  20  to  50  ft.  Niagara  River,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  forms  a  portion  of  the  w.  boundary  of  the 
CO.  Its  current  flows  at  the  rate  of  2i  miles  per  hour.  Grand  Island,  commencing  about  5  milea 
below  Buffalo,  divides  the  river  into  two  nearly  equal  branches.  Squaw,  Strawberry,  Rattlesnake, 
Tonawanda,  Beaver,  and  Buckhorn  Islands,  also  in  Niagara  River,  are  within  the  limits  of  thia 
CO.     The  river  is  navigable  to  the  head  of  the  rapids,  about  2  mi.  above  Niagara  Falls. 

Tonawanda  Creek'^  forms  the  N.  boundary  of  the  co.  It  flows  in  a  tortuous  course  through  a 
low,  marshy  region.  A  dam,  4J  ft.  high  at  its  mouth,  furnishes  slack  water  navigation  for  the 
Erie  Canal  for  about  10  miles.  Its  principal  branches  are  Murder  and  EUicott — or  Eleven  Mile — 
Creeks.  Buffalo  Creef  enters  the  lake  at  Buffalo  City,  its  estuary  forming  the  harbor.  Its 
principal  trributaries  are  Cayuga  Creek,  from  the  N.,  and  Cazenove  Creek,*  from  the  s.  The  other 
principal  streams  are  Little  Buffalo,  Eighteen  Mile,*  Big  Sister,  and  Cattaraugus  Creeks,  all 
flowing  into  the  lake,  and  the  last  forming  the  s.  boundary  of  the  co. 

The  lowest  rocks  are  those  of  the  Onondaga  salt  group ;  and  these  are  succeeded  by  the  hydraulic, 
Onondaga,  aud  corniferous  limestones.  The  central  part  of  the  co.  is  occupied  by  the  Marcellua 
and  Hamilton  shales,  and  the  summits  of  the  southern  hills  are  covered  by  the  rocks  of  the 
Portage  group.  The  rocks  of  the  salt  group  occupy  nearly  all  the  low  land  below  the  limestone 
terrace.  They  are  covered  so  deep  with  drift  and  alluvium,  however,  that  they  have  but  little 
influence  upon  the  surface,  and  can  never  be  profitably  quarried  for  commercial  purposes.  Hy- 
draulic limestone  of  an  excellent  quality  crops  out  along  the  N.  base  of  the  limestone  terrace,  and 
is  extensively  quarried.  The  terrace  is  composed  of  Onondaga  and  corniferous  limestone ;  and 
along  its  whole  extent  are  numerous  quarries,  furnishing  an  abundance  of  lime  and  building  stone 
of  excellent  quality.  Numerous  sulphur  springs  are  found  near  the  N.  base  of  the  terrace.  The 
shales  of  the  central  and  southern  parts  of  the  co.  are  generally  covered  with  a  thick  deposit  of 
drift,  and  are  only  visible  along  the  margin  of  the  streams.  These  rocks  furnish  an  inferior  kind 
of  building  stone,  but  are  not  otherwise  valuable. 

The  soil  in  the  N.  is  generally  a  stiff,  clay  loam  interspersed  with  beds  of  marl  and  muck ;  further 
8.  it  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam  resting  upon  limestone.     The  southern  hills  are  covered  with 


1  The  foUnwins  heights  have  been  obtained  from  the  surveys 
of  the  proposed  Buffalo  Sc  Pittsburgh  R.  R. ; — 

Soutlj  Walps.  507  ft.  above  Lake  Erie. 

Holland  Village,  699  ft.    "         " 

Sardluia  (summit),  891  ft.  "         " 

Concord  (       "       ),  9211  ft."         " 

The  hills  generali;  rise  to  about  200  feet  above  the  grade  of 

the  R.  R. 

2  Seneca,  Ta-no'wan-deh,  meaning,  "  at  the  rapids  or  ripples," 
or  pi^rhaps  more  nearly  literally,  "at  his  rapid.s." 

s  On  a  map  made  in  1.S04  by  .Joseph  Ellicott,  agent  of  the 
Uollaud  Land  Company,  this  stream  is  laid  down  afi  "Tos-e-o- 


way"  Creek.    In  an  ancient  Indian  treaty  it  is  called  "Te-ho-ss 
ro-ron." 

*  Named  from  Theophilus  Cazenove,  agent  for  the  Holland 
Land  Company. 

6  The  Seneca  name  is  "GaaJi  gwahge-g^-aah"  literally,  "it  w.ts 
the  residence  of  the  Gaah-gwah  people."  Leaving  off  the  suffix 
for  the  past  tense,  the  name  is  "Gaah->;wah-t:oh,"  literally, 
"Gaah-gwali"  place  or  residence.  The  Oaah-^wah  Indians,  or 
Kries.  who  formerly  resided  in  this  reirinn.  are  supposed  to  be 
the  Neuter  Nation  spoken  of  by  early  French  writers  and  some- 
times called  Cat  Indians.  The  remnant  of  them  now  Uviug 
beyond  the  Mississippi  are  called  Quawpaws. 

279 


280 


ERIE     COUNTY. 


drift,  consisting  of  clay  and  gravel.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  generally  a  gravelly  luam  and 
alluvium. 

The  principal  pursuits  in  the  n.  are  grain  raising,  and  in  the  s.  stock  and  wool  growing  and 
dairying.  The  hilly  regions  are  much  Letter  adapted  to  pasturage  than  tillage.  The  people  of 
BuS'alo  and  Tonawanda  are  mostly  engaged  in  commerce  and  manufactures.^ 

Buffalo  is  the  county  seat.^  The  courthouse,  situated  on  the  corner  of  Clinton  and  ElHcott  Sts  , 
is  a  substantial  brick  building,  containing  the  court  and  jury  rooms,  the  office  of  the  co.  clerk, 
and  most  of  the  other  co.  offices.^  The  jail  is  a  small  stone  building  on  the  same  lot.  The  Erie  Co. 
Penitentiary  is  located  on  Fifth  St.,  in  Buffalo,  The  buildings  are  5  in  number, — the  male  and 
female  prisons,  the  workhouse,  the  warehouse,  and  the  superintendent's  dwelling.  Prisoners  are 
received  from  Allegany,  Chautauque,  Cattaraugus,  Wyoming,  Genesee,  Orleans,  and  Niagara  cos. 
The  average  number  in  confinement  is  130.*  The  Erie  Co.  Poorhouse  is  located  on  a  farm  of  153 
acres  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  Buffalo.  There  are  2  buildings, — one  designed  for  use  as  the  poorhouse 
proper,  and  the  other  for  the  accommodation  of  the  insane.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  300, 
supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  81.00  each.^ 

The  principal  works  of  internal  improvement  are  the  Erie  Canal,  the  Rochester  &  Buffalo, 
and  the  Lockport,  Niagara  Falls  and  Buffalo  branches  of  the  New  York  Central  Rail  Road,  the 
Buffalo.  New  York  &  Erie,  and  the  Buffalo  &:■  Erie  Rail  Roads,^  all  terminating  in  the  city  of  Buffalo, 
and  the  Canandaigua  &  Niagara  Falls  branch  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  extending  through  New- 
stead,  Clarence,  Amherst,  and  Tonawanda.  A  railroad  from  Buffalo  to  Pittsburgh  is  now  in  pro- 
cess of  construction.  A  pier,  lighthouse,  and  breakwater  have  been  built  at  the  mouth  of  Buf- 
falo Creek."^ 

"With  the  exception  of  the  Indian  Reservation  and  the  Mile  Strip,  along  Niagara  River,  this  co. 
was  all  included  within  the  Holland  Purchase.®  The  Indian  lands,  containing  130  sq.  mi.  and 
lying  upon  both  sides  of  Buffalo  Creek,  at  its  mouth,  were  purchased  in  parcels,  at  different  times; 
and  the  whole  territory  is  now  thickly  settled.  The  first  settlements  were  made  at  Buffalo,  about 
1794__05,  and  in  other  places  within  a  few  years  after.  The  generous  outlays  made  by  the  Hol- 
land Company  in  the  construction  of  roads,  bridges,  mills,  &c.  led  to  a  rapid  occupation  of  all  the 
best  lands  in  the  co.®  On  the  morning  of  the  30th  of  Dec,  1813,  a  British  force  of  about  1,000 
men  crossed  over  from  Canada  and  captured  Black  Rock  and  Buffalo.  The  American  forces  then 
stationed  at  these  places  were  superior  to  the  British  in  point  of  numbers ;  but  the  officers  were 
not  qualified  for  command,  and  a  large  share  of  the  militia  fled  upon  the  commencement  of  the 
action.  The  village  of  Buffiilo  was  burned  in  retaliation  of  the  wanton  destruction  of  Newark, 
in  Canada,  by  the  Americans  under  Gen.  George  McClure,  (then  of  Steuben  co..)  a  short  time 
before.^**  The  finishing  of  the  Erie  Canal  and  of  the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.  tended  greatly  to  develop 
the  resources  of  the  co.,  and  to  convert  Buffalo,  its  chief  city,  into  the  greatest  commercial  place 
on  the  upper  lakes. 

The  first  newspaper  in  the  co.  was  established  in  1811." 


1  See  pages  285. 

2  By  tlie  act  of  March  11, 1S08,  erecting  the  co.  ol"  Niagara, 
Bviffaio  was  named  the  co.  seat,  on  condition  tliat  the  Holland 
Land  Company  deed  to  the  county  not  less  than  half  an  acre  of 
land  for  a  site  for  the  puhlic  huildings,  and  erect  thereon  a 
courthouse  and  jail.  The  company  complied  with  these  con- 
ditions, and  erected,  in  I&IO,  a  wooden  courthouse  and  a  stone 
jail.  In  the  mean  time  the  courts  were  held  at  the  house  of 
Joseph  Landon.  The  courthouse  waa  burned  by  the  British  in 
1S13.  Soon  after  the  close  of  the  war,  a  new  one  was  erecttd 
on  Washington  St..  frontini;  La  Fayette  Park.  The  first  olhcers 
of  Krie  co.  were  Sam'l  Wilkeson,  First  Judge;  John  G.  Camp, 
Sherilf;  James  L.  Barton,  Co.  Clerk;  and  Bos  well  Chapin,  Sur- 
rogate. 

*Tho  present  courthouse  was  built  inl.SSO,  ata  cost  of  $1S,000. 
The  commissioners  under  whose  supervision  it  was  erected  were 
Albert  11.  Tracy,  Italph  Plumb,  and  Timothy  A.  Hopkins. 

*  The  penitentiary  lot  contains  5  acres,  and  is  enclosed  by  a 
Btone  wall  1-i  ft.  in  height.  The  male  prison  is  built  of  stone, 
and  tbf  other  buildings  of  brick.  Four-fifths  of  all  the  couvicts 
are  of  foreign  birth.  They  are  maintained  at  an  average  weekly 
expense  of  65  cts..  and  are  employed  principally  in  the  manu- 
facture of  harness  findings,  upon  contract, — the  males  at  20 
cents  i>er  day,  and  the  females  at  15. 

6  The  poorhouse  was  built  in  1852,  under  the  supervision  of 
Silas  Kingsley.  at  a  cost  of  SoO.OOO.  It  consists  uf  an  octagonal 
center,  75  ft.  in  diameter,  with  2  wings,  each  80  ft.  long  by  40  ft. 
.  wide;  the  whole  3  stories  high  and  built  of  atone.  Of  the  in- 
mates in  1857,  71  were  lunatics  and  11  idiots. 

0  The  main  lines  of  the  N.  Y.  Central  and  the  Buffalo.  N.  Y. 
&  Erie  R.  Koada  extend  through  Alden,  Lancaster,  and  Chick- 
towaga;  the  Lockport  &  N.  F.  branch  of  the  N.  Y.  Central, 
through  Touawauda;  and  the  B.  &  State  Line  K.  11.,  through 


Weat  Seneca,  Hamburgh,  Evans,  and  Brandt.    The  BuS'alo  & 
Brantford  (Canada)  R.  R.  terminates  opposite  Buffalo. 
T  See  page  284. 
8  See  page  321. 

*  A  large  share  of  the  later  settlers  of  the  co.  have  been  Ger- 
mans; and  this  class  of  people  now  constitute  about  oue-fifth 
of  the  entile  population  of  the  co.  The  population  of  several 
of  the  towns  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Builalo  is  almost 
exclusively  German, 

lu  The  loss  at  Buffalo  was  reported  at  G6  frame,  1  stone,  and  2 
brick  houses,  16  stores  and  offices,  35  barns,  aud  15  shups,  valued 
together  at  $190,000;  at  Black  Rock,  16  frame  and  11  log  houses, 
8  barns,  aud  5  outhouses,  valued  at  $19-000 ;  and  at  other  places 
20  frame  and  67  log  houses.  5  stores,  29  barns,  30  shop.';,  ic,  worth 
$U1,000.    Total.  334  buildings,  worth  $;i50,ti00,  nut  iucludiug 
the  buildings  of  the  Messrs.  Porter. — Albany  Argus,  April22, 
1814. 
n  The  Bujfol/t  Gfvzette,  the  first  paper  in  the  county,  was  com- 
menced Oct.  3,  1811,  by  S.  H.  &.  \\.  A.  Salisbury.      It 
was  removed  to  Harris  UUl  in  1S13,  and  back  to  Buf- 
falo in  the  spring  of  1814.    In  April,  1819,  U.  A   Salis- 
bury became  sole  proprietor,  and  changed  the  name  to 
The  Niagara  Patriot.    On  the  erection  of  Erie  co.  in  1S20  it  was 

changed  to 
Tfie  Buffalo  J'atn'ot.  It  was  successively  under  the  editorial 
charge  of  Wra.  A.  Caipeuter,  Harvey  Newcomb,  and 
Guy  H.  Salisbury. 
The  Daily  Commercial  Advertiser  was  issued  from  the  samu 
office.  J.in.  1, 1S35.  Soon  after,  Dr.  T.  M.  Fuote  and  B- 
A.  .Manchester  became  associated  in  the  manairement 
of  the  two  papers  ;  and  in  Aug.  1838,  the  Auroia  Stand- 
ard was  merged  in  them,  and  A.  M.  Clapp,  its  pub- 
lisherj  became  ouij  of  the  proprietors  of  the  joint  con- 


EKIE     COUNTY. 


281 


A1.I>EjV— was  formed  from  Clarence,  March  27,  1823,  and  a  part  of  Marilla  Mas  taken  oil'  in 
1853.     It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  e.  of  the  center.     Its  surface  in  the  >v.  is  level,  and 


cern.    In  May.lSSJt,  they  were  united  with  the  Uuffalo 
Journal,  aiiJ  the  weekly  wan  puhlishtiJ  aa 
The  Futi-iot  and  Joui-nal,  and  tlie  daily  as 
The  Ojiiimtrcal  Advirtistr  uud  Jnurnul,  by  K.  It.  Jewett  &  Co. 

The  following;  year  the  daily  appeared  as 
TUe  Buffalo Couimercial  Advertiser,  and  under 
these  titled  the  papers  aru  t-till  published,  under  the 
editorial  charge  uf  Di-.  S.  It.  Hunt.     Siuce  iVoO  a  Bemi- 
weelily  Couiiucrcial  Adverliser  has  been  issued. 
The  Niagara  Jourtiul  was  established  i[i  .iuly,  ISlo,  by  David  M. 

Day;  and  in  l'S'20  its  name  w;i8  clia[j{;ed  to 
The  Buffalo  Journal.     In  lf>3-i  it  passed  into  the  bands  of  E.  J. 

Roberts,  and  in  18or>  it  was  Biispeuded. 
The  Buffalo  Whig  was  established  in  lfs;jl  by  D.  M.Day;  and  in 
1S35  it  was  united  with  the  Bullalo  Journal,  and  ap- 
peared as 
Tlie  Buffalo  Wliig and  Jimrnal.  Jan.l,  1838,  M.Cadwalladerand 
Dr.  11.  11.  Stagg  were  associated  with  Day,  and  in  Feb. 
they  issued 
T7iC  Buffalo  Daily  Journal.    In  1S.38  the  estabhshment  pa8sed 
into  the  hands  of  E.  K.  Jewett,  by  whom  the  papers 
were  united  the  following  yeiir  with  the  Duffalo Patriot 
and  the  Commercial  Advertiser. 
The  Gospd  Advocate  (Univ.)  was  begun  in  1S22  by  Rev.  Thomas 
Gross.    In  1823  Simeon  Duutou,  and  in  lS2ij  Revs.  L.  S. 
Everett,  Theophilus  Fisk,  and  M.  Tiittle,  became  pro- 
prietors.   In  lo28  it  was  removed  to  Auburn. 
The  Black-  Kock  Beacon  was  publibhed  by  L.  G.  llotfman  from 

1822  to  1824. 
The  Buffalo  Emporium  was  issued  in  1824  by  J.  A.  Lazelle  and 

Simeon  Francis,  and  continued  about  5  years. 
The  Black  Eock  Gazette  was  begun  in  1824  by  Dartemus  Fergu- 
son, who  dispo.sed  of  it  to  S.  II.  Salisbury  in  1825.    In 
1827  it  was  removed  to  Buffalo,  and  its  name  changed  to 
The  Buffalo  and  Black  Bock  Gazette    It  wtm  discontinued  in  1828. 
The  Black  Bock  Advocate  was  begun  in  Feb.  1S26,  and  was  pub- 
lished 1  year  by  Dan'l  P.  Adams. 
The  Western  Advertiser,  after   an  existence  of  3  months,  was 

merged  in  the  IJnll'alo  Patriot  in  the  spring  of  1S28. 
Tfte  Buffalo  Republican  was  commenced  in  April,  1828,  by  W. 
P.  M.  Wood.    It  was  successively  under  the  charge  of 
S.  U.  Salisbury  &  W.  S.  Snow,  S.  H.  Salisbury,  H.  L.Ball, 
Chas.  Faxon  &  Jas.  Stryker,  and  Chas.  Faxon.    In  1835 
the  Buftiiio  Bulletin  was  merged  in  the  Republican,  and 
the  Daily  Star  was  bought  by  Faxon  and  continued 
under  its  old  name.     Horatio  Gates  and  W.  L.  Craudall 
were  successively  editors.    In  Dec.  IS^S  the  office  was 
burned  and  the  papers  wei'e  suspended ;  but  the  weekly 
was  resumed  by  Quartus  Graves  in  1S39.    Jan.  1, 1842, 
llenry  Durwell,  then  proprietor,  changed  its  name  to 
The  DeiHocratic  Ecouoimst ;  and  in  Oct.  following  Joseph  String- 
man  succeeded,  and  changed  it  to 
The  Mercantile  Courier  and  Bemotratic  Mconomid.   In  Feb.  1843, 

it  appeared  as 
Tfie  Buffalo  Couri'.r  and  R-xniomist;  and  in  March  as 
TIu  Buffalo  Courier.    July  1,  184t5,  it  was  united  with  The 

Pilot,  and 
The  Courier  and  IHlof,  d.,  tri-w.,  and  w.,  was  published  by 
Stringman,  Wancliestcr  &  Drayman.    In  Dec.  it  was 
chan!:;e<l  to 
The  Buffalo  Courier,  its  present  title.    It  has  passed 
successively  through  the  hands  of  Kobt.  D.  Foy  &  Co., 
Seaver  &  Foy,  Wm.  A.  Sejiver.  Seaver  &  Sandford,  and 
to  J.  II.  Sandford,  its  present  publisher. 
The  Buffalo  Bulletin  was  issued  in  183LI,  and  was  published  by 
Horace   Steel  4  years,  by  James  Faxon  1  year,   and 
was  united  with  The  Republican  in  \h'ih. 
The  Daily  Star  was  commenced  in  1834  by  Jas.  Faxon,  and  in 

1835  it  was  united  with  Tho  Republican, 
r/te  National  Pilot  was  started  iu  Fob.  1845,  by  Manchester  & 
Brayman,  and  was  imited  with  The  Courier  iu  July, 
1846. 
2"/ic  Warning,  semi-mo.,  was  published  in  1828  by  Rev.  J.  B. 

Hyde. 
The  Buffalo  Herald,  (Presb.,)  edited  by  Rev.  Randolph  Stone  in 

1831,  only  reached  its  second  number. 
The  Oospd  Bantur  was  begun  in  1832  by  Bem".  Clark,  and  con- 
tinued 2  years. 
The  Phtlanthropiitt,  mo.,  was  started  in  1832  by  Nathaniel  Pot- 
ter, jr.,  and  continued  1  year. 
Tfie  Examiner,  mo.,  (Unit.,)  was  published  in  1S3S. 
The  Literary  Enquirer,  semi-mo.,  commenced  Jan.  1, 1833,  was 

published  2  years  by  Wm.  Verrinder. 
The  Transcript,  d.  and  w.,  commenced  in  Aug.  1835,  by  Henry 

Faxon,  was  continued  only  6  months. 
The  ToUTig  Mcti's  T'lnpn-anm  HeraVl  was  started  in  1835  by  A. 

P.  Grosvenor  A  K.  B.  French,  and  continued  1  3'ear. 
The  Daily  Enquirer,  The  Bail;/  Whig,  and  The  Loco  Fuco  were 

campaign  papers  issued  in  \isiU. 
The  Bujfalo  Spectator  (Presb.)  was  started  iu  1836  by  J.  &  "W. 

Butler,  and  continued  2  yeai-s. 
Th€  Be^icl  Magazine,  mo.,  was  commenced  by  the  Bethel  Society 
in  1836.    It  was  afterward  chaugcd  to 


The  Bvthd  Fla'j.  and  in  1846  united  with  the  Sailors' M;iguzine, 
of  Now  Yoik. 

The  Buffalonian,  w.  at  first  and  d.  afterward,  was  published 
about  u  year;  and  in  1838  it  was  united  with 

The  Mercury.  Tliis  paper  was  continued  until  1840  by  T.  L. 
Nichols  and  It.  Simpson  successively. 

Der  Weltlnorger  was  started  in  1S37  by  Geo.  Zahm,  and  was 
published  succe.ssively  by  him,  by  bis  adniini.strators, 
and  by  IJrunck  &  Domidion.  IulS53ic  was  united  witii 
The  HulTalo  Democrat,  and  took  the  n;inie  of 

Tlie  Buffalo  Democrat  and  \Velll>uerger,  d. 
iuid  w.,  by  which  title  it  is  now  published  by  Drunck, 
Held  &  Co. 

The  Buffalo  Dumocrat  (German)  was  started  in  1850  by  Chas.  do 
Haas;  and  in  1853  it  was  united  with  The  Weltluerger. 

The  Sim,  d.  and  w.,  was  issued  iu  the  winter  of  1838,  and  was 
published  1  year  by  Abraham  Densmore  and  E.  11. 
Eastiibrook  successively. 

The  Mom,  a  penny  daily,  was  issued  during  the  summer  of  1839. 

Bristijl's  Ga2ette  and  Ufrald  of  Health,  mo.,  was  commenced  in 
1^^39  by  C.  C.  Bristol.    The  next  year  it  appeared  as 

Bn'stol^s  Gazette,  and  was  discontinued  In  1842. 

The  IVinid  of  I'outh,  mo.,  was  started  in  1839  by  Rev.  A.  T. 
Hopkins,  and  Wiis  published  1  year. 

The  Buffalo  Sentinel,  d.  and  w..  was  published  during  the  sum- 
mer of  1839  by  Thomas  Newell. 

The  Morning  Tattler,  d.,  was  started  in  1840  by  Langdon, 
Fouchutto  &  ShaeQer.    Its  name  was  changed  to 

The  Morning  Times,  by  J.  S.  Walker,  and  it  was  discontinued 
soon  after. 

Der  Volks  Schild  was  published  by  F.  H.  Singer  during  the 
summer  of  184U. 

2'he  Phalanx,  d.  and  w.,  was  published  6  weeks  in  1840  by  C. 
D.  Ferris. 

The  Buffalo  Garland  was  published  in  1840  by  Geo.  W.  Bungay. 

Ho7u:st  Industry  was  published  in  1840  by  Dr.  Daniel  Lee. 

The  Vulksfrcmid  (^German)  was  published  in  1840  by  Adolphus 
Meyer. 

TJie  Weilern  Presbyterian  was  issued  in  March,  1841,  by  Rev.  J. 
C.  Lord,  and  continued  1  year. 

The  We&leni  Liftrary  Messenger,  semi-mo.,  was  started  in  July, 
1841,  by  J.  S.  Chadbourne.  C.  D.  Ferris,  Jesse  Clement, 
Chas.  Faxon,  and  E.  R.  Jewett,  at  different  times,  wero 
interested  in  its  publication.  From  1842  it  was  pub- 
lished weekly  until  1S57,  when  it  was  discontinued. 

Bannister's  Life  in  Buffalo  was  published  a  few  weeks  in  1841 
by  N.  II.  Dannister. 

The  Sublime  Pidriot,  semi-mo.,  was  published  during  the  winter 
of  1841-42  by  T.  J.  Southerland. 

The  Buffalo  Amrriran  was  Started  in  1842  by  T.  Foster  &  C.  F. 
Butler,  and  continued  1  year. 

The  Old  Sdioal  Jeffcrstmian  and  The  Daily  Gazette  were  pub- 
lished from  1S42  to  '43  by  Charles  Faxon. 

T)ie  Tewpn-aniie  Standard  was  published  in  1842  by  II.  H. 
Sahsbury  &  A.  M.  Clapp. 

The  School  Jieader  was  published  about  3  months  iu  1S42  by  A. 
\V.  M'iigus. 

Prescott^s  Tiirgraph  was  published  in  1842  by  W.  Prescott. 

The  Buffalo  Gazette,  d.  and  w.,  was  started  in  1843  by  H.  A. 
Salisbury,  B.  A.  Manchester  &  J.  0>  Brayman,  and  con- 
tinued 3  years. 

The  Preimiifhige  (German)  was  started  Jan.  1843,  by  Alexander 
Krausy  Sl  Adolphus  Meyer,  and  continued  2  years. 

Tlie  Telegraph,  da.  and  w.,  (German,)  was  started  in 
Nov.  1845,  by  H.  B.  Miller.  Louis  Tickers.  Adolphus 
Hiiman.  and  C.  Essellen  have  successively  had  the  edi- 
torial ch.arge.  It  is  now  published  by  P.  II.  Bender, 
and  edited  by  C.  Essellen. 

Tlie  Buffalo  Ittedlcal  Journal  and  Mouthly 
Bevie^v  of  JUedical  aud  Surgical  Scl* 
euce  was  started  in  June,  1845,  by  Dr.  .Vustin  Flint. 
In  1853 Dr.  S.B.Hunt  became  associated  in  its  manago- 
munt,  and  in  1855  its  sole  proprietor.  In  18ii8  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Dr.  Austin  Flint,  jr.,  its  present  pro- 
prietor. 

The  Western  Cataract  was  started  in  1845  by  L.  P.  Judsou.  Jas. 
Dubois,  Vi'.  B.  Williams,  and  Chauncey  llulburt  wero 
successively  editors.    In  Jan.  1847,  it  was  clianged  to 

The  Western  Tempei-atice  Standard,  and  was  discontinued  tho 

following  year. 
The  Impetus  was  started  in  1845  by  E.  "W.  Spaulding,  and  con- 
tinued 0  mouths. 
The  Mi/rning  Express  was  started   Jan.   14.   1846,   by  A.  M. 
Clapp  &  Co.     In  1S55  The  Daily  Democracy  was  united 
with  The  Kxpress,  and  it  appeared  as 
The  Buffalo  Moruiug  Express  and  Dally  De- 
mocracy* by  which  name  it  is  now  published.    A 
Weekly  and  tri-weekly  edition  are  also  issued. 
The  Democracy,  d.  and  w.,  was  stjirted  iu  May,  1854,  by  G.  W, 
llaskins.    The  Rough  Notes  was  merged  iu  Tho  Demo- 
cracy wxtn  after;    and   in  Aug.  1855,  Tho  Democracy 
was  united  with  The  Express. 
T?u  Hough  NoteSj  d.,  was  started  iu  March,  1852,  by  Geo.  Recscv 


282 


ERIE     COUNTY. 


in  the  e.  gently  undulating.  It  is  watered  by  the  head  waters  of  Cnyuga  and  Eleven  Mile  Creeks. 
The  soil  is  a  deep,  fertile,  sandy,  gravelly,  and  clayey  loam.  Aldeai,  (p.  v.,)  a  station  on  the  B. 
&  N.  Y.  R.  R.,  contains  2  churches  and  has  a  pop.  of  285;  Aldcu  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  1 
church  and  20  houses;  and  Iflill  Grove,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  w.  corner,  18  houses.  Alden 
(Crittenden  p.  o.)  and  Wende  are  stations  on  the  N,  Y''.  C.  R.  R.  Settlement  was  commenced  in 
the  spring  of  ISIO,  by  Moses  Fenno.^  Rev.  John  Spencer  conducted  the  first  religious  services, 
in  1811.    Tiio  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in  1813-14.   There  are  now  6  churches  in  town.^ 

AMIII-:K!!«iT^— was  formed  from  Buffalo,  April  10,  1818;  and  Chicktowaga  was  taken  off  in 
18o9.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co.,  between  Clarence  and  Tonawanda.  Its  surface  is 
level.  Eleven  Mile  and  Ransoms  Ci'eeks  flow  across  the  town  in  a  n.  e.  direction ;  and  Tona- 
wanda Creek  forms  its  n.  boundary.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam.  Upon  the  land  of 
John  Foglesonger,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  is  a  very  copious  sulphur  spring.  A  gristmill  with 
3  run  of  stone  has  been  built  on  the  stream  formed  by  it.  A  ledge  of  limestone  extends  across 
the  s.  part  of  the  town,  from  which  limestone  is  quarried  in  various  places.  Beneath  this  led^e  ia 
a  layer  of  hydraulic  limestone,  which  is  extensively  quarried  at  Williamsville  and  burned  for 
waterlime.  ITilliamsville,^  (p-v.,)  incorp.  in  1850,  is  situated  on  Eleven  Mile  Creek,  in 
the  s.  part  of  the  town.     It  contains  4  churches,  an  academy,^  and  several  manufactories.^     Pop. 


In  1S54  Kann  &  Cowan  became  proprietors,  and  the 
same  year  it  waa  united  with  The  Democracy. 

The  Westtrn  Evangelist  (Univ.)  waa  etarted  in  June,  1S46,  by 
Kev.  L.  S.  Everett,  and  continued  1  yciir. 

The  Ambassador,  (Univ..)  st-'irted  the  eanio  year,  was  removed 
to  Auburn  in  ISil. 

The  Journal  of  Coinm-crce,  d.,  waa  etarted  in  1847  by  John  W. 
Jones,  and  continued  6  months. 

Tfie  Republic,  d.  and  w.,  wae  started  by  Livingston,  Albro  & 
Co.,  Jan.  26,  1847.  Quartus  Graves,  Maynard  k  Welsh, 
C.  A.  Kellogg,  and  C.  C.  Bristol  were  sncc-ssively  inte- 
rested in  its  nianiigement.  In  lNy7  The  liullalo  Daily 
Times  was  united  with  The  HepuMic.  and  it  was  issued  as 

The  Buffalo  Republic  aud.  Times,  d.,  tri-w.,  and 
Vi.  Guy.  n.  .'Salisbury  is  the  present  proprietor.  A 
Campaign  psiper  was  published  in  connection  with  this 
paper  in  iNyO. 

The  Buffalo  Daily  Times  was  started  in  Aug.  1857,  by  the  Times 
Association;  and  the  next  year  it  wae  united  with  The 
Itepublic. 

Ver  Freie  Demolrat  was  published  in  1R48. 

The  Wool  Grower  unil  Maijazine  of  Agriculture  and  HortieuHure, 
mo.,  was  started  in  1849  by  T.  C.  Petei-s,  and  continued 
until  18f.2. 

The  Daily  i^ueai  Cit;/,  a  penny  paper,  was  started  in  1850  by  G. 
J.  Br^-an.     The  title  wns  changed  in  1852  to 

THe  Buffalo  Kveuing  Post,  under  which  name  it  is 
now  puMislied. 

The  Buffalo  Chris/inn  Advocate  wns  started  in  Jan.  1850,  by 
John  E.  Kobio.    In  1857  it  was  changed  to 

The  Advocate,  under  which  nsime  it  is  now  publislicd. 

Onnnio/j  .Sense  was  pulilished  in  1850  by  D.  1*.  Stile. 

Die  Aurora,  w,  iind  Bemi-w.,wa8  started  in  1850  by  Chris- 
tian Wieckniann.  its  present  publisher. 

Daa  Klrchllclie  Informatorlum,  semi-mo.,  was 
stiirted  in  .July,  1S51,  by  Conrad  liiir;  and  in  1854  T. 
Andr.  A.Grabau.  its  present  editor,  assumed  its  charge. 

The  Su7idai/  Bulletin  was  started  in  1S51  by  Wm.  F.  Kodgera, 
and  continued  i)  months. 

The  Youth's  Casket,  mo.,  wns  started  in  1851  by  Beadle 
&  Vsmderzee.    It  is  now  published  l»y  Robt.  Adnms. 

The  American  Miller  was  published  in  1851  by  Wm.  C.  Hughes. 

The  EvavgelicaX  Christian  was  published  in  1851  by  Geo.  Stanbro 
A  Co. 

The  Amei-ican  Celt  and  Catholic  Citizen  wsis  brought  from  Bos- 
ton, Mnsa.,  to  Bufijilo  in  June,  1852,  find  cnntinued  until 
May,  18.'}3,  when  it  w.as  removed  to  New  York. 

Die  HomcBopath  and  Dio'tetischrr  Hansfreund  was  started  in 
1852  by  Conriid  Bar,  an  1  continued  1  year. 

Sf/nntags  Blatt  was  started  in  1S62  by  Brunck,  Held  &  Co.,  and 
continued  1  year. 

37(6  Sundai/  Visitor  was  started  in  1852  by  Reed  &  Moore,  aud 
continued  1  year. 

The  United  Sfaf-ejt  Mail,  mo.,  waa  published  in  1852  by  Jowett, 
Thomas  &  Co. 

The  Buffalo  Daily  Ledper  was  published  n  few  months  in  1852 
by  T.  Richardson. 

The  Pathfinder  was  published  in  1852  by  Cliarles  Faxon. 

The  Sundav  Herald  was  published  about  3  months  in  1853  by 
Geo.  W.  Weeks. 

The  School  and  Houi^e  Friend,  eemi-mo.,  (German.)  was  started 
in  >Tarch,  1853,  by  Conrad  BHr.  and  cnntinued  1  year. 

TheLihrnrunn't  Garden  w"is  putilishetl  in  lS,-,3  by  D.  S.  Manly  &  Co. 

The  Buffalo  Catholic  Sentinel  w;ih  Ktjirtfd  iu  June, 
1853.  by  Michael  llagau.  its  present  I'liblisber. 

lllustrirte  Attend  Sr/nde,  semi-mo,,  was  publihhed  in  1S54  by 
Rev.  C.  DioblmaQ. 


The  Atlantis,  mo.,  (German,)  brought  from  Cleveland, 

Ohio,  to  Buffalo  in  185G,  is  edited  by  C.  Essellen. 
The  Amencon  Bights  wns  published  from  Sept.  1854.  to  July, 

1855,  by  Goo.  Keese  &  Co. 
The  Age  of  Frogjrsx,  conducted  by  Stephen  Alhro,  was  com- 
menced in  1854  and  discontinued  iu  1858. 
The  Ziitsc/irifl  waa  published  about  4  months  in  1S54  by  Conrad 

Bar. 
Zelcheu  der  Zelt,  mo.,  was  started  in  June,  1S55,  by 

I'le.xler.     In  185S  T.  Gottlieb  Ade  became  its  editor. 
The   Home  has  been  published  since  Jan.   1856,  by  E.  F. 

B.'adle. 
The  Buffalo  Allegemeine  Zeltung,  w.  and  eemi- 

w.,  was  started  iu  May,  1856,   by  Frederick  Beiuecke, 

the  present  publisher. 
The  Buffalo  Patriot,  d.,  (German,)  was  published  during  the 

Ciinipaign  (if  1856  by  Voght  &.  Jung. 
Das  Historisehe  Zelthlatt  und  Literarlscher 

Auzeiger,  mo.,  was  started  iu  May,  1857,  by  Cunrad 

Bar.  its  pre.sent  publisher. 
The  Home  Montlily  waa  started  Jan.  1, 1859,  under  the 

edit.irial  charge  of  Mrs.  H.  E,  G.  Arey  and  Mrs.  

Gildersleve. 
The  Inventor's  Advertiser  was  published  at  Buffah  by  Thos.  P. 

How. 
T?ie  Aurora  Demoa-at  was  established  at  West  Amora  in  Oct 

1835,  by  Deluss  E.  Sill,  publisher,  and  continued  about 

1  year. 
Tltc  Aurora  Standard  was  started  at  East  Aurora  Aug.  1, 1835, 

by  A.  M.  Clapp.     In  1838  it  was  removed  to  Buffalo  and 

merged  in  the  Buffalo  Commercial  Advettisir. 
The  SpringiHlle  Ej2^rcss  was  commenced  in  May,  1844.  by  Edwin 

Hough,  and  continued  until  the  fall  of  184-8. 
The  Sprlugvllle  Herald  was  established  in  May.  1850, 

by  E.  i).  Web.<.ter;  and  in  Dec.  185(3,  it  passed  into  the 

hands  of  J.  B.  Saxe,  its  present  publisher. 
The  American  Citizen  was  started  at  SpringviUe  in  Feb.  1856,  by 

Lucius  C.  Sanders,  and  continued  nearly  a  year. 
The  Tonawanda  Commercial  was  started  nt  Tonawanda  in  1846 

by  Sylvester  Hoyt.  and  continued  about  a  year. 
The  Niagara  Fiver  Filut  wjjs  comujenced  at  Tonawanda  in  1853 

T'y  Packard  &  Foxlunger.    In  Aug.  1856,  it  passed  into 

the  hands  of  S.  0.  llaywarJ,  by  whom,  in  Kov.  1857,  it 

wns  cb.innerl  to 
The  Niagara  I'^routler^  under  which  name  it  is  still 

ptlblisb._'d. 

The  Mental  Khvator  was  pviblihhed  a  short  time  in  the  Seneca 
bingnage. 

1  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Joseph  Freeman,  John  Easta- 
brook.  'Wm.  Snow,  and  Ariinah  Hibbard.  who  came  in  ISIO; 
Sand.  Slade,  James  Crocker,  Saml.  Huntington,  iind  Jonas  Stick- 
ney,  who  came  in  1811;  and  AVni.  Dayton,  who  cnmo  in  1812. 
The  first  birtlrwas  that  of  a  daughter  of  Arunah  Hibbaid;  and 
the  first  death,  that  of  I'oHy  Cransaky,  in  1812.  John  Rogers 
built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1813  or  '14,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in 
1^17.  Amos  Bliss  kept  the  first  inn,  and  Seth  Eastabrook  the 
first  store,  both  in  1816.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Wehe* 
tabel  Eastabrook,  in  1815. 

2  Bap..  Presb.,  Evang.  Luth.,  M.  E.,  and  2  R.  C. 

8  Nitmed  in  honor  of  Lord  Amherst,  commander  of  the 
English  forces  in  America  in  I759-C0. 

*  Nan)cd  from  Jonas  Williams,  one  of  the  early  settlers. 

6  The  Williamsville  Classical  Institute.  The  whole  number 
of  students  for  the  year  1857  was  222. 

<i  A  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  a  tannery,  a  furnace,  a  broom  factory, 
a  chair  factory,  and  a  waterlime  mill,  the  last  producing  3,000 
to  6,000  hhls.  of  hydraulic  cement  per  year. 


ERIE     COUNTY. 


283 


1,106.  Egrg'erf svillc,  Get zville,  East  Ainberst,  nnd  Weslwood  arc  p.  ofEces.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  in  1804,  by  Timothy  S.  Hopliins  and  Elias  Ransom,  i'rom  Great  Barring- 
ton,  Mass.'     There  are  9  churches  in  town.^ 

Al'RORA — was  formed  from  Batavia,  as  "  WiUinlc,"  April  11,  1804.  Its  name  was  changed 
April  15,  1818.  Clarence  and  Cambria  (Niagara  co.)  were  taken  off  in  1808,  Buffalo  in  1810,  Con- 
cord, Hamburgh,  and  Eden  in  1812,  Holland  and  Wales  in  1818,  and  a  part  of  Elma  in  1857.  It 
occupies  nearly  a  central  position  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  in  the  N.  and  hilly  in  the  s. 
The  hills  are  gradual  slopes,  and  their  summits  are  150  to  300  feet  above  the  valleys.  The 
principal  streams  are  Cazeuove  Creek  and  its  branches.  The  soil  is  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys 
and  clayey  among  the  hills.  'Willink,  (p.  v.,)  iucorp.  Dec.  29, 1849,  is  situated  on  the  E.  branch 
of  Cazenove  Creek,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town.  It  contains  2  churches  and  a  woolen  factory  and 
Las  a  pop.  of  365.  East  Aurora,  (p.  v.,)  about  1  mi.  e.  of  Willink,  contains  2  churches,  an 
academy,'  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  300.  TVest  Falls,  (P-^->)  on  tlio 
TV.  bank  of  Cazenove  Creek,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  contains  1  church,  2  sawmills,  a  gristmill, 
and  about  30  houses;  and  Ctrlflin^i  Mills,  (p.  v.,)  on  tlie  same  stream,  near  the  center  of  the 
town,  contains  1  church,  a  sawmill,  a  gristmill,  and  25  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in 
the  fall  of  1803,  by  Jabez  Warren,  Henry  Godfrey,  and  Nath'l  Emerson.*  The  evidences  of  ancient 
Indian  occupation  were  plainly  visible  upon  the  advent  of  the  whites.^  The  first  church  (Bap.) 
•was  organized  with  16  members,  in  1810,  by  Elder  Irish.  There  are  7  churches  in  town.'  Ex- 
Pres.  Millard  Fillmore  and  Hon  N.  K.  Hall,  Judge  of  Supreme  Court  and  Ex-P.  M.  Gen.,  wero 
for  some  years  residents  of  East  Aurora. 

BOSTOK — was  formed  from  Eden,  April  5,  1817.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  valley  of  the  N.  branch  of  Eight-een 
Mile  Creek,  which  flows  n.  w.  through  near  the  center  of  the  town.  The  valley  of  this  stream  is 
about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  wide.  In  this  valley  the  soil  is  a  fine,  fertile  loam,  and  upon  the 
hills  it  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  Boston,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  N.  branch  of  Eighteen  Mile 
Creek,  contains  3  churches,  2  gristmills,  2  sawmills,  a  tannery,  a  cow-bell  factory,  and  40  houses ; 
Boston  C'fnter,  (Patchin  p.  o.,)  on  the  same  stream,  contains  2  churches,  a  sawmill,  aud  20 
houses;  and  J\'oi'tta  Boston,  (p.  v.,)  1  church,  a  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  and  20  houses.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  by  Didemus  Kinney,  in  1803.'  The  first  religions  services  were  conducted 
by  Rev.  John  Spencer,  in  ISlO.     There  are  7  churches  in  town.' 

BKAJVDT" — was  fornicl  from  Collins  and  Evans,  March  25,  1839.  It  lies  upon  the  shore 
of  Lake  Erie,  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  with  a  gentle  inclina- 
tion toward  the  lake.  Cattaraugus  Creek  forms  a  part  of  the  s.  boundary.  The  other  principal 
streams  are  Big  Sister,  Delaware,  and  Muddy  Creeks.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  loam 
intermixed  with  clay.  Brandt  (p.  v.)  contains  20  houses.  Mill  Brancll  (Farnham  p.  o.) 
is  the  Saw  9I1II  Station  on  the  B.  &  E.  R.  R.,  and  contains  30  houses.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  in  1817,  by  Moses  Tucker.'"  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Benj.  Olm- 
sted, in  1820.     A  union  church  is  the  only  one  in  town. 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Wm.  M,iltbiiry.  .Tonas  Wil- 
lianiit.  James  Harmon,  Iloi-atio  Kelsi'y,  Si-th  Cantield,  Kiios  A. 
Armstrong,  ami  .las.  Harris.    The  tirst  sawmill  was  built  in  ISOl, 

by Thomson ;  and  the  first  gristmill,  by  Wm.  5Ialtliury,  in 

1S08.    Eliiu^  Hansom  l%ept  the  first  inn,  in  1^05,  and  Juba  Storrs 
&  Co.  the  first  store,  in  1S12. 

2  nap.,  Disciples,  M.  E.,  and  Germ.  Ciith.  at  Williamsville,  and 
2  Evang.  Luth.,  Free,  Mennonite.  and  K.  C.  in  other  parts  of  the 
town. 

*  The  .\urora  Manual  Labor  Seminary  was  chartered  Oct.  18, 
183:i;  and  in  183s its  name  was  chan^:edtotho  Aurora  Academy. 
The  manual  labor  di'i«utmrnt  was  l.mj;  since  abandoned. 

t  These  nere  rollow,.!  by  .l,,.l  ajid  .John  Adams.  Tabor Earlle, 
and  Humphrey  Jfmirli.  m  1MI4,  and  Wm.  W'airen.  'I'hos.  Tntcv, 
Christopher  Stone,  and  Luther  llibliard.  in  1S05.  The  first  birth 
was  that  of  Orra  W.arren,  in  Dec. 1.^05;  and  the  first  death,  tliat 
of  a  daughter  of  Ilnmpbrey  Smith,  in  ISOO.  Phineas  Stevens  built 
the  first  sawmill,  in  ISUIJ,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1H(I7.  lien. 
Wm.  Warren  kept  the  first  inn,  in  l.SOfJ.  and  Adams  &  Hascall 
the  first  store,  in  1S08.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Mary 
Eddy,  in  1S06. 

6  Two  hills,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  wero  fortified  by  cir- 
cular breastworks,  in  many  places  6  to  8  ft.  high.  Human 
hones,  of  almost  giant  size,  have  been  dui;  up  near  the  fbrtiflca- 
tions;  and  pieces  of  pottery  and  iron  axes  have  t)een  found  in 
the  vicinity. — Letter  of  lieu.  Aslier  Wright.  In  1S09  an  ancient 
copper  plate,  12  by  16  inches,  covered  with  letters  or  hiero- 
Rlyphica,  was  plowed  up  upon  the  land  of  EpUrailu  Woodruff, 


in  Anroi-a:  the  finders,  not  knowing  its  value  as  a  specimen  of 
antiquity,  converted  it  into  a  dipper  and  skimmer.— Y'«7VJCr*s 
IM.  Fur.,  J).  tOS. 

6  2  Tresb..  Bap.,  Cong.,  M.  E.,  nniv.,  and  R.C. 

'  Oliver  and  Cliarles  Johnson  settled  in  the  town  in  1805,  and 
Richard  Cary  and  Sam'l  Eaton  in  1807.  The  first  birth  was  that 
of  Ihiuney  Johnson,  in  1800;  the  first  maniage.  that  of  David 
Stanuaid  and  Esther  Yaw,  in  1810:  and  the  first  death,  that  of 
Joel  Beebe,  in  1809.  Ethan  Howard  built  the  first  mill,  in  IslO. 
Job  Palmer  kept  the  first  inn.  in  Isll ;  and  .4aron  J.  Tapper  the 
first  store,  the  same  year.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Joel 
Eddy,  inlHlU. 

8  iiap..  Free  Will  Bap.,  Evang.  Luth.,  Friends,  M.  E.,  Meth. 
Prot..  and  Univ. 

»  Named  from  Col.  Joseph  Brant,  the  Mohawk  chief.  His 
Indian  name  was  '•  Tha-yan-d*i.^w-g(t}i,"  said  to  signify  "'wood 
partly  burned,"  or  "a  brand;"  and  as  the  Indians  are  unable  to 
distinguish  d  from  t  in  their  pronunciation,  it  became  Brant. — 
^.v/cr  tVriglit,  Missioiiiry  at  the  f\ilt<-iratigus  Heaen-atiim. 

lu  .lohn,  Hobert,  aud  Major  Campbell,  and  John  West,  settled 
in  the  town  in  1808,  and  Ansel  .Smith,  itobt.  and  Wm.Qramds, 
and  Benj.  Olmsted,  in  1S19.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  son  of 
Jolm  West,  in  1818;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Levi  tlrannin 
and  Leah  llallida.  in  1819;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Matthew 
West,  in  1822.  The  first  mill  was  built  by  SaniT  Butts,  in  1822; 
the  first  inn  was  kept  by  Josephus  Hubbard,  in  182.');  and  tlie 
first  store,  by  Milton  Morse,  in  1835.  Julia  Bradley  taught  tho 
.first  Bcbool,  la  1823. 


284 


ERIE     COUNTY. 


BUFFALO  CITY — was  formed  as  a  town  from  Clarence, 
Feb.  8,  1810.^  Amherst  was  taken  off  in  1818,  and  Tonawanda 
in  1836.  Buffalo  Village  was  incorp.  April  2,  1813,  re-organized 
in  1815,  and  again  in  1822,  and  incorp.  as  a  city  April  20,  1832, 
with  its  limits  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  that  part  of  the  Mile 
Strip  Reservation^  s.  of  York  and  North  Sts.  By  the  provisions  of  a 
new  charter,  granted  April  13,  1853,  the  then  town  of  ''Black 
Hock"  was  included  within  the  city  limits.  The  city  lies  at  the 
E.  extremity  of  Lake  Erie,  extending  nearly  10  mi.  along  the 
lake  shore  and  the  upper  part  of  Niagara  River,  and  occupies  an 
area  of  about  40  sq.  mi.  The  principal  streams  are  Big  Buffalo 
and  Scajaquady*  Creeks, — the  former  emptying  into  Lake  Erie 
and  the  latter  into  Niagara  River.  The  principal  business  part  of  the  city  is  on  the  lake  shore 
around  the  harbor.  The  land  in  this  locality  is  low,  and  was  once  considered  "an  irreclaimable 
morass ;  but  it  is  now  densely  covered  with  substantial  warehouses  and  large  stores,  intermingled 
with  factories,  foundries,  mechanics'  shops,  and  dwellings."* 

The  site  rises  gradually,  and  attains  in  one  or  two  places  an  elevation  of  about  100  ft. ;  but  the 
greater  portion  of  the  area  occupies  an  extended  plain  of  an  average  height  of  50  ft.  above  the 
lake.  On  the  ^^  Buffalo  Plains,"  and  along  the  river  at  North  Buffalo,  are  extensive  quarries  of 
limestone,  furnishing  an  excellent  building  material.^  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  the 
streets  are  broad  and  straight.  The  flagging  and  paving  are  done  in  the  most  substantial  manner, 
and  are  kept  in  excellent  repair.^  The  main  part  of  the  city  is  supplied  with  wholesome  water 
from  Niagara  River  by  the  Buffalo  Water  "Works  Company.  The  reservoir,  situated  on  Niagara 
between  Connecticut  and  Vermont  Sts.,  is  88  ft.  higher  than  the  river,  and  has  a  capacity  of 
13,500,000  gallons.  The  water  is  elevated  by  two  force  pumps,  each  of  a  capacity  of  235  gallons, 
and  is  distributed  through  31  mi.  of  pipe.'  Lower  Black  Rock  is  supplied  by  the  Jubilee  AVater 
"Works  with  water  obtained  from  the  Jubilee  Springs.  It  is  conducted  through  wooden  pipes, 
of  which  there  are  more  than  two  miles  laid.*  There  are  5  post-offices  in  the  city, — Buffalo,  North 
Buffalo,  Buffalo  Plains,  Red  Jacket,  and  Black  Rock. 

The  harbor  of  Buffiilo  is  formed  by  Big  Buffalo  Creek,  along  which  for  more  than  a  mile  is  a 
continuous  line  of  wharves.  A  pier  extends  from  the  s.  side  of  the  harbor  1500  ft.  into  the  lake, 
forming  an  effectual  barrier  against  the  encroaching  sands,  which  everywhere  on  the  lake  have  a 
tendency  to  accumulate  on  the  w.  side  of  piers.  At  its  extremity  is  a  lighthouse.®  The  Erie 
Canal  enters  the  city  along  Niagara  River,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  seawall,  and  extends 
southward  to  near  the  mouth  of  Bufiiilo  Creek,  and  thence  eastward  to  Hamburgh  St.  The  Erie 
Basin,  just  n.  of  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  Creek,  protected  lakeward  by  a  breakwater,  and  the  Ohio 
Basin,  about  one  and  one-fourth  mi.  from  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  containing  an  area  of  10  acres, 
are  both  connected  with  the  harbor  and  canal  and  are  sufficiently  deep  to  float  the  largest  lake 
vessels.^**  A  ship  canal  more  than  a  mi.  in  length  extends  along  the  w.  side  of  Big  Buffalo  Creek 
parallel  to  the  shore  of  the  lake.  This  canal,  the  basins,  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  harbor  are  all 
connected  by  numerous  slips.  Six  railroads  terminate  in  the  city ;  and  another — the  Buffalo  & 
Pittsburgh — is  in  process  of  construction." 


1  The  city  of  Buffalo  was  taken  off  in  1832,  and  Tonawanda  in 
1836.  The  village  of  *'Black  Rock,"  in  thin  town,  was  incorp. 
April  24,  183",  and  receives  its  name  from  the  color  of  the  rock 
which  outcrops  at  the  funy  landing.  The  remaining  part  of  the 
town  was  organized  as  Black  Kock,  Feb.  14, 1S39;  and  in  1853  it 
was  annexed  to  the  city.  2  gee  p.  280. 

8  Named  fi-om  an  Indian  of  that  name,  and  pronounced  Ska- 
joc'quad-da. 

*  Buffalo  City  Dire.ctonj,  1858. 

6  The  pier,  the  breakwater,  the  arsenal,  St.  Joseph's  Cathedral. 
and  many  of  the  most  substantial  buildings  in  the  city,  are  in 
part  or  wholly  built  of  this  stone. 

6  There  are  261  mi.  of  located  streets  within  the  city  limits. 
S7J  mi.  of  paved  streets,  205,000  line  or  ftet  of  stone  sidewalks, 
and  108  mi.  of  plank  walks.  There  are  l.'.iGO  street  lamps  in 
the  city,  lighted  by  gas  furnished  by  t!ie  Buffalo  V^m  Light  Com- 
pany. The  present  C08t  of  the  street  Improvements  is  estimated 
at  $2,000,000 ;  and  the  aggregate  of  taxes  for  local  improvements 
in  lSo7  was  S3o6.913. 

'  The  Buffalo  Water  Vforks  Company  was  incorp.  March  15, 
1849.  The  original  cost  of  the  works  was  $40o,OiiO;  and  S65,0t)0 
of  the  earnings  have  been  expended  in  extending  the  works. 
Connected  with  them  are  320  street  hydrants,  and  20  under- 
ground reservoirs,  having  an  aggregate  capacity  of  407.S50  giil. 

8  The  Jubilee  Water  Works  Company  was  organized  in  1827, 
Vith  a  capital  of  $20,000.    At  one  time  the  company  had  lb  mi. 


of  wooden  pipe  laid,  fully  supplying  Black  Rock  and  a  part  of 
Buffalo;  but,  while  the  increase  of  population  created  a  greater 
demand  for  water,  the  supply  from  the  springs  diminished,  and 
in  1846  the  citizens  of  Lower  Black  Rock  purchased  the  worka 
and  confined  the  supply  to  their  own  village. 

^  The  lighthouse  is  built  entirely  of  stone  and  iron.  It  is  44 
ft.  hi';h,  20  ft.  in  diameter  at  its  base,  and  12  ft.  at  the  top.  The 
molehead  ujion  which  it  stands  is  160  ft.  in  diameter  and  has  a 
depth  of  15  ft.  below  the  surface  of  the  water.  The  pier  and 
lighthouse  were  completed  in  1S33.  It  is  furnished  with  a  first 
class  dioptric  Fresnel  apparatus. 

10  These  basins  were  constructed  by  the  State  as  parts  of  the 
great  system  of  internal  navigation ;  but  their  sites  were  fur- 
nished by  the  city.  The  Erie  Basin  cost  $300,000,  and  the  Ohio 
Basin  $60,000.  They  were  commenced  in  184S  and  finished  in 
1858.  Vessels  driven  by  storms  and  failing  to  gain  an  entrance 
to  the  harbor  find  a  capacious  and  sheltered  retreat  in  the  har- 
bor of  Black  Rock, — formed  by  a  mole  from  Bird  Inland  to  Squaw 
Island,  a  distance  of  2915  yards.  This,  with  tlte  islands,  forms  a 
harbor  4.56o  yards  long  and  from  88  to  220  yards  wide,  with  an 
area  of  136  acres.  Besides  affording  an  exceedingly  convenient 
harbor,  with  an  average  depth  of  15  feet,  this  work  secures  a 
water-power  of  about  4i  ft.  A  ship  lock  Is  constructed  at  it8 
foot;  and  it  is  on  the  line  of  the  Erie  Canal. 

n  Besides  these,  5  phink  roads,  a  macadamiaed  road,  and  a 
turnpike  terminate  in  the  city. 


ERIE    COUNTY. 


285 


Buffalo  is  the  second  commercial  city  of  the  State,  and  the  largest  and  most  important  upon  the 
great  lakes.'  Its  situation  at  the  foot  of  navigation  upon  Lake  Erie  and  at  the  western  terminus  of 
the  Erie  Canal  makes  it  the  principal  port  for  the  transhipment  of  the  products  of  the  great  grain 
region  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley,  and  gives  to  it  the  command  of  the  greater  part  of  thft 
commerce  of  the  lakes.^  The  number  of  entries  at  this  port  during  the  year  1857  was  4,01",  with 
an  aggregate  of  1,018,672  tons;  and  the  number  of  clearances  was  3,564,  with  an  aggregate  of 
1.603,134  tons.'     The  exportation  and  importation  by  canal  is  also  immense;'  and  it  is  estimated 


1  It  is  often  called  "  The  Queen  City,"  and  "  The  Queen  City 
of  the  L.ikes." 

2  The  amount  of  grain  received  in  18.57  was  15,443.778  bush., 
and  of  flour  925,411  bbls.,  of  which  15.348,930  bush,  of  grain  and 
845,953  bbls.  of  flour  were  received  by  lake.  The  s.ime  year 
there  wero'received  by  lake  29.799  head  of  cattle,  75.174  hogs, 
and  44.972  sheep.  The  following  table  shows  the  imports,  by 
lake,  of  flour  .ind  grain  for  a  series  of  years 


Year. 

Flour. 

n-htat. 

Com. 
204.355 

0al3. 

Barley. 
4,876 

Hae. 

isaii... 

139,178 

304,090 

28,640 

1.600 

1837... 

126.S06 

460,360 

94.490 

2,653 

3,267 

1838... 

277.620 

933,117 

34,148 

6,677 

909 

1839... 

294.13:1  1.117.262 

1840... 

697.742  l.ii(i4,:iCl 

71,327 

1841... 

730,040 

l,li3.5,0O0 

201,031 

14,144 

2,160 

1842... 

734,308 

1,556.430 

454.530 

4,710 

1,228 

1843... 

917.617 

1,827,241 

223.963 

2,489 

1,3.32 

1844... 

915.030 

2,177,600 

137,978 

18,017 

1,617 

466 

1846... 

746,750 

1.770.740 

64,200 

23,100 

1846... 

1,374,629 

4.744,184 

1,456.268 

218,300 

47,630 

28,260 

1847... 

1,857,000 

6.489,100 

2,862.300 

446.000 

70,787 

1848... 

1.249,000 

4,620,117 

2,298,100 

660,000 

17,809 

1S49... 

1S.50... 

1,103,039 

3.681.346 

2,693.378 

359,580 

3,600 

1851... 

1,268,224 

4.167.121 

6,988.776 

1,140,340 

142,773 

10.662 

1852... 

1,299.613 

6.649.778 

6,136,740 

2.596,231 

407.91:! 

112,271 

1853... 

975.667 

6,424,043 

3,665,793 

1.480.655 

401,1108 

107.162 

1854... 

739,756;3.510,792 

10,109.<,)73 

4.441.730 

ZWi.ii^i, 

177.01)6 

1866... 

936,761 

8,022.126 

9.711.2:ai 

■j.r,'.):;;.2"J2 

62,3(14 

2'.I0.6';»1 

1856... 

1,126,048 

8.465,671 

9,632,477 

1.7:>'.  0^2 

46.327 

245.MO 

1867- 

845,953 

8,334,179 

6,713,611 

1,214,700 

37,844 

48,536 

The  annual  average  receipts  of  flour  duriug  the  first  five  vears 
was  about  360,000  bbls,;  during  the  next  five  it  was  82O',0O0; 
during  the  next  five,  1,474,000 :  ,Hnd  during  the  next  five,  969,000, 
The  whole  amount  of  grain  received  in  1847  was  9,668,187  bush,, 
and  in  1865  20,788,475  bush,, — the  greatest  amount  in  any  one 
year.  This  was  a  greater  amount  than  was  received  that  year 
in  any  other  port  in  the  world.  The  following  table  shows  the 
receipts  of  leading  articles  during  three  seasons: — 


1855. 


1856. 


1857. 


Cotton,  bales 

Corn,  bush 

Eggs,  bbls 

Feathers,  sacks 

Fish,  bbls 

Furs,  bdls 

Flax,  bales 

Flour,  bbls 

Ilemp,  bales 

Hides,  No 

Horses,  No 

Hogs,  No 

Irou,  pig,  tons 

Lard, lbs 

Lead,  pigs 

Leather,  rolls 

Luraber.ft , 

Lath,  No 

Meal,  corn,  bbls 

Nuts,  bbls 

Oil,  bbls 

Oats,  bush 

Pork,  bbls 

Pelts,  bdls 

Robes,  Buflalo,  bales,, 

Kye,  hush 

Seeds,  bbls 

Skins,  bdls 

Staves,  No 

Shingles.  No 

Sheep,  No 

Tobacco,  hhds 

Tobacco,  cases 

Tallow,  lbs: 

Whisky,  bbls 

Wheat,  bush 

Wool,  bales. 


1855, 


2,39 

8,711,230 

6,591 

879 

6.752 

1,112 

1,276 

936,761 

1,191 

90,964 

362 

69,944 

3,994 

10,367,136 

67,309 

2,265 

72,026.651 

246.000 

867 

346 

4,700 

2,693,322 

106,682 

4,311 

480 

299,591 

20,522 

2,391 

16,421,668 

'  1,764.000 

26,508 

489 

3,470 

1,234,100 

37,087 

8,022,126 

47,168 


1856. 


681 

9,632.477 

6,326 

820 

8,826 

890 

729 

1,126,048 

327 

111.866 

408 

72.713 

2,077 

6,336.500 

30,677 

2,326 

60,584,.541 

920.000 

1,800 

808 

2,870 

1,733,382 

60,477 

3,368 

287 

246,810 

16,297 

1,814 

18,566,039 

398,000 

41,467 

623 

3,837 

634,900 

36,009 

8,466,671 

41,692 


1867, 


317 

6,713,611 

8,286 

242 

6.211 

635 

622 

645,963 

912 

139,051 

193 

76,174 

1.323 

643,000 

22,247 

2,613 

68,283.319 

1,602.000 

1.50 

113 

1,789 

1,214.760 

20,283 

1,695 

1,160 

48.636 

14,830 

23,024,213 

1,669,000 

44,972 

270 

2,102 

446.750 

42.140 

8,334,179 

35,613 


The  total  value  of  the  importations  of  these  three  years  were,  in 
1855,^8,767,315:  in  1856.  $40,429,871;  and  in  1857,  $34,846,692. 
3  Following  is  an  exhibit  of  the  number  of  entrances  and 
clearances,  their  tonnage  and  crews,  for  sLx  successive  years  :— 


Ashes,  casks 4,296  3,265  2,975 

Beef,  bbls. 97,804  33,320  69,911 

Broom  Com,  bales 9,726  7,366  5,086 

Barley.bush 02.304  46.327  37,844 

Butter,  lbs 1,988,920        1,241,600  923.000 

Bacon,  lbs 10,768,396        9,220,932  3,612,619 

Cattle,  No 14,049  25,283  29,799 

Cranberries,  bbls 225  404  91 

Coal,  tons 59,878  63,512  67,247 

Copper  Ore,  lbs 600,000        1,870,488  2,687,600 

*  The  following  tables  show  the  receipts  and  shipments  of  leading  articles  for  the  year  1867 : — The  total  value  of  the  canal  ship- 
ments  that  year  was  $16,956,740,  and  the  tolls  of  the  same  received  at  the  collector's  office  amounted  to  $669,637.44. 

RECEIPTS. 


reitr. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

JIC™. 

1862 

9,441 

3,092,247 

127,491 

1863 

8,208 

3,252,978 

128,112 

1864 

8.912 

3,990,284 

120.838 

1866 

9,211 

3,360.233 

111,515 

1866 

8,128 

8,018,587 

112,061 

1857 

7,581 

3,221,806 

132,183 

umber,  ft 1.853.693 

920 


Timber.  100  cubic  ft 
Staves,  Ui8„, 
Wood,  cords 
Cheese,  lbs.. 
Wool,  lbs. 


30,S 

25,8 
22,e 

1,; 


,320 

Hides,  lbs 130,500 

Flour,  bbls 28,621 

Wheat,  bush 19,966 

Rye,  bush 7,778 

Corn,  bnsh 1,1.31 

Barley,  bush 37,434 


Bran,  ic.  lbs 236,689 

Beans  and  peas,  bush 10.908 

Potatoes,  bush,, 3,342 

Dried  fruit,  lbs 1,30,900 

Hop.s,-lbs 621,862 

Domestic  spirits,  gals 24.720 

Leather,  lbs 714,136 

Furniture,  lbs 4,363.775 

Pig  iron,  lbs 12,417,lli4 

Castings  and  ironware,  lbs 30,902,467 

Domestic  cottons,  lbs 594,868 

Domestic  salt,  lbs 62,278,989 


Foreign  salt,  lbs 193.839 

Sugar,  lbs 12,768,136 

Molasses,  lbs 7,701J44 

Coflee,  lbs 4.900,077 

Nails,  spikes,  i-c.  lbs. 2,866,471 

Ironand  stceLlbs 12,417.666 

Railroad  iron,  lbs 32,187,521 

Crockery  and  glassware,  lbs  5,606,277 

All  other  mdse,  lbs 92,894.060 

Stone,  lime,  and  clay,  lbs 74,134,242 

Gypsum,  lbs 560,687 

Coal,  lbs 115,193,297 

Sundries,  lbs 10,471,711 


SBIPME.NTS. 


Lumber,  ft 43,727,.623 

Timber,  100  cubic  ft 12,485 

Staves,  lbs 186,921,748 

Ashes,  casks 1,829 

Pork,  bbls 9,195 

Beef,  bbls 6,256 

Bacon,  lbs 2,112,093 

Cheese,  lbs 65.469 

Butter,  lbs 9,874 

Lard,  tallow,  and  lard  oil...  710,4.35 

Wool,  lbs 1,325,289 

Hides,  lbs 760,8.85 

Flour,  bbls 88,092 

Wheat,  bush 6,673,827 


Rye,  bush 

Corn, bush 

Barley.bush 

Oats,  bush 

Bran,  &c.  lbs 

Dried  fruits,  lbs 

Oitt^n,  lbs 

Tobacco,  Ibe 

Hemp,  lbs 

Seed,lbs 

Flaxseed,  lbs , 

nop,s,  lbs 

Domestic  spirits,  gals 

I/Cather,  lbs 


6.341 

5,001,203 

,       11,638 

905,814 

,  4,796,624 


.  16,563 
.  49.690 
,  606,3114 
,  1,077.228 
1,529 
.  636,000 
56,786 


Furniture,  lbs 393.025 

Lend,  lbs.! 214,416 

Pig  iron,  lbs 1,240,408 

Bloom  and  bar  iron,  lbs 87,736 

Castings  and  ironware,  lbs 121,789 

Domestic  salt,  lbs 32,100 

Ironand  steeMba 201,703 

Railroad  iron,  lbs 

Crockerv  and  glassware,  lbs.,  122.594 

All  othermdse.lbs 674.242 

Stono,  lime,  and  clay,  lbs 4,989,699 

Coal,  lbs 28,051,852 

Copper  ore,  lbs 2,665,201 

Sundries,lbs 12,771,000 


2S6 


ERIE     COUNTY. 


that  the  value  of  merchandise  and  property  transported  1  v  R.  r.  is  greater  than  the  entire  amount 
of  the  lake  commerce  of  this  port,^  About  one-fourth  of  the  shippinj^  of  the  lake  is  owned  by  the 
citizens  of  Buffalo.^  Shipbuilding  is  extensively  carried  on.^  The  manufactures  of  the  city  are 
extensive  and  various.* 

The  principal  public  buildings  are  the  Custom  House,  Fort  Porter,  the  State  Arsenal,  and  the 
city  markets.  The  Ctistom  House^  on  the  corner  of  Seneca  and  Washington  Sts.,  is  a  handsome 
and  well  built  structure,  containing,  beside  the  custom  house  office,  accommodations  for  the  post-office 
and  the  U.  S.  courts.  It  was  constructed,  at  a  cost  of  $140,000,  from  designs  furnished  })y  the  U.  S. 
Treasury  Department.^  Fort  Porfer,  built  in  1842-48,  is  a  fortification  on  the  bank  of  Niagara 
Kiver  at  the  point  where  it  emerges  from  Lake  Erie,  The  State  Araenal,  erected  in  1858,  is  a 
massive  stone  building  fronting  on  Batavia  St.**  There  are  four  large  markets,  conveniently  located 
in  difierent  parts  of  the  city.' 

The  Public  Schools  of  the  city  have  long  enjoyed  a  deservedly  high  reputation.  They  are  care- 
fully nurtured  through  the  operations  of  an  enlightened  public  sentiment,  and  are  so  excellent  in 
all  their  departments  that  scarcely  any  otlier  elementary  schools  are  supported  or  needed.  They 
are  thoroughly  graded,  consisting  of  three  general  departments.  The  third  department  is  an 
advanced  school  for  the  whole  city;  and  in  it  a  complete  academic  course,  excepting  the  classics,  is 
taught.  There  w^ere,  in  1857,  32  school  districts,  employing  189  teachers, — 24  males  and  165 
females.  The  number  of  children,  between  4  and  21  years  of  age,  was  28,000,  of  whom  15,593, 
or  a  small  fraction  more  than  b5h  per  cent.,  were  in  attendance  some  portion  of  the  j^ear.^ 

The  Buffalo  Female  Academy  J  a  flourishing  institution,  situated  on  Delaware  Avenue,  was  opened 
for  students  in  July,  1852.® 


1  The  amount  of  live  stock  received  by  R.  R.  in  1857  was  78,404  I 
head  of  cattle,  232.370  lings,  and  72.496  sheep. 

-  The  amount  iif  shipping  owned  in  Uuffalo,  as  shown  by  the 
custom  bouse  boolis.  is  as  follows: — 


Steamers.... 
Propellers.. 

Tugs 

I  Barks 

Brigs 

Schooners .. 
Scows 


Total.. 


10 

50 

20 

7 

21 

129 

5 

242 


Toniiage. 


9,067 

30.1S6 

2,629 

3,537 

6.784 

35.460 

473 


88,136 


s  The  following  table  shows  the  shipping  launched  in  1857  : — 


4  Steamers 

10  Propellers  .... 

13  Tugs , 

21  Schooners 

1  Dredge 

25  Canal  Boats.. 


Tnnnage. 


4,086 
5.070 
1,145 
7,955 


Valui'. 


$352,000 
349,000 
126.800 
353,400 


In  connectiflfi  with  one  of  the  shipyards  of  the  city  is  a  dry 
dock  of  sufficient  capacity  to  admit  a  steamer  of  over  2,500  tons; 
also  a  marine  railway;  and  near  by  is  a  large  derrick  for  hoist- 
ing boilers  and  heavy  machinery. 

*  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  manufacturing  establishments 
in  operation  in  1S57 


Agricultural  Works 5 

Ax  &  Edge  Tool  M'factory...  3 

Awl                              "  1 

Basket  Manufactories 6 

BWlows            '*            ^ 2 

Billiard  Table"            3 

Blank  Book  &  Bookbinding  8 

Boiler  Manufactodes 4 

Box                '•              5 

Brass             «              3 

Breweries 31 

Brickyards 9 

Britannia  Ware 2 

Boot  &  Shoe  Miyju  factories    3 

Brush                        "  2 

Burr  Millstone         "  2 

CabinetWare^Ianufactories.  11 

Car  and  Car  Wheels 2 

Carriage  Manuactorics 9 

Chair                 "            '2 

Chromotype  Printing..^ 1 

Coach  k  Harness  Hardware  2 

Comb  Manufactory 1 

Confectioneries 10 

Cooperages 14 

r>iHtilleries 3 

Kngravin; 


EarthenwareMann  factories.    2 
Fence  "(iron)  "  4 

Fire  Works  "  2 

Flnur  Mills 10 

Flour  Mill  Manufactories....     3 

Founderies 7 

Glove  Manufactory 1 

Glue  "         1 

Gold  Beaters"         2 

Gunshops 3 

Harness,  Saddle,  Ac.M'facts  13 
Hrtt  &  Cap  Manufactories...  16 

Iron  Works 8 

Japanned  Ware 4 

Lantern  Manufactories 2 

Last  Manufactories 2 

Leather  "  11 

Lithojrraphing 3 

Luck  Manufai'tories 5 

M;iii.l.-  Works 6 

M.uhiiir  Sh.ips 10 

Mtli^ifiiu  Manufactory 1 


Oakum 

Oil 

Organ 

Pail  and  Tub 

Paper  Mill 


Engine  (steam)  M'factories..    6  |  Patent  Leather 


Philosophical  Instruments.. 
Piano  Furte  Manufactory.... 

Planinfi  Mills 

Plane  Manufactory 

Pocket  Book    "      

Poltery 

Pi  intiuK  Establishments..... 

Pump  Manufactories 

IJegalia  "  

Rope  "         

Sail  "  

Sash  &  Blind  "  

Saw  "  

Shingle  "  

Stove  Manufactories 

Silk  "         


Shipyards 7 

Silver  Plating 4 

Soap  &  Candle  M'factories...  14 

Soda  &.  Sarsaparillu  "        ...  4 

Starch                         *'        ...  2 

Stave                           "        ...  2 

Steam  Sawmills 3 

Stone  Ware  Manufactory....  1 

Tobacco                 "            ....  9 

Tanneries 2 

Type  &  Stereotype  F'dries...  3 

Upholsteries 10 

Vice  Manufactory 1 

White  Lead    *•      2 

Whip             "      1 


The  value  of  the  articles  manufactured  in  1857  was  about 
$10,000,000.  of  which  the  leading  products  are  estimated  as 
follows :— ships  and  boats.  $1,800.000 ;  leather,  $1.500,000 ;  flour, 
$1,000,000;  stoves  and  other  castings,  $600,000;  machines, 
$600,000;  distilled  stuffs,  S400,000;  piano  fortes,  $350,000;  boots 
and  shoes,  $100,000. 

For  most  of  the  statistics  of  the  commerce  and  manufactures 
of  Buffalo  we  are  indebted  to  the  Annual  Statement  of  the  Trade 
and  Vnmmcrce  of  Buffalo  for  1857,  issued  from  the  office  of  the 
Commercial  Adveriuer, 

6  The  custom  house  building  was  commenced  in  1S55  and 
completed  in  1858.  It  is  3  stories  high,  exclusive  of  basement, 
and  has  a  front  of  110  ft.  on  Seneca  St.  and  60  ft.  on  Washington 
St.,  with  a  total  elevation  of  70  ft.  above  the  sidewalk.  Its  ex- 
terior is  of  light  gray  sandstone,  obtained  from  Cleveland,  Ohio ; 
aud  the  whole  is  fireproof  throughout,  the  floors  being  of  small, 
segmental  brick  arches,  turned  from  wrought  iron  beams,  rest- 
ing on  tubular  girders.  The  girders  rest  upon  the  walla,  and 
are  supported  in  the  middle  by  cast  iron  columns  reaching  to 
the  foundation  of  the  building. 

«  The  arsenal  is  165  ft.  long  by  65  ft.  ^vide.  Its  front,  50  ft. 
wide,  projecting  16  ft.  from  the  main  building,  is  flanked  by 
octagonal  towers  60  ft.  high.  The  walls  are  40  ft.  high ;  and  at 
each  corner  is  a  heavy,  squai'e  tuiTet.  The  cost  of  the  building 
was  $36,000. 

'  Elk  Street  Market  is  30  ft.  wide  by  375  ft.  long,  having  a 
veranda  24  ft.  wide  extending  the  whole  length  of  each  side. 
The  Court  Street  Market  consists  of  a  main  building.  51  ft.  sq., 
with  4  wings,  one  on  each  side.  The  n.  and  s.  wings  are  each 
91i  ft.  long  by  36  wide,  and  the  E.  andw.  wings  are  each  61  ft. 
long  by  36ft.  wide.  TheCIinton  St.  and  Washington  St.  Markets 
are  each  395  ft-  long  by  36  ft.  wide,  with  a  veranda  24  ft.  wide  ex- 
tending the  whole  length  of  each  side. 

8  The  total  expenses  of  the  schools  for  1357  were  $160,019.86, 
and  the  total  receipts  the  same;  number  of  volumes  in  district 
libraries  8,216, 

9  This  institution  owes  its  existence  in  a  great  measure  to  the 
liberality  of  Jabez  Goodell,  who  contributed  over$10.UO0  toward 
its  establishment.  The  academy  occupies  one  of  the  most  eli 
gible  and  Iu*autiful  sites  in  the  city.  There  are  two  academic 
buildings,  Giiudell  Hall  aud  Evergreen  Cottage,— the  former  oc- 
cupied for  school  purposes,  and  the  latter  as  a  dwelling  by  the 
family  of  the  principal. 


ERIE    COUNTY.  287 

The  Buffalo  Medical  College,  on  the  corner  of  Main  and  Virginia  Sts.,  was  organized  in  Aug.  1840, 
under  the  charter  of  the  University  of  Buffalo.  A  course  of  lectures  is  given  each  winter;  and 
the  students  are  admitted  to  the  liospital  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  on  stated  days,  during  the  visits 
of  the  medical  and  surgical  officers. 

The  Bujj'uto  Mercantile  College,  on  the  corner  of  IMain  and  Seneca  Sts.,  was  established  Oct.  10, 
1854.     Its  ol.yeet  is  to  impart  a  theoretical  and  practical  knowledge  of  business  transactions. 

The  Buji'ulo  Comuicrcial  College,  on  Main  St.,  is  an  institution  similar  in  character  to  the  Mer- 
cantile College. 

The  Buffalo  Law  Library  Association,  incorp.  April  2,  1833, — capital  §10,000,  in  shares  of  §100 
each, — was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  benefits  of  a  professional  library  beyond  tho 
reach  of  private  means. 

The  Young  Men's  Association  was  established  in  the  winter  of  1835-36,  and  incorp.  in  March, 
1843.  It  has  a  library  of  about  10,000  volumes,  and  a  reading  room,  which  is  well  supplied  with 
papers  from  most  of  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union.  During  the  winter  months  lectures  are 
maintained  by  the  association. 

The  German  Young  Men's  Association  was  organized  in  1841  and  chartered  in  846.  The 
library  contains  about  2000  volumes,  mostly  German  works. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Union  was  established  in  May,  1852,  and  incorp.  March,  1853.  It 
has  for  its  object  the  moral  and  intellectual  improvement  of  young  men.  Its  library  and  reading 
rooms  are  in  Kremlin  Hall,  at  the  junction  of  Niagara  and  Erie  Sts. 

The  Young  Men's  Catholic  Association  and  the  Buffalo  Catholic  Institute  are  societies  similai 
to  the  preceding. 

The  Buffalo  Medical  Association  was  formed  in  1845  and  incorp.  in  1856.  Its  objects  are 
purely  scientific  and  professional,  and  its  membership  is  confined  to  the  medical  profession  of 
the  county. 

The  Mendelssohn  Association,  organized  Jan.  1858,  has  for  its  object  the  improvement  and  culti- 
vation of  vocal  and  instrumental  music. 

The  Deutsche  Leidertafel  and  the  Deutscher  Saengerhtmd  are  German  societies  of  a  similar 
character. 

The  Buffalo  Orphan  Asylum,  located  on  Virginia  St.,  was  organized  in  1835  and  incorp.  April 
24,  1837.  The  site  was  donated  by  Louis  S.  Le  Couteulx,  and  the  present  building  was  erected 
in  1850.     Tlie  average  number  of  inmates  is  about  80. 

The  Buffalo  Female  Orphan  Asylum,  on  the  corner  of  Batavia  and  EUicott  Sts.,  was  established 
in  1848,  under  the  care  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  St.  Joseph.  The  present  number  of  childrem 
is  98. 

The  Buffalo  Hospital  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  on  Virginia  St.,  was  incorp.  July  5,  1848.  The 
building  contains  20  wards,  and  the  average  number  of  patients  is  130. 

The  Buffalo  General  Hospital  was  incorp.  Nov.  21,  1855,  and  went  into  operation  in  1858.  It 
was  founded  by  individual  donations,  amounting  to  §20,000,  and  a  State  appropriation  of  §10,000.' 

The  Ltjing-In  Hospital,  on  Edward  St.,  is  under  the  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity. 

The  Buffalo  City  Dispensary,  a  society  of  physicians,  was  organized  to  aflbrd  gratuitous  medical 
services  to  the  destitute. 

The  Association  for  the  Relief  of  the  Poor  disburses  among  the  needy  each  winter  sums  ranging 
from  §1,500  to  $8,000. 

The  Firemen's  Benevolent  Association  was  incorp.  March  23,  1837,  and  has  for  its  object  the 
accumulation  of  a  fund  for  the  relief  of  indigent  and  disabled  firemen  and  their  families. 

The  Buffalo  Physicians'  Charitable  Fund  Association  was  organized  in  1858,  to  provide  means 
for  the  assistance  and  relief  of  the  widows  and  orphans  of  medical  men. 

A  M.  E.  church  was  founded  in  Bufiklo,  in  1809,  by  the  Rev.  Jas.  Mitchell ;  but  it  had  no  per- 
manent organization.  The  oldest  church  now  in  the  city  (Ist  Presb.)  was  organized  Feb.  2, 1812, 
by  the  Rev.  Thaddeus  Osgood.  The  next  established  were  a  Prot.  E.,  Bap.,  a  M.  B.,  and  a  Univ. 
There  are  now  57  churches  in  the  city.^  Most  of  the  church  edifices  are  large  and  commodious ; 
and  many  of  them  are  of  a  high  order  of  architectural  beauty.     St.  Joseph's  Cathedral  (R.  C.)  is 


1  Tliis  hospital  is  located  on  Iligh  St..  and  is  a  two  story  brick 
Btr^icture.  160  ft.  lonp;  by  75  ft.  wide.  Tin-  w.  wing  only  of  tlio 
geni^ral  plan  is  finished;  but  that  is  complete  in  itself,  and  hita 

4  wards,  cnp-tble  of  accommodating  100  piitientH. 

■■!  U  R.  C,  S  Presb.,  7  Prot.  K.,  7  >t.  E.,  6  Bap.,  4  Ger.  KvanR., 

5  Luth..  2  Kef.  Frot.  D..  and  1  each  Asso.  I'resb.,  French  Prot., 


in  this  city.  h.ia  been  prominently  belbre  the  public  from  tho 
nifusal  of  its  trustees  to  convoy  their  church  property  to  th« 
biHhop,  and  the  extraordinary  but  ineflectual  efforts  made  by 
the  Roman  pontiff  to  induce  obedience  to  this  order.  In  1.S63 
Cardinal  Hedini  visited  America,  having  thi.s  as  a  prominent 
object  of  his  mission;  but  the  trustees  were  inUcxible,  and  still 


Unit,  Univ.,  Mission,  audBethel.    The  K.  C.  Church  of  :<t.  Louis,  [  continue  the  owners  of  their  property. 


288 


ERIE     COUXTY. 


the  largest  and  most  costly  in  the  city.^     St.  PauVs^  and  St.  John's,  (Prot.  E.,)  and  the  North  and 
Central    Presb,    churches,  are  elegant  and  substantial  structures. 

The  earliest  notice  of  the  site  of  the  city  of  Buffalo  is  found  in  the  travels  of  Baron  La  Hontan, 
%Tho  visited  this  locality  in  1087.^  No  M'hite  settlers  located  here  until  after  the  American  Revo- 
lution. A  village  of  the  Seneca  Indians  lay  on  Buffalo  Creek,  about  3  mi,  from  its  mouth.  In 
March,  1791,  Col.  Thos.  Proctor,  U.  S.  Commissioner,  visited  ^'Buffalo  Creek," — as  this  village  was 
then  called, — on  an  embassy  to  the  Indians.  The  locality  around  the  mouth  of  the  creek  vras  then 
called  *'' Lake  Erie"  and  Cornelius  "Winney,  an  Indian  trader,  resided  there.*  The  place  ^was 
visited  in  1795  by  La  Rochefoucault  Liancourt,  a  French  nobleman,  vrho  says  that  "at  the  post 
on  Lake  Erie  there  was  a  small  collection  of  four  or  five  houses."^  Buffalo  "was  laid  out  by  the 
agent  of  the  Holland  Land  Company  in  1801,  and  was  called  by  them  ''New  Amsterdam."^  Set- 
tlement was  commenced  at  Black  Rock  in  1807.*^  In  1808  ^'  New  Amsterdam"  was  made  the  county 
seat  of  Niagara  co. ;  and  its  name  vs'as  then  changed  to  Buffalo.  In  1812  it  became  a  military 
post.  In  Bee.  1813,  a  party  of  British  and  Indians  crossed  over  from  Canada,  defeated  the  Ameri 
can  forces,  and  fired  the  villages  of  Black  Rock  and  Buffixlo.  Only  two  dwelling  houses  were  left 
standing.®  The  rebuilding  of  the  village  was  not  commenced  until  1815.  Buffalo  had  from  the 
first  a  formidable  rival  in  Black  Rock.  While  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  Creek  was  obstructed  by  a 
bar,  Black  Rock  possessed  an  excellent  harbor  and  monopolized  the  infant  commerce  of  the  lake. 
The  "  Walk-in-ihe-  Water"  the  first  steamboat  on  Lake  Erie,  was  built  at  Black  Rock  in  1818.  The 
construction  of  Buffalo  harbor  was  commenced  in  1820,  by  the  citizens  ;^  and  in  1827  the  General 
Government  assumed  its  completion  and  built  the  present  pier  and  lighthouse.  The  Erie  Canal 
was  finished  in  1825;  and  from  that  time  to  the  present  Buffalo  has  increased  in  wealth  and  popu- 
lation with  the  characteristic  rapidity  of  the  cities  of  the  West.^*^ 

CIIICTAWAUCJA  "—was  formed  from  Amherst,  March  22, 1839  ;  and  a  part  of  West  Seneca 
was  taken  off  in  1851.  It  is  an  intei'ior  town,  lying  x.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is 
level.  The  principal  streams  are  Eleven  Mile,  Cayuga,  and  Slate  Bottom  Creeks  The  soil  is  a 
heavy,  tough  clay.  CBiicta.^YaiiKn'  and  Four  Mile  CreeK  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  by  Apollos  Hitchcock,  in  1808.*-     There  is  but  1  church  (R.  C.)  in  town. 

CL.AREi\XE— was  formed  from  *'  WilUnk,"  (now  Aurora,)  March  11,  1808,  Buffalo  was 
taken  off  in  1810,  Alden  in  1823,  and  Lancaster  in  1833.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co., 
E.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  level.  A  limestone  terrace  about  50  feet  high,  with  a  wall-like 
front  facing  the  n.,  extends  e.  and  w.  through  the  center  of  the  town.  The  streams  are  Tona- 
wanda  Creek,  on  the  n.  border,  and  Ransoms  Creek,  flowing  n.  w.  through  near  the  center  of 
the  town.     The  soil  in  the  n.  part  is  clayey,  and  in  the  s.  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  underlaid  by 


1  The  cathedral  is  236  ft.  long,  86  ft.  wide  in  the  body,  and  120 
at  the  transept.  The  ceiling  is  75  ft.  high,  the  rouf  outside  90 
feet,  and  the  spire,  when  tinished.  will  be  "220  ft.  high.  The 
windows  are  all  of  beautiful  stained  glass,  the  larger  ones  in 
figures  representing  sacred  scenes  and  characters.  Tho  tri- 
partite window  above  the  altar  represents  the  birth,  cruci- 
lixion,  and  a^^cension  of  Christ.  This  window  was  executed  in 
Munich,  at  a  cost  of  $5,000. 

2  This  church  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $100,000.  It  has 
a  chime  of  10  bells,  which  cost  $15,000. 

3  La  Hontan  recommended  to  the  French  Government  tho 
erection  of  a  fort  at  this  place. 

*  Winnev's  house — undoubtedly  tho  first  erected  in  Buffalo — 
stood  near  where  the  Washington  St.  Canal  Bridge  now  is. 

5  Besides  Winney,  Johnston,  the  British  Indian  interpreter, 
Martin  Middaugh  and  liia  family,  and  his  son-in-law,  Ezekiel 
Lane,  resided  here  at  that  time;  and  in  179fi  Asa  Ransom,  Jesse 
fckinuer,  and  "Black  Joe'^  were  also  here.  Skinner  kept  an  inn, 
and  Winney  and  *^' Black  Joe."  an  Indian  store. 

6  The  principal  streets  were  named  from  members  of  the  Hol- 
land Land  Company.  Main  St.  was  QnWedi^'-WiUinks  Avenue," 
Niagara  St.  "  Schimm''lpennicks  Avenue,"  Genesee  St.  ^'Busti 
Avenue*"  Krie  St.  ^'Vollenh'/vens  Avenue,"  and  Church  St. ^'Slad- 
n>tzk~i  Avenue."  In  1826  these  names  were  changed  by  the 
trustees  of  the  village.  The  business  of  the  Holland  Land  Com- 
pany was  transacted  here  for  a  short  time  previous  to  the  open- 
ing of  their  office  at  "Jiansoms  Grove."  now  Clarence  Hollow, 
in  1801. 

7  The  sur^'eyor  general  was  directed  (April  11, 1804)  to  lay 
out  the  land  about  Black  Rock — forming  a  part  of  the  Mile 
i^tTip — into  lots  and  report  to  the  legislature.  This  was  ac- 
cordingly done ;  and  in  his  report  the  surveyor  general  stated 
his  belief  that  this  was  the  best,  if  not  the  only,  place  at 
this  end  of  the  lake  where  a  harbor  of  proper  size  could  be 
constructed.  From  the  earliest  period  the  U.  S.  had  desig- 
•aated  this  vicinity  as  the  site  of  a  fortitication.  The  report 
diiwd  with  the  following  worda: — *'It  will  be  observed  that 


streets  are  laid  where  it  will  either  be  impracticable  or  useless 
to  open  them  soon.  It  maj',  notwithstanding,  be  useful  now  to 
contemplate,  in  the  plans  of  towns,  what  will  be  necessary  ar- 
rangements a  century  hence.  Such  plans  on  record,  while  for 
the  present  they  can  be  prndnctive  of  no  harm,  may  prevent 
those  aberrations  from  order  that  might  hereafter  be  a  cause 
of  much  inconvenience;  and,  without  being  governed  by  ex- 
travagant calculations,  no  doubt  can  be  entertained  that  the 
future  importance  of  this  place  will  justify  extensive  views  in 
the  projection  of  its  arrangements."  The  village,  like  Lewiston, 
Oswego,  Salina,  and  Fort  Covington,  was  patented  in  small 
piirrels. 

8  See  p.  280.  In  1825,  Congress  made  an  appropriation  of 
$80,000  to  compensate  the  inhabitants  for  the  losses  incurred  by 
this  disaster. 

*  The  sum  of  §1.861.25  was  raised  by  subscription,  and  a  loan 
of  $12,000  was  obtained  from  the  State.  A  pier,  extending  80 
rods  into  the  lake,  was  built,  and  a  lighthouse  erected  upon  the 
land.  The  Superior — the  second  steamboat  launched  upon 
Lake  Erie — was  built  at  Buffalo  in  1822. 

10  The  population  at  different  periods  has  been  as  follows : — 

1810 1,508       1830 8.668       1845 29.773 

1814 1.060      1835 19.715       1850 42,261 

1820 2.095      1840 18,213      1855 74,214 

1825 5,141 

The  population  of  Black  Rock  (now  about  12,000)  is  included  in 
the  returns  of  1855  only. 

n  This  name  was  given  at  the  suggestion  of  Alex.  Hitchcock. 
It  is  a  corruption  of  the  Seneca  word  '••  Jiik-do-uaah-geh"  signi- 
fying "the  place  of  the  crab-apple  tree,"  the  Indian  name  of 
this  locality. 

12  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Sam'l  Lasure.  Roswell  Judson, 
Abraham  Hatch,  and  Miy.  Noble.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a 
child  of  Roswell  Hatch,  in  1810;  and  the  iirst  death,  that  of 
Franklin  Hitchcock,  in  1818.  The  first  mill  was  built  by  Sam'l 
Lasure,  in  1810 ;  and  the  first  inn  was  kept  by  Jesse  Munson,  in 
1815. 


*l. 


ERIE    COUNTY. 


289 


limestone.  Clarence  Hollow,  (Clarence  p.  o.,)  near  the  s.  e.  corner  of  the  town,  contains  3 
churches,  the  Clarence  Academy,'  and  a  pop.  of  400;  Clarence  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  2 
churches  and  about  40  houses.      Ilarris  Hill  (p.  o.)  and  IVortli  Clarence  (p.  o.)  are 

hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Clarence  Hollow  in  1799,  by  Asa  Ransom.*  The 
census  reports  7  churches  in  town.' 

COliDEIV* — was  formed  from  Holland,  April  2,  1827.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  an  elevated  upland,  rolling  in  the  E.  and  hilly  in  the  w.  The 
w.  branch  of  Cazenove  Creek  flows  through  the  w.  part  of  the  town  and  is  bordered  by  steep 
declivities  150  to  200  ft.  high.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  clay.  Colden, 
(p. V.,)  on  Cazenove  Creek,  contains  a  sawmill,  a  gristmill,  and  34  houses;  Glenwood,  (p. v.,) 
on  the  same  stream,  contains  1  church,  3  sawmills,  2  lath  miUs,  a  tannery,  and  30  houses.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  in  1810,  by  Richard  Buffum.*  The  Presbyterian,  at  Glenwood,  is  the 
only  church  in  town. 

C01.1.ISIS— was  formed  from  Concord,  March  16,  1821.  A  part  of  Brandt  was  taken  off  in 
1839,  and  North  Collins  in  1852.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  w.  of  the  center.  The  surface 
is  a  rolling  upland,  sloping  gradually  to  the  w.  and  descending  abruptly  to  Cattaraugus  Creek 
upon  the  s.  The  summits  of  the  ridges  are  150  to  300  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Cattaraugus  Creek 
forms  the  s.  boundary  of  the  town ;  and  the  other  streams  are  Clear  Creek  and  its  tributaries. 
The  channels  of  these  streams  are  narrow  and  deep.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam  on  the  uplands 
and  a  gravelly  loam  along  the  streams.  Collins  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church  and  36 
houses.  Taylors  Hollow  is  a  hamlet  near  the  n.  w.  corner.  Ctowanda  lies  partly,  in  this 
town."    The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1806,  by  Jacob  Taylor.'     There  are  5  churches  in  town.^ 

COIVCORD — was  formed  from  "Willink,"  (now  Aurora,)  March  20,  1812;  and  Collins  and 
Sardinia  were  taken  off  in  1821.  A  part  of  Sardinia  was  annexed  in  1822.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border 
of  the  CO.  The  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  with  steep  declivities  bordering  u  j  m  Cattaraugus 
Creek.  Townsend  Hill,  the  highest  point,  is  nearly  1500  ft.  above  tide.  The  principal  streams  are 
Cattaraugus  Creek,  upon  the  s.  boundary  of  the  town,  and  its  tributaries.  Several  small  brooks^ 
forming  the  head  waters  of  Eighteen  Mile  and  Cazenove  Creeks,  take  their  rise  in  this  town.  The 
soil  in  the  s.  part  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  N.  a  clayey  loam  underlaid  by  hardpan. 
Sprlng^ille,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  11,  1834,  is  situated  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  and  contains 
5  churches,  the  Springville  Academy,  a  newspaper  office,  and  several  manufacturing  establish- 
ments.' Pop.  953.  lUortons  Corners,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  contains  1  church,  2  saw- 
mills, a  gristmill,  and  20  houses.  Woodwards  Hollow  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  in  1808,  by  Christopher  Stone.'"  The  first  church  was  organized  Nov.  2, 1816,  by 
Rev.  John  Spencer.    There  are  7  churches  in  town." 

EAST  HAMBURGH— was  formed  from  Hamburgh,  as  "  EllkoU,"  Oct.  15,  1850.  A  part 
of  West  Seneca,  as  "  Seneca,"  was  taken  off  in  1851.  Its  name  was  changed  Feb.  20,  1852.  It 
is  an  interior  town,  lying  near  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  broken  upland.  Chestnut 
Ridge,  the  highest  land  in  the  town,  has  an  elevation  of  about  500  ft.  above  Lake  Erie.  The 
declivities  of  the  hills  are  generally  gradual  slopes,  broken  by  narrow  ravines  formed  by  the 
streams.  Smokes  Creek  and  its  branches  are  the  most  considerable  streams.  The  soil  is  a  loam, 
gravelly  in  the  n.  and  clayey  in  the  s.     East  Hamburg^ll,  (p.  v.,)  n.  of  the  center  of  the  town, 


1  Establiahed  aB  the  Clarence  Classical  School  in  1841,  by  J. 
Hadley  and  R.  Blennorhaissott. 

s  Asa  Ransom  was  a  man  of  considerable  influence  with  the 
Indians.  They  gave  him  the  name  oi  ^^0-vns-ta~ni>at-!tqufMiich," 
signifying  "maker  of  silver,"  or  "maker  of  silver  money." 
Gen.  Timothy  Hopkins  settled  in  the  town  in  1797;  Asa  Chap- 
man, Timothy  James,  Wm.Updegratf.  Cbrist^pher  Saddler,  Levi 
Felton,  Abraham  Shope,  John  lliiines,  and  John  Gardner,  in 
1801 ;  Andrew  Dnmet.  Geo.  Shurman.  Bcra  Ensign,  and  Jacob 
Shope.  in  1S03;  and  Daniel  Bailey  in  1S04.  The  flrgt  birth  was 
that  of  Harry  B.  Ransom,  in  ISOl;  and  the  first  death,  that  of 

Keyes.  in  1804.     Asa  Ransom  opened  the  tir^t  public  house. 

in  1801.  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1805,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in 
1806;  Otis  R.  Hopkins  kept  the  first  store,  in  1811.  The  first 
echool  was  taught  by  Rebecca  Hamlin,  in  1805. 

3  3  Mennonites,  Bap..  Seventh  Day  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  Union. 

*  Named  from  CadwaliaderD.  Colden,  then  in  the  State  Senate. 

6  Thos.  Pope,  JoBiah  Brown,  and  L.  Owen  settled  in  the  town 
in  1810,  and  Jesse  Southwick.  Richard  Sweet,  Nath'I  Bowen.  and 
Silas  Lewis  in  1811.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  child  of  Thos. 
Pope,  in  1811;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Jas.  Sweet  and  Char- 
lotte Buffum,  in  1810;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  .N'athaniel 
Raven,  in  1812.    Richard  BufTum  built  the  first  mill,  in  1810. 


19 


The  first  school  was  taught  by  Mary  Eddy,  in  the  winter  of 
1814,  «  s'ee  page  194. 

'  Joshua  Palmerton,  Stephen  Peters,  Turner  Aldrich,  anil 
Stephen  Lapham  settled  in  the  town  in  1810.  and  Stephen  Wil- 
bur and  Sylvanus  Bates  in  1811.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a 
son  of  Aaron  Lindsley,  in  1810;  the  first  marriage,  th.lt  of 
Stephen  Peterson  and  Sarah  Palmerton,  in  1811;  and  the  first 

death,  that  of Straight,  in  1812     Jacob  Taylor  built  the 

first  mill,  in  1812;  John  Hanford  kept  the  first  "store,  in  18]:!, 
and  Nathan  King  the  first  inn,  in  1816.  The  first  scho^,.  was 
taught  by  John  King,  in  1815. 

8  Christiana.  Friends,  P.  W.  Bap.,  Pi^b.,  and  Union. 

'  A  woolen  factory,  2  planing  mills,  a  turning  shop,  a  saw 
nn"ll,  2  gristmills,  a  tannery,  a  stone  sawing  mill,  and  a  furnaco 
and  machine  shop. 

1"  John  Albro  and  John  Russell  settled  in  the  town  (he  same 
year,  Sam'l  Cochrane  in  1809.  and  Rnfus  Eaton,  Joseph  Adams 
Alva  Plumb,  and  David  Shultiez  in  1810.  The  first  birth  wb« 
that  of  Lucius  Stone,  in  18119;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Jas. 
Bunnell  and  Anna  Richmond,  in  1813;  and  the  first  death,  that 
of  Mrs.  John  Albro,  in  1808.  Anna  Richmond  taught  the  first 
scho<il.  in  1811. 

"  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Presb.,  K.  C,  Union,  and  Univ. 


290 


ERIE    COUNTY. 


contains  2  churches,  2  sawmills,  and  40  houses.  Ellicott  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settle 
ment  was  made  in  1803,  by  David  Eddy,  from  Rutland,  Vt.'  There  are  3  churches  in  town , 
Friends,  M.  E.,  and  Union. 

EDEIV — was  formed  from  "  Willink,"  (now  Aurora,)  March  20,  1812.  Boston  was  taken  off 
iu  1817,  and  Evans  in  1821.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface 
is  hilly  and  broken  in  the  E.  and  level  in  the  w.  A  ridge  about  500  ft.  above  the  lake  extends 
along  the  e.  border.  The  principal  streams  are  Eighteen  Mile  Creek  and  its  branches.  The  soil 
is  a  gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  clay.  Eden,  (p.  v.,)  situated  near  the  center  of  the  town, 
contains  3  churches,  a  sawmill,  a  stave  and  shingle  mill,  a  tannery,  and  63  houses  ;  Eden  Val- 
ley, (p.v.,)  on  Eighteen  Mile  Creek,  contains  a  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  and  20  houses.  Clarks- 
burgll  (p.  o.)  and  East  Eden  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1808,  by 
Benj.,  .Joseph,  and  Samuel  Tubbs.^  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Rev.  Wm.  Hill, 
in  1812.     There  are  8  churches  in  town.' 

EI.MA — was  formed  from  Lancaster  and  Aurora,  Dec.  4,  1857.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
N.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  gently  rolling,  the  summits  of  the  ridges  being  50  to 
100  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Big  Buffalo  and  Cazenove  Creeks  flow  through  the  town.  The  soil  is  a 
clayey  loam  in  the  n.  and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  s.  Spring  Brook,  (p.v.,)  on  Cazenove 
Creek,  contains  2  churches  and  several  manufactories.'  Pop.  300.  Elma'  {?■■*■•)  has  several 
manufacturing  establishments'  and  34  houses ;  and  Upper  Ebenezer  27  houses.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  in  1827,  by  Taber  Earlle.'    There  are  2  churches  in  town;  Presb.  and  R.  C. 

EVAIVS" — was  formed  from  Eden,  March  23,  1821.  A  part  of  Hamburgh  was  annexed  in  1826, 
and  a  part  of  Brandt  was  taken  ofi"  in  1839.  It  lies  upon  the  lake  shore,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co. 
The  land  rises  from  the  lake  in  a  bluff  20  to  40  ft.  high ;  and  the  highest  part  of  the  town,  near  the 
E.  border,  is  160  ft.  above  the  lake.  The  streams  are  Big  and  Little  Sister  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  sandy 
and  gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  clay.  Evans,  (p.v.,)  situated  on  Big  Sister  Creek,  contains  3 
churches,  a  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  a  tannery,  and  about  45  houses;  An§^Ola,  (p.v.,)  on  the  same 
stream,  is  Evans  station  on  the  E.  R.  R.,  and  contains  a  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  and  about  45  houses  ; 
IVortb  Evans,  (p.  v.,)  on  Eighteen  Mile  Creek,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches, 
a  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  a  tannery,  and  about  40  houses;  East  Evans,  (p.v.,)  in  the  N.  part  of 
the  town,  and  Pontiac,  (p.v.,)  on  Big  Sister  Creek,  in  the  s.  E.  part,  contain  about  20  houses 
each.     The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1804,  by  Joel  Uarvey.'     There  are  7  churches  in  town.'" 

eRAlVD  ISl<AIVI> — was  formed  from  Tonawanda  as  a  town,  Oct.  19,  1852.  It  is  the  N.w. 
corner  town  in  the  co.,  and  comprises  Grand,  Buckhorn,  and  Beaver  Islands,  in  Niagara  River. 
Its  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  it  is  still  covered  with  forests.  The  soil 
of  the  upper  part  is  clayey,  and  of  the  lower  part  sandy.  The  people  are  principally  engaged  in 
grain  raising  and  lumbering.  Grand  Island  is  a  p.  o.  on  the  E.  shore.  There  is  no  village 
on  the  island,  although  it  is  thickly  settled  along  the  shores.  The  first  settlers  were  squatters, 
who  located  soon  after  the  War  of  1812  and  before  it  was  decided  to  which  Government  the 
island  belonged."     In  1820,  Mordecai  M.  Noah,  of  New  York,  conceived  the  project  of  forming  a 


1  Ezekiel  Oook  and  Zenaa  Smith  settled  in  the  town  in  1S03, 
and  Adios  Colvin  and  Ezekiel  and  Daniel  Smith  in  1SU4.  The 
fii-st  marriage  was  that  of  Almon  C.  Laire  and  Lydia  Sprague, 
in  1S08;  the  first  birth,  that  of  a  son  of  Daniel  Smith,  in  1805; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  the  same  child,  in  1806.  Dan'l  Smith 
built  th(  first  mill,  in  1S07;  John  Green  kept  the  (ir.st  inn.  in 
1B07,  and  David  Eddy  the  flrat  store,  in  1S09.  The  first  school 
was  taught  by  Auna  Eddy,  in  1807. 

2  Among  the  first  settlers  were  .Tohn  Marsh,  Silas  Este,  and 
Calvin  Thompson,  who  came  in  1809,  and  Daniel  and  Edward 
Webster,  in  IMO.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Uannah  Tubba, 
in  1S09;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  David  Doan  and  Anna  Uill, 
in  1815 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Jas.  Welch,  in  1812.  Elisha 
Welch  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1811,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in 
1812.  Wm.  Hill  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1814,  and  Fillmore  & 
Johnson  the  first  store,  in  1820.  The  first  school  was  taught  by 
Bowena  Flack,  in  1812. 

'  3  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Bap.,  Evang.  Luth.,  M.  E.,  Presb.,  and  R.  C. 

*  2  sawmills,  a  shinglo  and  turning  mill,  2  gristmills,  and  a 
tannery. 

6  Named  from  a  very  large  elra  tree  near  F.lma  Tillage. 

•  1  gristmill,  2  planing  mills,  and  a  chair  factory. 

'  Timothy  Tre.-it,  Iea.'ic  Williams,  Willard  and  Jas.  Fairbanks, 
and  Amasa  .\dam3  settled  in  the  town  in  1830,  and  Zima  A. 
Homstreet,  Abraham  Taber,  and  Jacoti  Pettengill  in  1831.  The 
first  birth  was  that  of  H.  Scott  Fairbanks,  iu  1S31;  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  Gould  Hinman  and  Louisa  Adams,  in  1835; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  the  wife  of  Isaac  Williams,  in  1830. 
Ttis  first  mill  waa  built  by Eaatabrook,  in  1824 ;  and  the 


first  inn  was  kept  by  Taber  Earlle,  In  1829.  Emily  Paine  tangbt 
the  first  school,  in  1831. 

8  Named  from  David  E.  Evans,  agent  of  the  Holland  Land 
Company. 

6 Fisk  and Worder  settled  in  the  town  in  180S,  Aaron 

Salisbury  and  Aaron  Cash  in  1809,  and  Andrew  Tyler  and  Elijah 
Gates  in  1810.  The  first  birth  waa  that  of  a  daughter  of  David 
Cash,  in  Jan.  1811;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Whiting  Cash  and 
Persis  Taylor,  June  28,  1815  ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Jona. 
than  Cash,  in  1811.  Henry  Tuttle  built  the  first  mill,  in  1817; 
Joel  Harvey  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1806;  and  John  Harris  the 

first  store,  in  1815.    The  first  school  was  taught  by Hib- 

bard, in  1811. 

During  the  War  of  1812  a  party  of  British  Bailors  and  marinera 
landed  near  Sturgeon  Point,  in  the  night,  and  commenced  plun- 
dering the  inhabitants.  Judge  Aaron  Salisbury,  then  a  young 
man,  seized  his  musket  and  started  oflT  alone  to  get  a  shot  at 
them.  W'hen  he  arrived  they  were  retreating  to  their  b<.iat9,  and 
an  exchange  of  shots  produced  no  diunage  on  either  side.  They 
started  for  the  mouth  of  Eighteen  Mile  Creek,  and  he  on  foot 
endeavored  to  get  there  before  them;  but  they  had  landed 
when  he  arrived.  He  immediately  commenced  firing;  and 
they,  not  knowing  how  large  a  force  was  opposing  thtm,  re- 
treated to  their  boats  and  speedily  left.  Here  one  man  fright- 
ened away  100  and  saved  the  inhabitants  from  plunder. 

10  3  Bap.,  3  Cong.,  3  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

n  The  treaty  of  peace  fixed  the  boundary  between  the  two 
countries  along  the  principal  branch  of  Niagai-a  Kiver.  A  dis 
put«  in  regard  to  which  was  the  principal  branch  was  settled  in 


ERIE    COUNTY. 


291 


colony  of  Jews  upon  Grand  Island,  as  an  Ararat,  or  resting  place,  for  that  scattered  and  broken 
people.^ 

HAMBrRGH'— was  formed  from  *'  Willink,"  (now  Aurora,)  March  20,  1812.  A  part  of 
Evans  was  taken  off  in  1826,  East  Hamburgh  in  1850,  and  a  part  of  West  Seneca,  as  "  Seneca" 
in  1851.  It  lies  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  near  the  center  of  the  w.  border  of  the  eo.  Its  surface 
in  the  e.  is  rolling;  but  in  the  w.  it  is  nearly  level,  with  a  gentle  inclination  toward  the  lake.  A 
bluff  averaging  50  to  100  feet  high  borders  the  lake.  The  principal  stream  is  Eighteen  Mile 
Creek.  The  soil  is  mostly  a  clayey  loam  ;  in  the  s.  e,  corner  it  is  gravelly.  Whites  Corners, 
(p.  V.,)  on  the  n.  branch  of  Eighteen  Mile  Creek,  in  the  s.  e.  part  of  the  town,  contains  5  churches, 
a  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  a  tannery,  and  has  a  pop.  of  609 ;  W^ater  Valley,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  same 
stream,  w.  of  Whites  Corners,  contains  a  woolen  factory,  a  furnace,  and  20  houses;  Abbotts 
Corners,  (Hamburgh  p.  o.,)  on  the  line  of  East  Hamburgh,  contains  2  churches,  a  sawmill,  a 
ehingle  mill,  and  145  inhabitants.  Bi^  Tree  Corners  and  Hamburg'li-on-tbe-L.ake 
are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1804,  by  Nathaniel  Titus  and  Dr.  Rufus  Beldeu.^ 
There  are  7  churches  in  town.* 

UOIjIjAWD — was  formed  from  "Willink^"  (now  Aurora,)  April  15,  1818;  and  Colden  was 
taken  off  in  1827.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  e.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  high, 
broken  upland,  divided  by  the  valley  of  Cazenove  Creek.  The  summit  of  the  highland  is  about 
900  ft.  above  Lake  Erie.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  intermixed  in  some  places  with  slate  and 
clay.  The  valley  of  Cazenove  Creek  is  very  fertile.  Holland,  (p.  v.,)  on  Cazenove  Creek, 
contains  1  church,  several  manufacturing  establishments,*  and  28  houses.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  in  1807,  by  Jared  Scott,  Abner  Currier,  and  Arthur  Humphrey,  from  Vt.*  There  is 
but  1  church  (Bap.)  in  town. 

IjA^CASTER — was  formed  from  Clarence,  March  20, 1833.  A  part  of  West  Seneca  was  taken 
off  in  1851,  and  a  part  of  Elma  in  1857.  It  is  an  interior  town,  n.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The 
surface  is  level.  Cayuga  and  Eleven  Mile  Creeks  are  the  principal  streams;  upon  them  are  several 
mill  sites.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.  I^ancaster,  (p.  v.,)  incoi'p.  March  13, 1849, 
is  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.C.  R.  R.,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town.  It  contains  6  churches,  a  bank,  and 
several  manufactories.*^   Pop.  1,259.    Boivmansville,  (p-v.,)  in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  town, 


1818,  by  comniisflioners  appointed  respectively  by  the  United  j 
States  and  British  tiovernmenta.  While  the  matter  was  etill 
undecided,  a  large  number  of  lawless  persons— mostly  refugees 
from  justice  from  both  sides  of  the  river — squatted  upon  the 
island,  locating  principally  along  the  shores.  Remaining  for 
eome  time  unmolested,  they  began  to  commit  extensive  depre- 
dations upon  the  timber;  and  finally  they  set  up  an  independent 
government  and  elected  a  full  quota  of  municipal  officers.  la 
April,  1S19,  the  legislature  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  re- 
moval of  these  intruders.  During  the  succeeding  summer  the 
governor  insued  a  proclamation  commandiu'^  them  to  desist 
from  dejiredations  upon  the  property  of  the  State,  and  at  once 
to  remove.  A  few  obeyed  the  command;  but,  seeing  no  active 
demonstrations  on  the  part  of  Government,  they  returned.  In 
the  fall  of  1819,  Gov.  Clinton  directed  Col.  Jas.Cronk,  the  sheriff 
of  Niagara  co.,  to  call  out  a  sufficient  military  force  for  the  pur- 
pose and  forcibly  expel  them.     On  the  9th  of  Dec.  1819,  the 

sheriff,  accompanied  by  Lieuts.  Benj.  Uodge  and  Osborne, 

2  Serjeants,  4  corporals,  and  24  privates,  went  to  the  island  in 
boats,  manned  by  20  boatmen,  to  carry  into  execution  the  orders 
of  the  governor.  Every  facility  was  given  the  people  to  remove 
■with  their  effects;  and  the  boatmen  took  them  to  either  shore,  as 
they  might  elect.  The  military  were  divided  into  3  parties:  a 
vanguard,  to  read  the  governor's  orders  and  assist  in  clearing 
the  houses;  a  second  party,  to  forcibly  remove  all  property  left 
in  the  buildings;  and  a  rear  guard,  to  burn  the  buildings  and 
complete  the  removal  and  destruction.  Seventy  houses  were 
burned,  and  150  people,  consisting  of  men,  women,  and  children, 
were  turned  out  shelterless  upon  the  U.  S.  and  Canada  shores. 
Two  buildings,  filled  with  grain,  alone  were  saved.  The 
removal  and  destruction  occupied  5  days  and  cost  the  State 
$568.99.  A  few  famiUea  returned  immediately,  but  did  not  re- 
main. 

1  In  a  memorial  to  the  legislature  in  1S20  for  the  purchase 
of  the  island,  MaJ.  Noah  explained  his  object;  recounted  the 
persecution  which  his  co-religionists  in  the  Old  World  had  suf- 
fered through  many  centuries ;  pointed  out  the  benefits  that  had 
resulted  to  Spain,  Portugiil,  France,  and  Germany  from  the  com- 
mercial enterprise  and  the  capital  of  the  Jews  when  allowed  the 
exercise  of  their  rights;  and  painted  in  brilliant  colors  the 
benefits  that  would  accrue  to  the  U.  S.  if  his  people  could  ex- 
change "  the  whips  and  scorns  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  fur 
thelightof  liberty  and  civilization"  which  this  country  affordeii. 
He  estimated  that  there  were  7,000,000  of  Jews  in  the  world,  and 
predicted  that,  if  the  existence  of  an  asylum  of  freedom  wore 


made  known,  large  numbers  would  be  induced  to  emigrate.  The 
sanction  of  law  was  asked  to  give  confidence  to  those  wbo  might 
not  otherwise  be  induced  to  remove.  His  attempt  to  gather  the 
Jews,  like  those  before  it,  ended  in  day  dreams.  The  European 
rabbii  refused  to  sanction  the  effort ;  and  Miy.  Noah  soon  gave  up 
the  attempt,  leaving  no  trace  of  his  '-city"  upon  the  island  but 
a  mouument  of  brick  and  wood.  It  bore,  on  a  marble  tablet,  the 
following  inscriptions  from  Deuteronomy  vi.  4: — 

ARARAT, 

A  CITY  OF  KEFUGE  FOR  TffE   JEWS, 

Fonndfd  hy  Mordecaj  M.  Noah,  in  tJte  month  of  TiZRi  5,58fi, 
(September,  1825,)  and  in  the  50th  year  of  American  Inde- 
pendence. 
The  monument  has  since  tumbled  down;  and  the  schemes  of 

Maj.    Noah   have  now  scarcely  a  place  in  memory  or  a  trace 

in  history. 

A  Boston  company  was  formerly  extensively  engaged  in  the 

manufacture  of  ship  timber  upon  the  island. 

*  Named  from  Ilamburgh.  in  Germany. 

8  Benj.,  Enos,  and  Joseph  Sheldon  settled  in  the  town  in  1(*05, 
and  John  Fox  and  Elisha  and  David  Clark  in  1806.  Tbo  first 
marriage  wa.s  that  of  Ezekiel  Cook  and  Anna  Smith,  in  1807. 
NathM  Titus  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1804;  and  John  Cummiugs 
built  the  first  mill,  in  1805. 

*  Bap..  F.  W.  Bap.,  Evang.  Luth.,  M.  E..  and  R.  C.  at  Whites 
Corners,  and  M.  E.  and  Preyb.  at  Abbotts  Corners. 

6  2  sawmills,  a  gristmill,  and  a  tannery;  the  last  namiMl  in  a 
large  establishmi-nt,  employing  about  20  men.  and  turning  out 
about  ."JO.OOO  sides  of  leather  per  annum. 

*  They  were  followed  by  Dan'l  McKean  and  Ezekiel  ajid  Har- 
vey Colby  the  same  year,  and  bv  Increase  Kichardson,  Samuel 
Miller.  Theophilua  Baldwin,  and  Sandford  Porter  in  1808.  The 
first  birth  was  that  of  Dan'l  McKean.  in  1808.  Jot^hua  Parsons 
kept  the  first  inn,  in  1817.  and  Leonard  Cook  the  fir?tstoro,  the 
same  year.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Abner  Currier,  iu 
1808. 

I  A  glass  factory,  a  bedfltead  factory,  a  tannery,  a  grlstiuiil, 
and  a  sawmill. 


ERIE    COUNTY. 


contains  1  church  and  has  a  pop.  of  196.    Town  Liue,  WInspear,  and  L.oaneyvilIe 

are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1803,  by  Jas.  and  Asa  Woodward.'  The  first 
religious  services  were  conducted  by  Rev.  John  Spencer,  at  the  house  of  Benj.  Clark,  in  1809. 
There  are  8  churches  in  towu.^ 

M ARIliliA'— was  formed  from  Alden  and  Wales,  Dec.  2, 1853.  It  is  situated  near  the  center 
of  the  E.  border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  rolling.  Big  Bufialo  Creek  crosses  the  s.  w.  corner;  but 
the  principal  part  of  the  town  is  drained  by  the  head  waters  of  Little  Butfalo  Creek.  The  soil  in 
tlic  N.  E.  and  s.  w.  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam ;  but  elsewhere  it  consists  of  clay  and  muck. 
Mai'illa,  (p.  V.,)  situated  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches,  2  sawmills,  a  shingle 
mill,  and  235  inhabitants.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Jerry  and  Joseph  Carpenter,  in 
1829.*     There  are  3  churches  in  town;  Disciples,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

XEWSTE AD — was  formed  from  Batavia,  (Genesee  co.,)  as  "Erie,"  April  11,  1804 ;  its  name 
was  changed  April  18,  1831.  It  is  the  N.  E.  corner  town  of  the  co.  A  limestone  terrace  extends 
through  near  the  center  of  the  town.  North  of  this  the  surface  is  level,  in  many  places  marshy ; 
and  the  soil  is  a  clayey  loam  intermixed  with  marl  and  sand.  To  the  s.  the  surface  is  level,  or 
gently  undulating,  and  the  soil  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam  underlaid  by  limestone.  The  town  is 
watered  by  several  small  streams,  the  principal  of  which  is  Murder  Creek.^  A  layer  of  hydraulic 
limestone  crops  out  along  the  terrace,  and  waterlime  is  extensively  manufactured  from  it. 
Akron,'  (p-v.,)  incorp.  Oct.  1850,  is  a  station  on  the  Canandaigua  &  N.  F.  branch  of  the  N.  Y. 
C.  R.  R.,  near  the  center  of  the  town.  It  contains  4  churches  and  several  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments.' Pop.  462.  Falkirk,  1  mi.  e.  of  Akron,  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century.'  The  first  religious  society  (M.  E.)  was  organized  in 
1807,  with  12  members,  at  the  house  of  Charles  Knight,  by  Rev.  Peter  Van  Nest  and  Amos 
Jenks.     There  are  4  churches  in  town.' 

ISORTH  COIiliIlSS— was  formed  from  Collins,  Nov.  24,  1852,  as  "SMrley;"  its  name  was 
changed  June  24,  1853.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is 
rolling,  the  summits  of  the  ridges  being  200  to  300  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  town  is  watered  by 
the  head  branches  of  Eighteen  Mile,  Clear,  and  Big  Sister  Creeks.  The  streams  generally  flow 
through  deep  ravines  bordered  by  steep  declivities.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam.  IVortll  Col- 
lins, (Collins  p.  0..)  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches  and  34  houses.  Sllirley. 
(p.  V.)  and  L.angford,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  e.  part,  WevF  Oregron,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  e.  part,  and 
Ilarsllfield,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  s.,  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlers  were  Stephen  Sisson,  Abram 
Tucker,  and  Enos  Southwick,  from  Warren  co.,  who  moved  into  the  town  in  1810.'°  There  are 
8  churches  in  town." 

SARDINIA — was  formed  from  Concord,  March  16,  1821.  A  part  of  Concord  was  taken  off 
in  1822.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  The  surface  in  the  E.  part  is  gently  rolling,  and  in 
the  w.  hilly.  Shepherd  Hill,  s.  w.  of  the  center,  is  1,040  ft.  above  Lake  Erie.  Cattaraugus  Creek 
forms  the  s.  boundary.  In  the  E.  part  the  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  w.  it  is  clay  under- 
laid by  hardpan.  Sardinia,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  E.  part,  contains  2  churches,  a  woolen  factory,  a 
gristmill,  a  tannery,  and  40  houses.  Protection  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by 
George  Richmond,  from  Vt.'^  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  the  Rev.  John  Spen- 
cer, in  Feb.  1815.     There  are  2  churches  in  town  ;  Bap.  and  M.  E. 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Alanaon  Eggleston  and  David 
Hamlin,  who  came  in  1804,  Joel  Parmalee.  in  1S05,  Warren 

Hamlin,  in  1806,  Wm.  Blackman.  Peter  Pratt, Kerney,  and 

Klisha  Cox,  in  1807,  and  EU.19  Bissell.  Pardon  P>?ckbam,  and 
Beiy.  Clark,  in  180S.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  pair  of  twins, 
children  of  Zophar  Beach,  and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  child 

uf  Wm.  Blackman,  both  in  1808.    Robinson  built  the  first 

sawmill,  in  1808 ;  Ahaz  Luce  opened  the  first  store,  in  1810.  and 
Jos.  Carpenter  the  first  inn,in  1812.  The  first  school  was  taught 
by  Freelove  Johnson,  in  1810. 

2  2  Evang.  Luth..  2  M.  E.,  Disciples,  Ger.  Moth.,  Prosl).,  and  K.  C. 

3  N.amed  from  Mrs.  Marilla  Rogers,  of  Alden. 

*  Bice  Wilder,  Cyrus  Finuey,  and  Kodman  Day  settled  in 
the  town  in  1831.  The  fii-st  birth  was  that  of  Sarah  Finney,  in 
()ct.  1831.  Jesse  Barton  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1828,  and  the 
first  gristmill,  in  1832.  Miles  Carpenter  kept  the  first  store,  in 
1848,  and  the  first  inn,  in  1850.  The  first  school  was  taught  by 
Sophia  Day,  in  1833. 

6  Called  by  the  Indians  *^Sef-unijnt''  noise  or  roar  of  distant 
water.  The  creek  was  named  from  the  fact  that  about  the 
time  of  the  first  settlement  a  white  man  was  murdered  upon 
it,  within  the  present  village  limits  of  Akron,  by  an  Indian 
who  was  conducting  him  to  Canada. 


«  Named  from  Akron,  Ohio,  and  the  latter  from  a  Greek  word 
signifying  ■'  summit." 

'  2  gristmills,  2  sawmills.  1  waterlime  mill,  1  furnace  and 
machine  shop,  1  planing  mill,  1  stave  and  shingle  mill,  and  a 
tannery. 

8  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Otis  Ingalls.  David  Cully, 
Peter  Van  de  Venter.  Sam'l  Miles,  John  Felton,  Charles  Barney, 
Aaron  Beard,  Bobt.  Durham,  Tobias  Cole,  and  Sam'l,  SiKis,  John, 
and  Thomas  Hill.  Peter  Van  de  Venter  kept  the  first  inn.  in 
1802,  and  Archibald  Clark  the  first  store,  in  1809.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by Keith,  in  1807. 

0  Bap.,  Presb.,  M.  E.,  and  K.C. 

l»  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Geo.  Tucker,  in  Aug.  1810;  the. 
first  marriajxe,  that  of  Levi  Woodward  and  Hannah  Southwick. 
in  1812;  and  the  first  deaths,  those  of  two  girls,  twin  daughters 
of  Stephen  Sisson.  Stephen  Stanclitf  built  the  fii-st  mill,  in 
1818;  Stephen  Tucker  kept  the  first  inn.  and  Chester  Rose  the 
first  store,  both  in  1813.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Phebe 
Southwick,  in  the  summer  of  1813. 

11  2  Friends,  2  M.  E.,  2  R.  C,  Bap.,  and  Cong. 

t2  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Ezra  Nott,  Henry  Godfrey, 
and  Josi.ah  Sumner.  Elisha  Rice  and  Giles  Briggs  settled  in 
the  town  in  ISIO.    The  first  birth  was  that  of  Ray  Briggs,  in 


ERIE    COUNTY. 


293 


TOUf  AWAXDA — was  formed  from  Buffalo,  April  16,  1836 ;  and  Grand  Island  was  taken 
off  in  1852.  It  lies  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  co.,  at  the  angle  formed  bj  the  junction  of  Tona- 
wanda  Creek  and  Niagara  Kiver.  Its  surlace  is  generally  level.  Eleven  Mile  Creek  crosses  the  n. 
part  of  the  town.  The  soil  along  Niagara  River  is  clayey;  in  the  interior  it  is  sandy.  Tona- 
vraiida,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  Dec.  3,  1853,  is  situated  on  the  Erie  Canal,  at  the  confluence  of  Niagara 
River  and  Tonawanda  Creek.  It  has  a  good  harbor,^  and  is  an  important  station  on  the 
B.  &  N.  F.  R.  R.  It  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  C.  &  N.  F.  branch  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  It 
contains  5  churches,  a  newspaper  office,  a  bank,  an  elevator,^  and  several  manufacturing  establish- 
ments.' Pop.  1,257.*    The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1805.*    There  are  8  churches  in  town.® 

"WAEiES — was  formed  from  Aurora,  April  15,  1818;  and  a  part  of  Marilla  was  taken  off  in 
1853.  It  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the  e,  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  hilly 
and  inclined  toward  the  n.  The  principal  stream  is  Big  Buffalo  Creek.  The  soil  in  the  n.  is 
a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  s.  clay  underlaid  by  hardpan.  Wales  Center^  (p-v.,)  on  Big 
Buffalo  Creek,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches,  a  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  and  40 
dwellings;  Wales,  (p.  v..)  on  the  same  stream,  contains  1  church,  a  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  and  30 
dwellings;  and  South  Wales  (p. v.)  contains  a  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  and  25  dwellings.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  in  1805,  by  Oliver  Pettengill.'  There  are  3  churches  in  town;  2  M.  E. 
and  a  Free  Will  Bap. 

WEST  SEMECA — was  formed,  as  ^^  Seiieca,"  from  Chlcktowaga,  Hamburgh  and  East  Ham- 
burgh, and  Lancaster,  Oct.  16,  1851;  its  name  was  changed  March  25,  1852.  It  is  situated  on 
the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  near  the  center  of  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  gently  imdu- 
lating  in  the  e.  and  level  in  the  w.  The  streams  are  Big  Buffalo,  Cazenove,  and  Smokes®  Creeks. 
The  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  loam.  The  town  is  mainly  settled  by  a  society  of  German  religion- 
ists, generally  known  as  Ebenezers,  but  who  style  themselves  the  "Community  of  True  Inspira- 
tion."^ Middle  Ebenezer,  on  Buffalo  Creek,  contains  a  church,  calico  printing  factory, 
woolen  factory,  sawmill,  oil  mill,  and  G7  houses;  Eo'wer  Ebenezer^  on  Cazenove  Creek, 
contains  a  church,  sawmill,  gristmill,  tannery,  and  50  houses;  and  ]¥ew  Ebenezer  contains  a 
large  manufactory  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  an  extensive  dyeing  works,  and  9  dwellings. 
Reserve,  West  Seneca  Center,  and  West  Seneca  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  by  Reuben  Sackett,  in  1826.^**    There  are  4  churches  in  town." 


1811;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  son  of  Henry  Godfrey,  in  1814. 
SumniT  Warren  built  the  first  mill,  iu  1811;  Geo.  Richmond  kept 
the  first  inn,  in  ISll;  and  Clark  &  Co.  the  first  store,  in  1816. 
The  first  school  was  tau^cht  by  Melinda  Abbey,  in  1814. 

1  Large  quantities  of  lumber  are  received  at  this  port  from 
Canada  and  the  Western  States.  The  quantity  re-shipped  by 
canal  in  1S57  was,  of  timber,  841,011  cubic  foot;  of  sawed  stuff, 
4,815.441  fl.;  and  of  wood,  16,007  cords. 

2  This  elevator  ha8  a  storage  capacity  of  250,000  bush.,  and 
fiu;ilities  for  elevating  2000  bush,  per  hour. 

8  3  sawmills,  3  shingle  mills,  a  planing  mill,  and  a  furnace  and 
macbiue  shop. 

*  This  is  the  pop.  of  that  part  of  the  village  in  Erie  co.  A 
part  of  the  village  is  across  tho  creek,  in  Niagsiraco.;  and  the 
pop.  of  this  ia  not  known. 

6  Alex.  Logan,  John  King,  and  John  Hersey  settled  in  the 
town  in  1805;  Emanuel  Winter,  Jos.  Haywood,  Oliver  Standard, 
John  Cunningham,  Joaiah  Guthrie,  Ebenezer  Coon,  Thoa.  Hod- 
nan,  and  Joseph  Hersej-,  in  1800;  Henry  Anguish,  in  1808;  and 
Frederick  Buck,  in  1809.  Henry  Ani^uish  kept  the  first  inn.  iu 
1811,  and  Judge  Wilkinson  the  first  store,  in  1S23.  TIte  first 
mill  w:ia  built  by Osborne,  in  1819. 

«  Disciples,  Evang.  Lnth.,  M,  E.,  K.  C,  and  Wes.  Meth.  at  Tona- 
wanda Village,  and  Evang.  Luth.,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C.  in  other 
parts  of  the  town. 

'  Ethan  and  Wm.  Allen  and  Jacob  Turner  settled  in  the  town 
in  1806,  and  Chas.and  Alex.  McKay.  Ebenezer  Holmes,  and  Wm. 
Uoyt  in  1807.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Wm.  Pettengill,  in 
June,  ISOfi.  Isaac  and  Eli  Hall  built  the  first  mill,  in  1811; 
Isaac  Halt  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1816;  and  Orsamus  Warren  tho 
first  store,  in  1824.  The  first  scho«:>l  was  tiught  by  Jas.  Wood, 
in  1811.  In  1813  an  Indian  hatchet  was  fouud  imbedded  in  a 
tree  at  Wales  Center,  and  in  1825  John  Allen  related  the  fol- 


lowing circumstance  concerning  it.  About  the  time  of  the  first 
settlement  of  liuflalo  an  Indian  came  to  that  place  and  exhibited 
the  skin  of  a  white  child,  and  boasted  that  he  had  murdered  and 
skinned  the  child  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  tobacco  pouch. 
Truman  Allen,  (brother  of  the  narrator,)  hearing  the  boaat, 
became  so  enraged  that  he  followed  the  Indian  to  Wales  and 
shot  him.  He  buried  tho  body  and  rifle  in  the  sand,  and  stuck 
the  tomahawk  into  a  tree,  where  it  was  afterward  fouud  as 
above  stated. 

8  Named  from  an  Indian  who  resided  near  its  mouth  and  who 
wa.s  an  inveterate  smoker. 

»  This  community  purchased  7,622  acres  belonging  to  the  BuP 
falo  Indian  Reservation  in  1844,  and  commenced  thi'ir  settle- 
ments the  same  year.  They  are  largely  engaged  in  a^^riculture 
and  manufactures ;  and  their  wares  have  obtained  so  escelient  a 
reputation  that  they  find  a  ready  market  at  Butfalo  and  else- 
where. They  have  a  community  of  property,  reside  in  villages, 
and  several  families  usually  occupy  the  same  house.  They  are 
governed  by  a  board  of  trustees;  and  their  business  is  done 
through  an  agent,  who  appears  to  have  almost  unlimited  control 
of  matters.  They  are  honest,  industrious,  and  frugal;  and  in 
the  contented  and  peaceful  tenor  of  their  lives  they  present  a 
model  which  might  well  he  copied  by  some  of  the  restless  and 
ambitious  Yankee  race. 

w  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Artemus  W.  Baker, 
John  G.  Wells,  Isaac  Earlle,  and  Geo.  Hopper,  who  located  in 
1828.  The  first  child  born  was  a  daughter  of  Joel  Decker,  in 
Aug.1828;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Peter  Beal,  in  1834.  Goo. 
E.  Elderkin  taught  the  first  school,  in  1839;  Reuben  Sackett 
kept  the  first  inn,  in  1826;  the  Ebenezer  Society,  the  first  store, 
in  1845  ;  and  Ballon  &  Tubell  built  the  first  miH,  in  1837. 

n  2  Lutheran  and  2  Conuauolty  of  True  Inspiratios. 


294 


ERIE    COUNTY. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Erie  County. 


Names  op  Towns. 


AldeD 

Amherst 

Aurora 

Boston 

Brandt 

B«miloCity 

Chicktowaga. 

Clarence 

Colden 

Collins 

Concord  

East  Hamburgh. 

Eden 

Elma" 

Evans.. 

Grand  Island 

Hamburgh 

Holland 

Lancaster. 

Marilla 

Newstead. 

North  Collins...., 

Sardinia 

Tonawauda 

Wales 

West  Seneca 

Total 


Acres  of  Land. 


11,721 
17,29Si 
19,363} 
13,604i 

7,6^0} 
10,61-2i 

9,280i 
17,770 

9,716 
18,174 
23,9oiJi 
16,18+1 
16,261i 

14,400i 

4.017 
14.468J 
12,036A 
14,660S 

7,037i 
19,491 
lS,ti91J 
16,032i 

8,699J 
14,638} 

6,632 


8,960 

12.003 

13,934} 

6,153 

1,5135 

2,33tii 

6,4064 

14,637 

12,702 

ll,692i 

17,080 

8.170 

7,814 

10.977 

13.684 
8,183 
9,369 

16,303t 
652 

11,886 
8,3534 

13,994 
.3,7724 
7.025 

11.743} 


Valdation  of  1858. 


34O,.307i   253.344J 


$643,985 
1,274,820 
462,240 
290,.3OO 
269,310 
29,334,840 
867,992 
1,032.130 
221,260 
610,090 
624,648 
660.470 
490,430 
406,625 
701.088 
237,567 
734,685 
222.403 
890,275 
300,175 
954.0.i5 
498,076 
337,500 
616,477 
330,315 
565,293 


43.256.039 


feE 


$15,400 
86.600 
62,120 
11,600 
11,200 
6.182.220 

9.800 
96,675 

3,675 
75,900 
20,9.50 
49,160 
23.125 

7,600 
19,900 

114,376 
6,500 
73,400 
16,600 
30,376 
60,0,SO 
15,476 
61.100 
14,600 
2.250 


7,060,480 


$669,385 
1.361,320 
604,360 
301,900 
280.610 
36,517,000 
877,792 
1,128,805 
224.825 
685,990 
645.698 
609,630 
513,665 
413.226 
720,988 
237,567 
849,060 
228,903 
963,676 
316,775 
984.430 
658,166 
362,975 
577,577 
344,916 
567,643 


60.216.519 


1,230 

2,566 

1,872 

908 

670 

37,661 

1,314 

1,695 

709 

1,013 

1,409 

1,012 

1,241 

1,194 
483 

1,617 
691 

2,854 
704 

1,576 
964 
888 

1,385 
870 

1,333 


67,668 


1,174 
2,553 
1,793 

8ei 

623 
36,653 
1,212 
1,568 

672 
1,012 
1.396 

934 
1,188 

1,058 
365 

1,420 
630 

2,636 
673 

1,411 
895 
877 

1,184 
819 

1,190 

64.673' 


=1 

469 
961 
733 
310 
196 
10,613 
488 
587 
289 
362 
531 
394 
470 

452 
161 
560 
266 
1,065 
292 
696 
358 
360 
460 
336 
416 


469 
1,016 
769 
311 
211 
14,715 
497 
630 
283 
408 
635 
388 
470 

463 
173 

564 
255 
1,080 
294 
695 
367 
369 
607 
341 
493 


395 
727 
678 
298 
169 
6,163 
366 
459 
286 
287 
527 
330 
414 

3S4 
90 
385 
260 
794 
26 
486 
340 
328 
323 
329 
602 


21,674   26.193   16,566    338 


Names  of  Towns. 


Alden 

Amherst- 

Aurora 

Boston 

Brandt 

Buffalo 

Chicktowaga 

Clarence. 

Colden 

Collins 

Concord 

East  Hamburgh. 

Eden 

Elmaa 

Evans 

Grand  Island.... 

Hamburgh 

Holland 

Lancaster 

M.^rilla 

Newstead 

North  Collins.... 

Sardinia 

Ton.lwanda. 

Wales 

West  Seneca , 

Total. 


tfl 


656 

1,004 

1,033 

463 

281 

2,116 

611 

1,073 

337 

618 

709 

664 

617 

614 
129 
780 
485 
908 
837 
1,051 
674 
712 
465 
575 
282 


0,1 
■i  0  <^ 

=55 


765 

1.230 

1,191 

1,016 

789 

332 

688 

896 

824 

1,659 

1,767 

688 

1,149 

1,384 

489 
638 

i.is; 

1,125 

616 

1,252 

1.676 

1.874 

534 

1,646 

603 


CO 


1,011 
1,294 
1,236 
1,165 

817 
1,609 

862 
1,161 

797 
2.764 
2.461 
1,368 
1,271 

1,467 

260 

81 

780 
1,176 

487 
1,018 
2.688 
1.036 

629 
1,258 

508 


2.306 
1.608 
6.828 
2.4:31 
1,326 
66 
870 
4.844 
1.710 
1.62S 
3,329 
4.100 
2,587 

3,157 

631 

1,645 

3.604 

1,236 

1,896 

5,706 

2,464 

6,06-J 

346 

4,784 

21 


to 


728 

1.976, 

1.233 

603} 

5031 

2,503; 

814 

1,859 

372 

77 

886 

862 

914 

846 
770 

i,oo: 
5r>i 

1,494 

50S 

1,668 

816 

697 

888 
6881 
824 


Agricultural  Products. 


Bo9U.  OP  Grain. 


10,566 
36,1704 
6,904 
2,185 
1,421 
7,616 
9,687 
46,471 
1,297 
6,046 
1,949} 
3,7994 
6,6154 

2,2414 
4.047 
3.3684 
9,0.574 

22,235 
9684 

48.700 
1,432 
1,484 

19.818 
6,119 
7,154 


16,983126,608  29,831  66,085  24,791'  263.7924  1,368,349    98,01]4!445,3604  266,195 


^ 


46,890  , 

82,0164 

77,611} 

48,7034 

23,2214 

42.716 

40,432} 

99,676 

27,7984 

40,630 

93,043 

69,367} 

69,4264 

60,281 
16,846 
66,(i45 
43.647} 
84,904 
22,9744 
100,6774 
46,981 
66,294 
43.499 
65,640} 
31,017 


e 


3,647 

3,173 

6,3SS4 

4,0294 

2,020} 

4,184 

3,2724 

2,606 

2,697 

6,905 

5,7245 

6,6234 

4,3124 

6,333} 

1,002 

6.208 

3,041 

4,439 

1,.S21} 

3,322 

6,410 

3,401 

2,416 

4,336 


16.412 

19.496 

31.068 

16,107 

12,860 

22,519 

17,271 

17.064 

11,710 

10,691 

22.666 

31,2664 

20,371 

13.922 

9,928 
21,119 

7.107 
31,934 

7,779 
20,663 
19.992 
18.811 

8,991 
15,431 
20.392 


6,853 

8,740 

17.985 

10,997 

5,391 

2,970 

6,743 

30,864 

3,819 

16,566 

17,3664 

19,2644 

14,121 

11,138 
148 
11,170 
10,761 
13,620 

1,118 
20,726 
12,606 
10,266 

2,179 

12,229 

470 


Daibt  Products. 


0.0) 


66,424 
69.606 
111,094 
56,136 
65,737 
15.400 
64,139 
86,743 
64,206 
78.736 
98,116 
110,120 
112,660 

94,069 
23,420 

102,800 
77,850 
80,300 
43,394 

107,777 

103,429 
95,646 
26,920 

112,156 
30,260 


o,e 


4,000 

100 

16,096 

116,645 

82,282 

4,960 
890 
42,000 
686,3,S4 
460,881 
38,500 
36,466 

27,626 
40 
2.3,380 
7,907 
3,130 
2,904 
4,190 
616,804 
28,470 

37,860 


B 

i  a 

ft  ;» 


1,866,132  2,038,392 


410 
3104 

1,186 
769 

1,403 

681 
1,184 

1,662 
1,541 
2.004J 
1,432} 
1,868 
9754 

6,874 

2.137} 

270 

702 

307 

2,251 

3,329 

175 

1,3474 

30 

26,ti64 


o  Formed  siDCo  1865. 


ESSEX   COUNTY. 


This  couuty  was  formed  from  Clinton,  March  1,  1799,  and  a 
corner  was  taken  off  in  the  erection  of  Franklin  co.  in  1808.  It 
lies  ujion  Lake  Champlain,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  State ;  is  cen- 
trally distant  100  miles  from  Albany,  and  contains  1,926  square 
miles.  It  is  by  far  the  most  broken  and  mountainous  county  in 
the  State.  With  the  exception  of  a  narrow  strip  of  level  land 
along  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  nearly  the  whole  co.  is  of  an 
Alpine  character.  High,  rocky  peaks,  and  immense  mountain 
masses,  abounding  in  wild,  broken  crags  and  stupendous  preci- 
pices, and  separated  by  narrow  ravines  and  deep  gorges,  form  the 
general  characteristics  of  the  landscape.  With  the  exception 
of  the  Black  Mountain,  of  North  Carolina,  and  the  White  Moun- 
tain group,  of  New  Hampshire,  the  mountains  of  this  co.  attain  a  higher  elevation  than  any 
others  belonging  to  the  great  Appalachian  system ;  and,  taking  into  consideration  their  great 
number  of  lofty  peaks,  they  surpass  in  magnitude  all  other  groups  e.  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
mountains  seem  thrown  together  without  regard  to  order  or  system ;  and  from  this  fact,  and  the 
frequent  misapplication  of  names,  much  confusion  has  arisen  in  attempting  to  describe  them. 

The  5  mountain  ranges  N.  of  the  Mohawk  valley  extend  through  portions  of  this  co.,  and 
terminate  upon  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain.  They  all  have  a  general  N.  E.  and  s.  w.  direction, 
rising  successively  higher  toward  the  N.  until  they  culminate  in  the  most  northerly  range.  The 
axes  of  these  ranges  are  nearly  parallel,  and  are  respectively  about  8  mi.  apart.  They  are  not 
always  distinct  and  continuous,  but  in  some  places  their  lateral  spurs  interlock,  and  in  others  their 
continuity  is  broken  by  the  intervention  of  valleys  and  brief  intervals  of  lowland.  They  are  not 
regularly  serrated,  but  appear  to  consist  of  groups  of  sharp  pointed  peaks  connected  by  immense 
ridges.  The  principal  mountain  masses  appear  to  extend  in  a  due  N.  and  s.  direction,  and  are  thus 
placed  obliquely  in  the  range  of  which  they  form  a  part.  Single  mountains  are  often  sufficiently 
large  to  occupy  the  whole  intervening  space  between  the  ranges,  thus  destroying  the  continuity 
of  the  valleys  and  reducing  them  to  narrow,  isolated  ravines.  This  arrangement  of  mountains, 
in  regard  to  the  ridges,  affords  the  key  to  the  peculiar  plan  of  the  construction  of  this  whole  moun- 
tain system.  The  most  southerly  of  the  5  ranges  barely  enters  the  extreme  s.  E.  corner  of  the  co. 
It  is  known  as  the  Palmertown  or  Luzerne  Mts.  It  has  also  sometimes  been  called  the  Black 
Mountain  Range  and  the  Tongue  Mts.  It  constitutes  the  highlands  which  rise  upon  both  sides 
of  Lake  George  and  upon  the  narrow  peninsula  between  the  Lake  George  Outlet  and  Lake  Cham- 
plain. Mt.  Defiance,  the  extremity  of  the  ridge,  has  an  elevation  of  about  750  feet  above  the  lake. 
The  second  range,  known  as  the  Kayaderosseras,  extends  through  the  s.  E.  part  of  Schroon  and 
the  center  of  Crown  Point,  ending  in  the  high  cliff  which  overlooks  Bulwagga  Bay,  and  ia 
elevated  about  1,150  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake.  Along  the  course  of  this  range,  in  Schroon, 
is  a  cluster  of  mountain  peaks,  the  highest  of  which,  Mt.  Pharaoh,  is  3,500  to  4,000  feet  above  tide. 
The  third  range  occupies  the  w.  and  n.  parts  of  Schroon,  and  extends  through  the  N.  part 
of  Moriah  and  the  center  of  Westport,  ending  in  the  high  promontory  of  Split  Rock,  in  the  s. 
part  of  Essex.'  Bald  Mountain,  in  Westport,  one  of  the  most  noted  peaks  of  this  range,  attains  an 
elevation  of  2,065  feet  above  tide  This  range  takes  the  name  of  the  Schroon  Mts.  from  the 
principal  lake  which  lies  at  its  foot. 

The  fourth  range  extends  through  the  central  parts  of  Minerva  and  N.  Hudson,  the  s.  E.  corner 
of  Keeue  and  Lewis,  the  N.  w.  part  of  Elizabethtown,  and  the  center  of  Willsborough,  ending 
in  the  high'  bluffs  which  border  upon  Perou  Bay.  It  might  with  propriety  be  called  the  Boquet 
Range,  from  the  principal  river  which  flows  at  its  base.  Dix  Peak,  in  N.  Hudson,  the  highest 
mountain  in  this  range,  attains  an  elevation  of  5,200  feet  above  tide,  and,  next  to  Mt.  Marcy,  is  the 


1  The  name  of  Split  Rock  was  applied  to  this  promontory  in 
consequence  of  al)Out  t  acre  of  the  extreme  point  being  de- 
tacIiLHl  from  the  mainland  by  a  chasm  10  feet  wide,  extending 
downward  to  near  the  water's  edge.  It  was  once  supposed 
that  this  mass  was  split  off  from  the  mainland  by  some  great 
convulsion  of  nature,  and  writers  have  gravely  asserted  that  500 


feet  soundings  have  been  taken  in  the  chasm ;  but  it  is  probable 
that  the  fissure  was  formed  by  the  disinlegratioQ  of  tlie  rock, 
which  at  this  point  contains  iron  pyrites  and  is  easily  actfd 
upon  by  the  elements.  The  height  of  this  dissevered  maM 
above  the  lake  is  about  30  feet. 

295 


296 


ESSEX    COUNTY. 


highest  point  in  the  co.  Nipple  Top  has  an  elevation  of  4,900  feet.  Raven  Hill,  in  Elizabethtown, 
and  Mt.  Discovery,  in  Lewis,  each  attain  an  elevation  of  over  2,000  feet.  The  fifth  range  extends 
through  Newcomb,  Keene,  Jay,  Lewis,  and  Chesterfield,  ending  in  the  rocky  promontory  of  Trem- 
bleau  I'oint.  It  has  sometimes  been  called  the  Clinton  Range,  but  it  is  more  widely  known  as  the 
Adirondack  Range.^  Mt.  Marcy,  the  highest  peak  of  this  range,  and  the  highest  land  in  the 
State,  has  an  elevation  of  54G7  feet  above  tide.  Mounts  McMartin,  Mclntyre,  and  San-da-no-na, 
belonging  to  this  range,  are  each  upward  of  5000  feet  high.  A  spur  of  this  range  extends  north- 
ward on  the  borders  of  Jay  and  Chesterfield,  in  a  high,  unbroken  ridge,  with  a  mean  elevation 
of  about  2,000  feet  above  tide. 

North  of  the  Adirondack  Range  the  mountains  are  not  disposed  in  regular  ranges,  but  are  scattered 
in  groups  over  a  large  space  of  country.  These  groups,  however,  lie  in  a  line  parallel  to  the  other 
ranges,  and  for  convenience  of  description  they  might  be  considered  under  the  head  of  the  "  Au 
Sable  Range."  Mt.  Seward,  the  highest  peak,  5,100  feet  above  tide,  is  situated  just  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  co.     Whiteface,  in  "Wilmington,  has  an  elevation  of  4,855  feet. 

The  rocks  of  Essex  co.  are  primary,  consisting  of  granite,  gneiss,  and  hypersthene.  The  moun- 
tains generally  are  composed  of  huge  masses  of  naked  rocks,  more  or  less  disintegrated  by  the 
action  of  the  elements.  Nearly  the  whole  mountain  region  is  composed  of  this  primitive  rock. 
Along  the  base  of  the  mountains,  on  the  E.,  appear  the  Trenton  limestone  and  Utica  slate ;  while 
upon  the  immediate  borders  of  the  lake  are  found  the  clayey  masses  of  the  tertiary  formation.  In 
the  primary  rocks,  among  the  mountains,  are  immense  beds  of  rich  magnetic  iron  ore,  some  of 
which  have  been  extensively  worked,  though  generally  in  a  very  rude  and  primitive  manner.  The 
iron  produced  from  this  ore  has  been  subjected  to  the  most  severe  tests,  and  has  been  pronounced 
equal  to  the  best  which  is  produced  in  the  world. 

The  s.  w.  portion  of  the  co.  is  drained  by  the  Hudson  and  its  principal  branch,  the  Schroon 
River.  These  streams  take  their  rise  upon  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Adirondack  and  Schroon 
Ranges,  and  flow  through  the  winding  valleys  that  lie  at  their  base.  Upon  the  E.  Putnams  Creek 
drains  the  region  between  the  Luzerne  and  Kayaderosseras  Ranges ;  Mill  Brook,  between  the 
Kayaderosseras  and  Schroon ;  and  the  Boquet-  River,  between  the  Schroon  and  Boquet  Ranges. 
The  Au  Sable,  flowing  along  the  N.  base  of  the  Adirondack  Range,  drains  the  N.  portion  of  the  co. 
The  valleys  of  these  streams  are  generally  narrow,  and  are  bounded  by  steep  banks,  which  ai'e  not 
unfrequcntly  huge  masses  of  precipitous  or  overhanging  rocks. 

Lakes  Champlain  and  George  lie  partly  in  this  co.,  and  more  than  100  small  lakes  lie  wholly 
within  its  limits.  The  greater  piart  of  these  are  comprised  in  three  groups,  lying  near  the  base  of 
the  principal  mountain  peaks.  The  first  of  these  groups  surrounds  Mt.  JIarcy ;  tlie  second,  Mt. 
Pharaoh;  and  the  third,  Whiteface.  Many  others  are  found  scattered  along  the  whole  course 
of  the  mountain  ranges.  These  lakes  are  generally  long  and  narrow;  and  Prof.  Emmons  says 
"that,  instead  of  occupying  shallow  basins  scooped  out  of  the  softer  materials, — as  earth  and 
the  ordinary  slates  and  shales, — they  lie  in  chasms  formed  by  upliffe  and  fractures  in  the  primary 
rock."  Many  of  these  lakes  have  precipitous  banks,  presenting  a  great  variety  of  wild  and  pictu- 
resque scenery.  The  soil  along  Lake  Champlain  consists  of  a  stiff,  hard  clay,  alternating  with  a 
dark  loam  and  gravel,  and,  in  the  narrow  valleys,  of  disintegrated  rocks.  Upon  the  mountains  the 
soil  is  thin  and  light,  many  of  the  peaks  being  masses  of  naked  rocks,  destitute  of  both  soil  and 
vegetation.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  generally  wooded,  but  not  very  heavily.  Three-fourths 
of  the  entire  surface  of  the  co.  is  too  rough  and  broken  for  cultivation. 

Farming,  iron  mining,  and  the  manufacture  of  iron  from  the  ore,  constitute  the  leading  pursuits ; 
and  the  immense  mineral  wealth  of  this  section  must  for  centuries  continue  to  afford  an  object  of 
profitable  investment.  In  the  infancy  of  the  settlement,  and  until  the  supply  became  exhausted, 
the  manufacture  and  exportation  of  lumber  and  staves  to  the  Quebec  market  formed  the  loading, 
and,  in  some  neighborhoods,  almost  the  sole,  objects  of  industry.  Rafts  of  great  size  were  formed  in 
the  coves  and  sheltered  points  along  the  lake  shore,  and  were  wafted  by  sails  and  oars  to  the 
Richlieu  River,  and  down  that  stream  and  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Quebec,  where  they  were  transferred 
to  ships  for  the  British  market.  The  completion  of  the  Champlain  Canal  gave  a  new  impulse  to 
lumbering;  but  the  timber  suitable  for  exportation  is  now  nearly  exhausted,  except  on  the 
extreme  w.  borders  of  the  co.     The   logs  of  this   latter  region   are  floated  down   the  Sui:inac, 


I  Tue  name  Ailirondax:k  is  strictly  applied  only  to  the  group 
of  elevated  peaks  of  which  Mt.  Marcy  is  the  ceuter,  but  by 
common  usage  it  is  uow  made  to  comprehend  the  whole  system 
of  mountains  N.  of  the  Mohawk. 


*  Pron.  bo-kwet.  Probably  from  the  French  "  baquet,"  a 
trough.  It  is  also  said  to  have  been  named  from  Henry  iioquet, 
au  Euglish  officer;  but  the  name  appears  on  french  maps  pre- 
vious to  his  residence  in  the  couutry. 


BSSEX    COUNTY. 


297 


Racket,  Hudson,  and  other  streams,  to  some  convenient  place  for  sawing;  and  large  sums  have 
been  apprupriated  by  the  State  for  improving  the  channels  of  these  rivers  for  this  purpose.*  Tan- 
neries, within  the  last  few  years,  have  greatly  increased  in  the  woody  sections  of  the  State,  and 
about  a  dozen  of  them  are  located  in  this  co.  The  iron  manufacturing  business  of  this  region 
was  commenced  at  Willsborough  Falls  in  1801,^  and  now  forms  one  of  the  leading  pursuits 
of  the  people.  Iron  ore  is  exported  from  this  co,  in  large  quantities  to  Pittsburgh  and  other  distant 
localities,  to  be  mixed  with  other  ores.*  The  manufacture  of  sash  and  blinds,  tubs,  pails,  and  other 
articles  of  pine  and  cedar,  starch,  paper,  and  black  lead,  receives  considerable  attention.  Ship- 
building, to  some  extent,  has  been  carried  on  in  Essex  and  "Willsborough. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Elizabethtown,*  situated  upon  the  Boquet,  al)()ut  8  mi.  w.  of  the 
lake.  It  contains  the  courthouse,  jail,  and  county  clerk's  office.*  These  buildings  are  plain  and 
Bubstantial.  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  100  acres,  in  Essex,  10^  mi.  n.  e.  of 
Elizabethtown.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  70,  supported  at  a  cost  of  62  cts.  per  week 
each.     The  fiirm  yields  a  revenue  of  about  $1,200.^ 

There  are  2  papers  now  published  in  the  county.' 

In  1609,  Samuel  Champlain,  with  two  attendants,  accompanied  a  party  of  Canadian  Indians  on 
an  expedition  against  the  Five  Nations.  On  the  4th  of  July  his  party  entered  the  lake  which  now 
bears  his  name,  and  on  the  30th  they  met  their  enemies.  A  sanguinary  battle  ensued,  the  fate 
of  which  was  decided  by  the  firearms  of  the  whites,  then  for  the  first  time  used  within  the  limits  of 
the  State.  This  act  of  unprovoked  hostility  on  the  part  of  Champlain  laid  the  foundation  for  the 
long  and  bloody  wars  between  the  Five  Nations  and  the  French,  and  rendered  the  former  the 
willing  and  steadfast  friends  and  allies  of  the  English.  The  whole  region  bordering  upon  the  lake 
was  claimed,  by  constructive  title,  by  both  France  and  England ;  and  during  the  wars  that  ensued 
it  became  the  great  battle  ground  for  supremacy,  and  the  principal  highway  for  war  parties  in  their 
mutual  incursions  upon  the  defenseless  frontier  settlements.  Fort  Frederick  was  erected  by  the 
French  at  Crown  Point  in  1731.  This  measure  was  met  by  remonstrance,  but  no  open  resistance, 
on  the  part  of  the  English.  Previous  to  the  erection  of  the  furt,  French  settlements  had  commenced 
in  various  places  along  both  shores  of  the  lake.     These  settlements  had  made  considerable  progress, 


1  $0000  was  appropriated  in  1S53,  and  $5000  in  1854,  for  im- 
proving the  log  narigatiun  of  the  An  Sable  Ri%-fr.  A  lighthouae 
has  been  erected  at  Split  Rock  by  the  General  Government. 
The  proposed  Sacketts  Harbor  and  Saratoga  R.  R.  has  been  sur- 
veyed across  the  8.  corner  of  the  co..  and  another  route  has 
been  projected  from  PlatLsburgh  to  Whitehall ;  but  there  ia  little 
prospect  of  either  of  these  lines  being  soon  finished. 

*  In  that  yciir  Georgo  Throop  and  Levi  Higby.  In  connection 
with  Charles  Kane,  of  Schenectady,  began  the  manufacture  of 
anchors  at  Willsborough  Falls.  For  the  first  10  years  the  ore 
was  obtained  in  part  from  Canada,  but  principally  from  Ver- 
mont. A  bed  at  Basin  Harbor  was  the  only  one  then  known 
within  the  co.  Mill  and  Bteambuat  irons  were  afterward 
made,  and  the  foundry  was  finally  converted  into  a  forge. 
Early  in  the  present  century  W.  D.  Koss  erected  a  rolling  mill 
on  the  Boquet.  for  making  nail  plates  for  the  factory  at  Fair 
Haven,  Vt.  About  1S09,  Archibald  Mclntyre  and  his  asso- 
ciates erected  works  on  a  branch  of  the  Au  Sable,  in  the 
present  town  of  N.  Elba,  designated  as  the  "  Elba  Iron  Works." 
which  were  at  first  supplied  from  the  vicinity,  and  afterward 
from  the  Arnold  mine,  in  Clinton  co.  The  forgo  was  abandoned 
in  1S15,  after  several  yi-ars  of  prosperous  business.  The  iron 
interest  rapidly  extended  after  the  completion  of  the  Champlain 
Canal,  and  several  large  manufactories  were  erected  in  the 
valley  of  the  Au  Sable  and  the  surrounding  region.  The  forges, 
rolling  mills,  and  nail  factories  of  this  section  are  among  the 
most  extensive  of  the  kind  in  the  country.  Bar,  pig.  and  bloom 
iron  of  superior  quality  are  produced  in  large  quantities.  Within 
a  few  years,  anthracite  coal  has  nearly  superseded  the  u.se  of 
charcoal  in  the  furnaces  along  the  lake  shore.  These  establish- 
ments afford  a  home  market  for  a  large  part  of  the  agricultural 
products  of  the  co.  Most  of  the  above  dates  and  tacts  are  cc-u- 
densed  fmm  }Vafs<m*s  Ag.  Survey  of  Essex  Co.,  1852,  p.  814. 

*  The  principal  ores  in  this  co.  are  magnetic,  and  they  are 
separated  fn<m  the  stone  bj-  water  and  by  magnetic  machines. 
Hundreds  of  bbls.  of  iron  sand  are  collected  upon  the  shores  of 
Lake  Champlain  and  sold  to  the  N.  Y.  stationers. 

*  David  Watson  and  John  Savage,  of  Wash.  co..  were  appointed 
commissioners  to  locate  a  site  for  the  co.  buildings,  whicli  were 
to  be  erected  under  the  care  of  3  commissioners  appointed  by 
the  supervisors.  The  first  co.  officers  were  Daniel  Ross.  First 
Jvdge. :  Stephen  Cnyler,  Cleric;  Thos.  Stowers,  Slieriff;  and  Wm. 
Gilliland.  Surrogate. 

^  When  the  co.  was  formed,  the  new  blockhouse  in  Essex, 
then  Will-tborough.  was  used  as  a  courthouse  and  jail.  By  an 
act  passed  April  7.  1807.  Elizahethtown  was  selected  as  the  co. 
seat,  and  t<i  this  place  the  ciurts  and  clerk's  office  were  trans- 
ferred upon  the  completion  of  the  proper  buildings,  in  1814. 


*  This  establishment  is  old,  and  in  some  respects  inconve- 
nient; but  it  is  spoken  of  as  extremely  well  kept,  and  in  this 
respect  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  State. 
7  Tht   Eeve-iUe.    the   first   paper  in  the   co.,    ivas    started  at 
Elizabethtown,  about  ISIO,  by  Luther  Ularsh. 
Tlie.  Essex  Patriot  was  published  at  tho  same  place,  in  1817-18, 

by  L.  and  0.  Person. 
Tlie  Essex  Omnty  Times  was  started  at  Elizabethtown,  by  R.  W. 
Livingston,  and  in  1833  sold  to Jlaconib,  who  con- 
tinued it  about  15  months.    It  was  printed  on  an  old 
"  Ramage"  press  brought  from  Skaneateles,  Onond;vga 

CO. 

Another  paper  was  commenced  at  Elizabethtown,  in  Jan.  1849, 
by  D.  Truair,  and  removed  to  Keeseville  in  about  4 
months. 

TJte  Elizabethtown  Post  was  established  by  Robert  W.  Living- 
ston in  1851,  and  was  subsequently  nnited  with  the 
Noi-thern  Standard,  of  Keeseville. 

TJu  KeeseinlU  Herald  was  commenced  in  1S25  by  F.  P.  Allen, 
and  soon  after  passed  into  the  hands  of  A.  H.  Allen,  by 
whom  it  was  continued,  with  a  few  interruptions,  until 
1841. 

The  Keesevillf.  Argus,  edited  by  Adonijab  Emmons,  was  begun 
about  18.31.  and  continued  5  or  G  years. 

The  Gssex  County  Republican  was  estabhshed  at 
Keeseville  in  1839,  and  is  now  published  by  J.  B.  Dick- 
inson. 

TJie  Au  SahU  Hii^er  GazfJte  was  started  at  Keeseville  about 
1847.  by  D.  Truair,  and  continwed  5  or  6  yt-ars. 

The  Old  Settler,  mo.,  was  commenced  at  Keeseville  by  A.  H. 
Allen  in  1849,  and  was  afterward  removed  to,  Sarakjga 
Springs. 

The  Northern  Gazette  was  started  at  Keeseville  in  1851,  and 
continued  several  years. 

The  Northern  Standard  was  established  at  Keeseville 
in  J854  by  A.  W.  Lansing,  and  is  now  published  by 
A.  W.  Lansing  &  Son. 

The  Essex  Omnty  Repjihlican  was  started  at  Essex  about  1823 
by  J.  K.  Averill,  and  was  continued  by  him,  and  by 
Walton  &  Person,  until  1833. 

The  Berean  Guide  was  started  in  1S40,  at  Essex,  by  Rev.  M. 
Bailey,  and  continued  1  year. 

The  Westport  Patriot  arid  Essex  County  Advertiser  was  com- 
menced in  1845,  at  Westport,  by  D.  Truair. 

The  Essex  County  Patriot  was  is.tued  at  Esses,  about  1847,  by  A. 
H.  Allfu.     It  was  rhanged  to 

The  Wistport  H'-ralil,  and  continued  tJ  or  7  years. 

TJie  Essex  County  Times  was  published  at  Westport  In  1851. 


298 


ESSEX    COUNTY. 


and  thriving  villages  had  sprung  up,  before  they  were  finally  broken  up  by  invading  armies.  Still 
more  extended  schemes  of  settlement  were  planned,  and  extensive  grants  of  land  were  made  upon 
the  same  condition  as  the  French  grants  in  Canada.'  Soon  after  their  first  occupation,  the  French 
caused  a  survey  of  the  lake  and  its  shores  to  be  made  by  Sieur  Anger,  surveyor  to  the  King ;  and 
the  work  seems  to  have  been  carefully  done.  In  1755  the  French  advanced  12  mi.  nearer  to 
the  English  settlements,  and  commenced  the  fortification  of  Ticonderoga  upon  a  point  that  entirely 
commanded  the  passage  of  the  lake.  The  fort  was  named  by  them  "  Carillon;"-  but  it  is  now 
generally  known  by  the  Indian  name  of  Ticonderoga.  Upon  it  vast  sums  of  money  were  afterward 
expended  by  both  the  French  and  English,  and  it  became  the  most  formidable  foi'tress  in  America. 
The  French  here  made  a  stand  against  the  advances  of  the  English ;  and  when  at  length  it  was 
found  to  be  no  longer  tenable,  Crown  Point  and  all  the  posts  along  the  lake  were  at  once 
abandoned. 

The  repeated  incursions  of  the  French  and  Indians  into  the  English  settlements,  and  the  con- 
tinual advancements  of  the  French  military  posts,  at  length  aroused  the  attention  of  the  English 
Government  and  led  to  the  conviction  that  the  very  existence  of  the  frontier  settlements  depended 
upon  the  complete  overthrow  of  the  French  power  in  America.  One  of  the  great  expeditions 
of  1755  was  directed  against  Crown  Point.  The  English  troops,  under  the  command  of  Gen. 
Lyman,  built  Fort  Lyman — afterward  Fort  Edward — on  the  Hudson,  and,  under  Sir  Wm.  Johnson, 
■who  assumed  the  command,  advanced  to  the  head  of  Lake  George.  Here,  learning  that  the 
French  were  fortifying  Ticonderoga  and  that  they  had  received  large  reinforcements.  Sir  William 
chose  a  commanding  position  and  fortified  his  camp.  In  the  mean  time.  Baron  Dieskau,  the 
French  commander,  at  the  head  of  a  superior  force,  endeavored  to  cut  ofi'  his  communication  with 
Fort  Lyman.  A  body  of  provincial  troops,  under  Col.  Williams,'  of  Mass.,  and  of  Indians,  under 
the  famous  Mohawk  chief  Ilendrick,  thrown  out  as  an  advance  guard  by  Sir  Wm.,  fell  into  an 
ambush,  and  the  whole  party  were  cut  to  pieces,  and  the  two  leaders  killed.  The  French  imme- 
diately attacked  the  English  camp,  but  were  repulsed  with  great  loss,  and  the  retreating  fugitives 
■were  mostly  killed  or  taken  prisoners  by  a  party  of  fresh  English  troops  from  Fort  Lyman.  Sir 
Wm.  did  not  follow  up  his  success,  but  spent  the  remainder  of  the  season  in  constructing  Fort  Wm. 
Henry  on  the  site  of  his  camp,  leaving  the  French  to  strengthen  their  works  at  Crown  Point  and 
Ticonderoga  without  molestation.  No  general  expedition  was  projected  during  1756,  and  the  only 
active  warfare  was  carried  on  by  adventurous  parties  of  rangers.* 

From  this  time  to  the  close  of  the  war,  and  again  during  the  Revolution,  this  co.  was  the 
theater  of  important  military  events.  We  have  space  only  for  a  brief  chronological  recapitulation 
of  the  principal  ones  as  they  occurred.  The  partisan  warfare,  with  varying  success,  continued 
through  the  winter  and  spring  of  1750-57.  In  July,  Montcalm,  Gov.  of  Canada,  assembled  9,000 
men  at  Ticonderoga,  and  marched  to  the  head  of  Lake  George,  for  the  purpose  of  reducing  Fort 
AVm.  Henry;  which  object  he  accomplished  Aug.  3.^  In  the  summer  of  1758  an  expedition 
was  fitted  out  against  Ticonderoga,  and  was  intrusted  to  the  command  of  Gen.  Abercrombie.  On 
the  5th  of  July  he  crossed  Lake  George  with  17,000  men ;  and  on  the  6th  the  advanced  guard 
of  his  army  was  surprised  by  the  French,  and  many  killed,  among  whom  was  Lord  Howe,'  second 
in  command.  On  the  8th  the  English  army  endeavored  to  take  the  fort  by  storm,  but  were 
repulsed  with  a  loss  of  2,000  men.  In  1759,  Gen.  Amherst,  at  the  head  of  12,000  men,  proceeded 
to  invest  Ticonderoga.  The  French  troops  having  been  mostly  withdrawn  for  the  defense  of 
Quebec,  the  whole  fortress  was  dismantled,  and  abandoned  on  the  30th  of  July.  Crown  Point 
was  soon  after  abandoned,  and  the  whole  region  came  into  the  undisputed  possession  of  the 


1  A  seigniory,  extending  3  leagues  along  the  lake  shore  aDd 
2  leaguesback.  was  granted,  June  1.3, 1737,  to  Sieur  Loui8  Joseph 
Robert,  the  king's  storekeeper  at  Montreal.  Its  northern 
boundary  was  to  be  half  a  le.ague  below  the  ^^BacqiuC*  (Boquet) 
Hiver.  and  its  southern  2^  leagues  above.  This  territory  em- 
braced the  present  town  of  Essex  and  a  large  part  of  Wiliaborough. 
Another  seigniory,  extending  6  leagiies  along  the  lake  and  5  back, 
was  granted,  Nov.  15.  17o8,  to  Michael  Chartier  de  Lotbini6re. 
It  was  called  ^'D'AlainriU^^"  and  embraced  the  present  towns  of 
Ticonderoga,  Crown  Point,  and  Schroon.  Settlements  which 
coramencwl  upon  this  grant  were  broken  up  by  the  J^nglish 
armies.  M  jst  of  the  seigniory  was  granted  to  officers  and  sol- 
diers of  the  English  army,  m  accordance  to  his  majesty's  pro- 
clamation of  Oct.  7,  1763.  After  the  cession  of  Canada,  the 
French  proprietor  presented  his  claims  to  the  English  Govern- 
ment, with  no  other  effect  than  to  create  a  considerable  tern- 
/lorarv  alarm  among  the  English  settlers. 

2  S«  page  sen. 

•  On  his  way  to  the  frontiers.  Col.  Williams  stoppcnl  at  .\lhany 


and  made  his  will,  leaving  a  sum  of  money  to  found  a  free  school 
in  Western  Mass.  This  legacy  founded  and  gave  the  name  to 
Williams  College.  In  1851  the  alumni  of  the  college  erected  a 
monument  to  bis  memory  on  the  spot  where  he  was  killed. 

*  The  most  enterprising  of  these  rangers  were  M^s.  Israel 
Putnam  and  Robert  Rogers.  The  party  commanded  by  the 
latter  officer  consisted  of  old  hunter.s,  accustomed  to  all  kinds 
of  hardships  and  privations.  Among  his  officers  was  John 
Stark,  afterward  Gen.  Stark  of  the  Revolution.  These  parties 
hung  upon  the  outskirts  of  the  French  forts,  took  off  their  sen- 
tinels, burned  their  vilLigea,  killed  their  cattle,  destroyed  their 
boats,  and  annoyed  them  in  every  possible  manner. 

6  See  page  668 ;  Loisijig^i  Field  Book  of  the  Jievolution ;  San- 
crofts  Hist.  U.  S. 

*  Brother  of  Sir  William  Howe  and  Admiral  Howe.  English 
commanders  during  the  Revolution.  Lord  Howe  was  a  brave 
and  enterprising  officer,  greatly  beloved  by  the  army,  and  his 
loss  was  deeply  deplored. 


ESSEX    COUNTY. 


299 


English.  The  works  at  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  were  enlarged  and  strengthened,  at  a  cost 
of  $10,000,000.» 

By  the  provisions  of  tlie  Treaty  of  Paris,  signed  Feb.  10,  1763,  in  which  the  French  ceded  their 
possessions  in  North  America  to  the  English,  the  latter  government  was  bound  to  respect  the 
titles  to  land  previously  granted  by  the  furmer.  The  proclamation  of  the  King  of  Oct.  7,  17G3, 
authorized  the  granting  of  the  lands  upon  Lake  Champlain  to  officers  and  soldiers  who  had  served 
in  the  war.  These  incompatible  acts  led  to  much  confusion.  Overlapping  claims  and  conliicting 
titles  unavoidably  foUoM'ed;  and  the  matter  was  not  finally  settled  until  after  the  Revolution. 
In  the  mean  time,  the  controversy  had  the  tendency  to  retard  settlement,  by  destroying  confidence 
in  the  titles  by  which  the  land  could  be  held  and  conveyed. 

Settlement  was  commenced  upon  the  Boquet  in  1765,  under  the  auspices  of  Wm,  Gilliland,  a 
wealthy  merchant  of  N.  Y.^  Through  his  agency,  and  that  of  other  capitalists,  several  miles  of  tlie 
lake  shore  between  the  mouth  of  the  Boquet  and  Crown  Point  were  settled,  mills  and  roads  were  built 
and  schools  established.  Mr.  G.  held  a  justice's  commission,  and  for  many  years  was  the  only 
judicial  authority.*     The  settlers  whom  he  induced  to  locate  upon  his  estate  were  mostly  Irish. 

After  the  cession  of  Canada  the  great  fortresses  on  the  lake  were  allowed  to  fall  into  partial 
decay,  and  were  held  by  only  small  bodies  of  troops.  Upon  the  receipt  of  the  news  oi  the  com- 
mencement of  hostilities  at  Lexington,  a  small  body  of  troops,  known  as  *'  Green  Mountain  Boys," 
under  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  surprised  and  took  both  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  in  May,  1775.* 
During  the  summer  and  autumn  of  the  same  year  the  expedition,  under  Schuyler  and  Montgomery, 
against  Canada,  passed  down  the  lake,  and  returned  the  next  spring,  unsuccessful.  Daring  the 
summer  of  1776,  naval  forces  were  organized  upon  the  lake  by  both  the  British  and  Aniericans, 
the  latter  under  the  command  of  Benedict  Arnold.  In  an  engagement  that  ensued,  the  Americans 
were  defeated,  and  their  remaining  vessels  were  obliged  to  take  refuge  under  the  guns  of  Fort 
Ticonderoga.  Crown  Point  was  dismantled,  and  the  stores  removed;  and  soon  after  it  was  taken 
possession  of  by  the  British.  Mr.  Gilliland  and  the  colonists  ardently  embraced  the  American 
cause,  and  materially  aided  Montgomery's  army  in  its  advance  on  Canada,  by  furnishing  provisions, 
and,  on  its  return,  by  aflbrding  relief  to  the  sick  and  wounded.^  Mr,  G.'s  estate  was  wasted  by 
both  friends  and  foes,  and  finally  the  whole  settlement  was  broken  up  by  Burgoyne.^ 

Burgoyne  landed  on  the  banks  of  the  Boquet,  Jxme  21,  1777,  and  spent  several  days  in  con- 
ferences with  the  Indian  tribes ;  and  on  the  27 Ai  the  invading  army  advanced  to  Crown  Point.  On 
the  30th  they  invested  Ticonderoga;  and  on  the  night  of  July  4  they  took  possession  of  ''  Sngar 
Loaf  Hill,"  (nowMt.  Defiance,)  and  erected  upon  it  a  battery  of  heavy  guns,  completely  commanding 
the  fort.  On  the  night  of  the  5th  the  Americans  hastily  embarked  their  stores  and  munitions  of 
war  upon  bateaux,  and  sent  them  up  to  Skenesborough  under  convoy,  and  the  main  body  of  the 
army  escaped  into  Vt.^  Both  parties  were  quickly  pursued,  and  the  tide  of  war  slowly  and  sullenly 
rolled  southward,  beyond  the  limits  of  the  co. 

In  Sept.  Gen.  Lincoln,  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  militia  stationed  at  Manchester,  Vt.,  made  an 
attack  upon  these  works,  took  Mts.  Hope  and  Defiance,  released  100  American  prisoners,  took  293 
of  the  enemy,  and  captured  an  armed  sloop,  several  gun  boats,  and  more  than  200  bateaux.®  The 
fort  was  not  taken.  After  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  the  place  was  dismantled,  and  the  garrison 
retreated  down  the  lake.    The  rear  division  of  their  boats,  with  50  men  and  a  large  quantity  of 


I  The  fort  and  field  works  at  Ticonderoga  spread  over  an  area 
of  several  miles,  and  the  fortress  at  Crown  Point  embraced 
seven  acres.  The  ruins  of  these  works  now  visible  stUl  attest 
their  extent  and  magriitude. 

*  Mr.  Gilliland  at  first  desif^ned  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a 
vast  baronial  estate ;  and  hence  be  sold  no  land,  but  leased  it  on 
the  most  favorable  terms. 

>  A  convention  of  the  settlers  was  held  March  17, 1775,  (St. 
Patrick's  Day,)  and  a  local,  independent  government  was 
adopted.  The  management  of  affairs  was  intrusted  to  a  mode- 
rator, two  supts.  of  roads  and  bridges,  three  appraisers  of  dam- 
ages, and  a  town  clei'k.  Just  before  the  Revolution,  a  scheme 
was  devised  to  form  a  separate  colonial  government,  embracing 
all  the  territory  north  of  Mass.  and  between  the  Connecticut 
and  St.  Lawrence  Rivers.  Philip  Skene,  the  founder  of  "  Skenes- 
borough" (now  Whitehall,)  is  believed  to  have  been  the 
leading  spirit  of  this  movement,  and  his  appointment  as  gov. 
of  the  forts  of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  in  June,  1775, 
seems  to  grive  color  to  this  belief.  See  Journals  of  Otntjress, 
Juve  8,  1775;    Watson's  Ag.  Survey,  Tr.  Ag.  Soc,  1853,  p.  694. 

*  The  capture  of  these  forte,  and  of  the  armed  schooner  upon  the 
lake,  was  of  immense  importance  to  the  Americans,  as  it  supplied 
them  with  a  great  amount  of  cannon  and  other  munitions  uf  war. 

^  Gen.  Carlton  offered  a  reward  of  $500  for  the  delivery  of 
GiUilond  in  Canada.    Sheriff  White,  of  Tr^oD  co,,  and  a  party 


of  Tories  and  Indians,  who  attempted  to  capture  him,  weie 
themselves  captured  and  sent  to  Gen.  Schuyler. 

*  Mr.  G.  assisted  Arnold  in  the  prosecution  of  hia  designs  to 
the  extent  of  his  ability;  and,  in  return  for  the  kindness, 
Arnold,  by  an  arbitrary  stretch  of  power,  destroyed  his  dwell- 
ings, mills,  and  stores,  and  nearly  reduced  him  to  poverty.  In 
a  memorial  to  Congress  in  1777,  Gilliland  held  the  following 
truthful  and  prophetic  language  in  regard  to  Arnold : — *'Iti9 
not  in  mine,  but  it  is  in  your  power  to  bring  him  to  justice^. 
Bursting  with  pride,  and  intoxicated  with  power,- — to  which  ho 
ever  ought  to  have  been  a  stranger,  but  which  he  has  had  art 
enimgh  to  obtain  from  you, — he  tyrannizes  where  he  can.  If 
temerity,  if  rashness,  impudence,  and  error,  can  recomuiend 
him  to  you,  he  is  allowed  to  be  amply  supplied  with  these  quali- 
ties; and  many  people  think  they  ought  to  recommend  him  in 
a  peculiar  manner  to  Lord  ^orth,  who,  in  gratitude  for  his 
having  done  more  injury  to  the  American  cause  than  all  the 
ministerial  troops  have  had  the  power  of  doing,  ought  to  reward 
him  with  a  generous  pension." 

'  A  heavy  chain.  1000  feet  long,  and  an  Immense  boom,  erected 
across  the  lake  by  the  Americans  at  great  labor  and  expense, 
were  cut  through  in  2  hours. 

8  In  this  expedition  the  CoDtinental  standard  loll  bebiad  by 
St.  Clair  was  recovered. 


300 


ESSEX    COUNTY. 


military  stores,  were  captured  by  a  party  of  "Green  Mountain  Boys"  under  Capt.  Ebenezer  Allen. 
In  1780,  Gen.  Ilaldeman,  with  a  party  of  British  soldiers,  advanced  to  Ticonderoga  and  occupied 
it  for  some  time.  Maj.  Carleton  here  made  a  diversion  in  favor  of  Sir  John  Johnson,  by  an  attack 
upon  Forts  Anne  and  George.  In  1781  the  British  fleet  several  times  entered  the  lake,  but  retired 
without  accomplishing  any  thing.'  In  1784,'  Gilliland  returned  to  his  ruined  settlement  and 
endeavored  to  retrieve  his  waning  fortunes.  Relinquishing  his  ideas  of  manorial  greatness,  he 
offered  his  lands  for  sale ;  but  adverse  lawsuits  and  treacherous  friends  soon  dissipated  the  rem- 
nant of  his  wealth  and  brought  his  existence  to  a  miserable  close.^  The  progress  of  settlement  at 
first  was  not  very  rapid.  In  1795  there  were  in  Clinton  co. — then  embracing  Essex — but  624  legal 
voters,  From  that  time  forward,  however,  settlement  progressed  with  great  rapidity,  and  several 
public  roads  were  opened  to  facilitate  it.'  Soon  after  the  war  an  arsenal  was  erected  at  Elizabeth- 
town.     During  the  patriot  excitement  it  was  robbed ;  and  since,  it  has  been  sold. 


CHESTERFIEIiD— was  formed  from  Willsborough,  Feb.  20,  1802.  It  Hes  in  the  n.e. 
corner  of  the  co.,  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlaiu.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  mountainous. 
The  Jay  Mountains,  a  northern  spur  of  the  Adirondack  Kange,  extend  northward  through  the 
w.  part.  This  range  is  a  continuous,  high,  rocky  ridge,  without  a  single  pass,  forming  an  almost 
impassable  barrier  between  Chesterfield  and  Jay.  The  main  Adirondack  Range  extends  through 
the  center  of  the  town  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.,  ending  at  Trembleau  Point,  a  high,  rocky  bluff  1200  to 
1500  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake.  Bosworth  Mountain  and  Poke-a-Moonshine,  each 
attaining  an  elevation  of  about  3000  feet,  are  the  two  principal  peaks  vrithin  the  limits  of  the 
town.  The  s.  e.  part  is  hilly.  The  N.  e.  part  is  a  rolling  table  land,  with  a  light,  sandy,  and 
improductive  soil.  There  are  several  lakes  in  the  interior,  the  principal  of  which  are  Augur  and 
Butternut  Ponds.  Not  more  than  one  half  of  the  surface  is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  The 
principal  valuable  minerals  that  have  been  found  are  iron,  graphite,  and  a  beautiful  light  brown 
marble.  Schuyler  Island,  in  the  lake,  belongs  to  this  town.  The  Au  Sable  River,  upon  the  N. 
border,  affords  a  large  amount  of  hydraulic  power,  and  some  very  attractive  scenery.  The  falls 
at  Birmingham  have  a  descent  of  90  feet,  including  the  rapids  above  the  main  fall.*  Heese- 
Ville  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Au  Sable  River,  its  northern  part  being  in  Clinton  co.^ 
It  is  the  seat  of  extensive  iron  works  and  other  important  manufactures.  The  iron  from  the  ore 
is  made  into  nails,  horseshoes,  merchant  iron,  edge  tools,  and  machinery.  The  village  has  a  bank, 
an  academy,  and  5  churches.  Pop.  according  to  last  census,  2509,  of  which  1370  were  in  Chester- 
field. Port  Rent/  (p.  v.,)  on  Lake  Clmmplain,  contains  25  houses;  Port  DougTlas  5; 
Port  Kendall  C ;  and  Birniingbam  Falls  6.  Matthew  Adgate  and  sons  came  into 
town  about  1792.'    The  first  church  was  Cong. ;  and  the  first  preacher  was  Rev.  Cyrus  Comstock.* 

CROWHr  POiarX— was  formed  March  23,  1780,  and  named  from  the  old  French  fortress' 
situated  on  the  lake.  Elizabethtown  was  taken  off  in  1798,  Schroon  and  Ticonderoga  in  1804,  and 
Moriah  in  1808.  It  lies  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  A 
strip  of  nearly  level  land,  about  4  mi.  wide,  extends  along  the  lake  shore.  The  central  part  of  the 
town  is  broken,  the  hills  gradually  rising  into  the  Kayaderosseras  Mts.  in  the  w.  Putnams  Creek, 
the  principal  stream,  takes  its  rise  in  the  ponds  and  lakes  among  the  mountains,  and  upon  its 
course  are  numerous  falls,  furnishing  an  abundance  of  water  power.  The  soil  upon  the  lake 
shore  is  a  deep,  rich,  clayey  loam ;  and  in  the  interior  it  is  of  a  light,  sandy  nature.     Abundance 


1  For  a  long  time  there  was  a  great  mystery  connected  with 
these  movements,  which  was  afterward  explained  by  the  publi- 
cation of  the  negotiations  which  tooli  place  between  the  Gov,  of 
Canada  and  the  "  Vt.  Council  of  Safety." 

2  For  some  time  he  was  confined  in  N.Y.  for  debt ;  but,  regain- 
ing his  freedom,  he  returned  to  the  scene  of  his  former  enter- 
prise. Here  meeting  with  new  disappointments  and  treachery, 
and  becoming  partially  deranged  by  his  misfortunes,  he  wan- 
dered into  the  wilderness  and  perished  of  cold  and  exposure. 

•  Among  these  public  roads  were  one  from  Willsborough 
rails  til  Peru;  another,  known  as  the  "Old  State  Road,"  from 
Sandy  Hill,  along  the  Schroon  Valley,  to  Canada  Line;  and 
another  across  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  county  from  Canton  to 
Chester.  In  1790,  Piatt  Rogers  established  a  ferry  across  the 
lake,  at  Basin  Harbor.  He  also  built  several  roads,  and  a  bridge 
over  the  Boquet  at  Willsborough  Falls.  For  constructing 
these  and  other  public  works.  Rogers  and  his  associates  received 
ft  grant  of  73,000  acres  of  unappropriated  land. 

*  See  page  235. 

f  The  first  settler  of  Keesevllle  was  Robert  Uoyle,  who  built 


the  first  bridge  and  sawmill  and  kept  the  first  store,  in 
1802.  It  was  first  called  "Z-wij;  CAiife."  About  1812  the  pro- 
perty came  into  the  hands  of  Richard  and  Oliver  Keese  and 
John  W.  Andersou,  who  erected  a  woolen  factory  and  iron 
works  in  1S13.  The  name  was  first  changed  to  ^  Artdersimi 
Falh"  and  afterwards  to  Keeseville.  See  Clinton  co.,  town 
of  Au  Sable. 

6  Both  Port  Kent  and  Keeseville  are  centers  of  extensive  and 
important  iron  districts. 

'  Alva  Rosworth,  Elihu  Briggs,  Edward  Palmer.  Levi  Cooley, 

Dr.  Clark,   John   and  Benj.  Macomber,  John   Page,  and  

Norton,  were  among  the  first  settlers.  The  first  child  bom 
was  Thos.  Rangnara,  and  the  first  death  that  of  Abel 
Handy. 

8  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  F.  W.  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Presb., 
Prot.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

*  The  point  which  contains  the  ruins  of  this  fortress  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  an  important  commercial  mart  previous 
to  the  French  War;  but  now  it  contains  only  a  single  farm 
house. 


ESSEX    COUNTY. 


301 


of  rieli  iron  ore  is  found;  and  in  connection  with  it  are  beds  of  natural  pliosphatc  of  lime. 
Graphite  and  black  clouded  marble  are  also  found  in  great  abundance.  On  the  shore  of  the  lake 
is  a  mineral  spring,  containing  sulphates  of  lime  and  magnesia.  The  manufacture  of  iron  is 
carried  on  to  a  great  extent ;  there  are  also  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  lumber,  shingles, 
pails,  sash  and  blinds,  and  -woolen  goods.  Crown  Point,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  E.  part,  on  Putnams 
Creek,  contains  2  churches  and  about  60  houses.  Ilamnionds  Corners)  contains  35  houses, 
and  Irondale  (late  "Peiifield")  20.  The  French  made  the  first  settlement,  at  a  very  early  period. 
The  country  around  Fort  St.  Frederick,  upon  the  point,  seems  to  have  been  once  the  seat  of  thriving 
villages,  the  remains  of  which  are  still  visible.'  All  these  settlements  were  obliterated  during  the 
French  War  of  1755-60.  During  the  peace  which  followed,  settlements  were  again  made,  and  in 
1777  were  again  destroyed.'  Religious  services  were  early  held  in  the  chapel  of  the  fort,  and 
were  continued  during  its  military  occupation.' 

ELiIZABETIITOWIV— was  formed  from  Crown  Point,  Feb.  12,  1798,  and  was  named  in 
compliment  to  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Wm.  Gilliland.  Parts  of  Moriah  and  Keene  were  taken  off  in 
1808,  and  Westport  in  1815.  A  part  of  Jay  and  Lewis  were  annexed  Jan.  31,  1844,  and  a  part 
of  Lewis,  Nov.  11,  1854.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  N.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The 
Boquet  Mts.  occtpy  the  n.  w.  and  the  Schroon  Range  the  s.  E.  corner  of  the  town.  Raven  Hill, 
an  offshoot  from  the  former  range,  in  the  N.  E.  corner,  is  2,100  feet  above  tide;  and  the  "Giant 
of  the  Valley,"  the  highest  peak  of  the  latter  range,  has  an  elevation  of  2,600  to  3,000  feet.  A 
perpendicular  precipice  of  700  feet  lies  on  the  northern  declivity  of  this  mountain.  The  Boquet 
River  flows  in  a  N.  E.  direction  through  near  the  center  of  the  town.  Its  valley,  one-fourth  of  a 
mile  to  a  mile  in  width,  comprises  the  greater  part  of  the  arable  land.  Not  more  than  one- 
fourth  of  the  surface  is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  Extensive  beds  of  iron  ore  are  found  in  various 
parts  of  the  town.  In  the  s.  e.  part,  a  hill,  200  feet  high,  covering  40  acres,  is  supposed  to  be 
nearly  a  solid  mass  of  iron,  except  a  slight  covering  of  drift.  An  extensive  bed  of  kaolin,  or 
porcelain  clay,  is  also  found  in  town.  The  manufacture  of  iron  is  one  of  the  leading  pursuits : 
there  are  several  forges  in  town.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam.  Elizabetlltofvn* 
(p.  v.)  is  pleasantly  situated  upon  the  Boquet  River,  near  the  foot  of  several  high  peaks.  It  is 
the  CO.  seat,  and  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  Pop.  about  500.  Wew  Russia  (p.  v.)  con- 
tains about  100  inhabitants.  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Jonah  Hanchett,  Sampson  Smith, 
Herman  and  Joel  Finney,  Wareham  Barber,  Nathan  Lewis,  Hez.  and  Ira  Phelps,  Wm.  KeUogg, 
and  Gardner  Simonds,  who  came  in  about  1792.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Dr.  Kincade. 
The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1796  or  '97.' 

ESSEX — ^was  formed  from  Willsborough,  April  4,  1805.  It  lies  upon  the  shore  of  Lake 
Champlain,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  rolling  in  the  E.  and  mountainous  in  the 
w.  Boquet  Mt.,  in  the  N.  w.  part,  has  an  elevation  of  about  1,000  feet  above  the  lake.  Split  Rock, 
the  extremity  of  the  Schroon  Mountain  Range  in  the  s.  E.  corner  of  the  town,  has  already  been 
described."  The  Black  River  limestone  crops  out  in  this  town,  and  is  used  both  for  building  pur- 
poses and  for  the  manufacture  of  lime.  The  Boquet  River  flows  northerly  through  near  the 
center  of  the  town.  Upon  it  are  several  falls,  affording  abundance  of  water  power.  The  soil  is  a 
clayey  loam  upon  the  lake,  and  a  light  sandy  loam  among  the  mountains.  Manufactures,  con- 
sisting of  wrought  iron,  nails,  spikes,  lumber,  and  woolen  goods,  are  carried  on.  Essex'  (p.  v.) 
has  a  population  of  about  700,  Wliallonsburgli  (p.  v.)  250,  and  Boquet  200.  The  town 
was  first  settled  by  Wm.  Gilliland,  in  1765.'  Wm.  McAuley,  a  relative  and  coadjutor  of  Mr. 
G.,  located  upon  the  site  of  the  present  village  of  Essex.'  This  settlement  was  broken  up  during 
the  Revolution."    The  first  church  (Prot.  E.)  was  organized  in  1805." 


1  The  Swedish  traveler  Ealm  mentions  the  existence  of  this 
early  eettli-nieDt ;  and  the  "  Journal  of  Major  itogers"  speaks  of 
villages,  well  filled  barns,  herds  of  cattle,  and  fields  of  grain. 
Chimney  Point,  upon  the  eastern  shore  of  the  lake,  derives  its 
name  from  the  remains  of  early  habitations  found  there  by  the 
present  race  of  settlers. 

2  Among  the  first  settlers  after  the  Revolution  were  George 
Trimble,  James  Morrow,  Aaron  Townsend.  Dennis  Meagher, 
Andrew  Hard,v,  Saml.  Foot,  and  Elisha  Rhodes.  The  first  mill 
waa  a  windmill,  a  short  distance  s.  of  the  fort,  James  Morrow 
erected  the  first  mill  and  kept  the  first  inn  and  store  after 
the  Revolution,    Washington  visited  Crown  Point  in  1784. 

*  Benj.  Wooster  waa  the  first  preacher  after  the  Revolution. 
The  first  church  (Omg.)  was  organized  in  1804.  The  census 
reports  4  churchee;  2  Cong.,  M,  E,,  Union, 

♦  Elizabeth  town  was  named  *^  Pleasant  VaBei/'*  by  the  first 
settlers,  and  is  now  locally  known  as  "  The  Valley," 

A  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Bap.,  Cong,,  M.  E. 


•  See  page  295. 

'  A  blockhouse  was  built  in  this  village  in  1797,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  alarm  occasioned  by  St.  Clair's  defeat ;  and  in 
1799.  upon  the  organization  of  the  CO.,  it  was  used  for  a  Co, 
courthouse,  and  continued  as  such  until  the  erection  of  the  co. 
buildings  at  Elizabethtown,  under  the  act  of  1S07. 

>  See  pages  299,  306, 

*•  Among  the  first  settlers  after  the  Revolution  were  Danl,Ros9, 
(first  merchant  and  mill  owner.)  I.'viac  and  Benj.  Sheldon,  Bei^ 
Stafford.  Danl.  Murray,  lien.  Van  Orniand,  Dr,Colborn  Clemens, 
(first  physician,)  David,  Abram  and  Abner  Reynolds,  Nehemiah 
Payn,  and  James  Eldrich.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  MisB 
Towner,    The  first  male  teacher  was  Enoch  P,  Henry. 

^0  In  Oct,  1777.  in  this  town,  the  retreating  Britiah  garrison 
of  Ticonderoga  was  attackeil  b,v  a  jiarty  of  "Gr'.'en  Mountain 
Boys,"  under  Capt,  Ebenezer  Allen,  and  50  men  and  all  the 
military  stores  were  captured, 

u  The  census  reports  6  chs, ;  M,  E,  Wee,  Meth,,  2  Bap,,  2  Presb. 


302 


ESSEX    COUNTY. 


JAY' — was  formed  from  Willsborough,  Jan.  16, 1798.  A  part  of  Keene  was  taken  off,  in  1808,  of 
Wilmington  (as  " DanstilU")  in  1821,  and  a  part  of  Elizabethtovm  in  1844.  Parts  of  Peru  (Clinton 
CO.)  and  Chataugay  (Franklin  co.)  were  annexed,  March  22, 1822.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the 
CO.,  w.  of  the  center.  The  Au  Sable  Mts.,  extending  through  the  w.  part,  gradually  decline  toward 
the  N.  Mts.  Hamlin,  Clark,  and  Bassitt,  each  2000  feet  above  tide,  are  the  highest  peaks ;  the  Jay 
Mts.,  a  N.  spur  of  the  Adirondacks,  lie  along  the  E.  border.  The  extreme  s.  angle  of  the  town  is  oc- 
cupied by  some  of  the  most  lofty  and  rocky  peaks  of  the  Adirondacks.  The  E.  branch  of  the  Au 
Sable  flows  through  near  the  center  of  the  town.  Veins  of  black  lead  have  been  found,  but  not 
■worked.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  abundance.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  and  graveUy  loam.  A 
mineral  spring,  near  Upper  Jay,  contains  iron  and  sulphur.  The  manufacture  of  bar  iron,  naile, 
and  bloom  iron  is  extensively  carried  on.  Au  Sable  Forks,  (p.  v.,)  an  iron  manufacturing 
village,  contains  70  houses  ;  Jay  (p.  v.)  50,  and  Upper  Jay  (p.  v.)  20.  Nathaniel  Mallory  was 
the  first  settler,  about  1796.^  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1797;  the  first  preacher  was 
Solomon  Brown.' 

REEUTE — was  formed  from  Elizabethtovm  and  Jay,  March  19,  1808.  North  Elba  was  taken 
off  in  1849.  It  extends  from  the  center  of  the  co.  toward  the  N.  and  w.  The  Adirondack  Mts. 
extend  through  the  center  of  the  town  and  occupy  nearly  its  entire  surface,  leaving  little  or  no 
arable  land.  The  principal  peaks  are  Mt.  Marcy,  5467  feet  above  tide;  Long  Pond  Mt.,  3000  feet; 
and  Pitch  Off,*  2500  feet.  The  Au  Sable,  flowing  n.,  forms  the  principal  drainage.  The  valley 
is  so  narrow  that  there  is  scarcely  room  for  a  road  between  the  mountain  and  stream ;  and 
freshets  often  occur  that  sweep  every  thing  before  them.*  Lake  Golden,  in  the  s.  w.  part,  is  2,851 
ft.  above  tide.  Iron  is  found  in  numerous  veins  along  the  course  of  the  river,  and  is  manufactured 
to  some  extent.  Keene  (p.  v.)  contains  about  30  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  about 
1797.^     The  M.  E.  church  was  organized  in  1800,  and  the  Cong,  in  1815. 

liEWIS — was  formed  from  Willsborough,  April  4, 1805,  and  named  in  honor  of  Morgan  Lewis, 
then  Governor  of  the  State.  Parts  of  Elizabethtowu  were  taken  off  in  1844  and  1854.  The  Adiron- 
dack Mts.  occupy  the  N.  w.  and  the  Boquet  Mts.  the  s.  E.  part  of  the  town.  The  latter  range  is  not 
a  continuous  ridge  through  this  tovm,  but  consists  of  several  isolated  peaks,  the  principal  of  which 
is  Mt.  Discovery,  2000  feet  above  tide.  The  remaining  parts  of  the  town  consist  of  steep  rocky  hills 
and  narrow  valleys,  and  not  more  than  one-third  of  the  surface  is  susceptible  of  cultivation. 
Numerous  beds  of  iron  ore  are  found ;  but  none  have  been  extensively  worked.  The  soil  is  a 
landy  and  gravelly  loam.  In  the  N.  w.  part  is  a  mineral  spring  of  some  repute.  Eewis  (p.  v.) 
contains  130  inhabitants.  Wm.  Hinckley  made  the  first  purchase  of  land  and  the  first  settlement,  in 
1796.'   The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  1804;  and  the  first  preacher  was  Rev.  Mr.  Burbank.' 

MIIVERV A — was  formed  from  Schroon,  March  7,  1817 ;  a  part  of  Newcomb  was  taken  off  in 
1828.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  high,  broken  upland,  bordered  by 
mountain  ranges.  The  Boquet  Range  traverses  the  n.  w.  border,  and  the  Schroon  Range  the  s.  e. 
The  intermediate  portion  is  hilly,  with  a  mean  elevation  of  1200  to  1500  feet  above  tide. 
Nearly  the  whole  town  is  still  covered  with  forests,  the  settlements  being  confined  to  the  s.  E. 
corner.  The  soil  is  cold  and  hard,  and  only  moderately  productive.  On  Orrin  West's  farm  is  a  cave 
of  considerable  extent.  Lumbering  is  the  leading  pursuit.  Oliusteadvllle^  (p.  v.)  contains 
20  houses;  ])IinerTa  is  ap. o.  The  first  settlers  were  Ebenezer  West,  and  his  sons  Nathan, 
Ebenezer  and  John,  in  1804."     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1810,  by  Elder  Fort." 

MORIAH— was  formed  from  Crown  Point  and  Elizabethtovm,  Feb.  12,  1808.     A  part  of 


1  Named  from  John  Jay,  then  Governor  of  New  Tork. 

2  .Vnionp  tlie  other  first  settlera  were  J.  W.  Southmaiii,  .Joseph 
Btorrs.  John  Purmort,  Robert  Otis,  Ezekiel  Lockwood.  Nathl.  Ray, 
Josiah  Way,  and  .Toseph  Fowler,  Wm.  Mallory  huilt  the  first  mill. 

3  The  census  reports  6  churches ;  Bap.,  Cong.,  and  4  M.  E, 

*  A  perpendicular  cliff  on  the  north  side  of  this  mountain, 
300  to  500  feet  high,  gives  to  it  its  singular  name, 

6  A  most  destructive  flood  occurred  from  excessive  rains.  Sept, 
SO,  1856;  and  the  damage  which  this  occasioned  was  increased 
by  the  breaking  .away  of  the  State  dam  across  the  s.  branch  of 
the  Au  Sable,  in  this  town.  The  testimony  relating  to  this  acci- 
dent (forming  a  vol, of  368  pp.)  was  printed  by  order  of  the  Canal 
Board, in  1868. 

6  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Benj,  Payne.  Timothy  Pang- 
burn,  Thos.  Roberts,  Zadock  Hurd,  Eli  Hall,  Thos,  Taylor,  Qen, 
Reynolds,  and  David  Graves.  The  first  child  born  was  Betsey 
Payne ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Thos.  Dart  and  Cj-nthia  Gris- 
wold :  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Eli  Rostwick.  Asa  A.  Andreas 
taught  the  first  school,  and  Zadock  Uurd  kept  the  first  inu. 


'  Among  the  other  early  settlera  were  Dea.  Putnam,  Samuel 
Bishop,  Charles,  Saml..  and  Noah  Lee,  Ishmael  H.  lloicomb. 
Hooker  and  Timothy  Woodruff,  Ziba  Westcott,  and  Ziha  Flagg, 
The  first  child  born  was  Oliver  Holcomb :  the  first  marri.oge, 
that  of  Timothy  Woodruff  and  Eunice  Newell;  and  the  first 
death  of  an  adult,  that  of  Mrs.  John  Smith,  Levi  Parsons  taught 
the  first  school, 

8  The  census  reports  1  M,  E,  church,  A  Meth,  church  was  formed 
in  18U8, 

9  There  is  an  extensive  tannery  at  Olmsteadville,  which  makes 
the  village. 

10  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were  Wm.  Hill,  (first  mill 
owner.)  Thos.  Leonard,  Richard  Miller,  Abner  Talman.  James 
Cary,  Phito  Hawley,  and  .4.  P.  and  Asa  Morse,  The  first  settle- 
ments were  chiefly  made  along  the  line  of  the  Canton  and 
Chester  Road,    The  first  child  born  was  Francis  West:  the  first 

marriage,  that  of  Richard  Miller  and West;  and  the  first 

death,  that  of  EIiz.ibetli  West, 

u  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Bap,,  M,  E.,  R.  C. 


ESSEX    COUNTY.  303 

Newcomb  was  taken  off  in  1828,  North  Hudson  in  1848,  and  a  part  of  Wostport  was  annexed, 
April  9,  1849.  It  lies  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  A  narrow 
strip  of  level  land  extends  along  the  shore  of  the  lake,  from  which  the  surface  gradually  rises  to  a 
height  of  about  500  feet,  where  it  spreads  out  into  a  hilly  plateau  region,  rising  into  mountains  on 
the  w.  border.  About  one-half  of  the  surface  is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  The  soil  upon  the  lake 
is  a  clayey  loam,  and  in  the  hilly  regions  a  light,  sandy  loam.  This  town  is  very  rich  in  minerals. 
Fourteen  veins  of  iron  ore  have  been  opened,  producing  iron  of  a  very  superior  quality:'  the  supply 
seems  to  be  inexhaustible.  Black  lead,  and  a  beautiful  variety  of  i^erd  aniiqve  serpentine,  are  also 
found.  The  manufacture  of  iron  forms  one  of  the  leading  pursuits.  9Ioi°iall  (p.  v.)  contains 
Moriah  Academy  and  a  pop.  of  275,  and  Port  Henry^  (p-v.)  contains  a  pop.  of  503.  The  first 
settlers  after  the  Revolution  were  Wm.  McKenzie,  Abel  Butler,  James  McClane,  Jabez  Carpenter, 
G.  H.  and  John  Havens,  and  Joseph  Curtis.'     The  first  church  formed  was  a  Cong.' 

MEWCOMB — was  formed  from  Minerva  and  Moriah,  March  15,  1828.  It  lies  near  the 
center  of  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  The  Adirondack  Range  extends  through  the  center 
of  the  town  and  occupies  more  than  one-half  of  its  entire  surface.  The  principal  peaks  are  Mts. 
Goodwin,  Moore,  Sandanona,  and  Henderson,  each  3,000  to  5,000  feet  above  tide.  The  remaining 
part  of  the  surface  is  a  broken  upland,  with  a  hard,  sour,  unproductive  soil.  Among  the  gorges  in 
the  mountains  are  numerous  small  lakes.  The  Preston  Ponds,  Lakes  Henderson,  Harkness,  San- 
ford,  Harris,  Dalia,  Moose,  and  Ridge  Pond,  are  within  the  limits  of  the  town ;  and  Lake  Catlin 
and  the  Chain  Lakes  are  on  the  line  of  Hamilton  co.  The  Adirondack  iron  beds,  near  Lakes 
Sanford  and  Henderson,  are  among  the  most  extensive  in  the  world.  One  of  them  has  been  traced 
upon  the  surfoce  for  a  mile  in  length,  700  feet  in  width,  and  has  been  penetrated  to  the  depth 
of  40  feet  without  any  signs  of  diminution  in  quantity  or  quality  of  ore.  It  forms  a  bar  across  the 
river,  the  water  literally  faUing  over  an  iron  dam.  This  ore  yields  75  per  cent,  of  pure  metal,  is  easily 
worked,  and  makes  an  admirable  quality  of  iron.  For  the  manufacture  of  steel  it  surpasses  all 
other  ores  in  America,  and  equals  those  of  the  most  celebrated  mines  of  Sweden  and  Russia.  The 
mountainous  character  of  this  town,  and  its  remoteness  from  the  great  routes  of  public  improve- 
ment, have  prevented  the  development  of  its  immense  mineral  resources.  There  is  very  little 
tillable  land  in  the  town.  Adirondack  has  about  15  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced 
in  1816,  by  Joseph  Chandler.'     A  M.  E.  church  was  formed  in  1843,  and  a  Wes.  Meth.  in  1845. 

IVORTH  ELBA — was  formed  from  Keene,  Dec.  13,  1849.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the 
CO.,  N.  of  the  center.  The  Adirondack  Range  occupies  the  s.  part,  and  a  branch  of  the  Au  Sable 
traverses  the  N.  E.  part.  At  the  foot  of  Whiteface  Mt.  lies  Lake  Placid,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
4J  mi.  long  by  IJ  broad,  and  nearly  divided  in  the  center  by  3  islands.  The  noted  Adirondack  or 
Indian  Pass,  partly  in  this  town  and  partly  in  N.  Elba,  is  a  deep  gorge  between  Mts.  Mclntyre  and 
Wallface.  The  bottom  of  the  pass  is  2,800  feet  above  tide,  and  the  mountains  on  each  side  are 
1,000  to  1,500  feet  higher.  Wallface,  forming  the  w.  border  of  the  pass,  is  bounded  by  a  per- 
pendicular precipice  a  mile  in  length  and  800  to  1,000  feet  in  height.  Mts.  Mclntyre,  McMartin, 
and  Sugar  Loaf  are  each  over  3,000  ft.  high.  Bennets,  Connery,  and  Round  Ponds  are  in  the 
immediate  vicinity.  Avalanche  Lake,  on  the  e.  line,  is  2,901  ft.  above  tide.  The  central  portion 
of  the  town  is  a  hilly  upland,  and  the  N.  w.  part  a  rolling  table  land,  known  as  "  the  Plains."  The 
Au  Sable  and  Saranac  Rivers  form  the  principal  drainage.  The  soil  is  a  thin,  sandy  and  gravelly 
loam.  The  people  are  principally  engaged  in  lumbering.  North  Elba  and  Saranac  Eake 
are  p.  offices.  Settlement  was  commenced  about  1800,  by  Elijah  Bennett.*  The  first  church 
(Cong.)  was  formed  in  1824;  and  the  first  preacher  was  the  Rev.  Cyrus  Comstock. 


1  In  1852,  26,800  tons  of  ore  were  exported  from  Moriah  to 
Penn.,  Vt..  Va.,  Me.,  and  Md.  The  quantity  contracted  for  es- 
portAtion  from  that  town,  in  1863.  amounted  to  107.500  tons,  of 
which  16,000  were  to  Penn.,  10,000  to  Mass..  3.500  to  Va..  1500  to 
Ohio.  1600  to  N.  J.,  and  1000  to  Me.— rr.  N.  r.  S.  Jff-  Soc..  1S62. 


first  death,  tliat  of  .Tohn  Aiwater.  fhy  drowning.)  Miss  Ahi 
Collins  tanfjht  the  first  BchoOil.  Ttie  first  authorized  ferry  wa« 
granted  to  Robert  Lewis,  April  .3, 1811.  for  10  years. 

*  Tho  census  reports  5  churches ;   Bap.,  M.  E.,  Presb.,  R.  C^ 
Union. 


P- 


g27.  ^  .tames  Chandler,  Collins  Hewitt,  and  Wm.  Butler  came  in 


*  The  pite  and  water  power  of  Port  Henry  were  granted  to 
Beiy.  Porter  in  1766.  It  is  supposed  that  lie  erected  a  mill 
soon  alter,  which  was  destroyed  during  the  Revolution.  After 
the  war,  he  returned,  and,  in  connection  with  Robt.  Le^is,  of 
AUmny,  rebuilt  the  mill,  which  has  remained  up  to  a  recent 
date.  One  of  the  lirst  furnaces  in  the  co.  was  erected  here 
in  1824,  by  Mty.  James  Balliba.  It  was  a  cold  blast  furnace, 
and  waa  used  for  the  manufacture  of  pig  iron,  and  the  casting 
of  hollow  ware  and  agricultural  implements.  Several  extensive 
anthracite  coal  furnaces  have  lately  been  put  in  operation. 

*  The  first  child  born  was  Alex.  McKenzie,  in  1785 ;  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  John  Ferris  and  Deborah  Wilcox ;  and  the 


to  reside  in  1818.  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were  Elijah 
Rissell.  Abner  Belden.  David  Pierce,  Cromwell  Catlin,  and  James 
Ramsey.  The  first  child  born  wjwi  Nathl.  P.  Hewitt:  the  first 
marritxge,  thst  of  Abner  Belden  and  Bershelia  Butler;  and  the 
first  death,  that  of  Eliza  Butler.  Harriet  Chandler  taught  the 
first  school, 

1  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Isaac  Griswold  Eb'r 
Mack,  Jonathan  Bliss  and  son,  Iddo  Osgood,  Jerem.  Knecland, 
James  Porter,  and  D.iniel  McArtbur.  The  first  marriage  was 
thatof  EhjaliMcArtbur  and  Electa  Brooks;  and  the  firstdeatb, 
that  of  Arunah  Taylor,  who  perished  by  cold  in  the  wood& 
Fanny  Dart  taught  the  first  school. 


304 


ESSEX    COUNTY. 


IVORTH  HlTDSO!\'— was  formed  from  Moriah,  April  12,  1848.  It  is  an  interior  toim, 
lying  a  little  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  Boquet  Mts.  occupy  the  central  and  w.  portions,  the 
principal  peaks  of  which  are  Dix  Peak,  5200,  and  Nipple  Top,  4900  feet  high.  The  Schroon  Mts. 
traverse  the  e.  border  of  the  town.  There  are  numerous  small  lakes  in  town,  the  principal  of 
which  are  Bull  Pout,  Mud,  Boreas,  and  Clear  Ponds.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam,  and  not 
more  than  one-eighth  of  the  surface  is  arable.  The  Moriah  iron  district  extends  into  the  E.  part, 
and  the  manufacture  of  iron  forms  a  leading  pursuit.  IVortll  Hudson  (p.  v.)  contains  15 
houses;  and  Uead  Water  Iron  Works  (p. o.)  10.  The  first  settler  was  Benj.  Pond.^  The 
first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1838. 

ST.  ARMAWD — was  formed  from  "Wilmington,  April  23,  1844.  It  derived  its  name  from  the 
old  French  name  of  the  Saranac  River.  It  is  the  N.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is 
rolling  and  is  inclined  toward  the  N.  w.  The  ridges  extend  in  a  N.  E.  and  s.  w.  direction,  and  are 
200  to  300  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  average  height  of  the  town  is  1500  to  1800  feet  above 
tide.  The  Saranac,  flowing  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  forms  the  principal  drainage.  Moose  Creek,  a 
tributary,  flows  through  Moose  Pond,  a  small  lake  covering  an  area  of  about  200  acres.  The  soil 
is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  The  people  are  shiefly  engaged  in  lumbering.  Blooming'dale, 
(p.  V.,)  in  the  n.  w.  corner,  the  only  village,  contains  about  a  dozen  houses.  Settlements  are  of 
recent  date.  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Daniel  Crouch,  Thos.  and  Antrim  Peck,  Geo.  Lowrie, 
Wm.  Stranahan,  Aaron  Brimhall,  and  Ellis  and  Milton  Goodspeed.'  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was 
formed  in  1852. 

SCIIROOSI*— was  formed  from  Crown  Point,  March  20,  1804.  Minerva  was  taken  ofi'  in 
1817,  and  a  pai-t  was  reannexed  to  Crown  Point,  Feb.  26,  1840.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  s. 
border  of  the  co.  The  w.  and  N.  w.  portions  are  occupied  by  the  Schroon  Range,  and  the  s.  e. 
portion  by  the  Kayaderosseras  Range.  Mt.  Pharaoh,  the  highest  peak  of  the  latter  range,  is  3000 
to  3500  feet  above  tide.  There  are  great  numbers  of  other  elevated  mountain  peaks,  tliat  have 
never  been  named.  Not  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  town  is  susceptible  of  cultivation  ;  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  arable  land  is  in  the  narrow  valley  of  Schroon  River.  Schroon  Lake  is  a 
fine  body  of  water,  10  mi.  long.  Near  the  foot  of  Mt.  Pharaoh  lies  a  cluster  of  small  lakes,  the 
principal  of  which  is  Pharaoh  Lake.  Paradox  Lake^  is  near  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  thin,  sandy 
loam.  Iron  is  found  in  various  parts,  and  black  lead  has  also  been  found.  Scbroon  Lake  (p.  v.) 
contains  192  inhabitants.  Scliroon  River  is  a  p.  o.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  1797,  by 
Samuel  Scribner,  Thos.  Leland,  Moses  Pettee,  Benj.  Bowker,  and  Simeon  Rawson,  all  from  New 
England.*     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1830.'     Jehial  Fox  was  the  first  preacher. 

TICOIVDEROGA'— was  formed  from  Crown  Point,  March  20,  1804.  It  lies  upon  the  shore 
of  Lake  Champlain,  and  is  the  s.  E.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Tlie  portion  between  Lakes  George 
and  Champlain  is  the  extremity  of  a  mountain  ridge  ending  in  Mt.  Defiance,  750  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  lake.  North  of  this  a  strip  of  level  land,  about  4  mi.  wide,  extends  along  the 
lake  shore,  from  which  the  surface  gradually  rises  into  the  mountainous  region  which  forms  its 
w.  border.  About  three-fourths  of  the  town  is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  The  outlet  of  Lake 
George,  the  principal  stream,  in  the  course  of  a  mile  and  a  half  descends  150  feet ;  and  as  the  water 
never  freezes,  and  its  quantity  does  not  materially  change  during  the  year,  it  fiirnishes  one  of  the 
most  valuable  water-powers  in  the  State.  The  soil  is  a  stiff  clay  upon  the  lake,  a  clayey  loam  in 
the  center,  and  a  sandy  loam  in  the  w.  part.  The  manufacture  of  lumber,'  leather,  and  black  lead" 
is  extensively  carried  on.  Ticondero^a,  (p.  v.,)  or  Eiower  Falls,  contains  325  inhabitants. 
Upper  Falls  is  a  village  of  40  houses,  and  Ti  Street  of  30.  Settlements  were  begun  in  this 
town  by  the  French,  soon  after  the  commencement  of  the  fortress  in  1755 ;  but  they  were  soon 


1  Named  from  its  location  upon  the  upper  branches  of  the 
Hudson. 

2  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Randall  Farr,  (first  innkeeper,) 
Wm.  Puiid,  Samuel  Norton.  Wm.  Everett.  IJenj.  Cumuiinf^s, 
Russell  Walker,  Wm.  Mallory.  Timothy  Chellis.  Hez  h  Keep, 
and  Titus  Walker.  The  first  death  waa  that  of  Mrs.  Halloway. 
.lunet  Post  taught  the  first  school. 

8  The  first  child  born  was  Silas  Crouch  ;  the  first  marriage, 
that  of  Adrian  Storrs  and  Lovina  Hough;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of Goodspeed. 

*  This  name  is  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  "  Scharon,"  and  to 
have  been  applied  in  honor  of  the  Duchess  of  Sclmron.  favorite 
of  Louis  XIV.  Some  say  Schroon  is  derived  from  an  Adiron- 
dack word,  signifying  a  child  or  daughter  of  the  mountain. 

5  The  surface  of  this  lake  is  so  near  the  level  of  the  Schroon 
River,  which  forms  its  outlet,  that  in  seasons  of  flood  the  water 
QuwsiAtoinsteadof  out  of  it;  hence  ita  not  inappropriate  name. 


•  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  George  Moore.  Elijah 
Garfield,  James  Livingston.  Geo.  Wliitney.  Cornelius  Tnavers, 
Abel  Tupp,  and  ,7ohn  Rnwker.  The  first  child  bom  was  John  T. 
Leland;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  John  Scribner  and  Silence 
Leland  ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  Benj.  Bowker.  Clark 
Ransom  taught  the  first  school. 

'  The  census  reports  4  churches;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Presb., 
tJnion. 

8  The  Indian  name  "  Tsinondrosie,"  or  "  Cheonderoga."  sig- 
nifying "  Brawling  Water."  and  the  French  name  "Carillon,'* 
signifying  a  "  Chime  of  Bells,"  were  both  suggested  by  the  noise 
of  the  rapids  upon  llie  outlet  of  Lake  George. 

9  In  1852,  600,000  pieces  of  lumber  were  shipped  from  this 
point. 

10  Above  30  tons  of  black  lead  are  manufactured  per  yeaj ; 
and  the  vein  of  graphite  seems  inexhaustible. 


ESSEX    COUNTY.  305 

broken  up.  During  the  French  "War  many  skirmishes*  and  one  general  engagement^  took  place  in 
the  town.  The  subsequent  history  of  the  fortress  belongs  to  the  general  history  of  the  country. 
Permanent  settlement  commenced  immediately  after  the  Revolution.*  The  first  church  was  St. 
Pauls,  Prot.  E. ;  and  the  first  preacher,  Rev.  Mr.  Harwood.* 

^TESTPORT— was  formed  from  Elizabethtown,  March  24,  1815.  It  lies  upon  the  shore 
of  Lake  Champlain,  near  the  center  of  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  The  Schroon  Mts.  extend  n.  e. 
and  s.  w.  through  the  town,  occupying  nearly  all  of  the  w.  half.  A  wide  valley  extends  w,  from 
Northwest  Bay,  breaking  the  continuity  of  this  range  and  completely  separating  the  highlands 
at  Split  Rock  from  the  southern  continuation  of  the  chain.  The  Boquet  and  it«  branches  drain  the 
N.  part,  and  numerous  small  streams  flowing  into  the  lake  drain  the  remainder.  About  one-half 
of  the  surface  is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  The  soil  is  clayey  along  the  lake  shore  and  sandy 
among  the  mountains.  Iron,  leather,  and  lumber  are  largely  manufactured.  Westport,  (p.  v.,) 
formerly  ''Northwest  Bay,"  contains  the  Essex  Academy  and  456  inhabitants.  Wadhams 
Mills  (p.v.)  contains  25  houses.  A  small  settlement  was  begun,  and  a  mill  built  in  tlie  s.  part 
of  the  town,  before  tlie  Revolution.  After  that  period,  settlement  was  commenced  by  Charles 
Hatch,  (first  store  and  inn  keeper,)  Joseph  Stacy,  and  Nathan  Hammond.^  The  first  church  (M.  E.) 
was  formed  in  1800,  and  the  first  preacher  was  Rev.  Cyrus  Comstock.^ 

WIliLiSBOROUGH— was  formed  from  Crown  Point,  March  7,  1788,  and  named  from 
Wm.  Gilliland.  A  part  of  Peru  was  taken  off  in  1792,  Jay  in  1798,  Chesterfield  in  1802,  and 
Essex  and  Lewis  in  1805.  A  part  of  Peru  was  reannexed  to  this  town  upon  the  formation 
of  Esses  CO.  in  1799.  It  lies  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co. 
The  surface  is  rolling  and  in  parts  hilly.  A  range  of  highlands  and  isolated  hills  marks  the 
course  of  the  Boquet  Mts.,  ending  in  the  cliffs  which  overlook  Perou  Bay.  The  Boquet  River  flows 
through  the  s.  e.  comer.  East  of  the  river  the  soil  is  clayey,  and  w.  a  sandy  loam.  The  falls 
upon  the  Boquet  furnish  an  excellent  water  power.  Iron  is  found  in  places ;  and  the  Black  River 
limestone  crops  out,  from  which  both  quicklime  and  waterlime  are  obtained.  Leather,  lumber, 
andiron  are  largely  manufactured.  Willsboroii^b  Falls  (Willsborough  p.  o.)  contains  300 
inhabitants.  Settlement  was  commenced  by  Wm.  Gilliland,  a  merchant  of  New  York,  in  1765.* 
Mr.  G,,  in  1764,  purchased  a  tract  of  2000  acres,  intending  to  convert  it  into  a  manor.  lie  suc- 
ceeded in  laying  the  foundation  of  quite  a  flourishing  settlement,  which  was  broken  ixp  during 
the  Revolution.  In  1784,  Mr.  G.  returned,  and  commenced  selling  his  land  to  settlers.  Joseph 
Sheldon  and  Abraham  Aiken,  from  Dutchess  co.,  became  the  first  purchasers,  and  located  in  1784.' 
The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  organized  before  1800.^** 

"WIIiMIlVGTOBf— was  formed  from  Jay,  March  27,  1821,  as  ''  Dansville."  Its  name  was 
changed  March  22,  1822,  and  St.  Armand  was  taken  off  in  1844.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the 
CO.,  w.  of  the  center.  A  branch  of  the  An  Sal)le  Mts.  occupies  the  n.  w,  border  of  the  town,  and 
another  branch  of  the  same  range  lies  between  the  Au  Sable  Forks  in  the  e.  part.  The  highest 
peaks,  2500  to  3000  feet  high,  lie  in  the  s.  part,  and  from  them  the  surface  declines  toward  the  n. 
Wilmington  Notch,  in  the  s.  w.  comer,  is  a  place  worthy  of  note."  Copperas  Pond,  near  the  foot 
of  Whiteface,  covers  about  100  acres.*^    Beds  of  iron  ore  are  numerous.     The  soil  is  a  sandy  and 


1  Bodies  of  rangers  from  the  ricinity  of  Fort  Wm.  Henry 
ot'ten  carried  their  petty  warfare  up  to  the  very  walls  of  the 
fortress.  Among  the  partisan  officers  distinguiehed  in  this 
^rarfare  were  Maj.  Robert  Rogers  and  Maj.  Israel  Putnam. 
The  former  named  officer  conducted  no  less  than  25  parties  to 
the  invasion  of  this  region.  In  1758.  at  the  head  of  a  party  of 
180  men,  he  was  attacked  by  a  large  party  of  French  and 
Indians  a  short  distance  w.  of  the  fort,  and  defeated,  with  the 
losa  of  125  men.  The  remnant  of  the  party  escaped,  but  suffered 
great  hardships  before  reaching  a  place  of  safety. 

2  See  p.  298. 

8  When  the  fortress  of  Ticonderoga  was  surprised  by  Allen,  in 
1775,  its  garrison  consisted  of  48  men,  commanded  by  Capt. 
Delaplace.  The  military  stores  captured  consiated  of  120  iron 
cannon,  50  swivels,  2  10  inch  mortars,  1  howitzer,  1  cohorn.  10 


"  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were  John  Ilalstod,  .Tefise 
Brayman.  John  Stringhani,  John  and  Boiiton  Lobdoll,  Aaron 
Felt.  Joseph  Fisher,  Abram  Slaughter,  Joseph  Storrs.  and  Jacob 
Southwell.    The  first  death  waa  that  of  Mrs.  Webster  Felt. 

^  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  M.  E.,  Cong.,  and  Bap. 

8  See  pages  299,  301. 

®  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Aaron  Pairchild,  .Tnnathan 
liynde,  Martyn  Popo.  Melchor  and  John  Hoffnafrli?.  John  and 
Wni.  Morehouse,  Hooker  Low,  Stephen  Taylor.  Elisha  HiEgins. 
Peter  Payne,  and  Daniel  Collins.    The  first  school  whs  taught 

by Scott,  in  1787.    The  first  death  was  that  of  Thos.  Hyer, 

in  1786.  Jonathan  Lynde  and  Stephen  Taylor  ki'pt  tht-  first  inn, 
John  Hoffman  the  first  store,  and  Panl.  Rosh  built  tho  first  mill. 

^0  Tlie  census  reports  3  churches;  Cong..  M.  E.,  and  Union. 

1^  Here  the  Au  Sable  is  compressed  to  a  few  feet  in  width,  and 


tons  of  musket  balls,  3  cart  loads  of  flints,  30  new  carriages,  a  |  breaks  through  the  mountain  ban'ier.    Wbiteface  rises  nearly 


large  quantity  of  shells,  a  warehouse  full  of  materials  for  boat 
building.  100  stand  of  small  arms.  10  casks  of  poor  powder,  2 
brass  cannon.  30  bbls.  of  flour,  18  bbla.  of  pork,  and  a  large 
quantity  of  other  provisions. 

*  Among  the  first  Battlers  were  Charles  Hay.  Isaac  Kellogg, 
(first  merchant,)  Wm.  llurlbert,  Wm.  Wilson,  (first  innkeeper,) 
Nathl.,  Charles,  Noah,  and  Manoah  Miller,  .lohn  Kirby,  Ji>hu 
»nd  Rnlit.  Hammond,  Jedediah  Ferris,  Francis  Arthur,  Peter 
Deall,  Elisha  Belden,  Gardner  Shattuck,  and  Samuel  Ctx)k. 

*  There  are  3  other  churches ;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C, 


perpendicularly,  upon  one  side,  to  a  height  of  2000  fi'ct;  and 
anotluT  mountain,  upon  the  opposite  side,  is  but  a  little  less  in 
heicht.  In  the  midst  of  its  rapid  and  tortuous  conrso  through 
this  passage,  the  stream  leaps  down  a  perpendicular  pi-ecipico 
of  100  feet. 

12  Its  waters  are  strongly  impregnated  with  sulphate  of  iron  : 
hence  Its  name.  Ci^pperas  is  also  found  in  the  nicks  in  the 
vicinity,  formed  by  the  decomposition  of  iron  pyrites;  at  pom© 
future  time  it  will  probably  be  manutactured  for  commercial 
purposes. 


20 


30G 


ESSEX   COUNTY. 


gravelly  loam,  and  is  moderately  fertile.  Whitefece,'  belonging  to  the  Adirondack  Range,  has  an 
elevation  of  4,855  feet  above  tide.  ■Wilnaington  {p,  v.)  contains  20  houses.  Settlement  was 
commenced,  near  the  close  of  the  last  century,  by  Thaddeus  and  Leonard  Owen,  and  Paul  Thayer.' 
The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1799.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,   Schools,  Liva 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures  of  Essex  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 

Acres  OP  Land. 

Valuation  op  1858.          1 

1 

POPTOATION.   1 

1 

4 

. 

1 

Schools. 

1 

g 

1 

'I 

i 

P 

"a 

1 

1 

1 
4 

1 
a 

1 

is 
e^ 

1,389 
998 
695 
730 

1,070 
380 
717 
309 

1,224 
72 
117 
161 
98 
776 
878 
814 
654 
418 

Chesterfield 

Crown  Point 

16,309 
17,4.891 

9,487} 
14,867 
13,687 

7,537 
14,068 

8,329} 
13,281 
960 

2,008 

1,107} 
16.712} 
15.059 
17,077} 
14.316} 

8,168 

21,897 
9,961 
34,094 
4,405 
2S,S69 
79,165 
27,246 
143.215 
27,611 
89,964 
88,912 

31,433 
131,485} 
12,075 
16,052 
7,7464 
20.174 

$442,920 

361,635 

138,905 

338,236 

209,264 

71,316 

165,108 

97,469 

670.316 

164,142 

73,796 

61,897 

41,060 

250,S33 

371,232 

375,537 

284,649 

44,107 

4,042,211 

$148,9.50 

23.800 

24,050 

132,800 

46.260 

600 

2,000 

5,951 

20,700 

2,000 

800 

11,376 
45,276 
16,250 
22.960 
2,207 

$691,870 

386,335 

162,955 

471,036 

255,514 

71,816 

167,108 

103,410 

691,016 

156,142 

74,595 

61,897 

41,060 

262.208 

416,507 

391,787 

307,609 

46,314 

1,661 

1,167 

734 

1,042 

1,458 

386 

934 

403 

1,590 

130 

175 

276 

166 

1,146 

1,072 

1,044 

842 

436 

1,666 

1,049 

668 

1,073 

1,392 

388 

869 

364 

1,630 

96 

126 

244 

134 

940 

1,053 

997 

833 

469 

669 

394 

232 

359 

462 

143 

321 

144 

494 

38 

63 

80 

67 

348 

409 

896 

390 

368 

636 

435 

252 

368 

501 

165 

325 

148 

692 

39 

60 

79 

63 

378 

435 

408 

312 

168 

288 

297 

176 

195 

292 

128 

251 

133 

317 

21 

61 

41 

42 

284 

197 

207 

212 

112 

13 

20 

9 

12 

12 

7 

16 

7 

16 

4 

4 

4 

2 

16 

14 

12 

12 

9 

Jay 

Keene 

Moriah 

Newcomb 

North  Elba 

North  Hudson 

St.  Arraaud 

TicouiJeroga 

Westport 

Willeborough 

Wilmington 

Total 

185.44.3}  1774.196} 

505,868  '     4,648,079 

14,M8 

13,891 

6,227 

6,339 

3,263 

194 

11,350 

Names  of  Towns. 

Live  Stock.                 j 

AGRICCL1 

URAL  Products. 

• 

|S3 

G 

t 

SO 

Bdbh.  of  GaAtM. 

1 
1 

II 

ll 

DiOBT  Peodocts.' 

1 

^=1 

■j, 

11 
^2 

Chesterfield 

637 

702 

304 

528 

401 

162 

443 

139 

661 

26 

67 

15 

42 

426 

623 

498 

448 

147 

902 
1,900 

690 
1,172 
1,396 

625 
1,071 

376 

1,152 

76 

234 
7 

102 
1,067 
1,348 
1,022 
1,087 

691 

764 
842 
472 
718 
736 
353 
636 
250 
764 
63 
142 
21 
79 
638 
663 
623 
654 
S43 

2,281 
7.589 
1.620 
6.340 
2,325 
1.673 
4,169 

732 

3,316 

73 

344 

1,568 
4,497 
5,231 
4,941 
965 

492 
778 
297 
466 
667 
201 
427 
184 
486 
30:, 
76 
18 
152 
671 
690 
606 
656 
128 

490 

3,716 

402 

333 

1,430 

232} 

3,220} 

148 

651 

124 

457 

200 

605} 
1,496 

181 
1,633 

622 

28,164 
62,227 
13,424} 
36,698} 
39,&t.Si 
10,816} 
22,673} 
11,941} 
30,047} 
2,360 
7,447 

4,901 
29.528 
47,209 
31,468 
37,666} 

7  477 

3,591 
3,991} 
1,690} 
3,969} 
2,697 
1,315 
2,2,87} 
1,134 
3,253} 
204 
413 

322} 
3,121 
4,169 
3,047} 
3,075 

9.^8 

25,293 
87,865 

9,832 
10.965 
32,192 
11,663 
19,892 
10,865 
26,211 

4,600 
10,140 

36,005 
23,378 
18.613 
12,999 
19,729 
9,989 

1,088} 
9,060 
3,036 
8,812 
1,598 
884 
3,699 
2,171 
4,092 

3,385 
7,995 
6,816 
10,638 

1,027 

46,929 
49,791 
28,020 
42,516 
61,245 
21,257 
60,985 
17,666 
63,686 
3,065 
7,866 

8,430 
66,980 
66,126 
45,713 
60,718 
26,661 

4,694 
9,266' 
2,550; 
8,371 1 
6,390, 
2,290 
7,920 
240 
8,000 

170 

300 
6,508 
5.378 

8,377 

22,430 

810] 

43 
460 
198 

689 

1,117 

1,012 

471 

407 

186 

792} 

133 

285 

194 

683 

6,400} 

Elizabethtown 

Efsex 

Jay 

Lewis 

Moriah 

Newcomb 

North  Hudson 

Schroon 

Ticonderoga. 

Weatport... 

WillsboroMgh 

Total 

6,149 

14,818 

8,749 

47,654 

6,604 

15,841}l413,68S}!39,139} 

318,021 

64,200} 

625,542 

93,594' 

1  TThiteface  derives  its  name  from  a  landslide,  which  has  laid 
bare  the  rocks  upon  its  s.  e.  slope,  giving  it  a  whitish  gray 
appearance.  This  mountain  is  nearly  isolated ;  and  from  its 
Bummit  is  obtained  one  of  the  finest  and  most  eztt-nsive  views 
ID  Northern  N.  Y. 

*  Among  the  other  eftfly  settlers  were  Cyrus  Wilsf>n,  Isaac 
Peck.  Reuben  and  Daniel  Uamblin,  Danl.  Kay,  John  Blanchard, 


Z.  Gray,  and  Nathl.  Warner.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of 
Danl.  Hamblin  and  Keziah  Ray ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of 
John  Blanchard.  Esther  Kellogg  taught  the  first  school ;  R«a 
ben  Stanford  kept  the  first  inn,  Eliaa  Wilaou  the  firat  store,  and 
Leonard  Owen  built  the  first  mill. 
8  The  census  reports  2  churches ;  Cong.,  M.  £. 


FRANKLIN  COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Clinton,  March  11,  1808,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  A  small  portion  was 
annexed  to  Essex  co.  March  22,  1822.  It  contains  an  area  of  1,718 
sq.  mi.,  and  is  centrally  distant  130  mi.  from  Albany.  It  lies  upon 
the  northern  frontier,  between  St.  Lawrence  and  Clinton  counties. 
Its  surface  is  mostly  level  in  the  n.,  undulating  and  hilly  in  the 
i-entcr,  and  broken  and  mountainous  in  the  s.  The  Au  Sable 
Hts.  occupy  the  s.  E.  portions;  Mt.  Seward,  5,100  feet  above 
tide,  is  tlie  highest  peak.  There  are  several  other  elevated 
peaks ;  but  their  heights  have  never  been  ascertained  by  actual 
measurement.  The  plateau  of  the  central  and  the  valleys  of  the  s. 
part  of  the  co.  have  an  elevation  of  about  1,600  feet  above  tide. 
The  N.  w.  corner,  including  the  townships  of  Bombay,  Fort  Covington,  Westville,  and  portions 
of  Constable  and  Moira,  is  underlaid  by  calciferous  sandstone.  The  soil  upon  this  rook  is 
generally  a  heavy  clay.  Next  s.  of  this  region  is  a  belt  about  8  mi.  wide,  extending  N.  E.  and 
s.  w.,  underlaid  by  Potsdam  sandstone.  A  strip  next  to  the  calciferous  sandstone,  about  4  ml. 
wide,  has  a  sandy  soil,  and  the  remainder  a  fine  fertile  loam,  mixed  with  clay.  The  underlying 
rock  in  the  central  and  s.  portions  of  the  co.  is  gneiss ;  and  the  soil  is  of  a  light,  sandy  nature, 
nearly  unfit  for  cultivation.  Upon  approaching  the  mountainous  region  toward  the  s.  the  soil 
becomes  more  and  more  sterile,  and  large  tracts  are  valuable  only  for  their  timber  and  iron  ore. 
Bog  iron  ore  is  found  in  considerable  quantities  along  the  line  of  junction  of  the  calciferous  and 
Potsdam  sandstones,  and  in  times  past  it  has  been  quite  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
bar  iron. 

The  CO.  is  mostly  drained  by  tributaries  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  principal  of  which  are  the 
Chateaugay,  Salmon,  Little  Salmon,  Deer,  St.  Regis,  and  Racket  Rivers.  The  Saranac  River 
flows  through  the  s.  E.  corner.  In  the  southern  wilderness  are  immense  numbers  of  lakes,  some 
of  which  are  several  miles  in  extent.  Their  general  elevation  is  about  1,600  feet  above  tide,  and 
they  are  so  located  that  slight  improvements  only  are  needed  to  connect  them,  and  to  form  a  com- 
munication between  the  head  waters  of  streams  flowing  in  opposite  directions.  In  the  N.  part  the 
people  are  engaged  in  the  various  branches  of  agriculture,  the  soil  yielding  a  good  return  in  spring 
grain,  and  in  potatoes.  The  whole  region,  however,  is  best  adapted  to  pasturage,  and  dairying 
forms  the  leading  pursuit.  In  the  central  and  s.  parts  the  people  are  mostly  engaged  in  lumbering. 
The  manufacture  of  starch  has  become  an  important  business  within  the  last  few  years.' 

The  principal  work  of  internal  improvement  in  the  co.  is  the  Ogdensburgh  R.  R.,  (formerly 
Northern  B.  R.,)  extending  through  Moira,  Bangor,  Malone,  Burke,  and  Chateaugay.  This  road 
was  completed  in  1850,  and  has  been  of  immense  value  to  the  co.,  though  a  total  loss  to  tlie  stock- 
holders. Steamboats  from  the  St.  Lawrence  land  regularly  at  Port  Covington,  and  occasionally  at 
Hogansburgh,  during  the  summer.  The  Salmon  River  has  been  improved  for  log  navigation,  and 
a  portion  of  the  Au  Sable  improvement  is  within  the  limits  of  the  co. 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  in  Malone  Village.^  A  courthouse  and  jail,  in  one  building,  waa 
erected  on  the  w.  bank  of  Salmon  River  in  1811-13,  and  a  new  stone  jail  in  1852.'  The  co.  poor- 
house  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  110  acres,  2  mi.  s.  w.  of  the  village.  It  was  built  in  1826,  at  a  cost 
of  $1,200  and  has  since  been  burnt  and  rebuilt.  There  are  two  newspapers  in  the  co.,  both 
published  at  Malone.* 


1  Within  10  years,  40  factories  for  the  mannfacture  of  starch 
from  potatoes  have  been  erected  in  the  co.  When  potatoes  are 
less  than  30  cts.  per  bushel,  the  business  is  considered  profitable; 
but  since  the  completion  of  tho  R.  R.  they  Lave  at  times  been 
worth  much  more  to  transport  to  the  city  markets. 

*  The  first  CO.  ofBcers  were  Ebenezer  Brownson.  Ffrst  Judge ; 
Wm.  Bailey,  Joshua  Nichols,  and  Asa  Wheeler,  Judges;  Jas.  S. 
Allen,  Clerk;  John  Wood,  Sheriff;  Joshua  Nichols,  Surrogate; 
and  Ezekiel  Payne  and  Oliver  Brewster,  Coroners. 

*  Before  the  court  house  was  completed,  courts  were  held  in 
the  academy.  ' 

*  The  Franhlin  Telegraph  was  the  first  paper  published  in  the 

CO.    U  was  first  issued  at  Malone,  in  1821,  by  Francis 
Buruap,  and  in  Vi'2ti  it  was  removed  to  Potsdam. 


The  Northern  Spectator  was  published  at  Malone  from  1830  to 

1835.  successively  by  John  G.  Clayton,  Geo.  P.  Allen^ 

and  F.  P.  Allen. 
The  Palladium  was  begun  in  March,  1835,  at  Malone,  by  F.  P. 

.Mien.    It  is  now  published  as 
The  Frontier  Palladium,  by  F.  T.  Heath  and  J.  K. 

Seaver. 
The  Franklin  Republican  was  begun  in  1827.  at  Fort  Covington, 

by  J.  K.  Averill,  and  continued  under  several  owners 

till  1833. 
The  Franklin  Gazette  was  besnin  in  1827,  at  Fort 

Covington,  by  F.  D.  Flanders.    In  1H47  it  was  removed  to 

Malone,  where  it  is  still  published  by  the  original  owner. 
The  Salnum  Kiver  Messenger  was  begun  in  1S50,  at  Fort  Coviu^- 

307 


308 


FRANKLIN    COUNTY. 


A  tract  10  mi.  by  40,  on  the  e.  side  of  this  co.,  formed  a  part  of  the  old  Military  Tract;'  a 
portion  in  the  n.  w.  corner,  of  24,000  acres,  was  reserved  by  the  St.  Regis  Indians,^  and  the 
remainder  of  the  co.  was  included  in  Great  Tract  No.  I.  of  the  Macomb  Purchase.*  Wm.  Con- 
stable, agent  and  part  owner  of  the  last  mentioned  tract,  and  the  executors  of  his  estate,  sold  the 
northern  part,  and  actively  assisted  in  promoting  settlement.* 

The  earliest  settlement  in  the  co.  was  made  at  St.  Regis,  by  a  colony  of  Indiana  from  Cauglma- 
waga,  on  Lake  St.  Louis,^  and  from  Oswegatchie,  under  Father  Anthony  Gordon,  a  Jesuit,  about 
1760.  They  are  now  known  as  the  St.  Regis  Indians,  and  number  about  1,000,  of  whom  420  reside 
in  this  CO.,  and  the  remainder  on  the  n.  side  of  the  national  boundary,  which  passes  through 
the  village.^  During  the  Revolution  a  portion  of  the  Indians  joined  the  Americans;  and  Louis 
Cook,  one  of  their  number,  received  a  colonel's  commission  from  Gen.  Washington,  In  the  war 
of  1812  a  part  of  the  tribe  joined  the  British  and  a  part  the  Americans;  and  they  are  thus  historic- 
ally divided  into  British  and  American  parties.''  This  tribe  is  gradually  increasing  in  numbers, 
although,  from  their  filthy  habits,  they  are  frequent  sufferers  from  virulent  epidemic  diseases. 
They  are  mostly  Catliolics, — a  Catholic  mission  being  supported  among  them.  A  few  profess  to  be 
Metliodists.^  Two  schools  are  sustained  by  the  State,  though  they  are  thinly  attended,  and  appa- 
rently of  little  benefit.  The  first  white  settlements  were  made  in  Chateaugay  in  1796,  and  in 
other  towns  in  the  two  northern  ranges  in  1800-02,  by  emigrants  from  Vermont.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  of  1812  the  population  of  the  co.  nimibered  about  2,500.  In  1813-14  it  became 
the  seat  of  important  military  events,  in  the  abortive  attempt  to  invade  Canada.  Upon  the  with- 
drawal of  the  troops  from  French  Mills  in  Feb.  1814,  the  co.  was  overrun  by  the  enemy,  who  visited 
Chateaugay,  Malone,  and  Hopkinton,  and  seized  a  considerable  amount  of  military  stores.® 
In  1832,  the  cholera  appeared  at  St.  Regis,  spreading  a  panic  throughout  the  whole  region.  Since 
the  completion  of  the  R.  R.,  systematic  efforts  have  been  successfully  made  to  bring  into  market 
the  valuable  timber  in  the  central  and  southern  parts  of  the  co. 


BAlVdOR^" — was  formed  from  Dickinson,  June  15,  1812.  Brandon  was  taken  off  in  1828. 
It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  gently  undulating, 
with  a  general  northerly  inclination.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Little  Salmon  and  Deer 
Rivers.  The  underlying  rock  is  Potsdam  sandstone,  appearing  only  in  the  valleys  of  the  streams. 
The  soil  is  sandy  in  the  n.  and  a  clay  and  loam  in  the  s.  Soutli  Bangor,  (Bangor  p.  o.,) 
JVorth  Bau§ror,  (p.  o.,)  and  "West  Bangor,  (p.  o.,)  are  small  viUages.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  in  1806,  and  the  town  was  rapidly  settled  along  the  Central  Road  and  St- 


ton,  by  Jas.  Fisk.  Dnring  the  year  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  J.  S.  Sargent,  and  was  published  as 

The  Mesaengp.r  for  a  few  months. 

Thf.  Jcffersrmian  was  begun  in  1853,  at  Malone,  by  J.  R.  Flanders, 
and  was  issued  about  2  years. 

1  Embracing  the  present  towns  of  Chateaugay,  Burke,  BoU- 
mont.  and  Franklin.  Township  7  was  patented  to  Jas.  Cald- 
well ;  No.  8,  to  Col.  McGregor ;  Nob.  9  and  10,  to  different  parties 
in  later  times. — Hovoh^s  Hist,  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Franklin  Cos. 

2  From  1816  to  1S25  the  Indians  ceded  10,000  acres  of  this  re- 
servation to  the  State.  The  remainder  of  the  lands  are  held  in 
common,  and  are  managed  by  trustees  elected  annually. 

8  Among  those  who  became  directly  proprietors  under  this 
title  were  John  McVickar,  Hezekiah  B.  Pierrepont,  (esecutnr  of 
Wm.  Constable,)  Wm.  S.  Smith,  Abijah  Hammond,  Kicbard 
Harrison,  Theodosius  Fowler,  Jonathan  Dayton,  Robert  Gil- 
christ, and  James  D.  Le  Ray. 

*  These  townships  were  named  and  numbered  as  follows  by 
tfae  original  proprietors : — 

1.  Macomb.  10.  Williamsville.       19.  Cheltenham. 

2.  Cormachug.  11.  Westerly.  20.  Margate. 

3.  Constable.  12.  Ewerettaville.       21.  Harrietstown. 

4.  Moira.  13.  Dayton.  22.  Loughneagh. 

5.  Bangor.  14.  Ennia.  23.  Killamey. 

6.  Malone,  15.  Fowlor.  24.  Barrymore. 

7.  Annastown.  16.  Johnsmanor.         25.  Mt.  Morris. 

8.  St.  Patrick.  17.  Gilchrist.  26.  Covehill. 

9.  Shelah.  18.  Brighton.  27.  Tipperary. 

^  An  expansion  of  the  St.  Lawrence  above  the  Lachine  Rapids, 
in  Canada. 

6  This  lino  was  surveyed  after  the  treaty  of  1795,  and  intended 
to  be  run  on  the  46th  degree  of  N.  latitude;  but  a  new  survey 
in  1818  showed  that  the  Une  was  run  too  far  N.  By  the  treaty 
of  1842,  the  old  line  was  restored,  and  permanent  monuments 
were  placed  at  the  crossing  of  roails,  and  navigable  streams,  and 
at  intervals  of  one  mile  through  the  forests. 

7  This  distinction  is  hereditary  from  mother  to  son,  and  the 
tinnuities  of  each  government  are  bestowed  accordingly,  without 
reference  to  the  locality  oo  either  side  of  the  line. 


8  The  Black  River  Conference  has  supported  a  mission  at 
Hogansburgh  since  1S47. 

8  There  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  some  of  the  inhabitants 
were  traitors  to  their  country,  and  supplied  the  enemy  with 
cattle  and  provisions  and  kept  them  informed  in  regard  to 
public  movements.  Extensive  frauds  were  perpetrated  upon  the 
National  Treasury,  soon  after  the  war.  in  the  way  of  claims  for 
alleged  damages  and  losses  in  Wilkinson's  campaign;  but  the 
plot  was  detected,  and  some  of  the  guilty  ones  were  lodged 
in  the  State  prison.  A  most  remarkable  scheme  to  defraud  the 
State  and  non-resident  landholders  was  devised  about  islS,  and 
continued  until  effectually  ended  by  law  in  1822.  This  con- 
sisted in  the  voting  of  excessive  bounties  for  the  destruction  of 
wolves  and  other  noxious  animals,  to  be  paid  by  the  towns  and 
c^.  As  the  law  then  existed,  the  State  allowed  aa  much  bounty 
as  the  CO.;  and  the  result  of  the  scheme  was  to  throw  almost 
the  entire  burden  of  the  tax  upon  non-residents  and  landholders ; 
but,  to  render  the  home  burden  endurable,  large  sums  were  re- 
mitted by  the  claimants  toward  paying  the  resilient^  taxes.  Tho 
bounties  amounted  on  grown  wolves  to  $60  per  head,  and  led 
to  shameless  frauds,  and  the  issue  of  great  numbers  of  certifi- 
cates upon  the  heads  of  dogs  and  other  animals,  and  upon  the 
same  head  several  times  over.  In  one  instance  a  deer's  head 
was  passed  for  that  of  a  wolf.  These  certificates  were  bought 
by  CO.  officials,  and  passed  the  co.  audit.  A  commission  was  ap- 
pointed by  law  to  visit  the  locality  and  search  into  the  fraud ; 
and,  although  no  convictious  were  obtained,  a  large  sum  was 
saved  to  the  State.  The  commi-ssioners  stated  that  they  found 
these  certificates,  to  some  extent,  the  '•  currency  of  the  co."  The 
total  number  of  bounties  issued  and  sums  allowed,  in  1820-21- 
22,  were  as  follows  :— Wolves,  929,  $51,685;  panthers,  25,  $1075  : 
foxes,  587,  $1852.50 ;  bears,  93, $243 ;  besides  small  sums  for  minor 
animals,  amounting,  in  all,  to  $5.5,521.50,  or  nearly  $12.25  to 
every  man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  co.  Those  who  had  been 
concerned  in  this  affair  quickly  sunk  into  merited  obscurity, 
and  have  since  remained  objects  of  public  contempt. 

i«  This  town  embraces  township  No.  5  of  Great  Tract  No.  II.  of 
the  Macomb  Purchase. 


FRANKLIN    COUNTY. 


309 


Lawrence  Turnpike.'     Religious  meetings  were  first  held  by  Alexander  Proudfit,  in  1808.     A 
Cong,  society  was  formed  at  N.  Bangor  at  a  very  early  period.^ 

BEl<Li9IO]VT' — was  formed  from  Chateaugay,  JIarch  25,  1833.  Franklin  was  taken  off  in 
1830.  It  occupies  a  wild,  rocky  region  on  tlie  E.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  of  the  center,  and  has  a 
general  inclination  toward  the  N.  The  Owls  Head  is  a  prominent  elevation  upon  its  w.  border. 
Its  streams  are  Chateaugay,  Trout,  and  Little  Trout  Rivers,  and  the  E.  branch  of  Salmon  River. 
Among  the  hills  are  several  beautiful  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are  Lower  Chateaugay  and 
Ragged  Lakes,  and  Ingraham  and  Round  Ponds.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  town  is  unfit  for 
agricultural  purposes,  and  valuable  only  for  its  timber.  The  settlements  are  chiefly  confined  to  the 
vicinity  of  an  e.  and  w.  road  extending  through  the  N.  part.*  Chateaug:ay  L<ake  is  a  p.  o. 
in  the  n.  e.  part.     There  is  a  Prosb.  society  in  town,  formed  from  the  church  at  Malone. 

BOmBAY^ — was  formed  from  Fort  Covington,  March  30,  1833.  It  lies  in  the  n.  w.  corner 
of  the  CO.,  and  one  corner  borders  upon  the  St.  Lavrrence.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  the 
soil  is  sandy  in  the  s.  and  a  deep,  fertile,  clayey  loam  in  the  n.  The  principal  streams  are  the 
Racket,  St.  Regis,  and  Little  Salmon  Rivers,  and  Pike  Creek.  The  St.  Regis  is  navigable  to 
Ilogansburgh,  at  which  place  is  a  good  water  power.'  Ilogansburg^li'  (p.  v.)  lies  at  the  head 
of  navigation  on  the  St.  Regis  River,  2  mi.  from  its  mouth.  Pop.  250.  St.  Reg^is  is  an  Indian 
village,  in  the  Indian  Reservation,'  lying  mostly  in  Canada.  Pop.  in  this  co.  200.  Bombay 
Corners  (Bombay  p.  o.)  and  South  Bombay  are  hamlets.  The  first  improvement  was  made 
in  1811,  by  Michael  Ilogan,  who  had  acquired  the  title  to  Township  No.  1  of  Macomb's  Purchase.' 
In  1818,  Hogansburgh  was  laid  out  as  a  village  and  considerable  improvements  were  made.  In  the 
same  year  a  road  was  laid  out  across  tlie  Indian  Reservation  to  Fort  Covington.  The  title  to  the 
township  passed  from  Hogan  to  Robert  Oliver,  of  Baltimore.  In  1822,  settlers  began  to  arrive  quite 
rapidly,  and  in  two  or  three  years  most  of  the  land  not  covered  by  the  Reservation  was  taken  up. 
There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  2  M.  E.  and  R.  C.  A  Prot.  E.  church  was  also  commenced  ■  some 
years  since,  but  is  not  yet  finished. 

BKABfDOIX"'— was  formed  from  Bangor,  Jan.  23,  1828.  It  lies  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co., 
and  embraces  a  territory  6  to  S  mi.  wide  and  47  mi.  long,  extending  to  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  The  N- 
part  is  moderately  hilly,  and  has  a  general  inclination  toward  the  N. ;  the  s.  part  is  broken  and 
mountainous,  and  mostly  unfit  for  cultivation.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Little  Salmon, 
Deer,  B.  branch  of  the  St.  Regis,  and  Racket  Rivers,  all  flowing  across  the  town  in  a  n.  w. 
direction.  A  great  number  of  lakes  and  ponds  lie  among  the  mountains  in  the  central  and 
southern  parts.  The  waters  of  the  Saranac  Lake  and  Stony  Creek  Pond  are  separated  only  by  a 
narrow  strip  of  land,  forming  the  only  portage  for  canoes  between  Lake  Champlain  and  the  Racket 
River.  The  soil  is  generally  light  and  sandy  and  poorly  adapted  to  cultivation.  Along  the  river 
courses  and  borders  of  the  lakes  the  soil  may  be  cultivated  at  some  future  period.  The  settlements 
are  confined  to  the  extreme  N.  border.  Within  the  past  few  years  the  lumber  trade  has  received 
considerable  attention  here,  and  large  numbers  of  pine  logs  have  been  floated  down  the  Racket 
River.     The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1820."    There  is  no  village,  p.  o.,  or  church  in  town. 

BURItE" — was  formed  from  Chateaugay,  April  20,  1844.  It  lies  on  the  N.  border  of  the 
CO.,  E.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  undulating  and  has  a  general  inclination  toward  the  n. 
It  is  watered  by  Trout  and  Little  Trout  Rivers.  A  swamp  extends  along  the  N.  border.  The  soil  is 
clay,  sand,  and  loam.  Burke  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  on  Little  Trout  River.  Burke  IIoUow, 
(Andrusville  p.  o.)  is  a  small  village  on  the  O.  R.  R.     IVortll  Burke  is  a  p.  o.     The  first 


1  Among  the  flret  settlers  were  Benj.  Seeley,  Joseph  Plumbs, 
'  Jebual  and  James  Bamum,  Chester  TtiUer,  Robert  Wilson,  ,Toel 
Griffin,  G.  Pickinson.  H.  Conger,  J.  Bowen,  and  L.  Sylvester. 
At  this  time  Daniel  McCormaek  owned  the  N.  half  of  the  town, 
Wm.  Cooper  the  e.  e.  qnarter.  and  Asahel  Baker  the  8.  w.  quarter. 
Samuel  Russell  taught  the  first  school,  in  1808. 

*  Two  buildings,  erected  hy  the  town  iu  1834-35,  are  used 
for  religious  meetings.  A  Christian  church  was  formed  in 
1818. 

8  Named  in  honor  of  Wm.  Bell,  an  early  proprietor.  It  includes 
township  8,  and  parts  of  7  and  9,  of  the  old  Military  Tract. 

*  Recently  settlement  has  commenced  upon  No.  9,  in  the  8.  part. 

*  Named  by  Hogan,  whose  wife  had  resided  at  Bombay,  iu 
India.  It  embraces  "  Macoieb."  or  No.  1  of  Great  Tract  No.  I. 
of  Macomb  Purchase,  and  the  St.  Re,:is  Indian  Reservation. 

*  A  controversy  in  regard  to  title  has  prevented  the  full  im- 
provement of  this  power. 


7  Formerly  "  Gray's  3fi'W.«."  It  was  the  residence  of  the  late 
Rev.  Eleazar  Williams,  the  reputed  Bourbon  Louis  XVII. 

8  The  lands  of  this  reservation  are  partly  leased  to  whites;  but 
the  cultivation  of  all  is  extremely  slovenly  ami  improvident. 

9  Previous  to  the  settlement,  most  of  the  valuable  timber  h.-ul 
been  stolen  by  parties  from  Canada. 

10  Named  from  Brandon,  Vt.,  from  which  place  the  first  settlers 
emigrated.  It  embraces  the  townships  of  "  St.  Patrick,"  "  Wes- 
terly." "EoniB,"  "Gilchrist,"  "Margate,"  "  Killarney,"  and 
"  Cove  Hill,"  or  Nos.  8,  11,  l4  17,  20,  23,  and  26,  of  Great  Tract 
No.  I. 

n  Josiah  Hastings,  Aaron  Conger,  Wilson  Spooner,  Lnther 
Taylor,  and  John  Thomas,  settled  in  town  in  1820:  and  Andrew 
and  Henry  Stevens,  Levi  Conger,  G.  W.  Taylor,  Clark  Adams, 
Daniel  K.  Davis,  Jonathan  H.  Farr,  and  Orrin  Wellington,  ia 
1821. 

12  Named  in  honor  of  Edmund  Burke,  the  British  statesman. 


310 


FRANKLIN    COUNTY. 


settlement  was  made   in  1796-98,   by  Jchial  Barnum,  Noah   Lee,   and  others.      There  are  3 
churches  in  town.' 

CHATEArGAY^— was  formed  from  Champlain,  March  15,  1799.  "Harrison"  (now  Ma- 
lone)  was  taken  off  in  1805,  Bellmont  in  1833,  and  Burke  in  1844.  A  part  was  annexed  to  Jay, 
(Essex  CO.,)  in  1822.  The  surface  is  rolling,  with  a  northerly  inclination.  The  principal  streams 
are  the  Chateaugay  River  and  its  branches.  The  river  has  worn  a  deep  channel  through  the  drift 
deposits  and  Potsdam  sandstone,  forming  a  wild  and  peculiar  feature  in  the  landscape.'  Half  a 
mi.  E.  of  the  village  of  Chateaugay  is  an  intermitting  spring,  rising  from  the  sand,  sometimes 
flowing  in  sufficient  quantities  to  carry  a  mill,  and  at  others  perfectly  dry.  It  has  no  regular 
periods  of  intermission,  sometimes  flowing  steadily  one  or  two  years,  and  again  only  a  few  weeks. 
Bubbles  of  nitrogen  gas  are  emitted  with  the  water.  There  is  a  constant  gas  spring  1  mi.  N.  £. 
of  this.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam  interspersed  with  clay.  C'bateiiugay*  (P-t.)  lies  on  the 
plain,  a  little  E.  of  the  deep,  narrow  valley  of  the  Chateaugay  River.^  Pop.  360.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  commenced  in  1796,  at  the  village,  and  was  the  first  in  the  co.*  Within  the  next  five 
years  many  fhmilies  came  in  from  Vermont.  In  1812  a  blockhouse  was  built  for  protection 
against  invasions  by  the  enemy.  In  the  fall  of  1813,  Gen.  Hampton  was  encamped  here  for 
several  weeks,  with  a  force  designed  to  co-operate  with  Gen.  Wilkinson  in  the  invasion  of  Canada; 
but  late  in  Nov.,  he  returned  to  Plattsburgh  without  accomplishing  his  object.  In  the  spring 
of  1814  the  enemy  invaded  the  place,  pressed  teams,  and  took  away  a  considerable  amount  of  pro- 
visions left  by  the  American  army.     There  are  4  churches  in  town.' 

COX-ST  ABliE'— was  formed  from  "Harrison,"  (now  Malone,)  March  13, 1807.  Fort  Covington 
was  taken  off  in  1817,  and  Westville  in  1829.  The  surface  is  rolling,  with  a  northerly  inclination. 
The  streams  are  Trout  River  and  its  tributary  Little  Trout  River.  The  soil  is  principally  a  light, 
sandy  loam.  A  strip  of  sand  lies  along  the  s.  border,  and  of  swamp  along  the  N.  Constable 
(W.  Constable  p.  o.)  is  a  small  village  upon  Trout  River.  Trout  River  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet 
near  the  N.  line,  and  East  Constable  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  near  the 
s.  line,  in  1800.*     The  first  church  (Presb.,  organized  as  Cong.)  was  formed  in  1817.'° 

DICK.IXSOW" — was  formed  from  "Harrison,"  (now  Malone,)  April  4,  1808.  Bangor  was 
taken  off  in  1812,  and  Moira  in  1828.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  and  is  47  mi.  in  length. 
The  N.  part  is  rolling  and  hilly,  and  has  a  soil  of  sandy  loam  of  good  quality  ;  the  central  and  s. 
parts  are  mostly  sterile  and  rocky  mountain  regions.  It  is  watered  by  the  same  streams  as  Bran- 
don, and  among  the  hills  are  great  numbers  of  small  lakes.  Dickins0n  (p.  o.)  is  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  Turnpike.  East  Dickinson  and  Dickinson  Center  are  p.  oflices.  TIio- 
masville  is  a  small  settlement  on  Deer  River,  founded  by  John  Thomas  in  1839.  The  principal 
settlements  are  in  the  s.  part."     There  are  in  town  2  churches ;   M.  E.  and  F.  W.  Bap. 

DUAiVE" — was  formed  from  Malone,  Jan.  24,  1828.  Ilarrietstown  was  taken  off  in  1841. 
Brighton  was  taken  off  in  1858.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its 
surface  is  broken  and  mountainous,  and  the  soil  is  light  and  sandy.  Much  the  greater  part  of  tha 
town  is  unfit  for  cultivation.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Deer  River  and  the  E.  branch  of 
St.  Regis  River.  Magnetic  iron  ore  has  been  found  in  considerable  quantities.  There  is  no  village 
in  town.  Dliaue  is  a  p.  o.  Jas.  Duane,  of  Schenectady,  son-in-law  of  Wm.  Constable,  acquired 
by  marriage  the  title  to  this  town,  and  began  settlement  here  in  1823-24.  A  forge  was  built  in 
1828,  and  a  high  furnace  in  1838,  both  of  which  were  run  a  few  years  and  supplied  with  ore  found 


1  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  M.  E. 

2  Pronounced  Shat-a-gh^  ;  probably  of  French  origin. 

*  About  a  mile  above  the  village  this  ravine  is  200  feet  deep, 
and  in  it  ia  a  waterfall  of  50  feet. 

*  On  the  30th  of  June,  1856,  a  destructive  tornado  passed  over 
the  village,  more  or  less  injuring  every  building  in  it.  In  the 
course  of  6  mi.  185  buildings  were  destroyed,  unroofed,  or  moved 
from  their  foundations;  and  several  lives  were  lost. 

6  The  R.  R.  crosses  this  valley  on  an  embanliment  160  feet  above 
the  river,  and  800  feet  long. 

*  The  first  settlers  were  BenJ.  Roberts,  Saml.  and  Nathan  Bee- 
man.  Levi  Trumbull,  Joshua  and  Kincade  Chamberlain,  Ethan 
A.  Roberta,  and  Jared  Munson.  Nathan  Bt'eman  in  his  youth 
resided  near  Ticonderoga,  and  acted  a«  guide  to  Ethan  Allen 
when  he  surprised  that  place  in  May,  17T5.  He  died  in  this 
town  in  ISrJ).  David  Mallory  built  the  first  grist  mill  in  the 
CO..  on  Marble  River,  IJ  mi.  N.  E.  of  the  village.  In  1803-04 
a  f<»rge  was  built,  by  Wm.  Bailey.  3  mi,  above  the  village,  and 
run  a  short  time,  being  supplied  with  bog  ore. 

'  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Presb.,  and  K.  C. 


8  Named  from  Wm.  Constable,  agent  and  part  proprietor.  It 
embraces  the  E.  part  of  township  No.  3  of  Great  Tract  No.  I. 

»  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Jona.  Hapgood,  (1800,)  Chn's. 
Austin,  (1800.)  Wm.  Cw)per,  Solomon  Cook,  Eli  Titus,  .Saul 
Clark,  and  James  Welch.  A.  Slead  taught  the  first  schxil,  in 
the  summer  of  1806.  Dr.  Solomon  Wyman  was  the  first  phy- 
sician. The  first  sa^vmiU  was  built  by  James  Welch,  in  1S03, 
and  the  first  grist  mill,  soon  after  the  war,  by  Joseph  (]ol- 
burn. 

w  There  are  in  town  3  churches :  Presb.,  Bap.,  and  M.  E. 

n  This  town  embraces  the  townships  of  "  Annastown."  *'  Wil. 
liarasville,"  "Davton,"  "  Johnsmanor,*'  "Cheltenham,"  **Lough- 
nexgh,"  and  Mount  Morris,  "or  Noa.  7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22,  and  25, 
of  Great  Tract  No.  I. 

12  Among  the  first  settlers  were  William  Thomas,  Jonathan  and 
Je3.Be  D.  Rice,  and  Reuben  Cady. 

13  Named  from  James  Duane,  proprietor  and  first  settler.  It 
embraces  the  townships  of  "  Ewerettaville,"  "  Fowler,"  aud 
"Brighten,"  or  Nos.  12, 15,  and  18  of  Groat  Tract  No.  I. 


FRANKLIN    COUNTY. 


311 


in  the  town.^  After  making  about  600  tons  of  iron,  the  works  were  abandoned,  with  the  loss  of  the 
entire  capital  invested  in  them.     There  is  but  one  church  (M.  E.)  in  town. 

FORT  COVIIVGTOM2_^j^g  formed  from  Constable,  Feb.  28,  1817.  Bombay  was  taken 
off  in  1833,  It  lies  on  the  n.  border  of  the  co.,  w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  level,  or  gently 
undulating.  Salmon  River,  the  principal  stream,  is  navigable  to  Fort  Covington  Village. 
The  s(til  in  the  n.  is  a  rich,  clayey  loam,  and  in  the  s.  a  light,  sandy  loam.     Fort  Covin§rtoii^ 

(p.v.)  is  situated  in  the  n.w.  part  of  tlie  town,  upon  Salmon  River.  Pop.  894.  The  first  settlements 
were  made  by  French  families,  about  1796,  around  ^'French  Mills."  Settlers  from  Vt.  began  to 
arrive  about  1800.*  Much  of  the  timber  near  Salmon  River  was  stolen  before  this,  and  sold  in  the 
Montreal  market.  Soon  after  the  battle  of  Cryslers  Field  the  American  army  passed  up  Salmon 
River  and  took  up  winter  quarters  at  ''French  Mills '^^  In  Feb.  the  place  was  evacuated,^  and  im- 
mediately taken  possession  of  by  the  enemy ."^  The  Fort  Covington  Academy,  incorp.  April  21, 
1831,  has  been  changed  to  a  district  school.     The  census  reports  4  churches.® 

FRA1VKI.I1V8— was  formed  from  Bellmont,  May  20,  1836.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the 
CO.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  mountainous,  and  it  has  an  elevation  of  1200  to 
2000  feet  above  tide.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Saranac,  which  flows  across  the  s.  E.  corner, 
and  the  head  branches  of  the  Salmon  River.  Among  the  mountains  are  numerous  ponds  and  lakes. 
The  soil  is  sandy,  and  scarcely  fit  for  agricultural  purposes,  except  along  the  streams.  Iron  ore 
abounds,  and  has  been  worked  to  some  extent.  The  settlements  are  mostly  confined  to  the  s.  e. 
corner,  and  the  people  are  chiefly  engaged  in  lumbering.  The  old  Port  Kent  and  Hopkinton 
Road  passes  diagonally  through  the  town,  and  a  plank  road  extends  from  Franklin  Falls  to  Keese- 
ville.  Franklin  Falls^**  (p.v.)  contains  12  houses,  and  Vernionfville  20.  Alder 
Brook,  and  IflerrillSTille  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Franklin  Falls, 
in  1S27,  at  which  time  a  forge  and  sawmill  were  erected."  In  town  are  5  large  gang  sawmills, 
and  several  small  manufactories  of  buckskin  leather,  mittens  and  gloves.  There  are  2  churches  in 
town,— M.  E.  and  R.  C. 

HARUIETSTOWIV^^ — was  formed  from  Duane,  March  19, 1841.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town 
of  the  CO.  Its  surface  is  very  rocky  and  mountainous,  and  its  soil  a  light,  sandy  loam,  generally 
unfit  for  cultivation.  Mt.  Seward  lies  along  the  s.  border.^'  It  is  the  least  populous  and  wealthy 
town  in  the  co.  It  is  principally  drained  by  the  Saranac.  Among  the  mountains  are  a  great 
number  of  small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  ai'e  the  Lower  Saranac,  Big  Clear,  and  St.  Regis. 
There  are  no  villages  or  churches  in  town.  Saranac  Lake,  on  the  line  of  Essex  co.,  is  a  p.  o. 
The  first  settlers  located  on  the  North  AVest  Bay  Road,  about  1812.'* 

9 

MALONE^^ — ^was  formed  from  Chateaugay,  March  2,  1805,  as  "ffarrisonJ'  The  name  was 
changed  to  ''Ezraville,"  April  8,  1808,  and  to  Malone,  June  10,  1812.  Constable  was  taken 
off  in  1807,  Dickinson  in  1808,  and  Duane  in  1828.     It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  of  the  geo- 


1  By  an  act  of  May  20, 1841,  a  company  was  chartered  by  the 
name  of  *'  The  Franklin  Native  Steel  Manufacturing  Co.;"  but  it 
was  never  organized.  The  making  of  ateel  directly  from  the 
ores  of  thia  region  has  proved  to  be  practically  a  failure.  A  few 
yeara  since,  silver  was  aaid  to  be  discovered;  but  it  has  never 
been  BuccessfuUy  worked. 

2  Named  from  Brig.  Gen.  Leonard  Covington,  who  was  mor- 
tally wounded  at  Cryslers  Field  and  buried  here.  It  embraces 
the  w.  part  of  the  township  of  "  Cf^rmachus,"'  or  No.  2  of  Groat 
Tract  No.  I.,  and  a  part  of  the  original  St.  Regis  Reservation, 
since  ceded  to  the  State. 

8  Formerly  called  "  French  MiUsJ"  It  is  situated  on  a  mile 
square  reserved  by  the  Indiana  in  1796.  Thia  tnict  was  leased 
by  the  Indians  to  Wm.  Gray,  in  1793,  and  assigned  to  Jas. 
Robertson,  of  Montreal,  in  1798.  These  Indian  leases  occasioned 
much  difficulty  concerning  title,  which  was  finally  settled  by 
commissioners,  after  the  purchase  of  the  E.  part  of  the  reserva- 
tion, in  1816-18- — Hough's  Sist.  of  St.  Law.  and  Frank.  Osi's. 

*  Mills  tfere  built  at  a  very  early  period,  and  were  swept  away 
by  a  flood  in  1804. 

*6  Here  a  fearfiil  mortality  occurred  among  the  troops,  on 
account  of  exposure  to  the  rigors  of  a  northern  winter  in  tents 
and  slight  board  shanties.  The  medicines  and  hospital  stores 
had  bet-n  lost  or  destroyed  on  the  passage  down  the  St.  Lawrence, 
nor  could  fresh  supplies  be  obtained  nearer  than  Albany.  The 
Burrounding  country  was  mostly  a  wilderness ;  and  the  army  of 
Gen.  Hampton  the  fall  prei.-ioua  had  exhausted  the  resources  of 
the  inhabitants,  and.  consequently,  provisions  were  of  a  bad 
quality  and  were  procured  with  difficulty. 

«  As  an  appropriate  finale  to  an  imbecile  enterprise,  the  re- 
treating army  destroyed  the  boats  ou  the  river,  sunk  60  tons  of 
biscuit,  and  destroyed  all  the  public  property  too  heavy  for 


transportation.  The  enemy  soon  completed  the  work  of  de- 
struction. 

'  A  few  years  after  the  war,  an  extensive  series  of  frauds  upon 
government  was  perpetrated  at  this  place.  They  consisted  of 
fictitious  claims  for  damages,  in  which  the  documents  were 
forged,  and  the  parties,  witnesses,  and  magistrates  were  perj  ured. 

BAsfio.  Kef.  Presb.,  (Scotch,)  Wes.  M.,  Bap.,  and  R.C.,  (St. 
Marj''s.) 

»  this  town  includes  No.  10,  and  a  part  of  No.  9,  of  the  old 
Military  Tract. 

10  Formerly  called  "  McClfnatJiamt  Fallit"  from  the  proprietor. 
On  the  29th  of  May,  1852,  the  entira  village,  consisting  of  23 
houses,  store,  tavern,  extensive  lumber  mills,  and  a  large 
amount  of  lumber,  was  destroyed  by  running  fires.  Lo.'^s.  $30,000. 

11  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Wm.  McClenathan,  Jas.  Mal- 
lory,  Horace  Gould.  John  Griffin,  Harrj'  Wood,  Rielmiond  and 
Davis  Spaulding,  Simeon  French,  and  John  Uough.  The  first 
birth  was  that  of  Sanford  Hough;  and  the  first  death  of  an 
adult,  that  of  Mrs.  H,  Wood.  McClenathan  kept  the  first  inn 
and  store  and  built  the  first  mill  and  forge. 

12  Named  from  Harriet,  daughter  of  Wm.  Constable  and  wife 
of  Jas.  Duane.  It  embraces  the  townships  of  "  Harriet stown." 
"Barrvmore,"  and  "Tipperary,"  or  Nos.  21,  24,  and  27  of  Great 
Tract  No.  I. 

18  >u.  Seward,  named  from  Wm.  H.  Seward,  was  called  by  the 
Indians  "  On-no-toan^Utli,''  the  big  eye. 

1*  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Isaac  Livingston.  Tsaiah  C. 
Flanders.  Pliny  Miller.  Wm.  Kelly,  and  N.hemiah  White. 

15  Name<l  " /Tarrisiw"  from  Richard  HarrisDu,  proprietj^r; 
"  Erraville''  from  Ezra  L'Hommedieu.  of  Suffolk  co. ;  and  Malono 
from  a  family  related  to  Harrison.  It  embraces  the  townships  of 
"Malone"  and  "Shclah,"  or  Nos.  6  and  9  of  Great  Tract  No.  I. 


312 


FRANKLIN    COUNTY. 


graphical  center  of  the  co.  and  s.  of  the  center  of  population.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  N. 
and  broken  and  hilly  in  the  s.  The  principal  stream  is  the  Salmon  River,  which  flows  northerly 
through  the  town  in  a  deep  valley  worn  by  its  waters,  and  nearly  its  whole  course  in  town  is  a 
succession  of  rapids  and  cascades.  Along  the  N.  border  are  extensive  piue  plains.  The  soil  in  the 
N.,  where  not  covered  by  light  drift  deposits,  is  fertile  and  well  improved,  but  ill  the  s.  it  is  sandy 
and  unproductive.  An  iron  ore,  from  which  a  paint  resembling  sienna  is  manufactured,  has 
been  discovered  in  the  s.  part.  Potsdam  sandstone,  of  an  excellent  quality  for  building,  has  been 
extensively  quarried  near  the  village.  Malone,'  (p.  v.,)  the  co.  seat,  and  the  only  iucorp.  village 
in  the  co.,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Salmon  River.  Pop.  1993.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Franklin 
Academy,^  and  is  the  most  Important  intermediate  station  upon  the  Ogdensburgh  R.  R.'  The  vil- 
lage is  supplied  with  spring  water  by  an  incorp.  company.*  Titus ville  (p.o.)  is  a  small  village 
at  the  Great  Falls,  on  Salmon  River  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town.*  The  first  settlements  were  made 
near  Malone  Village,  about  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  by  emigrants  from  Vt.'  An 
arsenal  was  built  at  the  village  in  1812,  and  sold  in  1850.'  In  1813-14  the  place  was  visited  and 
plundered  by  the  British.  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  1806-07,  by  Ebenezer  Hibbard 
and  Amos  Pettengill.  Rev.  Ashbel  Parmelee  was  the  first  pastor,  and  the  first  settled  minister 
in  the  co.* 

mOIRA^ — was  formed  from  Dickinson,  April  15,  1828.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co., 
N.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  with  a  slight  inclination  toward  the  N.  The 
principal  streams  are  Little  Salmon  River  and  Lawrence  Brook.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  gene- 
rally fertile.  Moira  Corners  (Moirap.o.)  is  a  small  village  near  the  center.  Brusbs 
]tlills,'°  (p.v.,)  on  Little  Salmon  River,  is  an  important  wooding  station  on  the  R.  R.  This 
town  fell  U>  the  share  of  Gilchrist  and  Fowler,  upon  apportionment,  and  was  first  settled  by 
Appletou  Foote,  as  agent,  in  1803."  Luther  Bradish,''^  Robert  Watts,  and  Peter  Kean  afterward 
became  the  owners  respectively  of  the  N.,  middle,  and  s.  thirds  of  the  town.  There  are  3 
churches  in  town.'^ 

WESTVIl.liE" — wag  formed  from  Constable,  April  25,  1829.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  tlie 
N.  border  of  tJie  co.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  with  a  slight  inclination  toward  the  n.  It  is 
drained  by  Salmon  River,  upon  which  are  several  falls,  afibrding  a  good  supply  of  water  power. 
The  soil  is  a  fertile,  clayey  loam.  Bog  iron  ore,  found  on  the  s.  border,  has  been  used  to  some 
extent  in  forges  in  the  town.  A  sulphur  spring,  of  some  local  notoriety,  lies  near  the  center  of  the 
N.  border.  Westvllle  (\V.  Constable  p.o.)  is  a  small  village  on  Salmon  River.  This  town  was 
held  by  the  Constable  family ;  and  for  many  years  Wm.  Bailey,  of  Chateaugay,  and  Albon  Mann, 
were  agents.  In  1822  the  unsold  portions  were  sold  to  Edward  Ellice,  of  London.  The  first 
settlements  commenced  about  1800,  by  emigrants  from  Vt.''     There  are  4  churches  in  tovrn.'* 


1  Incorp.  1853. 

2  The  aciidemy  building  is  finely  located  in  the  w.  part  of  the 
Tillage. 

8  The  machine  and  repair  shops  of  the  E.  R.,  located  here, 
are  on  a  maf^nificent  scale,  and  are  fitted  up  in  a  superior  style. 
The  repairs  of  the  Potsdam  and  Watertown  K.  R.  rolling  stock 
are  also  done  here. 

4  The  Malone  Water  Works  Co.,  incorp.  March  23,  186". 
Capital,  J16,OU0. 

Dilenry  H.  Titus  commenced  improvements  in  this  part  of 
the  town,  by  building  mills  and  a  scythe  factory,  in  1831.  After 
several  years'  suspension,  improvements  and  settlements  have 
been  renewed  under  James  H.  Titus,  of  X.  Y. 

*  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Enos,  Nathan  and  John  Wood, 
Nowell  Conger,  Luther  Winslow,  Jehial  Berry,  Noah  Moody, 
Roswell  Wilcox,  and  David  and  Lyman  Sperry.  The  first  child 
born  was  Malone,  daughter  of  L.  "Wiuslow.  The  first  sawmill 
W.1S  built  in  1804,  by  N.  and  J.  Wood. 

7  Tlie  proceeds  of  this  sale  were  applied  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  arsenal  green  and  parade  ground;  and  a 
further  sum  of  $oOO  was  appropriated  for  the  same  purpose  in 
1868. 

8  The  census  reports  6  churches;  Cong.,  Prot.  E.,  Union,  M.  E., 


Bap.,  and  R.  C.  In  Nov.  1867,  Rev.  Barnard  McCabe,  Catholic 
priest,  was  accidentally  burned  to  death. 

0  Named  from  the  Earl  of  Moira.  Embraces  '■  Moira,"  or  No. 
4  of  Great  Tract  No.  I.  The  name  was  applied  to  the  township 
long  before  the  incoi-poration  of  the  town. 

10  Named  from  Henry  N.  Brush,  an  extensive  proprietor  of 
lands  in  this  vicinity  and  resident  of  the  village. 

u  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Beiy.  Seeley,  Jonathan  Law- 
rence, Joseph  Plumb,  and  David  Bates.  Schools  were  esta- 
blished in  1807. 

12  Mr.  Bradish  resided  here  for  several  years.  He  represented 
the  CO.  in  the  Assembly  in  182,'*--.>9-30-36-37-38,  and  was  a 
resident  here  when  elected  Lieut.  Gov.  in  1838. 

18  Cong.,  R.C.,  and  Union,  (the  last  belonging  to  the  M-E.and 
Christian  denominations.) 

14  Named  from  the  village,  so  called  from  its  location  in  the  old 
town  of  Constable. 

16  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Amos  Welch, Haskins, 

Elisha  Sabins,  Sainl.  Fletcher,  John  Reed,  Ale.v,  McMillen,  SiLas 
Cusbman,  John  Livingston,  Jas.  and  Thus.  Wright,  and  Alric 
and  Albon  Mann.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  Anoi  Welch. 
The  first  school  was  taught  by  Samuel  Kussell,  1ft  1800 

16  presb.,  M.  E.,  Univ.  and  Union. 


FRANKLIN    COUNTY. 


313 


BRIGDTOJV — was  formed  from  Duane,  Nov. — ,  1858.  It  embraces  Township  18  and  the  s. 
half  of  Township  15  of  Great  Townshij)  No.  1  of  Macomb's  Purchase.  The  settlements  are 
chiefly  in  the  e.  part.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  engaged  in  lumbering.  There  is  no  village  or 
p.  0.  in  town.  (This  town  was  formed  after  the  remainder  of  the  letter-press  of  this  co.  was  stereo- 
typed ;  and  hence  it  is  inserted  in  this  place.) 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,   Population,  Dwellimjs,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Franklin  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Bangor 

BellmoDt 

Bombay 

Brandon 

Burke 

Chateaugay 

Constable 

Dickinson 

Duane 

Fort  Covington., 

Franlvlin 

Harrietstown..., 

Malone 

Moira. 

WestTille 

Total 


Acres  of  Land. 


13,931 
6,345 

13.177} 
4,957 
9,175 

13,840 
9.473} 
8,651 
2,015 

14,290 

4,170 

842i 

25,563 

11,031A 
8,165 


144,627i 


1 

o 

1 


15,609 
S2,70Si 

9,SS9 
177,890 

9,116 

12,683 

11,005 

181,017 

89,790 

6,759} 
97,088 
83.613 
33,546 
16,452J 

8,800 


834,964} 


Valuation  of  1858. 


$3.12,1)56 
131,913 
224.924 
144.:,7li 
2l"4,(l(i2 
346,484 
172.028 
211,.i04 
60.S4S 
388.275 
128,255 
68,207 
985,456 
297,188 
176,676 


1 3,952,552 


^9,645 
2,875 
20.500 
2.430 
6,400 

6.607 
4,750 

27,405 
1,000 

259,950 
13,500 
6,976 


$402,301 
l."4,788 
245.424 
147.026 
270,06: 
346,484 
177.586 
216.254 
60,848 
415.680 
129,255 
68,207 

1,245.406 
310:6S8 
181,562 


1,101 
463 

1,168 
361 
957 

1,344 
746 
654 
171 

1,252 
603 
168 

2,698 
747 
704 


4,351,610  12.927  12,660 


396 
160 
376 
135 
339 
466 
254 
230 

44 
430 
165 

58 
871 
274 
247 


421 

62 

377 

141 

339 

440 

269 

241 

44 

448 

169 

66 

943 

295 

_247 

4,492" 


3,542  167  11,360 


GS 


942 
437 
981 
339 
875 

1,M1 
636 
696 
98 

1,033 
391 
96 

2,399 
685 
702 


Names  op  Towns. 


Bangor 

Bellraont 

Bombay 

Brandon 

Burke 

Chateaugay 

Constable 

Dickinson 

Duane 

Fort  Covington. 

Franklin. 

Harriets  to  vra..- 

Malone 

Moira 

Westville 

Total 


6) 

658 
196 
591 
123 
511 
670 
S82 
314 

66 
634 
114 

24 

1,084 

391 

372 


III 


1.249 
428 

1,461 
312 
987 
989 
620 
703 
169 

1,434 
329 
92 

1,879 

1,183 
944 


1,002 
335 

1,168 
253 
666 
990 
638 
652 
91 

1,422 
251 

1,842 
672 
672 


6,029  12,759  10,919  23,968  7,635 


^ 


2,040 

692 
2,661 

700 
1,886 
2,194 
1,368 
1,666 

191 
2,2,50 

1' 

139 
4,462 
1,648 
2,096 


578 
243 
702 
169 
634 
756 
471 
389 
85 

1,111 

218 

69 

1,342 
420 
469 


Agricultdbal  Products. 


BCBH.  OF  Grain. 


fe 


863} 

124 

l,056i 

430 

1,287 

1,293 

2,784i 

2,473 

193 

607 

2,3914 

35 

4,695 

1,183 

2,139 


33,4,83} 
9,6625 
S5,196i 
7,281 
19.002 
22,760 
14,018 
20,258 
7.506J 
41,889 
11,067J 

6,nis 

67,822 
21,531i 
24,931 


3,156 
1,334 
3,612 

771 
2,9364 
3,385 
3,4814 
1,765 

304 
4,768 

890 

285 
6,224 
2,9114 
1,779 


21,546}  331,519}  37,6944  484,425 


"5  2 


63,963 
12.631 
21,349 
33.962 
30.221 
68,716 
28,356 
29.950 

6,233 
18,843 
20.669 

6.305 
94,772 
33,681 
22,9-i4 


la 


2,822 

165 

1,054 

66 

2,626 

2,349 

4,048 

440 

4,042 


r,619 
635 
407 


Daibt  Pbodulth. 


80.438 
29,550 

258,671 
17,883 
61,065 
60,145 
46,885 
67.400 
7.448 

123,065 
17.966 
6.010 

135,932 
77,876 
64.696 


_a,Q 
8,685 
2,160 

10,716 
1,750 

13.620; 
4,752, 
4,861] 

12,344 

2,849 
440 

.^7,190 
22,430| 
2,120; 


I'&i 


1,740 
1.222 
2,482 

663 
2.2834 
2,136 
1,404 
2.292 
92 
1,9464 

1664 

68 

2,025 

2,604 

2.101 


;6,273    1,060,040  143.916.  23.214} 


FULTON  COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Montgomery,  April  18,  1838.'  It 
lies  N.  of  tlie  Mohawk,  E.  of  the  center  of  the  State.  It  is  centrally 
distant  45  miles  from  Albany,  and  contains  544  sq.  mi.  Its  surface 
is  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland,  rising  into  a  mountainous  region  on 
the  N.  border.  The  highland  regi<iji  is  divided  into  three  general 
_  ridges,  extending  n.  e.  and  s.  w.  The  most  eastern  of  these  ridges, 
ft;  occupying  the  s.  E.  corner,  consists  of  rounded  drift  hills  of  moderate 
elevation,  bounded  by  gradual  slopes,  the  highest  summits  being 
about  400  ft.  above  the  Mohawk.  The  second  ridge  extends  through 
near  the  center  of  the  co.  and  occupies  a  wide  space  along  the  N. 
border.  The  declivities  in  the  N.  are  usually  steep  and  rocky ;  and 
the  highest  summits  are  800  to  1,000  ft.  above  the  Mohawk.  The 
third  ridge,  similar  in  character  to  the  second,  extends  through  the  w.  part  of  the  co.  Its  highest 
summits  are  1,200  ft.  above  the  Mohawk. 

Sacondaga^  River  flows  s.  e.  through  the  n.  e.  corner  of  the  co.  It  receives  from  the  w.  Jlay- 
field  Creek,  which  has  for  its  tributaries  Fondas  Creek  and  Cranberry  Creek.  The  Chuctenunda 
flows  through  the  s.  e.  corner.  The  Cayadutta  flows  s.  w.  through  near  the  center,  its  valley 
separating  the  central  from  the  eastern  ranges  of  hills.  Garoga  Creek  flows  s.,  a  little  w.  of  the 
center,  its  valley  separating  the  western  and  central  ranges  of  hills.  Stony  Creek,  a  tril:)utary  of 
the  Sacondaga,  flows  N.  E.  in  the  northerly  continuation  of  the  Garoga  Valley,  and  breaks  through 
the  central  ranges  of  hills.  East  Canada  Creek  forms  the  greater  part  of  the  w.  boundary,  re- 
ceiving as  tributaries  North,  Fish,  and  Little  Sprite  Creeks.  The  other  streams  are  branches  of 
the  foregoing  or  of  the  Mohawk.  They  are  mostly  rapid  streams,  frequently  interrupted  by  falls, 
and  affording  an  ample  supply  of  water-power. 

Among  the  hills  in  the  N.  part  of  the  co.  are  many  of  the  small  lakes  forming  a  characteristic 
feature  of  the  wilderness  region  of  Northern  N.  Y.  Along  the  Sacondaga,  near  the  mouth  of 
Mayfield  Creek,  and  occupying  portions  of  Northampton,  Broadalbin,  and  Mayfield,  is  an  extensive 
swamp  or  vlaie,  said  to  contain  an  area  of  13,000  acres.' 

The  greater  part  of  the  surface  of  the  co.  is  covered  with  drift  deposits.  The  southern  parts 
of  the  central  and  w.  ridges  are  principally  composed  of  ealeiferous  sand  rock ;  and  farther  N. 
Potsdam  sandstone  and  gneiss  appear  and  cover  a  considerable  portion  of  the  surface.  Black 
River  limestone,  Trenton  limestone,  and  Utica  slate  are  also  found  in  different  localities.  Quarries 
of  gneiss  and  of  birdseye  limestone  have  been  opened  in  Johnstown  and  Mayfield.  An  excellent 
building  stone  is  found  in  all  the  n.  part  of  the  co. 

The  soil  in  the  s.  part  and  along  the  valleys  is  mostly  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam,  derived  from 
the  drift  deposits.  It  is  well  adapted  to  pasturage,  and  in  the  most  favorable  localities  produces 
good  crops  of  grain.  A  large  portion  of  the  N.  part  is  too  rough  and  broken  for  profitable  cultiva- 
tion.* The  manufactures  consist  principally  of  leather,  lumber,  and  buckskin  gloves  and  mittens.' 
The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  Johnstown.'  The  courthouse  is  a  brick  building  in  the  N.  part  of 
the  village,  erected  in  1772,  by  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  for  the  courthouse  of  "  Tryon"  co.'  The  jail,  a 
stone  building,  situated  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  the  village,  contains  the  usual  jail  accommodations,  and 
the  residence  of  the  jailer.  The  clerk's  office  is  a  fireproof  brick  building,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
courthouse.     The  poorhouse  is  situated  upon  a  farm  of  94  acres  at  West  Bush,  6  mi.  n.  of  the 


1  A  dissatisfaction  arising  from  the  removal  of  tlie  county  seat 
of  Montgomery  co.  from  .Tohnsto\vn  to  Fonda  was  the  immediate 
cause  of  the  division  of  that  CO. 

2  Tliis  name  is  said  to  signify  "Drmvned  Lands,"  from  the 
great  marsh  which  lies  along  its  course. 

3  This  vlaie  was  apparently  a  lake  at  no  remote  period.  It  is 
now  covered  with  a  small  growth  of  evergreens  around  its 
tjorder.  and  a  wet  prairie  in  the  center,  where  hundreds  of  tons 
of  coarse  grass  of  poor  quality  are  cut  annually. 

*  The  mountainous  portion  in  the  N.  part  of  this  co.  forms 
the  s.  extremity  of  the  Oreat  Northern  wilderness  of  N.  Y.  The 
settlements  are  very  sparse,  and  are  confined  to  the  narrow  valleys 
of  the  streams.  Tlie  hills  are  covered  with  a  light  growth  of 
forest  trees;  and  when  once  cleared,  the  soil  is  too  light  and  thin 
to  produce  any  thing  else. 

t  More  buckskin  gloves  and  mittens  are  manufactured  in  this 
SU 


CO.  than  in  all  other  parts  of  the  U.  S.  The  center  of  the  manu- 
facture is  at  GloversTille,  though  it  is  largely  carried  on  at  Johns- 
town and  other  villages.  Work  is  given  out  to  families  through 
a  large  section  of  country,  forming  the  most  productive  branc-h 
of  l.-ihor  in  the  co. 

6  The  first  officers  of  "Tcywi  co."  were  Guy  Johnson,  First 
Judge, ;  John  Butler  and  Peter  Congue,  Judges ;  and  Sir  John 
Johnson.  Ivt..  Daniel  Clans,  John  Wells,  and  Jellis  Fonda.  As- 
sistant Judges.  The  first  co.  court  was  organized  Sept.  8,  1772. 
Upon  the  organization  of  Fulton  co..  the  first  co.  officers  were 
Donald  Mclntyre.  First  Judge;  John  W,  Oadv.  Dist.  Atlarney ; 
T.  A.  Stoutenburgh.  Cltrk;  David  J.  McMartiu,  SherijT;  and 
Archibald  McFarland,  Surrogate. 

I  The  Johnson  family  retained  a  lien  upon  the  building  until 
annulled  by  the  forfeitui-e  of  their  estates. 


FULTON    COUNTY. 


315 


courthouse.  Tlie  average  number  of  inmates  is  50,  supported  at  an  average  cost  of  $1.25  per  week 
each.     The  children  attend  the  public  school.     The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  $-00. 

Four  weekly  newspapers  are  uuw  published  in  the  co.^ 

The  history  of  this  co.  is  intimately  connected  with  that  of  Sir  AVilliam  Johnston  and  his  family. 
At  the  age  of  21,  Johnson  came  to  America  as  agent  of  his  uncle,  Sir  Peter  Warren,  and  located 
in  the  Mohawk  Valley.  He  soon  became  identified  with  the  interest*  of  that  section  of  the  colony, 
and  a  zealous  promoter  of  its  prosperity.  He  was  appointed  Indian  Agent,  learned  the  language 
of  the  natives,  adopted  with  facility  their  habits  when  it  suited  his  interests,  and  gradually  ac- 
quired an  ascendency  over  these  people  which  his  official  relations  served  to  strengthen.  His  suc- 
cessful management  in  the  expedition  to  Lake  George  in  1755  gave  him  a  high  position  in  tho 
esteem  of  the  home  Government,  and  secured  him,  as  an  especial  favor,  the  grant  of  a  large  tract 
of  land  N.  of  the  Mohawk,  as  a  direct  gift  from  the  king.  He  was  also  honored  with  knighthood. 
His  first  residence  was  fixed  at  what  is  still  known  as  Fort  Johnson,  on  the  Mohawk,  in  the  town 
of  Amsterdam;  but  about  ITbl  he  removed  to  a  new  mansion,  near  the  village  of  Johnstown,  still 
standing,  and  known  as  Johnson  Hall.  At  this  time  he  possessed  an  estate  that  had  few  rivals  in 
extent  and  value  in  the  country;  his  tenants  were  numerous  and  attached  to  his  interests,  and  the 
prospects  of  future  greatness  to  his  family  were  most  flattering.  On  the  approach  of  the  Revolu- 
tion he  is  supposed  to  have  been  liberally  inclined  ;  but  his  duty  to  the  Government,  whose  offices  he 
held,  forbade  him  from  favoring  the  cause  of  the  colonies,  while  his  attachment  to  his  neighbors 
and  the  inhabitants  of  the  colony  rendered  the  thought  of  any  measures  tending  to  their  ruin 
extremely  painful  to  his  feelings.  It  was  apparent  that  a  struggle  between  the  mother  country 
and  the  colonies  must  ensue  ;  but,  with  the  prescience  that  foreshadowed  the  significant  purpose  of 
his  mind,  he  intimated  to  his  friends  that  he  should  never  live  to  see  it,  and  he  besought  the  British 
Government  to  appoint  his  son  to  his  office, — that  of  Indian  Agent.  He  died  suddenly  at  Johnson 
Hall,  on  the  afternoon  of  June  24,  1774,  at  the  age  of  nearly  sixty  years.^ 


1  TJte  Johnstown  Gazette  was  published  in  1796. 

Th^  Montgomery  Advertiser  vias  published  iit  Johuetovm  in  1796 
by  .lacob  Doxtader.  It  soon  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Jas.  Smith,  and  subsequently  into  the  hands  of  Al>in 

Romeyn  and Clark.     It  was  afterward  continued 

several  years  by  David  Holden. 

The  Montfffmierv  liepuhlican  was  commenced  at  Johnstown  in 
Aug.  1806.  by  Wm.  Child.  His  brother.  Asa  Child,  soon 
after  became  editor.  In  1823  T\'m.  Holland  became 
owner,  and  published  it  2  years.  Peter  Mix  continued 
it  until  1834.  when  the  office  was  burned.  The  paper 
Wad  revived  by  him;  and  iu  Nov.  l.s3U.  the  office  was 
again  burned,  and  the  publication  of  the  paper  was 
discontinued. 

The  Mont-fffimery  Intelligencer  was  commenced  in  1806,  and  dis- 
continued in  1807. 

The  Montgnmt:ry  M'niitorwas  commenced  at  Johnstown  in  1808 
by  Kobbins  &  Andrews.  It  soon  passed  into  the  hands 
of  Kussell  Prentice,  who  sold  it  in  1824  to  Duncan  and 
Daniel  McDonald.  In  1S2S  they  removed  it  to  Fonda, 
thence  to  Canajoharie.  and  finally  to  Schoharie. 

TJie  Johnstown  Herald  was  removed  from  Amsterdam  in  1S24 
by  Philip  Reynolds.  It  had  been  published  there  as 
the  "  Mohawk  Heratd."  In  1837  it  was  removed  to 
Fumla  and  published  as  the  "  Fonda  Herald." 

The  Montqnmery  Freeman  was  published  at  Johnstown  by 
Yates  &  Co. 

The  Northern  Jinnner  was  commenced  at  Union  Mills,  Broad- 
albin,  by  John  Clark.  It  was  removed  in  a  few  months 
to  Joiinstown  and  published  as 

The  Northern  Banner  and  Montgomery  Deinocrat.  In  ^^7  its 
name  was  changed  to 

Tite  Moriitjoiii'Ti/  Eejnil'liom.  It  was  soon  afterward  sold  to 
Wm.  ?.  riawley.  who  chiintri-d  its  name  in  183H  to 

The  Fulton  County  Democrat.  In  18 — it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  A.  T.  Norton;  and  in  1842  it  was  pur- 
chased by  M'alter  N.  Clark,  its  present  publisher. 

The  Chrislinn  PaHidiumy  semi-mo.,  was  jiublishud  in  1836  by 
Jneeph  liadijer.  It  was  removed  to  Albany  in  1846 
or  '47. 

The  Fulton  County  Republican  was  commenced  at 
Johnstown  in  1838  by  Darius  Wells.  In  1840  Alexander 
U.  Wells  became  proprietor;  and  in  1842  he  sold  it  to 
George  Henry,  its  present  pulilisher. 

The  Garland,  semimo.,  was  published  at  Union  Mills  by  Wm. 
Dark.  It  was  afterward  issued  a  short  time  at  Johns- 
town. 

The  Literary  Journal  was  published  at  Kingsboro'  in  1843  by 
S.  R.  Sweet. 

The  Johnstown  American  was  commenced  in  Jan.  1856,  by  N.J. 
Johnson.  In  Feb.lS.'iT.it  wjis  sold  to  J.D.Houghtaling. 
In  April,  IS.nS.  its  name  wiis  ehangi-d  to 

The  JohuBtovrn  ludepeudent,  under  which  title  it  is 
now  published. 


The  Gloversvllle  Standard  was  v.^ninienced  in  Sept. 
1866,  by  W.  H.  Case,  and  is  still  published. 
2  It  has  been  the  iceneral  belief  that  Sir  William  ended  his 
own  life;  and  theie  is  not  much  doubt  but  that  he  huuL^  him- 
self in  his  garden.  His  gardener,  who  found  him  and  took 
him  down,  intimated,  in  his  old  age,  facts  wliich  confirm  this 
belief;  and  his  will — dated  Jan.  27.  1774 — in<licates  that  the 
near  approach  of  death  was  a  familiar  thought,  as  his  burial 
was  an  event  for  which  he  gave  the  most  minute  direction-?.  In 
this  instrument — after  commending  his  soul  to  God.  who  gave  it 
—he  directs  his  body  to  be  buried  in  the  place  he  had  selected 
by  the  side  of  bis  wife,  Catharine.  He  directs  mourning  for  his 
housekeeper,  Mary  Brant,  and  her  children,  and  for  young 
Brant  and  William,  half-breed  Mohawks,  and  for  his  servants 
and  slaves.  The  sachems  of  both  Mohawk  villages  are  to  he 
invited  to  his  funeral,  and  to  receive  each  a  black  stroud 
blanket,  crape,  and  gloves,  which  they  were  to  receive  and  wear 
as  mourners  next  after  bis  family.  The  bearers  are  to  have 
white  scarf,  crape,  and  gloves;  and  the  whole  cost  of  the  funeral 
is  not  to  exceed  £300.  The  funeral  debt  is  to  be  first  paid  by 
Sir  John,  out  of  his  3  per  cent,  consolidated  annuities,  within  6 
months.  He  bequeathed  to  Peter  £;'.0O,  and  to  the  other 
children  of  Mary  Brant  (7  in  number)  £100  each,— the  interest 
to  be  expended  on  their  education.  To  young  Brant,  alias 
Kag/ineghafjo,  and  William,  alias  Tagawirunta,  two  Mohawk 
lads,  £100  York  currency  each;  to  Sir  John,  his  son.  one-half 
of  the  rest  of  his  money;  and  to  Daniel  Clans  and  Guv  Johnson, 
his  sons-in-law,  each  one-half  of  the  remainder.  He  then  gives 
his  library  and  plate,  slaves,  stock,  and  personal  estate,  (certain 
portions  excepted,)  to  Sir  John ;  and  his  landed  estate  is  divided 
between  his  children  and  friends,  specifically  naming  to  each 
the  lots  they  are  to  receive,  and  especially  enjoining  upon  his 
children  never  to  sell  or  alienate  any  portion  of  the  Royal  Grant, 
as  he  had  received  it  as  a  free  gift  fn-m  the  king.  The  h-j;ateetj 
of  his  lands  were  Sir  John  and  Col.  Guv  Johnson,  Daniel  Claus, 
each  of  the  children  of  Mary  Brant,  and  her  brothers.  Joseph 
and  William,  Mary  McGrah,  John  and  Warren  Johnson,  his 
brothers,  and  Dease,  Sterling,  Phiuket.and  Fitzimons,  brothertt- 
in-law,  and  John  Dease,  his  nephew.  To  Robert  Adams.  Jo.seph 
Chew,  and  Wni.  Byrne,  old  friends,  and  Patrick  Dalv.  a  servant, 
he  gave  the  free  use  for  life  of  certain  lands.  And  he  provided  i'ox 
the  further  division  of  his  estate  in  case  Sir  John  died  without 
issue.  He  appointed  as  his  executors,  lii.s  styi.  two  sons-in-law, 
two  brothers,  and  Dan'J  Campbell,  of  Schenectadv,  John  Butler, 
Jelli-s  Fonda,  Capt.  Jas.  Stevenson,  of  Albany,  Dr.  Jolin  Dease, 
Henry  Frey,  and  Jos.  Chew.  The  guardians  of  the  children  of 
Mary  Brant  were  John  Butler,  Jeilis  Fonda,  John  Dease,  Jani*a 
Stevenson,  Henry  Frey,  and  Joseph  Chew.  Each  executor  and 
guardian  was  to  receive  a  ring,  as  a  memento  fiom  their  once 
sincere  friend.  Sir  William  was  buried  in  a  vault  under  tho 
KpiHi'opal  church  in  Johnsmwn.  About  179^  the  vault  was 
tilled  up;  and  Nov.  26,1836,  the  church,  with  its  bell  and  organ, 
(the  presents  of  Sir  William.)  were  burned.  The  spot  of  hii 
burial  is  just  outside  of  the  present  church  edifice. 


316  FULTON    COUNTY. 

The  active  interest  in  the  royal  cause  taken  by  Sir  John  Johnson  and  all  whom  he  could  influ- 
ence, is  ■well  known,  lie  fortified  Johnson  Hall  late  in  1775,  armed  the  Scotch  Highlanders  on 
the  Kingsborough  Patent,  and  spread  discontent  among  the  Indian  tribes  under  his  control.  His 
conduct  could  not  be  tolerated ;  and  in  Jan.  1776,  Gen.  Schuyler  was  sent  with  an  army  of  700 
militia  to  disarm  the  tenants  and  to  secure  a  strict  neutrality  on  the  part  of  Sir  John  and  his 
friends.  After  several  days'  negotiation,  a  feigned  acquiescence  was  received,  and  on  the  19th  the 
Scotch  surrendered  their  arms,  and  Sir  John  gave  his  word  of  honor  to  abstain  from  further  hos- 
tile measures.  His  intrigues  continued  notwithstanding ;  and  in  May,  1770,  a  patriot  force,  under 
Col.  Dayton,  was  sent  to  apprehend  him.  Upon  their  approach,  he  left  his  family  papers,  money, 
and  plate  to  be  buried  by  a  faithful  slave,  and,  attended  by  large  numbers  of  his  dependents,  he 
fled  through  the  woods  northward  to  Canada.'  In  May,  1780,  Sir  John  made  his  appearance  with 
500  troops  from  the  Northern  wilderness,  to  recover  his  buried  treasure  and  take  vengeance  upon 
his  old  neighbors.  The  settlements  were  surprised,  and  the  Mohawk  Valley,  from  Tribes  Hill 
upward  to  The  Noses,  was  ravaged.  Many  houses  were  burned,  1 1  persons  were  slain,  and  several 
others  were  left  as  dead  but  finally  recovered.  An  ineifectual  rally  was  made  for  pursuit ;  but  the 
invaders  returned  without  molestation.  In  the  fall  of  the  same  year,  Sir  John,  with  800  men,  in- 
vaded the  Schoharie  and  Mohawk  Valleys  with  fire  and  sword,  while  an  army  advanced  by  way 
of  Lake  Champlain  to  create  a  diversion  on  the  northern  frontier.  In  returning,  he  was  pursued 
by  a  body  of  troops  under  Gen.  Robert  Van  Rensselaer,  and  would  have  been  overtaken  and  cap- 
tured had  not  the  cowardice  or  treachery  of  that  ofiicer  prevented.'  The  battle  of  Stone  Arabia 
was  fought  upon  this  occasion.  In  Aug.  1781,  Major  Ross  and  Walter  N.  Butler,  with  a  band  of 
tories  and  savages,  appeared  by  way  of  Sacondaga  with  007  men,'  and  encamped  a  little  N.  of 
Johnson  Hall.  Col.  Willett  moved  from  Fort  Plain  on  the  22d,  with  300  men,  to  attack  the  enemy, 
and,  upon  approaching,  detached  100  men,  under  Col.  Harper,  to  make  a  circuit  and  attack  the  rear 
of  the  camp.  A  short  distance  above  the  Hall,  Willett's  forces  met  those  of  Ross,  and  the  former 
retreated  ;  but  at  the  village  they  rallied,  and  were  joined  by  200  militia.  The  enemy  were  finally 
driven  from  the  ground,  with  a  loss  of  17,  while  the  Americans  lost  13.  Ross  retreated  all  night, 
and  was  followed.     At  West  Canada  Creek  the  infamous  Butler  was  killed.* 

The  estates  of  the  Johnsons  were  forfeited,  and  a  race  of  New  Englanders  succeeded  the  Scotch 
Highlanders  in  this  co.  No  further  event  of  especial  interest  has  since  disturbed  the  even  current 
of  events. 


BLiEECIiER^ — was  formed  from  Johnstown,  April  4,  1831.  A  part  was  re-annexed  to  that 
town  in  1841,  and  a  part  of  Caroga  was  taken  off  in  1842.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  N. 
border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  and  mountainous  upland,  the  highest  summits  upon  the 
N.  border  being  2,000  ft.  above  tide.  The  streams  are  head  branches  of  West  Stony'  and  Garoga 
Creeks.  In  tlie  valleys  are  several  small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are  Chases  Lake,  in  the  N., 
and  Woodworth  Lake,  on  the  s.  border.  The  soil  is  thin  and  light,  and  the  surface  is  very  stony. 
Lumbering  and  tanning'  are  the  leading  pursuits.  Bleecker,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  s.  border,  con- 
tains a  church,  a  sawmill,  a  large  tannery,  and  20  dwellings.  The  first  settlements  were  com- 
menced about  1800.'     The  census  reports  3  churches ;  M.  E.,  Germ.  Meth.,  and  R.  C. 

BROADAliBIX' — was  formed  from  "CaiiAjhnawaga,"  (now  Broadalbin,  Johnstown,  and  > 
Mayfield,)  March  12,  1793.  Northampton  was  taken  off  in  1799,  and  a  part  of  Perth  in  1842.  It  is 
the  central  town  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  Is  rolling  and  mostly  susceptible  of  cultiva- 
tion. Chuctenunda  Creek  flows  through  the  s.  e.  corner.  Fondas  Creek  flows  w.  through  near 
the  center ;  Frenchmans  Creek  through  the  n.  part ;  and  Mayfield  Creek  through  the  N.  w.  corner. 
The  soil  is  mostly  of  the  drift  formation,  inclining  to  sand.  The  N.  part  extends  into  the  great 
Sacandaga  Vlaie,  which  is  annually  overflowed,  and  in  which  the  soil  is  alluvial.  Fondas 
Busll,  (Broadalbin  p.  o.,)  on  Fondas  Creek,  near  the  w.  line,  was  incorp.  April  17,  1815,  as 


1  TbiB  slave  wag  sold  among  the  confiscatpd  property  of  Sir 
John.  Ilie  purchaser,  Col.  Volkert  Veeder,  ceuld  imt  induce  him 
to  betray  the  secrets  of  his  master.  He  was  pubsenueiitly  re- 
covered by  Sir  .John,  and  accom  piinied  him  to  Cjxnada.  Tlte  piijiers 
buried  with  the  money  and  plate  were  afterward  found  to  be 
ruined,  l)ut  the  coin  and  plate  were  recovered  and  takeu  to  Canada. 

2  See  page  411. 

*  Of  these  477  were  British  and  tories  and  130  were  Indians. 
4  See  page  411. 
6  Named  from  Rutger  Bleecker,  of  .\lbany.  a  patentee.    The 

town  Includes  portions  of  Chaae'8,  Glen's,  Bleecker's,  Lansing's,  j  Kayaderosserns,  and  Stone's  Patents. 
%a.i  Hayfield'8  Fateats. 


8  Named  Des-kon-ta  on  Southier's  map,  pub.  in  1779. 
'  There  are  4  large  tanneries  in  town. 

8  .4mong  the   early  settlers  were  .Tames   .Morse,  Wm.  Rood, 
Ephraim  Lindsley,  James  Landon,  Sanmel  Shaffer,  Wm.  Et:lan, 

Frederick  Mills, Good  well,  and  Geo.  Hamilton, — nil  from  New 

England.    The  first   death  was  that  of  Goodwell,  about 

1 80t>.   Wm.  Chase,  the  patentee,  built  a  gristmill  on  the  N.  branch 
of  Stony  Creek,  in  1804-05. 

9  Named  from  a  place  in  Scotland,  by  James  Mclntyre,  one 
if  the  early  settlers.    This  town  comprises  parts  of  Sacondaga, 


FULTON    COUNTY. 


317 


" Rawsonville."  It  contains  3  churches,  3  buckskin  dressing  mills,  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  and  3 
mitten  factories.  Pop.  651.  91111$  Corners,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  e.  part,  is  a  hamlet.  Union 
Mills  (p.  0.)  contains  a  sawmill,  paper  mill,  a  peg  factory,  and  10  houses.     IVortU  Broadal- 

bln,  (p.  0.,)  in  the  N.  E.  part,  contains  a  church,  saw  and  grist  mill,  and  10  houses.  Tlie  first 
settlement  was  commenced  before  the  Revolution.'     The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.* 

CAROGA'— was  formed  from  Stratford,  Bleecker,  and  Johnstown,  April  11,  1842.  It  lies  on 
the  N.  border  of  the  co.,  w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  rolling  in  the  s.  and  broken  in  the  n.  by 
small,  sharp  mountains.  A  large  hill  lies  w.  of  Garoga  Creek ;  and  a  swell  of  land  rises  about  300 
ft.  between  the  principal  branches.  Numerous  clusters  of  lakes  lie  in  the  center  and  N.  part  of 
the  town,  the  principal  of  which  are  E.  and  W.  Eish  Lakes,  Garoga  Lake,  the  Stink  Lakes,  Bellows, 
Prairie,  Green,  and  Pine  Lakes.  Garoga  Creek  flows  s.  from  Garoga  Lake.  A  small  portion  of 
the  area  only  is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  Lumbering  is  the  principal  businesa.  IVewiiirilS 
Slills  (p.  V.)  contains  a  church,  (Ref.  Prot.  D.,)  a  large  tannery,  and  30  houses.  The  first  settle- 
ment commenced  about  1790.* 

EPHRATAH — was  formed  from  Palatine,  (Montgomery  co.,)  March  27,  1827.  A  part  was 
re-annexed  to  that  town  on  the  division  of  the  co.  in  1838.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  w. 
of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  hilly  upland,  400  to  1,500  ft.  above  the  Mohawk.  Garoga 
Creek  flows  s.  w.  through  the  town,  in  a  deep  valley,  the  hills  on  either  side  rising  about  800  feet 
above  the  creek.  The  soil  is  sandy,  and  in  the  s.  e.  a  clayey  loam.  Epliratiill,  (p.  v.,)  in  the 
s.  part,  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  a  large  tannery,  and  359  inhabitants.  Garoga,  (p.  v.,)  in 
the  N.  part,  contains  a  saw  and  grist  mill  and  12  houses.  Rockfvood,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  e. 
corner,  contains  2  churches,  2  sawmills,  a  gristmill,  2  tanneries,  a  buckskin  dressing  mill,  and  196 
inhabitants.  Liassellsvllle,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  w.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  20  houses.  The 
first  settlement  commenced  under  the  auspices  of  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  in  1765.*  The  census  reports 
6  churches  in  town.' 

JOHIfSTOWlV' — was  formed  from  " Caughnawaga,"  (now  Broadalbin,  Johnstown,  and 
Mayfield,)  March  12,  1793.  Lake  Pleasant  was  taken  off  in  1812,  Bleecker  in  1831,  Mohawk  in 
1837,  and  a  part  of  Caroga  in  1842.  A  part  of  Bleecker  was  re-annexed  in  1841.  It  lies  on  the  s. 
border  of  the  co.,  near  the  center.  A  series  of  hills  occupy  the  n.  part.  A  high  ridge  extends 
through  the  E.  part ;  Garoga  Creek,  through  the  N.  w.  corner ;  and  a  branch  of  the  Cayadutta  through 
the  w.  part.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  sandy  loam.  The  manufacture  of  buckskin  gloves  and  mittens 
w.  part.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  sandy  loam.  The  manufacture  of  buckskin  gloves  and  mittens 
forms  an  important  item  in  the  business  of  the  town.  JoIinstOfTU  (p.  v.)  was  incorp.  April  1, 
1808.  It  is  situated  on  the  Cayadutta,  s.  E.  of  the  center ;  and  it  contains  the  co.  buildings,  7 
churches,  the  Johnstown  Academy,*  3  printing  offices,  a  bank,  2  gristmills,  a  sawmill,  planing 
mill,  and  gas  works.  Pop.  1,661.  Gloversville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Cayadutta,  4  mi.  n.  of  Johns- 
town, is  noted  for  its  manufacture  of  gloves  and  mittens.'  It  was  incorp.  in  April,  1853,  and 
contains  3  churches,  the  Gloversville  Union  Seminary,  a  printing  office,  a  bank,  a  paper  box  fac- 
tory, machine  shop,  and  gristmill.  Pop.  1,965.  Klng'sborougli,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  e.  part,  con- 
tains a  church,  an  academy,  10  mitten  factories,  and  300  inhabitants.  ISammonsvIUe,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  s.  w.,  contains  a  paper  mill,  gristmill,  and  15  houses.  fFest  Busll,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  pari, 
Kecks  Center,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  w.  part,  and  McEivens  Corners  are  hamlets.    The  first 


I  Henry  Stoner,  Joseph  Scott,  BenJ.  Deline,  Philip  Ilelmer, 
Andrew  liowman,  Herman  Salisbury,  John  Putnam,  Joseph 
Desilver,  Jnhn  Iloman,  P^liaa  Cady,  settled  near  Fondas  Bush 
before  the  Revolution. — Simm^s  Trappa-sof  N.T.,  p. 21.  James 
Mclntyro,  Alexander  Murray,  Alexander  Oliver,  Daniel  Mcln- 
tyre,  and  Nathan  Brockway,  from  Scotland,  Peter  Demarost 
and  Derrick  Banta,  from  N.  J.,  Abram  Manchester,  Keuben 
Burr,  and  Enoch  Cromwell,  from  New  Eng.,  settled  soon  aft^r  the 

Revolution.    Rev. Ronlcyn  held  the  first  religious  services, 

after  the  war,  in  1790-92. 

s  Presb..  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Christian,  and  Union. 

'  Named  from  the  principal  stream.  Custom  hag  applied  the 
name  "Garoga"  to  the  latter,  and  "Caroga"'  to  the  town. 

*  David,  Robert,  and  Solomon  JetFers  settled  in  1798  ;  Samuel 
Oafie,  Keuben  Brookins,  Wm.  Jefferson,  Abram  Carley.  Anthony 
Stewart,  Nathan  Lovelace,  Isiiac  Peckham,  Etyah  Gardner,  Ira 
Beach,  John  Mead,  Jas.  McLellan,  Titus  Foster,  Lemuel  Lewis, 
and  Daniel  Goff,  were  also  early  settlers.  The  first  marriage 
wafl  that  of  Francis  Vaudercook  and  Lucy  Jeffers,  in  1800.  The 
tirst  death  was  that  of  Mrs.  Amy  Mead,  in  1804. 

6  Frederick  Getman,  Jacob  Empie,  and  Jacob  Schell  settled 
Bear  the  viU.ige.  Nicholas  Rector,  Jacob  Fry.  Henry  Herring, 
Philip  Kreitzer,  Wm.  Cuol,  Deutzler,  Joliannos  Winkle, 


Wm.  Smith,  Henry  Hart,  Zachariah  Tripp,  .John  Cassleman, 
Peter  Schutt,  and  .Jacob  Eplie,  from  Germany,  came  in  from 
Schoharie,  mostly  before  the  Revolution.    The  first  German 

school  was  taught  by Moot,  and  the  first  English  school  by 

McLean.    A  gristmill  was  built  by  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  soon 

after  the  first  settlement.     It  was  afterward  burned  by  the 
tories.    Johannes  Winkle  built  the  first  mill  after  the  ReToli»> 
tion. 
»  2  M.  E.,  2  Union,  Bap.,  and  Ref.  Prot.  D. 

7  Named  from  Sir  William  Johnson.  The  town  embraces  th# 
Kingaborouf^h  Patent,  granted  June  23,  1753,  a  part  of  Stone 
Arabia,  Butler's,  and  the  Sacondaga  Patents. 

8  This  academy  was  built  in  179S-99,  by  Wm.  Van  Tort.  Sir 
Wm.  Johnson  set  apart  aportionof  theKingsborough  Patent  fbi 
the  benefit  of  a  free  school.  This  reservation  was  respected  by 
the  courts  of  forfeiture,  and  trustees  were  appointed  to  take 
charge  of  the  trust.  The  proceeds  were  appropriated  to  the 
use  of  this  academy. 

^  There  are  in  this  town  oTer  lOO  estalilishraents  for  the  mann.  . 
facture  of  gloves  and  mittens,  and  10  mills  for  dressing  the 
skins.    This  business  was  first  commenced  by  Kzeklel  Case,  in 
1803,  and  has  grown  fiom  a  small  beginning,  until  now  it  ia 
said  that  over  $500,000  capital  is  invested  in  it. 


318 


FULTON    COUNTY. 


Bettlement  was  commenced  under  the  auspices  of  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  in  1760.  He  removed  to  "  John- 
eon  Ilall,"  about  J  of  a  ml.  n.  w.  of  Johnson  Village,  in  1761  or  *62.  There  were  then  about  a  dozen 
houses  in  the  village,  and  100  tenants  on  farms  adjacent.  The  lands  were  leased  by  him  with  thb 
evident  intention  of  establishing  a  baronial  estate  for  his  family.*  The  census  reports  11  churches 
in  t^>wn.^ 

IWA\'FIELiD^ — was  formed  from  "  CaugJinatva r/a"  (now  Bmadalbin,  Johnstown,  and  May- 
field.)  March  12,  1793.  AVells  was  taken  off  in  1805,  and  another  portion  of  Mayfield  was  annexed  to 
that  town  in  1812.  A  part  was  annexed  to  Perth  in  1842.  It  lies  on  the  n.  border  of  the  co.,  e.  of 
the  center,  and  extends  nearly  to  the  s.  line.  Its  surface  in  the  n.  part  is  broken  by  mountains  rising 
1,500  to  2,000  ft.  above  tide.  These  elevations  are  of  primary  formation,  with  rounded  summits, 
the  higher  peaks  having  steep  declivities.  The  central  and  s.  parts  are  rolling  and  generally 
susceptible  of  cultivation.  Stony  Creek  flows  through  the  n.  w.  corner  ;  Mayfield  Creek  through 
near  the  center;  Fondas  Creek*  through  the  s.  e.  part;  and  Cranberry  Creek  in  the  e.  part. 
The  soil  is  sandy  and  gravelly,  in  some  places  strewn  with  boulders.  The  valleys  are  alluvial, 
with  some  clayey  loam.  IMaylield  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches,  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  and  600 
inhabitants.  Tails  Mills,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  e.  part,  contains  a  sawmill,  a  gristmill,  a  tannery, 
and  20  houses.  Jackson  Summit  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  about  1760 
or  '61,  under  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  on  the  old  road  from  Tribes  Hill  to  the  Sacondaga,  and  was  then 
called  '^Philadelphia  Bush."^     There  are  2  churches  in  town  ;  M.  E.  and  Presb. 

l¥ORTDAMPTO]V^— was  formed  from  Broadalbin,  Feb.  1,  1799.  It  is  the  n.  E.  corner 
town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  hilly  in  the  n.,  the  hills  rising  about  1,000  ft.  above  the  valley. 
In  the  s.  part  the  Sacondaga^  Vlaie  occupies  several  thousand  acres,  which  cannot  easily  be  drained. 
Sacondaga  River  flows  s.  e.  through  the  center  of  the  town,  in  a  valley  }  to  1^  mi.  wide.  Mayfield 
Creek  flows  e.  near  the  s.  border.  The  soil  in  the  valley  is  a  rich  alluvium,  and  on  the  upland  a  sandy 
loam.  In  places  it  is  stony  and  rocky.  Shell  marl  abounds  in  the  bed  of  the  Vlaie.  Moi'llivllle, 
(p.  V.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  3  churches,  4  mitten  factories,  and  450  inhabitants.  IVorf  liauip- 
ton,^  (p-'^-O  in  the  s. E.  corner,  contains  2  churches,  a  large  tannery,  and  210  inhabitants;  and 
Osborns  Bridge  (p.  o.)  a  church  and  10  houses.  Cranberry  Creek  is  a  p.  o.  The  first 
settlement  commenced  under  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  about  1770.^  The  census  reports  5  churches  in 
town,^**    A  part  of  Wells  (Hamilton  co.)  was  taken  off  in  1805. 

OPPEIVIIEI5I— was  formed  from  Palatine,  (Montgomery  co.,)  March  18,  1808.  St.  Johns- 
ville  (Montgomery  co.)  was  taken  off  in  1838.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface 
is  a  hilly  upland,  inclining  gradually  to  the  s.  w.  In  the  n.  e.  part  the  hills  rise  1,200  to  1,500 
ft.  above  the  Mohawk.  East  Canada  Creek  flows  s.  along  the  w.  border.  Fish  Creek  flows 
through  the  n.  w.  corner.  Little  Sprite,  Crum,  Zimmermans,  and  Fox  Creeks  all  flow  s,  w.  The  soil 
in  the  s.  w.  is  clay,  in  the  s.  e,  a  clayey  loam,  and  in  the  center  and  n.  a  light,  sandy  and  gravelly 
loam.  Boulders  are  scattered  over  the  surface  in  profusion  ;  and  primary  rock  appears  in  the  n. 
Limestone  has  been  extensively  quarried  in  the  s.  w.  part,  for  the  Erie  Canal  and  for  private  use. 
Oppenlieim,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  a  church,  a  sawmill,  and  59  inhabitants. 
ISrocketIs  Bridge,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  w.  part,  on  the  line  of  Herkimer  co.,    Lotville,  (p.  o..)  in  the 


I  Among  the  tenants  were  Dr.  Wm.  AdamB ;  Gilbert  Tice.  inn- 
keeper; Peter  Young,  miller;  William  Phillips,  wagon  njaker; 
Jas.  Davis,  hatter;  Peter  Yost,  tanner;  Adrian  Van  Sickle.  Maj. 
John  Little,  and   Zephaniah   Bachelor.    The  first  school  was 

taught  by Kahvorth,  and  the  second  byG.B.Throop.    The 

tenants  were  imbued  with  the  political  sentiments  of  the  John- 
eon  family,  and  shared  its  fortunes.  The  estates  were  confiscated 
during  the  Revolution;  and  many  from  New  England  settled 
tliere  after  the  war. 

"  The  first  clergyman,  according  to  the  records,  was  Rev. 

Moseley,  in  1770.  The  churches  are  2  M.  E.,  2  Presb.,  Bap., 
Cong.,  Evan.  Luth.,  Asso.  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and 
R.  C. 

8  Named  firom  the  Mayfield  Patent,  granted  June  27. 1770.  The 
town  comprises  parts  of  this  and  Bleecker.  Kingsborough.  Sacon- 
daga, KayaderoBseras,Glen,Danl  Claus"s,and  Norman  McLeod's 
Patents. 

*  Called  by  the  Indians  Ken-ne-at-too. 

6  Nathaniel  Conners,  Michael  Croman,  two  families  of  Wal- 

ters.    Peter  Whitman.  Schutt.   Circaman,   Michael 

Ilaynes,  George  Cough,  Simon  Christie,  and  John  Anderson, 
settled  before  the  Kevulution.  William  and  Robert  Jackson, 
Tiavid  Knapp,  Alvin  McDougal.  Peter  and  John  McKinley, 
Pnncan  Anderson.  Isaac  Bemas.  Capt.iin  and  Major  A'an 
Beuren,  Douw  and  Jeilia  Ponda,  i<amuel  Lefferts,  William  A' ail, 


David  and  Luke  Woodworth.  and  Jonah  Bartlettwere  also  early 
eettlei-s.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Mary  Cough,  in  1766. 
Christian  Furtenback  taught  a  German  school  in  1771.  Mills 
were  built  for  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  in  1773. 

c  Named  from  the  piitent  granted  to  Jacob  M.ose.  John  R. 
Bleecker.  and  others,  (Jet.  17,  1741. 

*  Local  pronunciation.  Stck-na-daw-gar. 

8  Locally  known  as  "  Fishhonse." 

9  Godfrey  Shew  was  the  first  settler;  John  Eikler,  Lent  and 
Nicholas  Lewis,  Robert  Martin.  Zebulon  Alger,  families  of 
Ketchums  and  Chadwicks.  Asahel  Parker.  .lohn  Trumbull, 
John  Rosevelt,  Alexander  i^t.  John,  and  John  Fay,  were  among 
the  other  early  settlers.  Soon  after  the  Revolution,  Zadoc  Sher- 
wood and  Samuel  Olmsted  settled  at  Northville.  They  were 
followed  by  Thos.  Foster,  Daniel  and  Timothy  Resseqnie,  John 
McNeil.  Calvin  Young,  Adam  Olmsted,  Cornelius  Richardson, 
Elihu  Coleman,  Sylvaiius  Sweet.  Robert  Palmer,  John  Randall, 
Eli  Sprague,  Green  WuUs.  Cornelius  Harving,  Felix  Porter,  and 
John  Denison. — mostly  fri>m  New  England.  The  first  birth  was 
that  of  Godfrey  Shew,  about  2  years  before  the  Revolution;  the 
first  marriage  was  that  of  Alexander  St.  John  and  >rartha 
Scribner,  about  17yS ;  and  the  first  recorded  death,  that  of  Gideon 
Olmsted. 

10  2  Presb.,  2  M.  E.,  and  Bap. 


FULTON    COUXTY. 


319 


N.,  and  Cruua  Creek,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  part,  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  by 
Germans,  before  the  Revolution.'    Rev.  Jacob  Frisband  held  the  first  religious  services,  about  1800.' 

PERTH' — was  formed  from  Amsterdam,  (Montgomery  co.,)  April  18,  1838.  Parts  of  May- 
field  and  Broadalbin  were  annexed  Feb.  17, 1S42.  It  is  the  s.  E.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface 
is  gently  rolling.  Chuctenunda  Creek  flows  tlirough  the  extreme  E.  part  of  the  town.  The  soil  ia 
mostly  a  clay  loam.  Limestone  crops  out  in  several  places ;  but  the  prevailing  rock  is  slate. 
West  Galway ,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  on  the  line  of  Saratoga  co.,  contains  a  church  and 
20  houses.  Pertll,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  N.  part,  contains  a  church  and  8  houses.  West  Perth 
(p.  0.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  commenced  on  the  road  from  Tribes  Hill  to  Sacondaga, 
about  17G0.*     The  census  reports  2  churches  in  town  ;  Presb.  and  Asso.  Ref.  Presb. 

STRATFORD 5— was  formed  from  Palatine,  (Montgomery  co.,)  April  10,  1805.  A  part  of 
Caroga  was  taken  oif  in  1842.  It  ia  the  n.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  high,  rolling, 
and  hilly  upland,  800  to  1,200  ft.  above  the  Mohawk,  and  in  the  extreme  n.  1,800  to  2,000  ft.  above 
tide,  with  a  general  inclination  to  the  s.  w.  East  Canada  Creek  flows  through  the  N.  w.  corner  and 
forms  a  part  of  the  w.  boundary.  North,  Ayers,  and  Fish  Creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  In 
the  N.  part  are  several  small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are  Dexter,  Spectacle,  North  Pleasant, 
and  Ayers  Lakes.  The  soil  in  the  s.  w.  and  in  the  valley  of  East  Canada  Creek  is  a  clayey  loam ; 
and  in  other  parts  it  is  light,  sandy,  and  gravelly.  IVictaOlSVille,  (Stratford  p.  o.,)  on  the  w. 
border,  partly  in  Herkimer  co.,  at  the  junction  of  Ayers  and  East  Canada  Creeks,  contains  2 
churches,  4  sawmills,  a  gristmill  and  tannery,  and  32  houses.  Wllitesburgh  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet, 
in  the  s.  w.  corner.     The  first  settlement  was  commenced  by  Samuel  Bennett,  in  1800.* 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    ScJiools,   Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Fulton  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Bleecker. ;.. 

Broadalbin 

Caroga 

Ephratah 

JobnstowQ 

Mayfletd 

Northampton.. 

Oppenbeim 

Perth 

eitratford 


Total.. 


Acres  of  Land. 


2,638) 
17,413 

2,306 
12,389i 
29.690 
IS.IOOJ 
12,932J 
20.289J 
12.5UOJ 

6,250i 


36,138 

6,972 
12,343 

8,896 
10.75U 
16,646i 

6,30S 
11.700 

3.993 
35.363 


Valuation  of  1858. 


133.416}  147.070) 


$71,292 
339,765 
67,556 
300,098 
1,584,374 
365,694 
162,983 
438,199 
286,836 
127,827 


3,744.524 


$1,746 
44,845 

6,874 
27,940 
440,092 
26.976 
14,876 
14.525 
32,517 

4,610 


613,698 


479 
1,248 

378 
1,117 
3,829 
1,170 

983 
1,250 

669 

650 


11„673  11,711 


173 
606 
126 
376 
1,2S7 
471 
4U6 
436 
206 
194 


182 
659 
142 
393 
1,500 
603 
406 
450 
214 
211 


160 
397 
83 
288 
748 
358 
286 
369 
169 
148 


4,179    4,560    2,996    111    9,761 


401 


248 
1,130 
3,210 
1,086 

763 
1.109 

449 

393 


Names  of  Towns. 


Bleecker 

Broadalbin 

Caroga 

Bphratah 

Johnstown 

Mayfield 

Northampton .. 

Oppenheim 

Perth 

Stratford 


Total.. 


Live  Stock. 

Agricdltural  Proddcts, 

II 

1 

1 
177 

98 

1 

BnSH,  OP  G»A1H. 

1 
> 

1 

Da[by  Peoducts.  1 

.1 

II 

Is 

95 

136 

113 

265 

2,326i 

490 

5,968 

1,110 

12,670 

641 

1,335 

1,121 

2.487 

1,220 

952 

73,389 

4,003J 

29,938 

11,612 

99,405 

10,016 

116 

139 

177 

149 

186 

60 

4,871 

506 

4,487 

490 

13,325 

87 

606 

956 

1,011 

1,374 

1,135 

7,619 

63,804 

3.086 

16,998 

4,400 

83,525 

62.900 

1,231 

1,936 

2,2.50 

4,703 

3,356 

10,363t 

183,495 

7.713 

38,673 

27,844 

242,117 

10,114 

1,339 

1,370 

1,287 

2,601 

1,232 

3,768i 

80,963 

4,131i 

24,016 

18,136 

102.631 

27,306 

357 

972 

509 

1,7  M 

507 

268 

30,196 

2,826 

17,193 

6.441 

53,198 

6,045 

731 

1,452 

2,345 

1,501 

1,373 

694 

67,899 

7,116i 

22,199 

15,435 

127,741 

433,971 

491 

976 

892 

1,965 

1,119 

2,026 

100,324 

2,607      16,601 

11,902 

80,676 

9,816 

170 

383 

499 

327 

273 

42 
26,028 

16,248i 

l,366i      7,891 

2,872 

25,210 

28,826 

6,829 

9,654 

10,268 

16,969 

10,514 

618,5141 

33,903 

182,964 

100,142 

840,397 

679,079 

■=5.5 


164 

9S0 
221 
487 

1.463 
197 
825 

2.1651 
474 
600i 


7,4V' 


1  Rudolph  Tonker  was  the  first  settler;  John  Shaver,  Jacob 
Youron,  Moseg  .lohnaon.  Daniel  Dickman,  \Vm.  Alterburffh, 
Henry  Burkdorf,  Frederick  Bellenger.  and  Simeon  SchuyU^r 
settled  in  the  8.  part;  Benjamin  Berry,  Peter  CUve.  Jacob 
Ladne,  James  Johnson,  Wm.  Bean,  Richard  Hewett.  and  Daniel 
Guile,  from  New  Kngland,  settled  in  the  central  part  in  1797. 
William  Alterhurgh  kept  the  first  inn;  Andrew  Zabriskie  the 
first  store;  and  Jnhn  BtMrdsley  built  the  firnt  mill.  Mr.  B.  was 
the  pioneer  miUwrit^ht  in  Central  New  York,  aud  took  anactive 
part  in  the  first  improvements  of  this  class. 

2  Thereare4chnrcbe8  in  town;  2Univ.,  M.E..andRef.  Prot.  D. 

•  Named  from  Perth,  in  Scotland,  by  Archibald  McFarlane. 
This  town  contains  parts  of  the  Kayaderoaseras  and  Sacondaga 
Patents. 

*  Charlea  Mereness,  Richard  Bowen.  Marcaa  Reese,  —^ 
Davis,  Michael  SwobSj  and  Francia  Frey  settled  before  1770. 


Lawrence  E.  Van  Allen,  Henry  Tan  Valkenhurgh,  Ira  Benedict, 
C'^nrad  and  Francis  Witine,  Derby  Newmnn.  James  and  Wm, 
Robb,  anfl  Peter  Vosburgh,  settled  §oou  after  the  Resolution. 

6  Thia  town  comprises  parts  of  Glen.  Bleecker  &  Co.'a  Patent, 
one  tier  of  lota  of  Lott  &  Low's  Patent,  and  a  part  of  the  .lersey- 
fleld  Patent,  granti-d  to  Henry  Glen  and  othera,  April  12.  1770. 

*  John  Wells,  Amos  Kinney,  Kli  Winchell.  Natban  Gurney, 
Eleazi'r,  Levi,  and  Samuel  Bliss,  Abiul  Kibbe,  and  Daniel 
Shottekirk  settled  on  the  Johnstown  road,  and  Stephen  and 
John  Wilcox.  Amasa  Chnppell.  and  Abiathar  Mnslmr  in  other 
parts  of  t!ie  town.  The  fiiHt  birth  was  that  of  Landing  Wells,  in 
1800;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Snmuel  KUis  and  I'dllyGuniey; 
andthefirattleath,  that  of  Jesse  Wilrinn.kill'-d  by  th'- fall  of  a  tree, 
Dec. 25, 1802 or  U3.  .S.  Bennett  kept  tlie  fir.-^t  inn ;'SandiTs  I^nsing, 
sonof  oneof  thepati'iiiers.  builttlietir.it  gristmill,  on  Fish  CrceJ^ 
in  ISIO;  and  Daniel  Cruss  built  the  first  tannery,  in  ISI«L 


GENESEE   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Ontario,  March  30,  1802.  It  origin- 
ally comprised  all  that  part  of  the  State  lying  w.  of  Genesee  River, 
and  a  line  extending  due  s.  from  the  point  of  junction  of  the  Gene- 
see and  Canaseraga  Creek  to  the  s.  line  of  the  State.  Allegany 
■was  taken  oflF  in  1806,  Cattaraugus,  Chautauqua,  and  Niagara  in 
1S08,  parts  of  Livingston  and  Monroe  in  1821,  Orleans  in  1824, 
and  Wyoming  in  1841.  A  part  of  Covington  was  annexed  to 
Livingston  co.  in  1823,  and  Shelby  was  added  to  Orleans  in  1825. 
It  is  one  of  the  western  cos.  in  the  State,  separated  by  Orleans  from 
Lake  Ontario  and  by  Erie  from  Niagara  River.  It  is  centrally  dis- 
tant 229  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  507  sq.  mi.  The  surface 
is  mostly  level  or  gently  undulating.  The  s.  border  is  occupied  by 
ranges  of  hills  which  extend  n.  from  Wyoming  co.  and  attain  an  elevation  of  200  to  300  feet  above 
the  valleys  and  about  1000  feet  above  tide.  A  limestone  terrace,  bordered  in  many  places  by 
nearly  perpendicular  ledges,  extends  E.  and  w.  through  the  co.,  N.  of  the  center.  At  each  extre- 
mity in  the  co.  this  terrace  ranges  in  height  from  50  to  100  feet,  but  it  declines  toward  the  center 
to  a  height  of  20  to  40  feet.  Tonawanda  Creek'  enters  Alexander  from  the  s.,  and  flows  in  a  n.e. 
direction  to  the  village  of  Batavia,  thence  turns  and  flows  in  a  general  N.  w.  direction  to  the  w. 
border  of  the  co.  Its  course  is  very  tortuous,  and  its  current  generally  sluggish.''  Its  principal 
tributaries  are  Little  Tonawanda  and  Bowens  Creeks.  Oak  Orchard  Creek  takes  its  rise  near  the 
center  of  the  co.  and  pursues  a  winding  course  to  the  n.  e.  corner  of  Elba,  thence  turns  w.  and 
flows  through  the  great  Tonawanda  Swamp,  which  occupies  the  N.  part  of  Elba,  Oakfield,  and 
Alabama.  Black  Creek'  flows  n.  through  near  the  center  of  Bethany,  Stafford,  and  Byron,  thence 
easterly  through  Bergen  into  Monroe  co.  Its  tributaries  are  Bigelow  and  Spring  Creeks.  Oatka 
Creek  flows  across  the  s.  E.  corner  of  the  co.,  and  Murder'  and  Eleven  Mile*  Creeks  across  the  s.  w. 
corner.  Tonawanda,  Black,  and  Oatka  Creeks  form  a  series  of  fine  cascades  in  their  passage  down 
tlie  limestone  terrace  near  the  center  of  the  co.  The  lowest  rocks  in  the  co.  belong  to  the  Onondaga 
salt  group,  extending  along  the  N.  border.  Gypsum  is  quarried  in  Le  Roy,  Stafford,  and  Byroo. 
This  is  succeeded  by  the  hydraulic,  Onondaga,  and  corniferous  limestones,  which  form  the  lime- 
stone terrace  extending  through  the  co.  Lime  and  building  stone  are  extensively  obtained  from 
the  outcrop  of  these  rocks. 

Succeeding  the  limestone  in  order  are  the  Marcellus  and  Hamilton  shales,  occupying  the  whole 
s.  part  of  the  co.  The  surface  generally  is  covered  thick  with  drift  deposits,  and  the  underlying 
rocks  only  appear  in  the  ravines  of  the  streams.  Nearly  all  the  swamps  contain  thick  deposits  of 
muck  and  marl,  furnishing  in  abundance  the  elements  of  future  fertility  to  the  soil.  Many  of  the 
springs  and  streams  are  constantly  depositing  lime  in  the  form  of  marl.  Along  the  N.  border  are 
numerous  wells  yielding  water  strongly  impregnated  with  sulphuric  acid,  and  known  as  "  Sour 
Springs."  The  soil  is  generally  a  very  deep  and  fertile  sandy  or  gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  clay 
and  mostly  underlaid  by  clay  or  limestone.  This  co.  embraces  a  portion  of  the  "  Genesee  Country," 
which  from  the  first  settlement  has  been  famed  for  its  fertility.  The  people  are  almost  exclusively 
engaged  in  agriculture.  For  many  years  wheat  formed  the  staple  product ;  but  of  late  the  ravages 
of  the  midge  have  led  to  the  more  general  raising  of  the  coarser  grains,  and  have  turned  the  attention 
of  farmers  to  the  cultivation  of  fruit,  wool  growing,  cattle  raising,  and  dairying. 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  Batavia.'  The  courthouse  is  a  fine  stone  edifice,  3  stories 
high,  containing  the  co.  clerk's  office  and  the  other  co.  offices.'  The  jail  is  a  new  brick  building,  a 
few  rods  w.  of  the  courthouse.'    The  poorhouse  is  situated  on  a  farm  of  133  acres  in  Bethany,  near 


1  SigDifylng  "swift  mnning  water,"  from  the  rapid  current 
for  10  ml.  below  Eatjivia. 

2  Betweftn  Attica  (Wyoming  CO.)  and  Batavia  this  stream  flows 
between  two  parallel  roads  about  1  mi.  apart.  The  distance  hy 
the  hit^hway  is  11  mi.,  and  by  the  stream  43  mi. 

8  Indian  name  "  Checkanango." 

*  So  named  because  the  body  of  a  man  supposed  to  have  been 
murdered  was  found  in  it  by  .Joseph  Peters.  Esq.,  of  Darien. 

6  S<^  named  from  crossing  the  old  Buffalo  Koad  11  mi.  from 
Bufl'alo. 

«  By  the  act  of  organization,  the  Holland  Land  Co.  were  re- 


quired to  donate  1  acre  of  land  for  co.  purposes  and  erect  the 
necessary  co.  buildings.  .Toseph  Ellicott,  agent  of  the  company, 
complied  with  the  requirement  of  the  law,  and  erected  the 
buildings  in  1802.  The  first  officers  of  the  co.  were  Joseph  Elli- 
cott, First  Jiufgfi ;  Daniel  D.  Brown,  District  Attomfv ;  James 
W.  Stevens,  O.  Clrrk;  Eichard  M.  Stoddard,  Sheriff;  Jeremiah 
R.  Munson,  Surrnfiate, 

'  The  new  courthouse  was  erected  in  1841-42,  at  a  cost  of 
$17,000. 

«  The  new  jail  was  erected  in  1851.  The  average  number  of 
inmates  ia  5. 


GENESEE    COUNTY. 


321 


the  s.  line,  and  9  mi.  s.  e.  of  Batavia.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  90,  supported  at  a  weekly 
cost  of  $  .72  each,  in  addition  to  the  income  of  the  farm,  which  is  about  $1300.  A  school  is  main- 
tained 7  months  in  the  year,  and  at  suitable  age  the  children  are  bound  out.  The  general  manage- 
ment is  creditable  to  the  co.,  and  is  far  better  than  that  of  a  large  majority  of  similar  establishments 
in  the  State.^ 

The  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.  extends  in  a  s.  w.  direction  through  Bergen,  Byron,  Stafford,  Batavia, 
Pembroke,  and  the  n.  w.  corner  of  Darien.  A  branch  of  this  road  extends  s.  from  Batavia  through 
Alexander  to  Attica.  The  Canandaigua  and  Niagara  Falls  Branch  extends  w.  through  Le  Roy, 
Stafford,  Batavia,  and  Pembroke,  crossing  the  main  line  at  Batavia.  The  Buffalo,  New  York 
&  E.  R.  R.  extends  through  Le  Roy,  Stafford,  Batavia,  and  Alexander.'^  Several  plank  roads  have 
been  built  in  tlie  co. ;  but  most  of  them  have  been  abandoned.  An  important  canal  feeder  extends 
from  Tonawanda  Creek  through  the  n.  w.  corner  of  Alabama.  There  are  5  newspapers  published 
in  the  co.* 

This  CO.  embraced  within  its  original  limits  all  that  portion  of  the  State  included  in  the  purchase 
of  Robert  Morris,  Phelps  and  Gorham,  the  original  purchasers  of  the  whole  of  Western  N.  Y., 
failed  to  meet  the  obligations  to  the  State  of  Mass.,  and  a  large  share  of  their  tract  reverted,  and 
was  purchased  by  Samuel  Ogden  for  Robert  Morris,  May  12,  1791.*  Morris  sold  the  w.  portion 
of  the  tract,  constituting  about  seven-eighths  of  the  whole,  to  the  Holland  Land  Company,  July  20, 
1793,^  reserving  to  himself  a  strip  of  an  average  width  of  12  mi.,  lying  between  the  Phelps  and 
Gorham  and  the  Holland  Purchases,  and  known  as  the  Morris  Reserve.®  The  Holland  Land  Com- 
pany, an  association  of  capitalists  in  Holland,  made  this  purchase  through  agents  who  were  citizens 


1  The  poorhnnse  is  a  brick  edifice,  with  a  stone  wing  for  the 

accommodation  of  the  insane. 

2  A  few  years  since,  a  route  for  a  R,  R.  tras  surveyed  from 
Batavia  to  the  mouth  of  Oak  Orchard  Creek,  on  Lake  Ontario. 

*  The  Genesee  InUUigimcer  was  commenced  in  the  spring  of 
1807,  at  Batavia,  by  Eliaa  Williams,  and  was  the  first 
paperpublishedw.  of  Genesee  Kiver.  It  was  suspended 
in  Oct.  of  the  eame  year.  In  the  spring  of  1808  Benj. 
Blodgett  and  Samuel  Peck  commenced 

The  Chmu&ypia,  and  continued  it  until  1811. 

The  Republican  Advocate  waa  commenced  in  1811,  by  Benj. 
Blodgett  and  David  C.  Miller.  It  soon  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Mr.  Miller,  and  was  published  by  him  until 
1828.  It  was  then  successively  in  the  hands  of  Charles 
Sentell,  Chas.  W.  Miller,  Edwin  Uoueh.  Andrew  W. 
Young;,  Lewis  &.  Brown,  C.  C.  Allen,  Waite  &  Cooley, 
and  Dauiel  D.  Waite.  In  1864  it  was  merged  in  tlio 
Genesee  Co.  M'hig,  and  was  issued  by  Kimberly  &  Good- 
rich as  the 

RepiMican  Advocate  and  Gtnesee  Go.  Whig.  In  1855  Mr.  Good- 
rich withdrew,  and  the  name  was  changed  to 

The  Republican  Advocate,  and  was  continued  by  J. 
H.  Kimberly  until  1857,  when  the  office  passed  to  D. 
D.  Waite,  one  of  its  former  proprietors,  by  whom  the  pa- 
pep  is  still  published. 

The  Daily  Advocate  was  commenced  in  May,  1859,  by 
I>.  I>.  Waiie. 

The  Spirit  of  the  Tim^s  was  commenced  at  Batavia,  Feb.  3, 1819, 
by  Oran  Follett.  In  May,  1825,  it  was  sold  to  his  bro- 
ther, Frederick  Follett,  who  continued  the  publication 
until  Aug.  1836.  It  was  successively  published  by 
Kelson  D.  Wood,  Fred.  Follett,  Lucas  Seaver,  Wm. 
Peaver  &  Son,  and  Charles  Hurley,  until  1856. 

The  Peojtle's  Press  was  commenced  at  Batavia  in  1825,  by  an 
association,  Benj.  Blodgett.  editor.  It  was  afterward 
issued  by  Slartin,  Adams  &  Thorp,  Adams  &  Thorp,  and 
Adams  &  McCleary,  and  was  subsequently  merged  in 
the  Spirit  of  the  Times,  and  for  some  years  was  pub- 
lished as 

The  Spirit  of  the  Times  and  The  Peoplfi\f  Press. 

The  Morgan  Investigate-  was  published  at  the  office  of  the 
Kepublican  Advocate  dirring  the  Morgan  excitement 
in  1827,  and  continued  about  a  year. 

The  Masonic  Intdligencjtr,  institiated  by  the  same  excitement, 
was  published  for  about  the  same  period  from  the  office 
of  the  People's  Press. 

The  Ihrmers  and  Mechanics  Journal  waa  commenced  at  Alex- 
ander, Nov.  4. 1837,  by  Peter  Lawrence.  In  June,  1840, 
it  was  moved  to  Batavia  and  issued  as 

Pie  Batavia  Time^  and  Farmers  and  Mechanics  Journal,  by 
Frederick  Follett  and  Peter  Lawrence.  Soon  after,  Fred. 
Follett  became  the  sole  proprietor,  and  published  it 
until  Sept.  1843,  when  it  was  sold  to  Lucas  Seaver  and 
was  merged  in  the  Spirit  of  the  Times. 

The  Temperance  Herald,  mo.,  was  issued  from  the  office  of  the 
Spirit  of  the  Times,  by  Lucaa  Seaver,  for  one  year  from 
March.  1842. 

The  Ij*  Roy  Gazette  was  commenced  in  1828,  by  J.  0. 
Balch.  It  waa  successively  issued  by  Starr  &  Hotchkln. 
Henry  D.  Ward,  Richard  Hollister,  Kufus  Robertson,  F. 


21 


Goodrich,  Seth  M.  Gates,  Martin  0.   Coe,  and  Cjtos 

Thompson,  until  1S40,  when  it  passed  into  the  hands 

of  C.  B.  Thompson,  its  pn'sent  publisher. 
The  Genesee  Pepuhlican  and  Heraid.  of  Jtcform  was  commenced 

at  Le  Roy  in  1829,  and  was  published  for  1  or  2  years 

by  Freeman  &  Son, — Orestes  A.  Brownson,  editor. 
The  Genesee  Courier  was  commenced  at  Le  Koy  in  the  spring  of 

1844,  by  Fdw.  Bligs,  and  was  published  about  a  year. 

Mr.  B.  resuscitated  it  in  1853,  and  published  it  a  short 

time. 
The  Gencgee  Herald  was  commenced  at  Le  Roy  in  1854. 

by  Wm.  C.  Grummoiid.      In  Jan.  1857,  it  was  removed 

to  Batavia.  where  it  is  now  published  by  A.  J.  McWain. 
The  Genesee  Dally  Herald  was  issued  from  the  same 

office  in  185S.  and  is  still  published. 
The  Xe  Roy  Democrat  was  commenced  in  Dec.  1852,  by  Henry 

Tudd.     In  Nov.  18.53,  it  was  removed  to  Biitavia  and 

its  name  changed  to 
Tlie  Batavia  Dniocrat.     In  Dec.  1850.  it  passed  iutu  the  hands 

of  John  Bi-rcen,  by  whom  it  was  changed  to 
The  Genesee  Weelcly  Democrat,  still  published. 
The  Genesee  (b.  Whig  was  commenced  at  Batavia  in  1852,  by 

Kimberly  &  Tyrcll.  and  was  published  by  thorn  until 

1854.  when  it  was  merged  in  the  Kepublican  Advocate. 
The  Le  Roy  Advertiser  was  commenced  April  1,  ls57.  by  Thos. 

B.  Tufts.    It  was  discontiouf-d  in  July.  1^5'^. 

*  The  E.  line  of  the  Morris  Purchase  commented  upon  tb« 
Penn.  line,  44  78-100  mi.  w.  of  the  pre-emption  line,  and  ran  doe 
N.  to  an  elm  tree  at  the  forks  of  the  Genesee  River  and  Cana- 
Bcrega  Creek,  thence  northeily  along  that  river  to  a  point  2  mi. 
N.of  theCannawagus  Village,  thence  due  w.  12  mi.,  thence  n.  24« 
E.  to  Lake  Ontario. 

6  The  line  forming  the  division  between  the  Holland  Purchaew 
and  tlie  Morris  Reserve  commenced  upon  the  Penn.  tine,  12  mi. 
w.  of  the  w.  line  of  the  Phelps  and  Gorham  Purchase,  and  from 
thence  ran  due  n.  to  near  the  center  of  Stafford,  Genesee  co., 
thence  due  w.  2,07875  mi.,  and  thence  due  N.  to  Lake  (Ontario. 
This  line  is  known  as  the  Transit  Line,  from  its  beine  rnn  by  a 
transit  instrument,  then  first  usfd  in  surveys.  The  offset  was 
made  in  this  line  to  prevent  the  Holland  lands  from  nverlapjting 
the  Conn.  Tract.  The  names  of  the  members  of  the  Holland 
company  were  Wilhelm  Willink.  Jan  Willink,  Nicholas  Van 
Stophorst,  Jacob  Van  Stophorst,  Nicholas  Hubbard,  I'ieter  Van 
Eeghen,  Christian  Van  Eeghen,  Ii^aac  Ten  Cate.  Hemlrick  Vol- 
lenhoven,  Christina  Coster,  (^vidow,)  Jan  Stadnitski,  and  Rutg?r 
J.  Schimmeipennick. 

•  This  Reserve  was  sold  out  in  several  large  tracts  to  different 
purchasers.  A  tract  containing  87,000  acres,  lying  immediately 
w.  of  Phelps  and  Gorham's  ''  Mill  Tard,"  was  sold  to  Le  Roy, 
Bayard  and  McEvers,  and  is  known  as  the  Triangular  Tract. 
The  Connecticut  Tract  lies  immediately  w.  of  the  Triangle,  and 
contains  100,000  acres.  It  was  piircbased  by  the  State  of  Conu- 
and  Sir  Wm.  Pultney  and  was  divided  between  them.  Tho 
Crngie  Tract,  containing  60,000  acres,  joins  the  Conn.  Tract  on 
the  8.,  and  immediately  E.  is  the  40,000  Acre  Tract.  Suuth  of 
these  are  successively  the  Ogden  Tract,  of  50.000  acres,  the  Cot- 
tinger  Tract,  of  60,000  acres,  the  Sterritt  Tract,  of  150.WII  seres, 
and  the  Church  Tract,  of  100,000  acres.  A  small  tra<t  joining 
the  40,000  Acre  Tract  on  the  8.  i&  known  as  Morrid'i  Honoiarj 
Creditors*  Tract 


322  GENESEE    COUNTY. 

of  this  country,  op  at  that  time  aliens  could  not  hold  real  estate.  Immediately  after  the  passing 
of  title,  measures  were  taken  to  extinguish  the  Indian  titles  and  to  survey  the  tract.  A  council 
of  the  Senecae  was  held  at  ''Big  3^-ec,"  now  Geneseo,  in  Sept.  1797,  at  which  time  the  Indiana 
ceded  most  of  their  lands  to  the  whites.* 

The  general  office  of  the  Uolland  Land  Co.  was  located  at  Philadelphia.  Theophilus  Cazenove, 
the  first  general  agent,  took  charge  of  all  the  business  relating  to  the  company  from  the  first  pur- 
chase of  tlie  lands  until  1799.  He  was  succeeded  by  Paul  Busti,  who  took  the  chief  management 
of  affiiirs  until  1824, — a  period  of  25  years.  His  successor  was  John  J.  Vander  Kemp,  who  con- 
tinued to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  company  until  their  final  settlement.  In  July,  1797,  Joseph 
EUicott  was  engaged  as  principal  surveyor  of  the  Holland  Land  Co.*  In  1798,  Mr.  Ellicott  and  his 
assistants  ran  the  e.  line  of  the  territory — since  known  as  the  Transit  Line — from  Penn.  to  Lake 
Ontario,  forming  the  basis  for  the  future  surveys  and  divisions  of  the  territory.  The  surveys  were 
continued  until  the  whole  territory  was  divided  into  ranges  and  townships.  The  former  numbered 
from  E.  to  w.  and  the  latter  from  s.  to  n. 

In  1798  the  first  State  roads  were  laid  out  from  Conewagas,  on  Genesee  River,  to  the  mouth  of 
Buffalo  Creek,  and  to  Lewiston,  on  Niagara  River.  A  few  settlers  located  in  various  places  in 
1798-99,  but  the  settlements  did  not  progress  with  great  rapidity  until  after  the  opening  of  the 
Land  Office  in  Oct.  1800.  The  first  place  of  business  opened  was  the  "  Transit  Store  Houses" 
located  on  the  present  site  of  Stafford  Village,  in  1798,  to  furnish  supplies  to  the  surveyors  engaged 
in  running  the  Transit  Line.  The  land  office  was  first  established  at  '^  Pine  Grove,"  the  residence 
oT  Asa  Ransom,  on  the  present  site  of  Clarence  Hollow,  Erie  co.  Upon  the  organization  of  Genesee 
CO.,  in  1802,  the  office  was  transferred  to  Batavia,  where  it  continued  until  the  final  closing  up  of 
the  affairs  of  the  company.  In  1821,  Mr.  Ellicott  resigned  his  agency,  and  was  succeeded  by  Jacob 
S.  Otto,  who  held  the  office  until  his  death,  in  1827.  His  successor  was  David  E.  Evans,  who  con- 
tinued in  charge  of  affairs  until  1837,  when  the  business  of  the  company  was  closed.'  In  1811, 
Ebenezer  Mis  entered  the  service  of  the  company  as  clerk,  and  for  27  years  he  had  control  of  th* 
entire  sales  and  subdivisions  of  lands, — a  post  for  which  his  mathematical  abilities,  a  tenacious 
memory,  aiid  habits  of  order  admirably  qualified  him.  In  1835  the  Holland  Company  sold  all  their 
remaining  lands  and  all  their  interests  to  a  new  company,  principally  of  Batavians,  and  a  new  order 
of  things  was  established.  Difficulties  at  once  arose  between  the  new  company  and  the  settlers  in 
various  parts  of  the  purchase ;  and,  finally,  mobs  collected  to  destroy  the  land  offices.*  The  opening 
of  this  new  region  to  settlement,  under  the  auspices  of  a  liberal  and  wealthy  company,  instituted 
a  new  order  of  things  in  the  general  history  of  the  co.,  and  was  of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  settlers. 
Mills  were  erected,  costly  roads  opened,  and  every  thing  done  to  facilitate  settlement  and  to  remove 
difficulties  in  the  path  of  settlers.  The  lands  were  sold  at  fair  prices  and  on  the  most  liberal  terms. 
The  affairs  of  the  company,  both  at  their  general  and  local  offices,  were  conducted  by  gentlemen  of 
liberal  culture,  enlarged  views,  and  humane  hearts.  In  consequence  of  the  richness  of  the  lands 
and  the  liberal  terms  offered  by  the  company,  the  whole  region  rapidly  filled  up  with  an  industrious, 
intelligent,  and  enterprising  population.  Many  of  the  early  settlers  afterward  occupied  high  official 
positions  and  became  known  throughout  the  State  for  their  ability  and  integrity. 


1  The  tracts  reserved  by  the  lodians  were  the  Cannawagus 
Reservation,  of  2  eq.  mi.,  on  the  Genesee,  w.  of  Avon ;  Little 
Beards  and  Big  Tree  Reservation,  of  4  eq.  mi.,  on  the  Genesee, 
opposite  Gcneso  ■;  Squaltie  Ilill  ReBervation,  of  2  sq.  mi.,  on  the 
Genesee,  N.  of  Mt.  Morris;  Gardeau  Reservation,  of  "28  sq.  mi., 
on  both  sides  of  the  Genesee,  in  Castile  and  Mt.  Morris;  the 
Caneadea  Reservation  of  16  sq.  nil.,  on  both  sides  of  theGenesee, 
in  Allegany  co. ;  the  Oil  Spring  Reservation,  of  1  sq.  mi.,  on 
the  line  between  Cattiraugus  and  Allegany;  the  ADi^gany 
Reservation,  of  4'2  sq.  mi.,  on  both  sides  of  the  Allegany  Kiver, 
extending  N.  from  the  Penn.  line ;  the  Cattaraugus  ReBervation, 
of  42  sq.  mi.,  on  both  sides  of  the  mouth  of  Cattarangus  Creek; 
the  Buffalo  Reservation,  of  130  sq.  mi.,  on  both  sides  of  BufTalo 
Creek;  the  Tonawanda  Reservation,  of  70  sq.  mi.,  on  both  sides 
of  Tonawanda  Creek,  mostly  in  Genesee  co. ;  and  the  Tuscarora 
Reservation,  of  1  sq.  mi..  3  mi.  E.  of  Lewiston,  Niagara  co.  The 
titles  to  all  these  reservations,  except  the  Tonawanda.  Buffalo, 
Cattaraugus,  Tuscarora,  and  Allegany,  have  since  been  ex- 
tinguished. 

*  Mr.  Kllicott  took  entire  charge  of  the  surveys  of  these  lands, 
and  completed  them  in  10  or  12  years.  In  1800  ho  received  the 
appointment  of  local  agent,  and  for  a  period  of  more  than  20 
Toars  he  had  almost  exclusive  control  of  the  company's  local 
business.  Under  bis  management  an  immense  tract  of  wilder- 
ness was  converted  into  one  of  the  finest  agricultural  regions  in 
the  world.  From  his  first  advent  into  Western  N.  Y..  he  took  a 
high  position  as  an  enterprising  citizen,  independent  of  his 
connection  with  the  land  office.  He  conducted  the  large  and 
fg^npllcated  business  committod  to  bid  charge  with  marked 


ability,  and  he  left  a  name  highly  honored  throughout  the  ex- 
tensive domain  over  which  he  exerted  so  commanding  an  influ- 
ence. 

8  In  1850  an  act  was  passed  directing  the  original  field  notea 
and  maps  to  be  deposited  in  the  secretary's  oflice  for  preflorva- 
tion  and  as  legal  proofs.  In  closing  the  affairs  of  the  company, 
it  w.-^  found  necessary  to  obtain  evidence  of  the  death  of  certain 
original  proprietors;  and  an  act. p.iss(-d  May  13,  ltv46,  diructed 
the  appointment  of  a  special  commissioner  to  visit  JKuropo. 
Julius  Rhoades  was  intrusted  with  this  duty. 

■*  One  of  the  principal  causes  of  disturbance  was  a  rumor  that 
the  now  company  intended  to  exact  a  certain  sum  for  the  re- 
newal or  extension  of  every  contract.  This  rule  beciuiie  very 
obnoxions;  the  extra  payment  received  the  name  of  the  '■Gene- 
see  Tarifi,"  and  opposition  to  it  was  extensively  resolved  upon. 
The  office  at  Mayville,  Chautauqua  CO..  was  broken  open  Feb.  6, 
1836.  and  the  books  and  papers  were  seized  and  burned  in  the 
public  highway.  On  the  13th  of  May.  a  repoi-t  reached  Batavia 
that  TdO  armed  men  were  on  their  way  to  burn  the  land  office 
at  that  pl;ice.  Mr.  Evans,  the  agent,  at  once  fortified  the  oflice. 
and  collected  a  force  of  60  men,  well  armed,  to  piotect  it.  The 
militia  were  also  called  out.  The  mob  stion  came  into  town ; 
but.  learning  the  preparati'itis  made  to  give  them  a  warm  re- 
ception, and  Well  knowing  the  resolute  character  of  Mr.  Kvans, 
they  concluded  that  "discretion  was  the  Wtter  part  of 
valor,"  and  went  away  without  offering  any  violence.  Be- 
tween 50  and  60  of  the  ringleaders  were  arrested;  but  the  difllW 
culties  were  afterward  amicably  adjusted,  and  the  prosecution* 
were  dropped. 


GENESEE    COUNTY.  323 

The  location  of  the  principal  land  office  of  the  company  at  Batavia  converted  it  at  once  into  a 
place  of  business  and  consequence ;  and  the  subsequent  selection  of  the  village  as  the  co.  seat  of 
Genesee  co.  made  it  for  many  years  one  of  the  most  important  places  in  Western  N.  Y.  Several 
other  land  offices  were  afterward  established,  but  they  were  aJ  subordinate  to  the  one  at  Batavia. 

In  the  summer  of  1826,  William  Morgan,  of  Batavia,  a  mason,  commenced  the  preparation  of 
a  work  disclosing  the  secrets  of  free  masonry,  to  be  published  by  David  C.  Miller,  a  printer 
of  the  samg,  place.  When  this  fact  became  known,  members  of  the  masonic  order  became  excited, 
and  took  measures  at  once  to  suppress  the  book.  A  stranger  was  introduced  to  the  printer,  who, 
under  the  pretense  of  friendship,  labored  to  gain  an  interest  in  the  publication,  and  thus  get  pos- 
session of  the  MS.  Morgan  was  arrested  on  a  civil  suit,  and  gave  bail ;  but  in  Aug.  1826,  his  bail 
surrendered  him  to  the  sheriff,  and  he  was  imprisoned  over  the  Sabbath,  while  his  lodgings  were 
searched,  and  it  is  said  some  of  his  papers  were  seized.  An  attempt  was  also  made  to  burn  the 
office  where  the  book  was  to  be  printed.  On  Sunday,  Sept.  10,  a  warrant  was  obtained  at  Canan- 
daigua,  by  Nicholas  G.  Chesebro,  for  the  arrest  of  Morgan  at  Batavia,  50  mi.  distant,  on  a  charge 
of  stealing  a  shirt  and  cravat,  which  he  had  borrowed  of  one  E.  C.  Kingsley.  The  next  day  he 
was  arrested  and  taken  in  a  stage  coach  to  Canandaigua,  but  was  discharged  by  the  justice  who 
had  issued  the  warrant.  He  was  immediately  re-arrested,  at  the  instance  of  Chesebro,  on  a  claim 
of  $2  for  a  tavern  bill  assigned  to  him  by  one  Ackley ;  and,  although  he  took  off  his  coat  that  the 
officer  might  levy  upon  it  for  payment,  he  was  lodged  in  jail.  On  the  evening  of  the  12th,  while 
the  jailer  was  absent,  his  wife,  acting  under  the  advice  of  Chesebro,  released  the  prisoner,  as  the 
claim  upon  which  he  was  held  had  been  paid  by  Loton  Lauson,  a  pretended  friend.  As  Morgan 
passed  out  of  the  jail,  he  was  seized  by  Lauson  and  a  man  called  Foster,  gagged,  thrust  into  a 
carriage,  and  driven  toward  Rochester.  This  was  the  last  that  was  seen  of  him  except  by  masons ; 
and  whatever  else  is  known  was  ascertained  by  judicial  inquiry.  Various  theories  were  advanced 
as  to  his  fate,  the  most  prevalent  one  being  that  he  was  drowned  in  Niagara  River. 

The  disappearance  of  Morgan  excited  suspicion,  and  led  to  an  investigation.  Citizens  of  Ba- 
tavia, Le  Roy,  and  other  places  along  the  route  of  the  abduction,  held  meetings,  appointed  com- 
mittees which  brought  to  light  the  facts  above  stated,  and  an  intense  excitement  followed.  Several 
persons  were  tried  for  participating  in  the  abduction.  Some  plead  guilty,  and  were  imprisoned, 
and  others  escaped  conviction.  The  delays  finally  barred  new  prosecution,  by  the  statute  of  limitar 
tion,  except  for  murder.  The  excitement  following  the  investigation,  at  first  directed  against  the 
immediate  pai-ticipants  in  the  outrage,  was  soon  turned  against  the  masonic  fraternity.  The  belief 
that  a  powerful  organization,  bound  by  secret  oaths,  with  their  members  occupying  high  official 
positions,  would  perpetrate  a  crime  of  this  magnitude,  excited  alarm,  and  led  at  once  to  the  forma- 
tion of  anti-masonic  organizations  as  a  political  party.  The  excitement  spread  through  the  State 
and  country,  members  of  the  fraternity  seceded  in  large  numbers,  and  a  systematic  effort  was  made 
to  crush  the  order.  The  intense  feeling  continued,  and  the  mutual  recriminations  of  the  twe 
parties  entered  into  all  the  political,  religious,  and  social  relations  of  society  until  about  1832, 
when  other  political  questions  arose,  and  the  excitement  gradually  died  away,  and  now  it  is 
understood  that  members  of  the  masonic  order  generally  condemn  the  deed  as  heartily  as  other.1.' 

Immediately  after  the  abduction  of  Morgan,  an  attempt  was  made  to  obtain  the  MS.  of  Mor- 
gan's "  Revelations,"  then  in  the  hands  of  Miller  the  printer,  but  without  success.' 


>  Tn  1828.  a  law  was  passed  authorizing  the  Governor  to  ap-  [  conspicuous  anionK  whom  were  Wilcox  and  ilurlbnrt.    At  .Staf- 

point  a  commissinner  to  malte  a  full  investigation  of  tiio  Morgan  ford  he  was  taken   into  a  masonic  lodge  rouni,  whore  efforts 

affair.    Daniel  Moseley,  of  Onondaga  co.,  was  appointed  to  this  were  made  to  frighten  him,  and  he  was  threatened  with  the 

otlic*';  but  upon  receiving  the  appointment  of  Circuit  Judge,  in  fate  of  Morgan.     When  taken  out  of  the  lodge  room,  a  l.-irge 

18*29,  he  renigfuHl,  and  was  succeeded  liy  John  C.  Spencer,  who  number  of  tjia  friends  had  collected,  and  he  Wi»a  there  first  por- 

made  a  report  to  the  Legislature  in  1830,  containing  all  thy  in-  niitted  to  see  counsel,  and   to   know  the  nature  of  the  Bui>. 

formation  upon  the  subject  then  known.  against  him,  which  was  a  civil  action  for  debt.    Bail  waa  rt*- 

Tlie  personal  characters  of  the  two  men  who  were  made  the  fused,  and  repeated  demands  to  be  taken   immediately  before 

victims  of  these  outrages  would  have  ruined  their  schemes  had  the  ma'^^istrate  were  unheeded.    From  Staiford  to  Le  Roy   ho 

they  been  made  puljliuly  known.     Morgan  was  a  bricklayer  and  was  closely   guarded  by  a  large  number  of  armed  men  and 

stonemason  of  damaged  reputation,  and  Miller  a  refugee  debtor  attended  by  an  equally  large  number  of  his  friends.     Upon  his 


from  N.H.,  and  finally  left  batavia  under  circumstances  ex- 
tremely inconsistent  with  honor.  For  details,  see  Hammontfs 
I^ilical  Hijit.  A'.F.,  cfiap.  xxxnii:  .^s.Tcm^/y  Jour..  1828, j?. 961; 
do.  182'.l,  p.  409,  and  Appendix  F:  A^Sf.-n.  Doa.  1R.30,  Ni>.  07- 
186;  Anti-Miix<>nic  Almanacs,  1828-32,  3rown's  Narrative  of 
Anti-Masonic  Ex/ritt^ment,  <&. 

*  In  Sept.  l>^27,  Jesse  French,  Roswel!  Wilcox,  and  ,Tames 
Hurlburt  were  tried  and  convicled  for  assjiiilt  and  battery  upon 
Ilavid  C.  Miller,  and  for  CilBe  imftrisonnient  and  riot.  In  the 
evidence  before  the  court  it  appeal  ed  that,  on  the  12th  of  Sept. 
182''.  French,  then  holding  the  office  of  constable,  came  into  the 
printing  office  of  Miller,  and  arrested  him  upon  a  writ  issuetl  by 
.Justice  nartow,  of  liC  Roy.  Miller  was  taken  into  a  carriage 
and  driven  olf,  attended  by  a  large  party  armed  with  clubs. 


arrival  at  Le  Roy  he  resolutely  insisted  upon  going  before  the 
magistrate,  and,  assisted  by  bis  crowd  of  friends,  he  was  enabled 
^t  do  so,  taking  the  unwilling  constable  along  with  him.  After 
a  short  delay  bo  was  discharged.  On  his  way  back  to  Bnta- 
via,  under  escort  of  a  number  of  his  friends,  who  had  fr'nowe4 
him  to  Le  Hoy,  efforts  wery  made  to  re-airist  him,  which  his 
friends  prevented.  It  is  said  that  a  p<Ttion  of  the  M3. 
was  preserved  by  the  wives  of  some  of  the  masons  who  were 
most  prominent  in  their  efforts  to  destroy  it.  French  was 
sentenced  to  one  year's  imjrrisonnient  in  tire  co.  jail,  Wiicoa 
to  1^  months,  and  Hurlburt  to  3  mos.  James  Grauson  was  tried 
and  acquitted. 

Great  excitement  followed  these  events,  and  a  civil  war  was 
anticipated.    At  the  celebration  of  Saint  John's  Day  following 


324 


GENESEE    COUNTY. 


AIjABAJUA^ — was  formed  from  Shelby  (Orleans  co.)  and  Pembroke,  as  "  Gerri/svUlc,'*^  April 
17,  1826.  Its  name  was  changed  April  21,  1828.  A  part  of  "Wales  was  annexed  in  1832.  It  is 
the  N.  W,  corner  town  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating.  The  n.  and  w.  por- 
tions are  covered  by  marshes,  forming  a  part  of  tlie  Tonawanda  Swamp.  Oak  Orchard  Creek  flows 
across  the  n,  e.  corner,  and  Tonawanda  Creek  across  the  s.  w.  corner.  A  limestone  terrace,  50  to 
75  ft.  high,  extends  across  the  s.  part  of  the  town.  Tonawanda  Creek  flows  down  this  declivity  in 
a  perpendicular  cascade  known  as  Tonawanda  Falls,  furnishing  a  fine  water  power .•  Near  the 
center  of  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  a  few  rods  from  the  banks  of  Oak  Orchard  Creek,  are  the  *'  Oak 
Orchard  Acid  Springs."*  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  sandy  loam  with  a  clay  sub-soil.  Alabama 
Center  (Alabama  p.  o.)  contains  2  churches  and  several  mills.  Pop.  166.  '^Iieatville  (p-v.) 
lies  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  town.  Pop.  93.  Smitlivllle  (South  Alabama  p.  o.)  lies  near  the  e. 
line.  Pop.  147.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1806,  by  James  AValsworth,*  The  first  church 
(F.  W.  Bap.)  was  formed  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town,  in  1824,  by  Elder  Samuel  Whitcomb,  the  first 
preacher,*  The  Tonawanda  Indian  Reservation  occupies  a  section  of  land  2  mi.  wide,  lying  on 
Tonawanda  Creek  and  comprising  about  one-fourth  of  the  area  of  the  town. 

AliElCAIVDER^ — was  formed  from  Batavia,  June  8, 1812.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co., 
w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  hilly  in  the  center  and  s.  and  rolling  in  the  n.  The  summits  in 
the  s.  w.  are  200  to  250  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  streams  are  Tonawanda  Creek,  flowing  n. 
through  the  center  of  the  town.  Little  Tonawanda,  Huron,  and  Bowens  Creeks,  and  several  smaller 
streams.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  gravelly  loam  with  a  clay  sub-soil,  and  in  the  valleys  it  is  a 
rich  alluvium.  Alexander,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  24,  1834,  is  situated  upon  Tonawanda  Creek, 
near  the  center  of  the  town.  It  contains  a  flouring  mill,  seminary,'  and  3  churches.  It  is  a  station 
upon  the  Attica  branch  of  the  Central  R.  R.,  and  also  upon  the  B.,  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  Pop.  345. 
ISrooRville  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Alexander  Rea,  in  1802.' 
The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1835.' 

BATAVIA — was  formed  March  30,  1802.  Chautauqua  was  taken  off  in  1804,  Alexander, 
Bergen,  Bethany,  and  Pembroke  in  1812,  and  Elba  and  a  part  of  Stafford  in  1820.  It  is  the  central 
town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating.  A  limestone  ridge,  20  to  50  feet  high 
extends  e.  and  w.  through  the  n.  part  of  the  town.  Tonawanda  Creek  flows  northward  from  the 
line  of  Alexander  to  Batavia  Village,  where  it  turns  westward  and  flows  centrally  through  the 
town  to  the  w.  border.  Bowens  Creek  is  the  only  other  considerable  stream.  The  soil  is  a  deep, 
fertile,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  with  a  clay  sub-soil.  Batavia,  (p-'^-O  ^^i®  c*^*  seat,  was  incorp. 
April  23,  1823.     Besides  the  co.  buildings,  it  contains  a  female  seminary,^**  union  school,"  bank,  3 


the  abduction,  an  incident  occurred  which  showed  the  excited 
state  of  feeling  that  pervaded  the  community.  During  the  day, 
Frederick  Follett.  late  Canal  Commissioner,  a  mason,  while  at- 
tending to  hiB  duties  as  marshal  of  the  day.  suddenly  found 
himself  surrounded  by  an  infuriated  crowd  of  armed  men,  evi- 
dently determined  to  kill  him.  lie  drew  hia  sword,  put  spurs 
tohis  horse,  and  succeeded  in  throwing  off  the  grasp  of  two  men 
upon  the  bridle,  and  escaped  from  the  crowd . 

1  Named  from  the  Stat«  of  Alabama,  and  said  to  signify  '*  Here 
we  rest." 

*  Intended  to  be  named  in  honor  of  David  Gary,  one  of  the  early 
settlers;  but  through  a  cheat  it  was  called  "  GerrysvUle"  from 
Elbridge  Oerry.  Ex  Vice-President. 

8  These  springs  are  9  in  number,  and  are  all  found  within  a 
circle  of  60  rods.  They  issue  from  mounds,  evidently  formed 
by  the  action  of  the  wat^r,  2^  to  4  ft.  above  the  surrounding 
surface.  No  two  of  these  springs  are  alike ;  and  in  one  instance 
three  springs  issue  from  a  single  mound  within  10  ft.  of  each 
olher,  and  the  waters  are  essentially  dissimilar.  The  following 
is  an  analysis  of  the  waters  of  the  three  principal  springs:— 


y-j.  1,  6y  Profs.  Silliman  and 
Norton. 

Sulphuric  acid. 134.732 

Proto-sulphat«  iron 2S.623 

Sulphate  alumina. 21.690 

"       lime 74.891 

"       magnesia. 35.59i5 

«       potash 5.519 

**       soda. 6.343 

Chloride  Bodiam 2.4*4 

.      "       aUica 4.592 

Grains 314.420 


JVo,  2,  6y  Prof.  E.  Emmons. 

Sulphate  lime 1.552 

iron 4.904 

"        magnesia. 0.623 

Free  sulphuric  acid 16.132 

"    organic  matter 1.360 

"   silica 0.230 

TotalNo.ofgrs.inlpt.  24.801 
No.Z. 

Free  sulphuric  acid 12.414 

Sulphate  lime 0.736 

"        iron. 3,920 

"       magnesia 1.236 

OrEtanic  matter 0.100 

Silica,  a  trace 0.000 

ToUlNo.ofgrs.inlpt  18.406 


Large  quantities  of  this  water  are  annually  bottled  and  sold  for 
medicinal  purposes. 

*  Among  theotherearly  settlers  were  Robt.  Harper,  Jesse  Liind, 
Dr.  Smith,  (from  Vt.,)  and  Peter,  Joseph,  and  James  Holmes, 
(from  Delaware  co.)  The  tirst  births  were  those  of  twin  children 
of  James  Walsworth,  in  1806;  the  first  death  was  that  of  an  un- 
known traveler,  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Walsworth.  in  ISUS.  He 
was  buried  without  a  coffin  or  religious  services.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Henry  Howard,  in  1817;  the  first  inn  was 
kept  by  James  Walsworth,  in  1808 ;  the  first  store,  by  Nahum 
Loring.  in  1828;  and  the  first  sawmill  was  erected  in  1824,  by 
Sam'l  Whitcomb,  at  Wheatville. 

6  The  census  reports  4  churches;  3  Bap.  and  1  M.  E. 

1  Named  from  Alexander  Rea,  the  first  settler,  and  for  several 
years  a  State  Senator. 

'  The  Genesee  and  Wyoming  Seminary  was  founded  in  1834, 
through  the  efforts  and  liberality  of  Samuel  Benedict  and  Henry 
Hawkins.  In  1845.  Mr.  Hawkins  bequeathed  to  the  institution 
$4000.  his  private  library,  and  a  geological  cabinet.  It  has  now 
a  respectable  library  and  cabinet  of  natural  history ;  and  its  main 
building,  erected  of  stone  in  1837,  has  the  capacity  of  accommo- 
dating 300  students. 

8  John  Oney.  Lewis  Disbrow,  Geo.  Darrow,  and  Mr.  Blackman 
settled  in  the"town  in  1802-03.  The  first  death  was  that  of  Wm. 
Whitney,  in  1803,  by  the  fall  of  a  tree.  The  first  school  was 
taught  by  Mr.  Jones,  in  the  winter  of  1805-06,  at  Alexander  Vil- 
lage. Harvey  Hawkins  kept  the  fii-st  inn,  in  1S09,  and  the  first 
store,  in  1807-  Alexander  Rea  .ind  Joseph  Fellows  built  the 
first  sawmill,  in  1804;  and  Wm.  Adams  the  first  gristmill,  In 
1807. 

*  The  census  reports  3  churches  in  town;  Presb.,  M.  E.,  and 
Univ. 

10  Mrs.  Bryan's  Female  Seminary,  a  boarding  school  for  young 
ladies.  The  school  building  is  the  former  mansion  of  David  K. 
Evans. 

n  The  Batavia  Union  Schoolhouse  was  erected  fn  1847,  at  a 
cost  of  $7000.  It  includes  a  higher  English  and  classical  de- 
partment. 


GENESEE    COUNTY. 


325 


newspaper  offices,  5  churches,  an  arsenal,^  and  a  number  of  manufacturing  establishments.'  Pop. 
2868,  Bushville  is  a  hamlet.  In  1800,  Joseph  Ellicott  fixed  upon  the  site  of  Batavia  Village 
as  the  most  eligible  place  for  the  location  of  the  office  of  the  Holland  Land  Co.,  and  in  the  spring  of 
1802  the  office  was  removed  to  this  place.  Tlie  land  office  building  is  still  standing.  The  old  courtr 
house  and  jail  is  now  occupied  as  a  public  hall.  In  March,  1801,  Abel  Rowe  came  to  the  place 
and  erected  the  first  building,  and  immediately  opened  it  as  an  inn.'  The  first  church  (Cong.) 
was  formed  by  Rev.  Royal  Phelps,  in  1809.  Rev.  Ephraim  Chapin  was  the  first  preacher.* 
Batavia  was  the  focus  of  the  great  anti-masonic  excitement  which  followed  the  abduction  of  William 
Morgan  in  1826.'* 

BERGEi\— was  formed  from  Batavia,  June  8,  1812.     Byron  was  taken  off  in  1820.     Its 

surface  is  gently  undulating,  and  has  a  slight  inclination  toward  the  n.  Black  Creek  flows  E. 
through  the  town  a  little  N.  of  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clay  loam.  Bergen  Cor- 
ners, (Bergen  p.  o.,)  on  the  e.  border  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches  and  30  dwellings. 
ffardvJlle,  formerly  called  "  Corky*  on  the  Central  R.  R.,  J  mi.  n.  of  Bergen  Cornei*s,  contains 
443  inhabitant*?.  Stone  Cburcli  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  on  the  line  of  Le  Roy.  Nortb  Bergen 
(p.  0.)  and  "West  Bergen  (p.o.)  are  hamlets.  East  Bergen  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  at  Bergen  Village,  by  Samuel  Lincoln,  from  Conn,  about  1805.^  The  first  religious  meeting 
was  held  at  South  Bergen,  in  Sept.  1807;  Rev.  Calvin  Ingals  (Presb.)  was  the  first  settled 
minister.^ 

BET0AIVT — was  formed  from  Batavia,  June  8,  1812.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  e. 
of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  hilly  in  the  s.  and  rolling  in  the  n.  Black  Creek  flows  n,  through 
near  the  center  of  the  town,  and  Little  Tonawanda  Creek  through  the  s.  w.  and  n,  w.  corners.  The 
soil  in  the  e,  is  a  dark,  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  w.  a  heavy,  clay  loam.  Weak  brine  springs  have 
been  found ;  but  all  attempts  to  procure  salt  water  by  boring  have  proved  unsuccessful.  Bet liany 
Center  (Bethany  p.o.)  contains  2  churches  and  35  dwellings,  East  Betbany  (p. v.)  a  church 
and  about  20  dwellings,  and  I^inden^  (P'V-»)  ^  station  on  the  B.  &  N,  Y.  City  R.  R.,  a  floui*ing 
and  sawmill,  a  furnace,  and  40  dwellings.  West  Bethany  Mills  is  a  p.o.  Canada  (for- 
merly ^^  Bennetts  Settlement*^)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the 
town  in  1803,  by  John  Torrey,  from  Cayuga  co.®    The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.^ 

BYRO^ — named  from  Lord  Byron — was  formed  from  Bergen,  April  4,  1820.  It  lies  on  the 
N.  border  of  the  co.,  e.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  gently  undulating,  with  a  slight  inclination  to 
the  N.  Black  Creek  flows  n.  to  near  the  center  of  the  town,  receiving  the  waters  of  Bigelow  and 
Spring  Creeks,  then  turns  n.  e.  and  flows  into  Bergen.  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  gravelly  and 
sandy  loam.  A  sulphur  spring,  from  which  issues  carburetted  hydrogen  gas,  is  found  on  Black 
Creek  a  little  n.  of  Byron.  An  acid  spring,  known  as  the  "Sour  Spring,"  is  found  in  the  s.w, 
part  of  the  town.^^  Byron,  (p.  v.,)  located  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches  and 
about  150  inhabitants.  South  Byron"  (p.  v.)  is  a  station  on  the  Central  R.  R.  Pop.  about  200. 
Pumpkin  Hill^^  is  a  hamlet.     Benham  Preston,  from  Batavia,  was  the  first  settler,  on  lot  197, 


1  This  arsenal  was  erected  by  the  State,  at  Batavia,  under  an 
act  of  18ti8  for  the  protection  of  the  northern  and  western  fron- 
tiers. It  continues  in  use  as  a  depository  of  anus  and  military 
equipage. 

2  This  village  is  one  of  the  most  important  R.  R.  statinna  in 
Western  N.Y.  From  it  three  branches  of  the  N.  Y.  Centnil  R.  R. 
extend  w,  and  s.w., — one  to  Niagara  FallK.  one  to  Buffaio,  and 
one  to  Attica;  and  two  toward  theE., — one  to  Rochester  and  one 
to  Canandaigna.  The  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  &  Erie  K.  Road  al»u  pusses 
through  the  place. 

3  The  village  was  named  by  Mr.  Ellicott  in  1802.  the  locality 
having  previously  been  known  as  "  The  Bendy  The  first  road 
was  opened  through  the  village  In  Feb.  1802.  Amon^r  the  early 
settlers  were  Stephen  Russell,  Isaac  Sutherland.  Gen.Worthy  L. 
Churchill,  Col.  Wm.  Rumsey.  -Toha  Thomsun,  John  Lamberton, 
David  E.  Evans,  James  Brisbane,  James  W.  Stevens,  Richard 
Abbey.  Jedediah  Crosby,  Gideon  Elliott,  Cotton  Leach,  Samuel 

F.  Geer,  Bennjah  Worden,  and Munger.    The  first  marriage 

was  that  of  Wm.  Leston  and  Lavinia  How;  and  the  first  death, 

that  of Harris,  in  1807.    Hannah  Austin  taught  the  first 

achool.  in  1806;  Stephen  Russell  opened  an  inn,  in  1801;  Jamea 
Brisbane  kept  the  first  store,  in  1802;  and  Jos.  Ellicott  erected 
the  first  sawmill,  in  1801,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1804,  on  the 
Tonawanda  Creek,  for  the  Holland  Land  Co. 

<  The  census  reports  6  churches  ;  2  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Bap.,  M. 
E.,  and  R.  C. 

f>  Seo  page  323. 

«  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Jedediah  Crosby,  David  Pot- 
ter, Wm.  White,  Jas.  Landen,  and  David  Franklin,  (from  Conn.,) 
who  came  in  1805-06;  and  SImou  Pieraon,  (also  from  Conn.,)  in 


1808.  The  first  child  bom  was  Luthei  Crosby,  in  1806;  the  first 
inn  was  kept  at  Bergen  Corners  by  Samuel  liutler,  in  1810;  the 
first  store  by  Levi  Ward,  in  1808.  Jared  Merrill  erected  the  first 
sawmill,  in  theN.  w.  part  of  the  town,  in  1811;  and  Titus  Wilcox 
(from  Conn.)  taught  the  first  school,  in  the  winter  of  1807-08,  at 
Bergen  Corners. 

^  The  census  reports  5  churches;  2  Cong.,  and  1  each  Presb., 
M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

8  In  the  same  year  Capt.  Geo.  Lalhrop,  from  C^^nn.,  settled  on 
lot  40,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  and  Orsemus  Kellot^g.  from 
Sheffield,  Mass.,  in  the  E.  part.  Lyman  D.  Prindli-,  fn>m  Honsick, 
settled  at  East  Bethany  in  1805;  Joseph  Adgate,  from  Ulster 
CO.,  and  Mather  Peck,  from  Lyme.  Conn.,  near  Kast  Bethany  in 
180fi.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  child  of  Orsenius  Kellopg.  in 
1803;  and  the  first  dejith,  that  of  Solomon  U-tthrop.  in  1S06. 
Matilda  Wedge,  from  New  England,  taught  the  first  echool.  in 
1808.  Sylvester  Lincoln  kept  the  first  inn;  Elisha  Hurlburt, 
from  Vt.,  the  first  store,  in  1808;  and  Judge  Wilson  built  the 
first  gristmill,  in  1811. 

0  2  Pre«b  .  and  1  each  M.  E..  Bflp.,  and  F.  W.  Bap. 

10  The  acid  spring  issues  from  a  hillock  abont  230  feet  long  ana 
100  broad,  elex'ated  4  or  5  feet  above  the  plain.  The  strength 
of  the  acid  is  increased  by  drouth,  and  in  some  places  it  is  i)iiite 
concentrated  and  nearly  dry  in  its  combination  with  the  charred 
vegetable  coat  which  everywhere  covers  the  hillock  to  a  depth 
of  from  5  to  40  inches. — Beck's  Mineralogy  N.  i',  p.  149. 

n  Locally  known  a«  "  BrvasfhiUf" 

U  Named  from  the  fact  that  an  early  tavern  sign  at  that  plac» 
was  pointed  yellow  and  resembled  a  pumpkin. 


326 


GENESEE    COUNTY. 


in  1807.^     The  first  religious  services  were  held  by  Rev.  Royal  Phelps,  (Presb.,)  from  Cayuga  co., 
in  1809.     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  lylO,  by  Elder  Benjamin  M.  Parks.^ 

DARIEIV — was  formed  from  Pembroke,  Feb.  10,  1832.  It  is  the  s.w.  corner  town  of  the  co. 
The  surface  is  hilly  in  the  s.  and  rolling  in  the  n.  The  streams  are  the  Eleven  Mile,  Crooked,  and 
Murder  Creeks.  The  soil  in  the  n.  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  s.  a  clayey  loam  under- 
laid by  limestone,  Darien  Center,  {p. v.,)  formerly  ^* Kings  Coimers,"  contains  a  church, 
seminary,^  and  20  dwellings.  Darien  City,  (Danen  p.o.,)  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town,  contains  a 
church  and  50  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  near  Darien  City,  by  Orange  Carter,  from 
Vt.,  in  1803.*     The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town.^ 

ELBA— was  formed  from  Batavia,  March  14,  1820.  Oakfield  was  taken  off  in  1842.  It  is  the 
central  town  on  the  n.  border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  or  undulating.  Oak  Orchard  Creek 
flows  N.E.  through  the  center  of  the  town  to  the  n.e.  corner,  and  thence  turns  w.  and  flows  through 
the  N.  part  into  Oakfield.  The  Tonawanda  swamp  extends  along  its  course  in  the  n.  part  of  the 
town.  The  soil  is  a  fertile,  sandy,  graveUy  and  clayey  loam.  Pine  Ilill  (Elba  p.  v.)  lies  near 
the  center  of  the  town.  Pop.  400.  Transit,'  on  the  line  of  Byron,  is  a  hamlet.  Eau^ons  Cor- 
ners, IflilLs  Corners,  (East  Elba  p.  o.,)  and  DaiTS  Corners  are  farming  neighborhoods. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Daws  Corners  in  1801,  by  Samuel  and  Amos  Ranger,  from  Vt.' 
The  first  religious  meetings  were  held  by  Rev.  Mr,  Mitchell,  (M.E.,)  in  1807.  The  first  church 
(Bap.)  was  formed  by  Elder  John  Miner,  in  1821.^ 

IjE  ROY^ — was  formed  from  Caledonia  (Livingston  co.)  as  ^'  Bellona,^'  June  8,  1812.  Its  name 
was  changed  April  6,  1813.  A  part  of  Stafford  was  taken  off  in  1820,  and  a  part  of  Pavilion  in 
1842.  It  is  the  central  town  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating. 
A  limestone  ridge,  40  to  100  feet  high,  extends  through  the  n.  part  of  the  town.  Oatka  Creek,  the 
principal  stream,  flows  from  the  s.w.  corner  of  the  town  n.e.  to  a  point  a  little  n.  of  the  center, 
thence  turns  and  pursues  a  s.  E.  course  to  the  e.  border.  Buttermilk  Falls,  90  feet  high,  marks  its 
descent  over  the  limestone  terrace.**'  The  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam.  Gypsum  and 
Onondaga  limestone,  for  building  purposes,  are  obtained  in  this  town.  In  the  e,  part,  s.  of  Oatka 
Creek,  is  an  extensive  tract  of  oak  openings,  covered  thickly  with  stone  and  hard  of  cultivation. 
Ije  Roy  (p.v.)  was  incorp.  May  5,  1834.  It  is  finely  located  on  Oatka  Creek,  and  contains  a 
bank,  i  newspaper  ofiice,  a  female  seminary,"  6  churches,  and  several  manufacturing  establish- 


1  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were Hoskins,  in  1808; 

Elisha  Taylor,  from  Otsego  co.,  (on  lot  186;)  Theater  T.  Hol- 
bruok,  from  Cayuga  co. ;  Wheaton  Carpenter,  from  R.  T.;  and 
Elieha  Miller,  from  Penn.,  on  lot  2.  in  18f)9;  Nathan  Holt,  from 
OtseKO  CO.,  in  1810;  and  Asa  Merrills,  from  Oneida  co.,  in  1811. 
The  firt^t  child  born  was  a  son  of  Elisha  Taylor,  in  1809;  the 
first  marriage,  that  of  Saml.  Montgomery  and  Polly  Parks,  in 
1811 ;  and  the  fii-et  death,  that  of  a  son  of  Mr.  Hoskins.  Thester 
T.  Holhrook  tanght  the  first  school,  in  1810-11;  Ira  Newbury 
kept  the  first  inn,  in  1815  ;  Amos  Hewett,  the  first  store,  in  1813; 
Win.  Shepard  erected  the  first  sawmill,  in  1813;  and  Asa  Wil- 
liams the  first  gristmill,  in  1S14. 

2  The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town ;  2  M.  E.,  and  1  each 
Presh   and  F.  W.  Bap. 

3  The  Darien  Seminary  was  established  in  1850,  by  Robert 
Blennerhassett. 

*  Isa«c  Chaddock,  from  Vt.,  settled  near  Darien  City  in  1804. 
The  first  child  born  was  Harriet  Carter,  in  1806.  Stephen 
Parker  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1808.  at  Darien  City ;  and  Stephen 
King  the  first  store,  in  1S15,  at  Dnrien  Center.  The  first  saw- 
mill was  erected  by  Amos  Humphrey,  in  1809,  on  Eleven  Mile 
Cioek. 

6  Cong..  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  M.  E. 

6  Named  from  its  location  on  the  E.  transit  meridian  of  the 
Holland  Liind  Company's  survey. 

'  Sam'l  Clark,  from  Mass.,  and  his  son  Sam'l,  settled  in  1802. 
and  Samuel  Hall,  from  Seneiu  co..  and  John  Young,  came  soon 
after.    The  first  birth  was  that  of  Betsey  White,  in  1802;  the 
tirst  death,   that  ol   David   Kiugi^k'y,  in  1804.     Mason  Turner 
tiiighi  tlie  tirst  school,  near  the  center,  in  ISII;  Stephen  Har- 
m'>ii  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1815;  and  Sam'l  Lane  the  first  store, 
in  l^l'.i,  at  Pine  Hill.    Horace  Gibbs  erected  the  first  sawmill, 
ou  abnmcb  .it  f-piing  L'ret-k.  in  tin-  k.  part  of  the  town,  in  1810;  I 
and  Comfort  Smith  the  first  gristmill,  on  the  same  stream,  in  I 
1315.    The  widow  of  John  Young  gives  the  following  account  of  ' 
some  of  the  triidsof  pioneer  life: — "  My  husband  having  the  year 
before  been  out  and  purchased  his  land  upon  the  Holland  Pur-  . 
chase,  in  the  fall  of  1804  we  started  from  our  home  in  Virtrinia,  j 
on  horseback,  for  our  new  location.     We  came  through  Mary-  ' 
land,   crossing  the  Sus'tuehauna  at  MiUon,  thence  via  Tio^^a 
I'oint  and  the  then  usual  route.    In  crossing  the  Alleghany  Mts. 
night  cflino  upon  us:    the  horses  became  frightened  by  wild 
t-iiusts,  and  refused  to  proceed.    We  wrapped  ourselves  in  our 


cloaks  and  horse  blankets,  and  attempted  to  get  some  rest,  but 
had  a  disturbed  night  of  it.  Panthers  came  near  us,  often  giv- 
ing terrific  screams.  The  frightened  horses  snorted  and  stamped 
upon  the  rocks.  Taking  an  early  start  in  the  morning,  we  soon 
came  to  a  settler's  house,  and  were  informed  that  we  had  stopped 
in  a  common  resort  of  the  panther.  My  husband  built  a  shanty, 
which  was  about  10  feet  square,  fiat  roofed,  covered  with  split 
ash  shingles;  the  floor  was  made  of  the  halvesof  split  basswood; 
no  chimney.  A  blanket  answered  the  purpose  of  a  door  for  a 
while,  until  my  husbnnd  got  time  to  make  a  door  of  sjilit  plank. 
We  needed  no  window ;  the  light  camo  in  where  the  smoke  went 
out.  For  chairs  we  had  benches,  made  by  splitting  logs  and  sett- 
ling tho  sections  upon  legs.  A  bedstead  was  made  by  boring 
holes  in  the  side  of  the  shanty,  inserting  pieces  of  timber  which 
rested  upon  two  upright  posts  in  front,  a  side  piece  completing 
the  structure,  peeled  basswood  bark  answering  the  place  of  a 
cord.  We  of  course  had  brought  no  bed  with  tis  on  horseback ; 
so  one  had  to  be  procured.  We  bought  a  cotton  bag  of  Mr.  Bris- 
bane, and.  stuffing  it  with  cat-tail,  it  was  far  better  than  no  bed. 
The  second  year  we  wore  in,  1  had  an  attack  of  the  fever  and 
ague,  which  confined  me  for  nearly  a  year.  That  year  my  hus- 
band cleared  fouracres,  besides  takingcare  of  me  and  doing  the 
cooking.  It  was  no  uncnnimnn  thing,  in  the  first  years  of  settle- 
ment, for  women  in  rlublijirih  tti  be  deprived  of  the  aid  of  a 
physician:  and  often  the  attetubince  of  their  own  sex  had  to  be 
dispensed  with.  Mr.  Yonntrdiid  in  18:16."  Turner'' s Rion.  Hist. 

8  The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town ;  1  each  Bap,,  Cong., 
M.  E.,  Prot.  M.,  and  Friends. 

*  Named  in  honor  of  Herman  Le  Roy,  one  of  the  original  pur- 
chasers of  the  "  TrianffU  Tract ^ 

10  When  the  water  is  low,  it  disappears  in  the  bed  of  the 
stream  about  2  miles  above  the  falls,  and  finds  its  way  to  the 
lower  channel  through  a  subterranean  passage. 

"The  Ingham  University,  late  Ingham  Collegiate  Institute, 
was  incorp.  1857.  The  institution  was  first  established  at  Attira, 
in  1835.  by  Miss  Marietta  Ingham,  and  a  younger  sister.  Kniily 
K.  Ingham,  (now  Mrs.  Phineas  Stanton.)  from  Mass.  In  1837  it 
was  removed  to  Le  Roy,  and  was  established  as  the"Le  Koy 
Female  Seminary"  by  the  founders,  aided  and  supported  i»y 
Messrs.  Saml.  Comstock,  Jonathan  P.  Darling,  Seth  M.  Gates:, 
Albert  Brewster,  A.  S.  Upham,  Enos  Bachelder,  A.  P.  Hascall, 
Lee  Comstock,  Israel  Rathbone,  Richard  Hollister.  and  Wm.  S, 
Bradley.    It  was  chartered  in  1841;  and  iu  1855  the  whole 


GENESEE    COUNTY. 


327 


ments.  Pop.  2081.  Fort  Hill^  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1797,  by  Charles 
Wilbur,  near  Le  Roy  Village.*  The  first  religious  services  (Prot.  E.)  were  held  at  the  village  by 
the  Rev.  Davenport  Phelps,  in  1802.» 

OAKFIEE.D*~was  formed  from  Elba,  April  11,  1842.  It  lies  on  the  n.  border  of  the  co., 
w.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating.  Oak  Orchard  Creek,  the  principal 
stream,  flows  w.  through  the  n,  part  of  the  town.  A  marsh,  forming  a  portion  of  the  Tonawanda 
swamp,  extends  along  its  course.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  underlaid  by  clay.  Brine 
springs,  from  which  salt  was  formerly  manufactured,  are  found  near  the  center  of  the  to>vn. 
CaryviUe^  (Oakfield  p.  o.)  was  incorp.  in  July,  1858.  It  contains  an  academy^  and  2  churches. 
Pop.  500.  Oakfield  and  Mechanicviile  are  hamlets.  Most  of  the  town  was  an  Indian 
Reservation,  and  the  lands  were  not  sold  to  the  whites  until  subsequent  to  1832,  The  first  settlers 
were  Erastus  Walcott,  Gideon  Dunham,  and  Christopher  Kenyon,  who  came  in  1801.'  One  mi.  w. 
of  Caryville  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fortification  known  as  the  *'  Old  Fori^'^  consisting  of  a 
ditch  and  breastworks,  including  about  10  acres  of  ground.  There  are  2  churches  in  town  ;  Presb. 
and  M.  E. 

PAVIIjIO]V — was  formed  from  Covington,  (Wyoming  co.,)  May  19,  1841,  Portions  were 
annexed  from  Le  Roy  and  Stafibrd,  March  22,  1842.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  The 
surface  is  hilly  in  the  s.  and  undulating  in  the  n.  Oatka  Creek,  the  principal  stream,  flows  n.  a 
little  w.  of  the  center  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  a  fertile,  gravelly  loam  underlaid  by  clay.  Fruits 
are  extensively  cultivated.  Pavilion  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  Oatka  Creek,  near  the  s.  border  of  the 
town.  Pop.  21G.  Pavilion  Center,  (p.  v.,)  formerly  "  >SbM^^  Lc  Boi/y*^  contains  a  church 
and  20  houses.  Fnlon  Corners  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1809,  by 
Peter  Crosman.^    The  first  church  edifice  (Univ.)  was  erected  at  the  village  of  Pavilion,  in  1832.* 

PEMBROKE — was  formed  from  Batavia,  June  8,  1812.  A  part  of  Alabama  was  taken  off 
in  1826,  and  Darien  in  1832.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  ia 
level  or  gently  undulating.  Tonawanda  Creek  flows  through  the  n.  e.  corner,  and  Mm-der  Creek 
through  the  s.  and  s.  w.  parts.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  clay. 
The  Tonawanda  Indian  Reservation  occupies  a  portion  of  the  n.  part  of  the  town.  East  Pem- 
broke, (p.v.,)  on  the  line  of  Batavia,  contains  an  academy,*^  2  churches,  and  35  dwellings, 
Ricbville,^^  (I'embrokep.  o.,)  1  church  and  40  dwellings,  LougS  Corners,  (Corfu  p.  o.,)  in 
the  s.  part  of  the  town,  2  churches  and  45  dwellings,  and  IHogadore,  (North  Pembroke  p.o.,) 
20  dwellings.  Prospect  Hill  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  town  in 
1804,  by  David  Goss,  from  Mass."  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  by  Rev.  Joshua  Spencer, 
first  minister,  in  1810,  at  Longs  Corners.^' 

STAFFORD — ^was  formed  from  Batavia  and  Le  Roy,  March  24, 1820.  A  part  of  Pavilion 
was  taken  off  in  1842,  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  undu- 
lating, with  a  general  slight  slope  to  the  n.  Black  Creek  flows  n.  through  the  center  of  the  town, 
and  Bigelow  Creek  rises  in  the  w.  and  flows  in  the  same  direction.     The  soil  is  a  productive,  sandy 


establiehment,  coBting  over  $20,000,  was  donated  by  its  founders 
to  the  Synod  of  Genesee,  npon  the  conditions  that  a  full  colle- 
giate course  should  be  established,  and  a  permanent  fund  raised 
for  its  support.  The  gift  waa  accepted  by  the  Synod,  and  the 
present  name  bestowed. 

1  On  the  brow  of  the  hill  at  this  place  are  the  ruins  of  an  old 
fort. — Smithsiniiaii  ContHbidums,  vol.  JL,  art.  d,  p.  48. 

S  Capt.  John  Ganson,  aud  his  2  sons  John  and  James,  settled 
near  Le  Roy  Village  in  1798,  and  Gideon  Fordham,  Alexander 
McPherson.  and  Uines  Chamberlin  in  1800-01.  The  first  child 
born  was  Naomi  Wilbur,  iu  1799;  and  the  first  after  the  town 
was  named  Le  Roy  was  Wm.  Le  Roy  Annin,  in  1814.  Geo.  A. 
Tiffany  kept  the  first  store,  in  1806;  and  the  Holland  Land  Co. 
built  the  first  mill,  in  1804. 

3  The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town;  1  each  Prot,  E., 
Presb..  Cong.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

*  Named  from  the  fact  that  the  lands  of  the  town  were  mostly 
**  Oak  Openings." 

B  Named  from  CoL  Alfred  Cary,  an  early  settler  and  prominent 
citizen. 

*  The  Cary  Collegiate  Institute  was  founded  in  1840,  mainly 
by  the  influence  aud  means  of  Col.  Alfn-d  Cary,  who  died  in 
this  town  Sept.  17, 1858,  aged  79.  The  building  (which  is  of 
stone)  and  apparatus  cost  $15,000.  The  institution  has  accom- 
modations for  2<)0  students.  Besides  large  contributions  to  its 
establishment.  Col.  Cary  has  endowed  the  institution  with 
$2t),tXW.     It  is  now  under  charge  of  the  Prot.  E.  Church. 

^  The  first  store  waa  kept  in  1833,  by  Col.  Cary,  at  Caryville  ; 
ud  the  first  inu  by  Gideoa  Dunham,  at  Dunhams  Corners,  in 


1805.  The  first  saw  and  grist  mill  were  erected  by  Christopher 
Kenyon,  in  1811. 

8  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were  James  McWithey,  Solo- 
mon Terrill,  Reuben  Burnham,  and  Joshua  Shumway,  in  1810 ; 
Sylvanus  Young.  Elijah  Phelps,  Amasa  Allen,  and  several  bro- 
thers of  the  name  of  Burgt-es,  in  1811 ;  and  Isaac  8torm,  in  1812, 
most  of  whom  loaited  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town.  The  first  death 
was  that  of  a  child  of  Reuben  Burnham,  in  1812.  Laura  Terrill 
(from  Vt.)  taught  the  fiint  scbiwl.  in  1S13;  Seth  Smith  kept  the 
first  inn,  in  1815;  and  Uorace  Bates  the  first  store,  in  1817,  at 
the  village  of  Pavilion.  The  first  mill  was  erected  by  Bial  La- 
throp,  on  Oatka  Creek,  in  1816. 

•  The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town;  3  M.  E.,  and  1  each 
Presb..  Bap.,  Union,  and  Univ. 

1"  The  Rural  Academy  waa  incorp.  by  the  regents  in  1S56 
Average  number  of  students  about  100. 

11  Named  from  Charles  B.  Rich,  a  prominent  man  in  town. 

12  John  Long,  Dr.  David  Long,  (from  Washington  co.,)  and 
SamuelCarr  Settled  in  the  town  in  1>S0S,  and  Joseph  Lester  (from 
Conn.)  in  1809.  The  first  child  born  waa  Jonathan  Hastings,  jr., 
in  1810;  and  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Ansell  Ilastiugs  and 
Polly  Long,  In  1812.  Anna  Ilorton  taught  the  first  ecb ool.  at 
Corfu,  in  1811 ;  Samuel  Carr  kept  the  first  inn,  at  W.  i'embroke, 
in  1809;  John  Ball  the  first  store,  at  thn  same  place,  iu  1812; 
and  Samuel  Carr  erected  the  first  gristmill  and  sawmill,  iu 
1808-09. 

18  The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town;  2  Bap.,  and  1  each 
Presb.,  M.  E.,  Prot.  M.,  aud  Christian. 


328 


GENESEE    COUNTY. 


loam  intermixed  with  clay.  Stafford  (p.  v.)  lies  on  Black  Creek,  near  the  center  of  the  town. 
It  is  a  station  on  the  C.  &  N.  F.  branch  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  and  contains  3  churches,  a  private 
seminary,  and  a  pop.  of  350.  Morg'anville'  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches,  2  sawmills,  a  flour- 
ing mill,  a  brown  earthen  ware  factory,  and  200  inhabitants.  A  fall  in  Black  Creek  at  this 
place  is  30  ft.  perpendicular  and  30  ft.  in  rapids,  aifording  a  fine  water  power.''  Roanoke,^ 
(p.  V.,)  formerly  "  Orangeburgh,"  contains  a  church,  several  mills,  and  20  dwellings.  The  settle- 
ment was  commenced  in  1801,  by  Col.  Wm.  Rumsey  and  Gen.  Worthy  Lovel  Churchill,  (from  Vt.,) 
who  located  on  the  Buffalo  Road,  w.  of  Stafford.*  The  first  religicjus  services  were  held  at  the 
house  of  Col.  Rumsey,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Green.  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  by  Rev.  Amos 
Lampson,  in  1815.* 

Acres  of   Land,  Yaluation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Genesee  County. 


Names  op  Towns, 


Alabama. .. 
Alexander 

Batavia 

Bergen 

Bethany.... 

Byron 

Darien 

Elba 

Le  Roy 

Oakfield.... 
Pavilion  .... 
Pembroke., 
Stafford 

Total.. 


Acres  of  Land. 


l.S,S4oS 
17,i3i 
20,803} 
12.504 
18.118 
15,409 
23,527 
15,014 
20.427 
9.20Si 
le.9S6i 
15,lS7i 
15,648 


:l9,012i 


10,194J 
4,539 
5,320J 
4,126 
4,8R2i 
4,1  fl2 
0,907 
6,535 
5,872 
3,47  6J 
4,322i 

12.297i 
8,098 


Valuation  op  1858. 


806,535 
769,370 

2.371,128 
684,266 
617,316 
775,776 
696,870 
678.131 

1,266,937 
398,916 
606,308 
814,001 
773,125 


6,7.32      11,157,67S 


1,958,064 


848.88S 
630,020 

3,094,728 
724.676 
665,654 
927,611 
768.152 
790,261 

1,659,707 
436,516 
687,708 
852,001 
924,224 


1,159 
911 

2,653 
905 
926 
843 

1,112 
9.59 

2,117 
817 
916 

1,432 

1,073 


13,115,743  18,821  15,222 


1,035 
887 

2,661 
895 
964 
798 

1,064 
910 

2,098 
693 
843 

1,412 


416 
351 
924 
806 
356 
313 
418 
375 
716 
266 
323 
549 
860 


6; 

J_ 

436 
378 
990 
363 
382 
329 
435 
384 
5.32 
279 
333 
566 
386 


5,792 


315 

268 
733 
303 
327 
272 
362 
251 
611 
178 

2.';o 

452 
186 


Schools. 


903 
6S5 

1.706 
638 
604 
502 
822 
616 

1,363 
589 
636 
977 
744 

4,428  152  10,644 


^3 


Names  op  Towns, 


Alabama. ., 
•Alexander. 

Batavia 

Bergen , 

Bethany.... 

Byron 

Darien 

Elba 

Le  Roy 

Oakfleld.... 

Pavilion 

Pembroke... 
Stafford 

Total. 


Live  Stock. 


1,049 
700 

1,229 
683 
803 
970 
976 
988 

1,246 
461 
805 
781 
702 


11,395 


III 


1,288 
1,279 
1,340 

832 
1,122 
1,314 
1,306 

979 
1,155 

646 
1,205 
1,024 

865 


14,244 


927 
781 

1,240 
689 
832 
746 

1,095 
739 
970 
329 
842 
6S8 
563 


10,641 


8.844 
11.630 
7,802 
4,667 
9,304 
6,429 
14,729 
4,618 
7,714 
3,007 
11,221 
6,594 
4,932 


2,209 
991 
2,198 
1,312 
1,277 
1,762 
1,016 
1,789 
1,973 
983 
1,113 
1,175 
1,487 


100,391  19,273  i761,590 


Agricultural  Products. 


BiTSH,  OF  GKAOf. 


76.574 
39,795 
86.868 
43,806 
48,063 
67,638 
21,052 
63,664 
112,421 
35,175 
66,096 
33,073 
89,666 


■e 

_± 

91,094 

65,907 

87,350 

49,366 

64,201  i 

66.597 

70.398i 

76,616 

66,26Ri 

47,643 

67.782i 

62,103 

44,848i 


840,165    41 ,398  J 


.:s 


12.892 
11,361 
18,350 

7,062 
12,991 

8,440 
17,604 
11,667 
13,142 

4,834 
10,448 
26,634 
12,969 


167,274 


10.355 
33,644 
18.436 
16,872 
41,912 
12.366 
34,858 
29.041 
26.180 
9,818 
32,896 
17.586 
13,158 


296,121 


Dairy  PH0DDCT8. 


C5 


74.617 
74.926 
88.348 
69.907 
77,271 
62,820 
88,117 
71,:i40 
89,247 
18,574 
80,087 
93,497 
40,480 


12,248 

12,386 
4,625 
4,686 

16.179 
7,345 

11,528 
l,325j 
6,9801 
1.293 

15.140 
8,438 
3,501 


919,130  106,873  4,6464 


992 
611 
223 

296i 

20 
307 
700 
332 
159 

73 
698J 
401} 

33 


1  Named  from  the  wife  of  Wm.  Morgan,  of  masonic  notoriety. 

2  Two  caves  are  found  in  the  w.  bank  of  the  creek  a  few  rods 
below  the  falls. 

>  Named  from  the  residence  of  John  Randolph  by  Major  Jas. 
Ganson. 

*  Peter  Stage  (from  Onondaga  co.)  settled  in  1802.  Benj.  Gan- 
son and  John  Annis  were  tlie  first  settlers  in  the  E.  part  of  the 
town.  Gen.  W.  L.  Churchill  served  with  credit  in  the  War  of 
1812,  and  subsequently  as  sheriff  of  Oenesee  co.  from  1820  to 
1S25.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  child  of  W.  L.  Churchill, 
liarch  9,  1803 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  the  wife  of  W.  L. 


Churchill,  at  about  the  same  time.  The  first  school  was  taught 
by  Kstlier  Sprout,  in  1806,  Frederick  Walthers  kept  the  first  inn, 
at  Stafford  Village,  in  1799;  and  this  w,is  one  of  the  first  three 
taverns  kept  on  the  Holland  Purchase.  The  village  was  then 
known  as  the  "  Tranint  Storr  Hou^e,''  from  its  being  the  principal 
supply  station  for  the  surveying  company  while  running  the 
"  Transit  Line."  The  first  sawmill  was  built  on  Bigelow  Creek, 
in  1810,  by  Amos  Stow;  and  the  first  gristmill,  on  the  sam* 
stream,  in  1811,  by  Seymour  Ensign. 

6  The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town ;  2  M  E.,  and  1  each 
Prot.  £.,  Cong.,  Bap.,  Christian,  and  Univ. 


GREENE   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Albany  and  Ulster,  March  25,  1800, 
and  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene,  of  the  Revolution. 
Parts  were  annexed  to  Ulster  co.  May  26, 1812.  It  lies  upon  the  w. 
bank  of  Hudson  River,  centrally  distant  32  mi.  from  Albany,  and 
contains  686  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  very  broken  and  mountainous. 
The  main  range  of  the  Catskill  Mts.  commences  8  to  10  mi.  w.  of  the 
Hudson  and  extends  along  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  to  Delavrare  co. 
These  mountains  are  3000  to  3800  feet  above  tide.'  Their  summits 
are  broad,  wild,  and  rocky,  and  their  declivities  steep  and  often  pre- 
cipitous. A  branch  from  the  main  ridge  extends  in  a  N.  w.  direction 
through  the  co.,  separating  the  towns  of  Durham  and  Cairo  from 
Windham  and  Hunter  and  dividing  the  co.  into  two  nearly  equal 
parts.  This  ridge  is  2500  to  3000  feet  above  tide.  It  has  a  steep  and  wall-like  front  on  the  b.,  and 
on  the  w.  it  sends  off  numerous  spurs,  which  extend  to  the  valley  of  Schoharie  Creek.  The  whole 
intermediate  territory  consists  of  high,  rocky  ridges  separated  by  narrow  valleys.  The  declivities  are 
generally  steep  on  the  N.,  but  more  gradual  on  the  s.^  Another  branch  from  the  main  ridge  extends 
northward  through  the  extreme  w.  part  of  the  co.,  between  the  towns  of  Halcott  and  Lexington,  and 
forms  the  series  of  highlands  that  rise  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Schoharie  Creek.  This  range  forms  the 
watershed  between  Schoharie  Creek  and  Delaware  River.  The  e.  half  of  the  co.  is  hilly  and  broken. 
An  irregular  line  of  bluffs  extends  along  the  Hudson,  with  an  average  elevation  of  about  100  ft. 
Parallel  to  these  bluffs,  and  2  to  4  mi.  further  w.,  is  a  range  of  hills  500  to  700  ft.  above  the  river. 
These  highlands  are  known  as  the  Potick  Hills  in  the  town  of  Athens.  Between  this  ridge  and  the 
E.  foot  of  the  Catskills  the  surface  is  moderately  hilly,  gradually  sloping  toward  Catskill  Creek. 

The  principal  streams  of  the  co.  are  Hudson  River,  forming  its  E.  border,  Schoharie  Creek  and 
its  tributaries,  draining  the  w.  slope  of  the  mountains,  and  Catskill  Creek'  and  its  principal 
tributary  the  Kaaterskil,  draining  the  E.  slope.  Small  branches  of  these  streams  flow  through 
narrow,  rocky  ravines,  which  break  entirely  through  the  mountains  and  form  passes  locally  known 
as  "  cloves."  The  principal  of  these  cloves  are  the  Kaaters  Kil,  opening  westward  from  the  Hudson 
into  the  valley  of  Schoharie  Creek,  and  the  Bushkil  Clove,  Stony  Clove,  Mink  Hollow,  and  Platte- 
kil  Hollow,  opening  southward  from  Schoharie  Creek  into  the  valleys  of  Ulster  co.  In  many 
places  these  ravines  are  bordered  by  naked  cliffs,  nearly  perpendicular,  and  1000  to  1700  ft.  above 
the  streams.  The  small  streams  that  drain  the  w.  slope  of  the  range  in  Halcott  form  branches 
of  the  Delaware.  Schoharie  Creek  rises  in  the  town  of  Hunter,  vrithin  12  mi.  of  the  Hudson, 
flows  w.  and  N.,  and  forms  a  branch  of  the  Mohawk.  The  streams  are  mostly  rapid,  and  are  subject 
to  sudden  and  violent  freshets.  The  E.  slope  of  the  mountain  and  the  outcropping  strata  of  the 
Catskill  and  Kaaterskil  Creeks  present  to  the  geologist  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  compre- 
hensive fields  of  investigation  to  be  found  on  the  continent.  Within  the  distance  of  12  mi.  from 
the  village  of  Catskill  to  the  Mountain  House  may  be  seen  nearly  all  the  strata  composing  the  New 
York  system.  The  gray  grits  and  conglomerates  forming  the  floor  of  the  coal  measures  are  found 
110  ft.  deep  at  the  summit  of  the  Pine  Orchard.  The  depth  of  the  whole  series,  within  the  12  mi. 
referred  to,  is  scarcely  less  than  4000  feet.  Few  or  no  metallic  veins  or  valuable  minerals,  except 
buUding  and  flagging  stone,  are  found  in  the  co. 

The  soil  on  the  w.  slopes  of  the  Catskill  is  chiefly  a  reddish,  gravelly  or  shaly  loam  extensively 
underlaid  by  hardpan.  The  surface  is  stony,  except  upon  the  river  bottoms,  where  the  soil  is 
fertile  and  productive.  North  and  E.  of  the  mountains  the  soil  is  greatly  diversified  by  sections 
of  gravelly,  shaly,  clayey,  and  sandy  loams ;  but  a  stiff  clay  predominates.  Where  properly  culti- 
vated, it  is  moderately  productive.  The  whole  region  is  best  adapted  to  grazing ;  and  the  principal 
agricultural  exports  are  butter,  cheese,  and  pressed  hay.  Oats,  barley,  and  potatoes  are  extensively 
cultivated,  but,  like  most  of  the  other  eastern  course,  the  grain  grown  is  insufficient  for  the  consump- 


1  High  Peak  has  an  elevation  of  3804  feet  above  tide,  Round 
Top  3718  feet,  and  Pine  Orchard  3000  feet.  The  CatdliiU  Moun- 
tain House  is  situated  upon  the  last  named  mountain. 

s  The  N.  siilee  of  thefle  spurs  are  generally  rocky  and  bare,  and 
the  B.  sides  covered  with  vast  deposits  of  drift,  indicating  that  a 
great  current  of  water  from  the  N.  once  swept  over  them.  Nearly 


all  the  valuable  land  in  this  section  lies  upon  the  s.  side  of  tba 

valley. 

8  Named  by  the  Dutch  fi-om  wild  cats  found  in  this  vicinity. 
Kaaters  Kil  has  a  similar  signification,  but  is  limited  to  the  male 
animals. 

329 


330 


GREENE    COUNTY. 


tion  of  the  population.  The  principal  manufactured  products  are  brick,  leather,  and  paper.  Brick 
are  extensively  made  on  the  banks  of  the  Iludson,  in  Catskill,  Athens,  and  Coxsackie,  for  the  New 
York  market.  The  co.  has  a  considerable  interest  in  the  commerce  of  the  Iludson,  but  less,  per- 
haps, than  it  had  many  years  ago.  No  co.  has  been  more  seriously  damaged  in  its  commercial  and 
manufacturing  prospects  by  the  public  works  of  the  State  than  Greene.  Before  the  Erie  Canal 
was  completed,  Catskill,  the  co.  seat,  commanded  the  trade  of  the  adjacent  cos.  w.,  and  of  the  s. 
tier  through  to  Lake  Erie,  and  some  portions  of  Northern  Penn.  It  was  a  large  wheat  market ; 
and  at  the  falls  of  Catskill  Creek,  3  mi.  w.  of  the  village,  were  the  most  extensive  flouring  mills  in 
the  State.^  The  canals  and  railroads  have  limited  the  commercial  transactions  of  the  co.  strictly 
to  home  trade.  A  change  scarcely  less  marked  and  important  has  taken  place  in  the  industrial 
pursuits  of  the  mountain  towns.  About  1817,  upon  the  discovery  of  improved  methods  of  tanning 
leather,  tanners  rushed  into  the  Catskill  Mts.,  purchased  large  tracts  of  mountain  lands  covered 
with  hemlock  timber,  and  erected  extensive  tanneries.  The  valleys  of  Schoharie  Creek,  Batavia,  and 
West  Kils  soon  teemed  with  a  numerous,  active  laboring  population,  and  the  solitude  of  the  deep 
mountain  glens  was  made  vocal  by  the  hum  of  industry,  the  buzz  of  the  waterwheel,  and  the 
rattling  of  machinery.  Villages  of  considerable  magnitude,  with  churches,  schools,  stores,  and 
taverns,  rose  up  in  the  wilderness  as  if  by  magic.  Thirty  years  ago  Greene  co.  made  more  leather 
than  all  the  State  beside.  The  supply  of  bark  in  this  region  was  soon  exhausted,  and  the  pro- 
prietors gradually  abandoned  their  establishments  and  followed  the  mountain  chain  s.,  erecting 
new  factories  in  Ulster  and  Sullivan  cos. ;  and  their  successors  are  now  pursuing  the  hemlock  into 
the  heart  of  the  AUeganies.  The  result  of  all  this  was  to  facilitate  the  occupation  of  the  lands  in 
the  mountain  towns,  and  in  many  cases  to  carry  cultivation  to  the  summits  of  the  most  lofty 
ranges,  thereby  opening  one  of  the  finest  dairy  and  wool  growing  regions  in  the  State. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Catskill,  on  the  Hudson.^  The  first  courthouse  was  a  wood  building, 
erected  under  act  of  May  26,  1812.^  Some  years  since,  this  building  was  torn  down,  and  a  new 
brick  edifice  was  erected  in  its  place.  It  contains  the  court  and  jury  rooms,  and  district  attorney 
and  CO.  clerk's  offices.  A  stone  jail  was  erected  in  1804,  and  a  fireproof  clerk's  office  in  1812.  The 
CO.  poorhouse  is  located  on  a  farm  of  130  acres  in  Cairo,  10  mi.  w.  of  Catskill.  The  farm  yields  a 
revenue  of  |900.  It  has  on  an  average  130  inmates,  supported  at  a  weekly  expense  of  S  .T5 
each.  A  school  is  taught  in  the  house  most  of  the  year.  The  condition  and  adaptation  of  the 
building,  and  the  management  of  the  inmates,  are  not  thought  creditable  to  the  co.  authorities. 

Five  weekly  newspapers  are  published  in  the  co.* 

More  than  two  centuries  have  elapsed  since  the  settlements  in  the  valley  of  the  Iludson  com- 
menced at  various  points  between  New  York  and  Albany.      It  was  150  yeai's  later  when  a  few, 


I  Of  this  place  Spafford's  Gazetteer  (ed.  of  1813)  aays,  "Cats- 
kill  has  consideiable  trude  already,  and  must  probably  expe- 
rience a  rapid  growth  aa  the  marlcet  town  of  an  extensive  back 
eountry.  At  some  place  in  this  vicinity,  and  on  the  w.  bank  of 
Ihe  river,  future  ages  will  probably  find  the  third,  if  not  the 
•econd,  city  on  the  Hudson,  in  wealth,  population,  and  com- 
mercial importance."^ 

8  Ira  Day,  Isaac  Dubois,  Orin  Day,  Joseph  Klein,  Ezra  Haw- 
ley,  and  Lyman  Hall,  having  executed  to  the  supervisors  a  bond, 
under  a  penalty  of  $16,000,  to  procure  a  lot  and  build  a  court- 
house, an  act  was  passed  May  26, 1812,  allowiug  the  judges  to 
accept  the  premises  when  completed.    Courts  were  previously 
held  at  the  academy,  and  the  prisoners  confined  in  Albany  co.  jail. 
8  The  first  co.  officers  were  Leonard  Hronk,  First  Judge ;  Ebeo- 
ezerFoot.  District  Attnruey ;  James  Bill,  Cb.  Clerk;  George  Hale, 
Sheriff;  John  U.  Cuyler,  Surrogate. 
*  The  Ca/sfciU  Packet,  the  first  paper  in  the  co.,  was  published 
prior  to  1800. 
T?ie  Catskill  Hecorrler  was  started  in  1801  by  Mackey  Croswell. 
In  1817  Edwin  Croswell  assumed  its  control,  and  con- 
tinued it  until  18'2Li.    In  1827  it  was  published  by  Field 
&  Faxton,  and  in  1828  it  was  issued  as 
The  Catskill  Recorder  and   Greerie  Co.  Bepublicdn,  by  Faxton, 
Elliott  &  Gates.    In  1849  it  waa  united  with  the  Demo- 
crat^  and  issued  aa 
Tlie   Catskill  Recorder  and  Democrat,  under 

which  name  it  is  still  published  by  JoNe)>h  Josebury. 
The  American  Eagle  was  published  at  Catskill  iu  1810  by  N.  El- 
liott &  Co. 
The  Catskill  Em^vdafor  was  commenced  in  1813,  and  continued 

a  short  time. 
The  Greene  and  Delaware  Washingtnnian  was  commenced  at 
Catskill  in  1S14,  by  Michael  J.  Kappel.    Id  1S16  it  waa 
chant;ed  to 
The  Middle  District  Gazette,  and  published  by  Wm.L.  Stone. 
The  Oretne  O).  Rejndib'can  was  estaldished  at  Catskill  in  Nov. 

1820,  by Hyer.    In  1S27  it  was  sold  to  Ralph  John- 

Mo ;  la  1S28,  tu  C.  Hull ;  and  in  1829  it  was  merged  ia 


The  Catsl-m  Hecorder. 

The  Catskill  Messenger  was  started  in  1830,  by  Jra  Dubois.  It 
was  subsequently  issued  by  Wm.  Bryan,  C.  H.  Cleve- 
land, and  Trowbridge  &  Gunn.  Iu  lS-49  it  waa 
changed  to 

The  Greene  Cn.  Whig :  and  in  1857  to 

The  Catsktll  Examiner,  by  which  name  it  is  now 
piiblLslii'd. 

The  Catskill  Democrat  was  started  in  1843  by  Joseph  Josebnry, 
and  in  1849  it  waa  united  with  The  Jieccrder. 

The  American  K-njIe  was  started  at  I'niltsville  iu  1S.54  by  Bul- 
lock &  Alien,  who  nmoved  it  to  Cittskill  the  same  year. 
In  1855  its  name  was  changed  to 

The  BanTi^r  of  Iitdustrr/,  and  published  by  Jas.  H.  Van  Gorden. 
In  1857  it  was  sold  to  Henry  linker,  by  whom  it  is  now 
published  as  ^ 

The  Catskill  Democratic  Herald  V 

The  Greene  Co.  A'lvertisfr  was  started  at  Coxsackie  in  1832, 
and  published  for  a  time  by  Henry  Tan  Dyck.  In  1836 
it  was  changed  to 

The  Standard,  and  published  by  Thomas  B.  Carroll.  It  waa 
subsequently  issued  a  short  time  as 

The  Coxsackie  Standard. 

The  Coxaackie  Union  was  established  in  1851  by  Fred. 
W.  Hoft'man.  In  Jan.  1857  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
D.  M.  &  B.  S.  Slater,  by  whom  it  is  still  published. 

The  Prattsfilli-  Dee  was  started  in  1852. 

The  Baptist  Library  was  started  at  I'rattsville  in  1843  by  L. 
L.  &  K.  H.  Hill.  In  1845  it  was  removed  to  Lexing- 
ton. 

The  PrattsvUle  Advocate  was  established  by  John  L.  Hackstaff 
in  1846,  and  was  discontinued  in  1858. 

TTw  Mountainetr  was  published  at  Prattsville  in  1853  by  Chas. 
H.  Cleveland. 

The  Windham  Jourvd  was  started  at  Windham  Center,  March 
21,  18.i7.  by  W.  R.  Steele. 

TUe  AtUeus  Visitor    was  commenced   in  1858    by  R. 

Denton. 


GREENE    COUNTY. 


331 


small,  isolated  settlements  were  made  in  the  valleys  of  the  streams  in  the  interior  of  Greene  co. 
The  great  Uardenburgh  Patent,  granted  by  Queen  Anne,  covered  nearly  all  of  that  portion  of  the 
CO.  lying  w.  of  the  mountains.  The  n.  line  of  this  grant  commenced  at  the  headwaters  of  the 
Kaaters  Kil,  being  the  head  of  the  upper  lake  at  Pine  Orchard,  and  ran  a  N.  w.  course  to  the  head- 
waters of  tlie  w.  branch  of  tlie  Delaware,  in  Stamford,  Delaware  co.  This  line  was  run  at  three 
dili'erent  periods,  near  the  close  of  the  last  century,  by  three  different  surveyors,  no  two  of  them 
agreeing  by  the  width  of  whole  farms.  This  disagreement  has  proved  a  prolific  source  of  litigation 
in  the  courts  of  the  State  for  50  years.  The  patent  included  all  that  part  of  Delaware  co.  lying  e. 
of  the  w.  branch  of  Delaware  River,  and  nearly  all  of  Ulster  and  Sullivan  cos.  When  the  settle- 
ments commenced,  the  tract  was  owned  by  a  great  number  of  individuals,  who  had  purchased  by 
townships.  At  an  early  period,  Stephen  Day  (from  Conn.)  purchased  a  large  tract  in  Greene  co., 
embracing  a  considerable  portion  of  the  old  town  of  Windham,  now  forming  the  towns  of  Wind- 
ham, Ashland,  Jewett,  and  a  portion  of  Lexington  and  Hunter.  This  tract  was  principally  settled 
by  immigrants  from  Connecticut. 


ASm.AHJD — named  from  the  home  of  Henry  Clay — was  formed  from  Windham  and  Pratts- 
ville,  March  23, 1848.  It  lies  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  the  co.  Its  N.  and  s.  borders  are  occupied  by  two 
parallel  spurs  of  the  Catskill  Mts.,  800  to  1000  ft.  above  the  valley.  Batavia  Kil  flows  westward 
through  the  town  at  the  foot  of  the  s.  range.  This  stream  is  bordered  upon  the  N.  by  steep  bluffs  150 
to  200  ft.  high ;  and  from  their  summits  the  surface  gradually  slopes  upward  to  the  s.  foot  of  the  N. 
ridge  near  the  N.  border  of  the  town.  Lewis  Creek  and  several  smaller  streams  are  tributaries  of 
Batavia  Kil.  About  two-thirds  of  the  land  in  the  town  is  improved.  Asbland,  (p.  v.,)  on  Batavia 
Kil,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,contains  2  churches  and  a  collegiate  institute.'  Pop.  400.  £ast  Asb- 
land  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  valley  of  Batavia  Kil,  previous  to  the  Revo- 
lutionary War,  by  a  few  Dutch  families  from  Schoharie  co.  During  the  war,  being  harassed  by  the 
Indians  and  tories,  the  settlers  returned  to  Schoharie  co.  The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made 
in  1788,  by  Elisha  Strong  and  several  brothers  named  Stimpson.''  The  first  tannery  was  built  iu 
Ashland,  in  1798,  by  Foster  Morss.     There  are  6  churches  in  town.' 

ATHEIVS — was  formed  from  Catskill  and  Coxsackie,  Feb.  25,  1815.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Hudson,  near  the  center  of  the  E.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  by  several  rocky  hills 
and  ridges  lying  parallel  with  the  Hudson,  with  uneven  or  undulating  intervales  between.  A 
range  of  high  clay  bluflfs  borders  upon  the  river;  and  a  high  rocky  ridge,  known  as  PoticksHill, 
extends  Uirough  the  w.  part  of  the  town.  Several  small  streams  flow  southerly  through  the  town, 
and  Potick  Creek  forms  its  w.  line.  In  the  w.  part  of  the  town  are  3  small  lakes.  In  their  vicinity, 
4  or  5  mi.  w.  of  the  Hudson,  are  extensive  beds  of  the  Ilelderbergh  limestone,  large  quantities 
of  which  are  quarried  for  building  purposes  and  for  the  manufacture  of  lime.  Near  the  river  the 
soil  is  a  tough  clay,  bordered  by  sand ;  elsewhere  it  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  of  a  good  quality. 
Brick  and  lime  are  the  principal  articles  manufactured,  and  these,  with  hay,  form  the  exports 
of  the  town.  Atliens,*  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  2,  1805,  is  situated  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  the  city 
of  Hudson.  Pop.  1747.  The  E.  part  of  the  town  was  settled  at  a  very  early  period  by  immigrants 
from  Holland.*     There  are  5  churches  in  town.' 

CAIRO — was  formed  from  Catskill,  Coxsackie,  and  "Freehold,"  (now  Durham,)  March  26, 1803, 

as  "Canton,"  and  its  name  was  changed  April  6, 1808.  It  is  situated  at  the  E.  foot  of  the  Catskill  Mts., 
the  crest  of  the  mountain  forming  its  w.  boundary.  Its  central  and  E.  parts  are  broken  by  several  high, 
rocky  ridges.  Round  Top,  also  called  the  Dome  Mountain,  is  a  rocky,  isolated  hill  500  ft.  high.  The 
Catskill  Creek  flows  s.  E.  through  the  town,  and  receives  from  the  N.  John  Debackers  Creek  and 
Platte  Kil,  and  from  the  s.  Shingle  and  Uagel  Kils.  The  soil  is  a  clayey,  gravelly,  and  shaly  loam, 
fertile  in  the  valleys  and  of'medium  quality  among  the  hills.  Cairo,  (p.  v.,)  situated  near  the  centef 
of  the  town,  on  the  Old  Susquehanna  Turnpike,  contains  4  churches  and  several  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments. Pop.  353.  Acra,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  w., S.Cairo, (p. o.)  and  Cairo  Forge,  about  1  mi. 
s.  of  Cairo,  are  hamlets.  Settlements  were  made  on  the  Shingle  Kil  previous  to  the  Revolution.'  A 
Presb.  church  was  organized  May  22,  and  a  Bap.  May  25,  1799.     There  are  7  churches  in  town.' 


1  The  Aehland  Collegiate  Institute  was  founded  in  1854.  under 
the  care  of  the  M.  E.  denomination.  The  present  number  of 
boarding  pupils  (1S88)  is  100. 

a  Amoui  the  early  settlers  were  ArgaluB  White,  John  Tuttle, 
.Taims  Strong,  Solomon  Ormsbee,  l)r.  Thomas  lienham,  and 
Medad  Hunt,  most  of  whom  were  Irom  Connecticut.  The  first 
birth  was  that  of  Deborah  Stone,  in  1789.  SanUford  Hunt  kept 
tlie  Urst  store,  and  Sledad  Hunt  the  first  inn.  iu  1705.  Ex  Qov. 
Washington  Hunt,  son  of  Saniiford  Hunt,  was  born  in  this  town. 

•  3  M.  t,  Prot.  E.,  Presb.,  and  R.  C. 


<  Formerly  called  '*  Loornnhurgh"  and  "  Espi^aitza."  Tho 
steamer  Swallow,  on  her  way  to  New  York  with  a  large  nunit)i-r 
of  passengers,  was  wrecked  in  the  river  opposite  this  place  on 
the  evening  of  April  7,  1845,  and  about  20  persons  were  lost. — 
Senate  Doc.  No.  102. 1S45. 

6  A  tannery  was  erected  in  1750  by  Nicholas  Perry. 

«  Bap.,  Friends,  Lutli.,  Prot.  K.,  and  Kef  Prot.  D. 

1  A  family  by  the  name  of  Strobe,  living  on  the  Shingle  Kil, 
were  murdered  by  the  Indians  during  the  war. 

8  3  M.  E.,  Bap,  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  and  Union. 


332 


GREENE    COUNTY. 


CATSK.ILL.' — was  formed  March  7, 1788,  as  part  of  Albany  co.  It  was  annexed  to  Ulster  co. 
April  5,  1798.  A  part  of  Woodstock  (Ulster  co.)  was  annexed  March  25,  1800 ;  a  part  of  Cairo  was 
taken  off  in  1803  and  a  part  of  Athens  in  1815.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  s.  e.  corner  of  the 
CO.  The  surface  is  broken  by  several  rocky  ridges  parallel  to  the  Hudson :  these  ridges  are  principally 
composed  of  shales  and  gray  grit.  In  the  latter  formation  are  extensive  quarries,  from  which  a  fine 
quality  of  flagging  stone  is  obtained  and  largely  exported.  A  swamp,  covering  an  area  of  several 
hundred  acres,  extends  along  the  Hudson  below  Catskill  Village.  The  Catskill  Creek  flows  s.  e. 
through  the  N.  E.  corner  to  the  Hudson,  and  receives  the  Kaaters  Kil  after  the  latter  has  pursued 
an  irregular  course  through  the  center  and  s.  w.  part  of  the  town.  The  other  streams  are  Kiskatom 
Creek,  and  Jan  Vosent  Kil.  The  soil  is  principally  tenacious  clay,  with  sections  of  gravelly 
and  slialy  loam.  Hay  is  the  principal  agricultural  export.  Large  quantities  of  brick  are  manu- 
factured and  exported.  Catskill  Village  being  the  chief  entrepot  for  the  co.,  commerce  is  a  leading 
pursuit.  Catskill,  (p.  V.,)  the  co.  seat,  was  incorp.  March  14,1806.  It  is  situated  on  the  Hudson, 
at  the  mouth  of  Catskill  Creek.  It  contains  5  churches,  3  newspaper  oflices,  2  banks,  and  a  large 
number  of  mercantile  and  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  2,520.  Leeds,  (p.  v.,)  situated 
at  the  falls  on  Catskill  Creek,  contains  2  churches  and  several  manufactories.  Pup.  450.  JeflTer- 
son,  (p.  V.,)  between  Catskill  and  Leeds,  has  a  population  of  about  300.  Palensville,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  w.  part,  on  the  Kaaters  Kil,  contains  2  tanneries,  a  woolen  factory,  and  18  houses.  Kiska- 
tom is  a  p.  0.  Settlements  were  made  upon  the  Hudson  at  an  early  period,  by  German  immigrants. 
The  flats  in  the  valley  of  Catskill  Creek  w.  of  Leeds  were  first  settled  by  Martin  G.  Van  Bergen  and 
Sylvester  Salisbury,  who  in  1677  purchased  the  Indian  title  to  an  extensive  tract.  There  are  9 
diurches  in  town.^    The  Catskill  Mountain  House  is  on  the  line  of  Hunter.     See  page  333. 

COXS  ACKIE'— was  formed,  as  a  district,  March  24, 1772,  and  as  a  town,  March  7, 1788.  Dur- 
ham was  taken  oS'  in  1790,  a  part  of  Cairo  and  Greenville  in  1803,  New  Baltimore  in  1811,  and  a  part  of 
Athens  in  1815.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  N.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  A  range  of  clay  bluifs  about 
100  ft.  high  extends  along  the  course  of  the  river,  and  a  range  of  hills  500  ft.  high  through  the  center 
of  the  town.  The  surface  is  level  or  undulating  in  the  E.  and  is  hilly  and  broken  in  the  w.  The 
principal  streams  are  the  Coxsackie,  Potick,  and  Jan  Vosent  Creeks.  The  soil  in  the  e.  is  clayey 
and  sandy,  and  in  the  w.  it  is  a  gravelly,  shaly,  and  clayey  loam :  brickmaking  is  extensively  pursued. 
Coxsackie,  (p.  v.,)  situated  near  the  Hudson,  contains  —  churches,  an  academy,  and  several  manu- 
factories.* Pop.  1,800.  Coxsackie  Lianding',  1  mi.  e.  of  the  village,  contains  1  bank,  newspaper 
oflice,  and  4  churches.  Jacksonville,  in  the  w.  part,  is  a  hamlet.  The  Dutch  settled  in  town 
about  1652,  on  a  tract  about  6  mi.  sq.  purchased  of  the  Indians.     There  are  8  churches  i#  town.' 

DURII A9I — was  formed  from  Coxsackie  as  "Freehold,"  March  8, 1790 ;  its  name  was  changed 
March  28,  1805.  Parts  of  Cairo,  Windham,  and  Greenville  were  taken  oiF  in  1803.  It  lies  near  the 
center  of  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  hilly  and  broken,  the  N.  E.  corner  being  occupied 
by  the  s.  slopes  of  the  Helderbergh  Mts.,  and  the  w.  border  by  the  Catskills.  The  principal 
streams  are  Catskill  Creek,  flowing  s.  E.  through  the  E.  part,  and  its  tributaries  Fall,  Bowery,  Posts, 
and  Brink  Street  Creeks.  The  soil  is  generally  a  heavy  clay,  with  occasional  sections  of  gravel. 
There  are  several  mills  and  tanneries  on  Catskill  Creek,  which  stream  aSbrds  a  fair  amount  of  water 
power.  Oak  Uill,  (p.  v.,)  on  Catskill  Creek,  has  a  pop.  of  320.  Durbani,  (p.  v.,)  1  mi.  w. 
of  Oak  Hill,  contains  2  churches  and  30  houses.  East  Durbam  (p.  v.)  17  houses,  Cornvrall- 
vllle,  (p.  V.,)  in  the  central  part  of  the  town,  15  houses,  and  Soutll  Durtaam  (p.o.)  10  houses. 
Centerville  is  a  hamlet.  The  settlement  of  the  town  was  commenced  in  1776.  Capt.  Asahel 
Jones  and  Rozel  Post,  from  Conn.,  settled  in  1788.'    There  are  7  churches  in  town.' 

OREElVVIliliE — was  formed  from  Coxsackie  and  "Freehold,"  (now  Durham,)  March  26, 
1803,  as  "  Greeiijield."  Its  name  was  changed  to  "Freehold"  in  1808,  and  to  Greenville,  March  17, 
1809.  It  lies  on  the  n.  border  of  the  co.,  e.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  hilly, — the  southern 
extremity  of  the  Helderbergh  Mts.  occupying  the  central  and  w.  parts  of  the  town.  The  principal 
streams  are  Potick,  John  Debaokers,  and  Basic  Creeks.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a  heavy,  clay  loam, 
well  adapted  to  grazing ;  but  much  of  it  has  been  exhausted  by  too  frequent  croppings  with  hay. 
About  1  mi.  w.  of  Greenville  Center  is  a  sulphur  spring.     GrcenTille,  (p.  v.,)  N.  of  the  center 


1  Great  Tmhocht  District,  including  this  towo,  waa  formed 
March  24,  1-72. 

!  3  M.  E.,  -2  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Pap.,  P-efb.,  Prot.  E.,  and  Union. 

8  Pron.  Cool\.sock'ey.  Derived  from  an  Indian  word  signily- 
tag  "  Owl-hoot." 

*  Shipbuilding  w»8  foTBierly  carried  on  at  the  lower  landing, 


near  this  place ;  and  several  of  the  early  Hudson  River  steam- 
boats were  built  here. 

6  2  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  2  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  R.  C,  Union,  and  Af,  M.  E. 

»  Mr.  De  Witt  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  17S8,  and  Jared 
Smith  the  flrst  sawmill,  about  the  same  time. 

I  2  Cong.,  2  M.  B.,  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  Prot.  K. 


GREENE    COUNTY. 


333 


of  the  town,  contains  3  churches,  the  Greenville  Academy,  and  35  houses;  Freehold,  (p.v.,)  in 
the  s.  w.  part,  1  church  and  24  houses ;  Norton  Hill,  (p.v., ]  in  the  N.  w.  part,  16  houses;  Oreen- 
ville  Center  15  ;  and  East  Greenville  1  church  and  10  houses.    Gay  Head  is  a  p. 

office.  In  1768  the  British  Government  granted  2  patents — one  for  2000  and  one  for  5000  acres,  located 
together  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town — to  Major  Augustine  Prevost,  of  the  6th  British  infantry,  who 
served  in  this  country  during  the  Old  French  War.'  Stephen  Lantiman,  Godfrey  Brandow,  and 
Ilans  Overpaugh,  who  settled  in  the  town  in  1774,  were  among  the  earliest  settlers.^  There  are  7 
churches  in  town.' 

HAliCOTT — ^was  formed  from  Lexington,  Nov.  19,  1851,  and  named  from  George  W.  Hal- 
cott,  then  sheriff  of  Greene  co.  It  is  situated  in  the  s.w.  corner  of  the  co.,  and  is  separated  from 
the  other  towns  of  the  co.  by  a  mountain  ridge  1000  feet  high.  This  ridge  is  crossed  by  difficult 
and  unfrequented  roads.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  territory  is  covered  with  forests.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  comprising  four  valleys,  in  which  rise  the  sources  of  the  E.  branch  of  the 
Delaware.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a  gravelly  loam  of  medium  quality,  and  stony,  but  is  well  adapted 
to  grazing.  From  its  isolated  position  among  the  mountains,*  the  chief  avenue  of  communication 
with  the  outside  world  is  on  the  s.,  by  way  of  Middletown,  Delaware  co.  West  LiCxington 
(p.  0.)  is  in  flie  central  part  of  the  town.    The  first  settlement  was  made  on  the  Bush  Kil,  in  1790, 

by  Keuben  Crysler, Thurston,  Joseph  Brooks,  and  Timothy  Tyler.^     There  are  2  churches  in 

town ;  0.  S.  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

HUKTER'— was  formed  from  Windham  as  "  Greenland,"  Jan.  27,  1813.  Its  name  was 
changed  April  15, 1814,  a  part  of  Saugerties  was  taken  off  in  1814,  and  a  part  of  Jewett  in  1849.  The 
surface  is  rocky  and  mountainous,  not  more  than  one-fourth  being  susceptible  of  cultivation.  Several 
of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Catskills — among  which  are  High  Peak,  Round  Top,  and  Pine  Orchard — 
lie  within  the  limits  of  this  town.'  Two  narrow  valleys  extend  quite  through  the  mountains  and  cross 
each  other  at  nearly  right  angles  near  the  center  of  the  town.  The  first  of  these  is  the  valley  of  Scho- 
narie  Creek  and  its  southerly  continuation,  that  of  the  Platte  Kil ;  and  the  second,  that  of  the  Kaatera 
Kil  and  Stony  Clove.  The  soil  is  generally  a  heavy,  clayey  and  shaly  loam,  very  stony,  and  poorly 
adapted  to  agriculture.  Hunter,  (p.v.,)  situated  on  Schoharie  Creek,  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the 
town,  contains  2  churches  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  393.  Tanners- 
vllle,  near  the  center,  is  a  p.  office.  Settlements  were  made  during  the  Revolution,  by  "cowboys" 
from  Putnam  co.  Their  property  was  confiscated  by  the  Whigs.*  Col.  Wm.  W.  Edwards  and  his 
son  Wm.  W.,  from  Northampton,  Mass.,  moved  into  town  in  July,  1817,  and  erected  the  first  ex- 
tensive tannery  in  the  State  in  which  the  then  new  method  of  tanning  was  adopted.  Within  a  few 
years  after,  other  tanneries  were  built,  and  a  very  large  amount  of  leather  was  made  in  the  town 
annually  for  a  long  series  of  years,  until  the  hemlock  bark  was  exhausted.  Most  of  the  establish- 
ments are  aow  abandoned.    There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  Presb.,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

JEWETT' — was  formed  from  Lexington  and  Hunter,  Nov.  14, 1849.  A  part  of  Lexington 
was  taken  off  in  1858.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  w.  half  of  the  co.  High  and  rocky  spurs  extend 
w.  from  the  principal  n.  branch  of  the  Catskills ;  and  a  high  and  almost  precipitous  ridge  extends 
along  the  s.  w.  border.  Schoharie  Creek  and  its  tributary  East  Kil  are  the  principal  streams. 
The  soil  is  a  heavy,  reddish,  gravelly  loam  of  medium  quality,  often  stony  and  rocky,  and  largely 
underlaid  by  a  tough  hardpan.  Jewett,'"  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2 
churches  and  14  houses.     Jewett  Center,  at  the  junction  of  East  Kil  and  Schoharie  Creek, 


1  Mojor  Prevost  erected  a  fine  mansion  on  one  of  these  tracts, 
a  little  w.  of  the  village  of  Greenville,  in  which  he  resided  until 
his  death. 

*  Abraliam  Post,  Eleazar  Knowles,  Bethuel  Hinman,  Peter 
Curtis,  and  Edward  Lalie.  from  Conn.,  settled  in  the  town  in 
1783.  David  Uicl^ock  and  Davis  Denning  erected  the  first  grist- 
mill, in  1786. 

»  2  liap,  2  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  Preab.,  and  Christian. 

^  Wild  game  is  still  found  in  the  mountains,  and  the  pure, 
limpid  streams  abound  in  trout. 

6  Halph  Coe  and  Henry  Hosford  built  the  first  sawmill,  in 
1820.  Kalph  Coe  kept  the  first  inn,  and  ilenry  Ilamican  the 
first  store.    There  is  now  no  tavern,  lawyer,  nor  doctor  in  town. 

•  Named  from  John  Hunter,  an  early  proprietor  of  a  part  of 
the  Hardenburgh  Patent. 

T  The  Catskill  Mountain  House,  upon  Pine  Orchard,  is  situated 
upon  a  precipice  overlooking  the  Hudson,  and  is  22i2  ft.  above 
tide.  It  was  built  by  the  Catskill  Mountain  Asso'n,  at  a  cost  of 
$22,000.  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors.  Among  the  hills,  i  mi. 
v.of  the  house,  are  2  small  takes,  each  \i  mi.  in  circumference, 
— tliuir  outlet  formiog  the  Kaatera  Kil.  Upon  this  stream,  a  little 


below  the  lakes,  are  the  Kaaters  Kil  Falls,  where  the  stream 
plunges  down  a  perpendicular  descent  of  175  ft.,  and,  in  a  few 
rods,  anotlier  of  85  ft.,  falling  into  a  deep,  rocky  ravine  or  clove, 
and  finally  finding  its  way  into  Catskill  Creek.  The  views  from 
the  Mountain  House,  and  the  scenery  among  the  mountains,  are 
among  the  finest  in  the  country,  and  the  place  is  visited  annually 
by  thousands  of  tourists. 

8  Samuel,  Elisha,  and  John  Haines,  and  Gershon  Griffin,  en- 
tered the  mountains  by  way  of  Kingston  and  Mink  Hollow,  and 
settled  on  Schoharie  Kil.  Their  location  Mas  discovered  a  year 
or  two  after  by  some  Dutchmen  from  the  e.  side  of  the  moun- 
tain, while  hunting  bears.  They  were  followed,  in  1786,  by  a 
number  of  Shay's  followers,  from  Mass.,  who,  on  the  suppreasion 
of  his  rebellion,  lied  to  the  mountains.  James  and  .lacob  Carl 
settled  in  the  town  in  17S5;  Saml.  Merritt,  and  f-anil.  and  Wm. 
Hayes,  in  1791.  Roger  Bronson  was  the  first  settler  at  the  village 
of  Hunter.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  John  Haines.  Mr.  Olm- 
sted built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1794,  and  subseiiueutly  the  fln4 
tannery,  and  kept  the  first  store  and  inn. 

"  Named  from  Froel>orn  O.  Jewett,  then  a  justice  of  the  Su- 
premo Court.  to  formerly  called  '-Lcxingii^n  Heights  J* 


334 


GREENE    COUNTY. 


and  East  Jewett,  are  p.  offices.     The  first  settlement  was  made  near  Schoharie  Creek  in 
1783-84,  by  Wm.  Gass,  a  Scotchman.'     There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  3  M.  E.  and  Presb. 

1.EX11SGTOM— was  formed  from  Windham  as  "New  Goshen,"  Jan.  27,  1813,  and  its  name 
was  changed  March  19,  1813.  A  part  of  Jewett  was  taken  ofi"  in  1849,  but  reannexed  in  1858,  and 
a  part  of  Ilalcott  was  taken  off  in  1851.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  w.  of  the  center.  More 
than  one-half  of  the  surface  is  occupied  by  the  lofty  peaks  and  ridges  of  the  Catskills.  Schoharie 
Creek,  flowing  through  the  n.  e.  corner  of  the  town,  is  bordered  by  high  and  steep  rocky  ridges. 
West  Kil,  its  principal  tributary,  drains  a  valley  9  mi.  in  length,  everywhere  bordered  by  lofty 
mountains  except  on  the  w.  Bush  Kil  Clove  is  a  natural  pass  in  the  mountains,  extending  from 
the  Schoharie  Valley  s.  into  Ulster  co.  The  soil  is  a  slaty  and  gravelly  loam.  Only  about  two-fifths 
of  the  surface  is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  Lexington,  (p.  v.,)  on  Schoharie  Creek,  n.  of  the 
center  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches  and  27  dwellings,  and  West  Kill  (p.  t.)  1  church  and 
31  dwellings.  Busbnellsville  is  a  p.  0.  on  the  line  of  Ulster  co.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  1788,  on  the  flats  of  Schoharie  Kil.'     There  are  3  churches  in  town;  2  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

WEW  B AL.TI9IORE— was  formed  from  Coxsackie,  March  15,  1811.  Scutters,  Little,  and 
Willow  Islands  were  annexed  from  Kinderhook  April  23,  1823.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the 
N.  E.  corner  of  the  co.  The  general  surface  is  hilly  and  broken.  A  line  of  high,  rugged  clay  and 
slate  bluffs  rises  from  the  river  to  a  height  of  100  to  200  feet,  and  a  range  of  high,  broad  hills  ex- 
tends s.  through  the  center  of  the  town.  The  w.  part  is  comparatively  level.  The  principal  streams 
are  Hannakrois  Creek  in  the  n.  w.  corner.  Deep  Clove  Kil,  Cabin  Run,  and  the  E.  branch  of  Potick 
Creek.  Nearly  all  these  streams  flow  through  narrow  and  rocky  ravines.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a 
heavy  clay  loam,  with  limited  patches  of  sand  and  gravel.  IVeiv  Baltimore,  (p.  v.,)  on  the 
Hudson,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches,  and  has  a  pop.  of  709.  Medway  is  a  p. 
office.  Settlement  was  commenced  upon  the  Coxsackie  flats  at  an  early  period.  The  Broncks, 
Houghtalings,  and  Conyns  were  among  the  first  settlers.     There  are  9  churches  in  town.' 

PRATTSVIE.ee— was  formed  from  Windham,  March  8,  1833,  and  named  from  Col.  Zadock 
Pratt.  A  part  of  Ashland  was  taken  off  in  1848.  It  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  sur- 
face is  principally  occupied  by  broad  mountain  uplands  bordered  by  steep  and  rocky  slopes. 
Schoharie  Creek  and  Batavia  Kil  flow  through  wild  and  narrow  mountain  gorges.  The  soil  is  a 
heavy,  reddish,  gravelly  and  clayey  loam,  moderately  fertile  and  profitable  only  for  grazing. 
Prattsville,  (p.  v.,)  on  Schoharie  Kil  w.  of  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches  and 
several  manufactories.*  Pop.  C17.  Red  Falls,  (p.  v.,)  on  Batavia  Kil,  contains  a  cotton  fac- 
tory, a  paper  mill,  and  several  other  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  231.  Settlements  were 
made  on  the  flats  at  Prattsville  by  Dutch  immigrants  from  Schoharie  co.,  during  the  period  between 
the  close  of  the  Old  French  War  in  1763  and  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolution  in  1770.'  During 
the  latter  war  the  settlement  was  attacked  by  a  body  of  Indians  and  tories  led  by  a  British  officer. 
The  inhabitants  rallied,  and  a  battle  took  place  upon  the  bank  of  Schoharie  Kil,  a  little  below  the 
Windham  Turnpike  Bridge,  s.  of  the  village,  in  which  the  Indians  and  their  allies  were  routed. 
Rev.  Cornelius  D.  Schermerhorn  was  the  first  settled  preacher.  There  are  3  churches  in  town; 
Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Prot.  E.,  and  M.  E. 

WIIVDH  AM— was  formed  from  Woodstock,  (Ulster  co.,)  as  part  of  Ulster  co.,  March  23, 1798. 
"Greenland"  {now  Hunter)  and  Lexington  were  taken  off  in  1813,  Prattsville  in  1833,  and  a  part 
of  Ashland  in  1848.  A  part  of  "  Freehold"  (now  Durham)  was  annexed  March  26, 1803.  It  lies  upon 
the  w.  declivities  of  the  Catskills,  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  very  broken  and  hilly. 
A  high  range  of  mountains  extends  along  the  s.  border,  at  the  n.  foot  of  which  flows  Batavia  Kil,«  in 
a  deep,  rooky  valley.  The  central  and  n.  parts  are  occupied  by  mountain  spurs  divided  by  narrow 
ravines.     The  soil  is  a  heavy,  gravelly  and  clayey  loam,  of  which  disintegrated  shale  forms  a  large 


>  Zeph'iniah  Chase,  from  Marthas  Vineyard,  (Maps.,)  settled 
hi  the  town  in  \'^1 ;  and  Chester  Hull,  from  Wallingford,  Conn., 
a  Boldiei  ut  tile  Revolution,  in  1789.  Among  those  who  settled 
soon  aft.  r  were  Zailork  Pratt,  Theop.  and  Sam.  Pe^k,  Eb'r  David, 
and  .^'ti-jihen  .lolinson.  Laban,  Ichabod.  Abraham,  and  Amherst 
Andrt-ws,  Henajah,  John,  and  Jared  Hiee,  Henry  Goslee,  Justus 
.'■'quiie.s,  Daniel  .Miles,  Adnah  Beach,  Isaac  and  Munson  Buel, 
tiideon.  Keuben  and  Joel  Hosford,  and  Samuel  and  Daniel  Mer- 
Tin.  The  (irst  birlh  wnBthat  of  Henry  Coslee.  Jr.  Wm.tiass  kept 
the  fii-st  inn.  in  17yO,  Klisha  Thom|)BOn  the  first  store,  in  1795, 
and  Lallan  Andrews  built  the  first  gristmill  the  same  year. 

*  Anion  r  the  eaily  settlers  were  Aino.«  Brouson,  Saml.  Amos, 
Richard  I'ecU.  David  and  Benj.  Bailey,  and  Benj.  Crispell,  John 
T.  Bray  built  the  first  tannery,  in  ISIS  or  '19;  Thaddeus  Bron. 


son  the  first  gristmill,  in  1792;  and  Richard  Peck  opened  the 
first  inn,  in  179fi. 

83  Friends,  2  M.E.,  B,ip., Christian,  Ref.  Prot.D..and  Prot.  Meth. 

*  At  this  place,  at  the  extensive  tannery  of  the  Hon.  Zadock 
Pratt.  60.001)  sides  of  sole  leather  were  tanned  and  6,000  cordfl 
of  bark  consumed  anniiallv  fr  25  years. 

^  Among  the  first  settlers  were  John  Laraway  and  his  sons 

John,  .loniui.  Deriek,  avd  Maitinus,  Isaac  Van  Aletyne,  

Vrooman.  ,Iohn  and  Peter  Van  Loan,  Hendrick  Becker,  and  a 
family  by  the  name  of  Shoemaker.  The  first  school  was  t.iught 
bv  Mr.  Banks,  in  1790.  Martiiius  L.araway  kept  the  fiot  ina, 
soon  after  the  Hevolution,  and,  with  his  brother  John,  erected 
the  first  srri'*tmill. 

A  The  Indian  name  of  this  stream  ma  Cliough-tig-hig-nick. 


GREENE    COUNTY. 


335 


part.  Windtaam  Center,  (p.  v.,)  on  Batavia  Kil,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  3 
churches,  and  has  a  pop.  of  350.  Ilensonvllle,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  same  stream,  s.  of  the  center 
of  the  town,  contains  124  inhabitants,  and  Big  IIoIIOlT,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  2  cliurches  and  12 
houses.  East  Windham  and  Union  Society  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  1790,  by  Geo.  Stlmpson,  Abijah  Stone,  and  Increase  Claflin.'  Rev.  Henry  Stlmpson  was 
one  of  the  earliest  settled  ministers.     There  are  5  churches  in  town.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,  ScJwols,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Greene  County. 


Namiv)  of  Towns. 

Acres  of  Land.  | 

ViLDATION  OP  1868.                1 

POPOLATIOK. 

i> 

: 

1 
140 

Schools. 

1 

6 

1 

1 

1 

Property. 

1 

5 
1 

1 

i 

217 

235 

rl 

7 

l! 

Ashland 

9,846i 

4,198 

$135,080 

$9,500 

$144,580' 

566 

684 

603 

10,361  i 

4.602i 

499,308 

54,050 

553,358 

1,470 

1,400 

438 

651 

343 

7 

1,046 

Cairo 

22,641 

10,982 

666,377 

88,175 

64;!,662 

1.290 

1,267 

448 

478 

341 

15 

827 

Catekill    

19,1464 
17,69Si 

17,613 
4,516 

1,4.37,035 
782,710 

632,312 
16.5,334 

1,969,347 
94S.044 

2,812 
1,.S91 

2,898 
1.791 

930 
692 

1,094 
ffl3 

544 
432 

19 
13 

2.020 
1.354 

Coxeackie 

Durham 

23,166i 

6,865 

894,146 

68,300 

462,446j 

1,239 

1,301 

482 

491 

393 

15 

936 

20,273} 
7,137 

6,535  S 
4,007 

580,315 
84,775 

70,632 
9,900 

660,9471 
94,676; 

1,088 
246 

1,085 
228 

415 
86 

450 
89 

342 
79 

IB 
4 

909 
207 

Halcott 

10,2M; 

40,46fi{ 

135,395 

10,642 

146,037 

833 

761 

258 

276 

207 

12 

735 

Jewett 

15,167 

10,468} 

136,200 

25,620 

161,820l 

678 

661 

206 

220 

176 

10 

491 

14,727» 
18,27  9t 

21,000 
6,124J 

227,639 
804,599 

41,150 
103,820 

268.689 
908,429 

7S8 
1,248 

807 
1,164 

319 

426 

217 
456 

235 
300 

11 
15 

601 
866 

New  Baltimore 

Prattsville 

8,7S4 

4,854 

111,200 

29,260 

140,4601 

746 

842 

267 

290 

225 

8 

666 

Windham 

14,S40i 

9,892 

244,2S3 

41,100 

285,383 

807 

877 

327 

268 

188 
3,951 

12 

531 

Total 

212,2e3i 

160,6045 

$6,127,961 

$1,249,796 

$7,377.7661 

16,691    16,646 

6,409 

6.707 

161      11,869  1 

Live  Stock. 

AOEICOLTDBil  PBODBCTS. 

1 

Bdib.  OS  Qhaim. 

,8- 

D 

IIBY   PEOi>OCTa. 

Names  of  Towns. 

1 

6 

a, 

.S 

.J 

•s- 

ll 
7,524 

^5 

la 

El -5 

11.366 

It 

1,026 

-■3 
|| 

283 

Aahlaad 

261 

697 

72- 

962 

487 

l,935i 

12,262 

2,344i 

69,816 

Athens 

393 

349 

,50 

i       164 

886 

4,2S0i 

23,373 

4,493j 

6,099 

10,935 

42,776 

300 

2624 

Cairo     

714 

998 

1,04< 
1,07 

)    1,069 
i    1.615 

1,663 
1,723 

13,8044 
12,6384 

27  991 

4.350 

8,254 

22,771 
16,153 

96  675 

937 

1,114 

Catekill 

713 

910 

39.337, 

7.592 

9,245 

90.720 

617 

Coxanckie 

636 

623 

79 

397 

1,565 

8,7054 

36.091J 

6,699 

17,01.19 

18,318 

83.735 

690 

Durham 

745 

1,299 

1,36 

!    3,507 

2,244 

7,064 

36,OS7j 

3,998 

6.8214 

25,805 

121,917 

6.876 

7111 

Greenville 

698 

741 

1,06 

1,779 

1,443 

7,6654 

37,193 

6.067 

6,679 

25,703 

109.906 

2,07S 

1,011 

Halcott 

162 

496 

62 

J    1,390 

200 

830 

11,917 

1,907 

1,348 

2,490 

60,916 

6f 

1,164 

Hunter 

102 

1,019 

60 

)    1,206 

286 

870 

3,610 

2.4961 

8,264 

2,5404 

52.311 

13C 

684 

Jewett 

2:56 

1,401 

1,16. 

i    1,869 

467 

1,869 

8,978 

3.391 

6.S644 

13,611 

113,6201 

4,928 

146 

Lexington 

354 

1,657 

1,14- 

:     2,013 

6911 

2,449 

13,176i 

4,468 

6,902 

13.128 

105,290 1 

1,285 

779 

New  Baltimore 

610 

617 

99 

1,248 

1,569 

13,4714 

35,093, 

5,4984 

21,789 

19,361 

90.589 

7204 

Prattsville 

239 

680 

76 

1       60S 

384' 

2.076 

5.461, 

1,834 

3,636 

3,3.'.0 

73.780 

60 

386 

Windham 

271 

1,160 

86 

r    1,656 

666 

2,0194 

ll,651i 

3,386 

10.636 

8,263 

79.980 

3.6.57 

244 
8,6114 

Total 

6,203  Il2,&47i  12,692  i  19,382 

14,074 

79,57 

8 

301,213, 

68,524} 

116,871 

192,8144' 1,191,9301 

21,317 

1  Perez  Steel  and  hie  brother  Aaron,  from  Tolland.  Corn.,  set- 
tled in  town  in  1795,  and  Josh.  Jones.  Wra.  Honson.  and  Lemuel 
Hitchcock  (from  New  Haven  co.,  Conn.)  in  179G.  The  first 
marriaf^o  was  that  of  Daniel  Perry  and  Mamva  Hitchcock;  and 
the  first  death  was  that  of  Mrs.  liemuel  Hitchcock,  in  1804. 


Nathan  Blanchard  taught  the  first  school,  In  1809;  Tobias  Van 

Dusen  built  the  first  grifltmill,  in  1793; Van  Orden  kept 

the  first  inn,  in  1796 ;  and  Bennett  Oebora  built  the  first  tai^ 
nery,  in  1822. 
a  2  Presb.,  2  M.  E,  and  Prot.  B. 


HAMILTON   COUNTY. 


This  county  wag  formed  from  Montgomery,  Feb.  12,  1816;  but  ita 
independent  organization  has  never  been  fully  completed.'  It 
occupies  the  central  portions  of  the  great  wilderness  region  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  the  State ;  is  centrally  distant  80  miles  from  Albany, 
and  contains  1,745  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  a  rocky,  mountainous,  and 
hilly  upland  and  is  still  mostly  covered  with  the  original  forests. 
The  highlands  are  divided  into  several  ranges,  generally  distinct, 
but  in  many  places  sending  out  spurs  that  interlock  with  each  other, 
and  all  extending  n.  e.  and  s.  w.  The  Schroon  Range — called  in 
Fulton  CO.  the  Mayfield  Mts. — crosses  the  s.E.  corner  of  Hope.  This 
range  ends  upon  Lake  Champlain  at  Crown  Point,  the  highest 
point  being  Mt.  Crane,  in  "Warren  co.  The  Baquet  Range,  parallel 
to  the  first,  extends  through  the  co.  between  Wells  and  Lake  Pleasant.  This  range  terminates 
upon  Lake  Champlain  at  Split  Rock,  the  highest  peak  being  Dix  Peak,  in  Essex  co.  The  Adiron- 
dack Range,  next  N.,  extends  from  the  Mohawk,  at  Little  Falls,  n.e.  through  Morehouse,  Arietta, 
Long  Lake,  Oilman,  and  Wells,  ending  at  Trembleau  Point,  on  Lake  Champlain,  Mt.  Marcy  being 
the  highest  peak,  and  the  highest  point  in  the  State.  Its  course  is  in  a  wave  or  undulating  line 
occupying  a  space  of  4  to  6  mi.  in  width.  Next  N.  is  the  Au  Sable  Range,  extending  n.  of  the 
Fulton  chain  of  lakes  and  Long  and  Racket  Lakes.  The  highest  points  are  Mt.  Emmons,  in  this 
CO.,  and  INIt.  Seward,  in  Franklin  co.  Spurs  from  this  range  occupy  the  entire  N.  part  of  the  co. 
and  extend  into  St.  Lawrence  and  Herkimer  cos.^  . 

Within  the  valleys  between  these  mountain  ranges  are  several  remarkable  chains  of  lakes,  many 
of  them  connected  by  considerable  streams  and  all  affording  a  large  amount  of  boat  navigation. 
These  lakes  are  generally  long  and  narrow,  are  bordered  by  steep  banks  and  high  mountain  peaks. 
Their  waters  are  clear  and  cold,  and  they  form  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  landscape. 
Although  flowing  in  different  directions,  separated  by  high  mountains,  and  extending  over  an  area 
of  more  than  60  mi.,  they  have  a  nearly  uniform  elevation.'  The  first  chain  on  the  s.,  commencing 
in  Stratf  ird,  Fulton  co.,  includes  several  small  ponds  in  the  s.  e.  corner  of  Hope,  sftveral  ponds  in 
Johnsburgh,  Warren  co.,  and  Schroon  and  Paradox  Lakes  in  Essex  co.  The  second  chain  em- 
braces Jerseyfield  Lake  and  several  others  in  Herkimer  co.,  flowing  s.,  Piseco,  Round,  Spy,  and  Ox 
Bow  Lakes,  Lake  Pleasant,  and  a  great  number  of  smaller  ones,  all  flowing  into  Sacondaga  River. 
The  third  chain,  lying  between  the  two  highest  ranges  of  mountains,  is  composed  of  lakes  less  in 
extent  than  either  of  the  other  chains.  It  comprises  Woodhull  Reservoir  and  about  20  small  lakes, 
principally  in  Herkimer  CO.,  flowing  into  Black  River;  a  large  number  of  small  ponds  in  the  immediate 
vicinity,  flowing  into  West  Canada  Creek;  Indian,  Square,  Beaver,  Wilmurt,  and  a  dozen  smaller 
ones,  in  Hamilton  co.,  flowing  into  Black  and  Indian  Rivers;  and  the  Indian  Lakes,  flowing  into 
the  Hudson.  In  Essex  co.  this  chain  embraces  Lakes  Rich,  Sanford,  and  Henderson,  and  numerous 
others,  lying  near  the  foot  of  Mt.  Marcy.  The  fourth  or  n.  chain  is  the  most  extensive  of  all.  It  com- 
prises Brantingham  and  other  Lakes  in  Lewis  co.,  flowing  into  Moose  and  Black  Rivers ;  the  Fulton 
chain  and  about  20  other  lakes  in  the  n.  part  of  Herkimer,  respectively  flowing  into  Beaver  and 
Moose  Rivers ;  Cranberry  Lake  and  many  others  in  the  s.  part  of  St.  Lawrence,  flowing  into  Oswe- 
gatchie  and  Grasse  Rivers ;  Tuppers,  Racket,  Forked,  and  Long  Lakes,  and  50  others,  in  Hamilton 
CO.,  and  a  large  number  in  Franklin,  flowing  into  Racket  River ;  St.  Regis  Lake,  Osgoods  Pond, 
and  numerous  others,  into  St.  Regis  River;  Ragged  Lake,  Round  and  Ingraham  Ponds,  into 
Salmon  River ;  Lake  Placid,  into  the  Au  Sable ;  the  Chateaugay  Lakes,  into  Chateaugay  River ; 
and  the  Chazy  Lakes,  into  Chazy  River.    All  these  last  named  lakes  are  in  Hamilton,  Franklin, 


1  Named  in  honor  of  Alexander  Hamilton.  The  territory  was 
included  in  Herkimer  co.  Feb.  16.  1791,  but  was  re-annexed  to 
Montgomery  March  31.  1797.  It  can  complete  ita  organization 
when  it  has  a  sufficient  population  to  entitle  it  to  a  member  of 
Assembly.  It  remained  appended  to  Montgomery  until  1838, 
when  it  was  annexed  to  Fulton  on  the  erection  of  the  latter  co. 
Courts  were  established  in  1837. 

*  This  region  was  called  by  the  natives  Coughsarage.  "  the 
dismal  wilderness."  The  following  entry  on  a  map  published 
ftliout  the  period  of  the  Revolution,  or  soon  after,  gives  the  pre- 
vailing opinion  of  that  day  coccerntng  these  lands : — "Through 
SS6 


this  tract  of  land  runs  a  chain  of  mountains,  which,  from  Lake 
Champlain  on  one  side  and  the  river  St.  Lawrence  on  the  other 
side,  show  their  tops  always  white  with  snow;  but  altho'  this 
one  unfavorable  circumstance  has  hitherto  secured  it  from  the 
claws  of  the  harpy  land  jobbers,  yet  no  doubt  it  is  as  fertile  as 
the  land  on  the  east  side  of  the  lake,  and  will  in  future  fur- 
nish a  comfortable  retreat  for  many  industrious  families." 

8  The  eighth  lake  in  the  N.  chain,  flowing  w.,  is  1,678  ff«t 
above  tide;  Racket  Lake,  2  mi.  n.,  flowing  £.,  1,745  feet;  the 
Upper  Saranac,  Sowing  E.,  1,567  feet;  and  Lake  Sauf()rd,  flow- 
lug  3.,  1,826  feet. 


HAMILTON    COUXTY.  337 

Esses,  and  Clinton  cos.,  in  close  proximity  to  each  other.  The  streams,  forming  the  outlets  of  the 
lakes,  are  mostly  small.  The  whole  region  being  a  mountainous  plateau  higher  than  the  surround 
ing  country,  the  streams  that  rise  here  flow  in  all  directions  and  form  tributaries  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
Lake  Champlain,  the  Hudson,  Mohawk,  and  Black  Rivers.  Several  of  the  I'ivers  have  the  same 
name  as  the  lakes  which  respectively  form  their  headwaters ;  as  the  Racket,  Chazy,  and  Chateaugay.* 

This  whole  region  is  primitive,  the  rock  being  principally  gneiss.  Calciferous  sandstone  and 
Trenton  limestone  are  found  upon  Sacondaga  River.  White  limestone  is  also  found  in  several 
localities.  Peat  is  found  in  great  abundance  in  the  vlaies,  or  natural  meadows,  which  extend  along 
the  valleys.  Iron  ore  and  graphite  are  both  found, — though  no  surveys  have  been  made  to  ascer- 
tain their  extent.  A  large  amount  of  labor  has  been  expended  in  mining  for  silver;  with  what 
success  is  unknown.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam,  and,  except  in  the  valleys,  is  not  susceptible 
of  profitable  cultivation.  The  mountain  sides  are  covered  with  a  thin  growth  of  forest  trees,  and 
when  cleared  seem  incapable  of  supporting  vegetation.  The  valleys  at  first  are  productive,  but, 
being  deficient  in  lime,  as  soon  as  the  vegetable  mold  is  exhausted  they  become  barren. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Sageville,  in  the  town  of  Lake  Pleasant.^  The  co.  buildings,  con- 
sisting of  a  courthouse,  jail,  and  clerk's  office,  were  erected  in  1840,  Each  U^wn  s\ipports  its  ovna 
poor,  and  the  co.  poor  are  provided  for  by  the  Superintendent  at  the  most  convenit  »t  place.  There 
has  never  been  a  paper  printed  within  the  co.'  The  public  works  are  entirely  prodpective.*  Most 
of  the  territory  of  the  co.  is  included  in  the  Totten  and  Crossfield  Purchase  of  1773.^  Grants 
within  the  limits  of  the  co,  were  made  in  colonial  times  to  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst,  Henry  Balfour,  and 
Thomas  Palmer.  Arthursboro,  in  Morehouse,  was  granted  to  Arthur  Noble.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  about  1790. 


ARIETTA* — was  formed  from  Lake  Pleasant,  May  13,  1836.  A  part  of  Long  Lake  was 
taken  off  in  1837.  It  extends  from  the  s.  w.  border  northward  nearly  across  the  co.,  a  little  w.  of 
the  center.  Its  surface  is  much  broken,  and  it  contains  a  great  number  of  wild,  picturesque  lakes. 
Of  these,  Racket  and  Forked  Lakes,  in  the  n,  part,  and  Piseco,'  in  the  s,,  are  the  moat  important. 
The  principal  streams  are  the  w.  and  s.  branches  of  Sacondaga  River.  A  considerable  amount  of 
lumbering  is  carried  on.®  Piseco,  formerly  a  p.  o.,  and  once  a  busy  village  of  some  250  inhabit- 
ants, is  now  nearly  deserted,  and  contains  but  4.  families.®  There  is  nop.o.  in  town.  The  first 
settlers  were  Shadrack  Dunning,  at  the  e.  end  of  Piseco  Lake,  in  1827,  and  David  Woolworth,  in 
the  s.  part,  about  the  same  time.     Rensselaer  Van  Rensselaer,  of  Albany,  settled  in  1834.^** 

OILMAIV^*— was  formed  from  "Wells,  April  23,  1839.  A  part  was  annexed  to  Wells  in  1858. 
It  is  an  interior  town,  extending  in  a  long,  narrow  strip  near  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  lis  surface 
is  much  broken  by  mountains  and  diversified  by  small  lakes.  Several  of  the  highest  peaks  in  the  co. 
are  in  this  town;  but  their  elevations  have  never  been  ascertained.  It  is  the  least  populous  town 
in  the  State.  Oilnian  (p.  o.)  is  in  the  s.  border.  Most  of  the  settlers  are  in  the  s.  part,  a  few 
only  living  on  the  extreme  n.  border,  quite  isolated  from  their  fellow  townsmen.  Philip  Rhine- 
lander,  a  wealthy  merchant  of  New  York,  began  the  first  settlement.*^ 


1  If  this  syFtem  of  naming  lakes  could  be  extended,  it  would 
preatly  assist  those  who  wish  to  understand  the  geography  of 
this  region.  To  make  it  compk'te,  the  cit;hth  lake  in  the  Fulton 
chain  ehouM  be  named  Mooee  Lake;  Cranberry  Pond,  Oswe- 
fjatchie  Lake;  Messpwopie  Pond,  Grasse  Lake;  Ragged  Lake, 
Salmon;  Golden  Lake,  Hudson;  and  Piseco  Lake,  Sacondaga; 
and  then  the  direction  of  the  flow  of  the  waters  would  be  at  once 
apparent  from  the  names  of  the  lakes. 

3  The  first  co.  officers  were  Richard  Peck,  First  Judge:  Saml. 
Call,  County  Ch-rk :  James  Harris,  Sherifr:  G.  R.  Parburt,  Dis- 
trict Attnrnf}/ :  and  Thos.  H.  Kline,  Surrogate. 

'The  Hamilton  County  Sentinel,  printed  at 
Johnstown  and  edited  at  Sageville,  was  started  in  1846 
by  Clark  &  Thayer.  It  waa  subseriuently  in  the  hands 
of  Clark  &  Holmes,  and  is  now  issued  by  Clark  & 
Fish. 

•  Tlip  rnute  of  the  Ontario  &  Hudson  R.  R.,  from  Saratoga  to 
i^ackets  Harrbor.  extends  through  the  N.  part  of  the  co.  The 
route  jp  located;  but  no  grading  has  been  done  within  the  co. 
Several  surveys  have  been  made  to  test  the  practicability  of 
connecting  Piseco  Lake  with  Lake  Pleasant,  the  Fnlton  chain 
with  Racket  Lake,  and  Racket  River  with  the  Upper  Saranac 
Lake,  for  thepurposeof  forming  a  slackwater  navigation  through 
the  CO.  These  schemes  have  been  pronounced  feasible.  C'i>n- 
sidarable  sums  have  been  expended  upon  some  of  the  streams  so 
that  logs  might  be  floated  down. 

6  A  large  share  of  this  tract  has  reverted  to  the  State  by  es- 
cheat, confiscation,  and  tax  sales.  It  was  purchased,  at  the  re- 
'juest  and  expense  of  Joseph  Totten,  Stephen  Crossfield,  and 
Uiiers,  from  the  Mohawk  and  Csnivjuliarie  Indians,  at  Johnsons 


22 


Hall,  in  July,  1773.  It  was  estimated  to  contain  800,000  acres. 
^Council  Minutes,  ^^A'l,  p.  31. 

It  was  surveyed  by  Ebenezer  Jessup  and  associates. 

8  Named  by  Rensselaer  Van  Rensselaer,  in  honoi  of  his 
mother. 

7  Named  by  Joshua  Brown,  a  surveyor,  from  an  Indian  chief 
of  his  acquaintance.  It  is  about  5  mi.  long  and  1  to  IJ  wide. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  picturesqne  sheets  of  water  in  tlis  co.  Tho 
mountains  around  it  are  over  500  feet  above  its  surface. 

8  Henry  Devereaux.  some  years  since,  began  lumbering  on  a 
large  scale  in  the  s.  part,  and  built  a  tram  r.  r.  some  R  or  10  mi. 
long.  He  also  spent  many  thousand  dollars  in  buildings  and 
machinery;  but  the  enterprise  proved  a  failure. 

*  In  1838  Andrew  K.  Morehouse,  an  extensive  landholder, 
built  at  this  place  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  machine  shop,  a  large 
hotel  and  boarding  house,  and  some  half  dozen  dwellings. 
Strong  inducements  were  offered  to  si-ttlers;  but  they  became 
dissatisfied  with  the  tille.  and  one  by  one  dropped  oflT.  In  1S43 
he  again  tried  to  retrieve  his  fortunes  by  tho  formation  of  a 
Joint  stock  Co.  and  induced  some  200  settlers  to  come  in.  Some 
returned  the  same  day;  others  remnincii  a  week  or  a  month. 

10  Kli  Rood,  of  Saratoga,  settled  on  the  beech  flats s.  E.  of  Piseco 
Lake;  R.  Dibble  and  Seth  Whitniaii  near  the  foot  of  the  lake; 
and  Zadock  Ross,  from  Clifton  Park,  8.  of  the  lake.  The  first 
birth  was  that  of  Miss  M.  M.  Dunraiig,  Aug.  28.  1829;  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  Amos  Dunning  an'l  Ann  Kliza  PUimmer;  and 
tho  first  death,  that  of  Seth  Whitman,  A  school  was  taught  by 
Ann  E.  Plummer,  in  1833. 

*^  Named  from  John  M.  Oilman,  an  e^rly  settler,  from  N.  H. 

1'  Mr.  Rhinelander  cleared  300  ucces^  for  a  stock  faroi,  and.  buiU 


338 


HAMILTON    COUNTY. 


.  HOPE* — was  formed  from  Wells,  April  15,  1818.  A  part  of  Lake  Pleasant  was  annexed  May 
10,  1847.  It  lies  upon  Sacondaga  River,  in  the  s.  e.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  and 
mountainous.  It  is  the  most  populous  town  in  the  CO.,  and  the  settlements  are  chiefly  in  the  e. 
part.  The  w.  portion  is  still  a  wilderness,  known  only  to  hunters.  The  mountains  are  very  irre- 
gular; but  in  general  they  extend  upon  both  sides  of  the  river,  and,  as  usual  in  this  region,  have 
their  longest  slope  to  the  s.  w.  The  principal  tributary  of  the  Sacondaga  is  East  Stony  Creek ;  and 
the  main  range  of  mountains  lies  between  this  stream  and  the  river.^  Lumbering  and  tanning  are 
extensively  carried  on.  Hope  Center,  Benson,  and  Benson  Center  are  p.  offices. 
Hope  Falls  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.     Settlement  was  begun  in  1790,  in  the  s.  border  of  the  town.* 

IIVDIA.\  I.AKE— was  formed  from  Gilman,  Long  Lake,  and  Wells,  Nov.  13,  1858.  It  lies 
upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.* 

I.AHI:  PLEASAIVT— was  formed  from  Johnstown,  Fulton  co.,  May  26,  1812.  Parts  of 
Stafford,  Johnstown,  and  Salisbury  were  annexed  at  the  time  of  the  formation  of  Hamilton  co. 
Morehouse  was  taken  off  in  1835,  Arietta  in  1836,  and  a  part  of  Long  Lake  in  1837.  A  part  was 
annexed  to  Hope  in  1847,  and  a  part  to  Wells  in  1858.  It  is  the  central  town  of  the  co.,  and  in- 
cludes a  long  tract  extending  from  n.  to  s.  to  within  a  few  mi.  of  each  extremity  of  the  co.  Its 
surface  is  broken  and  mountainous,  and  most  of  it  is  still  a  wilderness.  Lake  Pleasant,  from  which 
it  derives  its  name,  is  about  4  mi.  long  by  1  wide.  Round  Lake,  J  mi.  from  this,  is  very  irregulai 
in  form,  and  about  1}  mi.  across  in  the  widest  part.^  The  Eckford  chain  of  lakes,  in  the  n.  part, 
are  in  the  midst  of  wild  mountain  solitudes.  The  upper  of  these  is  named  Janet  Lake.®  The 
principal  streams  in  the  s.  are  the  n.  and  w.  branches  of  the  Sacondaga,  and  in  the  n.  the  Racket 
and  its  tributaries.  A  mine  of  graphite  has  been  opened  4  mi.  n.  of  Sageville.  Limestone  mixed 
with  silex  and  mica,  from  which  quicklime  is  obtained,  is  found  s.  of  Lake  Pleasant.  Lumbering 
and  shingle  making  are  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent.  Lake  Pleasant,  (p.o.,)  at  the 
foot  of  the  lake,  contains  a  hotel  and  2  dwellings.  Sag^evllle^  (p-'^-)  '^^  situated  on  a  beautiful 
elevation  50  feet  above  Lake  Pleasant*  and  Round  Lake,  about  one-fourth  of  a  mi.  distant  from 
each.  It  contains  the  co.  buildings,  a  large  hotel,  a  church,  and  several  dwellings.  Settlement  was 
commenced  about  1795,  by  Joseph  Spier,  of  Columbia  co.^  Meetings  were  first  held  by  Rev.  Elisha 
Yale;  and  the  first  settled  minister  was  Rev.  Ryan  Bristol. 

EiOBfCr  IjAKK — was  formed  from  Arietta,  Lake  Pleasant,  Morehouse,  and  Wells,  May  4, 

1837.  It  extends  across  the  n.  end  of  the  co.,  and  is  named  from  the  principal  lake  within  its 
borders.  Its  surface  is  very  broken,  and  numerous  small  lakes  are  scattered  through  its  forests. 
Settlement  was  begun  in  Township  21,  a  few  years  before  the  date  of  its  organization."*  There  ie 
no  p.o.  in  town. 

MOREHOUSE"— was  formed  from  Lake  Pleasant,  April  13, 1835.  A  part  of  Long  Lake  was 
taken  off  in  1837.     It  extends  along  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  from  the  s.  extremity  to  Long  Lake. 


a  coBtly  mansion  on  Elm  Lake,  in  TownBhip  9,  aeveral  mi.  dis- 
tant from  neighbors.  He  remained  here  until  tlie  di-ftth  of  his 
wife,  in  1818  or  '19,  and  soon  after,  l)eing  struck  with  paralysis, 
waa  obliged  to  return  to  New  York.  The  property,  after  repeated 
Bales,  is  now  owned  by  Dr.  Elliott,  an  oculist  of  New  York  City. 
Qilmnn  and  his  sons  were  the  next  eettlers.  John  Carter.  An- 
drew MorriMon.  Sanuu-1  Johnson,  jr.,  Wni.  B.  Perk.  Wra.  Orcutt, 
ftnd  others  were  early  settlers.  Mrs.  Rhinelander  W!i.s  the  first 
perBon  that  died.  Susan  Gilman  taught  the  fiist  school,  in  1823. 
No  inn  has  ever  been  licensed  in  town. 
1  There  are  2  large  tanneries  in  town,  and  several  sawmills. 

*  These  mountains  are  entirely  primitive,  and  incline  to  the 
fcyperethene  and  feldf!pathic  varieties. 

'Gideon  and  Jeremiah  Olmstead,  from  Mass.,  were  the  first 
■ettlerfi.  Issachar  Robinson.  Peter  Wager.  Asa  Deville.  Jacob 
Honck,  John  Graff,  and  Elisha  Wright  settled  about  1791-92.  a 

little  N.  of  the  center  of  the  town.    Zadock  Bass, Conklin. 

Elkanah,  Amos,  and  Isaac  Mason  came  into  the  e.  part  in  1S05. 
The  first  birth  was  th:it  of  Lucinda  Olnistead;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  Mr5.  Conklin,  about  1800.  Wilson,  a  Scotch- 
man, kept  the  first  school. 

*  This  town  has  been  fnrmed  since  the  statistics  were  collected; 
and  its  description  and  history  are  included  in  those  of  thetowns 
from  which  it  was  formed. 

6  The  ioimmit  level  between  Round  Lake  and  Little  Long 
Lake  is  but  a  few  feet  above  the  water.  In  wet  seasons  water 
runs  both  ways,  and  25  mi.  of  slackwater  navi^atinn  might  he 
made  at  comparatively  small  expense.  Round  Lake  flows  into 
the  N.  branch  of  the  Sacmdaga,  and  Little  Long  Lake  into  the 
"W.  branch. — so  that,  afttT  running  26  and  o3  mi.  rei'pec lively, 
their  waters  again  unite. 

^  Named  from  Mrs.  Jamoe  E.  De  Raj*,  by  Dr.  Emmons,  while 


making  the  geological  survey  of  the  2d  district.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Henry  Eckford.  the  celebi-ated  shipbuilder,  from 
whom  the  chain  of  lakes  was  named. 

'  Known  for  several  years  as  ''ZaA-e  Pli-a.-^ant.^'  until  changed 
through  the  agency  of  Uezekiah  Sago,  of  Chittenaogo,  who  bnilt 
a  large  hotel  and  attempted  to  establish  an  extensive  business 
there.  Efforts  have  been  made  to  procure  a  change  of  the  pre- 
sent name,  but  without  success. 

8  A  few  years  since,  Abraham  R.  Lawrence,  of  New  York  City, 
built  al.irgehotel  for  summer  rf sort  at  the  head  of  Lake  Pleasant. 
As  a  speculation  it  proved  a  failure. 

8  Benj.  Macomber.  John  IJarnes.  Joseph  Davis.  .Toshua  and 
Jonath.in  Rich^  Jesse  Callop,  Caleb  Nichols,  Geo.  Wright.  Ephrai ID 
Page,  Daniel  Fish,  Henry  Burton,  Lemuel  Iloluies,  and  B.  Sater- 
lee  settled  in  town  before  1806.  The  first  birth  was  that  of 
Olivia  Spier,  in  1S06;  and  the  second,  that  of  Eleanor  Macombcr, 
who  died  a  missionary  in  Burmah.  Geo.  WriL'ht  kept  the  fiist 
inn.  In  1S06,  and  \Vm.  B.  Peck  the  first  store,  in  1S17.  A  saw- 
mill was  built  by  Foster,  in  1795;  and  a  gristmill,  by 

Joseph  Spier,  in  1797. 

W  David  Keller,  James  Sargent.  Owen  Skinner,  Zenns  Parker 
Joel  I'lumley,  and  John  Cunningham  were  first  settlers.  The 
first  death  occurred  in  1838.  A  sdiool  was  first  taught  in  1840 
by  Lucina  Bissell.  There  are  now  o  schotds  in  town,  A  Cong 
cimrch  was  formed  in  1842,  by  Rev.  JoLn  Todd,  of  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  and  placed  under  the  charge  of  Rev  M.  Paiker.  This  ie 
the  most  secluded  town  in  the  State.  It  is  U8u.illy  reached  from 
Essex  CO,,  to  which  the  settlers  resort  for  their  mails  and  trade. 
Scliroon  River  p.o.,  E.ssfX  co.,  is  the  nearest  and  moul 
convenient  ofiBce  f<jr  receiving  mails. 

11  Named  from  the  first  settler. 


HAMILTON    COUNTY. 


339 


Its  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous.  In  the  several  valleys  which  extend  across  the  town  are 
numerous  lakes.  Jerseyfield  Lake,  upon  the  s.  border,  is  the  principal  lake  in  the  s.  part.  The 
5th,  6th,  7th,  and  8th  lakes  of  the  Fulton  chain,  in  the  N.  part,  discharge  their  waters  into  Moose 
River.  Jones,  Deer,  Goose,  and  several  other  lakes  flow  into  West  Canada  Creek.  IMorellOUse- 
Ville,  in  the  s.  part,  is  a  p.  o.  The  Arthurboro  Patent  was  mostly  within  the  limits  of  this  town. 
The  tract  of  50,000  acres  purchased  by  Jonathan  Lawrence  was  also  partly  in  this  town.'  The 
first  settlement  was  commenced,  under  the  agency  of  Andrew  K.  Morehouse,  in  1833.'' 

■WEliIiS' — was  formed  from  Mayfield  and  Northampton,  Fulton  co..  May  28,  1805.  Hope  was 
taken  off  in  1818,  a  part  of  Long  Lake  in  1837,  and  Oilman  in  1839.  A  part  of  Mayfield  was 
annexed  June  19,  1812;  parts  of  Mayfield  and  Northampton  in  1816;  and  parts  of  Gilman  and 
Lake  Pleasant  in  1858.  It  lies  along  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  and  forms  a  part  of  the  hunting 
grounds  of  Northern  N.  Y.  Its  s.  part  is  inhabited  by  a  few  families  on  Indian  Lake.  It  is  intersected 
by  mountain  ranges  separated  by  deep,  narrow  valleys.  The  highest  peaks  are  2,000  to  2,500  feet 
high  and  are  covered  by  masses  of  naked  rock.  The  three  branches  of  the  Sacondaga  unite  in  the 
s.  part,  forming  a  large  stream.  Jessup  and  Cedar  Rivers,  in  the  N.,  are  large  streams.  Indian 
Lake  is  a  sheet  of  water  about  6  mi.  long ;  and  further  N.  is  a  cluster  of  small  lakes  flowing  into 
the  Hudson.  There  are  numerous  other  small  lakes  in  other  parts,  known  only  to  hunters.  The 
soil  is  light  and  sandy.  Calciferous  sandstone  appears  in  situ  above  Wells  Village.  'Wells  (p.  v.) 
contains  a  large  tannery,  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  15  dwellings;  Plcklevllle,  one-half  mi.  above, 
contains  2  churches  and  15  dwellings.    Settlement  began  in  1798.* 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Hamilton  County. 


NiMEs  OP  Towns. 


Arietta. 

Gilman 

Ilope 

Indian  Lake.. 
Lake  Pleasant. 

Long  Lake 

Morehouse. 

Well3 

Total 


Acres  of  Lanp. 


674 

803 

6,729 

2,737 

744 

I.ISOJ 

3,«02l 


16,875} 


.1 


197,760 
90.902 
56.168 

1.10,418 
150,835 

6,796i 
114,099 


766.9784 


Valuation  of  1858. 


$75,016 
46,559 
65,231 

99,046 
49.937 
39,276 
96,313 


471,377 


11 


1,420 
3,378 


$76,396 
46.569 
66,259 

99,696 
49,937 
39,276 
97,733 


474,755 


77 

62 

451 

162 
71 
147 
430 


1,390 


72 

38 

371 


128 
338 


32 

21 

135 

62 

28 

66 

137 


32 
21 
148 

63 

29 

69 

146 


1, 

18 

19 

116 

33 
22 
61 
93 


Schools. 


el 

31 

21 

361 

147 
60 
89 

818 

1,017 


Names  of  Towns. 


Arietta  

Gilman 

Hope 

Indian  Lake.... 
Lake  i*le.asant. 

Lonjr  Lake. 

Morehouse 

Wells 

Total 


Live  Stock, 


S 

e 

16 
17 
164 


338 


III 


92 
109 
685 

193 

69 
17S 
391 


1,604 


62 
16 
306 

123 

36 
98 
221 

~852 


7 
861 

155 

38 
116 

304 


1,481 


2- 
16 
205 


26 
109 


610 


Agricultural  Products. 


Bush,  or  Grain. 


871 

662 

12,4761 

3,348J 
1,509 
l,97Ct 
6,615 


27,347J 


; 

444 

229 
l,751i 

686 
141 
456i 
606 


4,274 


1,460 
1.247 
9,916 

2,641 
2,226 
3,188 
4,689 


25,257 


45 
2,326 


7 
953 


3.469 


Daiey  PaODDcra, 


3,770 
2,900 
28,803 

16,936 

3,622 

8,202 

19,060 

83,282 


,100 


s 

a 

c  « 

5  ^ 
Cl.£ 

20 


874 

70 

317 

682 

1,463 


1  The  Arthurboro  Patent  included  3  townabips.  one  10  and 
the  nthere  pach  8  mi.  sqtuire.  It  was  granted  to  Arthur  Noble, 
Feb.  15. 1787,  for  1  sbillinf;  per  acre.  He  endeavored  to  (fleet 
the  settlement  of  100  families,  but  failed.  The  trsict  to  Mr. 
Lawrence  was  pranted  for  3i  shillings  per  afre. 

3  Mr.  Morehoupe  bonght  a  tractof  land,  built  aeawmilljStoro, 
and  dwelling,  and  came  in  with  \m  family  early  in  Aug.  1834. 
Hr  bpgan  a  email  village  1  mi.  w.  of  MorehouBevlIle,  called 
*B'tfiHnrvitle;"  but  the  project  failed.  Dennis  and  Henry 
Tnr.kt'r.  TbTOdoro  Marnche,  Ezra  Combs.  Jonathan  Tift,  Cbria- 
tian  Weaver,  Eliaa  HickHrd.  J.  B.  Heily.  and  B.  Bennett  were 
early  scttlcra.  The  firHt  birth  wsh  thnt  nf  a  bod  of  Wm.  Baker; 
the  fli-8t  marriage,  that  of  David  Bushnetl  and  Miss  Squires; 


and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  son  of  Christian  Weaver,  by  a  idl- 
ing tree.  A  gristmill  was  first  built  in  1843,  by  John  Cum- 
mings ;  and  the  first  tannery,  in  1854,  by  Henry  and  Theodor« 
Lnrken. 

8  Named  from  Josbna  Wells,  the  first  settler. 

*  Jofshua  Wills,  a  native  of  Long  Island,  who  came  on  nsn^nt 
for  the  proprietors  of  Palmer's  Purchase,  in  179S,  Inillt  the  first 
millH.  Isaac  and  Joshua  Brown  came  wirh  Wells,  and  kept 
"  bacbelore'  hall"  several  summers  before  any  fiimihes  came  In. 
Amaiia  Oage.  Giles  Vanderhtwf  Nicholas  Brn-'U.  John  Kranrisco, 

ElnHthan  Lacy,  Michael  Ovoracken,  laaiali  Whilmnn. iUm\ 

and  others,  were  earlv  settlers.     • Vnn  Z.uidt  krpt  the  firat 

Btorej  and  Piatt  Whitman  boilt  the  fitst  tauuery,  in  1825. 


V. 


HERKIMER  COUNTY. 


Tnis  county  was  formed  from  Montgomery,  Feb.  16,  1791.'  Onon- 
daga was  taken  off  in  1794,  Oneida  and  a  part  of  Chenango  in 
1798;  the  present  territory  of  Hamilton  co.  was  taken  off  and  an- 
nexed to  Montgomery  in  1797;  parts  of  Montgomery  co.  were 
annexed  April  7,  1817 ;  and  parts  of  Richfield  and  Plainfield,  Otsego 
CO.,  were  annexed  in  forming  Winfield  in  1816.  It  is  centrally  dis- 
'  tant  80  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  1,745  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is 
a  hilly  upland,  with  a  series  of  ridges  extending  in  a  general  n.  and 
s.  direction.  Mohawk  River  flows  e.  through  the  co.  in  a  deep 
valley  which  cuts  the  ridges  at  right  angles  and  separates  the  high- 
land into  two  distinct  parts.  A  broad  ridge  extends  from  the  s. 
border  to  the  Mohawk,  and  thence  N.  of  that  river  along  the  w. 
bank  of  East  Canada  Creek  to  the  N.  line  of  the  co.  The  Ilasenclever  Mts.,  another  broad  ridge,  lie 
along  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  of  the  Mohawk.  From  the  Mohawk  the  highlands  rise  toward 
the  s.  in  a  series  of  hills,  the  declivities  of  which  are  steep  and  their  summits  500  to  1,000  ft.  high. 
North  of  the  river  the  surface  gradually  rises  to  aheight  of  1,000  to  1,500  ft.,  where  it  spreads  out 
into  a  rocky  and  broken  plateau  region,  the  highest  summits  being  2,500  to  3,000  ft.  above  tide. 

Mohawk  River  breaks  through  a  mountain  ridge  at  Little  Falls,  the  valley  forming  a  natural 
channel  of  communication  between  Lake  Ontario  and  Hudson  River.  At  this  place  the  mountains 
on  each  side  of  the  river  are  masses  of  naked  rock  rising  nearly  perpendicular  to  a  height  of  500 
to  600  ft.  An  intervale,  with  an  average  width  of  2  mi.,  extends  along  the  river  w.  of  the  pass, 
and  from  it  the  land  rises  on  each  side  in  gradual  slopes.  East  of  this  point  the  Mohawk  flows  for 
some  distance  through  a  valley  bordered  by  steep  and  nearly  perpendicular  hills.  The  river  re- 
ceives from  the  N.,  Sterling,  West  Canada,  Cathatachua,  and  East  Canada  Creeks ;  and  from  the  s. 
Furnace,  Browns  Hollow,  and  Nowadaga  Creeks.  East  Canada  Creek^  forms  a  portion  of  the  E. 
boundary  of  the  co.,  and  receives  as  tributaries  Trammel,  Spruce,  and  several  other  small  creeks. 
West  Canada  Creek  flows  s.  w.  through  Wilmurt,  Ohio,  and  Russia,  thence  s.  e.  along  the  w.  border 
of  Russia,  thence  s.  through  Newport,  Fairport,  and  Herkimer,  to  the  Mohawk.  It  receives  from 
the  E.  Black,  White,  and  North  Creeks,  and  from  the  w.  several  small  brooks.  Several  small 
streams  take  their  rise  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  and  form  branches  of  the  Unadilla.  The  N.  part 
of  the  CO.  is  yet  an  unbroken  wilderness.  It  is  a  wild,  mountainous  region,  with  very  little  land 
susceptible  of  cultivation.  The  streams,  usually  flowing  in  deep,  rocky  ravines,  form  headwaters 
of  Black,  Moose,  Beaver,  and  Oswegatchie  Rivers. 

The  portion  of  the  co.  lying  n.  of  a  line  extending  w.  of  Brocketts  Bridge,  on  East  Canada  Creek, 
is  covered  with  primary  rocks.'  This  same  formation  also  outcrops  at  Little  Falls  on  the  Mohawk. 
Rising  successively  above  the  primary  are  the  Trenton  limestone,  appearing  in  Norway  and 
Russia;  the  Utica  slate,  appearing  upon  the  summits  of  all  the  hills  immediately  N.  of  the  Mo- 
hawk; the  Frankfort  slate,  appearing  immediately  s.  of  the  river;  the  Oneida  conglomerate  and 
Clinton  group,  extending  in  a  belt  through  near  the  center  of  the  s.  half  of  the  co. ;  the  Onondaga 
salt  group,  waterlime,  Onondaga  and  corniferous  limestones,  appearing  in  thin  layers  next  s. ;  and 
the  Marcellus  shales  and  limestones  of  the  Helderbergh  Range,  covering  the  summits  of  the  s.  hills. 
These  rocks  yield  an  abundance  of  lime,  waterlime,  and  building  material  in  nearly  every  part 
of  the  CO. ;  and  for  these  purposes  they  are  extensively  quarried.  Drift  is  found  in  deep  deposits 
in  many  parts  of  the  co.     The  useful  minerals  are  few  in  number.* 

Agriculture  forms  the  leading  pursuit.  The  hilly  character  of  the  surface  particularly  adapts 
this  CO.  to  pasturage ;  and  dairying  has  long  been  the  leading  branch  of  industry.*     Hops  are 


1  This  namw  waa  originally  '^Erfjkemar :"  and  it  has  been 
variously  written,  as  Ilerchkeimer,  Harenigpr,  llarkemeir. 
Ilerchamer.  Harchanier,  llarkemar,  and  Herkimer. — Benton's 
Jlin'l'irtier,  p.  150. 

2  West  Canada  Creek  was  called  by  the  Indians  Teugh-tagh- 
TH-row,  and  the  East  Creek  Ci-o  ha-na. 

8  The  roeks  peculiar  to  this  region  are  granite,  gneiss,  feld- 
f^par  and  hornblende.  Calciferoufl  sandrock  is  found  associated 
with  gneiss  at  Little  Falls. 

4  Qypsnm  is  found  in  small  quantities ;  and  this  co.  is  said  to 
340 


be  the  most  easterly  point  in  the  State  where  it  can  be  ob- 
tained. The  discovery  of  small  particles  of  anthracite,  found 
associated  with  sandstone  near  Little  Falls,  has  led  to  the  erro- 
neous supposition  that  coal  might  be  obtained  in  the  vicinity. 
Among  the  other  minerals  found  are  crystals  of  quartz,  adapted 
to  optical  instruments,  iron  sand,  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  lead 
ore,  heavy  spar,  graphite,  alum,  and  alum  slate. 

*  The  amount  of  cheese  produced  in  this  CO.  is  three  times  as 
ereat  as  in  any  other  co.  in  the  State. 


HERKIMER    COUNTY. 


341 


largely  produced.  At  Little  Falls,  and  a  few  other  localities,  considerable  manufacturing  is  car 
ried  on. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  Herkimer.*  The  courthouse  is  a  fine  brick  building 
fronting  Main  St.,  near  the  center  of  the  village.  The  jail  is  a  stone  building,  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  st,  from  the  courthouse.  The  clerk^s  office  is  a  fireproof  brick  building,  upon  the  courthouse 
lot,  fronting  Court  St.  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  65  acres  G^  mi.  n.  of  the  court- 
house. The  average  number  of  inmates  is  130,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  Si. 30  each.  The  farm 
yields  a  revenue  of  about  $700.  A  school  is  taught  about  G  months  in  the  year.  The  institution  is 
in  good  condition  and  seems  to  be  vrell  mana^ed.''^  The  works  of  internal  improvement  within  the 
CO.  are  the  Krie  Canal  and  the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.,  both  extending  along  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk. 

Four  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.' 

The  lands  of  this  co.  adjacent  to  the  river  were  granted  mostly  in  the  first  half  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, and  the  greater  portion  now  settled  was  conveyed  before  the  Revolution.  The  n.  portion 
and  small  tracts  in  other  sections  remained  in  possession  of  the  State  Government  until  conveyed 
to  Macomb  and  others.* 


1  The  fii-st  courthouse  of  the  co.  was  legated  at  Whiteeboro, 
now  Onoida  co.  The  first  courthouse  kikI  jhU  at  Herkimer  was 
burned  Jnn.  25, 18S4.  The  first  co  officers  were  H4'nry  Stnrinp, 
JPirst  Judge;  Michael  Myers,  Hn;:h  \\  hite,  and  Abmhani  Ilar- 
denburph,  Jtid/fes;  Jonas  Piatt,  Ckrk;  Wm.  Colbreath,  Sheriff; 
and  Moses  De  Witt,  Surrogate. 

2  Thi.-  two  main  liuildings  of  this  institution  are  of  stone,  and 
axe  each  30  by  40  feet. 

8  T/i€  Tekscfpe  was  commenced  at  Horliimer  about  1802  !>y 
Benj.  Corey.  It  was  purchased  by  David  Holt  aud  J.  B. 
Robhins.  and  discontinued  in  .bin.  1805. 

The  Farmers'  Moytitfrr  was  cumnieiiced  in  the  same  office  in 
1S05  by  Holt  A  Robbins.    It  was  discontinued  in  1807. 

The  Herkimer  I'dican  was  commenced  in  1807  or  '08  by  Benj. 
Corey,  and  was  discontinued  about  1810. 

The  Herkimer  American  was  commenced  in  1810  by  J.  H.  &  H. 
Prentiss.  Wm.  L-  Stone  afterward  became  the  pub- 
lisher. In  1813  or  '14  he  sold  it  to  Kdward  P.  Seymour, 
who  continued  its  publication  until  1831,  when  it  was 
discontinued. 

Bunker  Hill  was  coDimenced  at  Herkimer  in  ISIO  by  G,  G. 
Phinney.    Its  name  was  changed  in  1812  to 

The  ff(ftwst  American,  under  which  title  it  was  published  a  few 
years. 

The  People's  Friend  was  commenced  at  Little  Falls  in  Sept. 
1821.  by  Kdward  M.  Griffin.  It  was  successively  pub- 
lished "by  Joseph  A.  Noonan.  Horatio  N.  Johnson,  and 
E.  G.  Palmer  &  H.  N.  Johnson.  In  1830  it  was  pub- 
lished as 

The  Penple's  Friend  ajid  Little  Falls  Gazette.  I'n  July,  1834.  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  N.  S.  Benton  &  Co.,  who 
cbaiiv'ed  its  name  to 

Tbe  MohawK  Courier,  under  which  title  it  is  now  pub- 
lished by  A.  W.  Katou. 

The  Herkimer  Hrald  was  commenced  in  1828  by  John  Car- 
penter.   It  was  removed  in  a  few  years  to  Oswego. 

The  Republican  Fhrmers'  Frtf  Press  was  commenced  at  Herki- 
mer in  1830  by Holt;  B.  B.  Hotchkin.  editor.    In 

1834  it  w»s  removed  to  Littlo  Falls  and  its  name 
changed  to 

The  Herkimer  f'nunt>i  Whig,  under  which  title  it  was  published 
about  2  years  by  Larned  W.  Smith. 

The  Inquirer  was  published  a  short  time  at  Little  Falls  by 
Larned  W.  Smith. 

Tbe  Herkimer  County  Journal  was  commenced  in 


Dec.  1837,  by  a  comparv;  J.  C.  Underwood,  editor,  E. 
P.  Seymour,  printer,  li  1838  it  p-nssed  into  the  hands 
of  O.  A.  Bowe,  and  in  184*  to  Orlando  Squires,  who  re- 
moved it  to  Little  Falls.  He  was  succeeded  by  Daniel 
Ayer,  by  whom  the  paper  is  now  published. 

r  Small  papers.    A  few  numbers  were  issued 

Key  of  David,      J  in   1853  or  '54  by  O.  Squires.     The   latter 

Ecieciic  Bulletin  A  papf^r  was    designed    as    a  daily,   but  was 
( issued  only  tri-wec-kly. 

The  Walchmayi  was  issued  by  Squires  about  6  months  in  18 — . 

The  Demncruiic  Vindicator  was  issued  by  Squires  about  2  w«eka 
in  18—. 

Tlie  Ent€rp}-ise  was  issued  at  Little  Falls  in  1839  by  £.  M. 
Griffin.    In  1841  it  was  succeeded  by 

The  Mohawk  Mirror..  serai-mo„  which  wiis  discontinued  in  1844. 

The  Tribune  and  Spirit  of  '^S  was  published  at  Little  Falls  a 
short  time  in  IS —  by  H.  N-  Johnson. 

The  Herkri7ner  Freeman  was  commenced  at  Little  Falls  in  July, 
1844.  by  O.  A.  Bowe.  In  H'50  be  removed  it  to  Mohawk 
and  changed  the  name  to 

The  Mohawk  Times.    It  was  soon  after  discontinued. 

The  Frankfort  Drmocrat  was  cnmmenred  in  1842  by  J.  M.  Lyon 
&  W.  B.  Holmes.  In  1844  it  was  removed  to  Herkimer 
and  its  name  changed  to 

The  Herkimer  Chunty  Democrat.  In  1848  Mr.  Lyun  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Robert  Karl.  In  1850  C.  C.  Wilherstine  be- 
came interested  in  its  publication,  and  in  March,  1854, 
he  became  sole  proprietor.  In  Sept.  1S54,  J.  L.  Hayse 
was  associated  with  Mr.  Witherstine.  and  in  Dec.  1855, 
the  name  of  the  paper  was  changed  to 

The  Hurkimer  American.  In  May,  I85t5,  Mr.  Hayse  withdrew  ; 
and  in  July  following  the  paper  passed  into  the  hands 
of  R.W.Crain  &  J.  T.  Stevens,  who  changed  its  name  to 

Tlie  Herkimer  County  Democrat.  - —  Withers- 
tine  80(jn  after  became  proprietor ;  and  in  June.  1869,  it 
was  sold  to  H.G. Crouch,  its  present  publisher. 

The  nion  Indipendent  was  commenced  in  Jan.  1855:  G.  W.  Bun- 
guy,  editor.  Wm.  L.  Fish  &  H.  W.  Lyman,  publishers. 
Ill  Jan.  1S"'8.  it  was  removed  to  Utica. 

The  Moliawk  Valley  Sentinel  was  commenced  at 
Mi.hawk  in  Jan.  1855.  by  L.  W.  I'eters  &  G.  W.  Gould. 
In  May  following  Mr.  I'eters  becjime  sole  proprieUif, 
and  in  its  present  publisher. 

Tlie  Standard  Bearer  was  commenced  at  West  Win- 
field  in  June,  1859;  W.  H.  Dixon,  publisher. 


*  List  of  Patents,  Tracts,  and  Grants  of  Land  in  Herkimer  County. 


Adgate'fl  Patent* 

Brown's  Tract* 

Burnetsfield  Patent* 

Colden,C..  Patent 

Coldeu.  N-  Patent. 

Cosby'fi  Manor* 

Fall  Hill  Patent 

Free  Mason's  Patent*... 

Glen's  Purchase 

Hasenclevi-r's  Patent.... 
Henderson's  Patent*.... 

Jersnyfielil  Patent* 

John'*<jii's,  (Juy,  Patent, 

Kast's  Patput 

Lansintr's  I'atent* 

L'linmnieilii'u'a  Patent. 

Lindsay's  Patent 

Lispenard's  Patent* 

Livingston's  Patent*.... 
Machio's  Patent* 


Mathew  Adgate 

Part  of  Macomb's  Purchase 

John  Joost  Petrie  and  93  others 

Cailwalkider  Golden  and  C.  Kightmeyer 

Alexander  Colden  anil  3  others 

Joseph  Worrell,  Wm.  Cosby,  and  9  others 

John  Joost  and  Hendiick  tierkimer 

Wm.  and  Robert  Bayard  and  53  others 

Jacob  Glen  and  others 

Peter  Hasenclever  and  17  others 

Jas.  Henderson  and  2  others 

Henry  Glen  and  93  others 

Guy  Johnson  (forfeited) 

Johan  Jurgh  Kaet  and  others, — his  children.... 

Jacob  Lansing  and  2  others 

Kzra  L'Hommedieu  and  N.  Piatt 

Julin  Lindsay  and  Philip  Livingston 

Leonard  Lispenard.  sen.  and  jr.,  and  13  others. 

Philip  Livirig-ttonand  19  others 

Thomas  Machin 


1798 

43,907 

1702 

210.000 

1725 

9.400 

1738 

3,000 

1761 

4.000 

1734 

22.000 

1762 

2,324 

1771 

60,000 

1730. '39, 'CO 

26,477 

1769 

18,0(« 

1739 

6,000 

1770 

94,000 

1766 

201)0 

1724 

1.100 

1763 

6.000 

1786 

4.000 

1730 

3.000 

1770 

9,200 

1782 

20,000 

1786 

1,600 

342 


HERKIMER    COUNTY. 


The  first  settlements  were  made  upon  the  river  intervales  above  Little  Falls,  about  17-2,  by  a 
colony  of  Palatinates.  Accessions  were  made  to  their  number  from  time  to  time,  and  up  to  the 
close  of  the  Revolution  they  constituted  almost  the  sole  inhabitants  of  the  co.  During  the  French 
War  of  1756,  this  colony  was  twice  invaded,  and  numbers  of  the  people  were  killed  or  carried 
away  prisoners,*  During  the  Revolution  also  it  was  repeatedly  invaded:  the  buildings  and  crops 
were  destroyed ;  and  at  last  the  inhabitants  were  obliged  to  abandon  their  homes  and  seek  pi-otee- 
tion  in  the  lower  part  of  the  valley.  The  German  Flats  were  invaded  by  a  body  of  300  tories  and 
152  Indians,  under  Brant,  in  Sept.  1778.  This  party  burned  03  dwellings,  57  barns,  3  gristmills, 
2  sawmills,  and  killed  or  took  off  235  horses,  229  horned  cattle,  2G9  sheep,  and  93  oxen.  Only  2 
persons  lost  their  lives;  and  the  forts  were  not  attacked.  A  party  of  militia  pursued  them  o\ 
their  retreat,  but  without  effecting  any  thing.  Andrustown,  in  AV^arren,  was  burned  in  Jjly 
of  the  same  year.  A  stockade  fiirt  was  built  at  the  German  Flats,  and  another  at  Danube,  a  short 
time  previous  to  the  commencement  of  the  French  AVar.  In  1776  another  fort  was  built  at  Her- 
kimer, N.  of  the  Mohawk ;  and  strong  blockhouses  were  erected  in  several  other  parts  of  the  co.^ 

This  CO.  shared  in  the  loss  of  men  at  the  battle  of  Oriskany.  Gen.  Arnold  came  as  far  as  Ger- 
man Flats  in  the  summer  of  1777,  on  his  way  to  relieve  Fort  Schuyler;  and  from  this  place  was 
sent  the  tory  Ilan  Yost  Schuyler,  to  spread  alarm  among  the  savages  in  St.  Leger*s  camp  and 
hasten  the  abandonment  of  the  siege. 

After  the  war  the  settlements  rapidly  spread,  and  within  15  years  over  10,000  persons  from  New 
England  and  the  eastern  cos,  of  the  State  located  in  the  central  and  s.  portions  of  the  co.  From 
that  time  its  progress  has  been  gradual  and  continually  prosperous. 


COEiUMBIA^ — was  formed  from  AVarren,  June  8,  1812.     It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co., 

w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  moderately  hilly,  with  an  average  elevation  of  500  to 
600  ft.  above  the  Moh;  vvk.  The  streams  are  small  brooks,  a  portion  of  them  flowing  n.  to  the 
Mohawk  and  the  remainder  flowing  s.  to  the  Unadilla.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam  and  generally 
fertile.  Columbia  Center  (Columbia p. o.)  contains  98  inhabitants;  Cedarville,  (p. v.,) 
on  the  line  of  Litchfield,  2  churches,  a  tannery,  and  145  inhabitants.  iSouth  Columbia,  in 
the  s.  E.  part,  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  before  the  Revolution,  by  families 
from  the  Mohawk;*  but  their  improvements  were  abandoned  during  the  war.  The  first  religious 
services  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  were  held  at  an  early  period.     Abram  Rosegrantz  was  the  first  preacher.^ 

DAIVUBE^ — was  formed  from  Miuden,  (Montgomery  co.,)  April  7,  1817.     Stark  was  taken 


Tracts. 


McNeil's  Patent* 

Mo09H  Itiver  Tract* 

Nobleborough  Patent* 

Petrie'a  Purchase 

Kemsenburgh  Patent* 

Royal  Grant 

Scbuyler'a  Patent 

Snell  &  Zininiernian's  Patent 

Stiiley's  Patent,  Ist  and  2d  Tract, 

'*  *'  3d  Tract. 

Totten  &  Crossfield's  Purchase*... 

Van  Driessen,  John's.  Patent 

Van  Diiessen,  Potrus',  Patent 

Van  Home's  Patent* 

A'augban's  Patent 

Vrooman's  Patents*  (3) 

Walton's  Patent 

Watrion's  Ea3t  Tract* 

Youngs  Patent* 


Fatentees. 


John  McNeil  and  3  others 

Anson  Blake 

Arthur  Noble.: 

Philip  Livingston  and  2  others 

Henry  Keiusen  and  3  others 

Sir  Wni.  Johnson,  (after  1755) 

Abraham  Lynsen  and  21  others 

Jacob  Zimmerman  and  .T.  J.  Schnell 

Kudolph  Stalt'v  and  17  others 

Coenradt  and  Fred.  Frank  and  4  others.. 

Zephaniah  Piatt 

John  Van  Driessen 

Pctriis  Van  Driessen 

Abraham  Van  Home  and  3  others 

John  Vaiighan  and  7  others 

Isaac  Vrooman 

Wm.  M'alton.  jr..  and  11  others 

Part  of  Maconih's  Purchase 

Theobald  Young  and  10  others 


1761 

4,000 

1847 

13,080 

17S7 

40.9C0 

1747 

6,000 

1787 

48,000 

1765 

43,000 

17n5 

3,600 

1755 

34,000 

17136 

5,000 

1786 

26,200 

1786 

428 

1737 

1.000 

1731 

8.000 

1770 

8.000 

786.  "90 

14,193 

1768 

12.000 

1792 

1752 

14.000 

Those  marked  with  a  star  extend  into  neighboring  cos.     Some  I  may  thus  overlap.    For  a  ftUl  statement  of  titles,  see  Bentmi's 
tracts  reverted  to  the  State  by  attainder,  or  conviction  for  ad-    Herhinier,  pp.  200,  475. 
hering  to  the  enemy  in  the  Revolution;  and  subsequent  grants  | 


1  Pe<^  page  344. 

2  Fort  Herkimpr  was  built  in  the  French  War.  and  Fort 
Dayton  just  before  the  Revolution.  The  former  stood  around 
the  present  stone  church  and  other  buildings  in  German  Flats, 
and  the  latter  a  few  rofls  from  the  site  of  the  present  court- 
house, in  Herkimer  Village.  At  tlie  time  of  the  Hevolntion 
thero  were  but  abnut  70  dwellings  near  th**se  forts,  but  there 
Was  a  large  population  for  the  number  of  dwellings  in  the 
country  around. 

3  Tliis  town  embraces  Staley's  Second  Tract. — except  IJ  tiers 
of  lots  on  the  w.. — a  small  triangular  piece  from  the  N.  w.  corner 
of  Henderson's  Patent,  and  all  of  the  patent  to  Coenradt  Frank 
%ud  others,  except  7  lots  on  the  e. 


*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Conrad  Orendorf.  Conrad 
Frank,  Conrad  Fulmer.  Frederick  Christian,  Timothy  Frank, 
Nicholas  Lighthall.  Joseph  Moyi-T,  and  Henry  Frank.  The 
settlement  was  named "CW/i7-orf*(on"  at  an  early  day. — Benton's 
HerK-imcr.  p.  300. 

Philip  Ausman  taught  the  first  school,  (German,)  in  1795,  and 
Joel  Phelps  an  English  school,  in  179ti.  The  first  store  waJ 
kept  by  David  W.  Gold,>n  and  Benj.  Mix,  in  1796.  The  first 
gristmill  was  built  in  1791-92,  by  Andrew  Miller  and  Geo.  Bell, 
at  Millers  Mills. 

6  There  are  2  churches  in  tovm ;  Ref.  Prot.  D.  and  F.  W 
Bap. 

*  Named  from  the  river  Danube. 


IIEKKIMER    COUNTY. 


343 


oflf  In  1828.  It  lies  on  the  E,  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  hilly  iu  the  center, 
rising  400  to  800  ft.  above  the  Mohawk,  and  is  broken  by  ravines  on  each  side  of  the  valley  of 
the  creek.  Fine  flats  extend  along  the  Mohawk  on  the  n.  border.  The  principal  stream  is  Nowadaga' 
Creek,  which  flows  n.  e,  through  the  town  near  the  center.  The  soil  is  gravelly  in  the  n.  and  a  sandy 
loam  in  the  s.  In  the  n.  part  are  two  sulphur  springs.  Se'^wiUe  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church  and 
20  houses,  and  Indian  Castle^  {Danube  p.  o.,  a  hamk't)  1  church.  Settlements  are  supposed 
to  have  commenced  as  early  as  1730  ;  but  no  records  have  been  preserved.  During  the  Revolution  the 
settlements  were  broken  up,  and  did  uot  commence  again  until  about  1780.^  The  first  patents  are 
dated  1730-31.*  A  mission  church  was  establi.'^hed  here  by  Sir  William  Johnson  in  1768.  This 
church  had  a  bell,  which  the  Indians  attempted  to  carry  off  in  the  war,  and  for  that  purpose 
secreted  it.  Search  was  made  in  vain.  After  sufficient  time  had  elapsed  the  thieves,  on  returning 
by  night  to  bear  away  the  coveted  treasure,  had  their  presence  and  business  betrayed  by  the 
unruly  member  which  they  neglected  to  muffle.  As  it  was  borne  along  on  a  pole,  its  ringing 
brought  the  Germans  to  its  rescue  with  such  weapons  as  they  in  their  haste  could  snatch,  and  the 
bell  was  recovered.  The  present  cliurch  occupying  the  site  of  the  old  Mission  Church  is  known  as 
the  '*  Indian  Castle  Church."  There  are  2  uniim  churches  in  town.  This  town  was  the  residence 
of  King  Ilendrick^  and  Joseph  Brant,*'  the  celebrated  Mohawk  chiefs,  and  of  Gen.  Nicholas  Her- 
kimer.' King  Ilendrick  sustained  a  high  character  for  sagacity  and  integrity,  was  warmly  at- 
tached to  the  English,  and  especially  to  Sir  "Wm.  Johnson,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Lake  George 
in  the  summer  of  1755,  where  he  was  killed.     He  was  recognized  as  a  chief  as  early  as  1697. 

FAIRFIELD^ — was  formed  from  Norway,  Feb.  19,  1796.  A  part  of  Newport  was  taken  off 
in  1806,  and  a  part  of  Little  Falls  in  1829.  It  lies  in  the  interior  of  the  co.,  near  the  center.  Its 
surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  the  center  rising  into  a  ridge  800  to  1,000  ft.  above  West  Canada  Creek.* 
The  streams  are  small.  West  Canada  Creek  flows  s.  on  the  w.  border.  The  soil  on  the  uplands  is 
mostly  clay,  and  in  the  valleys  it  is  gravelly,  with  local  drift  deposits  of  sand.  Several  fine  quar- 
ries of  limestone  are  found  in  different  parts.^^  Fairfleld,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  3 
churches,  an  academy,"  a  cheese  bos  factory,  and  00  houses  ;  Middleville^  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line 
of  Newport,  1  church,  a  woolen  factory,  tannery,^^  chair  factory,  grist  and  saw  mill.  Pop,  295. 
Settlements  were  first  made  in  1770,  by  3  German  families  named  Maltanner,  Goodbrodt,  and  Shaf- 
fer, who  located  upon  the  Royal  Grant.^*    The  first  preacher  was  Rev. Fields,  (Presb.,)  in  1791." 


1  Called  by  the  Indiaos  In-cha-nan-do. 

!  Named  from  the  upper  Indian  castle,  or  fort,  built  in  1710 
ODtbe  Bat  just  bulow  the  mouth  of  Nowadaga  Creek.  It  was  built 
as  one  of  the  chain  of  defenses  that  guarded  the  approach  to 
CaniuJa,  and  was  armed  with  small  cannon.  The  Indians  lived 
In  clusters  of  huts  around  it. 

3  An  inn  was  kept  by  Cornelius  C.  Van  Alstyne,  in  1795,  and 
a  store  by  Peter  Smith,  at  the  same  time.  Andrew  Nellia  built 
the  first  gristmill,  near  the  mouth  of  Nowadaga,  in  ISOO. 

*  Small  portions  of  Fall  Hill,  Vaughan's,  and  L'llommodieu's 
Patents,  the  whole  of  Lindsay's,  and  parts  of  J.  Vrooman's,  C. 
Colden's,  Van  Home's,  and  Lansing's  Patents  are  in  this  town. 

6  1'he  dwelling  of  King  Hendrick  stood  upon  the  high 
ground  near  the  site  of  the  present  Indian  Castle  Church. 
On  one  occasion  he  remarkeil  to  Sir  William  Johnson  that  he 
had  dreamed  a  dream.  On  being  questioned,  he  related  that 
the  English  agent  had  in  bis  slumber  appeared  to  present. 
him  a  suit  of  new  clothes.  Johnson  fulfiUeii  the  dream,  and 
not  long  after  had  iu  turn  a  dream  to  relate  to  the  chief,  in 
wliich  he  thought  the  latter  had  presented  to  him  a  large  tract 
of  land.  The  Indian  was  caught  in  his  own  trap.  He,  howevt-r, 
gave  the  necessary  title,  but  hinted,  as  he  conveyed  the  lands 
described,  that  they  would  have  no  more  dreaming.  This  tract 
was  afterward  known  as  the  Royal  (Jrant. 

6  Brant  lived  in  the  same  place  that  had  been  occupied  by 
Ilendrick.  Fort  Uendrick  stood  on  land  now  owned  by  Abram 
Owens,  w.  of  the  Nowadaga,  on  a  small  eminence  overlooking 
the  flat.    The  fort  was  built  in  the  French  War. 

'  General  Herkimer's  house   is  still  standing,  3  mi.  WIow 

Little  Falls,  6.  of  the  canal.     It  is  of  imported  brick,  and  was 

built  in  1763.  at  a  cost  of  $7,500  to  JS.OOd,    Some  of  the  rooms 

were  finished  in  panel  work  and  were  plastered  on  the  brirk 

walls:  and  in  its  day  the  house  was  surpassed  by  none  in  this 

section.     It    is    now  owned    by  Daniel    Conner.     KfTorts    were 

made  to  burn  it  in  the  Revolution  by  throwing  combustihles 

upon  the  roof:  but  further  attempts  of  this  kind  were  prevented 

by  covering  it  with  a  layer  of  clay.    Gen.  Herkimer's  grave  ts 

25  rods  s.E.  from  the  house,  on  a  knoll,  and  is  marked  by  a 

plain  white  tombstone  inscribed  as  follows : — 

"Gen. 

NICHOLAS   HERKIMER. 

Died 

Aug.  17. 1777, 

Ten  days  after  the  battle  of  Oriskany.  in  which  engagement  he 

received  wounds  which  caused  his  death." 

Attempts  have  been  repeatedly  made  to  obtain  the  means  to 
erect  a  suitable  monument ;  but,  notwithstandiug  the  resolution 


of  Congress  on  the  4th  of  October,  1777, "  that  the  Governor  and 
Council  of  New  York  be  desired  to  erect  a  monument,  at  Con- 
tinental expense,  of  the  value  of  $500,  to  the  memory  of  the  lat« 
Brigadier  Harkemer,  who  commanded  the  militia  of  Tryon  co., 
in  the  State  of  N.  Y.,  and  who  was  killed  fighting  gallantly  in 
defense  of  the  liberty  of  these  States,"  this  order  has  been  neg- 
lected, and  the  citizen  chief  lies  forgotten  by  the  country  for 
whose  cause  he  gave  his  life.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Tryon 
CO.  committee  of  safety.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  abont 
50  years  of  age. 

8  This  town  included  nearly  all  of  the  Glen  Purchase  and  the 
first  allotment  of  the  Rnyal  Grant. 

8  The  8.  w.  corner  of  the  old  college  building  is  1.276. S  ft.  above 
tidewater  at  Troy.  The  chapel  threshold  is  727  feet  above  low 
water  at  W.  Canada  Creek  at  Middleville,  and  Barts  Hill  is  1,177 
feet  above  the  same. 

10  Near  Middleville  are  found  beautiful  crystals  of  quartz. 
Most  of  them  are  perfectly  transparent;  and  sometimes  they 
inclose  a  few  drops  of  water  or  small  pieces  of  anthracite 
coal. 

"  Fairfield  Academy  was  established  in  1803.  A  medical  de- 
partment, incorp.  as  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
was  founded  in  1809,  and  continued  until  1840.  A  conditional 
college  charter  was  granted  to  the  academy  in  1S12,  under  the 
name  of  "Clinton  (Allege;"  but  the  conditions  were  not  com- 
plied with. 

12  This  establishment  manufactures  $40,000  worth  of  calf- 
skins and  upper  leather  annually. 

13  These  settlers,  though  Royalists,  were  attacked  by  the  In- 
dians in  1779.  Two  members  of  the  faniilies  wi-re  killed,  and 
the  others  were  carried  into  captivity.  Fainilii-^  named  Keller. 
VVindecker.  and  Pickert  settled  near  the  Manbeim  lino,  and 
others  settled  on  the  Glen  Purchase,  before  the  war.  Cornelius 
Chatlield  settled  in  March,  and  Abijah  Mann  in  May,  17^5. 
Josiah,  David,  and  Lester  Johnson.  John  lUicklin,  Benj.  Howen, 
John  Eaton.  Nath'l  and  Wni.  Brown,  Sam'l  Low,  David  Bense- 
ley,  Elisha  VVyman,  Comfort  Eaton,  Jeremiah  Ballard,  Ww. 

Bucklin, Arnold,  Daniel  Vennor,  Natlian  Smith,  Nahum 

Daniels,  Amos  and  Jas.  Haile, Ncely,  and  Peter  and  Bi'I.i 

Ward,  all  from  New  England,  settled  soon  after.  Tlio  fir-^t 
store  was  kept  by   Smith  &  Daniels,  in  17H2-'.i:i.     The   tir.-t 

gristmill  was  built  by Empie,  and  thr  fiist  sawmill  by 

Samuel  &  Paul  Green.  A  school  was  taught  in  17115.  by  Wm. 
D.  Gray;  but  others  had  been  previously  t:iught  in  the  N.  p.ut 
of  the  town. 

n  There  are  now  6  churches  in  town;  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  I'rot.  E^ 
Presb.,  and  Cong. 


344  HERKIMER    COUNTY. 

FR.iaiKFORT'— was  furmed  from  German  Flats,  Feb.  5, 1796.  It  was  divided  in  the  forma- 
tion of  Oneida  co.  in  1798,  and  a  part  annexed  to  Deerfield.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  s. 
of  the  Mohawk.  Its  surface  is  a  broad  intervale,  ri.sing  into  hills  of  moderate  elevation  on  the 
s.  w.  border,  the  highest  points  being  about  500  ft.  above  the  river.  The  Mohawk  flows  s.  e.  on  the 
N.  border.  The  streams  arc  small  brooks  and  creeks.  The  soil  on  the  uplands  is  a  clayey  and 
slaty  loam,  and  on  the  flats  an  alluvial  loam.  Limestone  ledge«  are  found  in  the  s.  w.  The  most 
important  of  these  is  called  Horsebone  Ledge.  The  stone  is  whitish  and  makes  e.xcellent  lime. 
Slate  and  calciferous  sandstone  are  also  found  in  some  places.  Franllfort,  (p. v.,)  in  the  n.e., 
near  the  Mohawk,  contains  4  churches,  1  bank,  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  woolen  factory,  and  distillery. 
Pop.  1,150.  IVevv  GraeTcuberg'  (p.o.)  is  the  seat  of  a  water  cure,  4i  mi.  from  Utica. 
IIOYr:ii-<l!«  Busli  {Frankfurt  Hill  p.  o.)  is  w.  of  the  center.  Jacob  Folts  made  the  first  settle- 
ment, on  Lot  3,  Burnetsiield  Patent,  before  the  Revolution.'^   The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.' 

GEllMAIV  Ft.AT.S'— was  formed,  as  a  district  of  "Tnjon  co.,"  March  24,  1772.  Its  name 
was  exchanged  with  the  Kingsland  District,  March  8,  1773.  It  was  recognized  as  a  town  March  7, 
1788.  Frankfort,  Litchfield,  and  AVarren  were  taken  off  in  1796,  and  a  part  of  Little  Falls  in 
1829.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  A  fine  intervale  extends 
along  the  river,  and  from  it  the  surface  gradually  rises  to  a  height  of  300  to  400  ft.  and  spreads 
out  into  an  undulating  upland.  The  valley  of  Fulmer  Creek  divides  this  upland  into  two  nearly 
equal  parts.  The  other  streams  are  small  brooks.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  slaty  loam  upon  the 
hills,  and  a  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium  in  the  valleys.  Mohawk,  (p.  v.,)  a  canal  village,  in 
the  N.  w.  part  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  April  10,  1844.  It  contains  3  churches,  a  bank,  and  news- 
paper office.  Pop.  1,355.  Ilion  (p. v.)  is  a  canal  village,  li  mi.  w.  of  Mohawk.  It  contains  2 
churches,  a  bank,  and  Remmington's  rifle  factory.  Pop.  813.  Fort  Herkimer,  upon  the 
Mohawk,  in  the  E.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  20  houses.  Dcnisous  Corners  (Denison 
p.o.)  and  Pains  HollO'W  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1722,  by  a  colony 
of  Palatinates  who  had  previously  located  upon  the  Hudson.^  The  population  rapidly  increased 
until  1756,  when  the  whole  settlement  was  laid  waste  by  a  party  of  Canadians,  French,  and  Indians.' 
A  C(mucil  was  held  with  the  Indians  at  this  place,  .lune  28,  1775,  at  which  the  Oncidas  and  Tus- 
caroras  agi'ced  to  remain  neutral.'  During  the  Revolution  the  Indians  committed  many  murders 
in  town  ;  and  in  July,  1782,  they  destroyed  nearly  the  whole  settlement.*  The  German  inhabitants 
early  espoused  the  Patriot  cause ;  and  the  first  liberty-pole  in  the  Mohawk  Valley,  erected  here, 
was  cut  down  by  Sherifi'  White  and  a  body  of  militia,  who  came  up  from  Johnstown  for  the  pur- 
pose, in  the  spring  of  1775.  At  the  close  of  the  war  the  settlements  progressed  with  great  rapidity. 
A  treaty  was  held  with  the  Indians  at  Fort  Herkimer,  June  28,  1785,  at  which  time  the  Oneidaa 
and  Tuscaroras  ceded  to  the  State  the  territory  lying  between  Unadilla  and  Chenango  Rivers. 
The  first  church  was  built  of  logs,  in  1725  ;  it  was  superseded  by  one  built  of  stone,  in  1767.  The 
building  is  still  standing,  and  is  the  most  ancient  structure  in  the  co.  It  was  commenced  under  a 
permit  granted  in  1746,  but  from  apprehen,sion  of  Indian  troubles  it  was  delayed,  and  a  new  per- 
mit was  granted  Oct.  6,  1751.  It  was  not  fully  completed  for  use  until  1767.  On  the  24th  of 
Sept.  1730,  Nicholas  Wolever  deeded  Lot  30  of  Burnetsfield  Patent  for  church  and  school  purposes. 
A  society  was  formed  soon  after,  and  the  conveyance  was  perfected  April  26,  1733.  Lotj  45,  46, 
and  47  in  German  Flats  were  conveyed  Sept.  18,  1755,  by  Hans  Dedriok  Stelly,  and  others,  to 
Peter  Remsen,  for  the  support  of  the  Ref.  Prot.  D.  church  at  this  place.  The  first  preacher  was 
Rev.  A.  Rosegrantz.' 


1  Named  from  I.itwreiK'e  Frank,  an  early  Bettler.  A  large 
pait  of  Cosby's  Manor,  1|  tiers  of  git'at  lots  of  Bayard's  Patent, 
4  lots  in  Burnetsfield  Patent.  J  of  1  lot  in  Frank's,  4i  lots  in 
Staley's.and  a  part  of  Colden's  Patents  are  in  this  town. — Btnttm's 
Hrrlimrr.  p.  4WI. 

2  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Conrad  Folts.  Andrew 

Piper.  David  Dederick,  Aaron  James, Morgan,  Evan  Kvans, 

Joseph  Harris,  John  Morris,  John  Myers,  and  Adam  Weber. 
Several  Welsh  families  settled  about  ISOO.  The  first  inn  was 
kept  by  John  Myers,  in  IT'Ja :  the  first  sawmill  was  built  by 
John  Holtister.  in  1794;  and  the  tirst  gristmill  bv  Adam  J. 
Campbell,  in  ISOS. 

8  4  M.  E.,  Dap.,  lief.  Prot,  D.,  and  Ilniv. 

*  Named  IVom  the  German  settlers  who  located  on  the  Mo- 
hawk Flats  at  this  place. 

6  ,\niong  the  early  settlers  were  families  named  Erirbemar. 
.  Herkimer.  Fox,  Kditch,  Rillinger,  Starring,  Wolever,  and  Ilerter, 
— names  still  common  in  the  Co. 

6  This  attack  was  made  Nov.  11,  1776.  The  settlers  were 
totally  unprepared,  and  the  greater  pait  were  murdered  or  cap- 
tured without  resistance.  The  French  account  states  that  a 
laill,  tW  houses,  and  a  large  number  of  btirns,  were  destroyed, 


40  persous  were  killed,  aud  150  taken  prisoners.  These  nnjx 
hers  were  doubtless  much  exaggerated.  A  small  stockaded  fort, 
called  Fort  Kouari,  was  garrisoned  at  this  time,  and  afforded 
shelter  for  a  portion  of  the  inhabitants.  On  the  30th  of  April, 
1758.  the  French  and  Indians  made  another  attack  upou  the 
settler.s.  and  killed  -30.  losing  15  of  their  own  number. 

7  On  the  16th  and  16th  of  .\ug.  1775,  another  council  was  held 
here  by  Turhot  Francis  and  Valkert  P.  Doun,  on  the  part  of  the 
Commi.ssioners  for  the  Northern  Del>artment,  to  induce  the  In- 
dians to  go  to  Albany  to  hold  a  great  council.  They  attended 
at  Albany  soon  after;  hut  sufficient  inducements  could  not  be 
ofTi-red  to  detach  them  from  the  royal  cause. 

8  In  July,  178"2.  a  party  of  600  Indians  and  tories  entered  the 
settlement,  and  were  discovered  by  Peter  Wolever,  who,  with 
Augustinus  Hess,  lived  about  50  rods  from  the  fort.  Both  fami- 
lies escaped  to  the  fort, except  Iless.whowas  killed  at  the  picket 
gate,  Valentine  Starring  was  tortuivd  within  hearin.c  of  the 
fort,  which  was  too  feeble  to  attempt  a  rescue, — Benton's  Her- 
kimrr.  p.  406, 

^  There  are  now  7  churches  in  town ;  2  lief.  Prot.  D.,  Bap.,  Ev. 
Luth.,  F,  W,  Bap.,  Univ.,  and  Union. 


HERKIMER    COUNTY. 


345 


HKRKIMER^— was  formed  from  Kingsland  District,  March  7,  ll^S.  A  part  of  Palatino 
(Montgomery  co.)  was  annexed  in  1791.  Norway  and  Schuyler  were  taken  off  in  1792,  a  part  of 
Newport  in  1800,  and  a  part  of  Little  Falls  in  1829.  A  part  was  annexed  to  Schuyler  in  1808,  and 
restored  in  1811.  It  lies  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  near  the  center  of  the  settled  portions  of 
the  CO.  A  wide  intervale  extends  along  the  river,  and  from  it  the  surface  gradually  rises  to  the  n. 
line  of  the  town.  West  Canada  Creek  flows  s.  through  near  the  center,  dividing  the  uplands  into 
two  distinct  ridges.  The  Hasenclever  Mts.,  w.  of  the  creek,  are  000  to  800  ft,  above  the  Mohawk. 
The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  deep,  fertile  alluvium.  Her- 
kimer,- (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Mohawk,  w.  of  the  mouth  of  West  Canada  Creek,  was  inQorp. 
April  0,  1807.  It  contains  the  co.  buildings,  3  churches,  a  bank,  newspaper  office,  paper 
mill,'  and  gristmill.  Pop.  1,371.  It  is  a  station  upon  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  £atoiiTille  (p-o.) 
is  a  hamlet,  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  on  the  line  of  Fairfield  and  Little  Falls.  The  early  history  of  the 
town  is  blended  with  that  of  German  Flats,  of  which  it  formed  a  part  until  its  organization  as  a 
town.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  Palatinates,  under  the  patronage  of  Gov.  Hunter,  in 
1722.*  It  had  its  share  of  sufl'ering  during  the  Revolution  ;  and  all  the  patriot  families  that  re- 
mained during  the  war  were  those  sheltered  by  Fort  Dayton.  This  fortress  stood  upon  a  point  of 
the  stone  ridge  about  30  rods  above  the  present  site  of  the  courthouse.  After  the  destruction  of 
Fort  Schuyler  by  flood  and  fire,  in  May,  1781,  Forts  Dayton  and  Herkimer  became  the  frontier 
defenses  of  the  Mohawk  Valley.*  After  the  war,  many  of  the  Indians  and  tories  who  had  been 
actively  engaged  in  hostilities  returned  to  the  settlements;  but  they  were  received  by  the  settlers 
in  a  way  little  calculated  to  inspire  sentiments  of  friendship,  and  the  greater  part  emigrated  to 
more  congenial  places.®  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  at  an  early  period,  by  Rev. 
A.  Rosegrantz  ;  but  the  precise  date  has  been  lost.*^ 

E.ITCUFIEI.D8— was  formed  from  German  Flats,  Feb.  5,  1796.  A  part  of  Winfield  was 
taken  off  in  1810.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  Mohawk.  Its  surface  is  elevated 
and  moderately  hilly,  its  mean  elevation  being  about  500  feet  above  the  river.  A  series  of  ridges 
in  the'  w.  and  s.  are  known  as  the  "  Dry  Lots,"^  no  water  being  found  upon  them.  The  streams 
are  small ;  some  flow  s.  into  the  Unadilla  and  others  n.  into  the  Mohawk.  In  the  e.  part  is  a 
sulphur  spring.^**  Eiitcbfield  (p. v.)  contains  1  church  and  about  15  houses;  Cedar  I^ake 
(p.o.)  1  church  and  9  houses ;  Jerusalem,  a  hamlet  near  the  center,  2  churches  and  7  houses. 
The  first  settlement  was  commenced  about  1789,  by  Jabez  Snow,  on  Snow  Ilill.*^  The  first  reli- 
gious services  were  held  in  1794: ;  Rev. Spaulding  was  the  first  preacher.^^ 

1.ITTI.E  FAL.L.S— was  formed  from  Fairfield,  Herkimer,  and  German  Flats,  Feb.  10,  1829. 
It  lies  in  the  interior  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.     Its  surface  is  a  broken  upland,  divided  by  the 


1  Named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Nicholas  Ilerkimer.  It  was  intended 
to  apply  tlie  name  to  the  territory  including  the  old  residence 
of  the  (ieneral,  but  by  miatake  it  was  yiven  to  tliis  town.  The 
Kingsland  District  waa  one  of  the  diviiiions  of  Tryon  co.  formed 
March  '24, 1772.  Its  name  was  exch;nig:i-d  with  that  of  German 
Flats  District,  March  8, 1773.  It  included  all  that  portion  of  the 
CO.  lying  w.  of  Palatine  District  and  N.  of  the  Mohawk.  This 
town  embraces  the  whole  of  Winner's  and  a  partof  Burnetsfield, 
llasenclever'ti,  Colden's,  and  Willet's  Patents,  and  small  por- 
tions of  the  Royal  Grant  and  Glen's  Purchase. 

2  Originally  called  ^'■Stone  Rid'jfi.'' 

5  This  paper  mill  was  established  inlSlO;  it  gives  employment 
to  120  hands. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Johan  Joost  Petrie,  Frederick 
and  A.  M.  Pell,  Jury    Doxtater,   Nicholas  Feeter,  Melgert  Fols, 

Henry  Heger, Lendert.  Frederick  Johan,  Adam  and  Philip 

Helnier.  and  families  named  Schmidt,  Weaver,  and  Bellinger. 

The  first  schools  were  German.    Kobinson  taught  the  first 

£ugli!«)i  school,  at  the  village. 

<*  Lieut.  Solomon  VVnodworth  was  stationed  at  Fort  Dayton 
with  a  small  force  of  Continental  troops.  He  rendered  great 
service  to  tlie  settlers  in  this  part  of  the  valley.  In  the  summer 
of  1781.  with  40  men,  he  went  out  to  reconnoiter;  but  about  3 
mi.  N.  of  Hei  kimer  the  party  fell  into  an  Indian  ambuscade,  and 
only  15  escaped.  The  commander  and  20  men  were  killed.  A 
Mrs.  Smith,  scalped  by  the  Indiana  during  the  war,  recovered 
and  lived  to  a  good  old  age.  On  thn  6th  of  August,  1781,  a  party 
of  tories  and  Indians,  under  Donald  McDonald,  a  Scotch  refugee, 
from  Johnstown,  made  an  attack  upon  the  settlement  at  Shells 
Bush.  The  inhabitants  mostly  fled  to  Fort  Dayton;  but  Juhn 
Christian  Shell  and  his  family,consisting  of  his  wife  and  »>  sons, 
took  refuge  in  their  owa  house,  which  wa.*?  a  strong  blockhouse. 
His  two  little  sons,  twins,  8  years  of  age,  were  taken  prisoners; 
but  the  remainder  of  the  family  escaped  within  and  secured  the 
entrance.  In  trying  to  force  tlie  door.  McDonald  was  wounded, 
and  made  prisoner.  The  attack  continued  until  dark,  when  the 
ton&s  fled,  with  a  loss  of  11  killed  and  6  wounded.    McDonald 


died  of  his  wounds  the  next  day.    The  two  little  boya  were  r** 
turned  after  the  war. — Benton's  Herldnur. 

6  Julin  Adam  Ilartman,  an  active  and  successful  ranger,  was 
engaged  in  perilous  service  through  the  war.  Soon  after  the 
peace,  an  Indian  came  into  an  inn,  in  the  w.  part  of  this  town, 
where  Ilartman  was  present,  and,  getting  intoxicated,  bt-gan  to 
boastof  his  exploits,  and  showed  a  tobacco  pouch  made  from  the 
skin  of  a  white  child's  arm  and  hand,  with  the  nails  still  on. 
When  the  Indian  left,  Ilartman  found  business  on  the  same 
road.  They  both  passed  into  a  swamp;  anil  the  Indian  never 
came  out.  In  reply  to  questions  put  to  him,  Ilartman  aiid  that 
he  last  saw  the  Indian,  some  distance  ahead,  standing  on  a  log; 
and  that  he  fell  as  if  hurt.  Ilartman  was  tried  for  murder,  but 
was  acquitted.  Ho  lived  in  town  till  his  death,  in  the  spring  of 
l^ZQ.— Benton's  Herkimer,  p.  409. 

7  There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  2  M.  E.,  Ref.  Prot.  T>. 

8  Named  from  Litchfield,  Conn.,  whence  many  of  the  early 
settlers  came. 

»  These  hills  have  limestone  ledges  beloncing  to  the  Ilelder- 
bergli  series.  These  lots,  2  in  number,  contain  about  1,600 
acres  each.    Water  is  obtained  by  wells  at  great  expense. 

10  The  Columbian  Springs,  in  Browns  Hollow,  have  been 
brought  to  public  notice,  but  have  yet  gained  only  a  local  repu- 
tatiou. 

11  Amongtheotherearly  settlors  were  John  Everett.  Nathaniel 
Ball,  and  Ebenezer  Drury.  from  N.  II.;  and  Kzekict  Goodell  and 
S.  Sherry,  from  Conn,  tfelah  Hulcomb  settled  2  mi.  E.  of  Jeru- 
Balem.  \Vm.  and  Thos.  Jones.  OUver  Kider,  Josepli  Crosby,  and 
others,  were  also  early  settlers.  The  first  birth  was  that  of 
Luke  Andrews,  in  1790;  the  first  marringi",  that  of  Joseph  Day 

and ,  in  the  };ame  year.     Jeremiah  Everett  tiiuirht 

tlie  first  school ;  Joseph  Shepard  ke|)t  tbo  first  inn  ;  David  Davis 

kept  the  first  store;  Talctt  built  the  first  sawmill,  and 

John  Littlejohn  the  first  gristmill,  in  l.*^0t>-07. 

12  The  census  reports  8  churches  In  town;  2  Presh.,  2  M.  E.,  % 
Univ.,  Bap.,  and  Wes.  Meth. 


346 


HERKIMER    COUNTY. 


deep,  narrow  gorge  of  the  Mohawk.  A  range  of  hills  extends  N.  and  s.  from  the  village.  They 
are  rocky  and  precipitous  near  the  river,  but  less  rugged  on  the  N.  and  s.  borders.'  The  Mohawk 
flows  N.  E.  through  near  the  center  of  the  town  in  a  series  of  cascades  and  rapids.  Its  banks  are 
rocky  and  in  places  precipitous.  The  soil  is  a  sandy,  gravelly  loam.  Little  Falls,  (p.  v.,)  in 
the  E.  part,  on  the  line  of  Manheim  and  Danube,  was  incorp.  March  30,  1811.  Its  name  was 
changed  to  " Rockton,"  April  10,  1850,  and  again  changed  to  Little  Falls,  April  10,  1<S52.  It  is  an 
important  station  on  the  N.  Y.  C.  II.  R.  It  contains  9  churches,  a  bank,  2  printing  otfices,  the  Little 
Falls  Academy,  a  union  school,  and  a  large  number  of  manufactories.^  Pop.  3,984.  Jiickson- 
bui'g'Ii,  in  the  w.,  on  the  canal,  has  200  inhabitants ;  and  Itetliel,  in  the  s.,  1  church  and  15  houses. 
Paines  Hollow  is  ap.  o.  Lots  12  and  13  of  Burnetsticld  Patent,  embracing  all  the  water- 
power  N.  of  the  river,  were  owned  before  the  Revolution  by Petrie.     This  town  also  embraces 

portions  of  several  other  patents  issued  at  an  early  period.'  The  first  settlements  were  made  by 
a  colony  of  Palatinates,  in  1722.*  The  settlers  suffered  much  during  the  war,  and  most  of  them 
were  driven  oif.^  The  first  settler  at  the  village  after  the  war  was  John  Proteus,  in  1790.'  A 
great  impulse  was  given  to  the  business  and  population  of  the  place  by  the  construction  of  the 
locks  of  the  Western  Navigation  Co.  in  1790.'  The  first  church  was  built  about  1815.  It  was 
octagonal,  with  a  steep  roof,  and  surmounted  by  a  cupola.  The  census  reports  10  churches  in 
town.' 

IWARIHEIiW' — was  formed  from  Palatine,  (Montgomery  co.,)  April  7,  1817.  It  lies  on  the  n. 
bank  of  the  Mohawk,  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  gradually  rises  from  the  intervales 
along  the  Mohawk  to  the  n.  border,  where  it  attains  an  elevation  of  500  ft.  a))ove  the  river.  East 
Canada  Creek  forms  its  E.  boundary.'"  Cathatachua  Creek  flows  s.  through  near  the  center,  and 
Gillett  Creek  flows  s.  e.  through  the  n.  e.  corner.  Upon  East  Canada  Creek,  1  mi.  above  its 
mouth,  is  a  series  of  cascades,  where  the  water  descends  180  ft.  in  three-fourths  of  a  mi.  The  soil 
is  a  gravelly  loam  upon  the  upland,  and  a  fine,  fertile  alluvium  in  the  valleys.  Brocketts 
Bridg'c,  (p.v.,)  upon  East  Canada  Creek,  in  the  n.  part,  contains  2  churches,  a  large  tannery," 
gristmill,  and  50  houses ;  and  Ingliaills  IMillS,  upon  East  Canada  Creek,  3  mi.  below  Brock- 
etts Bridge,  a  church  and  25  houses.  East  Creek  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  and  station  upon  the 
N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  near  the  mouth  of  East  Canada  Creek.  Manlieini  Center  is  a  p.  o.  The  first 
settlements  were  made  by  Germans,  probably  in  about  the  year  1736."  During  the  Revolution  they 
were  frequently  attacked  by  the  Indians  and  were  mostly  destroyed.  On  the  30th  of  April,  1780, 
a  party  of  60  tories  and  Indians  fell  upon  the  settlements  at  Rheimen  Snyder's  Bush,  burned  a  grist- 
mill, and  carried  19  persons  into  captivity."  The  first  church,  built  in  1774  or  '75,  was 
burned  during  the  war,  and  was  rebuilt  soon  after.  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  2  M.E., 
2  Union,  and  Ref.  Prot.  D. 


1  Tiie  rocks  at  Little  Falls  are  chiefly  hypersthene  and  gneiss. 
overlaid  by  c;»k-iterous  sandstone  on  the  S.  side  of  tlie  river. 
Falls  Hill.  s.  of  the  village,  is  618  feet  above  the  canal,  and  Koll 
Way  ISliiff.  N.  of  the  villajie,  is  little  less  in  heigiit.  In  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  the  village  are  quarries  of  limestone,  from 
which  are  obtained  lime  and  a  good  building  material.  Small 
caves  and  pot  holes  are  numerous  among  the  rocks  near  the 
river.  The  largest  of  the  latter  is  2S  feet  in  diameter  and  37  feet 
deep.  The  break  through  the  mountains  at  this  place  was  one 
of  the  most  formidable  barriers  in  the  construction  of  the  Erie 
Canal.  The  ;f.  pait  of  the  town  is  covered  with  Utica  slate,  and 
the  s.  part  by  the  Hudson  River  and  ClintoD  groups. 

2  Amoiis;  the^e  manufactories  are  4  paper  mills,  turning  out 
$150,000  worth  of  paper  annually ;  2  woolen  factories,  producing 
about  $"2oO.OuO  worth  of  goods  annually  ;  a  stocking  yarn  mill, 
producing  goods  to  the  amount  of  S30.000,  and  a  starch  factory, 
using  $ao.UOO  worth  of  corn,  annually.  Besides  these  are  2 
flouring  mills,  a  cotton  factory,  3  large  shoe  manufactories,  and 
an  extensive  cam;ige  shnp, 

8  This  town  includes  a  portion  of  the  Glf^n  Purchase  of  1739; 
Guv  Johnson's  Tract,  granted  in  1765:  Vanghan's  Patent,  granttd 
in  1770;  Fall  Hill  Patent,  granted  in  1762;  6  lots  of  Butterfield's 
Patent,  granted  in  1726,  and  small  portions  of  several  other 
patents. 

*  Among  these  early  settlers  were  John  JoostTeniouth,  Mary 
Bcermivn,  Nicholas  Kesler,  Johannes  Pouradt.  and  Christian 
I'ox.  John  Petrie  kept  the  first  inn,  before  the  Revolution.  A 
gristmill  built  on  Casler  Creek,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  was 
stockaded  during  the  war. 

fi  In  June.  1782,  a  party  of  tories  and  Indians  invaded  the 
town,  burned  a  gristmill  on  Furnace  Creek,  killed  Daniel  Petrie, 
and  carried  away  several  prisoners. 

*  Among  the  tirst  .'settlers  after  the  war  were  Wm.  Alexander, 
Kichard  Phillips,  Thos.  Smith,  Joel  Lankton,  Richard  Winaor, 


Wm.  Carr,  Wm.  Moralee,  Washington  Brifton.  Alpheus  Park- 
hurst.  John  Drummond.  Eben  Britton.and  Josiah  SkiDner,^aU 
of  whom  came  in  town  between  1790  and  ISOO. 

'  These  locks  were  planned  by  Roswell  Weston,  an  English 
engineer,  and  built  under  the  direction  of  Philip  Schuyler.  The 
fiist  locks,  built  of  wood,  were  replaced  by  stone  in  IS04, 

8  Bap.,  Ev.  Luth.,  M.  E.,  Af.  Meth.,  Meth.  Prot.,  Presb.,  Prot. 
Episc.  R.C.,  Univ.,  and  Union. 

*  Named  from  Manheim,  in  Baden,  the  native  place  of  the 
early  settlers.  The  town  embraces  6  lots  of  Glen's  l*urchase,  a 
part  of  the  fourth  allotment  of  the  Royal  Grant,  the  Patents  of 
John  Tan  Driessen  and  of  Snell  and  Zimmerman,  a  part  of  the 
patents  of  Rev.  Peter  Van  Driessen  and  of  Vrooman,  and  several 
minor  tracts  granted  since  the  Revolution. 

10  This  stream  was  called  by  the  Indians  Ci-o-ha-na  and  Eag- 
o-ha-ra. 

It  This  is  the  largest  tannery  in  the  co.  It  has  a  capital  of 
$250,000.  consumes  5.000  cords  of  bark  per  annum,  and  manu- 
factures sole  leather  exclusively. 

12  Among  the  early  settlers  were  families  namrd  Snell,  Zim- 
merman, and  Van  Driessen.  Snell  was  the  patentee  of  a  large 
tract.  Seven  of  the  name,  including  several  of  liis  sons,  Wei's 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Ori-iikany.  John  Beardsley  built  the  first 
mill,  in  1793.  The  first  school  (German)  was  taught  by — 
Kaufman. 

13  A  blockhouse  stood  at  this  place,  and  many  of  the  inhabit- 
ants took  refuge  in  it.  Twelve  of  tbe  prisoners  wpre  taken  at 
one  house  by  half  the  number  of  Indi.ins,  without  resistance. 
The  captives  all  returned  after  the  war,  exrept  one  who  died 
in  Canada,  and  one  that  escaped.  John  O.  Snell.  while  searching 
for  cattle  in  the  woods,  was  surprised  by  the  Indiatir^  and  shot 
through  the  body.  Ho  recovered,  however,  and  lived  to  an 
advanced  age.  The  town  was  deserted  after  tb>s  by  all  bnt 
tories. 


HERKIMER    COUNTY. 


347 


HfEWPORT' — was  formed  from  Herkimer,  Fairfield,  Norway,  and  Schuyler,  Ajiril  7,  1806. 
It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  near  the  center.  Its  surface  is  broken  by  ridges  of  highlands, 
which  rise  400  to  500  ft.  each  side  of  the  narrow  intervale  of  West  Canada  Crock.  This  stream 
flows  s.  E.  through  the  town,  near  the  center.  White  Creek  flows  s.  through  the  e.  part.  The  soil 
is  a  clayey  loam,  with  some  gravel  on  the  hills.  It  is  chiefly  underlaid  by  limestone,  which  is 
quarried  in  some  localities.  iVe^vport,  (p*  v-O  near  the  center,  incorp.  March  20,  1857,  contains 
3  churches,  1  bank,  a  gristmill,  cotton  factory,'^  and  071  inhabitants.  Settlement  was  commenced 
in  171*1,  by  Christopher  Hawkins,  from  K.  I.  ;^  Rev.  David  Haskell  (Bap.)  held  the  first  meetings, 
in  17'.Hi.* 

\ORWA¥^ — was  formed  from  Herkimer,  April  10,  1792.  Fairfield  was  taken  off"  in  179G. 
Remsen  (Oneida  co.)  in  1798,  Russia,  as  **f/;l^o?^,"  and  a  part  of  Newport,  in  1806,  and  Ohio  in  182d. 
It  lies  in  the  interior  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  Mohawk.  Its  surface  is  elevated  and  rolling.  It  is  drained 
by  tributai'ics  of  West  Canada  Creek.  The  soil  is  sandy  in  the  n.  w.,  and  loam  and  gravelly  in  the 
IS.  and  s.  Limestone  is  quarried  in  several  places ;  and  fossils  have  been  found  near  White  Creek. 
There  is  a  sulphur  spring  1  mi.  n.  of  the  village.  Woi'way,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains 
3  churches,  a  cheese  box  factory,  tannery,  and  30  houses  ;  Graysville,®  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line  of 
Ohio,  contains  an  extensive  tannery  and  30  houses.^  The  first  settlement  was  made  by —Whip- 
ple and  Christopher  Hawkins,  from  R,  I.,  in  1786 ;  but  it  was  soon  abandoned.*  The  first  religious 
meetings  were  held  by  Rev, Robertson,  in  1792.^ 

OIIIO'^ — was  formed  from  Norway,  as  **Wesi  Brunswick/'  April  11,  1823.  Its  name  was 
changed  May  3,  1836.  A  part  of  Wilmurt  was  taken  off  in  1836.  It  lies  in  the  interior,  on  the 
N.  border  of  the  settlements.  Its  surface  is  moderately  hilly,  with  an  elevation  of  700  to  900  ft. 
above  the  Mohawk.  A  range  of  high,  steep  hills  extends  through  the  n,  part.  It  is  drained  by 
West  Canada  and  Black  Creeks  and  their  tributaries.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  with  some  clay. 
A  large  portion  of  the  town  is  still  a  wilderness.  Oraysville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line  of  Norway, 
contains  1  church,  a  tannery,  and  30  houses.  Obio  City,  (Ohio  p.  o.,)  in  the  w.  part,  contains 
10  houses.  A  few  scattering  settlements  were  begun  before  the  Revolution,  but  were  broken  up 
during  the  war."     Religious  services  were  first  held  at  Ohio  City,  in  1808." 

RUSSIA" — was  formed  from  Norway,  as  "  Union/'  April  7, 1806.  Its  name  was  changed  April 
6,  1808.  A  part  of  Wilmurt  was  taken  ofi"  in  1836.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the 
Mohawk,  its  n.  part  extending  into  the  border  of  the  great  northern  wilderness.  Its  surface  is 
rolling  and  moderately  hilly,  and  on  the  w.  descends  abruptly  to  the  valley  of  West  Canada 
Creek.  The  hills  are  800  to  1,000  ft.  above  the  Mohawk.  West  Canada  and  Black  Creeks  flow 
w.  through  the  n.  w.  part,  the  former  forming  a  part  of  the  w.  boundary.  On  it  are  some  extensive 
lumber  works."     Trenton  Falls,  upon  West  Canada  Creek,  is  on  the  w.  border.     The  soil  is  sandy 


1  NaDied  from  New-port,  R.  I.,  the  former  residence  of  many 
of  thp  early  settlera. 

2  A  cotton  fiictory  was  built  in  1808,  by  Benj.  Bowen.  The 
Herkimer  Manufacturing  Co.  wna  formed  in  1S14,  with  a  capital 
of  $Kl,<lOO.  In  1S44  V.  S.  Kinyou  becanio  ])roprieIor  by  pur- 
chase, and  at  present  gives  employment  to  80  persons,  and  turns 
out  $45,000  to  §50,000  worth  of  sheetiuss  annually. 

8  Anions;  the  other  early  settlers  were  Benj.  Bowen,  .Tohn  C. 
Green,  Israel  Wakely,  and  Geo.  Fencer,  all  from  R.  I.;  Dr.  Westel 
Willoughby,  and  Sherman  Wooster.  from  Conn.  Joseph  Bense- 
ley.  A.  M.  haniels,  Geo.  Cook,  and  Wm.  Whipple  were  also  early 
Bettlevd.  The  first  death  was  that  of  Silas  Hawkins,  in  1793. 
Abby  Justine  taught  the  first  .school,  in  1705,  Wm.  Wakely 
kept  the  first  inn.  in  179-3,  and  Geo.  Cook  the  first  store,  the 
same  year.  Benj,  Bowen  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1793,  and 
the  first  gristmill,  in  179-i.  The  first  settlers  derived  title  from 
parties  who  hfid  purchased  from  the  courts  of  forfeiture. 

*  The  Census  reports  7  churches  in  town;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Calv. 
Meth.,  Presh.,  Union,  Univ..  and  K.  C. 

6  Nanu'd  from  Norway,  in  Kurope.  Tliis  town  is  included  in 
the  second  and  third  allotments  of  the  Royal  <;rant. 

*  Named  from  Lathan  Gray,  a  resident  of  the  place. 

'  L:t  Dew  8  tannery,  established  in  185.'{,  with  a  capital  of 
$loi>.OiiO.  employs  75  men.  and  produces  $150,000  worth  of  sole 
leathiT  annually.  The  works  are  driven  by  a  steam  engine  of  50 
horse  power. 

*  Jeremiah  Potter  and  his  eon.  Fiwher  Potter,  came  in  with 
their  families  from  R.  I.  in  1788.  Their  whole  store  of  provi.«iions 
to  carry  them  through  the  first  winter  was  a  crop  of  potatoes 
and  some  salt.  For  meat  they  depended  upon  hunting.  Thos. 
Manly  settled  in  1789.  John,  Andrew,  and  Simeon  ("oo ;  Capt. 
Hinman.  from  Conn.;  John  and  David  Corp,  N.  F;inning,  David 
Underbill.  5  families  of  Braytons,  Angell.  Lemuel,  and  I'bilip 
Potter,  Kdward  Uenderaon,  Uri  H.  Cook,  Henri  Tdlinghart, 
Aljijah  Tumbling,  and  Weatel  Willoughby,  were  eaiiy  settlers. 


The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  child  of  Gideon  Brayton ;  and  the 
first  death,  that  of  the  wife  of  E.  Hinman.  The  tirst  scliool  was 
taught  by  Jeanette  Henderson. in  1793.  Amos  Coc  kept  the  first 
inn;  Thaddeus  Scribner  &  Bro.,  the  first  store,  in  17S*3;  Capt. 
Hinman  built  the  firot  sawmill,  in  1793:  and  Carpenter  Cole 
the  fir«t  gristmill,  the  same  year.  Vale  &  Eddy  built  a  fulling 
mill,  in  1793, — Benton's  Herk-inier,  p.  450. 

»  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Presb., 
and  Prot.  E. 

w  Nftiued  from  the  State  of  Ohio.  This  town  includes  the 
Jerseyfield  and  a  small  part  of  the  Remsenburgh  Patents. 

" Mount  settled  on  Lot  60  of  the  Jerseyfield  Patent  somo 

years  before  the  Revolution.  During  the  Wiir.  Mr.  Munnt  wsxs 
attacked  by  Indians;  his  two  sons  were  killed,  and  himself, 
wife,  and  daughter  fled  to  Little  Falls,  a  distance  of  20 
miles.  He  did  not  see  his  wife  and  daughter  after  le:uing  bis 
house  until   they  met  at  Little  FnW^.—Biiitoyt's  H<rkim^r,  p. 

455.     Jolin   Miller    settled    in  1789-90.    Warner,   David 

Thorp,  Aaron  Thorp,  Harmanus  Van  Epps,  and  otliers,  were 
early  settlers.     David  Thorp  kept  the  first  inn.  Ephraim  Ash 

the  first  store,  in  1S20.    Mount  built  the  first  mills,  before 

the  wtir.  They  were  burned  at  the  tinie,  or  soon  after,  he  w:i3 
driven  off.  The  infamous  Walter  N,  Butler  was  killed  about  '2 
miles  above  the  junction  of  Blitck  and  West  Canada  Creeks,  on 
or  near  the  line  between  this  town  ami  Hns.sia.  Dec.  30,  1781. 

1"  The  census  reports  3  churches  in  town;  Evan.  Luth.,  Ger- 
man Meth.,  and  R.  C. 

laThis  town  contains  a  part  of  the  third  allotment  of  ihe 
Royal  Grant,  portions  of  Jerseyfield,  Rem.senburgh,  and  M;i- 
chin's,  and  the  whole  of  Lush's,' Marvin's,  and  Jacob's  I'litentd. 

1*  Hinckley  k  Ballon  have  an  extensive  sawmill,  planing  mill, 
blacksmith  simp,  trip  hammer,  ftnil  edge  tool  mannlactory, 
employ  100  men,  and  turn  out  work  to  the  amount  of  $SU,000 
annually. 


348 


HERKIMER    COUNTY. 


loam  imd  clay.  Russia,  (p- v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  140  inhabitants; 
Gi'a.Tesvillc,  (p-^'-))  i*i  the  s.  tt.,  a  church  and  20  houses;  Poland,  (P-^-O  near  the  s.  line, 
a  church  and  170  inhabitants;  Cold  Brook,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  e.,  a  saw  set  factory,  chee.se  box 
factory,  gristmill,  and  218  inhabitants  ;  llootll,  (p.  o.,)  on  Black  Creek,  a  church,  grist  and  saw 
mill,  tiiunery,  and  10  houses.  Pl*OSp€Ct  is  a  hamlet,  and  contains  —  sawmills.  The  first 
settlement  was  commenced  in  1792,  by  Stodard  Squires,  from  Conn.^  The  first  religious  meetings 
(F.  W.  Bap.)  were  held  by  Rev.  Benajah  Corp.^ 

SAIjISBURY^ — was  formed  from  Palatine,  (Montgomery  co..)  March  3,  1797,  and  annexed 
from  Montgomery  co.,  April  7,  1817.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  and  extends  n.  into  the 
great  wilderness.  Only  about  one-fourth  of  its  surface  is  cultivated.  It  is  a  broken  and  moun- 
tainous upland  in  the  n.  and  hilly  in  the  s.  The  principal  streams  are  East  Canada  Creek,  which 
forms  a  part  of  the  E.  boundary,  and  Spruce  Creek,  which  flows  through  the  s.  w.  and  s.  parts. 
The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam.  A  bed  of  iron  ore  has  been  worked  to  some  extent  on  Lot 
105,  fourth  allotment  of  the  Royal  Grant.  Salisbury  Center,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains 
2  churches,  a  tannery,  and  319  inhabitants;  .Salisbury  Corners,  (Salisbury  p.  o.,)  in  the 
s.  w.,  2  churches  and  30  houses;  Diamond  llill,  25  houses;  Devereaux,  15  houses. 
Wbitesbur^li,  (p.  o.,)  on  the  line  of  Fulton  co.,  is  a  hamlet.  Settlement  was  begun  before 
the  Revolution,  by  tenants  of  Sir  "VVm.  Johnson,  who  followed  his  lead  during  the  war,  and  shared 
his  fate  at  the  hands  of  the  Commissioners  of  Forfeiture.*   The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town  * 

SCIIUYLrERS— was  formed  from  Herkimer,  April  10,  1792.  Trenton  was  taken  ofi"  in  1797. 
Deerfield  (Oneida  co.)  in  1798,  and  a  part  of  Newport  in  1800.  A  part  was  annexed  from  Herki- 
mer in  1808,  and  re-annexed  to  Herkimer  in  1811.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the 
Mohawk.  Its  surface  is  hilly.  The  Ilasenclever.Mts.  extend  through  the  center,  attaining  in  this 
town  an  elevation  of  1,000  to  1,200  ft.  above  tide.  A  wide  intervale  extends  along  the  Mohawk, 
which  forms  the  s.  boundary.  Its  streams  are  tributaries  of  the  Mohawk  and  generally  flow 
through  narrow  ravines.  The  flats  bordering  the  river  are  annually  overflowed.  The  soil  upon 
the  hills  is  slaty  and  gravelly.  East  Schuyler,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  e.,  contains  25  houses  ;  and 
West  Schus'ler,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.,  a  church  and  25  houses.  Settlement  was  commenced 
previous  to  1775,  by  several  German  families.''  There  was  a  good  carnage  road  in  1757,  on  tlie 
bank  of  the  river,  from  the  crossing,  where  Utiea  now  stands,^  to  the  Palatine  village,  German 
Flats.     There  are  2  churches  in  town  ;  M.  E.  and  Meth.  Prot. 

ST  AUK  ^ — was  formed  from  Danube,  March  18,  1828.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  hilly  and  broken,  with  a  mean  elevation  of  500  feet  above  the  Mohawk.  The  prin- 
cipal streams  are  Otsquago  and  Nowadaga  Creeks.  Otsquago  Creek  flows  through  a  narrow  valley, 
bordered  by  steep  banks  150  to  200  ft.  hi^-h.  The  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  loam  in  the  valleys, 
and  sandy  and  gravelly  on  the  hills.  StarRville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  e.  part,  contains  2  churches, 
a  gristmill,  and  190  inhabitants ;  Van  Ilornesville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  1  church,  a  cotton 
factory,  (not  in  operation,)  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  and  228  inliabitants.     Sniitbs  Corners  is  a 


1  Jonatbnn  Millington,  from  Vt., Smith,  Farley  Fuller, 

Geo.  Tiiylor.  Roscum  Slocum.  ■ Austin  &  Son,  Win.  Buck, 

Jeremiah  Smith,  Jotbam  Carpenter. Coon,  and  others,  set- 
tled soon  after ;  and,  in  1794,  many  otiiers  came  in.  The  first  mar- 
riage was  tliat  of  Farley  Fuller  and  Minerva  Smith,  in  179-4 :  the 

first  death,  that  of  a  son  of Allen,  and  the  SKiond,  that  of 

Waite  Robinson.    The  first  school  was  taught  by More^ 

house,  at  Graves  Hollow,  and  another,  about  the  same  time,  by 
■         Steuned.    The  first  inn  was  kept  by  Jotham  Carpenter, 

the  first  store  by Swintburn.  at  Graves  Hollow,  in  1797. 

The  first  sawmill  was  built  in  1797,  and  the  first  gristmill  by 
Ben,i.  Hinman,  the  sanm  year.  A  cotton  factory  was  built  at 
Poland  some  years  since. 

2  The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town;  M.  E,,  Presb., 
"Union,  and  Univ. 

8  Named  from  Salisbury,  Conn.,  whence  many  of  the  early 
settlers  cnmn.  Tliis  town  includes  part  of  the  .leraeyfield  Pa- 
tent, and  pirts  of  the  fir.ct,  second,  and  fouith  allotments  of 
the  Royal  Grant.  Several  of  the  Indian  children  of  Sir  Wm. 
Johnson  hiid  tracts  of  land  assigned  to  them  iu  this  pnrt  of  the 
Royal  Grant, — viz.:  William.  1,000  acres;  Brant  1.000;  Anne, 
3,000;  Susan.  3,000;  Mary.  2.000;  George.  3.000;  Margaret,  2.000; 

Mas^daleo. and  Elizabeth.  .    Of  these  children,  the 

last  three  were  convicted  of  adhering  to  the  enemy:  but.  no 
record  of  conviction  existing  against  tlio  others,  acts  were 
parsed  by  the  Legislature.  Feb.  26,  1796.  and  Marcli  30,  1798. 
nuUiorizing  John  Robinson,  George  Pearson,  and  Jamea  Coch- 


ran, purchasers  under  the  Commissioners  of  Forfeiture,  to  re- 
ceive from  the  treasury  the  part  of  the  purchase  money  which 
they  had  paid  and  convey  back  the  land^. 

*  John  Faville  and  Cornelius  Lamberson  settled  about  1778, 
near  Burrells  Corners;  Asa  .Sheldon  and  Abijah  Ford  about  1793. 

Abial   Pratt.  Stephen  Todd,  Jabez  Ayers.  .(onathan  Cole. 

Bidwell.  Ira  Bartholomew.  Atwater  Cook,  Amos  Ives,  Mosea 

De  Witt. Low,  Jonathan   Hallet.  and  others,  were  earlv 

settlers.  John  Ford  was  the  first  child  born;  Elizabeth  Bice 
taught  the  first  school;  Aaron  Ilackley  kept  the  first  inn  and 
store,  at  Burrell's  Corners. 

&  '2  M.E.,  Bap.,  and  Union. 

8  This  town  contains  the  whole  of  Kast's  Patent  and  parts  of 
Cosby's  Manor  and  Hasenclever's  and  Walton's  Patents. 

'  Among  the  early  settlers  were  families  named  Katit.  Star- 
ring, Widrig,  Rymour.  Lintz.  and  Bridenbecker.  Judge  Flenri 
Starring  i  who  is  said  to  have  granted  the  odebrated  Yankee 
pass)  formerly  resided  in  this  town.  A  store  was  kept  on  Cosby'e 
Miinor  in  1766. 

8  In  1757.  M.  De  Belletre.  with  a  body  of  French  and  Indiana, 
traversed  this  road,  and  burned  every  house  upon  it  within  the 
town, — BfiTiton's  Herkimer,  p  461. 

0  Named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Stark,  of  the  Rev  luti'-n.  Parf^ 
of  Henderson's.  L'Hommedieu's,  Vaughan's.  McNeil's,  .T.  Vron- 
man's,  C.  Colden's.  Living'iton's,  and  Lausings  Pateuts  are  iu 
this  town. — Benton's  Herkimer, p.  463. 


HERKIMER    COUNTY. 


349 


hamlet.     Small  settlements  were  commenced  before  1775,  but  were  broken  up  during  the  Revolu- 
tion.^    The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town.^ 

WARREl^' — was  formed  from  German  Flats,  Feb.  5,  1796.  Columbia  was  taken  off  in  1812. 
It  lies  centrally  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  hilly,  the  highest  points  being  500  to 
800  feet  above  the  Mohawk.  The  principal  stream  is  Fish  Creek,  which  flows  s.,  and  is  bordered 
by  steep  banks  100  to  200  ft.  high.  Mud  Lake,  in  the  e.,  and  Weavers  and  Youngs  Lakes,  in  the 
s.,  are  small  bodies  of  water.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  clay  loam.  There  are  2  small  sulphur 
springs  in  town,  Jordanville  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches  and  125  inhabitants ;  Pages 
Coruers  (p.  v.)  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  82  inhabitants;  I^ittle  I^akes/  (Warren  p.  o.,)  in 
the  s.  part,  1  church  and  117  inhabitants.  Crains  Corners  is  a  hamlet.  Some  settlements 
were  commenced  before  the  Revolution,  by  Germans  from  the  Upper  Valley.^  Elder  Phineas 
Holcomb  was  the  first  settled  minister  in  town,  about  1793.® 

WIliMlTRT'— was  formed  from  Russia  and  "West  Bnmswick,"  (now  Ohio,)  May  3,  1836. 
This  is  the  largest  town  in  the  State,  and  is  one  of  the  least  populous.  It  includes  the  whole  n.  part 
of  the  CO.,  extending  nearly  50  mi,  in  length,  by  about  16  mi.  in  breadth,  entirely  within  the  wild 
primeval  forests  of  Northern  New  York.  Its  surface  is  rocky  and  mountainous,  and  the  greater 
part  is  uniit  for  cultivation.  In  the  deep  valleys  among  the  mountains  are  numerous  beautiful, 
picturesque  lakes,  forming  one  of  the  finest  features  of  the  landscape.^  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam. 
The  hills  are  usually  covered  with  a  thin  growth  of  forest  trees;  but  in  the  valleys  only  is  found 
soil  fit  for  profitable  pasturage.  The  settlements  are  confined  to  the  s.  part.  There  is  no  p.  o., 
village,  store,  church,  or  gristmill  in  town.  The  lumber  cut  in  this  region  is  mostly  floated  down 
West  Canada  Creek,  and  manufactured  at  Prospect  in  the  town  of  Russia,  An  attempt  was  made 
to  settle  the  town  in  1790,  by  Arthur  Noble,  the  patentee,  and  a  sawmill  was  built  at  that  time ; 
but  the  project  failed.  It  was  again  tried  in  1793,  with  no  better  success.  Toward  the  close  of 
the  last  century,  John  Brown,  a  wealthy  capitalist  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  who  owned  a  large  tract  in 
this  town,  made  an  attempt  at  settlement ;  but  his  project  failed.  In  1812  his  son-in-law,  Chas, 
T.  Ilarrisoff,  made  another  attempt  to  settle  upon  this  tract.  He  built  a  forge  and  sawmill,  and 
cleared  2,000  acres  ;  but,  the  outlay  bringing  no  return,  and  his  supply  of  money  from  the  e,  being 
cut  off,  the  project  was  abandoned,  and  the  colonists  returned  to  their  respective  homes.^ 

■WI^FIEL-D^**— was  formed  from  Litchfield,  Richfield,  (Otsego  co.,)  and  Plainfield,  (Otsego 
CO.,)  April  17,  1816.  The  bounds  of  the  co.  were  enlarged  upon  the  formation  of  this  town.  It 
is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  moderately  hilly,  and  forms  the  dividing  upland 
between  the  Mohawk  and  Unadilla  Valleys,  the  general  elevation  being  about  500  feet  above  the 
Mohawk.  A  range  of  hills  in  the  s.  e.  rises  about  200  ft.  higher.  The  e.  branch  of  the  Unadilla 
flows  s.  through  a  deep  valley  in  the  w.  part.  Browns  Hollow  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Mohawk, 
rises  on  the  n.  border.  Near  East  Winfield  is  a  sulphur  spring;  and  several  limestone  quarries  are 
found  in  different  parts  of  the  town.  East  Winfield  (Winfield  p.  o.)  contains  30  houses; 
West  Winfield  (p.  v.)  2  churches,  the  West  Winfield  Academy,  a  bank,  2  gristmills,  2  saw- 


1  One  of   theso   settlements  was  on    Otsqnago   Creek,   and 

consisted  of  the   faniilit-a  of  John   Plnill,  Jolin  Bronner, 

Tetherly,  and  others.  Another  settlement  was  commenced  at 
The  Kyle,  so  calli-d. — BmtoiVs  Herkimer,  p.  4t)3.  The  families 
(if  Wal  wrath,  Adam  Young,  and  others,  were  early  settlers. 
Abraliam  Van  Home,  from  N.J.,  settled  in  town  in  1791,  at 
what  is  now  Van  Ilorneeville.    The  first  German  echool  was 

taught  by Garner,  and  the  first  Knglish  school  by 

Haight.  Abraham  Van  Ilurne  built  the  first  mills,  soon  after 
ilia  settlement,  and  his  sons  kept  the  first  store. 

*  Bap.,  Bap.  and  Luth.,  M.  E.,  and  Union. 

8  Named  from  Ocn.  Joseph  Warren,  of  the  Revolution.  This 
town  embraces  the  principal  part  of  Uenderson  and  Theobald 
Young's  Patents. 

*  Called  by  the  Indians  Wa-i-on-tha. 

6  Andrustown,  in  the  n.  part, — then  containing  7  fnmiliet?. — 
was  plundered  and  burned  by  Brant  in  July,  1778.  A  partof  the 
Inhabitiintswen?  killed,  and  the  remainder  carried  away  captive. 
Young's  settlement  at  the  Lakes  was  spared  by  the  Indians  on 
account  of  the  tory  principles  of  the  proprietor;  but  the  Ameri- 
cans 6non  after  plundered  and  burned  thia  place  in  retaliation. 
In  March,  1792,  .Si\muel  Cleland.from  Mass..  and  his  sons  Norman, 
Salmon.  Jonas,  Martin,  and  Moses,  settled  in  town.  Danfortli 
Abbott.  Hugh  I'anell,  Amos  Allen,  Elder  Phineas  Holcomb.  Ilith- 

ard  Sihooley  Hull.  Tliomas,  James,  and  Garret  Abeel,  and  

Thayer  were  early  settlers.  Stephen  Luddington  kept  the  first 
Inn,  <Hithont&  Vrooman  the  flrat  store,  and  Isaac  Freeman  built 
tiie  first  gristmill,  in  179a. 


8  The  census  reports  6  churches;  4  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Bef. 
Prot.  D. 

7  This  immense  town  embraces  parts  of  the  Remsenburgh  and 
Vrooman's  Patents,  Adgnte's.  Brown's,  Noblehorongb.  Mooee 
River,  and  Watson's  Tracts,  and  Totten  and  Crossfield's  Pur- 
chase. Brown's  tract,  held  by  L.  R.  Lyon  and  otiiers,  embraces 
210.000  acres,  and  extends  across  the  co.  into  Hamilton  and 
Lewis  cos. 

8  Nos.  1  to  4  of  the  Fulton  chain  of  lakes  arc  sources  of  Moose 
River;  Transparent,  Woodhull,  Bisby,  and  Chub  Lakes  flow 
into  Black  River.  Several  of  these  lakes  are  used  as  reser- 
voirs for  the  canal.  Upon  the  shores  are  large  quantities  of 
iron  sand,  derived  from  the  abrasion  of  the  rocks  containing 
iron  ore. 

»  Harrisoff  continued  upon  the  land  until  Dec.  19. 1S19,  when, 
disheartened  by  his  immense  losses  and  the  utter  ruin  before 
him.  he  committed  Huicide.  It  is  said  that  the  day  before  hie 
dertth  he  made  preparations  for  going  to  Providence,  and  gave 
particular  orders  for  his  men  to  go  out  the  next  morning  after 
he  left  and  fill  up  a  larg*?  hole  that  had  been  dug  for  ore.  They 
went  out  to  perform  their  labor;  but  one  of  them  went  down  to 
see  if  any  tools  had  been  left,  and  at  the  bottom  he  found  Har- 
risoff, who  had  secreted  himself  there,  inti-nding  to  be  buried. 
The  next  day  he  accomplished  his  object  bv  a  pi.stul  shot. 

1**  Named  from  Uon.  Winfield  Scott.  This  town  comprised 
within  its  limits  parts  of  Bayard's,  Lispenard's,  and  Schuyler's 
Patents. 


350 


HERKIMER    COUNTY. 


mills,  a  clover  mill,  and  tannery.   Pop.  381.   IVortb  'Winfield  is  a  p.  o. 
was  commenced  in  1792.'     The  census  reports  3  churches.' 


The  first  settlement 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,   Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,  Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Herkimer  County. 


Names  of  TowNe. 


Columbia 

Daniiljo 

Fairfield 

Frankfurt 

German  Flats 

Herkimer 

Litchlield 

Little  Falla.... 

Manheini 

Newport 

Norway 

Ohio 

Russia 

SHlisbiiry 

Schuyler. 

StJiik 

Warren 

Wilmnrt 

WiiifielJ. 

Total 


Acres  of  Land. 


16,668 
13,719 
18,443J 
15,611i 
14,41  Hi{ 
13.371 
13,329 
12,359 
14,667 
16,233 
14,604i 
6,35U 
20,360 
17,218i 
17,,W7 
14,187 
17,1195 

705 
12,665 


6,134J 

3,333 

6,402 

6,068 

6,429 

4,945J 

4,118 

8.C86 

2,741 

4,289, 

6,477  J 

14,201 

14869 

47,598 

4,871 

3,903 

8,954i 

361,859 

2.788 


Valuation  op  1858. 


Ji 

a 

■3 

It 

S  a. 

5 

te 

a; 

o.a, 

$303,103 

$59,390 

402,033 

74.567 

584,368 

157,623 

492.357 

96,860 

488,203 

324,940 

638,960 

161,527 

1,115,564 

386,338 

267,106 

44,761 

694,744 

78,665 

366,130 

105,5.50 

246,470 

66„530 

128,226 

4,089 

369,062 

78,754 

641,694 

72.000 

666.741 

82,005 

286,763 

64,697 

433,404 

194,218 

273,708 

105,410 

74.624 

8,160.129 

2.166,704 

362,493 
476,600 
741,8S1 
689.207 
813,143 
690,487 
1,500.!K32 
301.867 
773,299 
470.6R0 
312,000 
132,314 
447.806 
613.694 
697,748 
351,460 
627,622 
4.39,118 
74,624 


267.414i  606  6j7ii  8,160,129     2,156,704    10,316  833  I  19,693  18,873 


742 

987 

746 

1.639 

1,983 

1,447 

829 

2,424 

858 

995 

635 

582 

1,176 

1,204 

842 

744 

890 

180 

691 


352 
296 
266 
658 
725 
447 
298 
726 
304 
369 
182 
194 
424 
448 
295 
272 
336 
38 
270 


265 
648 
783 
487 
319 
922 
316 
407 
207 
191 
448 
466 
317 
303 
297 
42 
286 


304 
188 
440 
407 
606 
303 
207 
413 
207 
283 
160 
185 
374 
336 
196 
224 
281 
29 
186 


7.396    6.219    197 


5  . 
.It 

el 


657 

671 

470 

1.249 

1,340 

968 

611 

1,068 

636 

662 

410 

483 

817 

834 

668 

483 

688 

73 

629 


Names  of  Towns. 


Columbia 

Danube 

Fairfield 

Frankfi-rt 

German  Flats.. 

Herkimer 

Litchfield 

Little  Falls 

Manheini 

Newport 

Norway 

Ohio 

Russia 

Salisbury 

Schuyler 

Stiirk 

Warren 

Wilmurt 

Winfield 

Total 


Live  Stock. 

Aqmcdltokal  Prodccts 

II 

§■ 

i 

l  =  i 

? 

?■ 

1 

■sl 

l^ 

15 

700 

802 

5 

§ 

616 

* 

e 

18,572 

K^.^ 

tt,(H 

£g 

i.soi 

2,134 

893 

81.013i 

4,600 

27,029 

79,986 

353  309: 

6.39 

840 

1.937 

1,224 

1,208| 

3,101 

76,929 

3,9315 

10,794 

14,416 

62,090 

343,125! 

429 

723 

3,763 

621 

1.486 

94 

44,811 

6,982 

8,609 

37,772 

76,523 

l,238,820i 

679 

893 

1,369 

1.576 

1.247 

1,303 

94,536J 

4,610 

21,008 

21,828 

111,708 

78,3(,6 

667 

1,095 

1,624 

1,105 

1,004 

6,.-!81 

63,435 

3,649 

12,063 

17.687 

64,377 

285  500 

614 

703 

2.266 

862 

1,387 

3,803 

65  234 

4,201 

10,",38 

20.626 

93.541 

879.200 

4.39 

832 

1,676 

952 

930 

60 

67.191 

3,880 

18.623 

30.411 

73.826 

39.).679 

469 

711 

2,176 

449 

1.271 

1,596 

47,6425 

4,939 

10.412 

17.616 

69.270 

687,600 

451 

713 

3,320 

363 

1,390 

573 

44,428 

7,2:i4 

11,344 

16,174 

87.633 

1.087.200 

374 

61V 

2.6SS 

840 

1,263 

605 

49.227i 

3.786 

12,.09S 

21,256 

70,5.30 

829.9891 

267 

389 

2,137 

154 

6.i2 

280 

27.596i 

3,2945 

11.751 

8,635 

38.146 

649  S23I 

219 

392 

600 

331 

201 

92 

19.1435 

1,1495 

11.101 

33 

30.660 

68  220I 

625 

729 

2,326 

1,062 

821 

1,417 

73.679 

3,978 

24.386 

17,175 

94.661 

661.4251 

4ri3 

842 

1,827 

491 

7.34 

187 

48,823J 

6.28:  J 

16,298 

9  310 

65.219 

694  600J 

644 

717 

2,296 

1,009 

1,461 

2,900 

146.610 

4181 

18.370 

14,224 

76,000 

6S5,4.50| 

603 

742 

1,640 

1,321 

919 

l,241i 

90.3095 

2.8415 

7.663 

16,686 

90.140 

140.2051 

673 

872 

1,917 

2,904 

836 

109 

76.403 

5,306 

17,009 

19,782 

83.135 

374.299 

29 

34 

46 

39 

19 

50 

2  349 

875 

1.021 

3.3.n0 

7I'0: 

3.31 
9,098 

621 

1.664 

769 
17^06 

507 

246 
23,4514 

65,115 
1.170,277i 

4,421 

16  025 

18  442 
333,901 

64,805 

625.2  lOj 

13,167 

36,663 

18,227 

78,26  4J 

257,875 

1,305,377 

9,068,8191 

■II 


Q.; 


1,237 

1,046 

645, 

1,002} 

769 

1..366 

340 

204 

606 

r20 

630 

768 

1,483 

1.001 

7555 

660 

!  1.1585 

40 

!i4,rwi 


1  Amons;  the  early  settlers  were  Jos.  Walker.  Timothy  Walker, 
Capt.  Nathan  Bi  own,  I  diver  llarwood.  Oliver  Corbit,  Ben,j,Cule. 
■nd  Dea.  Oile,  trom  Mass.  Abel  Brace  came  in  from  Conn,  in 
1793.  .Tosi.ib  llarwood  taught  the  first  school,  in  1794;  Charles 
Brace  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1794;  John  Dillingham  the  first 


store,  in  1796.    .Joseph  Walker  built  the  fir^t   saw  and    Kriet 
mill   soon  alter  bis  settlement ;  Benj.  Ilariin;^ton  built  the  first 
clothinii  works,  at  West  Wiufield,  about  1800. 
2  M.  is.,  Cong.,  and  Bap. 


JEFFERSON   COUNTY. 

This  county  was  formed  from  Oneida,  March  28,  1805,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Jeifcrson.  Its  bounds  have  been 
changed  by  setting  off  a  portion  of  Rodman  to  Lewis  co.  in  1808. 
and  by  annexing  a  portion  of  Lewis  co.  to  Wilna  in  1813.  It  lies 
in  tlie  angle  formed  by  the  St.  Lawrence  River  and  Lake  Ontario, 
is  distant  145  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  1868  sq.  mi.  The 
s.  w.  part  is  marshy,  but  at  a  short  distance  from  the  lake  the  land 
rises  in  gentle  undulations,  and,  farther  inland,  by  abrupt  ter- 
races, to  the  highest  point,  in  the  town  of  Worth.  A  plateau,  about 
1000  feet  above  the  lake,  spreads  out  from  the  summit,  and 
extends  into  Oswego  and  Lewis  cos.  An  ancient  lake  beach,  390 
feet  above  the  present  level  of  the  lake,  may  be  traced  through 
ElUsburgh,  Adams,  Watertown,  and  Rutland.  North  of  the  Black  River  the  surface  is  generally 
flat  or  slightly  undulating:  in  tlie  extreme  n.  e.  corner  it  is  broken  by  low'  ridges  parallel  to  the 
St.  Lawrence.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  isolated  hills,  no  part  of  this  region  is  as  high  as  the 
ancient  lake  ridge  mentioned  above.' 

The  rocks  of  the  co.  belong  to  the  primary  formation  and  the  lower  strata  of  the  N.  Y.  system. 
Gneiss  is  the  underlying  rock  of  tlie  e.  border  in  Wilna  and  Antwerp,  of  the  Thousand  Islands 
and  tlie  shore  at  Alexandria  Bay,  and  of  two  strips  of  laud  extending  from  the  e.  border,  one 
toward  Theresa  Falls,  and  the  other  toward  Evans  Mills.  Next  above  this  is  a  thick  deposit 
of  Potsdam  sandstone,  extending  through  Wilna,  Antwerp,  Philadelphia,  Theresa,  Alexandria, 
Orleans,  and  Clayton,  the  margin  of  which  may  be  traced  along  its  entire  extent  by  a  low  mural 
precipice.  The  soil  upon  this  rock  is  thin,  and  principally  derived  from  drift  deposits.  The 
rock  itself  is  almost  indestructible,  and  preserves  diluvial  scratches  and  marks  with  great  distinct- 
ness. Above  this  is  a  thin  deposit  of  calciferous  sandstone,  extending  through  parts  of  Cape 
Vincent,  Lyme,  Clayton,  Orleans,  and  Le  Ray.  The  soil  upon  this  rock  is  deeper  than  that 
upon  the  Potsdam-  sandstone,  and  is  derived  principally  from  disintegration.  The  Black  River 
limestone  overlies  this,  and  forms  the  surface  rock  in  most  of  the  remaining  parts  of  the  co.  N. 
of  the  river,  and  in  a  part  of  Champion  and  Rutland,  s.  Above  this  is  the  Trenton  limestone, 
appearing  on  the  lake  shore  at  Cape  Vincent  and  extending  in  a  s.  e.  direction  through  Lyme, 
Brownville,  Watertown,  Rutland,  and  Champion.  This  rock  is  of  great  thickness,  and  it  forms 
the  principal  declivities  of  the  plateau  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  About  midway  in  this  strata  is 
found  the  ancient  lake  ridge  before  noticed.  The  caves  "near  Watertown  are  in  the  lower  strata 
of  this  rock.  Next  above  come  the  Utica  slate  and  Lorraine  shales,  forming  the  summit  of  the 
irregular  table  land  which  covers  the  s.  "  peak"  of  Champion,  the  s.  border  of  Rutland,  the 
greater  part  of  Rodman,  a  corner  of  Adams,  the  E.  part  of  EUisburgh,  and  the  whole  of  Lorraine 
and  Worth.  These  shales  are  easily  decomposed,  and  produce  a  deep,  rich  soil.  Along  the  streams 
that  flow  from  this  formation  the  water  has  worn  deep  and  often  highly  picturesque  ravines, 
sometimes  miles  in  length,  and  almost  through  the  soft  and  yielding  strata.  The  rounded  outline 
of  the  slate  hills,  the  abrupt  terraces  of  the  limestone,  and  the  sharp,  wall  like  margins  of  the  sand- 
stone, afford  characteristic  features  to  the  country  underlaid  by  these  several  formations.  Alluvial 
deposits  uniformly  occur  where  the  streams  from  the  slate  flow  out  upon  the  limestone  ;  and  drift 
deposits  are  scattered  promiscuously  over  the  whole  co.  The  most  remarkable  of  these  is  the 
"  Pine  Plains,"  a  sand  barren  several  miles  in  extent  in  Wilna  and  Le  Ray.  The  lake  shore  in 
EUisburgh  consists  of  drifting  sand,  behind  which  are  marshes.  From  Stony  Point  to  Cape 
Vincent  the  shore  is  bordered  by  the  level  edges  of  the  Trenton  limestone ;  but  farther  down  the 
river  it  presents  that  alternation  of  rounded  ridges  of  rocks,  intervales,  and  marshes  peculiar 
to  the  primary  formation.  The  highest  point  in  Worth  is  about  1200  feet  above  the  lake.  The 
streams  are  Black,^  Indian,  and  Perch  Rivers,  the  two  Sandy  Creeks,'  Stony,  Catfish,  Kent, 
French,  Pleasant,  and  Black  Creeks,  and  tlieir  tributaries.  Hungry  Bay*  (including  Ilenderson, 


'  All  iRolHtcd  liill  in  I'nmelia  formerly  bore  a  crop  of  red 
(vdiir;  >iu  I  :m  thiH  tiiuber  in  now  only  found  upon  theislandt^  in 
Uio  liitic,  it  is  HuppoBtxi  tlmt  ttie  liill  \va«  an  ii^land  at  a  time 
whoi)  at  lu;ttit  thre^j  fourths  of  the  county  waji  coverod  by  wat«r. 


*  Indian  name  Ka-hu-ah'-go.  ffreat  or  wide  river. 

'  Culled  by  tlie  Indiana  'j'e-ka'dii-n-Ka'-bo,  ulopiitg  banlul. 

*  Called  by  the  Freucb  "  La  Famine.  * 

£61 


352 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 


Black  River,  and  Chaumont  Bays)  has  a  coast  line  of  great  leugth;  and  the  Thousand  Islands 
present  many  attractions  from  their  romantic  scenery  and  historical  associations.  Several  small 
lakes,  filling  deep  gorges,  in  Antwerp,  Theresa  and  Alexandria, — one  in  Rutland,  two  in  Hen- 
derson, Perch  Lake  in  Pamelia  and  Orleans,  and  Pleasant  Lake  in  Champion,  constitute  the  other 
waters  of  the  co.  Iron  ore  abounds  in  Antwerp.  Traces  of  lead  and  copper  are  found  in  the 
primary  region ;  limestone,  capable  of  a  great  variety  of  uses,  water  limestone  and  barytes  are 
also  abundant.  The  Black  River  enters  the  co.  at  Carthage,  where  commence  a  series  of  cas- 
cades and  rapids  which  continue  almost  to  the  lake,  with  a  total  fall  of  480  feet.  Indian  River 
affurds  water  power  at  half  a  dozen  places,  and  most  of  the  streams  s.  of  Black  River  are  available 
for  the  same  purpose. 

The  flat  country  along  the  St.  Lawi'ence  at  times  is  affected  by  drouth,  which  is  never  felt  on 
the  uplands;  while  the  latter  are  somewhat  noted  for  the  great  depth  of  their  snows.  The  mirage 
has  been  frequently  seen  on  the  lake,  bringing  into  view  places  beyond  the  horizon.  One  form 
of  this  refraction,  in  which  a  line  of  clear  sky  appears  along  the  shore,  is  almost  a  constant 
attendant  upon  clear,  pleasant  days  in  summer.  Waterspouts,  attended  with  dark  clouds  and  a 
roaring  noise,  have  been  seen  upon  the  lake  and  its  bays.  In  the  primary  regions  the  intervales 
are  remarkably  fertile,  while  the  ridges  are  often  naked  rock.  The  soil  over  a  part  of  the  sand- 
stone is  too  thin  for  cultivation,  but  the  barren  region  is  comparatively  limited.  The  limestone  and 
slate  districts  are  exceedingly  fertile,  and  particularly  adapted  to  dairying  and  the  raising  of 
spring  grains.  Of  these,  barley,  within  a  few  years,  has  become  the  most  important.  Winter 
wheat  is  raised  less  than  formerly;  oats,  corn,  rye,  and  peas  are  staple  products.  For  many  years 
manufactures  have  received  much  attention  and  employed  a  large  amount  of  capital.  They 
consist  of  iron  from  the  ore,  castings,  machinery,  cotton  and  woolen  fabrics,  paper,  leather,  and 
flour,  and  have  been  chiefly  carried  on  along  the  line  of  the  Black  River,  and  in  Antwerp, 
Theresa,  Philadelphia,  Adams,  and  Ellisburgh.  Rafting,  shipbuilding,  and  lake  commerce  form 
prominent  pursuits  at  several  points  along  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Upon  the  erection  of  the  co.,  in  1805,  AVatertown  was  selected  for  the  co.  seat.^  A  com- 
bined courthouse  and  jail  was  erected  in  1807  and  burned  in  1821.  Soon  after,  separate  build- 
ings, of  stone,  were  erected,  which  are  still  in  use.  In  1816  a  fireproof  clerk's  office  was  built, 
and  occupied  until  1831,  when  the  present  one  was  erected.  The  jail  having  become  unfit  for  use, 
and  having  been  officially  complained  of,  a  writ  was  issued,  Dec.  1,  1848,  by  the  Supreme  Court, 
ordering  its  immediate  improvement.^  This  led  to  the  erection  of  an  additional  building,  with  ex- 
cellent arrangements  for  both  the  security  and  convenience  of  prisoners.  The  first  poorhouse  was 
erected  on  the  Dudley  Farm,  in  Le  Ray,  about  5  mi.  n.  of  Watertown,  in  1825 ;  and  it  was  used 
until  1833,  when  the  present  spacious  buildings  were  erected  in  Pamelia,  1  mi.  below  Watertown. 
In  1852  a  special  act  was  passed  for  the  supervision  of  the  poor  in  this  co. 

The  first  newspaper  in  the  co.,  called  the  "  American  Uagle/'  was  established  at  Watertown, 
in  1814,  by  Henry  Coffeen.      Its  name  was   soon  after  changed  to  the  ^*  American  Advocate."^ 


1  The  commissinnfrs  appointed  for  the  selection  of  the  co.  eeat 
by  the  Gov.  and  Council  were  Mattliew  Dorr,  David  Rodgers. 
and  John  Van  Bentliuysen.  The  first  court  and  the  first  bosrd 
of  Bupervisors  met  at  a  scboothouse  on  the  site  of  the  present 
Univ.  Church.  The  first  co.  officers  were  Au^istus  Sackef, 
First  Jiuhjp  ;  Joshua  Bealls  and  Perley  Keyes,  Jm/ges ;  Tlioina« 
White,  Lyman  Ellis,  Wm.  Hunter,  and  Ethni  Evans,  Assida7U 
Justices,  Henry  Coffeen,  Cl^rlr ;  Abel  Sherman,  Sheriff';  Benj. 
Skinner,  Surrofiate  and  Treasurer;  and  Uart  Massey,  Ambrose 
Peftse,  and  Fairchild  Hubbard,  Oivoners.  At  the  time  of  its 
erection  most  of  the  taxes  of  the  co.  were  paid  by  non- 
reaidents. 

2  In  1807  the  jail  liberties  were  first  established,  which  were 
80  extraordinary  as  to  demand  a  passing  notice.  "  They  covered 
a  small  space  around  the  courthouse  and  part  of  the  public 
square,  and  included  nio.st  of  the  houses  of  the  village;  while 
between  these  localities,  along  the  sides  of  the  roads,  and  some- 
times in  the  center,  were  pa^/i-«,  from  4  to  8  feet  wide,  with  oc- 
casional crossings;  so  that,  by  carefully  observing  his  route, 
turning  right  angles,  and  keeping  himeelf  in  the  strict  ranges 
which  the  court  had  established,  a  prisouer  might  visit  nearly 
every  buildio'.;  in  the  village;  but  if  the  route  was,  by  any  ac- 
ridput,  nbstnicted,  hy  a  pile  of  lumber,  a  pool  of  mud,  or  a 
loaded  wagon,  he  must  pass  over,  through,  or  under,  or  else 
expose  himself  to  the  peril  of  losing  tliis  precarious  freedom, 
by  close  imprisonment,  and  suhjectina:  his  bail  to  prosecution 
for  the  violation  of  his  trust:'— Hmifjh's  Hist,  of  J.f.  rb..  p.  31. 

'  The  JefTerufi}}  ami  Lewis  Gazette  vtas  starti^rl  at  Watertown  in 
IS17  by  D.  Abbey  &  J.  H.  Lord,  Jr.,  and  continued  until 
1R19. 
Tha  Independent  FepttJ'Iican,  commenced  in  1819  by  S.  A.  Abbey, 
wa£  continued  until  1825. 


The  Berald  of  Salvatinn,  semi-mo.,  (Univ.)  was  commenced  in 

1S22  by  Rev.  Pitt  Morse,  and  continued  2  years. 
The  Wutertoum  Freeman  was  established  in  1S24,  and  continued 

until  1833,  and  was  then  changed  to 
T?te  Democratic  Standard.  In  July.  1635,  it  was  united  with  the 

Watertown  Eagle,  and  became 
The  Eagle  and  Standard. 
Thursday's  Pnst  was  commenced  in  1826  by  Theron  Parsons  & 

Co..  and  in  1828  sold  to  Henry  L.  Harvey,  who  changed 

it  to 
The  Register.   It  was  afterward  united  with  the  Genius  of  Pki- 

lanihropy,  and  in  1830  it  became  the 
Watertovyn  Register  and  General  Advertiser.    In  1831  it  passed 

into  the  hands  of  B.  Cory,  and  in  1S35  it  was  changed 

t«  the 
North  American.    It  was  published  by  J.  Huxton  a  short  time, 

and  afterward  by  H.  S.  Noble,  by  whom  in  1S39  it  was 

issued  as 
The  Watertown  Register.    In  1843  Joel  Green  became  proprietor, 

and  changed  it  to 
The  Black  River  journal,  and  continued  it  until  1846. 
The  Genius  of  Pkihmfhropi/  %va8  started  in  1828  by  TTenry  I* 

Harvey,  and  was  afterward  united  with  The  Register. 
The  Censor  was  started  at  Adams  in  1828.  by  Tln-rou  i'arsonB, 

and  was  soon  after  removeii  to  Watertown.    In  1830, 

Enoch  E.Camp  became  its  proprietor,  and  changed  it  to 
The  Anti-Masonic  San.    Shortly  after.  Dr.  K.Goodale,  becoming 

proprietor,  changed  it  to 
T?ie  Oonsteliation,  and  continui-d  it  until  1832,  when  it  paa.<>ed 

into    the    hands    of  Abner    Morton,    who    published 

it  as 
Tlu  Jefferson  Reporter  until  1834.    It  was  then  discontinued. 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 


353 


This  CO,  is  all  embraced  in  the  Macomb  purchase*  of  1791,  except  the  islands  in  the  lake  and  river, 
a  small  reservation  at  Tibbits  Point  near  Cape  Vincent,  and  a  tract  10  mi.  square,  with  one  corner 
extending  to  the  St.  Lawrence  at  French  Creek,  reserved  by  the  Oneida  Indians  in  the  treaty  of 
1788  for  Peter  Penet,  and  called  "Penct  Square."  That  part  N.  of  a  line  running  e.  from 
Chaumont  Bay,  in  the  line  of  the  s.  bounds  of  Diana,  was  known  as  Great  Tract  No.  IV.,  and 
was  sold  to  the  ^'Antwerp  Company,"  of  Holland.  Gouverneur  Morris  became  the  first  agent, 
and  afterward  Jas,  D.  Le  Ray  de  Chaumont  became  extensively  interested  in  the  title,  and  under 
him  much  of  it  was  settled.  The  land  between  No.  IV.  and  Black  River  (210,000  acres)  was 
purchased  by  Peter  Chassanis,  of  Paris,  for  a  company  of  capitalists ;  a  romantic  scheme  of  colo- 
nization was  formed,  and  settlement  begun  at  its  southern  point,  near  the  High  Falls,  in  Lewis  co. 
A  few  years  after,  the  emigrants  returned  to  France.  Ellisburgh  was  mostly  purchased  by  Marvel 
Ellis,  of  Troy,  in  March,  1797,  but  it  afterward  reverted  to  Constable.  A  tract  known  as  the 
**  Eleven  Towns"  was  purchased  in  1795  by  Nicholas  Low,  Wm.  Henderson,  Richard  Harrison, 
and  Josiah  Ogden  Hoffman:  it  was  divided  by  them  and  sold  by  their  agents.  Penets  Square  waa 
mostly  settled  by  squatters,  with  whom  the  owners  afterward  had  much  difficulty.  With  the 
exception  of  Carlton  Island,  the  first  settlement  in  the  co.  was  made  in  Ellisburgh,  in  1797,  and 
within  10  years  nearly  the  whole  of  this  town  and  of  the  "Eleven  Towns"  was  taken  up  by  actual 
settlers.  Settlement  commenced  under  Le  Ray  in  Wilna,  Antwerp,  Le  Ray,  and  Philadelphia, 
about  180G,  and  in  the  n.  part  of  the  co.,  along  the  St.  Lawrence,  after  the  war  of  1812-15.  But 
a  small  part  is  now  owned  by  the  original  purchasers  or  their  heirs,  much  the  greater  portion 
having  long  been  owned  in  fee  by  actual  settlers.^ 

The  embargo  and  non-intercourse  laws  were  quite  unpopular  along  the  n,  frontier,  and  met 
■with  open  hostility  or  secret  evasion  in  many  cases.  The  declaration  of  war  filled  the  co.  with 
alarm,  and  some  families  hastily  prepared  to  leave.  Ft.  Carlton,^  within  the  American  bound- 
ary, had  been  held  until  this  time  by  the  British,  and  was  immediately  captured  by  a  small 
volunteer  party  and  the  buildings  burned.  A  regiment  of  drafted  militia,  under  Col.  C.  P.  Bel- 
linger, was'stationed  at  Sackets  Harbor  in  May.  A  fleet  of  5  sail  of  the  enemy  was  repulsed  from 
that  place  July  19,  with  loss.     On  the  30th  Capt.  Forsyth  was  stationed  there  with  a  fine  company 


The  iTidepmdent  Republican  and  Anti  Masonic  Fecorder  was 

published  at  Watertown,  from  1828  until  1830. 
The  Voice  of  Jefferson  waa  published  during  the  summer  and 

fall  of  1828. 
The  Watertown  Eagle  was  commenced  in  Sept.  1832,  by  J.  Cal- 
houn.   In  1833  Alvin  Hunt  became  associate  editor; 

and  in  1835  it  waa  united  with  the  Democratic  Slatuiard, 

and  issued  as 
The  Eagle  and  Standard.    In  1837  it  waa  changed  to 
Th^.  Jeffersonian,  and  afterward  to 
Tlie  Watertown  Jfffcrsoniany  and  continued  until  1855,  when  it 

was  united  with  the  D'tnocratic  C'liion,  and  appeared  aa 
Tike  Jefferson  County  Union*    By  this  title  it  is 

now  published  by  E.  J.  Clark  &  Co. 
The  Veto  was  published  during  the  campaign  of  1832. 
The  Spirit  of  Suvenly  Six  was  published  a  few  months  in  1834. 
Tlie  Patriot  and  Democrat  was  published  during  the  campaign 

of  1S38. 
The  Aurora  was  published  by  Alvin  Hunt  during  the  campaign 

of  1840. 
Tlie  Daily  Journal  waa  started  in  1843,  by  Joel  Greene.    It  waa 

soon  after  changed  to 
The  Watertown  Journal,  tri-w.,  and  continued  until  1846. 
The  Democratic  Union  was  started  in  1846,  by  T.  Andrews,  and 

continued  until   1855,  when  it  was  united   with  The 

Jcffersonian. 
The  Northern  Staff.  Jmtmal  was  started  in  Augiift,  1846,  by 

Ambrose  W.  Clark.    It  was  afterward  ciianged  to 
Tbe   IVorttiern  "Sew  York  Journal,  and  is  now 

published  by  A.W.  Clark. 
The  Watertown  Spectator  was  established  in  Jan.  1847,  by  Joel 

GreeuP,  and  continued  until  1849. 
TUe  Ne^v  York  Reformer  was  commenced  in  Aug. 

1850,  by  IngallB.  Burdick  &  Co.,  and  ia  now  published 

by  Ingalls  &  Haddock. 
The  Daily  News  waa  commenced  in  March,  1859. 
The  Daily  J'^lf'rrsonian  was  published  abuut  1  ye;ir,  in  1851. 
The  Monhfyr  and  The  Stwient  were  isput-d  a  short  time.    All  of 

the  above  were  published  at  Watertown. 
The  Sackets  Harbor  Gazette  and  Advertiser,  the  first  paper  pub- 

lisbi^d  at  Sackets  Harbor,  was  commenced  in  March, 

1S17.  V>y  Geo.  Camp.     In  Feb.  1821,  it  was  changed  to 
TheJeffh-son  R^puhlican,  and  was  continued  about  a  year. 
Tfie  FUrmers  AdvocaievfHs  started  in  1824,  by  Truman  W.  Has- 

call,  and  continued  until  1828. 
The  Couri'-'r,  afterward  called 

The  Sackets  Harbor  Courier,  was  publinhed  by  J.  Howe. 
Ttu  Jefferson   County  Whig  was  published  in  1837,  by  E.  H. 

Furdy. 


Tlie  SacTcets  Harbor  Journal  was  established  in  Oct.  1838,  by  E. 
M.  Luff,  and  continued  until  1851. 

The  Hari-isonian  was  published  by  E.  M.  LuflF  during  the  cam- 
paign of  1840. 

The  Sackets  Harbor  Observer  waa  founded  in  March,  1848,  by 
O.  H.  Harris.     In  1852  it  was  changed  to 

The  Jefferson  Farmer,  and  continued  2  or  3  years. 

The  Carthac/inian  was  started  at  Caithage  in  Dec.  1839,  and  in 
1S43  it  was  changed  to 

The  Black  Hirer  Times.    It  was  discontinued  soon  after. 

The  Peoples  Press  was  commenced  in  1847  by  M.  F.  Wilaon. 

The  Carthage  Standard  was  commenced  in  Jan.  IhoS,  by  W. 
R.  Merrill.    It  was  discontinued  in  1859. 

TJte  Jefferson  County  Democrat  was  established  at  Adams  in 
June,  1844.  by  J.  C.  Hatch.  In  IS47  it  padM-d  into  tb» 
hands  of  E.  J.  Clark.     It  ia  now  publiali.-d,  aa 

The  Jefferson  County  News,  by  J.  llddy. 

The  Therej^a  Chnmicte  was  started  Jan.  14,  184f>,  by  E  (J.  Burt, 
at  Theresa,  and  continued  about  G  months. 

IjC  Phare  des  Lacs  (the  Beacon  of  the  Lakea)  was  com- 
menced at  WatertoM-n.  in  May,  1 859,  by  Petit  &  G  randpre. 

Tlie  Cape  Vincent  Crazett'e  was  commenced  In  1858 
by  f.  A.  Leach. 
1  Alexander  Macomb.  Daniel  McConnick,and  Wm.  Constable, 

of  New  York,  were  the  parties  owning  this  purchase.    The  first 

two  failed,  and  Constable  bi'came  chief  agent  and  party  to  the 

sales  that  were  subsequently  made. — Hough's  Hist.  St.  Law.  Co. 
~  The  present  names  of  these  towns  are  in  most  cases  diflereut 

from  those  applied  by  the  landholders.    Their  names,  numbeis. 

and  owners  under  the  allotment  of  179G  are  as  follows.     Harrisiin 

and  Hoffman  held  their  interests  in  common  several  yi^ars  lattT. 

iVo,    Original  Names. 


1. 

HcBiod. 

2. 

Leghorn. 

3. 

Milan. 

4. 

Howard. 

S. 

Mnntiia. 

6. 

Henderson. 

7. 

Aleppo. 

s. 

OrplieuB. 

St. 

Handel. 

0. 

Platina. 

1. 

Lowville. 

Present  Names. 

Owners 

Hounsfield. 

Bar.  4  Hoff. 

Watertown. 

Lnw. 

Rutland. 

Henderson. 

Champion. 

Har.  &  Hoff. 

Denmark. 

Har.  k  Hoff. 

Hendorsou. 

Henderson. 

Adams. 

Low. 

Rodman. 

Har.  &  Hoff. 

Pinckney. 

Henderson. 

Harrisburgh. 

Har.  k  Uoff. 

Lowville. 

Low. 

23 


The  several  tracts  were  appraised  by  Beiy.  'Wright,  of  Rome, 
the  surveyor,  and  their  value  equalized  from  a  part  of  Wnrth. 

8  On  Carlton  or  Buck  Island.  It  was  buiU  by  the  French, 
and  during  ^he  Revolution  was  an  imiwrtaat  ponduzvous  for 
scalping  parties  of  tories  and  Indians. 


354 


JEFFERSON     COUNTY. 


of  riflemen,  and,  Sept.  20,  made  a  descent  upon  Gananoqui,  Canada,  and  destroyed  a.  large  quantity 
of  provisions.  The  details  of  the  operations  upon  the  n.  frontier  belong  to  general  history. 
Sackcts  Harbor  became  the  principal  seat  of  military  and  naval  preparations,  and  from  this  post 
were  fitted  out  the  armaments  that  captured  Little  York  and  Ft.  George,  and  the  disgraceful  expe- 
dition, under  Gen.  Wilkinson,  that  descended  the  St.  Lawrence  late  in  the  fall  of  1813.^  Large 
bodies  of  troops  were  stationed  here  during  most  of  the  war;  and  a  fleet  of  frigates  of  the  largest 
class  was  iitted  out  at  this  point,  to  cope  with  one,  equally  foraiidable,  built  at  Kingston.  The 
enemy  were  repulsed  in  an  attack  upon  Sackets  Harbor,  May  29,  1813,  and  were  subsequently 
defeated  at  Cranberry  Creek  and  Sandy  Creek  and  in  several  minor  engagements.  After  the  war 
the  costly  navy  was  left  to  rot,  or  was  sold  for  commercial  purposes ;  and,  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  the  convention  of  April,  1817,  but  one  armed  vessel  was  left  afloat  upon  the  lake. 
Extensive  barracks  were  built  in  1816-19  at  Sackets  Harbor.  A  considerable  body  of  regular 
troops  was  stationed  here  until  withdrawn  for  service  in  the  Indian  wars  of  the  Northwest  and 
of  Florida.  In  the  abortive  scheme  known  as  the  "Patriot  "War,"  in  1837-40,  this  co.  became  the 
scene  of  intense  excitement,  and  the  seat  of  many  grave  as  well  as  ludicrous  events.  "Hunter 
Lodges"  were  formed  in  every  village  to  promote  the  Patriot  cause,  and  large  sums  raised  for  the  same 
purpose  found  their  way  into  the  pockets  of  the  leaders,  most  of  whom  evinced  a  cowardice  as  little 
creditable  to  their  honor  as  was  their  financial  management  to  their  honesty. 

The  earliest  market  of  this  co.  was  down  the  St.  Lawrence,  which  has  ever  been  the  route  of  the 
lumber  trade.  Several  State  roads  were  built  through^the  co.  before  the  war,  and  a  military  road 
was  laid  out  and  partly  worked  from  Sackets  Harbor  to  Plattsburgh.  Soon  after  the  introduction 
of  canals  and  railroads  many  projects  of  internal  improvement  were  formed,  and  surveys  were 
made  in  this  co.,  without  result.  The  Watertown  and  Rome  R.  R.  extends  from  Cape  Vincent  s. 
through  Lyme,  Brownville,  Pamelia,  "Watertown,  Adams,  and  Ellisburgh,  connecting  with  the 
N.  Y.  Central  at  Rome.  The  Sackets  Harbor  and  Ellisburgh  R.  R.,  a  branch  of  the  preceding, 
extends  from  Sackets  Harbor  through  Henderson  to  Pierrcpont  Manor.  The  Potsdam  and  "Water- 
town  R.  R.  extends  n.  e.  from  Watertown  tlirough  Pamelia,  Le  Ray,  Philadelphia,  and  Antwerp, 
forming  a  connection  with  the  Ogdensburgh  R.  R.  at  Potsdam.  In  1848-51  about  170  mi.  of  plank 
road  were  built  within  the  co.,  by  over  20  companies;  but  most  of  the  lines  have  been  surrendered 
to  the  towns  in  which  the  roads  were  laid.  Steam  navigation  commenced  upon  Lake  Ontario  in 
1816,  and  commodious  lines  have  since  been  run,  touching  at  Sackets  Harbor,  Cape  Vincent, 
Clayton,  and  Alexandria  Bay,  within  this  co. 


1  The  following  is  a  clironolojrical  list  of  the  principal  events  ' 
which  took  pluce  at  Sack(?t6  ilarbor  and  vicinity  during  the 
war: — 

1812,  May. — The  Lnrd  Nfhon^  a  British  schooner,  was  taken, 
and  condemned,  for  violating  the  revenue  laws. 
Her  name  was  changed  to  *■  Scourge." 

«  Col.  C.  P.  Bellinger  was   statiuued  hero  with  a 

regiment  of  militia. 

"  June  14,  Pchooner  Ontario  taken,  and  discharged. 

"  July  19,  Vill;i2e  attacked  by  5  vessels  of  the  enemy.  No 
injury  done  to  the  Americans,  and  the  British 
retired  with  lo?s. 

"  July  30,  Capt.  Benj.  Forsyth  arrived  with  the  first  regular 
troops. 

"  July  31,  Schooner  Jiitia  sailed  for  Ogdensburgh,  and  en- 
countered 2  hostile  vessels  at  Morristown. 

"  Aug.  20.  Col.  Bellinger's  regiment  were  disbanded  before 
they  were  paid. 

"  Sept.  20,  Capt.  Forsyth  started  upon  an  expedition  against 
Usnanoqui. 

"  Sept.  21,  Gen.  Dodge  arrived,  and  ordered  Gen.  Brown  to 
proceed  to  Ogdensburgh. 

"  Oct.  Couiniod<ire  Cdauncey  and  Gov.  Tompkins  ar- 
rived, the  fom\er  ha\'ing  been  appointed  cora- 
niaiider  of  the  naval  forces  on  the  lake. 

"  Oct.  12,  Capt.  Forsyth's  company  and  others  were  sent  to 
Ogdensburgh. 

**  NoT.8-14jCom.  Chauncey  cruised  upon  the  lake  before 
Kingston,  and  took  several  vessels. 

"   Nov.  26,  Ship  J/cKiisim  was  launched  45  days  after  commence- 
ment.    Fort  Tompkins  and  barracks  were  com- 
pleted about  the  same  time. 
1813,March.— Gen.  Dearborn  arrived  and  took  command. 

"     April  7,  Brig  Ji'ffi'rson  launched, 

"       *'    in,  Brig  Joves  launched. 

»'       "    19,  The  Growler  sailed  to  reconnoiter. 

"       "    2J,  Gen.  I'ike's  forces  embarked  fur  Little  York, 
f      »       "    25,  ICxpedition  sailed. 

••    May  13,  Expedition  returned  laden  with  spoils. 

«        *'    '2%  Com.  Chiuincey  sailed  with  the  fleet  for  Niagara. 

•  **  29,  S;icKets  Harbor  attacked  by  the  enemy,  who 
were  repulsed  with  the  loss  of  150  men.  The 
Amcricaus  lost  a  large  quantity  of   militaxy 


1813,  June  1, 

*'  "   12, 

"  "   14, 

«  July  2,- 

"  "      3, 

"  «    14, 

"  "    20, 


"     Sept.  5, 
"     Oct.  26, 

«     Nov.  2, 

Dec.  and  Jan. 

1814,  May  1.- 
"  June  15, 


«    26, 


"  July  31, 

"  Sept.  14, 

"  "     30, 

«  Oct. 


stores,  including  the  spoils  of  Little  York,  from 

the  accident,il  burning  of  the  storehouse. 
Com.  Chauncey  returned  with  the  fleet. 
Ship  Piht  launched. 
Lieut.  Wolcott  Chauncey  went   on  a  cruise,  and 

took  a  schooner  laden  with  stores  and  arms. 
■Maj.  Gen.  Morgan  Lewis  arrived  and  took  com- 
mand. 
A  secret  expedition  to  burn  the  Pilre  was  defeated. 
The  Nfptune  and  Fox   sailed   cu    a  privateerinff 

expedition  down  the  St.  Lawrence.    (See  p.365!) 
Com.  Chauncey,  with   the   File,  sailed   for  Nia^ 

gara.    The  Sylph  (built  in  33  days)  accompanied 

him. 
Gen.  Wilkinson  held  a  council   to  decide  upon 

offensive  measures. 
Gen.  Armstrong,  Sec.  of  War,  arrived. 
Gen.  'Wilkinson    sailed  on  an   exi)edition   down 

the  St.  Lawrence,  with  disastrous  results. 
The  Pike  and  other   armed  vessels   sailed  on  a 

cruise  among  the  Thousand  Islands. 
The  remaining  part  of  the  fall   and  winter  was 

spent   in  ship   building  and  in  strenglliening 

fortifications. 
■Frigate  Superior,  of  66  guns,  was  launched  in  80 

days  from  the  commencement  of  building. 
The  crew  of  the  ship  Congress  began   to  arrive 

from  Portsmouth. 
An  expedition  under  Lieut.  Gregory  sailed,  and 

a  few  days  after  captured  the   gunboat  Black 

Snake  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  for  which  act  Congresa 

awarded  $3000  in  1S34. 
Another  expedition,  under  the  same,  sailed,  and 

in  a  few  days  burned  a  vessel  on  the  stocks  and 

a  quantity  of  stores  near  Prescott. 
Tlie  AmericAu  fleet  saded  for  Niagara. 
Gen.  J/ard  arrived  from  Lake  Champlain. 
A  gig  belonging  to  the  Superior  captured  several 

boats  laden  with  goods  for  Kingstnn. 
Great  alarm  was  felt  for  the  safety  of  the  harbor, 

which  led  to  the  assembling  of  large  bodies  of 

militia. 


JEFFKRSON    COUNTY. 


355 


ADAMS' — was  formed  from  Mexico,  April  1,  1802,  and  named  in  honor  of  John  Adams,  Ex- 
Presideut.  Rodman  was  taken  off  in  1804.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  rolling,  and  generally  inclined  toward  the  lake,  and,  with  the  exception  of  its  s.  e. 
border,  is  underlaid  by  Trenton  limestone.  Several  remarkable  upheavals  (jf  this  formation  occur 
along  its  n.  and  w.  borders,  and  a  bold  terrace  extends  into  AVatertowu  and  Rutland.  It  is  well 
watered  by  the  N.  Sandy  and  Stony  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam,  with  occasional  sand  and 
gravel,  especially  along  the  ancient  lake  ridge,  which  may  be  traced  through  this  town.  It  is  very 
productive,  and  equally  adapted  t^  dairying  and  the  cultivation  of  grains.  Manufactures  are  car- 
ried on  to  some  extent.  Adams,  (p.  V.,)  situated  on  North  Sandy  Creek  and  theW.  &R.  R.  R.,  con- 
tains 4  churches,  a  bank,  a  seminary,  printing  office,  and  several  small  munufartories.  Pop.  1,268.* 
Adams  Center  (p.  v.)  and  Smitliville  (p.  v.)  have  each  about250  inhabitants.  Appling' 
and  ]%'ortll  Adams  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets.  The  town  was  mostly  settled  under  Isaac  W.  Bostwick, 
agent  of  Nicholas  Low,  the  proprietor.^  The  first  sermon  was  preached  in  1802,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Wood- 
ward, a  missionary.^  A  private  academy — now  called  the  Philharmonic  Institute — has  been  taught 
at  Adams  Village  for  many  years.     The  remains  of  several  ancient  fortifications  are  found  in  town. 

ALEXAIVDRIA — was  formed  from  Brownville  and  Le  Ray,  April  3,  1821,  and  named  from 
Alexander  Le  Ray,  a  son  of  the  proprietor.  Theresa  was  taken  off  in  1841,  It  lies  on  the  St. 
Lawrence,  in  the  n.  extremity  of  the  co.,  and  embraces  the  e.  part  of  Wells  Island  and  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  Thousand  Islands.  The  surface  underlaid  by  gneiss  is  rough  and  rocky, 
but  that  portion  underlaid  by  sandstone  is  level,  with  a  thin,  clayey  and  sandy  soil.  A  vein  of  lead 
has  been  discovered  near  Redwood,  and  examined  to  the  depth  of  40  feet.  Alexandria  Bay® 
(Alexandria  p.  o.)  contains  24  houses,  Plessis'  (p.  v.')  32,  and  Red'^vood'*  (p.  v.)  429  inhabit>- 
ants.  Settlement  commenced  in  1811,  under  Le  Ray,  An  engagement  took  place  within  the 
limits  of  this  town  during  the  war  of  1812.*  An  elegant  Ref.  Prot.  D.  church  was  erected  at  Alex- 
andria Bay  in  1848-51.^0 

ANTWERP — was  formed  from  Le  Ray,  April  5,  1810,  and  named  from  the  Antwerp  Com- 
pany.^^  It  is  the  extreme  e.  town  in  the  co.  The  n.  and  e.  portions  are  broken  by  low  rocky 
ridges  parallel  to  the  river.  The  s.  w.  part  is  more  level.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  clayey  loam, 
and  is  very  fertile.^"^  The  ridges  are  made  up  of  masses  of  gneiss, ^^  white  crystalline  limestone," 
and  sandstone. ^^  Between  the  gneiss  and  sandstone  in  this  town  are  several  of  the  richest  iron 
mines  in  the  State.  The  "Sterling  Mine"^®  lies  about  3  mi.  n.  of  Antwerp  Village;  another, 
of  less  extent,  1  mi.  n,  ;  a  third,  known  as  the  *'  Keene  Mine,""  on  the  borders  of  St.  Lawrence 
CO.;  and  a  fourth,  known  as  the  "  Parish  Mine,"^^  immediately  adjacent.  In  the  same  range  are 
found  the  mines  of  Rossie  and  Gouverneur,  which  have  fui'nished  most  of  the  ore  used  at  the 
furnaces  in  this  region.  Bog  iron  ore  is  found  near  Ox  Bow.^®  One  or  two  sulphur  springs  are 
found  in  town.     Antiverp,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  P.  and  W.R.  R.,  was  incorp.  July,  1853.     It  contains 


1  Aleppo,  or  No.  7  of  tlie  Eleven  Towns. 

2  Tliift  village  was  firat  eettlRil  by  David  Smith,  about  1800,  and 
for  many  years  it  was  known  as  ''  SinitJts  AlillsJ"  Incorp.  Nov. 
11, 1851. 

8  Named  from  Msy.  Daniel  Appling,  the  hero  of  the  battle  of 
Sandy  Creek. 

*  The  first  settlers  came  on  for  permanent  residence  in  1800; 
among  them  were  Nicholas  and  Alexander  Salisbnry,  Solomon 
Smith,  Daniel  Comstock.  Daniel  Smith,  Abram  Kipley.  Jonathan 
Cable,  Stephen  Shippey,  and  Enon  D'Estiiing.  The  first  iuu  was 
kept  by  Abel  Hart,  and  the  first  stor«  by  Jesse  Hale.  Daniel 
Smith  erected  the  first  grist  and  sawmills  in  1801-02,  the  foi'mer 
superseding  the  stump  mortara  of  the  first  season.  The  first 
birth  was  that  of  Edmnud  Salisbury;  the  first  marriage,  that 
of  Daniel  Ellis  to  Mrs.  A.  Salisbury,  widow  of  Alexander  Salis- 
bury, in  1&02;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Alexander  Salisbury, 
drowned  in  1801.    Schtwls  were  tirst  taught  in  1S03. 

6  Itev.Chaa.  G.  Finney,  Pres.  of  GberliD  College,  was  a  law  stu- 
dent ill  this  town.  The  census  reports  9  chuiche-s;  3  Dap.,  2 
Seventh  Day  Bap,,  2  Cong..  M.  E.,  and  Prot.  E. 

•  1  his  place  was  surveyed  and  laid  out  as  a  village  for  Le  Ray 
in  181K.  A  custom  house  was  e»tablishod  here  in  l!S28.  Sunki-n 
Rock  Lighthouse  was  built  in  1S47.  It  isan  important  wooding 
Bfation  ftir  steamers,  and  within  a  few  years  has  become  a  favor- 
ite resort  fur  fishing  and  excursion  parties  among  the  Tliuu- 
sand  Islands. 

'  Named  from  a  town  in  France.  Formerly  called  *'  Flat.  Itnck^'" 
from  the  naked  sandstone  in  the  vicinity.  A  grist  mill  was  built 
liei*  ill  1M7  for  LeKay.  Wni.  Merrill,  the  first  innkeeper,  waa 
murdered  in  1826. 

8  A  glass  factory  was  e«tjiblished  at  thi«  place  in  1833,  by 
John  S.  Foster.  It  is  devoted  to  Iht-  manufacture  of  cylinder 
glass,  and  is  dow  carried  on  by  a  joiut  stuck  compauy  known 


aa  the  RedM'ood  Manufac.  Co.  A  stream  a  few  rods  in  length, 
flowing  from  Mud  to  Butterfield  Lake,  has  hero  a  fall  of  94  feot, 
and  furnishes  water  power  to  a  grist  and  saw  mill. 

»The  "Neptune"  and  "Fox,"  two  small  American  armed 
vessels,  captured  a  brigade  of  bateaux  belonging  to  the  enemy, 
July  20,  1813,  and  took  their  prizes  into  Cranberry  Creek,  in 
this  town.  They  were  pursued,  and  a  sharp  skirmish  ensued, 
resulting  in  the  retreat  of  the  British  with  considerable  loss. 

10  This  church  was  built  through  the  agency  of  Kev.  G.  W. 
Bethune,  ot  Brooklyn,  and  is  called  "The  Church  of  the  'J'hon- 
sand  Isles."  A  parsonage  was  built  in  1852.  The  sites  for 
both  edifices  were  given  by  Francis  Depan.  The  census  reports 
6  churches;  2  Prot.  E.,  Bap.,  M.  E..  Presb..  and  R.O. 

11  This  land  conip:iny.  formed  in  Holland,  bought  Great  Tract 
No.  IV.,  within  which  this  town  is  situated.  For  particulars  seo 
Hi'Kgh's  Hint.  Jeff,  f ».,  p.  58-61. 

12  According  to  the  last  census,  this  town  produces  more  buttor 
than  any  other  town  in  the  co.;  and,  with  one  exception,  it 
has  the  greatest  number  of  cows  of  any  town  in  the  State. 

13  From  ISO.'j  to  1828  about  100  pairs  of  niillatones  were  manu- 
factured from  this  rock  in  this  town. 

1*  This  limestone  is  especially  valuable  for  lime  and  as  a  flax 
for  iron  ore. 

16  This  sandstone  furnLihes  an  excellent  building  material,  auu 
is  used  for  the  lining  of  furnaces. 

w  Discovered  by  Hopestill  Foster;  owned  and  worked  by  Jaa. 
Sterling. 

1'  On  the  fann  of  Hiram  B.  Keene,  and  owned  by  a  companj. 

18  Owned  by  Geo.  Parish,  of  Ogdensbingh. 

1*  This  ore  is  of  the  red  specubtr  viiriety.  The  region  in  which 
it  is  found  is  one  of  the  richest  in  the  country  for  spicimens  of 
rare  minerals. 


356 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 


Tlie  Antwerp  Liberal  Institute*  and  3  churches.  Pop.  621.  Ox  Bow^  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  the 
Oswegatchie   River.     Pop.  240.     8terlingburgli,^  1  mi.  above  Antwerp,  and  Spragues 

Corners,  on  the  line  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  are  hamlets.  The  first  improvements  were 
made  in  1S03,  at  the  Ox  Bow,  under  the  direction  of  Lewis  R.  Morris,  the  original  proprietor.* 
In  1808,  Morris  sold  29,033  acres  to  George  and  David  Parish,  under  whose  agents  the  greater 
part  of  the  settlements  were  made.  A  party  of  militia  was  stationed  here  in  1808,  to  enforce  the 
embargo,  and  a  blockhouse  was  built  at  the  village  in  1812.  The  first  church  was  built,  in 
1816,  by  Parish.5 

BROWlVVII^l-E — was  formed  from  Leyden,  April  1,  1802,  and  was  named  from  Gen.  Jacob 
Brown,  its  founder.  Le  Ray  was  taken  off  in  1806 ;  Lyme,  in  1818;  Pamelia,  in  1819;  and 
Orleans,  and  a  part  of  Alexandria,  in  1821.  It  is  situated  on  the  n.  side  of  Black  River  and 
Black  River  Bay,  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam. 
Sulphate  of  barytes  is  found  on  Pillar  Point,  and  the  vein  has  been  wui'ked  to  some  extent  for 
lithic  paint.  Upon  the  w.  bank  of  Perch  River,  a  few  rods  below  Limerick,  is  a  cave  extending 
150  yards  into  the  bank  and  30  feet  below  the  surface.  Manufactures  receive  considerable 
attention.  BrownTille,  (p.  v.,)  on  Black  River,  4  mi.  below  Watertown,  was  incorp.  April  5, 
1828.  It  has  a  valuable  water  power,  and  contains  3  churches,  a  cotton  factory,  and  several 
founderies  and  machine  shops.  Pop.  621.  Dexter^  {p.  v.)  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation 
on  Black  River.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  extensive  woolen  factory  built  in  1836.'  Pop.  429. 
LiiniericK  (p.  o.)  and  lUofiatrille,  ( Perch  River  p.  o.)  contain  aduzen  houses  each.  Pillar 
Point  (p.  0.)  is  sitnated  across  the  bay  from  Sackets  Harbor.  Pop.  50.  Gen.  Jacob  Brown 
l)egan  the  settlement  of  the  town  in  1799,  as  proprietor  and  agent.^  During  the  war  Brownville 
village  became  the  seat  of  a  hospital;  and  on  different  occasions  large  bodies  of  troops  were 
posted  in  the  vicinity.  For  several  years  it  was  the  residence  and  headquarters  of  Maj .  Gen.  Brown, 
commander  in  chief  of  the  n.  department,  and .  afterward  of  Col.  Edward  Kirby,®  his  son-in-law. 
There  are  10  churches  in  town." 

CAPE  VIWCEXT — was  formed  from  Lyme,  April  10, 1849,  and  named  from  Vincent  Le  Ray, 
son  of  the  proprietor.  It  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.,  and  embraces  Carlton, Grenadier,  and  Fox 
Islands  in  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  surface  is  level,  or  slightly  undulating,  and  the  soil  is  a  clayey  loam. 
Kent  Creek  is  the  principal  stream.  There  are  2  or  3  sulphur  springs  in  town.  Considerable 
attention  is  paid  to  ship  building.  Cape  Tincent,"  (p.  v.,)  the  terminus  of  the  TV",  and  R. 
R.  R.,  near  the  head  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  is  a  thriving  commercial  village.  Pop.  1026. 
Saint  Ijawrence  and  millens  Bay  are  p.  offices  and  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  in  the 
town  and  co.  was  made  upon  Carlton  Island,^^  at  about  the  time  of  the  Revolution.  A  regular  forti- 
fication, known  as  "  Fort  Carlton/'^^  was  erected  upon  the  island,  and  a  tract  of  30  acres  was  cleared 
and  cultivated,  and  long  known  as  the  '^ Kings  Garden"  The  first  settlement  upon  the  main- 
land was  commenced  in  1801  at  Port  Putnam,  2  mi.  below  Cape  Vincent,  by  Capt.  Abijah  Putnam.^* 
Count  Real,  Chief  of  Police  under  Napoleon,  and  other  French  families  of  note,  resided  in  this  town 
for  some  time.    A  custom  house  was  established  in  1819.    Upon  the  shores  of  Grenadier  Island,'* 


1  This  inBtitution  is  not  yet  fully  orpmized. 

2  This  Dame  ia  derived  from  a  remarkable  bend  in  the  Oswe- 
gatchie  River,  upon  which  the  village  is  situated.  The  village  was 
settled  by  Scotch  emigrants. 

8  Sterlingburph,  1  mi.  above  Antwerp  Tillage,  is  the  seat  of 
an  iron  furnace  built  by  Jas.  Sterling  in  1846.  A  forge  was  built 
here  for  David  Parish  in  1817. 

*  The  first  settler  was  Wm.  Lee.  Mills  were  built  at  Antwerp 
Village  in  1806-07,  for  Morris,  by  John  Jennison.  The  first 
school  was  taught  in  the  Foster  Settlement,  by  Benj.  Cook. 

6  This  church  was  the  second  in  the  co.,  and  for  many  years 
was  used  by  all  the  denominations  in  town.  It  is  now* in  pos- 
session of  the  R.  C.  There  are  in  town  8  churches ;  2  Bap., 
M.  E.,  Was.  Meth.,  Prepb.,  Asso.  Ref.  Presb.,  R.C.,  Union. 

ft  Named  from  S.  Newton  Dexter,  of  Whitesboro',  one  of  the 
proprietors.  It  was  formerly  known  as  "_P/s/i  Itiland."  During 
the  war  the  mills  at  this  place  furnished  lumber  for  the 
public  works  at  Sackets  Harbor.  The  steamer  "  Brownville," 
built  in  1827,  and  designed  to  run  l)ptween  this  place  and  the 
lake  ports,  was  bnrned  upon  her  first  trip.  The  Black  River 
Nav.  Co.,  incorp.  in  ISIO,  built  locks  here,  which  were  little 
used.  Piers  for  the  improvement  of  navigation  were  built  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  by  the  Gen.  Government ;  but  they  have 
resulted  in  injurv. 

7  This  factory  is  of  stone,  and  cost  $140,000.  It  is  fitted  for  10 
sets  of  machinery,  and  employs  75  hands. 

9  In  1800,  Gen.  Brown  built  a  Bawmill,  and  in  ISOl  a  small 
RTist  mill,  at  the  mouth  of  Philomel  Creek.  A  bridge  was  built 
in  1802,  and  a  dam  across  the  river  in  1806.    In  1828,  Henry 


Evans  was  hung  near  'Watertown  fnr  murder  committed  in  thia 
town, — the  only  execution  by  civil  authority  that  ever  took 
place  in  the  co. 

0  Col.  Kirby  held  the  office  of  paymaster  in  the  army  from 
1824  till  his  death.  April  IS.  1846. 

10  2  M.  E.,  2  Prot.  E..  2  Univ.,  2  Presb..  1  Bap.,  1  Union. 

11  Called  "  Gravelly  Point"  by  many  of  the  old  inhabitants.  It 
was  first  settled  in  1809,  laid  out  as  a  village  in  1817,  and  incorp. 
in  ISo.'i.  A  lighthouse  was  built  at  Tibbits  Point,  2  mi.  distant, 
in  1826,  The  n.  R.  company  have  built  here  a  wharf  3000  feet 
long,  2  immense  freight  houses,  a  grain  elevator,  Ac.  The 
Ontario  Line  of  Steamers  touch  at  this  point,  and  ferry  boats 
run  regularly  to  Kingston.  A  few  years  since,  a  canal  was  dug 
across  Wolf  or  Grand  Island,  to  afford  a  more  direct  route  for 
this  ferry.  This  place  received  several  visits  from  the  enemy 
during  the  war. 

12  This  island  contains  1274  acres.  A  military  class  right  (see 
page  46)  of  500  acres  was  located  here  in  1786.  For  several 
years  after  1822  it  was  a  thriving  lumbpr  station,  where  rafts 
were  made  up  for  the  Quebec  market. 

18  This  fort  commanded  the  a.  channel  of  the  river,  and  was 
an  important  post  during  the  Revolution.  It  was  mostly  exca- 
vated in  the  rock,  and  the  materials  taken  out  were  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  rampart  and  escarpment. 

1*  Mr.  Putnam  established  a  ferry  from  this  place  to  Wolf 
Island.  In  1S03  a  State  road  was  opened  to  this  place,  and  ia 
1804  a  village  plot  was  laid  out,  but  soon  after  abandoned. 

16  This  island  was  the  rendezvous  of  Gen.  Wilkinson's  army  on 
their  way  down  the  river  in  1813.    At  the  eastern  extremity  is  a 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 


357 


and  of  the  mainland  opposite,  are  valuable  seine  fisheries.    A  town  ag.  soc.  was  formed  in  1850.* 
There  are  3  churches  in  town,^ 

CH  AMPIOllir* — was  formed  from  Mexico,  March  14,  1800.  A  part  of  Harrisburgh  was  taken 
off  in  1803.  It  is  the  central  town  on  the  s.  e.  border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  broken  and  hilly. 
The  most  elevated  portions  are  the  slate  hills  in  the  s.  angle,  (known  as  the  **peak,")  which  are 
about  1700  feet  above  tide.  From  their  summits  the  land  descends  in  a  series  of  broken  and 
irregular  terraces  to  the  river.  The  n.  part  is  more  level.  The  soil  is  generally  a  clay  loam, 
but  near  the  river  in  some  places  it  is  sandy.  Cliampion  (p.  v.)  contains  20  houses,  Great 
Bend  (p. v.)  and  We§t  Cartliag-e^  about  30  each.  Cbaiupion  South  Roads  isap.o. 
The  first  settlement  was  begun  in  1798,  by  Noadiah  Hubbard,  as  agent  for  Storrs.  The  first  settlers 
came  by  water  down  the  river  as  far  as  the  Long  Falls,  and  the  town  was  settled  with  great 
rapidity.*     The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  1805.* 

CK<ATT01V — was  formed  from  Orleans  and  Lyme,  April  27,  1833,  aJid  named  in  honor 
of  John  M.  Clayton,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Del.  It  is  centrally  situated  on  the  n.  w.  border  of  the  co. 
It  embraces  two-fifths  of  Penets  Square,  a  gore  w.  and  another  n.  of  that  tract,  and  Grindstone 
and  several  smaller  islands  in  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  surface  is  level,  or  slightly  rolling.  Water 
lime  has  been  manufactured  in  considerable  quantities.  Clayton,^  (P-^-j)  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  French  Creek,^  is  largely  engaged  in  the  lumber  trade  and  in  ship  building.®  Pop.  896, 
Depauville^^  (P-'^O  ^^  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Chaumont  (Sha-mo)  Kiver,  (or 
Catfish  Creek,)  6  mi.  from  the  bay.  Pop.  386.  Clayton  Center  is  a  p.  o.  Settlement  com- 
menced in  1803,  but  progressed  slowly  until  after  the  war.  For  many  years  the  titles  to  the  portions 
included  in  Penets  Square  and  the  islands  became  the  subject  of  much  controversy  and  litigation. 
In  early  times  the  shores  of  the  St.  Lawrence  in  this  and  adjoining  towns  became  the  scene 
of  many  lawless  adventures  in  the  prosecution  of  smuggling."  In  1813,  the  enemy  attacked  the 
advanced  guard  of  Wilkinson's  expedition,  commanded  by  Gen.  Brown,  at  Bartlets  Point,  but  were 
repulsed.     The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.^^ 

EliLiISBFRGH"— was  formed  from  Mexico,  Feb.  22,  1803.  Henderson  was  set  off  in  1806. 
It  is  situated  in  the  s.w.  corner  of  the  co.,  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  The  surface  is 
rolling  and  inclined  toward  the  lake.  A  range  of  low  sand  hills  extend  along  the  shore,  and  these 
are  succeeded  by  a  wide  marshy  region,  producing  vrild  grasses  that  in  dry  seasons  may  be  mown. 
North  and  South  Sandy  Creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  sandy  on  the  w.,  clayey 
through  the  center,  and  a  slaty  loam  in  the  e.  There  is  a  sulphur  spring  in  town.  This  ia 
the  wealthiest  agricultural  town  in  the  co.,  and  is  surpassed  by  but  few  in  the  State.  Ellis 
Tillage,"  (EUisburgh  p.o.,)  situated  on  S.  Sandy  Creek,  4  mi.  from  its  mouth,  has  a  limited 
amount  of  manufactures.  Pop.  230.  Believille,^^  (p-v.,)  is  situated  on  N.  Sandy  Creek,  3  mi. 
from  Ellis  Village,  and  on  the  S.  H.  &  E.  R.  R.  Pop.  363.  The  Union  Literary  Society  (academy) 
is  located  here.  Pierrepont  Manor,^^  (p-v.,)  at  the  junction  of  the  W.  &  R.  and  S.  II. 
&  E.  R.  R.,  contains  255  inhabitants.  IVoodville,"  (p.  v.,)  is  situated  on  N.  Sandy  Creek. 
Pop.  180.     Mannsville,^^  (p-'^-O  on  Skinners  Creek  and  the  W.  &  R.  R,  R.,  has  a  population 


capacious  bay,  known  as  "  Basin  Harbor,"  which  aflTords  a  shelter 
for  boats.    The  whole  island  is  now  a  single  dairy  farm. 

1  This  society  is  open  to  the  citizens  of  LjTue,  Clayton,  and 
Wolf  Island.        2  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

8  No.  4,  or  "  Howard,"  of  the  "  Eleven  Towns."  It  fell  to  the 
share  of  Harrison  and  Hoffman,  and  by  them  was  sold  to  Gen. 
Henry  Champion,  of  Colchester.  Conn.,  and  Lemuel  Storrs.  It 
was  settled  under  Judge  Noadiah  Hubbard  and  Alfred  Lathrop, 
agents  of  the  last  named  proprietor.  The  name  was  given  in 
honor  of  Gen.  Champion,  who  presented  the  town  with  a  bell 
for  the  compliment. 

*  Considerable  amounts  of  lumber,  oil,  flour,  and  cloth  are 
manufactured  in  this  village. 

6  Among  the  first  settlers,  who  came  in  in  1798-99,  were  John, 
ThoB.  and  Salmon  Ward.  David  and  Saml.  Starr,  Joel  Mix, 
Ephm.  Chamberlain.  Jonathan  Mitchell.  Bela  Hubbard,  and 
David  Miller.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  E.  Chamberlain, 
in  1800.  The  first  sawruiU  was  built  in  1802,  by  John  Eggleson 
and  Wm.  Hadsall.  The  first  grist  mill  was  built  at  West  Car- 
thage, by  David  Coffeen,  in  1806.  A  furnace  was  built  at  the 
eame  place  in  1S34,  and  about  lOOO  tons  of  iron  produced.  Several 
prominent  lawyers,  among  whom  were  Moss  Kent,  brother  of 
the  chancellor,  Egbert  Ten  Eyck,  and  Henry  R.  Storrs,  settled 
in  Champion,  in  expectation  of  its  becoming  the  co.  seat  of 
the  new  co.  to  be  erected  from  Oneida. 

«  Rev.  Nathl.  Dutton  was  the  first  regular  settled  pastor  in 
the  town  and  co.  There  are  6  churches  in  town;  2  Cong..  2 
ii-  E.,  Bap.,  and  Union. 

t  Formerly  called    "  Cbmelia,"  and   still   frequently  called 


"French  Creek."  A  party  of  Patriots  made  this  place  their 
rendezvous  in  preparing  to  invade  Canada.  The  same  party 
took  possession  of  Hickory  Island ;  hut  upon  the  approach  of  the 
British  they  fled,  leaving  their  armament  behind. 

8  This  stream  is  called  by  the  Indians  Wet-er-ingh-ra-gu-en-te-re, 
or  "  Fallon  Fort."  from  a  fort  taken  by  the  Oneidas  from  another 
tribe  long  before  the  advent  of  the  whites. 

B  The  timber  is  brought  in  vessels  from  the  upper  lakes,  and 
here  made  up  into  rafts.  Most  of  the  steamers  belonging  to  the 
American  line  have  been  built  at  this  port  and  at  Wolf  Island. 

w  De-po-viUe,  Named  from  Francis  Depau,  an  early  pro- 
prietor. The  place  was  formerly  known  as  "  Oitjish  Faiu:* 
Steplien  Johnson  built  the  first  mill  and  tipened  the  first  store 
at  this  place,  in  1824. 

11  During  the  embargo  of  1808  a  road  was  cut  through  the 
woods,  and  immense  quantities  of  potash  were  taken  to  Canada 
without  restraint. 

12  4  M.  E.,  and  one  each  Bap.,  R,  C.,  and  Union. 

13  Named  from  Marvel  Ellis,  an  early  proprietor,  and  Lyman 
Ellis,  the  first  settler. 

1*  The  (ddi'St  settlement  in  the  co. 

16  Named  from  Belleville,  in  Canada. 

16  It  is  the  residence  of  Hon.  Wm.  C.  Pierrepont,  from  whom 
the  village  derives  its  name. 

IT  Named  from  Ebenezor,  Ephraim,  and  Jacob  Wood,  the  first 
settlers. 

18  Named  from  Col.  H.  B.  Mann,  who  erected  a  factory  at  thil 
place,  hut  which  waa  afterward  burned. 


358 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 


of  315.  Rural  Hill*  (p.  o.)  and  WardweSl  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets.  Lyman  Ellis  and  a  large 
number  of  others  made  the  first  settlement,  in  1797.^  A  tract  of  3000  acres  in  the  s.w.  corner 
of  the  town  was  sold  l>y  Wm.  Constable,  in  1796,  to  Brown  and  Eddy,  and  was  settled  by  squatters. 
Upon  the  advent  of  the  first  settlers,  near  Ellis  Village,  on  Sandy  Creek,  were  found  numerous 
traces  of  an  early  occupation  by  civilized  races.^  Daring  the  war  an  engagement  took  place  near 
the  mouth  of  S.  Sandy  Creek,  between  a  party  of  150  American  regulars  and  a  few  militia  and 
Indians,  under  Maj.  Appling,  and  a  party  of  200  British,  who  were  pursuing  a  flotilla  of  boats, 
commanded  by  Lieut.  Woolsey,  laden  with  stores  for  Saokets  Harbor.  The  British  were  defeated, 
and  nearly  the  whole  party  were  killed  or  taken  prisoners.*  The  census  reports  11  churches  in 
town.^ 

HE^OERSON*— was  formed  from  Ellisburgh,  Feb.  17,  1806.  It  lies  on  Lake  Ontario,  s.  w. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  rolling ;  and  it  is  deeply  indented  by  Henderson  Bay, 
formed  by  a  long  rocky  point  known  as  Six-Town  Point.'  There  are  in  town  two  small  lakes 
and  several  marshes.  Stony  and  Little  Stony  Creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  clay 
and  loam.  Henderson^  (p.  v.)  is  situated  near  the  center,  on  Stony  Creek.  Pup.  404.  Hen- 
derson Harbor'*  contains  12  houses;  and  SmitUville^"*  (p-o.)  40.  Roberts  Corners 
(p.  0.)  is  a  hamlet.  Settlement  was  begun  in  1802,  under  Asher  Miller,  agent  fur  the  proprietor.^^ 
At  the  head  of  Ilendersun  Bay  is  a  curved  embankment  or  bar  of  stone,  100  rods  long,  and  a  little 
above  the  water,  known  as  "Indian  Wharf;'*  and  from  this  point  to  Stony  Creek  there  was  an 
Indian  trail  or  portage.     The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.^^ 

H05JIVSFIELDi3_^j^g  formed  from  Watertown,  Feb.  17,  1800.  It  is  situated  on  Black 
lliver  Bay,  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  very  level,  and  the  soil  is  a  clayey  and  sandy 
loam.  Ship  building  and  manufactures  have  received  considerable  attention.  Sackets  Har- 
bor" (p.  V.)  is  the  principal  village.  Pop.  994.  This  was  the  principal  military  and  naval 
station  on  the  nortliern  frontier  during  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  and  millions  of  dollars 
were  spent  in  fortifications  and  in  building  vessels.  ,  East  Hounsfield  (p.  v.)  and  StovrellS 
Corners  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets.  Amasa  Fox  was  the  first  settler.  In  1802  there  were  30 
families  in  town.'^  In  1805  several  English  families  came  in.^^  During  the  war  this  town  was 
the  center  of  important  military  events.  Several  expeditions  were  here  fitted  out  against  Canada; 
and,  in  turn,  the  town  was  invaded  on  several  occasions."  Large  bodies  of  troops  were  fre- 
quently quartered  here,  and  the  citizens  became  familiar  with  the  lights  and  shades  of  military 
life.*^     After  the  war  most  of  the  troops  were  withdrawn,  leaving  only  enough   to  keep  the 


1  Fnrmerly  called  ''  Buck  IliU." 

2  Anions;  the  first  settlers  were  Caleb  Ellis.  Robf-rt  Fulton. 
Elijjili  Richardson.  Hoz.  Pierce,  Chauncey  Smith,  Wm.  Root, 
Vial  Siilisbury,  Isaac  Waddle,  and  Abram  Wilcox.  The  early 
settlers  suffered  much  from  sickness.  The  first  child  born  was 
Ontario  Pierce,  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Caleb  Ellis.  Lyman 
Ellis  biiilt  the  first  sawmill,  in  1797.  and  the  first  srrist  mill,  in  1803. 

8  It  is  probable  that  the  French  expedition,  under  De  La  Barre, 
a^ain^t  the  Onondagas  in  16S-t.  met  witli  their  terrilile  disasters 
from  famine  and  sickness  within  the  limits  of  this  town. 

*  The  stores  were  taken  by  land  from  this  point  to  the 
"  Harbor."  Among  them  was  a  cable  weighing;  9600  lbs.,  which 
was  too  heavy  for  loading  upon  any  wagon  that  could  be  ob- 
tained. It  was  accordingly  placed  on  the  shoulders  of  250 
men  and  carried  to  its  place  of  destination.  As  the  bearers 
approached  the  Harbor,  the  sailors  met  them  \vith  loud  clieers. 
relieved  them  of  their  burden,  and  marched  triumphantly  into 
the  village. 

6  3  Bap..  2  Cong..  2  M.  E.,  Presb..  Prot.  E.,  Univ.,  Union. 

6  No,6of  the  "Eleven  Towns."  Named  from  Wm.  Henderson, 
the  proprietor.     It  embraces  the  adjacent  islands  in  the  lake. 

'  Upon  this  point  are  the  remains  of  a  small  4  sided  fortifica^ 
tion,  evidently  built  during  the  French  or  Revolutionary  War. 

3  Formerly  called  '^SiUsburr/  Afilis,"  from  Lodo^vyck  Salisbury, 
an  early  merchant  and  mill  owner. 

0  The  bay  upon  which  this  place  is  situated  was  called  the 
'-  Bay  of  Naple^'  by  Henderson,  the  proprietor. 

10  Named  from  Jesse  Smith,  who.  from  a  common  laborer, 
became  one  of  the  most  extensive  lumber  dealers  in  the  county, 
and  a  man  of  influence.    It  is  on  the  line  of  Adams. 

n  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Anthony  Sprague.  Levi  Sco- 
field.Jedediah  McComber,  Samuel  Hubbnrd.  Sloses  Barrett.  Wm. 
Petty,  and  Daniel  Spencer.  Willis  Fellows  kept  the  first  inn 
and  built  the  first  saw  and  grist  mills.  The  first  child  born  was 
Betsy  Scofield.  and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  child  of  Hosea 
Heath.  Elisha  Skinner  taught  the  first  school.  A  small  woolen 
factory  was  erected  in  1814.  A  Scotch  settlement  was  made  in 
180-3-07,  on  the  bay.  A  lighthouse  waa  erected  on  Stony 
Point  in  1837. 

>2  '2  M.  E..  Ev.  Luth..  Univ.,  and  Union. 

M*  The  town  embraces    No.  1,  or  "  ilesiod,"  of  the  "  Eleven 


Toiivns."  and  was  named  from  Ezra  Hounsfield,  one  of  the  early 
proprietors.  In  the  division  it  fell  to  the  share  of  Harrison 
and  Hoffman ;  and  by  them  the  w.  half  wag  sold  to  Champion 
and  Storrs.  and  the  remainder  to  Peter  Kemble  and  E.  Houns- 
field. It  was  called  ^' I'knoprirt"  in  early  documents.  Gull, 
Snake,  Great  and  Little  Galloo,  and  Stony  Islands  belong  to 
this  town.  Upon  Galloo  Island  a  lighthouse  was  erected  in  1820. 

1*  Named  from  Augustus  Sacket,  the  first  settler.  Called  by 
the  Indians  Ga-h(i-a-go-je-twa-da-a-lote,  fort  at  the  mouth  of 
Great  River.  Incorp.  April  15, 1814.  A  collecticm  district  waa 
formed  in  1S05.  Matlison  Barracks,  built  in  1816-19  at  a  cost  of 
$85,000,  are  the  principal  military  works.  Upon  a  point  in  the 
harbor  is  the  hull  of  the  frigate  New  Orleans,  sheltered  by  a 
house  built  over  it.  It  was  commenced  during  the  war,  but 
has  never  been  finished.  It  measured  3200  tons,  and  was  pierced 
for  110  guns.  The  frigate  Chippewa,  of  like  dimensions,  built 
farther  up  the  bay,  has  been  taken  down. 

15  Among  these  were  John  and  Wm.  Evans,  Squire  Reed, 
Amasa  Hollibut.  and  Charles  Baird. 

11  Among  these  were  Saml.  LuJf,  his  sons  Edmund,  Saml.,  Jr., 
Joseph,  and  Jesse,  David  Merritt,  William  Asliby.  .John  Roots, 
Henry  Metcai  f.  and  Geo.  Slowman.  Dr. Wni.  Baker,  who  settled  in 
1803.  was  the  first  physician  ;  Ambrose  Pease  and  Step.  Simmons 
were  early  innkeepers,  and  Loren  Bnss  and  Hezekiah  Doolittle, 
early  merchants.  In  1808  Samuel  F.  Hooker  broygbt  in  a  stock 
of  goods  worth  $20,000.  Meetings  were  first  held  by  Kdmund 
LutT,  who  built  a  church,  and  preached  many  years  without  fee 
or  reward.  Elislia  Camp  settled  in  1804,  as  a  lawj'er  and  agent, 
and  has  since  been  more  prominently  concerned  in  the  affairs 
of  the  town  than  any  other  person.  Samuel  Luff  built  tUe  first 
grist  mill,  Augustus  Sacket.  the  first  sawmill,  and  Solon  Stone, 
the  first  cotton  factory,  on  Mill  Creek.  The  first  child  born  in 
town  was  Wealthy  Rowlison.  At  an  early  period,  John  Jacob 
Astor  and  other  capitalists  invested  large  sums  here  in  the 
manufacture  of  p'jtash,  that  article  commanding  $200  to  $350 
per  ton  in  the  Montreal  market.  "  See  page  354, 

18  About  a  dozen  military  executions  took  place  here  during 
the  war.  A  duel  was  fought  with  muskets,  June  13.  1818, 
between  two  soldiers,  one  of  whom  was  killed.  During  the  com- 
mand of  Col.  Brady  at  this  station,  the  remains  of  Gens.  Zebu- 
Ion  M.  Pike  and  Leonard  Covington,  Col.  John  Tuttle,  Lleat. 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 


359 


works  in  repair.  In  1832  a  canal,  for  hydraulic  purposes,  waa  completed  from  IIuntington*s  Mills, 
above  AVatertowu,  to  Sackets  Harbor ;  but  in  about  10  years  it  was  abandoned.*  Dr.  Samuel 
Guthrie,  one  of  the  discoverers  of  chloroform,  and  inventor  of  the  percussion  compound  for  firearms, 
which  has  superseded  flints,  resided  at  Sackets  Harbor.  A  Union  school  was  established  in  tho 
village  in  1840.     There  are  5  churches  in  tovi'n.^ 

I-E  RAY^ — was  formed  from  Brownville,  Feb.  17,  1806.  Antwerp  was  taken  off  in  1810,  a 
part  of  Wilna  in  1813,  and  a  part  of  Philadelphia  and  Alexandria  in  1821.  It  is  an  interior 
town  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level,  or  gently  rolling,  and  the  soil  is  principally 
a  clayey  loam.  A  strip  of  barren  sand,  once  covered  with  pine,  but  now  almost  a  desert,  extends 
along  Black  River.  The  streams  are  Black  and  Indian  Rivers,  Pleasant  Creek,  and  several 
small  brooks.  E-e  Raj'Sville^  (P-v.)  contains  22  houses.  Evans  Mills^  (p-v.)  is  situated 
on  Pleasant  Creek  and  the  P.  &  W.  R.  R.  Pup.  410.  Saudlords  Corners,  (p.  v.,)  on  the 
P.  &  W.  R.  R.,  contains  a  dozen  houses.  Blu<?K  River,®  a  village  of  50  houses,  is  partly  in 
this  town.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1802,  by  a  party  under  Bonj.  Brown,  agent  for  Le 
Ray.'  Le  Ray  removed  to  this  place  in  1808,  and  began  a  liberal  system  of  settlement,  by  opening 
roads  and  building  bridges  and  mills.     The  census  reports  6  churches.® 

I-ORRAIIVE^— was  formed  from  Mexico,  March  24,  1804,  as  "Malta."  Its  name  was 
changed  April  6,  1808.  Worth  was  taken  off  in  1848.  It  is  the  central  town  on  the  s.  border  of 
the  CO.  The  town  is  elevated,  and  is  underlaid  by  slate  and  traversed  by  immense  gulfs.  The 
surface  is  rolling,  and  the  soil  is  a  clay  and  loam.  It  is  mostly  drained  by  Sandy  and  Skinners 
Creeks.  Lorraine,  (p.  v.,)  the  only  village,  contains  about  30  houses.  Settlement  was  begun 
in  1802,  by  James  McKee  and  Elijah  Fox.^**     The  State  Road  from  Rome  to  Sackets  Harbor  was 

laid  through  this  town  in  1804.    A  sulphur  spring  is  found  on  the  farm  of Totman.     The 

town  has  2  churches,  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

I«Y]>IE" — was  formed  from  Brownville,  March  6,  1818.  A  part  of  Clayton  was  taken  off  in 
1833,  and  Cape  Vincent  in  1849.  It  lies  upon  Chaumont  Bay,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  co.  The  sur- 
face is  very  level.  The  w.  border  is  deeply  indented  by  Chaumont  Bay'^  and  its  branches.  The 
soil  is  principally  clay.  There  are  several  sulplmi*  springs  in  town.  Near  Chaumont  are  extensive 
and  valuable  limestone  quarries.^^  Cbaumont  (p.  v.)  is  situated  upon  the  bay  at  the  mouth 
of  Chaumont  River.  Pop.  306.  Three  Mile  Bay"  (p.  v.)  lies  upon  a  bay  of  the  same  name. 
Pop.  295,  Point  Peninsula  (p.  o.)  is  a  scattered  settlement  containing  25  houses.  The  first 
settlement  was  begun  under  Jonas  Smith  and  Henry  A.  Delamater,  agents  for  Le  Ray,  in  1801.^* 
The  first  location  waa  2J  mi.  above  Chaumont ;  but  in  1805  the  settlers  removed  to  the  site  of  the 
present  village.  During  several  years  much  sickness  prevailed;  but  this  gradually  disappeared 
as  the  CO.  became  more  settled.  In  1812  the  inhabitants,  numbering  about  a  dozen  families,  built 
a  blockhouse,  which  was  taken  and  destroyed  by  the  enemy.  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized 
in  1816." 

ORIjCA^S — was  formed  from  Brownville,  April  3,  1821.  A  part  of  Pamolia  was  taken  off 
April  1,  1829,  and  a  part  of  Clayton  in  1833.  The  boundary  between  Orleans  and  Alexandria  ba.s 
twice  been  changed.     It  lies  on  the  x.  border  of  the  co.,  and  embraces  the  w.  part  of  Wells  and 


Cols.  Electus  Backup,  Timothy  Dix,  Jr.,  and  John  Mills.  Maj. 
John  Jdhnson,  Capts.  Ambrose  Spencer,  Jr.,  and  Joseph  Nichol- 
son, and  Lieut.  Michael  P.  Vanden'enter,  officers  who  hsd  boen 
killed  or  ha«i  died  of  sickness  during  the  war,  wer^  collected,  and 
buried  in  one  grave.  A  monument  of  painted  piiu:  boards  wjis 
erected  to  their  memory  by  a  grateftil  country;  but  it  8<inn 
rotted  down,  and  there  is  now  a  stronii;  probability  that  the 
place  of  their  interment  will  be  forgotten. 

I  This  canal  was  20  feet  wide  at  the  top,  12  at  the  bottom, 
and  4  feet  deep. 

*  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  Presb.,  Christian,  and  Seventh  Day  Bap. 
8  Named  for  James  Le  Ray  de  Chaumont,  the  proprietor. 

*  The  land  office  for  much  of  the  land  in  the  co.  n.  and  e. 
of  the  river  was  located  here  until  1835,  when  it  waa  removed 
to  Carthage.    P.  S.  Stewart  has  been  the  agent  many  j-ears. 

6  Named  frnni  Ethni  Evans,  who  built  the  first  mill  in  1805-OR. 

6  Tliis  village  is  locally  known  aa  "  Lockport."  A  trace  of 
an  ancient  Indian  fort  was  found  near  it;  another  1  mi.  N. ;  and 
another  near  Sandfords  Corners. 

I  Among  these  first  settlers  were  David  CofTeen.  Dyer  Rhodes, 
Ciershom  and  John  Matoon.  Joseph  Child  and  sons.  Thomas 
Ward,  William  Cooper,  and  Beuj.  Kiikbride.  Tiie  first  child 
born  waa  Abi  Brown:  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Jonas  Allen 
and  Sarah  Dyke;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Cheater  Ballon. 
Margaret  Comstock  tanglit  the  first  school. 

»  Ban..  Friends,  M.  E.,  Presb.,  R.  C,  and  Union. 


0  This  town  embraces  "  Atticns,"  or  No.  1.  of  the  Boylstnn  Tract. 

10  In  the  following  year,  Comfort  Stanclift",  Benjamin  (jates, 
Seth  Cutler,  John  Alger,  and  others,  came  in.  McKei-  and  Fnx 
kept  the  first  inn.  Mr.  Frost  built  the  fir^it  sawmill,  and  Mi. 
CntU*r  the  first  grist  mill,  in  1S04.  The  first  death  waa  fhal- 
of  A.  M.  Child,  killed  by  a  falling  tree. 

11  Name  selected  by  Eben.  Kelsey.  a  native  of  Lyme,  Conn. 

1-  Name  derived  from  Le  Ray  de  Chaumont.  Upon  uld  mai)a 
tills  bay  is  named  "  iViW/mwrc."  '■'■  Nianure,-^  and  *' iVi'rern/fl*." 
Tlie  last  name  is  probably  derive!  from  that  of  the  Due  de 
Nivernois,  a  French  nubleman. 

18  The  limestone  quarries  of  this  place  have  furnished  larga 
quantities  of  stone  for  the  piers  at  Oswego,  locks  on  the  canal, 
and  for  other  public  works. 

w  Name  given  from  its  being  3  miles  w.  of  Chaumont.  Thin 
bay  is  celebrated  for  its  fisheries.  In  1856.  $!)i),000  worth  of 
fish  were  taken,  consisting  principally  of  "ciscoes"  (lake  her- 
ring) and  whitefiah.  It  has  been  the  "seat  of  considerable  ship 
building. 

16  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Richard  JI.  Esselstyn,  T. 
Wheeler.  Peter  Pratt,  and  Jonas.  David,  and  Timolhy  Soper. 
James  Ilortoo  was  the  first  settler  on  Point  Salubrious,  in 
ISOfi. 

16  The  census  reports  6  churches ;  2  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  Presb.,  and 
Free  W.  Bap. 


360 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 


eeveral  smaller  islands  in  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  surface  is  level,  or  slightly  rolling.  The  principal 
streams  are  Perch  River,  Catfish  and  Mullet  Creeks.  Perch  Lake  lies  upon  the  s.  boundary. 
The  soil  is  clay  and  loam.  I^a  Farg"eville,*  (p.  v.,)  on  Chaumont  River,  near  the  center  of  the 
town,  is  the  seat  of  Orleans  Academy.  Pop.  295.  Omar,^  (p.  o.,)  on  Mullet  Creek,  and  Stone 
Mills,=^  (p.  o..)  are  small  villages.  Orleans  4  Corners,  (p.  o.,)  Port  Orleans,  and 
Collins  Landing  are  hamlets.  Penets  Square,  which  embraced  most  of  this  town,  was 
settled  by  squatters.*  The  first  settlements  commenced  about  1806.*  In  1824,  John  La 
Farge,  a  large  owner  in  these  lands,  came  into  town  to  assert  his  claim.  After  a  great  deal 
of  difficulty  and  some  resistance,  he  succeeded  in  establishing  his  title.  In  1838  the  mansion  and 
farm  of  La  Farge,  1  mi.  s,  of  the  village,  were  purchased  by  Bishop  Dubois  as  the  site  for  a 
Catholic  seminary.  This  institution,  named  ''St.  Yincent  de  Paul,''  combining  a  theological  seminary 
and  classical  boarding  school,  was  soon  after  opened ;  but  iu  two  or  three  years  it  was  removed 
to  Fordham,  Westchester  co.,  and  was  afterward  incorp.  as  St.  John's  College.  Rock  Island  Light- 
house was  built  in  1853.  The  British  steamer  Sir  Robert  Peel  was  plundered  and  burned  on  the 
night  of  May  29,  1838,  while  taking  in  wood  at  Wells  Island,  in  this  town,  by  a  party  of  22  self- 
styled  patriots,  led  by  BiU  Johnston.®     The  census  reports  8  churches.'' 

PAMEliIA^ — was  formed  from  Brownville,  April  12,  1819.  In  1824  its  name  was  changed 
to  '*  Leander;"  but  soon  after  the  former  name  was  restored.  A  portion  of  Orleans  was  annexed 
April  1,  1824.  It  is  the  central  town  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level,  or  gently  undulating, 
and  the  soil  is  clay  and  sand.  Near  the  cascade  opposite  Watertown  are  several  caves  in  the 
limestone  rock.®  In  the  vicinity  of  Perch  Lake  have  been  found  several  barrows,  or  sepulchral 
mounds.  Pamelia  Village  and  JuUelville^" — the  former  opposite  the  lower  part  and  the 
latter  the  upper  part  of  Watertown  Village — are  places  of  considerable  manufactures,^^  and  have 
each  200  to  300  inhabitants.  Pamelia  Four  Corners  (p.  v.)  contains  about  30  houses.  The 
first  settlement  began  in  1799.^^     The  census  reports  2  churches.^^ 

PUILiADELtPIIIA — was  formed  from  Le  Ray,  April  3,  1821.  It  is  an  interior  town,  e. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  e.,  but  rocky  and  broken  in  the  w.  The  soil  is 
generally  a  clayey  loam.  Indian  River  and  Black  Creek  are  the  principal  streams.  Iron  ore  is 
found  in  considerable  quantities.  The  principal  bed  that  is  worked  is  known  as  the  Shurtliff 
mine.  In  Sterlingville  is  a  large  chalybeate  spring.  Pliiladelpliia,^^  (P-"^-')  upon  Indian 
River,  has  55  houses,  and  Sterlingville,^^  (p.  v.,)  upon  Black  Creek,  40.  At  the  latter  place 
are  a  large  blast  furnace'®  and  a  forge."  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1804,  by  Friends 
from  Peun.  and  N.  J}^  In  1810  the  Friends  erected  a  building  which  for  17  years  was  used  as  a 
school  and  meeting  house.'^ 


1  Named  from  John  La  Farge,  the  proprietor ;  formerly  known 
as  "  JO03  Mills." 

2  Nami_(l  Irnm  a  character  iu  one  of  Johnson's  allegories, 
found  in  the  Kngliah  Reader :  formerly  called  "  Mtidf/cs  MillsJ" 

s  Formerly  called  "  Cbllins  Mith,"  from  John  B.  Collins, 
owner. 

*  The  improvident  waste  of  timber  and  the  slovenly  clearings 
made  by  thia  lawless  set  promised  little  in  the  way  of  civiliza- 
tion; aud  their  appearance,  as  they  emerged  from  the  swamps 
with  an  ox  harnessed  to  a  crotched  piece  of  wood,  laden  with  a 
trough  full  of  ''black  salts,"  or,  as  they  returned  in  like  man- 
ner, with  a  saik  of  meal  and  a  jug  of  whiskey,  was  little 
calculated  to  inspire  hope  of  speedy  improvement.  They  had 
a  kind  of  law  among  themselves  in  relatii>n  to  land,  and 
were  accustomed  to  run  "possession  lines'"  by  lopping  down 
bushes.  '•  Claims''  were  often  sold  and  secured  by  quit  claim 
deeds. 

5  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Roderic  C.  Frazier,  Peter  Pratt, 
Dr.  Reuben  Andrus,  Samuel  and  Daniel  Ellis,  and  others.  Alvah 
Goodman  kept  the  first  inn;  Lemuel  George,  the  first  store; 
Collins  &  Piatt  erected  the  first  grist  mill,  and  Dr.  Andrus,  the 
first  fiawmill.  in  1819. 

6  After  driving  the  passengers  ashore  and  plundering  the 
boat,  the  brigands  cast  her  off  from  the  shore  and  set  her  on 
fire.  Large  rewards  were  offered  for  their  apprehension,  and 
several  persons  were  arrested,  but  none  convicted.  In  1853, 
Johnston  was  appointed  keeper  of  the  Rock  Island  Light,  which 
shines  on  the  spot  where  the  Peel  was  burned. 

T  Two  Evaug.  Luth.,  Bap.,  Cong.,  M.  E.,  R.  C,  Wes.  Meth.,  and 
Union. 

8  Named  from  the  wife  of  Gen.  Jacob  Brown.  Her  maiden 
^name  was  Pamelia  Williams. 

»  These  caverns  have  been  traced  nearly  500  feet.  Just  below 
and  partly  under  the  village  of  Juhelville,  the  open  mouths  of 
eevoral  caves  appear  on  the  river  bank,  opening  at  both  ends  on 
the  cliff.  The  passages  are  lined  with  calcareous  deposits,  in 
the  form  of  agaric  mineral,  stalactites,  and  tufa.    These  caves 


are  evidently  all  formed  by  currents  of  water  flowing  throogh 
the  natural  seama  iu  the  rock  and  gradually  wearing  away  the 
soluble  and  yielding  limestone.  Iu  the  rear  of  the  principal 
cavern  a  large  area  of  land  has  sunk  to  a  considerable  depth,  as 
though  a  portion  had  fallen  in. 

10  Named  from  Madame  Juhel,  a  relative  of  the  Le  Ray 
family. 

11  These  manufactures  consist  of  lumber,  spirits,  leather,  cotton 
yarn,  and  portable  steam  engines. 

12  The  first  Sfttlers  were  Wm.  Cooper  and  Wm.  Watkins. 
Anson  Pigourney  taught  the  first  school ;  Samuel  Mack  kept 
the  first  inn,  Jabez  Foster,  the  first  store ;  and  Tuttle  and  Bailey 
built  the  first  mill. 

13  M.  E.  and  Union. 

1*  Often  called  '■  Quaker  Settlement"  by  the  old  inhabitants. 

16  Named  from  James  Sterling,  the  owner  of  the  iron  works. 
Formerly  called  "  De  Zauney's  Mil!,"  from  the  builder  of  the 
first  mill,  in  1807. 

16  Built  in  1837,  by  James  Sterling.  The  ore  is  principally 
obtained  from  the  Sterling  mine  of  Antwerp,  and  the  Shurtliff 
mine  of  this  town,  near  the  line  of  Theresa,  the  ore  from  the 
latter  being  used  principally  as  a  flux. 

"  Built  by  Caleb  Essington.  in  18.19. 

18  These  settlers  purchased  16  lots  of  440  acres  each,  lying  in 
the  corners  of  a  square  containing  25  lots,  of  which  the  central 
range  each  way  was  reserved  by  Le  Ray.  The  center  lot,  (No. 
611,)  embracing  the  site  of  the  present  village,  was  conveyed  to 
trustees  "  for  the  promotion  of  religion  aud  learning"'  under  the 
care  of  the  Quakers.  This  trust  afterward  occasioned  much 
contention,  and  led  to  a  miniature  anti-rent  war.  The  matter 
was  finally  settled  in  1844.  Cadwallader  Child,  Mordccai  Tay- 
lor, and  Samuel  Evans  came  in  the  first  year.  Robert  Com- 
fort kept  the  first  inn,  Saml.  Case,  the  first  store,  and  Thos. 
and  John  Townsend  built  the  first  mill.  Anna  Comstock  kept 
the  first  school.  The  first  child  born  was  John  Townsend,  and 
the  first  death  that  of  a  daughter  of  Robt.  Comfort,  in  1807. 

19  The  census  reports  5churches;  2M.E.,  Bap.,  P'riends,  Univ. 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY.  361 

RODmA]%^^ — was  formed  from  Adams,  March  24,  1804,  under  the  name  of  "  Uarrtson."  Its 
name  was  changed  April  6,  1808.  A  part  of  Pinckney  (Lewis  co.)  was  taken  off  in  1808.  It 
lies  upon  the  borders  of  Lewis,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  broken  by  the 
deep  ravines  of  Sandy  Creek  and  its  branches.  The  soil  is  generally  a  fertile,  gravelly  loam. 
There  are  3  sulphur  springs  in  town.  Rodman  (p.  v.)  has  45  houses,  Zoa.r  and  Wliites- 
ville^  (E.  Kodmau  p.  o.)  each  about  20.  Settlement  began  in  1801,  and  from  1803  to  1806  it 
progressed  with  great  rapidity.^  In  1813  an  epidemic  prevailed,  causing  60  deaths  in  3  months. 
The  census  reports  3  churches.* 

RUTIjAND^ — was  formed  from  Watertown,  April  1,  1802.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  bank  of  Black 
River,  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  the  narrow  river  valley  on  the  n.,  a 
terraced  plateau  in  the  center,  and  a  hilly  region  in  the  s.  The  central  plateau,  embracing  the 
greater  part  of  the  town,  is  300  to  400  feet  above  the  flat  country  farther  n.,  and  it  descends  by  a 
succession  of  steep  declivities  to  the  level  of  the  river.  It  is  underlaid  by  Trenton  limestone. 
Upon  the  s.  the  surface  gradually  rises  to  the  summits  of  the  slate  hills  which  occupy  the  s.  part 
of  the  CO.  A  remarkable  valley,  known  as  "Rutland  Hollow,"  extends  through  the  town  upon 
the  lower  terrace  of  the  plateau,  parallel  to  the  river.  It  is  deeply  excavated  in  the  limestone, 
and  appears  like  the  bed  of  an  ancient  river.  Another  valley,  smaller  and  deeper,  extends  in 
the  same  direction  across  the  summit  of  the  plateau,  and  forms  the  bed  of  a  deep,  narrow  lake. 
Pleasant  Lake,  in  Champion,  is  situated  in  the  continuation  of  the  latter  valley.  These  valleys 
and  terraces  seem  the  result  of  abrasion  rather  than  of  upheaval.  Upon  the  edge  of  the  terrace, 
100  feet  below  the  summit,  may  be  seen  the  ancient  lake  ridge  before  described.  There  are  2  or  3 
sulphur  springs  in  town.  The  soil  is  a  very  fertile  loam  upon  the  plateau,  and  a  sandy  loam  upon 
the  river.  Felts  Mills,®  (p-"^-*)  o^i  Black  River,  contains  50  houses;  Rlacb.  River,^  (p-V->) 
on  the  river,  partly  in  this  town  and  partly  in  Le  Ray,  ^0  ;  Tylerville,®  (South  Rutland  p.o.,) 
in  the  narrow  valley  of  Sandy  Creek,  30;  and  Rutland  Center,®  (Rutland  p.o.,)  10.  This 
town  fell  to  the  share  of  "Wm.  Henderson,  and  settlement  was  begun  in  1799,  under  Asher  Miller, 
his  agent.  The  greater  part  of  the  land  was  sold^**  to  New  England  farmers,  who  came  in  within 
3  years  after  the  first  settlement.^^  An  old  Indian  fort  is  to  be  seen  on  the  farm  of  Geo.  Wilson; 
and  a  bone  pit  was  found  near  the  line  of  Watertown.     The  census  reports  5  churche^.^^ 

THERESA — was  formed  from  Alexandria,  April  15,  1841,  and  named  from  a  daughter 
of  Le  Ray.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  n.  w.  border  of  the  co.  The  surface  along  Indian 
River  is  broken,  and  traversed  by  ridges  of  gneiss  rock,  with  fertile  intervales.  A  part  of  the 
town,  underlaid  by  sandstone,  is  level  or  undulating.  In  the  primary  regions  are  a  number  of  ro- 
mantic lakes ;  and  some  of  these  have  highly  interesting  mineral  localities  upon  their  shores  and 
islands.^^  Theresa,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  High  Falls"  of  the  Indian  River,  was  early  selected  by 
Le  Ray  as  a  favorable  point  for  settlement,  and  about  1810  he  caused  several  "jobs"  to  be  cleared 
and  a  sawmill  to  be  built.^^  West  Theresa  is  a  p.  o.  A  furnace,  built  near  Millseat  Lake  in 
1847,  was  in  part  supplied  with  ores  from  the  vicinity.  A  private  academy  has  been  taught  several 
years.     The  census  reports  3  churches.^^ 


1  It  embraces  No.  8,  or  "Orpheus,"  of  the  "Eleven  Towns."  Its 
former  uame  was  from  Itichard  HarrisoD,  of  N.  Y..  a  proprietor; 
and  its  present  one,  from  Daniel  Rodman,  of  Hudson,  Clerk  of 
the  Assembly  in  lSOS-09. 

2  Named  from  Thos.  White,  Bub-agent  and  early  settler. 

8  Among  the  settlers  who  came  iu  this  year  were  Anson  and 
Ebenezer  Moody,  Noah,  Jonathan,  and  Aaron  Davis,  Beuj. 
Thomas,  Wm.  Kice,  and  Simeon  Hunt.  Miss  M.  Nobles  taught 
the  first  school,  in  Anson  Moody's  barn,  in  1803.  Willard  Sykes 
kept  the  first  store;  and  Wm.  Rice  built  the  first  sawmill,  in 
1804,  and  gristniill,  in  1806.  The  first  child  born  was  Walter 
Harrison  Moody  ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  the  same  child,  3 
years  after.  His  father  received  50  acres  of  land  from  Mr.  Har- 
rison for  the  name.  Timothy  Greenly  moved  into  the  b.  w.  corner 
of  the  town  in  1803. 

«  2  M.  E.,  Cong. 

6  No.  3,  or  "  Milan,"  of  the  "  Eleven  Towns."  Named  ftom  Rot- 
land,  Tt.,  the  former  home  of  an  early  settler. 

6  Named  from  John  Felt,  who  purchased  the  site  in  1813,  and 
still  resides  here.  Formerly  the  seat  of  an  exteafiive  lumber 
manufactory ;  now  changed  to  a  tannery. 

'  Locally  known  as  "  Lockport."    See  p.  359. 

8  Named  from  Josiah  and  Frederick  Tyler,  early  settlera, 

9  On  some  maps  called  •*BrookBville,"  from  Curtis  O.  Brooks, 
a  former  citizen.    It  ia  never  known  by  this  name  in  town. 

^^  17,549  acres  were  sold,  in  farms  within  3  years,  fur  $50,738. 


King,  John  Dale.  C.  Cummings,  Gardner  Cleveland,  Warren 
Foster,  and  John  Cotes.  Miss  A.  Porter  tanglit  tlie  first  schoc'I, 
in  1S03.  Levi  Butterfield  kept  the  first  inn,  and  Jacob  Williams 
tliu  first  store.  David  CofFeen  built  the  first  gristmill  in  the 
CO..  near  the  mouth  of  Mill  Creek,  in  the  present  village  of 
Felts  Mills,  in  1801.  and  a  sawmill  in  1802.  The  first  child 
bnrn  was  in  the  f:imily  of  Chas.  Keleey.and  the  first  death,  that 
of  .'^Ira.  Francis  Towne.  12  o  M,  E.,  2  Union,  and  Cong. 

1*  Fluorspar,  sulphate  of  barytes,  sulphurets  of  iron  and 
copper,  phosphate  of  lime,  zircon,  feldspar,  tourmaline,  hyalite, 
pyroxene,  Rensseiaerite,  idocrase,  calcite,  phlognpite.  and"  other 
minerals,  are  found  in  this  locality,  and  some  of  them  are  beau- 
tifully crystallized.  Iron  ore  has  been  found  in  considerable 
quantity. 

"  The  river  here  descends  85  feet  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile. 
From  this  place  to  Kossie  its  banks  are  low,  and  largo  tracts  are 
often  overflowed,  causing-much  sickness.  A  small  steamer  h.iB 
run  upon  this  part  of  the  river. 

16  Among  the  first  settlers  were  James  Shnrtliff,  Anson  and 
Jeremiah  Cheeseman,  M.  B.  Ashley,  Sylv.'stir  Itudman,  A/.ariah 
Walton,  CoL  S.  Ball,  Abram  .Morruw,  Jo-s^-pli  Milk-r,  Archibald 
Fisher,  Jas.  Lake,  Ebenezer  and  N.  W.  Lull,  ami  J.  D,  Davison. 
Mr.  Lull  built  the  first  store,  in  1^20.  Dr.  Jas.  Brooks,  the  lirst 
physician,  settled  in  1822.  and  died  the  next  year.  Thr  first 
Fcbool  was  taught  by  Lindley  Gibbe.  at  Ilvde  \.nin\  The  lirst 
child  born  was  Fanny  A.  Cole,  May  26,  1819.   The  first  nutn  i; 


U  Among  the  settlers  who  came  in  during  the  first  and  second  '  was  that  of  F.lienezer  Lull  and  Alniira  Barnes.    The  fin>t  death 
years  were  Levi  Miller,  Perley  and  Wm.  Keyes.  David  and  Gobi-  j  was  that  of  Mr.  Casselman,  who  was  drowned.    A  grisiniill  aud 
smith  Coffeen,  Amos  Stebbins,  Raphael  Porter.  Israel  Wright,    inn  were  erected  in  1^*19  for  the  proprietor. 
Jonathan  and  Clark  Koss,  Joa.  KiUiam,  Chas.  Kelsey,  Jephtha  i     ^^  Prc&b,,  M.  E.,  and  Prot.  £. 


362 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 


WATERTOW:\^ — was  formed  from  Mexico,  March  14,  1800.  Rutland  was  taken  off  in 
1802,  and  Ilounsfield  in  1806.  It  lies  upon  Black  River,  s.  w,  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface 
in  the  s,  E.  part  is  broken  by  the  irregular  terraces  of  the  Trenton  limestone,  and  in  the  n.  it  is 
level  or  rolling.  The  river  bank  is  rocky  throughout  its  whole  extent ;  and  in  the  village,  about 
3  mi.  below,  are  several  extensive  caves.  It  is  an  important  agricultural  town;  but  it  is  chiefly 
distinguished  for  the  extent  of  its  trade  and  manufactures.  In  amount  of  business  it  is  unsur- 
passed by  any  town  in  Northern  N.Y.  Waterto'^Tn,^  (p-"^--)  the  co.  seat,  pleasantly 
situated  upon  the  s.  bank  of  Black  River,  was  incorp.  April  5,  181G.  Pop.  5873.  It  contains  an 
academy,*  4  newspaper  offices,  5  banks,  and  9  churches.  Black  River  here  flows,  for  the  space  of  a 
mile,  in  a  succession  of  rapids  over  the  limestone  terraces,  afibrding  an  abundance  of  water  power, 
which  is  largely  improved,  making  the  village  one  of  the  most  important  manufacturing  places  in 
the  State.*  Three  road  and  2  r.  r.  bridges  cross  the  river  within  the  limits  of  the  village :  one  of  the 
former  is  a  wire  suspension  bridge.  An  ice  cave,  near  Whittleseys  Point,^  extends  under  a  part 
of  the  village.  By  an  act  passed  March  22,  1853,  a  board  of  water  commissioners  was  created, 
with  power  to  borrow  §50,000  for  the  construction  of  water  works  for  the  village.  The  work  was 
finished  during  the  following  summer.  The  water  is  taken  from  the  river,  near  the  upper  part 
of  the  village,  and  thrown  by  water  power  into  a  reservoir  200  feet  above  the  village,  and  about  1 
mi.  distant;  and  from  the  reservoir  it  is  distributed  through  the  streets.  A  beautiful  fountain  is 
constructed  in  the  center  of  the  principal  square.^  At  an  early  day,  two  rectangular  pieces 
of  land  were  given  by  the  owners  of  the  adjacent  lots  for  public  use;'  and  these  now  constitute 
beautiful  public  squares.^  Burrs  Mills^  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet,  on  Cold  Creek,  in  the  e.  part  of 
the  town.  "Watertoim  Cenler  and  Fields  Settlement  are  hamlets.  Henry  Cofieen 
and  Zachariah  Butterfield  were  the  pioneer  settlers,  in  1800 ;  they  located  upon  the  present  site  of 
the  village.^°  An  arsenal  was  built  at  "VVatertown  in  1809,  and  a  building  for  an  academy  in  1811 ; 
the  latter  was  used  as  a  hospital  during  the  war.     The  census  reports  10  churches.^^ 

"WIL-IVA^^ — was  formed  from  Le  Ray,  and  Leyden  (Lewis  co.)  April  2,  1813.  It  lies  upon 
Black  River,  in  the  extreme  e.  part  of  the  co.  Its  suiface  is  somewhat  broken.  It  is  chiefly  under- 
laid by  the  primary  rock,  which  rises  into  low,  naked  ridges,  and  by  calciferous  sandstone.  Black 
River  forms  its  w.  boundary;  and  upon  it  are  a  series  of  rapids,  forming  an  abundance  of  water 
power."  The  Indian  River,  in  the  n.  part,  also  affi)rds  water  power  at  several  places.  At  Natu.^al 
Bridge  this  stream  flows  beneath  the  surface  through  passages  worn  in  the  coarse  white  lime- 
stone which  here  forms  the  surface  rock.     Several  interesting  minerals  are  found  at  this  place. 


1  Its  present  limits  embrace  No.  2,  or  "  Leghorn,"  of  the 
*'  Eleven  Towns."    It  first  contained  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 

2  First  Bettled  in  ISOO;  and  ttecame  the  co.  seat  in  1805.  In 
1849  the  busineF8  portion  was  almost  destroyed  by  fire,  but  it 
recovered  from  the  disaster  in  2  years. 

8  The  WatertowD  Acad,  was  incorp.  May  2, 1835.  and  a  large 
academic  building  was  erected  in  a  grove  in  the  8.  E.  part  of  the 
village.  It  was  soon  after  merged  in  the  Black  River  Literary 
and  Keligious  Institute,  founded  under  the  joint  auspices  of  the 
Walertown  Presbytery  and  B.  R.  (Cong.)  Assoc,  in  1836.  In  May, 
184r.,  its  name  was  changed  to  the  Jefferson  County  Institute, 

*  During  the  war  a  factory  was  built,  at  a  cost  of  $7-'>.000,  for 
the  manufacture  of  cotton  aud  woolen  cloths.  In  1827,  Levi 
Beehe  purchased  Cowans  Island  and  erected  upon  it  an  im- 
mense stone  cotton  factory.  It  had  just  been  put  in  operation 
when,  July  7,  1833.  it  was  burned,  under  suspicious  circum- 
Btauces.  The  loss  was  $200,000 ;  and  the  site  has  since  remained 
a  ruin.  The  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  flour, 
paper,  iron  castings,  machinery,  leather,  agricultural  imple- 
ments, lead  pipe,  sash  and  blinds,  and  furniture,  are  extensively 
carried  on. 

6  Named  from  the  wife  of  Samuel  Whittlesey,  who  in  1815 
threw  herself  from  this  point  into  the  river,  and  was  drowned. 
Her  husband,  a  lawyer,  and  paymaster  to  the  drafted  militia, 
hiul  received  in  N.  Y.  the  sura  of  J30,000,  in  bills,  aud  while 
returning  to  Watertown  was  secretly  robbed  of  $8700  by  his 
wife.  He  was  greatly  alarmed,  but  was  persuaded  by  her  to 
keep  quiet,  as  it  would  be  difficult  to  convince  the  public  that  a 
thief  would  have  left  so  large  a  portion,  and.  as  they  must  them- 
selves be  suspected  of  having  taken  a  part,  they  might  as  well 
keep  the  whole.  Her  logic  succeeded  upon  the  weak-minded  old 
man,  and  before  reaching  home  she  had  matured  phtns  for  con- 
cealment aud  evasion.  He  started  with  his  portmanteau  for 
Oneida  CO.,  leaving  appointments  along  the  road  for  paying  on 
bis  return  ;  but  on  arriving  at  Trenton  he  found  he  had  Ijeen 
robbed.  The  news  of  the  robbery  spread  quickly  over  the 
country:  but  the  most  active  inquiry  and  very  liberal  rewards 
failed  to  bring  the  thief  to  justice.  On  bis  return  home  he  met 
his  family  frantic  with  grief;  but  there  was  an  inconsistency  in 
his  sttjry,  and  upon  a  searching  conversation,  held  &ep;irately, 
with  his"  two  bondBmen,  Perley  Keyes  and  Jason  Fairbanks,  the 


latter  were  convinced  that  there  was  fraud.  By  an  ingenious 
course  of  inquiry  and  eavesdropping,  they  were  not  only  con- 
firmed in  the  belief,  but  assured  that  the  family  soon  intended 
to  remove,  and  that  summary  means  must  be  employed  to  re- 
cover the  money.  They  accordingly  invited  W.  to  take  a  walk, 
which  led  as  if  by  accident  to  a  lonely  spot  near  the  village, 
previously  prepared,  where  they  suddenly  charged  him  with  the 
robl)ery  aud  threatened  instant  drowning  unless  he  disclosed. 
He  was  t\vice  submerged  and  life  nearly  extinguished,  when  he 
confessed  and  was  liberated.  The  money  was  found  sewed  into 
a  pair  of  drawers  fitted  to  be  worn  by  either  husband  or  wife. 
Mrs.  W.  immediately  after  slipped  away  frum  the  crowd  unob- 
served, rushed  duwn  to  the  river,  and  was  drowned. — Hough's 
Hist.  Jeff.  Co.,  p.  263. 

fl  An  Artesian  well  was  bored  127  feet  deep  upon  Factory 
Square  in  1829,  and  a  copious  supply  of  water  was  obtained, 
slightly  impregnated  with  sulphur  and  iron. 

^  These  lots  are  respectively  12  by  2S  and  9  by  32  rods. 

B  The  principal  business  of  the  village  is  located  aionnd  the 
Square  aud  upon  Court  St. 

8  Named  from  Johu  Burr  &  Sons,  who  settled  here  in  1804. 
Hart  Massey  built  a  saw  and  grist  mill  here,  iu  ISOl,  for  Low, 
the  proprietor. 

10  Oliver  Bartholomew  came  in  the  same  year,  (1801.)  and  in 
1802,  about  80  families  arrived.  Jonathan  Cowan  built  the  first 
grist  mill,  in  1802,  and  Dr.  Isaiah  Massey  opened  the  first  inn  the 
same  year.  In  1803,  a  bridge  was  built  near  the  present  court- 
house. In  1805,  Wra.  Smith  and  John  Paddock  opened  the  first 
store;  and  a  dam  was  built  across  BKack  Kiver  the  same  year. 
The  first  birth  was  iu  the  family  of  Moses  Bacon;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of Thornton,  who  was  killed  by  a  falling  tree. 

n  Two  Presb.,  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Wes.  Meth.,  Prot.  E.,  R.  C,  Union, 
and  Univ. 

12  Named  from  "Wilna,  in  Russia,  then  fresh  in  memory  from 
its  battle. 

18  After  affording  42  mi.  of  navigation,  the  river  here  com- 
mences to  descend  by  a  series  of  rapids,  extending  to  the  lake, 
falling,  in  all,  480  feet.  The  "  Long  Falls"  here  descend  55  feet 
iu  a  liistance  of  5090 ;  and  in  the  rapids  are  about  50  small 
islands.  The  State  Dam,  built  at  this  place,  is  900  feet  long,  and 
the  State  Bridge  600. 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 


363 


The  soil  is  sandy  and  moderately  fertile.  Carthage'  (p.  y.)  is  finely  situated  upon  Black 
River,  at  the  lower  terminus  of  the  B.  R.  Canal  improvement.  It  contains  5  churches,  a  private 
academy,' and  is  the  seat  of  important  manufactures.'  Pop.  about  1,500.  IVatural  Bridge,' 
(p.  V.,)  on  Indian  River,  contains  40  houses.  Trilna  and  IVortll  Wilna  are  p.  offices ;  and 
Wood  Seltlement  is  a  hamlet.  Settlement  vras  commenced  in  1798,  at  Carthage,  by  Henry 
Boutin,  one  of  the  French  Company.'  The  village  and  tovru  were  chiefly  settled  under  Le  Ray.' 
The  census  reports  7  churches.' 

WORTD* — was  formed  from  Lorraine,  April  12,  1848.  It  lies  upon  the  high,  slaty,  and 
shaly  ridges  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  It  is  1200  to  1500  feet  above  tide,  and  is  the  most  elevated 
land  in  the  co.  It  is  subject  to  deep  snows  and  early  frosts.  Wherever  the  surface  is  exposed  to 
tlie  action  of  running  water,  deep  gulfs  have  been  worn  in  the  soft  and  yielding  rock.  There 
are  several  sulphur  springs  in  town.  The  soil  is  principally  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  the 
underlying  rocks,  and  is  well  adapted  to  grazing.  About  one  half  of  the  town  is  settled. 
Worthville  is  a  hamlet,  and  is  the  only  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1802,  by  an 
association  from  Litchfield,  Herkimer  co.,  who  bought  the  N.  w.  quarter,  balloted  for  the  lots, 
built  rude  mills,  and  began  small  improvements.'  A  part  of  the  settlers  left  during  the  war,  and 
during  the  succeeding  cold  seasons  of  1816-17  the  whole  settlement  was  abandoned.  Settlement 
was  not  recommenced  until  several  years  after.    The  census  reports  1  church,  (M.  E.) 


1  Formerly  called  "  Lmg  Falts."  Incorp.  May  26,  1S41.  A 
bridge  was  erected  here  in  1813,  by  Ezra  Church,  for  Russell  At- 
water  and  David  Parish. 

s  Erected  l)y  Ilarrison  Miller  in  1842 ;  now  owned  and  taught 
by  B.  F.  Bush. 

*  Consisting  of  u'on,  leather,  lumber,  staves,  heading,  Ac. 

*  Joseph  Bonaparte,  having  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  in 
this  town  and  Diana,  mady  this  village  his  residence  for  two 
■ummers.    It  was  laid  out  in  1S18. 

6  Jean  B.  Bossout,  familiarly  known  as  "  Battice,"  kept  the  first 
ton  and  ferry. 

*  The  land  office  of  Le  Ray  was  removed  from  Le  RaysviUe  to 


Carthage  in  1835,  by  Patrick  Somerville  Stewart. 

'  2  Presl).,  2  Prot.  Meth.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  11.  C. 

8  Named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Wm.  J.  Worth.  It  comprises  No.  2, 
or  "  Fenelon,**  of  the  Boylston  Tract.  Tho  E.  part  was  divided 
among  several  proprietors,  to  equalize  the  division  of  the 
'•  Eleven  Towns."' 

'■'  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Amos  and  Abijah  Gillett, 
Nathan  Matoon,  W.  Flower,  Lodowyck  Edwards,  John  Gri»- 
woid,  Asa  Sweet,  Abner  Rising,  and  Pbineas  Rose.  The  first 
school  was  tauglit  in  a  log  barn  in  1806.  The  fiist  death  was 
that  of  EUsha  Sweet,  L.  B.  Gillett  kept  the  first  inn  and 
store. 


364 


JEFFERSON    COUNTY. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Jefferson  County. 


^iMLi  OP  Towns. 


Adams 

Alexandria.... 

Antwerp 

Bruwnville 

Cape  Vincent. 

Cliampion 

Clayton 

ElUsburgh 

Henderson 

Hounstield..... 

LeKay 

Lorraine 

Lyme 

Orleans.^ 

Pamelia 

Philadelphia.. 

Kodman 

Rutland 

Theresa 

Watertown.... 

Wilna 

Worth 

Total 


Acres  op  Land. 


19,3994 
19,168 
41,099 
26,636 
20,631 
18,716i 
29,257  i 
36,327} 
16,886 
21,622 
38,264i 
13,192i 
20.803 
13,7664 
19,810 
16,093 
16.749 
20,768i 
16,667 
20,0134 
17,372i 
3,9S1 


466.2 


6,746J 

18,363 

30,424 

8,216 

10,661S 

7,276 

19,9S6i 

12,2424 

6,616 

6,1 68| 

14,692 

6,678 

8,109 

16,157 

3,836 

6,747 

6,848 

6,470 

9,937 

6,1864 

20,396 

21,8354 


261.291 


Valuation  op  1858. 


$282,460 
41,490 
69.780 
76,300 
34.996 
86,623 
66,859 

111,510 
70  500 
83,750 

129,173 
23,640 
38,734 
41,446 
79,675 
66.700 

138.960 
59.649 
89,380 
1,619.960 
72,268 
3,360 


13.047.672'  3.146.192 


e 


$1,026,878 
351.0S1 
687.458 
757.900 
600.812 
620. 
680.824 
1.417.272 
633.796 
63S.963 
796,381 
24S.643 
410.18' 
648,233 
604,226 
456.094 
661,480 
661..344 
447.314 
3.942.?60 
401.757 
70.040 


1,603 
1,629 
1,801 
1,816 
1.063 

969 
2.090 
2,662 
1.048 
1,680 
1,537 

688 
1,269 
1,368 
1,227 

846 

870 
1,016 
1,130 
3.918 
1,468 

236 
T6.192,St>4   32.992    32.428 


1,602 

1,724 

1,962 

1,773 

1,712 

977 

2,142 

2,677 

1,091 

1,641 

1,666 

787 

1,294 

1,438 

1,284 

898 

882 

961 

1,148 

3.639 

1,666 

238 


698 
602 
639 
675 
592 
384 
797 

1,018 
393 
620 
603 
296 
465 
472 
420 
316 
338 
391 
397 

1,299 
677 
96 


653 
623 
675 
697 
639 
402 
772 

1,034 
419 
646 
635 
297 
564 
637 
442 
335 
363 
400 
418 

1,387 
698 
103 

11,976    12,629 


624 
369 
674 
360 
463 
316 
681 
831 
322 
443 
616 
230 
326 
436 
223 
267 
319 
383 
390 
687 
416 
90 


9,063    376 


1,161 

1.563 

1,404 

1,629 

1,393 

761 

1,817 

1,988 

810 

1.221 

1,247 

681 

987 

1,208 

884 

611 

684 

731 

1,063 

2,648 

1.339 

177 


25.757 


Names  of  Towns. 


Adams 

Alexandria.... 

Antwerp 

Brown  ville 

Cape  Vincent. 

Champion 

Clayton 

ElUsburgh 

Henderson 

llounsfield 

Le  Hay.- 

Lorraine 

Lyme 

Orleans 

Pamelia 

Philadelphia.. 

Rodman 

Rutland 

Theresa 

Watertown.... 

Wilna 

Worth 

Total 


Lite  Stock. 

Agricultural  Products 

II 

i 

822 

lei 

1,457 

•K 

1 
2,452 

1 

1,068 

BCSH.  OF  QiTULjU. 

1 

3,4924 

Daihy  Pbodccts. 

1^^ 

£  1 

a.    g 

1,827 

12,4964 

82,3044 

16,707 

17,302 

99.766 

369,109 

770 

1.761 

2,200 

2,689 

1,022 

7,838 

61,926J 

5,0564 

7,618 

932 

183.209 

4S.366 

1.085 

1,753 

4,293 

2.260 

1,446 

1,844 

86.2714 

7,798 

12,246 

1,492 

379.109 

186.216 

1,090 

1,493 

2,762 

3.6S2 

1,366 

14,178 

121.8024 

5,096 

9.663 

10,490 

267,182 

118,655 

899 

1,593 

2,064 

2.0.50 

1,280 

7,892 

88.4274 

4,7364 

13,107 

9.'U9 

169,146 

24,800 

649 

1,032 

1,^41 

1.082 

736 

4,670 

48,6114 

2,949 

23,440 

10.262 

160,596 

148,718 

978 

1,997 

3.011 

2,801 

1,782 

15,018 

91.9304 

7,603 

13.816 

2.770 

206,851 

179.475 

1,472 

3,312 

3,761 

4.260 

2,445 

23,1704 

214.69U4 

6,3864 

34.662 

60.650 

261,311 

842,466 

776 

1.621 

1.368 

3.975 

838 

7,3.50 

71,899 

3,2194 

12.016 

24.532 

136,048 

36.937 

90S 

1,227 

1,842 

4.021 

959 

17,6864 

84,4724 

3,982 

12.588 

10.147 

148.966 

60.118 

998 

1,528 

3,268 

17.7.87 

i.e.w 

11,999 

87,962} 

6,242 

16.769 

7,322 

249.888 

257,182 

396 

843 

1,601 

1,279 

692 

687 

67.3764 

3.437 

13,381 

9,489 

94.323 

211.822' 

857 

1,370 

1.716 

2,379 

982 

6,306 

120,3804 

4.731 

6,870 

4,476 

120.497 

91,7161 

909 

1,806 

2,662 

2,269 

1,262 

12,874 

100.2614 

6.488 

7,631 

1,681 

212.976 

8,320 

684 

1,006 

1,990 

1.687 

891 

8,886 

61,079 

4,729 

7.780 

1,529 

161,117 

192,4271 

664 

848 

1.729 

1.181 

634 

2184 

60,641 

2,994 

6.762 

83 

152,784 

90.790' 

640 

1,200 

2.149 

2.830 

896 

2.018 

68,289 

3,972 

11.964 

12,716 

181,236 

121.325 

668 

926 

2,643 

966 

928 

3,623 

42,036| 

4,206 

16.832 

13,943 

234.065 

247.331 

486 

1,065 

1,808 

861 

859 

2,427 

40.000 

4,1774 

6.067 

640 

163,775 

93,780 

956 

963 

2,808 

1.499 

1.078 

8,0224 

65,329 

4,3054 

11,766 

26,122 

222.247 

111,240 

646 

731 

1,6.54 

1,322 

713 

1,7974 

36,604} 

3,0584 

24.983 

318 

142.220 

47,850 

109 

246 

406 
49,472 

169 

120 
23,327 

11.7904 
1,672,S95J 

1,016 

6,683 
289,031 

111 

22,298 

30,818 

17,069 

29,777 

63,401 

169.901 

98,675 

216,431 

3,949,608 

2,819,469 

■ss| 


1,789 
3,9034 

9684 
2.382 
2,8774 
1,126 
2,796 
4,154 
1,561 
1,877J 
4,312 
1.368 
2,2,89 
3,047 
1,626 

691 
2,179 
1,815 
2.324 

817 
1,4764 

686 


KINGS   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  organized  -with  its  present  limits,  Nov.  1,  1683.' 
It  lies  upon  the  w.  end  of  Long  Island,  adjacent  to  New  York 
rt  Harbor,  and  embraces  several  small  islands  adjacent  to  the  coast, 
i  It  is  centrally  distant  140  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  72  sq. 
mi.  The  surface  is  generally  level  or  gently  undulating.  Abroad 
i  ;mge  of  drift  hills,  50  to  300  feet  above  tide,  extends  from  the 
-liore  of  the  bay  in  the  s.  w.  corner  in  a  n.e.  direction  through  the 
■n.  From  their  summits  the  surface  gradually  declines  both  to  the 
N.  and  s.,  and  terminates  upon  the  shores  in  extensive  salt  meadows. 
The  portion  lying  n.  of  the  hills  is  moderately  uneven,  being  occa- 
sionally broken  by  low,  isolated  drift  hills.  The  shores  are  deeply 
indented  by  bays,  which  for  the  most  part  are  shallow,  and  very 
irregular  in  outline.  The  principal  of  these  are  Newtown  Creek,'  Bushwick  Creek,  Wallabout, 
Gowanus,  and  Gravesend  Bays  on  the  w.,  and  Sheeps  Head  Bay  on  the  s.  Jamaica  Bay,  a  large, 
shallow,  landlocked  bay  upon  the  s.  shore,  is  partially  in  this  co.  It  incloses  a  large  number  of 
low,  marshy  islands  separated  by  narrow  and  irregular  tidal  currents.  Wide  salt  marshes 
extend  along  the  shores  of  the  bays,  and  far  inland  along  the  courses  of  the  small  creeks.' 
The  soil  is  mostly  a  light,  sandy  loam.  A  strip  immediately  surrounding  the  marshes  and 
embracing  a  large  share  of  the  w.  extremity  is  fertile,  and  capable  of  producing  almost  any 
crop  adapted  to  the  climate.  Its  close  proximity  to  New  York,  the  great  commercial  center  of  the 
country,  renders  it  favorably  situated  for  the  development  of  manufactures  and  commerce ;  and 
both  of  these  pursuits  are  largely  carried  on  at  the  centers  of  population.  The  agriculture  of  the 
CO.  is  mostly  confined  to  gardening  for  the  N.  Y.  market.  All  of  the  business  of  the  co. — manu- 
facturing, commercial,  and  agricultural  —  is  so  intimately  connected  with  the  interests  of  New 
York  that  the  co.  may  be  considered  as  a  suburb  of  the  great  city.* 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  the  city  of  Brooklyn.^  The  courts  are  accommodated  at  the  City 
Hall,  which  belongs  exclusively  to  the  city.  The  jail,  located  upon  Raymond  St.,  is  closely  sur- 
rounded by  other  buildings,  and  its  ventilation  is  very  imperfect.  The  average  number  of  inmates  ia 
80,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  §2.10  each.*  The  Kings  Co.  Penitentiary  is  located  upon  a  farm 
of  38  acres  near  the  s.  line  of  Brooklyn.  The  buildings,  now  nearly  completed,  are  of  stone,  and 
sufficiently  spacious  for  the  accommodation  and  care  of  all  the  prisoners  of  the  co.  The  main 
building  is  490  feet  long  by  86  feet  broad,  with  two  wings  of  50  feet  each.  The  total  cost 
up  to  January  1,  1857  was  $190,414.35.  The  institution  is  designed  to  be  self  supporting. 
The  county  clerk's  office  is  kept  at  the  City  Hall.''  The  Kings  County  Almshouse  is  located 
upon  a  farm  of  70  acres  in  Flatbush,  about  three  miles  s.  of  the  City  Hall  of  Brooklyn.  This 
institution  consists  of  four  large  brick  buildings, — the  almshouse  proper,  hospital,  nursery, 
and  lunatic  asylum.  These  buildings  are  spacious  and  well  arranged,  but  poorly  ventilated. 
A  school  is  maintained  through  the  year,  and  religious  instruction  is  given  upon  the  Sabbath. 


1  From  1 666  to  1683  this  CO.  formed  a  part  of  the  "  West  Biding 
of  Yorkshire,"  England.    See  p.  544. 

*  This  creek  is  a  tidal  current,  receiving  several  small  fresh 
water  streams,  and  is  properly  a  narrow  bay. 

*  Upon  the  beach  the  General  Government  has  established  2 
lifeboat  stations.  In  Jan.  1821,  the  bay  and  the  Narrows  be- 
tween the  w.  extremity  of  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island  were 
frozen  so  that  persons  crossed  on  the  ice. 

*  For  more  minute  description  of  the  business  of  the  co.,  see 
town  descriptions. 

*  The  conrta  were  originally  held  at  Gravesend ;  but,  by  an 
act  of  the  General  As.ierably,  passed  Nov.  7,  1685.  tbey  were 
removed  to  Flatbush,  and  a  courthouse  was  built  there  the  suc- 
ceeding year.  This  building  was  used  until  1758,  when  a  new 
combined  courthouse  and  jail  was  erected.  By  an  act  passed 
April  6, 17S4,  a  lax  of  £200  was  authorized  to  be  raised  to  repair 
tile  injuries  which  had  been  done  to  the  courthouse  and  jail  by 
the  British.  The  repairs  were  expended  under  the  direction  of 
Philip  Nogel  And  Jeremyafi  Yanderbilt.    By  an  act  of  Mai*ch 


ID,  1791,  the  courthouse  and  jail  were  directed  to  be  rebnilt 
under  the  direction  of  Johannes  E.  Lett,  John  Vanderbilt,  and 
Clias.  Doughty,  and  £1,200  waa  appropriated  for  that  purpose. 
During  the  next  year  £300  additional  was  raised  to  finish  tbo 
buildings.  These  buildings  were  burned  Nov.  3.  1832;  and  by 
act  of  Feb.  27,  1834,  the  co.  seat  was  removed  to  Brooklyn.  The 
first  CO.  officers  after  the  Revolution  were  Nicholas  Couenhoven, 
First  Judge ;  Jacob  Sharp,  jr.,  Cl&rk  ;  Wm.  Eoerum,  Sheriff; 
and  Johannes  E.  Lott,  Surrogate, 

*  Up  to  June  1, 1858,  39,910  prisoners  had  been  confined  in 
this  jail. 

'  By  an  act  of  May  1, 1828.  a  fireproof  co.  clerk's  office  waa 
directed  to  be  built  in  Brooklyn.  A  more  spacious  one  was 
built  in  1837,  which  was  used  until  the  office  was  removed  to  its 
present  location  in  the  City  Hall.  By  an  act  passed  In  1852,  an 
office  of  Register  was  created ;  and  by  a  later  act,  discretionary 
powers  have  been  granted  to  a  Board  of  Commissioners  for  the 
better  preservation  of  the  pubhc  records. 

366 


366 


KINGS    COUNTY. 


Children  are  bound  out  at  the  age  of  12  years.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  1,800,  sup- 
ported at  a  weekly  cost  of  about  $2.00  each.     The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  S3, 500. 

The  Brooklyn  &  Jamaica  R.  R.  extends  from  the  s.  ferry  of  Brooklyn  eastward  through  near  the 
center  of  the  co.  The  Flushing  R.  R.  extends  from  Hunters  Point,  (Queens  co.,)  n.  of  Brooklyn,  to 
the  village  of  Flushing,  a  distance  of  8  mi.  In  the  city  of  Brooklyn  are  several  local  rail  roads ; 
and  fnjm  the  city  lines  of  stages  extend  to  every  village  in  the  co. 

Four  newspapfrs — three  daily  and  one  weekly — are  now  published  in  the  CO.* 

The  first  settlements  of  tliis  co.  were  made  mostly  by  the  Dutch,  about  1625.  In  1640,  a  colony 
of  Mass.  Quakers,  in  quest  of  religious  freedom,  settled  at  Gravesend  under  the  protection  of  the 
Dutch  Guvernment,  Long  previous  to  the  English  conquest  of  1064,  settlements  had  been  made, 
mills  erected,  and  churches  and  schools  established  in  every  town  in  the  co.  The  settlers  were  so 
exclusively  Dutch  that  the  Dutch  language  and  customs  prevailed  until  within  a  comparatively 
recent  period.  Bushwick,  Brooklyn,  Flatbush,  Flatlands,  and  New  Utrecht  were  known  under  the 
English  Government  as  the  ^^  Flee  Dutch  Toums;"  and  they  were  associated,  for  certain  purposes, 
until  1690."''  The  Five  Towns  also  formed  an  ecclesiastical  society,  and  joined  in  the  support  of 
their  minister  until  the  final  separation  of  the  American  church  from  the  Classis  of  Holland,  in 
1772. 

Few  events  of  interest  occurred  within  the  limits  of  this  co.  during  the  colonial  period.  Ita 
Revolutionary  annals  belong  to  the  general  history  of  the  country.  During  its  occupation  by  the 
British,  from  1776  to  1782,  the  people  were  subjected  to  a  series  of  disgraceful  and  oppressive  acts.* 
Manv  of  the  inhabitants  left  the  co.  from  fear  of  hostile  visits  during  the  "War  of  1812-15 ;  and  at 
times  much  alarm  was  felt, — although  no  hostile  visit  actually  took  place.  It  has  shared  in  the 
growth  of  New  York  City,  and  is  closely  identified  with  it  in  business.  This  co.  is  included  in 
the  "Metr:ipolitan  Police  District'*  created  by  act  of  April  15,  1857,  and  in  the  Board  of  Pulice 
Commissioners  it  is  represented  by  the  Mayor  of  Brooklyn  and  one  other  member.  Vast  schemes 
of  speculation  have  from  time  to  time  arisen,  most  of  which  have  resulted  in  loss,  and  several  of 
them,  devised  upon  a  magnificent  scale,  have  seriously  retarded  the  progress  of  needful  improve- 
ment. 

From  1850  to  1853  about  40  building  associations  were  organized  in  this  co.,  ostensibly  to  enable 
hose  of  humble  means  to  acquire  a  home,  but  practically  to  form  contributions  to  a  fund  which 
was  loaned  to  those  members  who  would  allow  the  highest  premium.  The  rates  submitted  to  were 
often  extremely  ruinous,  and  the  speculation  had  but  a  brief  existence. 


I  The  Courier  and  New  York  and  Long  Jsland  Adverliser,  the 

first  news^jaiier  estaLlislied  on  Long  Island,  was  cum- 

mcDced  at  Brooklyn,  June  26, 1799,  by  Thos.  Kirk. 
The  Long  Ishind  Wed.  ly  hiteUigeiicer  was  cnmuienced  at  Urook- 

lyn.  May  26.  isoij,  by  Kobinson  &  Little. 
TheLoug  Islaikd  Star  was  stJirtcdJum;  1,1809.  by  Thog. 

Kiili.     In  1^11  it  waa  bought  by  Aldfn  Spooner,  and 

lia^!  bet-n  continued   by  him  and  his  sons  until   tiie 

present  time. 
Tile  Brooklyu  Daily  Evening  Star  was  begun  by 

Ahleii  Pipi  uncr  d:  Sons,  Jan.  4,  18-il.     It  is  still  issued, 

by  Kdwin   11.   Spooocr.     A   semi-weekly   editiou  was 

issued  from  The  Star  office  in  1S24. 
The  Long  Island  Patriot  was  started  at  Brooklyn,  March  7, 

1821,  by  Geo.  L.  Birch.    In  1833  it  was  changed  to 
Th€  Broiillyn  Advoratej  and  was  issued  by  James  A.  Bennett. 

In  1S35-36  it  was  changed  to 
Th£  Bri'ollyn  Adoocatu  and  Nassau  Gazette. 
.  2'he  iVilUaiitAlrurgh  Gazette  was  started  in  1835  by  Francis  G. 

Fisli.    It  was  afterward  changed  to 
The  WiUi'Unsbitrgh  Daily  Gazt'tte,  and  was  issued  a  short  time. 
Tlie  American  Native  Oilizen  and  Brottldyn  Evming  Advci'tiser, 

da.,  was  published  in  1836  by  F.  (i.  FiPh. 
The  Medtcnirs^  Advocate  was  issued  a  short  time  in  1840  at  East 

i\e\v  York. 
Tlie  lieal  Estate  Gazfftf,  also  started  at  East  New  York,  had  an 

ephemeral  existence. 
The  WiUiainsburgh  Democrat  was  commenced  Jane  3, 1840,  by 

TliomMS  A.  Dfvyr. 
TUe  Brooklyn  Dally  Eagle  was  commenced  in  1841 

by  Is:Lac  Van  And--n.  and  is  still  published.     From  the 

same  office  was  issued 
The,  Brnnklyn  WeeJJy  EigU,  which  was  changed  in  1855  to 
The  Siiturday  Evening  MisceJl<ivy. 
The  Bro-Uyn  Daily  Nwsv,ne  started  in  1^41  by  Northall  & 

Watts,  and  was  continued  until  Nov.  1843. 
The  Brooklyn  A'ews  and  Times  was  issued  in  lti43  by  J.  P.  Noble. 
Tlie  Age  vii\f>.  started  at  Williimisburgh  in  Dec.  1844,  and  w:is 

continued  a  short  time. 
TAe  Demor.ratic  Admr.afe  was  published  at  Williamsburgh  in 

1844  by  J.  0.  Wallace. 
The  Bronllyn  Da >!y  Adrerti sit  was  started   in  1844  by  H.  A. 

Lees  and  W.  Foulkes,  and  waa  continued  about  8  yeais. 


The  Ajncrican  Champion  was  published  at  Brooklyu  a  short 

time  in  1844. 
The  Daily  Lo7ig  Mnndi'r  wag  started  at  Williamsburgh  in  1845 

by  Bishop  &  Kelley. 
The    Williamsbuisgh  Sl'tming  Post  was  published   in  1S47  by 

Devyr  &  Taylor. 
TJie  Saturday  Evening  Bee  was  issued  a  short  time  in  1848  at 

Brooklyn. 
The  Orbit  was  issued  at  South  Brooklyn  in  1848. 
The  Kings  County  Patriot  was  started  at  Williamsburgh  in  1848 

by  Geo.  Thompson  and  S.  R.  llasbrook. 
The  Wdh'ainshurgh  Times  was  started  in  1848  by  Bennet  Smith 

&  Co.    Soon  after  the  consolidation  of  Williamsbargh 

and  Brooklyn  its  name  was  changed  to 
The  Brooklyn  Dally  Times,  under  which  title  it  is 

now  iiublislied. 
The  Excelsior  was  commenced  in  1846  at  South  Brooklyn,  and 

was  isKued  a  short  time. 
T?ie  Bronl-Jyn  Doily  Fretman  was  published  in  1849. 
The  Daily  Indep''7)dent  Press  was  commenced  July  Ifi,  1850,  at 

Williamsbur^'h,  by  W.  G.  Bishop  and  J.  A.  F.  Kelley, 

and  was  continued  until  1S55. 
The  Brooklyn  Aforning  Journal  was  established  in  IS.Ol  by  Ho- 

gan  &  Heigliway. 
The  Union  Ark,  a  temperance  mo.,  waa  published  at  BrookJyn 

in  18 —  by  J.  !?chuebly. 
The  Long  Island  Anzeiger  (Cerraan)  waa  started  at  Brooklyn, 

Sept.  2. 1854,  by  Fdward  Rohr. 
The  D-iavgle  (fJcrman  semi-mo.)  waa  started  at  Brooklyn,  April 

7. 1855,  by  Edward  Unhr. 
The  Kings  fh.  Advertiser  and  Village  Gnardian  (semi  mo.)  was 

start' d  at  East  New  York  in  May,  1857,  by  C.  \\arTen 

Hamilton. 
The  Green  Point  Advertiser  was  published  a  short  time  in  1847 

by  L.  Masquerier. 

2  A  Secretary  or  ivegister  was  especially  commissicned  by  th« 
Governor  to  take  the  proof  of  wills,  of  marriage  settlements,  the 
acknowl>>dgment  of  ■■transcripts"'  or  other  conveyance,  and 
such  important  contracts  and  agreements  aa  required  to  le  re- 
corded. 

3  By  an  act  of  March  G.  1784,  Kings  co.  was  taxed  $13,000  to 
repay  Kevolutionaiy  expenses. — OiiderdojiJe's  Rev.  Inc. 


KINGS    COUNTY. 


367 


BROOKliYlV' — was  incorp.  by  patent,  with  the  usual 
privileges  of  townships,  under  Gov.  Lovelace,  Oct.  18,  1&67, 
and  its  rights  were  confirmed  by  Gov.  Dongan,  May  13,  1686. 
It  was  recognized  as  a  town  under  the  State  Government 
March  7,  1788.  The  village  of  Brooklyn  was  incorp.  as  a  fire 
district  April  2,  1801,  and  as  a  village  April  12,  1810,  and  both 
town  and  village  were  incorp.  as  a  city  April  8,  1834.  The  city 
of  Willianisburgh  and  town  of  Bushwick  were  annexed  April 
17,  1854.^  The  city  extends  along  New  York  Bay  and  East 
River  to  Newtown  Creek,  occupying  the  N.  part  of  the  co.  Its 
exterior  line  is  22  mi.,  and  it  contains  an  area  of  10,000  acres. 
The  s.  and  E.  borders  are  occupied  by  a  broad  rangft  of  low  hills, 
which  extend  E.  into  Queens  co.  Along  the  shore  opposite  the  lower  point  of  New  York  is  an 
irregular  bluff  known  as  "Brooklyn  Heights."  A  considerable  portion  of  the  s.  part  of  the  city  is 
low  and  level.  Newtown  Creek,  forming  the  n.  boundary,  is  an  irregular  arm  of  the  sea,  receiving 
several  small  fresh  water  streams.  AVallabout  Bay  is  a  deep  indentation  lying  between  the  old 
cities  of  Willianisburgh  and  Brooklyn.  Gowanus  Bay  extends  into  the  s.  part  of  the  city.'  The 
land  that  borders  upon  these  bays  is  flat  and  marshy. 

Within  the  limits  of  Brooklyn  are  several  districts  known  by  the  names  which  they  bore  when 
they  were  distinct  localities,  before  the  city  was  incorporated.  These  will  eventually  all  be  lost  in 
the  growth  and  consolidation  of  the  business  of  the  city.  Brooklyn  (p.  o.)  includes  the  old 
settled  parts  of  tlie  city  s.  of  Wallabout  Bay.  Upon  East  River,  in  this  district,  are  several  large 
manufactories.  The  water  front  is  entirely  occupied  by  wharves  and  warehouses.  'Williams- 
burgll  (p.  0.)  includes  the  thickly  settled  portions  n.  of  Wallabout  Bay.  It  contains  a  large 
number  of  manufacturing  establishments,  and  its  entire  water  front  is  devoted  to  commercial  pur- 
poses. Green  Point,  (p.o.,)  comprising  the  17th  ward,  lies  between  Bushwick  and  Newtown 
Creeks,  and  occupies  the  extreme  n.w.  part  of  the  city.  It  contains  extensive  shipyards,  and 
manufactories  of  porcelain,  coal  oil,  lifeboats,  and  many  other  articles.  Witllstbout  (some- 
times called  East  Brooklyn)  lies  E.  of  Wallabout  Bay.  Bedford  and  Ite^v  Brooklyn  are 
localities  on  the  e.  r.,  in  the  e.  part  of  the  city.  Busliwick  Cross  Roads  and  BiisIlWick 
Green  are  villages  e.  of  Willianisburgh.  Gowanus  is  a  village  near  the  head  of  Gowanus 
Bay.  South  Brooklyn  comprises  the  portion  of  the  city  lying  s.  of  Atlantic  St.  It  has  an 
extensive  water  front;  and  along  the  shore  immense  works  have  been  constructed  to  facilitate 
commerce.*  It  contains  extensive  wood,  coal,  stone,  and  lumber  yards,  and  numerous  planing 
mills,  distilleries,  breweries,  plaster  mills,  founderies,  and  machine  shops.  The  city  is  connected 
with  New  York  by  11  steam  ferries,  all  supplied  with  excellent  boats,  which  perform  regular  and 
frequent  trips.*  From  the  Atlantic  St.  Ferry  the  Brooklyn  &,  Jamaica  R.  R.  extends  e.  to  the  E. 
bounds  of  the  co." 

From  the  principal  ferries  lines  of  city  railroads  extend  through  the  principal  avonues  and 
radiate  to  nearly  every  part  of  the  city,  affording  easy,  rapid,  and  cheap  means  of  communication.' 
The  commerce  of  Brooklyn  is  extensive,  though  it  scarce  has  an  independent  existence,  from  its 
intimate  relations  with  that  of  New  York.  The  docks  and  piers  at  South  Brooklyn  are  among  the 
most  extensive  and  commodious  in  the  country.  Ship  and  boat  building  and  repairing  are  exten- 
eively  carried  on  at  Williamsburgh  and  Green  Point.  The  whole  water  front  of  the  city  is  occu- 
pied by  ferries,  piers,  slips,  and  boat  and  ship  yards ;  and  the  aggregate  amount  of  business 


*  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Putch  "  Bmtcl--Ja?idt.'*  (broken 
land.)  Thi>  piitent  for  tlie  township  wna  issued  to  .Ton  Kvci-ts. 
Jan  Daman.  Alliert  Corneli.ser.  I'aules  A'erb_-eck.  Michael 
Eneyle,  Tlios.  Lamberts.  Tennis  Gisbert^o,  Bogart  and  .iovis 
Jacobsen.  The  annnal  quitreut  under  this  patent  was  20  bush. 
•f  wlieat. 

*  Busliwick — signifying  wo'>d-town — was  invested  with  cer- 
tain powers  of  government  March  14.  IfiPl.  AnotJier  pat  lit 
was  grant'd  Oct.  25.  KirT  ;  but  it  remained  associated  with  otlier 
towns  until  .Vug.  12. 17flS.  Williamsbnigh  Villaj^e  in  this  town 
was  incorp  April  14.  1827.  and  the  town  i-f  Willianisburgh  was 
formed  March  l*t.  l.S4fl.  The  village  and  town  were  united  and 
in.'orp.  as  the  City  of  Williams^burgh  April  7.  lSf.1,  and  the  city 
and  town  of  Bushwick  were  annexed  to  Brooklyn  April  17. 
1854.  Ensliwick  now  constitutes  tlie  17th  and  ISth  wards,  and 
Williamsburgh  the  13th,  14tb,  15th,  Idth,  and  a  part  of  the  19tb 
wards. 

*  Acts  have  been  passed  antliorizing  a  canal,  with  baitins. 
lAarves,  and  elipa,  to  be  constructed  along  tbo  creek  that  flowa 


into  this  bay.  The  mouth  of  the  creek  lias  been  improved  Ibr 
a  short  di-tance. 

<  'Ihe  Atlantic  Dock  cnntnins  an  area  of  40  acres,  and  h;w 
suffirient  depth  of  water  for  any  vessel.  An  outside  pier  in  3.000 
le  -t  long.  The  warehouses  np'm  the  piers  are  of  granite.  The 
Krio  Iia--in  and  other  extensive  docks  along  tlie  bay  liave  been 
projected  and  work  upon  thein  lias  commeneed.  These  d.  cits 
afford  perfect  security  to  vessels  while  lo;idiiig  and  unloading, 
and  security  to  goods  against  tlieft.  It  is  estimated  tliat 
$1  000  000  wortli  of  golds  are  annually  stolen  from  the  wharves 
and  shifis  at  New  York  and  linioklyii. 

6  Tliese  several  ferries  are  all  chartered  by  the  Corporation 
of  \.  V.  City.  The  boat-s  average  4oO  t.ins.  anil  are  nnted  tor  tbo 
regularity  with  whirh  they  perTorin  Ibeir  trips.     Seepage428. 

1  This  road  is  leased  to  the  T.ong  Island  K.  H.  during  the  term 
of  its  charter.  A  tunnel  2  750  feet  long,  extending  under  a  iior- 
tion  of  .\tlrintic  St..  eommeno'-s  near  the  ferry.  It  wtis  finisiied 
in  Doc.  1S41  at  a  cost  of  $00,000. 

'  la  1855  the  city  authorized  Ihegrantingof  cliarters  for  these 


368 


KINGS    COUNTY. 


transacted  there  forms  an  important  item  in  the  commerce  of  the  State.  In  the  extent  and  variety 
of  its  manufactures  Brooklyn  ranks  among  the  first  cities  in  the  country.  Located  near  the  great 
commercial  center,  it  has  become  the  seat  of  an  immense  manufacturing  interest.' 

The  U.  S.  Navy  Yard  is  located  upon  Wallabout  Bay.^  The  premises  connected  with  it  occupy 
an  area  of  45  acres,  and  are  inclosed  on  the  land  side  by  a  high  vrall.  Within  the  inclosure  are 
various  mechanic  shops  necessary  in  building  and  repairing  vessels,  a  large  and  costly  dry  dock,' two 
large  buildings  to  cover  ships  of  war  while  in  process  of  building,  extensive  lumber  warehouses, 
several  marine  railways,  and  a  large  amount  of  balls,  cannon,  and  other  munitions  of  war.  The 
Naval  Lyceum  is  filled  with  curiosities  sent  home  by  naval  officers.  Upon  a  gentle  rise,  a  little  E. 
of  the  Navy  Yard,  is  a  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital*  for  the  care  of  sick  and  infirm  seamen  belonging  to 
the  navy.  Near  it  is  an  extensive  laboratory  for  the  manufacture  of  medicines  for  the  navy.' 
The  groundybelonging  to  these  establishments  occupy  an  area  of  35  acres.  A  little  E.  of  the  Navy 
Yard,  upon  Park  Avenue,  are  extensive  temporary  Marine  Barracks. 

The  city  is  well  supplied  with  pure,  soft  water,  derived  from  Hempstead  Hook,  Valley,  and  Spring- 


city  railroads  to  the  parties  who  should  offer  to  carry  passengers  I  Hues,  without  regard  to  distance,  is  5  cents, 
at  the  lowest  price.    The  Brooklyn  City  R.  R.  Co.,  formed  Dec.    list  of  these  several  railroads : — 
17,  1S53,  received  the  grants ;  and  the  fare  upon  the  several  [ 


The  following  is  a 


Lines  of  Railroads. 


Fulton  Ferry  to  Washington  Av... 
Washington  Av.  to  Brooklyn  Av... 

Fulton  St.  to  Nostrand  Av 

Nostrand  Av.  to  Division  Av 

Flushing  St.  to  Throop  Av 

Throop  Av.  to  Division  Av 

Kent  Av.  to  BushwickAv 

Bushwick  Creek  to  Kent  St 

Kent  St.  to  Freeman  St 

Fulton  St,  to  Gowanus  Creek........ 

Gowanus  Creek  to  Thirty-Sixth  St. 

Thirty-Sixth  St.  to  City  Line „ 

Citv  Line  to  Yellow  Uook  Liine.... 
Court  St.  to  Ferry 


Smites. 


Fulton  Av. 
Myrtle  A  v. 
Fiusiiing  St. 


Hamilton  Av. 


Length 

in 
MUes. 


2.31 

1.12 

2.04 

.87 

2.67 

.14 

2.08 

.49 

.26 

1..56 

1.88 

1.17 

.56 

.93 


When  Opened, 


.Tuly,  1864. 
Sept.     " 
July,     " 
Nov.      " 
July,    " 
April,  1865. 
Oct.    1854. 
Oct.    1855. 

Aug.  1854. 
Nov.     " 
July,  1855. 
JulV.  1856. 
May.  1865. 


1  The  following  table,  derived  from  the  State  Census  of  1855,  shows  the  amount  and  kinds  of  manufactures. 


Names  op  Maitofactoeies. 


Agricultural  Implements 

Ax  and  Edge  Tools 

Bakeries 

Block 

Breweries 

Cabinet 

Camphene 

Chandlery  and  Soap 

Chemical  Laboratories 

Coach  and  W^agon 

Coffee,  Spice,  and  Mustard 

Cotton  Batting 

Dentists'  Gold 

Distdlerics 

Fish  and  Whale  Oil 

Flax  Dressing 

Fur  Dressing 

Furnaces 

Gaa 

Glass 

Glue 

Gold  and  Silver  Refining. 

Gold  Pen 

Gristmills 

Hat  and  Cap 

House  Building 

Ivory  Black  and  Bone  Manure.. 
Japanned  Cloth 


Amount 
of  Blanur 
faciures. 


$28,000 

65.000 

92,.';35 

70.000 

157.255 

251,324 

1,070,000 

229,100 

320,000 

70.660 

68,640 

70,000 

100.000 

2,499,000 

173.000 

690.000 

114,700 

900,000 

27S.OO0 

322,000 

160.000 

225,000 

112,000 

635,000 

986,000 

264,000 

106,960 

189.600 


49 

68 

52 

149 

85 

64 

42 

86 

25 

67 

2 

215 

19 

98 

30 

600 

278 

282 

7 

7 

41 

48 

666 

151 

49 

64 


-Tames  op  Manufactories. 


Lamp  and  Lanterns,,,. 

Liquorice 

Machine  Shops 

M.alt 

Marble , 

Oil  Cloth 

Oil  Mills 

Paint  and  Color 

Patent  Leather 

Planing  Mills , 

Porcelain , 

Rope 

Rosin  Oil «.. 

Safes 

Sash  and  Blind 

Ship 

Silver  Ware 

Steamboat  Finishing.. 

Steam  Pump 

Stone  Cutting 

Tin  and  Sheet  Iron 

Tobacco  and  Cigar- 

White  Lead 

Whiting 

Window  Shades 

Minor  Manufactories,,, 


Total 296    $18,494,351     1, 


No. 


Amount 
of  Manu- 
factures. 


66,000 

49.340 
276,000 

90,000 

88,000 
170,2,i0 
286,000 

60,000 
140,000 
470,600 

90.000 
2,205,153 
161.300 
115,000 
102,178 
94.5,000 

64,000 
160,000 

60,000 
256.300 
150,000 
206,620 
800,000 

60.000 

60,000 
700,446 


36 
35 

260 
12 

100 
94 
36 
16 
47 

163 

128 

677 
46 
60 
60 

640 
12 
64 
76 

334 
96 

139 

195 
17 
19 

865 


2  The  land  occupied  by  the  Navy  Yard  was  ceded  to  the 
General  Oovcrnmenf  by  the  State  in  1807. 

3  The  site  for  the  drj-  dock  was  fixed  by  Col.  Baldwin,  In  1826; 
but  efficient  work  was  not  commenced  until  1841,  It  was  subse- 
quently prosecuted  under  the  charge  of  several  engineers,  as 
follows : — 

Prof.  Edward  H.  Courtenay;  Aug.  1,  1841,  to 

Aug.  1.  1842 $35,264.25 

Gen.  William  Oibbs  McNeil;  Oct.  10, 1844,  to 

April  1, 1846 114,671.83 

W  P  S.Sahger;  Aprill,]845,  to  June23,1846.:  116,961.81 

Wm.J.Mc.\lpine:  June  23,1846,  to  Oct. 1,1849.  1,114,311,09 

'J«n,Chaa,  B.  Stuart ;  Oct.  1,1849,  to  Aug.  30, 1851  732.974.63 

Total  cost $2,113,173.61 


The  work  was  suspended  from  Aug.  1842,  till  Oct.  1844.  The 
main  chamber  is  286  feet  long  by  35  feet  wide  at  the  bottom, 
and  307  feet  long  by  98  feet  "wide  at  the  top.  Depth,  36  feet. 
The  masonry  foundations  are  400  by  120  feet,  upon  piles  driven 
40  feet  into  the  earth.  It  is  emptied  by  steam  pumps  in  4J- 
hours. — Stuart's  Nai'at  Dry  Docks  of  the  f".  S. 

*  This  building  is  faced  with  white  marble  and  presents  a 
fine  architectural  appearance.  The  average  number  of  inmates 
is  about  50. 

6  This  laboratory  has  been  gradually  formed  within  the  last 
10  years,  and  is  said  to  be  the  only  institution  of  the  kind  owned 
by  any  Government.  The  chemical  and  mechanical  arrange- 
ments are  extremely  well  adapted  to  their  use. 


KINGS    COUNTY. 


369 


field  Creeks.  It  is  brought  TJ  mi.  in  an  open  canal  and  4J  mi.  in  a  brick  conduit,  thence  pumped 
into  a  reservoir  on  Cypress  Hill,  170  ft.  above  tide,  and  thence  distributed  in  iron  pipes  throughout 
the  city.  The  conduit  has  a  capacity  of  40,000,000  gallons  per  day,  and  the  pumps  can  raiso 
10,000,000  gal.  per  day.  The  reservoir  is  20  feet  deep,  and  has  a  capacity  of  107,000,000  gals. 
The  vrliole  cost  of  the  work  is  estimated  at  §4,200,000.'  The  Fire  Departments  of  the  Eastern 
and  Western  Districts  are  separately  organized  under  special  acts.^  The  city  is  supplied  with  gas 
by  3  companies. 

The  City  Park,  between  Park  and  Flushing  Avenues  and  Navy  and  Park  Sts.,  contains  7  acres ; 
Wasliingtoii  Park,  between  Jlyrtle  and  De  Kallj  Avenues  and  Cumberland  and  Canton  Sts.,  con- 
tains 33  acres.  It  occupies  the  site  of  Fort  Green  of  the  Revolution.  In  the  newly  surveyed 
sections  several  sites  for  parks  have  been  reserved  by  the  city. 

The  City  Armory,  at  the  corner  of  Henry  and  Cranberry  Sts.,  was  erected  in  1858,  at  a  cost  of 
$14,000.     A  State  Arsenal,  on  Portland  Ave.  was  built  in  1856,  at  a  cost  of  §40,000. 

The  City  Hall,  situated  at  the  junction  of  Fulton  and  Court  Sts.,  is  a  fine  building,  faced  with 
white  marble.'  Besides  these,  there  are  in  the  city  9  banks  of  discount,  5  savings'  banks,  and  10 
stock  fire  insurance  companies. 

The  Public  Schools  are  under  the  charge  of  a  board  of  education,  consisting  of  45  members. 
The  city  contains  32  school  districts ;  and  in  1857  there  were  employed  320  teachers, — 27  males  and 
293  females.  The  whole  number  of  children  between  4  and  21  years  of  age  is  46,000,  of  whom 
35,817,  or  78  per  cent.,  attended  school  during  some  portion  of  the  year.  The  total  expenses  of 
the  schools  for  1857  was  $231,474.61.  A  normal  school  for  the  professional  instruction  of  teachers 
has  been  established. 

The  Packer  Collegiate  Institute,  for  girls,  occupies  an  elegant  building  upon  Joralemon  St.,  w. 
of  the  City  Hall.  It  was  incorp.  May  8,  1845,  as  the  "Brooklyn  Female  Academy."  Its  name 
was  changed  March  19,  1853,  in  honor  of  Mrs.  Wm.  S.  Packer,  who  endowed  the  institution  with 
§05,000.    An  astronomical  observatory  is  connected  with  it.' 

The  Brooklyii  Collegiate  and  Polytechnic  Institute,  for  boys,  on  Livingston  St.,  was  incorp.  April 
7,  1854.  It  was  established  by  a  stock  company,  with  a  capital  of  §75,000,  and  has  accommoda- 
tions for  450  pupils.  Besides  these,  there  are  in  the  city  100  private  schools  and  seminaries, 
several  of  which  are  large  institutions,  with  corps  of  professors  and  with  permanent  investments. 
The  aggregate  number  of  pupils  in  attendance  at  the  schools  is  2,600. 

The  Brooklyn  Institute  was  incorp.  Nov.  20, 1824.  It  occupies  a  commodious  building  on  AVash- 
ington  St.,  the  gift  of  Augustus  Graham.  It  has  a  free  library,  provides  free  lectures  and  lessons 
in  drawing  and  painting  for  apprentices,  and  its  rooms  are  depositories  for  books,  maps,  models, 
and  drawing  apparatus. 

The  Brooklyn  Athenceiim  and  Reading  Room,  on  the  corner  of  Atlantic  and  Clinton  Sts.,  was 
incorp.  Jan.  28,  1852.  It  occupies  a  large  three  story  edifice,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $60,000.  The 
first  story  is  used  for  mercantile  purposes,  the  second  for  a  library  and  reading  room,  and  the  third 
for  public  lectures. 

The  Law  Library  in  Brooklyn,  incorp.  Jan.  8,  1850,  is  located  at  341  Fulton  St. 

The  Naval  Lyceum,  within  the  Navy  Yard,  was  established  in  1833  by  officers  of  the  navy.  It 
has  a  fine  library  and  museum. 

The  Kings  County  Lodge  Library  Association,  at  Williamsburgh,  was  incorp.  Feb.  7,  1847. 

Among  the  societies  for  intellectual  improvement  are  the  Hamilton  Library  Association,  founded 
in  1830 ;  the  Franklin  Debating  Association,  in  1852 ;  the  Young  Men's  Association,,  in  1853  ;  the 
St.  CJtarles  Institute,  in  1854;  the  Ecclcston  Literary  Association,  in  1854;  and  the  Columbia  Lite- 
rary Association,  in  1855.  The  Great  Northwestern  Zephyr  Association,  designed  to  encourage 
native  talent  in  music,  painting,  and  sculpture,  was  organized  in  1838.     The  Philharmonic  Society 


1  This  prent  work  is  jnst  completed.  Until  a  very  recent  date 
the  city  haa  depended  upon  wells  and  cisterns  for  its  supply  of 
water.  There  were  l'.i2  pnblic  cisterns  In  the  city;  but  all  the 
supplies  were  entirely  inadequate  to  the  demand  for  water.  The 
first  agitation  tbr  a  better  supply  of  water  commenced  in  1835 ; 
but  nothing  was  accomplished  until  1W7,  when  a  report  was 
made  recommending  the  building  of  reservoirs  to  bo  supplied 
from  wells.  In  1849,  W.  J.  McAlpine  submitted  a  plan  fur  ob- 
taining a  supply  from  the  streams  flowing  into  Jamaica  Bay. 
The  question  of  prosecuting  this  work  at  public  expense  was 
repeatedly  voted  do^vn.  Several  private  companies  caused  sur- 
veys to  be  made,  and  one  of  them  acquired  titles  to  the  streams 
in  -luestion :  and  June  4.  IH^O,  the  Ojmnion  Council  subscribed 
$1.»10,U00  to  the  stock  of  the  Nassau  Water  Company.  The 
worlc  vrae  commenced  JuJy  31, 1S5C,  under  the  charge  of  James 


24 


P.  Kirkwood,  Chief  Engineer.  Feb.  11,  ISo",  the  rights  of  tho 
Nas.sau  Company  were  vested  in  the  city.  The  works  were  cola* 
pleted  in  May,  1859.  It  is  contemplated  erecting  another  reser- 
voir upon  Prospect  Hill. 

2  The  Fire  Department  of  the  Western  District,  under  the  cart* 
of  5  commissioners,  has  7  fire  districts.  22  engines,  4  hook  and 
ladder  companies,  7  hose  ct)nipanies.  and  10  alarm  bells.  The 
Fire  Department  of  the  Eastern  Difltriat  has  6  fire  districts,  13 
engines,  3  h«>k  and  ladder  companies,  4  hose  companies,  and 
2  tdarm  bells. 

3  This  building  contains  the  city  and  most  of  the  co,  offleeH. 
It  was  commenced  in  1H3(', ;  but  work  was  suspended  in  1837 
and  was  not  resumed  until  lS4tj.  It  was  completed  in  1S4S,  ia 
a  style  much  less  c«)atly  than  that  of  the  ori{;inal  design. 

»  See  pp.  747,  748. 


370 


KINGS    CODNTY. 


(if  Brooklyn,  for  the  encouragement  of  music,  was  incorp.  May  6,  1857.  The  Brooklyn  Horti- 
cuUural  Society  was  incorp.  April  9,  1854,  and  holds  annual  fairs.  The  Hunt  Horticultural  and 
Botanical  Garden  was  incorporated  April  9,  1855,  with  a  capital  of  $150,000.  It  has  a  garden  of 
16  acres. 

The  Brooklyn  City  Hospital,  on  Raymond  St.  near  De  Kalb  Avenue,  was  incorp.  May  8,  1845. 
Its  present  buildings  were  opened  April  28,  1852.  It  is  supported  by  voluntary  contributions  and 
legislative  appropriations.  The  Brooklyn  City  Dispensary,  located  at  109  Pineapple  St.,  was 
incorp.  March  5,  1850.  It  is  supported  in  the  same  manner  as  the  hospital.  The  Brooklyn  Dis- 
pensary, (Homeopathic,)  83  Court  St.,  was  incorp.  Dec.  3,  1852.  It  is  supported  by  private  sub- 
scriptions. The  Williamsburg  Dispensary,  on  the  corner  of  5th  and  South  Sts.,  was  incorp.  March 
4.  1851 ;  2,221  persons  received  medical  treatment  at  the  institution  in  1857.  It  is  supported  by 
private  contributions.  The  Brooklyn  Central  Dispensary,  473  Fulton  St.,  was  incorp.  Dec.  11, 
1855.  The  Brooklyn  German  General  Dispensary  is  located  at  145  Court  St.  The  Brooklyn  Bye 
«nd  Ear  Infirmary,  109  Pineapple  St.,  was  incorp.  March  27,  1851. 

The  Orphan  Asylum  Society  was  incorp.  May  6,  1834.  The  institution  is  situated  upon  a  fine 
site  on  Cumberland  St.  near  Myrtle  Avenue. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum  of  Brooklyn  was  incorp.  May  0,  1834.  The  asylum  for 
boys  is  located  at  the  corner  of  Clinton  and  Congress  Sts.,  and  the  asylum  for  girls  upon  Congress 
St.  near  Clinton.  The  former  has  120  inmates,  and  the  latter  250.  The  girls  are  under  the 
charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  The  support  of  these  institutions  is  principally  derived  from  the 
income  of  a  large  property  bequeathed  by  Cornelius  Heeney  and  under  the  charge  of  the  Brook- 
lyn Benevolent  Society.' 

The  Brooklyn  Association  for  Improving  the  Comlition  of  the  Poor  was  formed  March  26,  1844. 
It  numbers  about  180  visitors,  whose  duty  it  is  to  investii;ate  the  condition  of  the  poor  in  every 
part  of  the  city,  afford  such  temporary  relief  in  the  way  of  food  and  clothing  as  the  cases  may 
warrant,  and  to  refer  the  needy  to  the  appropriate  sources  for  permanent  relief.  This  association 
distributes  $6,000  to  $7,000  per  year.  The  Brooklyn  Benevolent  Society,  founded  upon  a  bequest 
of  Cornelius  Heeney,  was  incorp.  in  May,  1845.  It  is  managed  by  11  trustees,  of  whom  the 
Archbishop  of  N.  Y.  and  the  Mayor  of  Brooklyn  are  ex  officio  members.  Its  funds  are  principally 
devoted  to  the  support  of  various  Catholic  charities.  The  Brooklyn  Society  for  the  Relief  of 
Respectable  and  Indigent  Females,  incorp.  in  1851,  was  founded  by  John  B.  Graham,  who  erected 
a  fine  edifice,  corner  of  Washington  and  De  Kalb  Sts.,  as  a  home  for  the  unfortunates  named  in 
the  title.  It  derives  its  support  from  private  sub.scriptions.  The  Children's  Aid  Society  was  organ- 
ized in  Feb.  1854,  as  an  industrial  school.  The  Brooklyn  Industrial  School  Association,  under  the 
management  of  ladies  of  the  several  churches,  was  incorp.  April  4,  1854.  It  has  established 
schools  in  difi'erent  parts  of  the  city  for  girls  who  do  not  attend  the  public  schools,  and  who  are 
entirely  deprived  of  moral  training.  The  Brooklyn  Female  Employment  Society,  an  association 
of  ladies  to  furnish  employment  to  respectable  females  who  may  be  reduced  to  want,  was  incorp. 
April  19,  1854.  Its  office  and  salesroom  is  at  65  Court  St.  The  Church  Charity  Association  for 
the  relief  of  the  aged,  sick,  and  indigent  was  incorp.  in  March,  1851.  It  is  under  the  patronage 
of  the  Prot.  E.  Church. 

The  churches  of  Brooklyn  are  justly  celebrated  for  their  general  elegance  and  beauty  of  archi- 
tectural design.  Large  numbers  of  people  doing  business  in  New  York  reside  in  Brooklyn ;  and 
this  has  led  to  the  erection  of  so  great  a  number  of  churches  that  the  city  has  been  denominated  the 
"  city  of  churches."  In  1858  there  were  139  churches  in  the  city."  Connected  with  these  churches 
are  various  religious  and  charitable  societies.'     The  Freemasons,  Odd  Fellows,  and  Sons  of  Tem- 


1  Tne  other  benevolent  Catholic  societies  in  the  city  are  aa 
follows : — St.  James's  Scltnol.  Jay  St..  with  <Mi  pupils  under  the 
Brothers  of  Christian  Schools,  and  450  pupils  under  thu  Sisters 
ot  Mercy;  St.  Pajd's  Fi'muU  SchonU  with  400  pupils,  under  the 
Sisters  of  Charity;  St.  Piter's  and  Paul's  Si-hori.  with  300  girls, 
nnder  the  Sisters'  of  St.  Joseph ;  St.  Mary  Star  of  the  Sea.  n  ith  300 
girls,  under  the  Sisters  of  Charity;  (hnecnt  and  B-maU  SchorA 
attached  to  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity;  Cotivent  and 
Boat'ling  Academy  ol  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph;  Omvent  and 
Aeadetny  of  t.'te  Visitation;  St.  Francis  of  Assisi's  Conienl 
of  Sisters  of  Mercy  and  Nuns  of  the  Order  of  St.  Pmnimc.  The 
R.  C.  Beneficiul  Society  of  St.  Peter's  and  SI.  Paul's  Cliurch 
was  incorp.  June  15, 1S5S.  to  6ust4un  a  Sunday  school  and  library, 
and  support  the  siclj  arid  bury  tlie  dead.  Free  schools  are  con- 
nected witli  all  the  ihurchea  except  that  of  St. Charles. 

2  25  Prot.  E.,  22  M.  B.,  17  Presb..  16  Ref  Prot.  D.,  15  R.  C,  16 
Bap.,  10  Cong.,  and  20  consisting  of  Covenanters,  Asso.  Presb., 
Asso.  Ref.  Presb.,  Unita.,  Univ.,  Ger.  Evang.,  Moravian,  Friends, 
i(td.  Cong.,  Ind.  Metb.,  ajid  Jew. 


8  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  of  these  societies,  with 
the  dates  of  their  formation  :^ 

The  Brooklyn  City  Tract  Society 1830 

The  Brooklyn  Bible  Society 1841 

The  Prot.  Benevolent  and  Library  Association 1844 

The  Williamsburgh  Bible  Society 1845 

The  Navy  Mission  S.S.  .Association June  16, 1849 

The  Brooklyn  Female  Bible  Society 1860 

Tlio  Benev.  Asso.  of  the  Ch.  of  the  Holy  Trinity....  May  10,  1850 

The  Warren  Street  Mission Feb.    3,  1853 

The  William-sburgh  City  Mission  Society March,    1853 

The  Brooklyn  y.  M.  Chris.  .Association Dec.  — ,1853 

The  Mount  Prospect  Mission  Society Jan.  23,  1854 

The  Hope  Mission  School Mar.  16, 1864 

The  Brot.klvn  Sunday-School  Union Sept.  12,  1854 

The  Brotherhood  of  the  Prot.  B.  Churches Sept.  21,  1864 

The  Howard  Benev.  Society  (Unita.) Dec.  — ,  1864 

The  Convocation  for  Church  Kxten8iou(Prot.  E.)..  June  26,  1864 
The  VanderbUt  Av.  Mission  S.  S Mar.  16, 1858 


KINGS    COUNTY. 


371 


perance  all  have  lodges  in  the  city ;  and  besides  these  are  numerous  societies  for  mutual  relief 
and  protection.' 

Greenwood  Cemetery,  upon  the  s.  line,  is  mostly  within  the  limits  of  the  city.  It  is  owned  by  a 
joint  stock  company,  incorp.  April  18,  1838.  It  comprises  an  area  of  400  acres,  beautifully  located 
upon  the  elevated  and  broken  ground  e.  of  Gowanus  Bay.  The  grounds  were  purchased,  and 
opened  for  burial  in  1842;  and  up  to  Aug.  1858,  64,000  burials  had  been  made.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  beautiful  of  the  rural  cemeteries  connected  with  the  great  cities  in  this  country. 
The  grounds  are  laid  out  with  taste ;  and  many  of  the  sculptured  monuments  are  costly  and 
beautiful  specimens  of  art. 

The  Cemeterii  of  the  Evergreens,  upon  the  E.  line,  is  partly  in  Queens  co.  It  is  beautifully  located 
upon  a  blufiF,  affording  fine  views  of  New  York,  the  bay,  the  ocean,  and  the  surrounding  country.  It 
was  opened  for  interment  in  1849. 

The  Friends'  Cemetery  lies  near  the  city  line,  N.  of  Greenwood.  It  has  a  fine  location ;  but,  in 
accordance  with  the  principles  of  the  sect,  no  ornamental  monuments  are  allowed  to  be  erected  in  it. 

The  Citizens'  Union  Cemetery,  incorp.  in  1851,  contains  an  area  of  29  acres.  The  trustees  allow 
the  burial  of  persons  of  color  and  of  the  poor  for  no  charge  except  that  of  opening  and  closing 
the  ground. 

The  first  settlements  were  made  under  the  Dutch  Government,  in  1625,  by  several  families  of 
French  Protestants  from  near  the  river  Waal,  in  Netherlands,  who  located  near  Wallabout  Bay. 
They  named  their  settlement  "Walloons,"  and  the  bay  "Walloons  Boght,"  from  which  is  derived 
its  present  name  Wallabout.^  Little  progress  was  made  in  settlement  for  many  years ;  and  no 
governmental  organization  was  effected  under  the  Dutch.  Up  to  the  commencement  of  the  present 
century  the  population  was  principally  confined  to  several  little  hamlets  scattered  over  the  terri- 
tory now  embraced  in  the  city.  Since  1840  the  increase  of  population  and  the  growth  of  the  city 
have  been  very  rapid,  scarcely  paralleled  by  the  magical  growth  of  the  cities  of  the  West.'  Although 
possessing  a  separate  municipal  government,  in  all  its  business  and  interests  it  forms  an  integral 
part  of  the  city  of  New  York.  In  the  summer  of  1776,  New  York  and  vicinity  became  the  theater 
of  stirring  military  events.  After  the  British  had  evacuated  Boston,  Washington  marched  imme- 
diately to  New  York,  believing  that  the  enemy  would  make  this  the  next  point  of  attack.  Every 
effort  was  made  to  construct  and  strengthen  the  military  defenses  of  the  place.  Strong  works 
were  erected  in  Brooklyn  and  other  points  upon  Long  Island,  and  large  bodies  of  troops  were 
posted  there  to  defend  them.  The  British  arrived,  and  landed  their  troops  upon  Staten  Island 
July  8 ;  and  on  the  22d  of  Aug.  they  passed  over  to  Long  Island,  to  the  number  of  10,000  strong. 
They  landed  in  New  Utrecht,  whence  three  roads  led  over  the  hills  to  where  the  Americans  were 
encamped.  One  of  these  roads  passed  near  the  Narrows,  the  next  led  from  Flatbush,  and  the  third 
far  to  the  right  by  the  route  of  Flatlands.  It  was  the  design  of  Gen.  Putnam,  who  commanded 
the  American  forces,  to  arrest  the  enemy  upon  the  heights;  and  the  appearance  of  columns  of 
troops  early  on  the  morning  of  the  27th  on  the  middle  road  led  to  the  belief  that  the  main  attack 
was  to  be  made  at  that  point.  While  intent  upon  this  movement,  it  was  found  that  the  main  army 
of  the  enemy  were  approaching  from  the  direction  of  Bedford,  and  that  there  was  imminent  danger 
of  being  surrounded  by  them.  Attacked  in  front  and  rear,  the  Americans  fought  with  bravery; 
but  a  part  only  succeeded  in  gaining  their  entrenchments.  The  loss  of  the  Americans  was  more 
than  3,000  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners ;  and  of  the  enemy,  less  than  400.  Gens.  Sullivan, 
Stirling,  and  Woodhull  were  taken  prisoners, — the  last  named  of  whom  died  from  wounds  inflicted 
after  his  surrender.  The  Americans  withdrew  to  New  York  early  on  the  30th,  umler  the  personal 
direction  of  Gen.  Washington.*  The  American  prisoners  taken  at  this  battle,  and  those  taken 
afterward  during  the  war,  were  confined  in  the  hulks  of  old  ships  anchored  in  AVallabout  Bay, 


1  The  following  is  a  list  of  these  societies : — 

The  Krin  Fraternal  Ilenev.  Society fbrmed  1S35 

The  Kuieralii  benev.  Society ". 1S39 

The  Emmet  Itenev.  Society iMfty    S.  Is4.? 

T^he  Shiinirock  Benev.  Soi^iety May     6.  1J^45 

The  Laborers'  Union  Benev.  Soc. of  Williamsburgh  April  17. 1850 

The  Laborers'  Union  Benev.  Society .Ian.   .'iO.  IS.')! 

Williamsburgh  Mut.  Ben.  .Soc.  of  Operative  Masons  Juno  14. 1853 

"  Laborers' Union  Benev.  Society May   13,1853 

Operative  Plasterers'  Benev.  Society Itec.   '27, 1851 

Society  for  Visiting  the  Sick  and  Burying  the  J)eud  Oct.    l.'i,  1855 

Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians .Tuly  IN,  18ritj 

United  Brethren Aug.    8.  lS5t) 

Washington  Sick  Supporting  Association Veb.  17,  1858 

^  Among  these  settlers  were  families  named  De  liapalje,  Le 
Escuyer,  Duryee,  Le  Sillier  Cershon,  Conseillcr,  and  Murserol. — 
£eiison's  Memoir,  p.  18.    Sarah  Ue  liapalje — born  here  on  the 


7th  of  June,  1025— was  the  first  white  child  born  on  the  island. 
She  received  20  morgens  of  land  from  Peter  Minuet,  the  Dutch 
Governor.  A  tide  mill  was  built  at  the  head  of  Wallabout  Bay 
at  an  early  period.    (A  morgen  of  land  is  aiiout  2  acres.) 

8  The  following  table  .shows  the  increase  of  population  of  the 
whole  territory  included  within  the  city  since  179U : — 


1790 2,143 

ISOO 3,034 

1810 6,200 

ISIS 4,564 

18-20 8.105 

1826 11.749 


1830 17  014 

1835 27,854 

1840 42.022 

1845 7'2.7C9 

I.S.IO 1.W.757 

1856 2ll5,'2.W 


*  A  heavy  fog — very  unusual  for  the  time  of  year — completely 
enshrouded  the  island,  and  under  its  protection  the  .Americans 
silently  passed  over  to  the  N.  Y.  side.  The  Briti.-^h  did  not  dis- 
cover the  movement  until  the  rearguard  of  the  Americans  were 
beyond  the  roach  of  pursuit.— Ow1errfo7iA:'5  liev.  Inc. 


372 


KINGS    COUNTY. 


where  they  perished  by  hundreds  and  thousands  from  violence,  cold,  foul  air,  and  stinted  food.* 
E>uring  the  AVar  of  1812  a  considerable  amount  of  voluntary  labor  was  expended  in  erecting  a  line 
of  fortifications  around  the  city,  and  bodies  of  troops  were  stationed  there  to  protect  the  people. 

FJLATBIJ8II- — was  chartered  by  Gov.  Stuyvesant  in  1652,  and  its  rights  were  confirmed  by 
Gov.  Nicoll,  Oct.  11,  1G67,  and  by  Gov.  Dongan,  Nov.  20,  1685.^  It  was  recognized  by  the  State 
Government  March  7,  1788.  New  Lots  was  taken  ofi'  in  1852.  It  is  the  central  town  in  the  co.. 
lying  immediately  s.  of  Brooklyn.  A  low,  broad  range  of  hills  extends  along  the  n.  border, 
occupying  nearly  one-fourth  of  its  surface.  The  remainder  of  the  town  is  level.  The  soil  is  light 
and  sandy,  but  productive.  Flatbusb  (p.  v.)  is  a  long,  scattered  village,  extending  through 
the  center  of  the  town.  It  contains  4  churches,*  the  Erasmus  Hall  Academy,^  and  many  elegant 
dwellings.  Greenfield  is  a  thinly  settled  village  plat  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  town.  A  part 
of  Greenwood  Cemetery  lies  in  the  n.  w.  corner.  Calvary  Cemetery  lies  e.  of  the  village.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  by  the  Dutch  at  an  early  period. 

FLATIiAIVDS^ — was  incorp.  by  patent  under  Gov.  Nicoll,  Oct.  4,  1667,  confirmed  by  Gov. 
Dongan,  March  11,  1685,'  and  recognized  by  the  State  Government  March  7,  1788.  It  is  the 
s.  E.  town  in  the  co.  The  surface  is  very  flat,  as  indicated  by  the  name;  and  a  considerable  portion 
consists  of  salt  marshes  bordering  upon  Jamaica  Bay.^  Several  small,  marshy  islands  belong  to 
the  town.^  Flatlands  (p.  o.)  is  a  farming  settlement.  Canarsie^"  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet,  upon 
the  road  leading  to  the  bay.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  the  Dutch,  in  1636.  Ex-Gov.  Wouter 
VauTwiller  had  a  tobacco  farm  in  this  town  while  it  was  under  Dutch  rule.  There  are  3  churches 
in  town  ;  2  M.  E.  and  Kef.  Prot.  D. 

GRATESEWD"— was  granted  to  English  settlers,  by  patent  under  Gov.  Keift,  Dec.  19, 1645, 
and  confirmed  by  Gov.  Nicoll,  Aug.  13,  1667,  and  by  Gov.  Dongan,  Sept.  10,  1686.^^  It  was 
recognized  as  a  town  March  7,  1788.  It  is  the  most  southerly  town  in  the  co.  The  surface  is 
generally  very  level.  A  beach  and  ridge  of  sand  hills  extend  along  the  coast,  and  in  the  rear  of 
these  are  extensive  salt  meadows.  Coney  Island  is  separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  narrow 
tidal  current  flowing  through  the  marshes.^^  Oravesend,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  is  compactly 
built,  and  was  formerly  fortified  with  palisades.  It  was  the  county  seat  prior  to  1686.^*  Fnion* 
Tille  is  a  small  settlement  on  the  bay,  near  the  w.  line.  The  Cove  is  a  settlement  on  Sheeps 
Head  Bay.  This  town  wag  settled  before  1640,  by  English  Quakers,  from  Mass.  Lady  Deborah 
Moody — a  woman  of  rank,  education,  and  wealth — was  a  prominent  person  in  this  enterprise. 
The  liberal  terms  of  their  first  grant  were  not  fully  regarded  by  the  Dutch;  but  the  prudence  and 
firmness  of  Lady  Moody  eventually  secured  a  good  degree  of  respect  and  a  more  indulgent 
policy  toward  them.  In  1655  the  settlement  was  saved  from  destruction  by  North  River  Indians 
by  a  guard  from  the  city.  In  1656  the  people  petitioned  for  and  obtained  3  big  guns  for  their 
protection.     In  1659  the  town  agreed  to  give  Henry  Brazier  500  gilders  for  building  a  mill,  and 


1  The  first  prison  ship  was  the  VPhitby ;  but  this  and  another 
were  burned,  and,  in  April,1778,the  Jersey  became  the  receiving 
ship  for  prisoners.  The  llo\m  and  the  Falmouth,  anchored  near 
by,  were  the  hospital  ships;  and  upon  these  mostofthe  deaths  oc- 
curred. It  is  reported  that  ll.SOOprisoners  diod  upon  these  ships 
during  the  war.  The  persistent  barbarity  and  cold-hearted  in* 
humanity  practiced  by  the  British  toward  these  prisoners  finds 
no  parallel  in  the  history  of  civilized  nations;  and  the  horri- 
l>le  Bufferings  of  the  prisoners  in  their  foul  dungi?ons,  reeking 
with  filth,  disease,  and  the  air  of  the  charuel  house  carried 
through  months  and  years,  completely  cast  into  the  shade  the 
lesser  horrors  of  the  Middle  Passage,  or  of  the  Black  Hole  of  Cal- 
cntta.  The  graves  of  these  martyrs  of  freedom  were  uncovered 
while  grading  for  the  Navy  Yard,  in  180S.  Twenty  hogsheads 
of  bones  were  collected,  deposited  in  13  coffins, — representing  the 
13  original  States, — and.  May  26,  1S08.  they  were  buried  upon 
Hudson  Avenue,  near  the  Xavy  Yard,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Tammany  Society.  The  land  upon  which  they  were  interred  was 
given  for  that  purpose  by  John  Jackson.  Several  years  since, 
Beijj.  Romaine  inclosed  the  remains  in  a  vault;  and,  April  11, 
1851.  an  association  was  incorp.  for  collecting  funds  to  build  a 
monument.     OnderdfrnK's  Hist  Prison  Ships. 

2  Named  '■'■MidwouV^  (Mid  wood)  by  the  Dutch. 

3  In  the  first  patent^  Jan  Snedecor.  Arent  Van  Hatten,  Jo- 
hannes Megapolensis,  and  others,  were  named  as  grantO(.'s;  and 
in  the  second,  Ilev.  J.  Megapoleusis,  Cornelius  Van  Ruyven,  J.  P. 
Adrien  Hogeman,  Jan  Snedecor,  Jan  Stryker.  Frans  Barents, 
(^pListor,)  Jacob  Stryker,  and  Cornelius  Janse  Buugart  were 
pat'-ntees.— Pufen^j.  IV,  4S,  51. 

4  Kef.  Prot.  D..  (formed  in  1654,)  M.  E.,  Prot.  E..  and  R.C. 

6  This  institution,  incorp.  Nov.  17, 1787,  was  the  first  one  char- 
It^red  by  the  regents. 
*  Called  "New  Am^^orV  by  the  Dutch,  from  a  place  In  Holland. 


7  The  patentees  named  in  the  first  instniment  were  Elbert 
Elberts,  Govert  Lockermans,  Roeliffe  Martens,  Pieter  Claes,  Wm. 
Garrits.Thos.  Hillebrants.  Stephen  C^Jertsen,  and  Coert  Stevens; 
and  those  in  the  second  were  E.  Elberts,  R.  Martens,  Pieter 
Classen,  Wm.  Garretsen,  Coert  Stevens,  Lucas  Stevensen,  and 
John  Teunissen.    The  annual  quitrent  was  14  bushels  of  wheat. 

>}  These  marshes  and  flat  lands  produce  large  quantities  of 
hay. 

8  The  principal  of  these  are  Bergen  Island,  on  the  bay,  and 
Barren  Island. upon  the  coast.  Upon  the  latter  island  is  a  largo 
bone  boiling  establishment,  to  which  place  are  removed  all  the 
dead  animals  from  New  York.  The  business  is  very  extensive, 
and  large  quantities  of  hides,  fat,  bones,  hair,  and  manure  are 
annually  produced. 

10  Named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians  that  formerly  occnpied  this 
region. 

n  Named  from  the  English  town  of  this  name,  or  from  the 
deep  sounds  on  the  shore. — Thompson's  Hid.Al,  169. 

IS  The  grantees  named  in  the  first  patent  were  Lady  Deborah 
Moody,  Sir  Ht-iiry  Moody,  Bart.,  Ensign  Geo.  Baxter,  and  Sergt. 
James  Hubbard:  those  in  the  second  were  Thos.  Delavall,  Jas. 
Hubbard,  Wm.  Bound,  sr.,  Wm.  Goulding,  and  John  Tilton ;  and 
those  in  the  third  were  James  Hubbard,  John  Tilton,  jr.,  Wm. 
Goulder,  Nicholas  Stillwell,  and  Jocham  Guilock.  The  quitrent 
was  6  bushels  of  wheat. 

13  ^^Cbnijsis  IsJatid,"  from  a  family  of  that  name.  It  is  a  favor- 
ite summer  resort.  A  fine  shell  road  and  bridge  connect  it  with 
the  mainland.  It  embraces  60  acres  of  arable  land,  and  about 
half  a  dozen  families  winter  there. 

n  The  village  plat  embraced  10  acres,  subdivided  into  39  Iota 
for  houses  and  gardens.  A  street  surrounded  this  plat.  The 
land  around  was  laid  out  in  lots  diverging  from  the  central 
nucleus. 


KINGS    COUNTY. 


373 


every  man  a  day's  work,  with  a  team,  or  2  days  without,  in  building  a  dam.     The  first  church 
(Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  in  1655.     Besides  this,  there  are  in  town  2  M.E.  churches. 

RfEW  L.OTS'— was  formed  from  Flatbush,  Feb.  12,  1852.  It  lies  in  the  extreme  e.  part  of  the 
CO.  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  the  s.  half  being  occupied  by  extensive  salt  meadows.  Ea»«t 
Keiv  YorK  (p.  v.)  is  a  prospective  city  of  "  magnificent  distances"  near  the  N.  line.''  It  con- 
tains a  newspaper  ofBce,  4  churches,  a  manufactory  of  dyestufi"s  and  colors,  several  shoe  manu- 
factories, and  1,000  inhabitants.  Cypress  Hills  is  a  newly  surveyed  village  near  the  n.  e. 
corner.  The  Cypress  Ilills  Cemetery,  Cemetery  of  the  Evergreens,  and  Cemetery  of  the  Congre- 
gation of  Emanuel  (Jewish)  are  partly  in  this  town.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  about 
20  families  from  Holland  and  a  few  Palatinates,  in  1054.  In  1660  the  portions  of  lands  previously 
held  in  c<immon  were  divided  into  lots  and  assigned  to  individuals.  During  the  same  year  a  horse- 
mill  was  erected.  For  many  years  the  deacons  of  the  church  were  chosen  overseers  of  the 
poor,  and  from  1799  to  1812  the  schools  were  under  the  direction  of  church  oflicers.  A  detach- 
ment of  1,200  militia  was  stationed  here  in  the  War  of  1812,  in  anticipation  of  an  attack  by  the 
British.     There  are  5  churches  in  town.' 

IVEW  UTRECHT— was  incorp.  by  Gov.  Stuyvesant  in  1662,  by  Gov.  Nicoll,  Aug.  15,  1608, 
and  by  Gov.  Dongan,  May  13,  1686.*  It  was  recognized  as  a  town  March  7, 1788.  It  lies  upon  the 
Narrows,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  co.  A  range  of  low  hills  extends  across  the  N.  border,  and  the  re- 
maining part  of  the  surface  is  level.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam,  but  for  the  most  part  is  highly 
cultivated.  Weiir  Utrecllt,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  is  a  small,  compact  village.  In  ancient  times 
it  was  inclosed  by  a  palisade  as  a  defense  against  Indians  and  pirat-es.  Fort  Hamilton, 
(p.v.,)  near  the  U.  S.  grounds,  is  a  fine  village,  chiefly  inhabited  by  persons  doing  business  in  New 
York.  Batta  is  a  place  of  summer  resort  on  Gravesend  Bay.  Bay  Ridge  is  a  suburban  vil- 
lage adjoining  Brooklyn.  Fort  Hamilton  is  a  IT.  S.  fortification  upon  the  bluff  commanding  the 
passage  of  the  Narrows.*  Fort  La  Fayette  is  a  strong  water  battery  built  upon  Hendricks  Reef,  200 
yards  from  the  shore.*    There  are  6  churches  in  town.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    Schools,    Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Mamifactures,  of  Kings  County. 


Names  op  Towns. 


BrcMiklyn 

Flatbush 

Flatliinds , 

Gravesend 

New  Lots 

New  Utrecht. . 


Total.. 


Acres  OFLiKD. 

VAlUATIOsr  OF  1858.             j 

^ 

1 
E 

e 

•ss 

1 

Si 

•^ 

•^ 
S 

1 

1! 

$10,338,494 

e 
§ 

1.652i 

1,190^ 

J8S,136.-81 

J98.475.27  5 

2,616 

179 

1,124.142 

510,000 

l,6.34.142i 

3.2355 

1,950 

563,351 

160.625 

713.876: 

2.606 

695 

644.241 

124.850 

669,0911 

1,862 

9S31 

746,915 

162,800 

929,7151 

3.999J 

691 

1.573,067 

301.400 

1,874.467 
104.296,666! 

15,871i 

5,694} 

92.088,497 

11.608.069 

97.129 

1.659 

879 

664 

l.lSl 

1.436 


108.121 

1,721 

699 

692 

1.080j 

1,296 


"S. 


22,573 
266 
232 
200 
335 
864 


268 
226 
444 
459 


23.970  43,133  11,872     94 


10.887 
162 
17: 
127 
28: 
239 


1^ 

47,600 
678 
673 
388 
817 
816 


60,772 


Namss  of  Towns. 


Pronklvn , 

Flatlmsh 

Flatlands 

Gravesi-nd 

New  Lota 

New  Ctrecht.. 


Total.. 


Live  Stock. 

AORICnLTURAL   PRODUCTS. 

BtJSH.  OI 

Ohain. 

1 

^  • 

■s- 

DURY  PBODDCn. 

p 

IN 

,; 

? 

s 

i 

ll 

•Si 

5S 

li 

iS 

ess 

^ 

g 

t 

s 

^ 

fi 

^S 

Bl 

£^ 

is 

4,760 

14 

1,7.31 

1,808 

1.828 

31,324 

400 

28..665 

50 

361 

24 

21 S 

S.iO 

2.560 

13.462 

1.097 

84,822 

320 

62 

268 

677 

4.979 

11.380 

1,789 

103,760 

300 

126 

223 

,378 

4.182 

9.137 

683 

70.595 

ll.MO 

268 

84 

188 

316 

4.486 

10.647 

871 

30.186 

6,396 

816 

70 
370 

216 

i 

629 
3,964 

4.911 
1  22.946 

14.116 

1,343 

60,325 

4 

6.314 

2.834 

2 

90.065 

6.183 

368,243 

54 

17,425 

I- 


^This  part  of  Flatbush  was  called  by  the  Dutch  "Oswowi." 
EflBt  Woods.  A  patent  was  granted  to  40  of  the  principal  in- 
habitantfl,  March  '2n.  1617,  by  Gov.  Andross. 

*  Tliia  city  was  laid  out  during:  the  epeculative  days  of  1S35- 
36  as  a  rival  of  New  York.  A  ship  canal,  extending  to  Jamaica 
Bay.  was  to  make  the  pkice  a  port  of  entry. 

■  »  Ref.  I'rot.  D..  Prot.  E..  Ger.  Evang.  Luth.,  M.E.,  and  R.C. 

*  The  granteos  in  the  patent  of  Gov.  NicoU  were  Xira«iu8  de 
Sille,  .Tacquoa  Cortilleau.  Francis  Browne.  Hobt.  .Tncobsen,  and 
Jacob  Swart. — Pat<"nts,  IV.  ^'1:  and  those  in  the  patent  of  Gnv. 
Dongan  wtre  Jacques  Corteljour.  Ruth  Ooosten,  Ji>hn  A' i*rkerke, 
IIiMidrick  Mathyse,  Jnhn  Kiersen.  John  Van  DycU.  (tuisbcrt 
Thyeon,  Carol  Van  Dyck,  Jan  Van  Cl^-et;  Cryn  Jansen,  M<-ynd»'rt 
Coerten,  Juhn  Hansen,   Bareut  Joosteu,  Tcuiiis  Van  i'cit,  Ileu- 


drick  Van  Pelt.  Lawrence  Janf^e,  Gerrit  Corneliseen.  Dirk  Van 
.Sutphen,  Thomas  Tierkson,  Gerrit  Stoffelsen.  Peter  Thysen, 
Anthuny  Van  Pelt,  Anthony  Ducbaine.  Jan  Vandervent*r.  and 
Cornelis  Wyuhart.  The  annual  acknowledgment  was  0  bush, 
of  E'od  winter  wheat,  payable,  at  the  city  of  New  York,  March 
ih.—  Bitent!^.  V.  407. 

6  This  fortress  was  commenced  in  1S24  and  completed  in  1833. 
The  total  cost  of  the  structure  in  1  K.")8  was  $552,000.  It  mount* 
CO  hi-avy  guns,  of  which  48  bear  upon  the  channel. 

ft  Formerly  called  ^*Fort  Diam(md."  It  was  commenced  In 
ISI'2.  and  in  lfi51  it  had  cost  J341.941.  It  mounts  "^  heavy 
puns.  These  forts  were  located  and  planned  by  Gen.  Bernard, 
a  Frt'iich  engint-er. 

7  2  Prot.  E.,  2  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 


LEWIS   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Oneida,  March  28,  1805,  and  named 
in  honor  of  Gov.  Morgan  Lewis.  Slight  changes  were  made  in  the 
boundary  on  the  erection  of  Pinckney,  in  1808,  and  of  Wilna,  in 
1813.  It  lies  mostly  within  the  valley  of  Black  River,  N.  of  the 
center  of  the  State.  It  is  centrally  distant  116  mi.  from  Albany, 
and  contains  1,288  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  consists  of  the  broad  inter- 
vales which  extend  along  the  course  of  Black  River,  and  uplands 
which  rise  upon  the  e.  and  w.  The  eastern  half  rises  gradually  to 
the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  where  it  attains  an  elevation  of  about  1400 
feet  above  tide.  This  part  of  the  co.  forms  a  portion  of  the  great 
wilderness  of  Northern  N.  Y.  The  surface  in  many  places  is  broken 
by  low  ridges  or  isolated  masses  of  naked  gneiss.  The  streams 
generally  flow  over  rooky  beds,  and  in  places  through  wild  ravines.  The  soil  is  a  light,  yellow, 
sandy  loam  and  unprofitable  for  cultivation.  In  the  eastern  forests  are  great  numbers  of  picturesque 
lakes,  many  of  which  are  scarcely  known  except  to  hunters  and  fishermen.  The  streams  flowing 
from  the  plateau  are  generally  rapid,  furnishing  an  abundance  of  water  power.'  Magnetic  iron 
ore  has  been  found  interstratified  with  gneiss  and  red  specular  ore  on  the  N.  E.  border  of  the  co., 
and  along  the  margins  of  the  streams  is  an  abundance  of  iron  sand.  At  the  junction  of  the  gneiss 
and  white  limestone  in  Diana  are  a  great  number  of  interesting  minerals.^ 

The  w.  side  rises  from  the  valley  of  Black  River  by  a  series  of  terraces  to  near  the  center  of  the 
w.  half  of  the  co.,  whence  it  spreads  out  toward  Lake  Ontario.  These  terraces  are  occasionally 
broken  by  oblique  valleys  from  the  N.  w.  The  summit  is  1500  to  1700  feet  above  tide.  The  inter- 
vale along  the  river,  and  the  banks  which  immediately  border  upon  it,  are  underlaid  by  Black 
River  limestone.  Nest  above  this,  in  an  irregular  terrace,  rises  the  Trenton  limestone,  300  feet 
thick  in  the  N.  part  of  the  co.  and  gradually  diminishing  toward  the  s.  This  limestone  is  very 
compact  and  strongly  resists  the  action  of  the  elements.  In  many  places  it  presents  the  face  of 
steep  declivities  approaching  the  perpendicular,  and  the  streams  from  the  w.  plateau  generally  flow 
over  this  formation  in  a  single  perpendicular  fall.  This  rock  underlies  an  extremely  fertile  and 
nearly  level  tract  of  1  to  3  mi.  wide.  Above  it,  on  the  w.,  the  strata  of  the  Dtica  slate  and  Lorraine 
shales  rise  about  500  feet  higher,  and  from  the  summit  the  surface  spreads  out  into  a  nearly  level 
region,  with  its  waters  flowing  both  toward  the  E.  and  w.'  This  range  in  Lewis  co.  is  known  as 
Tug  Hill.  The  soil  in  the  limestone  region  is  sometimes  thin,  but  is  everywhere  productive.  Near 
the  foot  of  Tug  Hill  is  a  strip  of  stiiF  clay  a  few  rods  wide,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  co., 
and  marked  by  a  line  of  springs  and  swamps.  The  soil  upon  the  slate  is  deep  and  well  adapted 
to  grazing,  but,  from  its  great  elevation,  it  is  liable  to  late  and  early  frosts.  Upon  the  summit  of 
the  slate  table  lands  are  extensive  swamps,  which  give  rise  to  streams  flowing  into  Black  River, 
Lake  Ontario,  Oneida  Lake,  and  the  Mohawk.  Drift  deposits  are  scattered  promiscuously,  and 
sometimes  lie  at  a  great  depth,  more  particularly  upon  the  northerly  sides  of  the  oblique  valleys 
before  mentioned. 

The  streams  which  rise  on  the  summit  of  Tug  Hill  in  many  places  flow  through  ancient  beaver 
meadows,  and  upon  the  brow  of  the  hill  they  have  invariably  worn  deep  ravines  into  the  slates  and 
shales,  in  some  instances  3  or  4  mi.  in  length  and  100  to  300  feet  deep.  Chimney  Point  and 
Whetstone  Gulf,  in  Martinsburgh,  are  localities  of  this  kind.  There  are  but  few  ravines  in  the  lime- 
stone terraces,  though  the  Deer  River  Falls,  near  Copenhagen,  are  in  a  gorge  worn  in  this  rock.  A 
thin  layer  of  Potsdam  sandstone  rests  immediately  upon  the  gneiss  in  Martinsburgh.  Waterlime 
of  excellent  quality  has  been  made  from  the  lower  strata  of  Black  River  limestone,  and  veins  of  lead 
ore  have  been  worked  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Trenton  limestone  in  Martinsburgh  and  Lowville.* 
The  outline  of  the  hills  readily  indicates  the  character  of  the  underlying  rocks.' 


1  The  water  of  these  BtreamB  is  discolored  by  organic  matter, 
nianfjanefie,  and  iron,  and  imparts  to  Black  River  the  color 
which  has  given  it  its  name. 

2  Zircon,  sphene.  tabular  spar,  pyroxene,  nuttallite.  blue  cal- 
cite.  brigbt  crystallized  iron  pyrites,  Rensselaerite,  and  coccolite 
are  found  near  the  Natural  Bridge. 

*  Tile  highest  part  of  this  range  is  said  to  be  on  Lot  .'JO,  in  High 
Market,  and  is  1700  feet  above  tide.    On  a  clear  day  the  hiils  of 
Madison  co.  can  be  seen  from  this  place. 
374 


*  About  the  year  1828  a  silver  mine  was  announced  as  dis- 
covered near  Lowrille;  and  in  1837  a  lead  mine  was  somewhat 
extensively  wrought  1  mi.  N.  w.  of  Martinsburgh  Village,  antf 
several  tons  of  lead  were  made  at  a  great  loss.  More  recently  a 
company  of  speculators  tiave  bought  the  premises;  but  work 
has  not  been  resumed,  and  probatily  will  not  be.  Black  oxyd 
of  manganese  has  been  found  in  swamps  upon  the  summit  of 
Tug  Hill,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Martinsburgh. 

*  In  the  primary  region  the  upheavals  retain  their  original 


LEWIS    COUNTY. 


375 


The  s.  w.  part  of  the  co.  is  drained  by  Fish  Creek  and  its  branches,  and  the  headwaters  of  the 
Mohawk.  Salmon  River  rises  upon  the  \\\  border,  and  the  Oswegatchie  and  Indian^  Rivers  take 
their  rise  in  the  n.  e.  The  principal  tributaries  of  Black  River  are  Moose^  and  Beaver  Rivers,' 
Otter,*  Independence,  and  Fish  Creeks,  and  Fall  Brook,  on  the  e.  ;  and  Sugar  River,  Mill,  Houses, 
and  AVhetstone  Creeks,  Roaring  Brook,  Lowviile  Creek,  and  Deer  River*  upon  the  w.  Several 
mineral  springs  are  found  within  the  co.^  Spring  grains  are  readily  cultivated;  but  this  co.  is 
particularly  adapted  to  pasturage,  dairying  forming  the  principal  pursuit  of  the  people.  Droughts 
seldom  occur;  but  the  uplands  are  noted  for  their  deep  snows.  Within  a  few  years,  several  exten- 
sive establishments  have  been  erected  upon  Black,  Moose,  Beaver,  and  Deer  Rivers,  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  leather,  paper,  lumber,  and  articles  of  wood.  Two  furnaces  for  the  manufacture  of  iron 
from  the  ore  are  located  near  the  n.  border. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Martinsburgh.  A  wooden  courthouse  and  jail  were  built  here  in  1810- 
11,  upon  a  site  given  by  Gen.  Martin.''  The  present  clerk's  office  was  erected  by  citizens  of  Mar- 
tinsburgh in  1847.  Active  efforts  were  made  at  an  early  day,  and  renewed  in  1852,  to  obtain  the 
removal  of  the  co.  seat  to  Lowviile,  and  a  fine  edifice  was  built  at  that  place  for  the  courts,  in  the 
hope  of  securing  their  removal.  The  co.  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  59  acres  1  mi.  w.  of 
Lowviile.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  about  90.  The  institution  is  well  managed  in  regard 
to  economy,  neatness,  and  the  health  of  the  inmates.  The  only  internal  improvement  in  the  co.  is 
the  Black  River  Canal,  connecting  Black  River  below  Lyons  Falls  with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Rome.* 
From  Lyons  Falls  the  river  is  navigated  to  Carthage,  a  distance  of  42J  mi.,  by  small  steamers. 
Three  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.' 

This  CO.  is  entirely  within  Macomb's  Purchase,  and  includes  a  part  of  Great  Tract  No.  IV.,^ 
most  of  the  Chassanis  Purchase,"  Watson's  West  Tract, ^-  the  Brantingham  Tract,"  and  a  small 
part  of  John  Brown's  Tract,"  on  the  e.  side  of  the  river:  and  4  of  the  "Eleven  Towns,"^^  5  of  the 
Thirteen  Towns  of  the  Boylston  Tract,^^  Constable's  Five  Towns,^'  and  Inman's  Triangle^®  on  the  w. 

The  first  settlers  came  from  New  England  and  settled  at  Leyden  in  1794.     The  fame  of  the 


forms  without  change;  the  limestone  terraces  rise  by  steep 
slopes  to  their  level  summit;  and  the  slate  and  shale  hills  ex- 
hibit the  yitliling  character  of  the  rocks  which  compose  them, 
by  their  rounded  outline  and  the  gorges  which  every  spring 
torri-nt  has  worn  upon  their  sides. 

1  Called  by  the  Indians  0-je'quack,  Nut  River. 

-  Indian  name  Te-ka'hun-di-anMo,  clearing  an  opening. 

3  Indian  unme  Ne-ha-sa'ne,  crossing  on  a  stick  of  timber. 

*  Indian  name  Da-ween-net.  the  otter. 

6  Indian  name  Ga-ne/garto'do.  corn  pounder. 

8  The  largest  of  these  arises  from  the  limestone  in  Lowviile, 
near  the  line  of  Harrisburgh.  Others  rise  fmm  the  slate  upon 
Tug  Hill.  All  of  them  emit  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  and 
some  have  been  used  for  medicinal  purposes. 

'  The  CO.  seat  was  located  by  the  same  commissioners  that 
were  appomted  for  Jefferson  co.  Benj.  Van  Vleeck,  Daniel 
Kelly,  and  Jonathan  Collins,  by  act  of  1811,  were  appointed  to 
superintend  the  completion  of  these  buildings.  The  first  co. 
officers  were  Daniel  Kelly,  First  Judge ;  Jonathan  Collins,  Judah 
Barnes,  and  Solomon  King,  Judgrs ;  Lewis  Graves  and  Asa 
Bray  ton,  Asst.  Justices ;  Asa  Lord,  Coroner ;  Chillus  Doty, 
Sheriff;  Richard  Coxe,  Clerk;  and  Isaac  W.  Bostwick,  (Surro- 
gate. 

The  Black  River  k  Utica  R.  R..  now  finished  to  Boonville, 
will  probably  be  extended  through  fho  Black  River  Valley. 

•  The  Bhiclc  Rivt\r  fAizetfe  was  established  at  Martinsburgh, 

March  10,  1S07,  by  James  B.  Robbins,  and  was  removed 

to  Watertown  the  following  year.    This  was  the  first 

paper  published  in  the  State  N.  of  Utica. 
The  LetvU  Co.  Sentinel  was  started  at  Martinsburgh,  Oct.  12, 

1^24.  by  Charles  Nichols,  and  continued  1  yr-ar. 
The  Martinsburgh  Sentinel  was  commenced  in  1828  by  

Pearson,  and  continued  until  March,  1830. 
The  Le'wls  Comity  Republican  was  established  at 

Martinsburgh.  in  1831  or  '32,  by  James  Wheeler,  who 

Bold  it  to  Daniel  S.  Bailey,  its  present  publisher,  in  1837. 

It  was  removed  to  Lowviile  in  18i4,  but  has  since  been 

returned  to  Martinsburgh. 
The  Lewis  Co.  Gazette  was  started  at  Lovrville,  in  the  spring  of 

1S21.  by  Lewis  G.  Hoffman,  and  continued  2  years. 
Th&  Black  River  Gazette  was  issued  at  Lowviile.  Oct.  19.  1825, 

by  Wm.  L.  Ka'iton.    It  was  sold  in  1830  to  J.  M.  Farr,  by 

whom  it  was  continued  a  year  or  more. 
The  Lewis  Democrat  was  started  at  Lowviile.  March  25, 1834,  by 

Le  Grand  Byin2:ton.  and  continued  1  year. 
The  Norfliern  Jouriial  was  commenced  at  Lowviile, 

Feb.  14, 183S.  by  A.  W.  Clark.    It  has  frequently  changed 

own-Ts.  and  is  now  puMishfd  by  Henry  A.  Phillips. 
The  Leivls  County  Banner  was  started  at  Lowviile, 

Sept.  3.  185ti.  by  \.  B.  Sylvester,  and  is  now  published 

by  Henry  Allgoever. 
The  Lewis  Co.  Democrat  waa  commenced  Sept.  22, 1846,  at  Turin, 


by  n.  R.  Lahe.  It  was  removed  to  Martinsburgh  m 
1849  and  discontinued' a  few  weeks  after. 

TTie  Dollar  Weekly  Northern  Blade  was  stai-ted  at  Constable- 
ville  in  1854.    It  was  changed  to 

The  News  Register  in  April,  1857,  by  Merrill  &  Cook,  its  pub- 
lishers, and  was  afterward  removed  to  Carthage. 

10  This  tract  was  bought  by  the  Antwerp  Company,  and  em- 
braced an  area  of  450,950  acres.    Seep.  353. 

11  This  tract  was  purchased  by  Pierre  Chassanis  in  1792,  and 
was  supposed  to  contain  600,000  acres.  Upon  a  survey  being 
made,  it  was  found  that  the  tract  fell  far  short  of  this";  and  a 
new  agreement  was  made,  April  2, 1793,  for  210.000  acres.  A 
narrow  strip  of  this  tract  extended  along  the  E.  side  of  the  river 
to  High  Falls.  The  settlers  of  this  tract  were  principally  refu- 
gees of  the  French  Revolution.  Many  of  them  were  wealthy, 
titled,  and  highly  educated,  and,  in  consequence,  were  poorly 
fitted  for  the  hardships  of  pioneer  life.  Large  sums  of  money 
were  expended  to  render  the  settlement  successful,  but  the 
settlers  soon  after  returned  to  France  and  the  enterprise  was 
abandoned.  Kodolph  Tillier  was  the  first  agent;  and  in  ISOO  ho 
was  superseded  by  Gouverneur  Morris,  who  appointed  Richard 
Coxe  his  agent.  The  first  buildings  were  erected  near  the  present 
residence  of  Francis  Seger. 

12  James  Watson  purchased  61,433  acres,  in  2  tracts,  connected 
by  a  narrow  isthmus.    The  eastern  tract  is  mostly  in  Herkimer 

CO. 

13  So  called  from  Thomas  H.  Brantingham.  of  the  city  of  Pb  da- 
delphia.  who  at  one  time  held  the  title.  It  is  mostly  in  Greig, 
and  contains  74,400  acres. 

1*  This  tract,  which  is  popularly  regarded  as  the  whole  north- 
ern wilderness  of  New  York,  included  210.0(X)  acres  sold  by  Con- 
stable to  John  Julius  Angerstein,  and  afterward  conveyed  Ut 
John  Brown,  of  Providence,  R.  I.  It  was  divided  into  8  town- 
ships, as  follows : — 


1.  Industry. 

2.  Knterprise. 

3.  Perseverance. 

4.  Unanimity. 


5.  Frugality. 

6.  Sobriety. 

7.  Economy. 

8.  Regularity. 


It  has  been  said  that  all  these  social  virtues  are  needed  for 
the  settlement  of  this  region.  The  first  4  townships  are  partly 
in  Lewis  co. 

16  Numbers  5.9.10,  and  11, — now  Denmark,  Pinckney,  Harris- 
burgh,  and  Lowviile. 

1«  Named  from  Thos.  Boylston.  of  Boston,  who  held  the  title  ii 
few  days.  Nos.  3.  4.  8,  9,  and  13.  now  Montague,  Oscpoltx,  and 
parts  of  Martinsburgh  and  High  Market,  are  in  Lewis  co.  Th« 
whole  tract  included  817,155  acres. 

"  Those  towns  were  Xenophon,  Flora,  Lucretia.  Poinnna.  and 
Porcia,  and  now  form  parts  nf  Lewis,  High  Market,  and  Martins- 
burgh and  the  whole  of  Turin  and  West  Turin. 

18  Leyden  as  it  existed  before  Lewis  was  erected.  It  includoj 
26,250  acres,  forming  a  perfect  triansle. 


376 


LEWIS    COUNTY. 


"Black  River  country"  spread  through  Mass.  and  Conn.,  and  within  the  next  ten  years  the  country 
between  Tug  Hill  and  the  river  rapidly  filled  up  with  a  laborious,  intelligent,  and  enterprising 
population.  A  romantic  project  of  settlement  formed  by  refugees  of  the  French  Revolution,  in 
which  Arcadian  dreams  of  rural  felicity  were  to  be  realized,  was  abandoned  after  a  short  expe- 
rience of  the  real  hardships  of  pioneer  life.  Except  an  expensive  but  ineifectual  attempt  liy  Brown 
to  settle  his  tract,  toward  the  close  of  the  last  century,  little  improvement  was  made  e.  of  the  river 
until  about  1820 ;  and  this  section  has  at  present  less  than  one-fourth  of  the  population,  and  a  still 
less  proportion  of  the  wealth,  of  the  co.  A  systematic  effort  at  settlement  of  the  extreme  w.  part 
was  first  made  in  1840-46,  under  Seymour  Green  and  Diodate  Pease,  agents  of  the  Pierrepont 
estate.     Much  of  this  region  is  still  a  wilderness. 


CROGH  AW — was  formed  from  Watson  and  Diana,  April  5,  1841,  and  a  part  of  New  Bremen 

was  taken  off  in  1848.  It  lies  E.  of  Black  River,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  co.  The  surface  has  an  in- 
clination toward  the  w.  and  N.,  and  in  the  central  and  e.  parts  it  is  broken  and  hilly.  Oswegatchie 
and  Indian  Rivers  rise  in  the  town  and  flow  northerly  into  Diana ;  and  Beaver  River  forms  a  portion 
of  its  s.  boundary.  In  the  E.  part  of  the  town  are  several  lakes.  The  soil  is  light  and  sandy,  and 
along  the  river  intervales  it  is  moderately  fertile.  The  town  is  thinly  settled  along  Black  and 
Beaver  Rivers,  but  in  the  N.  and  E.  it  is  still  a  wilderness.  Crogrliail,  (p.o..)  on  Beaver  River, 
and  ^auniburg,^  (p.  o.,)  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  are  small  villages.  Indian  River, 
(p.o.,)  N.  of  the  center  of  the  town,  and  Belfort,  on  Beaver  River,  are  hamlets.  Settlement 
commenced  before  1830,  under  P.  S.  Stewart,  agent  for  Le  Ray.  Many  of  the  settlers  are  French 
and  Germans.     There  are  5  churches  in  town.' 

DENMARK.' — was  formed  from  Ilarrisburgh,  April  3,  1807.  It  lies  vr.  of  Black  River,  on 
the  N.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  descends  to  Black  River  on  the  e.  by  a  succession  of  irregular 
terraces.  Deer  River  flows  through  the  town,  and  upon  its  course  are  several  falls,  affording  an 
abundant  water  power.  The  High  Falls,  one  mi.  below  Copenhagen,  descend  160  feet,  at  an  angle 
of  about  80°,  and  are  celebrated  for  their  picturesque  beauty.  Kings  Fall,  2  mi.  below,  has  a 
descent  of  about  40  feet.  The  e.  part  of  the  town  is  covered  with  deep  deposits  of  drift.  Near  tho 
mouth  of  Deer  River  are  extensive  flats ;  and  Black  River  is  bordered  by  a  cedar  swamp.  The 
soil  is  very  fertile.  Copenliag^en,'  (p-'^-.)  on  Deer  River,  in  the  w.  part,  contains  3  churches 
and  several  manufactories.*  Pop.  505.  Denmarli,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  E.  part,  contains  about  50 
houses;  and  Deer  River,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  2  mi.  from  its  mouth,  35.' 
The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1800,  by  Jesse  Blodget.'    The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town.' 

DIAIVA — was  formed  from  Watson,  April  16,  1830,  and  a  part  of  Croghan  was  taken  off  in 
1841.  This  is  the  extreme  n.  e.  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level,  or  gently  rolling.  In  the  E. 
part  are  2  isolated  hills,  300  to  500  feet  above  the  surrounding  surface.  The  principal  streams  are 
Oswegatchie  and  Indian  Rivers  and  their  branches.  Bonaparte'"  and  Indian  Lakes,  in  the  n.  part, 
and  Cranberry,  Legiers,  and  Sweets  Lakes,  in  the  E.,  are  the  principal  bodies  of  water.  The  greater 
part  of  this  town  is  yet  a  wilderness.  The  soil  is  light  and  sandy.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  n.  and 
E.  parts,  and  coarse,  crystalline  marble,  of  a  sky-blue  tint,  on  the  banks  of  Indian  River,  near 
Natural  Bridge.  Sterlingbush,"  (p.  v.,)  in  the  w.  part,  contains  15  houses;  and  Ilari'ls- 
vilie  12.  Biancliards  Settlement  (Diana  Center  p.  o.)  is  in  the  s.  part.  Diana  is  a  p.  o., 
and  Alplua'-  is  ahamlet.     There  are  2  churches  in  town,  (Bap.  and  M.  E.,)  but  no  church  edifice. 

GREKir" — was  formed  from  Watson,  April  5,  1828,  as  "BranHngJiam."  Its  name  was  changed 
Feb.  20,  1832.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  in  the  w.,  but  it  is 
broken,  rocky,  and  in  some  places  hilly,  in  the  E.  The  principal  streams,  all  tributaries  of  Black 
River,  are  Moose  River,  Otter,  Stony,  and  Fish  Creeks,  and  Cole  and  Fall  Brooks.     The  scenery 


1  Named  in  honor  of  Col.  Geo.  Croghan.    It  is   locally  pro- 
nounced ■'  CnVjj:an ;"  its  proper  pronunci.itiou  is  *'  Crawn." 

2  Locally  known  as  the  '^Pnu^sian  .S^tf?fm^■H^" 

8  Evan.  'Asso.  or  Germ.  Meth.,  Ref.  Prot.  D..  M.  E.,  and  2  R.  C. 

*  This  town  embracoa  Township  No.  5,  or  Mantua,   of  the 
Eleven  Towns. 

6  Originally  called  "  Hungers  MiUs,^'  from  Nathan  Munger, 
one  of  the  early  settlers. 

'     •  About  1^30  the  manufacture  of  cordage  was  commenced  here 
on  an  extensive  scale;  but  it  has  recently  been  abandoned. 

7  Abel  French  was  the  first  settler  at  this  place,  and  it  was 
originally  known  as  " Frenchs  Mills" 

*  Amung  the  eaiiy  settlers  were  Freedom  Wright,  Miyor  J. 


Crary,  Robert  Howe.  Asa  Pierce,  Ichabod  Parsons,  Ijewis  Graves, 
Jonathan  Barker,  J.  Rich,  and  Andrew  Mills. 
^  Bap.,  organized  in  1810,  Cong..  M.  E..  Univ.,  and  2  Fnion. 

10  Bonaparte  Lake  was  so  called  iu  honor  of  Joseph  Bonaparte, 
who  built  a  log  house  upon  its  banks,  for  the  accommodation  of 
himself  and  friends  while  upon  hunting  and  fishing  excursions, 
during  his  stay  at  his  summer  residence  at  Natural  Bridge. 

11  Formerly  called  '*  Loiiishurg"  It  owes  its  origin  to  an  iron 
furnace  built  here  in  1833. 

12  An  iron  furnace  was  built  here  in  1847  by  Suchard  k  Far- 
vager,  Swiss  capitalists,  and  the  place  has  grown  up  around  it. 

13  Named  from  the  late  John  Qreig,  ofCanandaigua,  whoowne* 
large  tracts  of  land  in  the  town. 


LEWIS    COUNTY. 


377 


along  Moose  River  is  celebrated  for  its  wildness  and  beauty.  The  greater  part  of  the  town  is  yet 
a  wilderness.  In  the  e.  part  are  several  small  lakes,  which  constitute  some  of  the  favorite  resorts 
of  fishermen.  The  soil  is  principally  a  light,  sandy  loam.  Iron  ore  and  ocher  are  found,  and  near 
Brantingham  Lake  is  a  sulphur  spring.  Lumber,  leather,  and  paper  are  made,  and  on  Otter  Creek 
is  an  extensive  match  box  factory.  Liyonsdale,'  on  Moose  River,  3  mi.  from  its  mouth,  and 
Grelg  and  Brantingtaam,  near  Black  River,  are  p.  offices.  In  1796  the  French,  under  Ro- 
dolph  Tillier,  settled  on  the  Chassanis  Tract,  near  Black  River,  below  the  High  Falls.^  The  only 
church  in  town  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1807. 

HARRISBIIRGH^ — was  formed  from  Lowville,  Champion,  (Jefferson  co.,)  and  Mexico, 
(Oswego  CO.,)  Feb.  22,  1803.  Denmark  was  taken  off  in  1807,  and  a  part  of  Pinckney  in  1808.  It 
lies  upon  the  slate  hills  and  limestone  terraces  N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  general  inclination 
is  toward  the  N.  E.,  its  s.w.  corner  being  300  to  500  feet  above  Black  River.  Its  surface  is  gene- 
rally rolling,  but  in  the  s.  w.  it  is  moderately  hilly.  Deer  River  and  its  tributaries  are  the  prin- 
cipal streams.  The  soil  is  generally  a  rich  loam  largely  intermixed  with  disintegrated  limestone 
and  slate.  Harrisburgb,  in  the  n.  e.  part,  and  South  Harrisburgb,  in  the  s.,  are  p. 
offices.  Settlement  commenced  a  short  time  pre^'ious  to  the  War  of  1812.*  The  first  religious  services 
■were  conducted  by  Elder  Amasa  Dodge,  a  Free  Will  Baptist  minister.    There  are  4  churches  in  town.' 

HIGH  MARKET^— was  formed  from  West  Turin,  Nov.  11,  1852.  It  lies  upon  the  elevated 
slate  region  w.  of  Black  River,  a  little  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  general  inclination  is  toward 
the  s.  E.  Its  surface  is  rolling  in  the  s.,  but  broken  and  moderately  hilly  in  the  N.  and  w.  Its 
streams  are  Fish  Creek  and  its  branches,  the  principal  of  which  are  Big  and  Little  Alder  Creeks. 
The  soil  is  a  loam  mixed  with  disintegrated  slate,  and  is  best  adapted  to  pasturage.  Hlgb 
Market  (p.o.)  is  in  the  s.  e.  part  of  the  town.  Most  of  the  town  is  still  unsettled.  Among  the 
first  settlers  were  Alfred  Hovey,  L.  Fairchild,  John  Felshaw,  Sol.  Wells,  and  Benj.  Martin.'  A 
large  proportion  of  the  people  are  of  Irish  nativity.*    There  are  no  churches  in  town. 

liElVIS' — was  formed  from  West  Turin  and  Leyden,  Nov.  11, 1852.  It  lies  upon  the  elevated 
plateau  in  the  s.  angle  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  generally  rolling,  but  in  the  w.  part  it  is  broken 
and  hilly.  Its  entire  surface  is  700  to  1200  feet  above  the  valley  of  Black  River.  The  principal 
streams  are  Fish  Creek,  the  w.  branch  of  the  Mohawk,  and  the  w.  branch  of  Salmon  River.  Most 
of  the  town  is  yet  an  uninhabited  wilderness.  The  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  loam,  moderately 
fertile  and  "best  adapted  to  grazing.  Owing  to  the  elevation  of  the  town,  spring  is  late,  autumn 
early,  and  snows  deep.  West  lieyden,  (p.  v.,)  situated  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Mohawk,  in 
the  E.  part  of  the  town,  contains  about  20  houses.  Settlement  was  commenced  about  1800;  but 
the  present  inhabitants  of  the  town  are  mostly  new  comers,  of  German  nativity.'"  The  first  church 
(Presb.)  was  organized  in  1826.     There  are  now  4  churches  in  town." 

liETDEjV'^ — was  formed  from  Steuben,  (Oneida  co.,)  March  10,  1797.  Brownville  (Jefferson 
CO.)  was  taken  off  in  1802,  Boonville  (Oneida  co.)  in  1805,  a  part  of  Wilna  (Jefferson  co.)  in  1813, 
Watson  in  1821,  and  a  part  of  Lewis  in  1852.  It  lies  on  the  w.  bank  of  Black  River,  upon  the  s 
border  of  the  co.  Its  inclination  is  toward  the  E.,  the  w.  border  being  about  500  feet  above  the 
river.  Its  surface  is  undulating.  Its  principal  streams  are  Sugar  River  and  Moose  Creek."  The 
soil  is  a  fertile  loam  mixed  with  disintegrated  slate  and  limestone.  Port  Lieyden,  (p.  v.,)  on 
Black  River,  has  a  population  of  192;  Talcottville,  (Leyden  p.o.,)  in  the  center  of  the  town, 
of  50;  and  Leyden  Hill,  in  the  n.  part,  of  40.     Settlement  began  in  1794,"  under  the  owners 


1  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  this  place  by  Caleb  Lyon,  in 
1819.  He  died  in  1S35.  the  year  before  his  long  cherished  project  of 
a  State  canal  to  the  Black  River  was  authorized  by  law.  His 
Bon.  Caleb  Lyon  of  Lyonedale,  has  at  this  place  a  Gothic  villa, 
located  in  the  midst  of  picturesque  scenery  and  adorned  with 
elegant  collections  of  art. 

*  See  page  375. 

8  Named  from  Richard  Harrison,  of  N.  Y.,  one  of  the  early 
proprietors.  The  town  embraces  No.  10,  or  Platina,  of  the 
Eleven  Towns.    See  page  353. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  John  and  Silas  Rush,  Amos 
Buck.  Geo.  Stoddard,  and  Thomas  and  Gilbert  Merrills. 

'  Bap.,  Iree  Will  Bap..  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

*  This  town  embraces  Township  No.  9,  or  Penelope,  of  the 
BoylBton  Tract,  and,  parts  of  Nos.  2  and  3,  or  Flora  and  Lu- 
cretia,  of  Constable's  Towns. 

7  S.  C.  Thompson  kept  the  first  store  and  inn  and  built  the 
first  gristmill:  and  .Tames  McVickar  erected  the  first  sawmill. 
The  first  school  was  taught  by  Ada  Iligby. 

8  They  settled  in  town  soon  after  the  suspension  of  the  public 
works  In  1842. 


*  Named  from  the  co. 

^'>  Among  the  earliest  settlers  were  John  Barnes,  Medad  Dewey, 
Joel  Jcnks,  Matthew  Potter,  C.  and  J.  Putnam,  and  Augustus 
Kent. 

"  Presb.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

12  This  town,  with  that  part  of  Lewis  which  was  set  off  from 
it,  forms  the  tract  known  aa  "  Inman's  Triangle." 

18  Upon  Sugar  River  is  a  beautiful  cascade  of  about  60  feet 
fall  in  the  space  of  200  feet;  and  upon  Black  River,  a  little  be- 
low Port  Leyden.  are  a  series  of  rapids,  known  aa  "  The  Narrows,** 
where  the  banks  are  so  contracted  that  a  person  can  jump 
across  the  stream  during  the  dry  sesison. 

1*  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Wm.  Topping.  BelaButterfield, 
Brainard  and  David  Miller,  Hezekiab  Talcott,  Asa  Lord,  Wm. 

Bingham.  Theo.  Olmstead, Adams,  Allen  Auger,  J.  Hin- 

man,  L.  Hart,  and  Benj.  Starr.  The  first  birth  was  that  of 
Jonathan  Topping,  in  1794:  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Calvin 
Miller.  March  22,  1797.  The  second  mill  in  the  co.  Mfis  built 
at  Port  Leyden,  about  1800,  by  Ebcr  Kelsey  and  I'etir  W 
Aldlich. 


378 


LEWIS    COUNTY. 


of  the  Triangle.      A  Cong,  church  was  formed  at  a  very  early  period,  by  Rev. Ely,  and  a 

Bap.  church  in  1798.     There  are  now  6  churches  in  town.' 

I.O'WVII.LiE' — was  formed  from  Mexico,  (Oswego  co.,)  March  14, 1800,  and  a  part  of  Harrie- 
burgh  was  taken  off  in  1803.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Black  River,  a  little  N.  of  the  center 
of  the  CO.  Its  w.  border  is  about  400  feet  above  the  river.  Its  surface  is  gently  rolling.  A  wide 
intervale,  the  N.  part  of  which  is  swampy,  extends  along  the  course  of  the  river.  The  soil  is  a  deep, 
fertile  loam  intermixed  with  disintegrated  limestone.'  A  mineral  spring  is  found  near  the  N. 
border  of  the  town.  IiO^TVille,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  under  the  act  of  1847,*  is  situated  near  the  s. 
border  of  the  town.  It  contains  5  churches,  an  academy,^  2  printing  offices,  and  a  bank.  Pop.  908. 
West  L.otTville,  (p.o.,)  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  Stoivs  Square,  about  3  mi.  n.  of  Low- 
ville,  and  Suiitlis  Landing',  on  Black  River,  are  hamlets.  Settlement  was  commenced  about 
1797,  under  Silas  Stow,  agent  for  N.  Low,  and  the  town  was  rapidly  filled  with  immigrants  from 
New  England.*     The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  founded  in  1804.     There  are  now  6  churches  in  town.' 

MARTIWSBURGH'— was  formed  from  Turin,  Feb.  22,  1803,  and  a  part  of  Turin  was 
annexed  in  1819.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Black  River,  near  the  center  of  the  co.  It  has  an 
easterly  inclination,  its  w.  border  being  nearly  1000  feet  above  the  river  valley.  Its  surface  is 
rolling,  with  a  wide,  level  intervale  bordering  upon  the  river.  The  principal  streams  are  Martins 
and  Whetstone  Creeks.'  The  soil  is  a  deep,  fertile  loam,  except  along  the  river,  where  it  is  sandy. 
Near  the  head  of  Whetstone  Gulf  is  a  sulphur  spring.  Klartinsburgli  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on 
Martins  Creek,  near  the  center  of  the  town.  It  contains  the  co.  buildings,  3  churches,  and  a  news- 
paper office.  Pop.  210.  West  Martinsburg'ta,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  has  a  pop. 
of  164.  Glensdale,  (p.o.,)  in  the  s.  e.  part,  is  a  hamlet  of  about  12  dwellings.  Settlement 
was  begun  by  Gen.  Walter  Martin,  at  Martinsburgh,  in  1801.'°  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was 
organized  in  1804,  by  Rev.  Elijah  Norton.   There  are  7  churches  in  town." 

MOWTAGITE'^  (Mon-ta-gu')— was  formed  from  West  Turin,  Nov.  14,  1850.  It  lies  near  the 
center  of  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  inclination  is  toward  the  N.  w.,  and  its  elevation  is  1200  to 
1600  ft.  above  tide.  Its  surface  is  generally  rolling,  but  in  some  places  it  is  broken  and  hilly.  It 
is  watered  by  numerous  small  streams,  flowing  into  Deer  River.  The  n.  branch  of  Salmon  River 
flows  through  the  s.  w.  corner.  Upon  lot  22,  in  the  n.  w.  part,  is  a  sulphur  spring.  The  soil  is  a 
moderately  fertile,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Gardners  Corners  (Montague  p.  o.)  is  in  the 
N.  part  of  the  town.  Settlement  commenced  in  1846,  under  the  agency  of  Diadate  tease,  agent 
of  the  Pierrepont  estate.     There  are  2  churches  in  town;  M.  E.  and  Bap. 

IVEW  BREMEIV— was  formed  from  Watson  and  Croghan,  March  31,  1848.  It  lies  upon 
the  E.  bank  of  Black  River,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  w.,  but  rolling, 
broken,  and  rocky  in  the  E.  It  is  watered  by  several  tributaries  of  Black  River,  the  largest  of  which 
is  Beaver  River,  on  the  n.  boundary.  The  E.  part  is  sparsely  settled.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy 
loam.  Dayansville''  (New  Bremen  p.  o.)  is  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town.  Pop.  200.  Settlement 
was  commenced  in  1798,  by  Samuel  Illingworth  and  some  French  families."  In  the  w.  part  is  a 
settlement  of  Germans,  and  in  the  N.  one  of  French.     There  are  4  churches  in  town.'" 

OSCEOLiA'" — was  formed  from  West  Turin,  Feb.  28,  1844.     It  lies  upon  the  high  region  in 


'  2  Cong.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Calv.  Meth.,  TJniv. 

*  This  town  embraces  No.  11  of  the  Eleven  Towns.  It  was 
named  from  Nicholas  Low,  of  N.  Y.,  the  early  proprietor. 

8  In  the  Trenton  limestone  are  veins  of  the  siilphurets  of  lead 
and  iron,  intermixed  with  calcite  and  fluor  spar. 

<  The  charter  was  contirmed  Feb.  27,  1858.  In  1852-53  active 
efforts  were  made  to  secure  the  location  of  the  CO.  seat  in  this 
village;  and  a  fine  brick  building,  now  used  as  a  town  hall,  was 
erected  in  anticip,ation  of  its  removal. 

f>  The  Lowville  Academy  has  from  the  first  maint,iined  a  high 
rank.    Its  50th  anniversary  was  celebrated  .July  22.  1858. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Jonathan  Kogers.  Ehud  Ste- 
phens, Moses  Waters,  A.  Wilcox.  B.  llillilian,  Daniel  Kelley, 
Isaac  Perry,  J.  H.  and  S.  Leonard.  John  Schull.  Wm.  Darrow, 
Jaa.  Bailey,  John  Bush,  A.  F.  and  J.  Snell,  Bavid  and  Benj.  Rice, 
and  Ebenezer  Hills.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Harriet  Ste- 
phens. The  first  inn  was  kept  by  Capt.  Rogers,  and  the  first 
store  by  Fortunatus  Eager.    The  first  mill  was  built  by  D.  Kelley, 

'  2  Bap.,  Cong.,  Friends,  M.  E.,  and  Prot.  E, 

8  This  town  embraces  Township  No,  4,  or  Cornelia,  of  the 
Boylston  Tract,  and  Porcia  and  a  part  of  Lucretia,  of  Constable's 
Towns. 

8  Martins  Creek  was  formerly  called  "Poarivg  Brook."  At 
Chimney  Point,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  this  stream  has  worn 
a  channel  through  the  shale  and  Utica  slate,  for  2  mi,,  to  the 


depth  of  200  to  250  feet.  This  remarkable  chasm  above  the 
"  Chimney"  is  tortuous,  with  precipitous  sides,  and  in  many 
places  is  so  narrow  that  the  stream  occupies  the  entire  space 
between  the  ledges.  Whetstone  Gulf,  upon  Whetstone  Creek, 
in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  is  a  similar  ravine. 

^0  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Elijah  Baldwin.  5Irs.  Richard 
Arthur  and  sons,  Reuben  Pitcher  and  sons,  N.  Cheney,  Eli  Ro- 
gers, Ehud  Stephens,  N.  Alexander,  Stephen  Searls,  Joseph 
Sheldon,  ChiUus  Doty,  A,  Conkey,  D,  Ashley,  g.  Gowdy,  C,  and 
D.  Shumway,  and  J,  and  0,  Moore.  W.  Martin  built  'the  first 
mills,  and  in  1SU7  a  paper  mill. 

n  2  M.  E.,  2  Union.  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  Second  Advent. 

12  This  town  embraces  Township  \o.  3,  or  Shak.«peare,  of  the 
Boylston  Tract,  It  was  named  from  the  daughter  of  U.  B. 
Pierrepont,  the  proprietor, 

t8  This  place  was  laid  out  in  1826,  by  Charles  Dayan, 

14  Several  of  the  French  company  located  at  the  head  of  navi« 
gation  on  Beaver  River,  where  they  designed  to  build  a  city. 
.\  sawroill  was  built,  a  half-dozen  houses  were  erected,  and  the 
plHCe  received  the  name  of  *%'astoi~fiUe."  Jacob  Obesier  and 
Kodolph  Tillier  were  engaged  in  this  project. 

16  Bap..  M.  B.,  Evan.  Luth..  and  R.C. 

1''  This  town  embraces  Townships  13  and  8,  or  Ruraliella  and 
llyl>la,  of  the  Boylston  Tract,  It  was  named  from  the  cele- 
brated Seminole  cliief. 


LEWIS    COUNTY. 


379 


the  s.  w  corner  of  the  co.  Its  general  inclination  is  toward  the  s.  w.  Its  surface  is  undulating, 
and  the  highest  points  are  1500  to  1600  ft.  above  tide.  The  streams  are  branches  of  Fish  Creek 
and  Salmon  River.  The  soil  is  a  moderately  fertile,  sandy  loam.  Nearly  all  the  town  is  yet  a 
wilderness.  Osceola  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  s.  part.  Settlement  was  commenced  about  1838,  by 
Seymour  Green,  agent  for  Pierrepont.     There  are  2  churches  in  town,  M.  E.  and  Ind. 

PIRICKKEY' — was  formed  from  Ilarrisburgh  and  " Han-isoii,"  (now  Rodman,  Jefferson  co.,) 
Feb.  12,  1808.  It  lies  upon  the  highlands  in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  co.,  and  has  an  average  eleva- 
tion of  1300  ft.  above  tide.  It  forms  the  watershed  between  Deer  River  and  Sandy  Creek,  the 
head  branches  of  which  constitute  the  principal  streams.  A  series  of  swamps  extend  along  the 
K.  border.  In  the  town  are  several  mineral  springs,  one  of  which  has  acquired  considerable  local 
notoriety  for  its  medicinal  qualities.  The  soil  is  a  light,  slaty  loam  upon  the  hills,  and  a  deep, 
black  loam  in  the  valleys.  PincUney,  Hfew  Boston,  Barnes  Corners,  and  Crouks 
Corners  are  p.  offices.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  1804,  under  Abel  French,  agent  of  Mr. 
Henderson.^     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1810.     There  are  now  4  churches  in  town.' 

TURINT — was  formed  from  Mexico,  (Oswego  co.,)  March  14,  1800.  Martinsburgh  was  taken 
off  in  1803,  another  portion  was  annexed  to  Martinsburgh  in  1819,  and  West  Turin  was  taken  off 
in  1830.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Black  River,  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  w.  boundary  is 
800  to  1000  ft.  above  the  river,  giving  to  the  town  an  easterly  inclination.  The  surface  is  level, 
except  near  the  w.  border,  where  it  ascends  to  the  slate  hills,  and  in  the  E.,  where  it  descends  to  the 
river  intervale.  The  soil  is  generally  a  deep,  fertile  loam  mixed  with  disintegrated  slate  and  lime- 
stone. Turin,  (p.  v.,)  situated  in  the  s.  part,  contains  3  churches  and  several  manufactories.* 
Pop.  438.  Houseville,^  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n  part,  has  a  pop.  of  90.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
about  1797,  by  Nathaniel  Shaler,  of  Middletown,  agent  of  Wm.  Constable  and  part  owner,  and  the 
town  was  rapidly  settled  by  immigrants  from  New  England.'  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was 
organized  Sept.  19,  1802,  by  Rev.  John  Taylor.    There  are  6  churches  in  town. 

WATSOar'— was  formed  from  Leyden,  March  30,  1821.  "Brantingham"  (now  Greig)  was 
taken  off  in  1828,  Diana  in  1830,  a  part  of  Croghan  in  1841,  and  a  part  of  New  Bremen  in  1848. 
It  lies  upon  the  E.  bank  of  Black  River,  and  extends  from  near  the  center  of  the  co.  to  its  E.  border. 
Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  rolling  in  the  w.  part,  but  in  the  central  and  E.  parts  it  is  more  hilly  ana 
broken.  It  is  watered  by  Beaver  River,  Independence  Creek,  and  several  smaller  branches  of 
Black  River. "  The  central  and  E.  parts  are  yet  covered  with  unbroken  forests ;  and  a  large  tract 
upon  the  extreme  e.  border  constitutes  a  portion  of  the  far  famed  "John  Brown's  Tract."  In  the 
recesses  of  these  forests  are  numerous  beautiful  lakes  that  are  scarcely  known  except  to  hunters. 
Chases  Lake,  on  the  s.  border,  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  scenery  and  is  much  visited  by  tourists. 
The  soil  is  light  and  sandy.  Watson,^  (p.  o.,)  situated  on  Black  River,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town, 
is  a  hamlet.  The  early  settlers  located  along  the  river,  and  settlements  were  not  made  in  the  interior 
until  about  1815.'°  The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  organized  in  1820.  There  are  3  churches  and  1 
church  edifice  (M.E.)  in  town." 

■WEST  TIJRIIV— was  formed  from  Turin,  March  25,  1830.  Osceola  was  taken  off  in  1844, 
Montague  in  1850,  and  High  Market  and  a  part  of  Lewis  in  1852.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  bank  of 
Black  River,  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  inclination  is  toward  the  E.,  its  surface  rising  by  suc- 
cessive terraces  from  the  intervale  of  Black  River  to  the  hills  800  feet  above.  Its  streams  are 
Sugar  River,  which  flows  easterly  through  near  the  center  of  the  town,  and  numerous  smaller 
creeks  and  brooks.  Lyons  Falls,  upon  Black  River,  plunge  over  a  ledge  of  gneiss  rock  63  feet  in 
height,  at  an  angle  of  about  60°."    These  falls  form  an  excellent  water  power  but  little  used. 


'  By  the  act  organizing  this  town.  Township  No.  9.  or  ITandel. 
of  the  Eleven  To^vnB.  was  annexed  to  Lewis  co.  The  town  was 
named  in  honor  of  Charles  C.  Pinckney,  a  statesman  of  S.  C. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  J.  Penington,  Phineas  Wool- 
worth,  N.  E.Moody,  Stephen  Hart,  James  Ilnnt,  and  Stephen 
Armstrong.  Frencii  was  succeeded  in  1805  by  Jesse  Hopkins, 
and  he  by  I.  W.  Bostwick,  a  few  years  after.  Owing  to  its  great 
elevation,  the  town  is  liable  to  deep  snows,  and,  in  consequence, 
it3  settlement  was  retarded  until  a  recent  date.  Since  the  in- 
troduction of  dairying,  it  haa  become  an  important  town  for  the 
jiroduction  of  the  staple  products  of  the  county, — butter  and 
cheese. 

3  The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town ;  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and 
K.r. 

*  There  are  3  gristmills  upon  Mill  Creek,  near  Turin,  and  a 
woolen  factory  1  mi.  below  the  village. 

^  ^auod  from  it«  founder,  Eleazar  Uoase. 


•  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Enoch  .Johnson.  Zscchene 
and  John  Higby,  Levi,  Elijah,  Justus,  and  Reuben  Woolworth, 
Thos.  Kilham,  Ezra  Clapp,  C.  Williston.  Kleazar  House.  7..  Hush, 
and  W.  and  O.  Shepherd.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Cynthia 
Clapp ;  and  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Levi  Collins  and  Marj 
Bush. 

'  ;i  M.  E..  2  Presb.,  and  0.  S.  Bap. 

8  Named  from  James  Watson,  of  N.  Y.,  former  proprietor. 

8  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Eliphalet  Edmonds.  Isaac  ana 
Jaboz  Puffer,  Jonathan  Bishop,  David  Durfy,  Ozem  Bush,  J. 
Beach,  and  H.  Stone. 

to  A  bridge  was  built  across  the  river  near  this  place  in  182N 
It  has  recently  been  rebuilt  at  the  joint  expense  of  the  State  and 
town. 

"  Bap.,  Seventh  Day  Bap.,  and  M.  E. 

12  Formerly  called  "  High  FuUs,"  The  rock  has  been  but 
slightly  worn;  but  the  iron  which  enters  into  its  compositioa 


380 


LEWIS    COUNTY. 


The  soil  is  a  deep,  fertile  loam  upon  the  river  valley,  and  a  slaty  loam  upon  the  w.  hills.  Con- 
Stableville*  (p.  v.)  is  situated  upon  Sugar  River,  at  the  foot  of  the  Slate  Hills,  near  the  center 
of  the  town.  Pop.  472.  Colllusville,^  (?•'''•!)  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches 
and  a  population  of  about  200.  Liyons  Falls/  (p.  o.,)  on  Black  River,  is  a  hamlet.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  at  Constableville,  in  1796,  by  Nathaniel  Shaler.*  There  are  9  churches  in 
town.^ 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,    Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schools,  Live 
Slock,  Arjriculiural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Lewis  County. 


NAWRfl  OP  Towns. 

Acres  OF  Land.   | 

ViLDiTlON  OF  1868. 

PoPtlLATION.  1 

1 

•5- 

1 

1 
1 

300 
489 
227 
245 
243 
1.82 
226 
399 
421 
429 
118 
313 
110 
232 
349 
183 
462 

Schools. 

'2 

i 

1 

1 
1 

a 

1 

If 

*« 

e 

5 

1 

o 

702 

1,219 

fr»7 

MS 

679 

632 

657 

930 

1,096 

1,325 

269 

783 

262 

493 

907 

422 

1,183 

1 

^1 

il 

5.524 

21.9.61, 

6.747, 

4.S54 

12.4101 

7,718 

4.099 

13.670 

16.230 

22.024 

16.669 

8.030 

1,029 

11,266 

13,720 

4.705 

15.400 

100.361 

9,0974 

84.9634 

S1.4sli 

10.264 

28.966 

14,638 

6,937 

6,724 

20.718 

9,999 

25.6.S6J 

61.9924 

>■     13,1504 

6.642 

I       8.546 

8,693 

$146,905 
483,101 

86,467 
164,088 
198,993 

66.822 

77.629 
361.466 
471,9.57 
461,768 

28.387 
140.504 

68.087 
170.113 
262.698 
113.013 
315.696 

$.i;i.6S9 

93,018 

2.068 

3.660 

22.600 

500 

4,900 

62,600 

150,626 

49,700 

200 

36,270 

200 

10,100 

30,460 

14,036 

74,600 

J199,494 
676.119 

88.625 
15S.248 
221,493 

67.322 

82.629 
404,066 
622,582 
601,4.58 

28,687 
175,774 

68.287 
180,213 
283.048 
127,048 
390.195 

829 

1,162 

630 

660 

661 

693 

600 

926 

1.048 

1.164 

312 

864 

261 

646 

841 

608 

1,295 

364 
490 
222 
241 
239 
181 
212 
369 
368 
462 
116 
306 
104 
123 
344 
173 
424 

4  707 

296 
430 
190 
192 
113 
189 
219 
277 
342 
393 
120 
300 
107 
207 
287 
186 
251 

11 
12 

9 

8 
11 

7 

8 
14 
12 
23 

7 
10 

6 
10 
12 

9 
10 

734 
899 
461 
468 
611 
600 
678 
707 
682 
1,053 
228 
693 
256 
560 
760 
381 
79S 

Deumark 

Ilarrisburgh 

Leydoa 

Martiusburgh 

West  Turin 

Total 

184.540 

L  497.14.13 

3.677.173 

697.816 

4.174.988 

I9  8nn 

19  4-Tq 

4Q07 

4  098 

1T9 

10.358 

Names  of  Towns. 

LrrE  Stock.                 | 

AOKICOLTUEAL  PE0BCCT8. 

CTS. 

5" 

a 
11 

C2 

1 

III 
111 

i 

§■ 
« 

1 
354 
727 
227 
280 
484 
277 
182 
875 
807 
978 
61 
491 
131 
466 
803 
280 
931 

BasH.  OP  Graih.   i 

11 

St. 

II 

Daisy  Prodc 

1 

&> 

1 

0,     S 

Croghan 

Denmark 

120 
648 
179 
223 
366 
163 
117 
446 
494 
712 

65 
177 

60 
323 
412 
164 
449 

680 

1,034 

401 

319 

rai 

608 
340 
790 
664 

1,167 
177 
625 
282 
610 
843 
382 

1.144 

26f 

2.16C 

38- 

42 

1,32( 

76 

60 

2.1& 

2,37 

2,42 

16 

64. 

16 

1,14 

1,78 

40 

2,05 

170 

1,791 

317 

188 
)       684 
i       458 
)         88 

1  944 
630 

r    1,365 
i         17 
i       403 
•       160 
S       8,S4 

4  667 

2  392 

5  1,038 

3.676 

1,257; 

148 

1,022 

141 
43 

2,209 

978 

31 

3,486 

40 

209 

487 

1,603 

38 

12,006 

44,673 

14,6424 

20,424 

28,14Si 

19,124i 

11,724 

62,1354 

3S,6la 

i    72,123 
8.092 

,    18,460 
7.349 
38,218 
46,373 
17,130 
68.719 

1.460 
6.487 

636 
1,1474 
4,084 
2,3534 
1,926 
5,566 
4,665 
6,0474 

4864 
1.386 

730 
4.1174 
4.403 
1,0364 
6,183 

14.363 
16.940 

9.638 
10,986 
11,029 
17,850 

8.011 
23.130 
13.047 
25.896 

7,699 
17,271 

4,829 
13,636 
11.694 

8.074 
29.069 

40 

8,671 

78 

236 

3,337 

36 

210 

7,600 

18.939 

16,088 

112 
183 

1.202 

11,013 

164 

4,391 

33.212 

183,849 

36,900 

41,240 

130,111 

64,761 

34,824 

178,566 

123,103 

164,966 

8,306 

68,437 

16,090 

109,480 

168,731 

43,030 

189,020 

237,796 

624 

60.60(1 

147.79S 
24.200 
6:'..40ll 
204.6(HI 
497..'.U 
332,327 

7,200 

67,180 
124,846 

26,600 
113,167 

259 
980 
839 
380 
681 1 

1.7964 
104 
7604 
759 

1.438 
437 
043 
163 

1,0654 
100 
718 

1.408 

Harrisbnrgh 

High  Market 

'I'otal 

6.097 

10..697 

19,16 

1  10.086 

8  3.6,1 

115,228?  1 606.7  49i  1 

61,802 

243,841 

72,198 

1,676,515 

1,896.741 

12,801} 

has  gradually  dissolved,  and  the  precipitous  banks  at  and  below 
tue  tails  are  so  colored  by  it  that  they  seem  tu  have  been  painted 
by  art :  hence  they  are  called  the  "  Wctured  Itocke.'' 

1  Rallied  Irom  \\  m.  Cunstaljle,  son  of  the  original  proprietor. 

3  Named  from  Homer  Collins. 

^  s  amed  from  Caleb  Lyon,  lirst  resident  agent  and  proprietor 
of  iLe  Urautiugham  Tract. 


*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Jas.  and  Seth  Miller,  E,  Cro- 
foi)t.  W.  Hubbard.  John  Ives,  Levi  Hough.  H.  Scrautoo,  AVil- 
iiird  Allen.  Horatio  G.  Hough,  J.  Kockwell,  aud  Jonathan  Col- 
lius.  Kx  Bishop  L.  S.  Ives  is  a  son  of  Levi  Ives,  formerly  of 
this  town. 

&  3  Union,  3  R.  C,  2  M.  E.,  and  Prot.  E. 


LIVINGSTON  COUNTY, 


This  county  was  formed  from  Genesee  and  Ontario,  Feb.  23,  1B21. 
A  portion  of  Allegany  was  annexed  in  1846,  and  aaother  portion 
in  1856.  It  occupies  a  nearly  central  position  in  the  w.  half  of  the 
State.  It  is  centrally  distant  205  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains 
655  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  an  upland,  rolling  in  the  N.  and  hilly  in 
the  s.  The  hills  upon  the  s.  border  are  1,000  to  1,200  ft.  above  the 
valleys  and  2,000  to  2,200  ft.  above  tide.  From  their  summits  the 
surface  declines  toward  the  n.,  the  extreme  n.  border  being  500  to 
to  800  ft.  above  tide.  The  slopes  are  usually  smooth  and  gradual, 
except  along  the  banks  of  the  streams ;  and  nearly  every  acre  of 
land  in  the  co.  is  arable. 

The  streams  generally  flow  in  deep  ravines.  They  are  usually 
bordered  by  steep,  and  sometimes  precipitous,  hillsides.  The  principal  stream  is  Genesee  Kiver, 
flowing  N.  E.  through  the  w.  part  of  the  co.  In  the  s.  its  course  is  between  steep  and  often  precipi- 
tous banks,  but  further  N.  it  is  bordered  by  broad  and  beautiful  intervales.'  Its  tributaries  are  Cone- 
Bus  Creek,  Fall  Brook,  and  Canaseraga  Creek,  from  the  E.,  and  Beards,  White,  and  several  other 
small  creeks,  from  the  w.  Coshaqua  Creek  is  a  tributary  of  the  Canaseraga.  Hemlock  and 
Honeoye  Outlets  flow  along  the  e.  border,  and  a  few  tributaries  of  the  Susquehanna  take  their  rise 
in  the  s.  part.  Conesus  Lake,  near  the  center,  and  Hemlock  Lake,  along  the  e.  border,  occupying 
long,  narrow  valleys,  are  the  only  considerable  bodies  of  water. 

The  underlying  rocks,  commencing  upon  the  N.  border,  are  the  waterlime  of  the  Onondaga  salt 
group,  the  Onondaga  and  corniferous  limestones,  Marcellus  and  Hamilton  shales,  Genesee  slate,  and 
Portage  shales  and  sandstones.  The  limestones  of  the  N.  are  extensively  quarried  for  lime  and 
building  stone  ;  and  the  sandstones  of  the  Portage  group  furnish  excellent  building  stone  and  flag- 
ging. The  soil,  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  these  rocks,  in  all  the  elements  of  fertility  has  no 
superior  in  the  State.  Until  the  commencement  of  the  ravages  of  the  midge,  wheat  was  the  staple 
production ;  but  it  has  been  principally  superseded  by  the  spring  grains.  Broomcorn  is  largely 
cultivated  along  the  Genesee  Flats ;  and  considerable  attention  is  paid  to  cattle  and  sheep  growing 
and  dairying  in  the  s.  part. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  Geneseo.  The  courthouse  is  beautifully  situated 
upon  a  fine  lot  in  the  n.  part  of  the  village.'  The  jail,  in  the  rear  of  the  courthouse,  is  an  old 
building,  without  means  of  ventilation,  and  it  is  impossible  properly  to  classify  the  prisoners.  The 
clerk's  office  is  a  small  fireproof  building  upon  the  courthouse  lot.  The  co.  poorhouse  is  located 
upon  a  farm  of  118  acres  about  1  mi.  E.  of  Geneseo.  Its  average  number  of  inmates  is  107,  suj>- 
ported  at  a  weekly  expense  of  75  cts.  each.  The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  §2,000.  A  school  id 
taught  9  or  10  months  in  the  year.     The  house  is  well  constructed  and  is  very  well  kept. 

The  Genesee  Valley  Canal  extends  along  the  valley  of  the  Genesee  from  the  n.  bounds  of  the  co. 
to  Mt.  Morris ;  thence  it  turns  s.  E.  to  Coshaqua  Creek  and  up  the  valley  of  that  stream  to  Nunda, 
and  thence  s.w.  to  the  Genesee  at  Portage,  where  it  crosses  the  river  upon  a  wood  aqueduct  sup- 
ported by  stone  piers.  The  Dansville  Branch  Canal  extends  from  Mt.  Morris  s.  E.  to  Dansville.' 
The  Canandaigua  &  Niagara  Bridge  Branch  of  the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.  extends  through  Cale- 
donia. The  Bufialo  &  N.  Y.  City  R.  R.  extends  s.  e.  through  Portage  and  Nunda.  The  Bufi"alc, 
New  York  &  Erie  R.  R.  extends  s.  e.  through  Caledonia,  Avon,  Livonia,  Conesus,  and  Springwater. 
The  Genesee  Valley  R.  R.  extends  s.  through  Avon,  Geneseo,  and  Groveland  to  Mt.  Morris. 
Five  newspapers — one  daily,  three  weekly,  and  one  monthly — are  now  published  in  the  co.* 


1  The  Genesee  is  subject  to  an  annual  overflow,  the  w^ter 
often  covering  the  entire  flats  which  border  opon  it.  This  fre- 
quently causes  destruction  of  property;  but  it  is  a  source  of  con- 
stant fertility  to  the  soil. 

*  The  first  CO.  officers  were  Moses  Ilayden,  first  Jtidge :  Jamea 
Oanson,  County  Clerk;  OideOQ  T.  Jenkins,  Sfieriff;  and  James 
Rosebur^h,  Surrogate. 

*  1*he  liighest  levd  of  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal  within  this 
CO.  is  622  feet  above  the  Erie  Canal  at  Rochester  and  1,132  feet 
above  tide. 

*  TJte  Jirisrow  Advertiser  and  Genesee  Farmer,  the  fii-st  paper 

published  in  the  Co..  was  commenced  at  Moscow  in  1S17 
bv  llezeluah  Ripley.    About  1821  it  passed  into  the 


bands  of  Jamee  Percival,  who  removed  it  to  Qeoeseo 
and  changed  the  name  to 

The  Livingston  Rfgister.  In  1829  Anson  M.  Weed  and  Allen 
Warner  became  proprietors:  and  it  was  successively 
published  by  Warner,  Percival,  EUas  Clark,  Wm.  fl. 
Kelsey,  and  Richard  M.  Miel.  In  1835  Miel  became  sole 
proprietor.  He  was  soon  after  succeeded  by  D.  S.  Curtis. 
In  18.37  its  publication  was  suspended.  It  was  soon 
after  revived,  and  published  for  a  short  time  by  HuglL 
Harding.  He  was  succeeded  by  John  Kempshall,  who 
published  it  until  1840,  when  it  was  discontinned. 

The  Livinqslon  Journal  was  commenced  at  Geneseo  in  1822  by 
Chauncey  Morse.    Asahel  Harvey  was  subsequently 

381 


382 


LIVINGSTON    COUNTY. 


Before  the  advent  of  the  -vrhitep,  this  co.  -was  the  seat  of  several  of  the  principal  villages  of  the 
Seneca  Nation.  Considerable  advances  had  been  made  in  the  arts  of  civilization,  and  a  large 
quantity  of  land  had  been  cleared  and  was  cultivated.  Corn,  apples,  and  peaches  vrere  extensively 
produced.  The  orchards  were  destroyed,  and  the  whole  region  was  laid  waste,  by  Gen.  Sullivan, 
in  1779.  The  co.  was  included  in  the  Phelps  and  Gorham  Purchase,  and  in  the  Morris  Reserve.* 
The  latter  tract  was  subdivided  into  several  tracts,  generally  distinguished  as  separate  patents. 

In  Sept.  1797,  a  treaty  was  held  with  the  Indians  at  Geneseo,  at  which  they  ceded  all  their 
lands  in  this  co.  to  the  whites,  except  several  small  reservations.^  The  first  settlements  were  made 
about  1790,  previous  to  the  extinguishment  of  the  Indian  title.  The  most  prominent  of  the  early 
settlers  M'ere  James  and  "Wm,  Wadsworth,  from  Durham,  Conn.,  who  located  at  Geneseo,  June  10, 
1790.  They  were  large  landowners,  and  by  a  wise  and  liberal  policy  they  greatly  facilitated  the 
settlement  of  the  surrounding  region.  The  greater  part  of  the  early  settlers  were  immigrants  from 
New  England.     York  and  Caledonia  were  settled  principally  by  a  colony  of  Scotch. 

AVOIV — was  formed,  as  "  Sartford"  in  Jan.  1789.  Its  name  was  changed  in  1808.  Rush  was 
taken  off  in  1818.  It  is  the  center  town  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  and 
moderately  hilly  upland,  terminating  in  fiats  on  Genesee  River,  Deming  Hill,  on  Lot  192,  is 
the  highest  point  in  town.  The  principal  stream  is  Conesus  Creek,  or  Outlet,  a  tributary  of 
Genesee  River.  The  soil  upon  the  uplands  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  clay, 
and  on  the  flats,  a  deep,  rich  alluvium.  Avon,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  w.  part,  a  sta.tion  on  the  G.  V.,  and 
B.,  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R's.,  celebrated  for  its  medicinal  springs,^  was  incorp.  June  13,  1853.  It  contains 
3  churches,  5  large  hotels,  and  879  inhabitants.  East  Avon,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains 
2  churches  and  about  35  houses.  South  Avon,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  9  houses. 
Ijittleville,  IJ  mi.  s.  of  Avon,  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  furnace,  and  23  houses.     The  first 


assnciated  with  him.  In  1829  Levi  Hovey  became  pro- 
prietor; and  it  was  successively  publielied  by  Benj. 
Dennison.  H.  F.  Evans,  Evans  &  Woodruff,  and  Wm.  J. 
Ticknor.  Its  publication  was  suspended  in  1^34  or  "35. 
In  the  ftU  of  1S35  the  establisliment  was  purchased  by 
David  Mitchell  and  W.  H,  Kelsey,  who  revived  the 
paper  under  the  name  of 
The  Livivqatnn  Democrat.  It  was  continued  until  1R.17,  when 
its  publication  was  suspended.  In  the  fall  of  that  year 
S.  P.  Allen  became  proprietor  of  the  press,  and  revived 
the  pnper  under  the  name  of 
The  Livingston  Republican.  In  Sept.  1846.  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  John  M.  Campbell;  and  was 
successively  published  by  Joseph  Kershner  and  Chas. 
E.  Bronson.  In  1849  James  T.  Norton  became  pro- 
prietor, and  is  its  present  publisher. 
The  DansviUp  Chronicle  was  commenced  in  1S30  by  David  Mitch- 
ell and  Benj.  Dennison.  Deunison  soon  retired,  and  its 
name  was  changed  to 

rhe.  Village  Record;  it  was  soon  after  discontinued. 

The  Wc^ittm  New  Yorker  was  published  at  Dansville  a  short 
time  in  18 —  by  A.  Stevens  &  Son.     It  was  succeeded  by 

The  Dansville  Wln'r/.  published  by  Geo.  W.  Stevens.  Chas.  W. 
Dibble  was  the  publisher  about  1  year,  when  it  again 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Stevens,  who  in  1848  changed 
the  name  to 

The  Dansville  Courier.  In  1849  or  '50  it  passed  into  the  hands 
of  H.  D.  Smead.  who  chanp;ed  it  to 

Tfu:  Dansville  Democrat.  It  subsequently  passed  into  the  hands 
of  Gen.  A.  Sanders,  who  removed  it  to  Geneseo  and 
changed  the  name  to  The  Geneseo  Democrat,  which 
was  discontinued  in  1859. 

Tfit  Livinijston  Sentinel  was  commenced  by  Col.  H.  C.  Page  in 
1S57.  and  published  until  1860,  when  it  was  discon- 
tinued. 

The  Livingston  Courier  was  commenced  at  Geneseo  in  1831  by 
C.  Dennison.  InlS32  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Henry 
P.  Evans,  and  was  discontinued  in  1833  or  '34. 

The  Livingston  Courier  waa  published  at  Geneseo  in  1832  by  A. 
Bennett. 

The  Mount  Morris  Spectator  was  commenced  in  1834  by  Hugh 
Harding.  In  1848  he  united  it  with  The  Livingston 
County  Whig  and  changed  its  name  to 

The  lilTln^ston  Union,  under  which  title  it  is  still 
published  by  Hugh  Harding. 

The  Dansville  Times  was  published  in  1R35  by  D.  C.  Mitchell.' 

The  Nunda  Gazette  WAS  started  in  1841  by  Ira  G.  Wisner.  It 
wa*!  continued  about  1  year,  when  it  was  removed  to 
Mount  Morris  and  its  name  changed  to 

The  Genesee  Valley  Recorder.    It  was  discontinued  about  1843. 

The  Dansr-Uk  Republican  was  published  in  1X42  by  David  Fair- 
child. 

The  Liinnaston  Onint]/  Wltigvas  started  at  Mount  Morris  in 
l'^43  by  Geo.  B.  Phelps.  It  subsequently  passed  into 
the  hands  of  James  T.  Norton,  nnd  in  ls4S  waa  sold  to 
Hugh  Iliirdinjr,  who  united  it  with  The  Movint  Morris 
Specta-tor. 

Vhe  Geneseo  Deitwcrat  was  started  at  Geneseo  in  1843  by  Gilbert 


F.  Shankland.  It  was  removed  to  Nunda  in  1S47,  and 
in  1H48  to  Ellicottville,  Cattaraugus  co. 

The  Livivqston  Express,  semi-mo.,  was  published  at  Mount  Mor- 
ris in  1843  by  J.  G.  Wisner. 

The  Mount  Morris  Daily  Whig  vtusi  issued  from  the  office  of 
The  Livingston  County  Whig  in  June,  1846,  and  dis- 
continued in  August  following. 

The  Cuylervilk  TAegraph  was  started  at  Cuylerville  in  IS47  by 
Fi-anklin  Cowdery.  In  1848  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Peter  Lawrence,  who  soon  after  removed  it. 

The  Dansville  Chronicle  was  started  in  June,  184S,  by  Richard- 
son &  Co..  and  was  discontinued  in  1851. 

The  Nunda  Democrat  was  started  at  Nunda  in  IS48  by  Milo  D. 
Chamberlain.    It  was  soon  discontinued. 

7'he  Fountuin.  mo.,  was  started  at  Dansville  in  1849  by  J.  R. 
Trembly,  and  continued  about  2  years. 

The  Dansville  Daily  Sentinel  was  commenced  in  1859.  and  pub- 
lished until  1860,  when  it  was  discontinued ;  Col.  U.  C. 
Page,  editor;  W.  J.  La  Kue,  publisher. 

The  Nttnda  Telegraph  was  started  in  1850  by  Chas.  Atwond.  It 
was  continued  about  1  year. 

The  Nunda  Tim.es  wa.g  started  in  Jan.  1852,  by  N.  T.  HacliFtaff. 
In  July  following  the  office  was  burned  and  the  paper 
discontinued. 

The  Lima  Weekly  Viidtor  was  started  at  Lima  in  1853  by  A.  H. 
Tilton  and  M.  C.  Miller.  It  was  subsequently  published 
I)y  Raymond  &.  Graham  and  by  S.  M.  Raymond,  who 
changed  its  name  to 

The  Genesee  Valley  Gazette.    It  was  discontinued  nbout  IS.'iO. 

The  New  Era  was  commenced  at  Hunts  Hollow  in  18.M  by 
David  B.  and  Merritt  Galley,  boys,  respectively  15  and 
17  years  of  age.  In  1855  it  waa  removed  to  Nunda  and 
its  name  changed  to 

The  Young  America.    It  was  discontinued  in  about  1  year. 

Tlie  Ijetter  Box,  mo.,  started  at  Glen  Haven,  Cayuga  co., 
in  1857,  by  J.  M.  Jackson  and  Miss  II.  N.  Austin,  waa 
removed  to  Dansville  in  1858,  and  is  now  published  by 
M.  W.  Simons. 

The  Dansville  Herald  was  commenced  in  1849.  and  is 
continued  at  this  date;  G.  A.  Sanders,  pul'lisher. 

The  Valley  City  Register  was  commenced  at  Dansville  in  1859 
by  W.  J.  La  Rue.     Discontinued  in  1S60. 

1  The  w.  boundary  of  the  Phelps  and  Gorham  Purchase  waea 
line  extending  due  n.  from  the  Penn.  line  to  the  junction  of 
Genesee  River  and  Canaseraga  Creek,  and  thence  northerly 
along  Genesee  River  to  the  N.  bounds  of  the  co. 

2  The  Indian  Keservatione  within  the  limits  of  the  co.  were: 
Cannawagrus.  containing  2  sq.  mi.  on  the  w.  bank  ofG^nesi-a 
River,  w.  of  Avon  ;  Little  Beards  Town  and  Big  Tree,  containing 
4  sq.  mi.  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  Genesee,  opposite  (ifneseo; 
Squakie  Hill,  containing  2sq.  mi.  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  Genesee, 
N.  of  flit.  Morris;  and  the  Gardeau  Reservation,  of  2S  aq.  mi., 
lying  one-half  in  this  co..  s.  of  Mt.  Morris.  See  p.  711.  The 
Indian  titles  to  these  lands  have  all  since  been  extinguished. 

8  These  springs— two  in  number,  and  about  one-fourth  of  a 
mile  apart — are  located  about  I  mi  S.  w.  of  the  vina;;e.  The 
lower  spring  discharges  about  54  gallons  of  water  per  minnto. 


LIVINGSTON    COUNTY. 


383 


eettlement  was  made  in  1785.^     The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in  1795 ;  Rev.  Daniel 
Thatcher  was  the  first  preacher.     There  are  6  churches  in  town.* 

CAIjEOOIVIA — was  formed,  as  ''Southampton,^^  March  30,  1802.  Its  name  was  changed 
April  4,  1806.  A  part  of  York  was  taken  ofi"  in  1819.  It  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co. 
The  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  it  is  stony.  Genesee 
River  furms  the  e.  boundary.  Caledonia  Spring,  in  the  n,  part,  covers  an  area  of  about  2  acres; 
and  the  outlet  forms  a  good  water-power,  a  few  rods  n.  of  the  spring.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam,  under- 
laid by  limestone.'  In  the  s.  part  is  a  valuable  quarry  of  limestone,  yielding  excellent  lime  and  a 
fine  quality  of  building  8t^)ne.  Caledonia^  (p- V-O  in  the  N.  part,  a  station  on  the  B.,  N.  Y.  Sc 
E.  R.  R.  and  C.  &  N.  B.  Branch  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  contains  3  churches,  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  a 

brewery,  and  623  inhabitants.    The  first  settlement  was  made  about  1797,  by Peterson,  a 

r>ane,  and Brooks,  an  Englishman.*     The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in  1805;  and 

the  first  settled  preacher,  Rev.  Alexander  Denoon,  was  installed  Aug.  17,  1808.^ 

COIVESCS — was  formed  from  Livonia  and  Groveland,  as  ^^Freeport"  April  12,  1819.  Its 
name  was  changed  to  "Browersville,"  March  26,  1825,  and  to  Conesus,  April  15,  1825.  It  is  the 
central  town  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  Hemlock  Lake  forms  the  e.  and  Conesus  Lake  a  part 
of  the  w.  boundary.  Its  surface  is  hilly.  The  Marrowback  Hills  in  the  e.  part,  w.  of  Hemlock 
Lake,  rise  to  about  1,200  feet  above  it.  A  deep  valley  extends  s.  e.  from  near  the  center  into 
Springwater,  through  which  the  B.,  N.  Y.,  &  E.  R.  R.  passes.  The  principal  stream  is  Mill 
Creek.  The  soil  is  generally  a  clay  loam.  ConeNtis  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches,  a 
gi'ist  and  saw  mill,  and  about  40  houses.  Couesus  (p.  o.)  is  a  r.  r.  station.  Foots  Corners 
and  Union  Corners  are  hamlets.  Settlement  was  commenced  at  the  head  of  Conesus  Lake,  in 
1794  or  '95,  by  James  Henderson,  from  Penn.*    The  first  church  (Meth.)  was  organized  in  1814.' 

GEIVESEO — was  formed  in  Jan.  1789.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  undulating,  with  an  abrupt  declivity  of  200  to  300  feet  toward  the  river,  on  the  w. 
Genesee  River,  forming  its  w.  boundary,  is  bordered  by  fertile  flats  of  an  average  width  of  about 
half  a  mi.  The  other  principal  streams  are  Fall  Creek,  and  several  small  brooks  that  flow  w.  into 
the  river  and  e,  into  Conesus  Lake.  On  Fall  Creek,  s.  of  the  village,  is  a  perpendicular  fall  of 
70  feet.  The  soil  is  clay  and  clay  loam.  Geneseo,^  (p-"^-0  a  station  on  the  G.  V.  R.  R.,  was 
incorp.  April  21,  1832;  it  contains  the  co.  buildings,  5  churches,  the  Geneseo  Academy,^  2  banks, 
a  library,  gristmill,  furnace,  and  machine  shop,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  Settlement  was  com- 
menced by  Lem'l  B.  Jenkins  and  Capt.  Noble,  about  1788  or  '89.  near  the  village.'"  The  first 
church  organization  is  supposed  to  have  been  in  1795,  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  town,  near  Lakeville." 

GROVEL.AWD— was  formed  Jan.  27,  1789.  A  part  of  Conesus  was  taken  ofi*  in  1819,  and  a 
part  of  Sparta  in  1856.     It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  co.     Its  surface  is  moderately  hilly.     In  the  w. 


The  qiinntily  of  water  from  both  springs  continues  about  the 
(iam<'  durinp;  the  year.  Several  Iare;e  hotels  have  been  erected 
for  the  accommodation  of  visitors,  large  nurahers  of  whom  visit 
the  ppriiiga  annually.  The  foUowins  is  the  analysis  of  a  wine 
gallon  of  water  from  each  of  the  springs : — 
Loiver  ^ring. 

GraiDB, 

Carbonate  of  lime 29.33 

Chloride  of  calcium 8.41 

Sulphate  of  lime 67.44 

Sulphr\te  of  masnesia 49.61 

Sulphate  of  eoda 13.73 

Amount  of  solid  contents 158.52 

Cubic  fitches, 

Sulphvirotted  hydrogen 10.02 

Nitrogen 5.42 

Oxygen 66 

tT:]^[Kr  or  New  BaUi  spring. 

Grains. 

Carbonate  of  lime. 26.06 

Chloride  of  sodium 5.68 

Sulphate  of  lime 3.52 

Sulpliate  of  maKnesia. 8.08 

Sulphate  of  soda- 38.72 


Amount  of  solid  contents _.    82.96 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen 31.28 

'  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Gilbert  R.  Berry,  at  the  river, 
w.  of  Avon  Village,  and  Timothy  Ilosmer,  at  Littleville,  Capt. 

Thompson,  and  Rice,  in  I'SO.    (Jillirrt  R.  Rerry  kept  the 

first  inn.  and  established  the  first  fm  y  iieri^sg  Genesee  River,  in 
17S9.  Thefirst  .sawmill  was  built  by  Tininthy  Ilosmer,  at  Little- 
nlle.  in  1790,  and  the  first  gristmill  by  the  Wndsworths.  in  1792. 
The  first  school  waa  kept  by  Pedie  Joiner,  at  Avon,  in  17U2. 


5  2  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  Rap.,  Presb..  and  R.  C. 

8  Refore  the  ravages  of  the  wheat  midgecommenced,  this  waa 
one  of  the  best  wheat  growing  towns  in  the  State. 

■*  David  Fuller  settled  near  the  Spring,  in  1798;  and  in  that  year 
and  1709  John  MoLari>n.  Peter  Campbell.  Alex.  McDonald,  John 
Cameron,  and  Jotin  and  Donald  McVean.  from  Scotland,  settled  in 
town.  Hines  Chambprlain  was  an  early  settler.  The  fi  rst  deiith 
w.Ts  that  of  John  McLaren,  in  18(X);  and  the  first  maniitge.  that 
of  nines  Chamberlain  and  Widow  McLaren.    The  first  inn  was 

kept  by Peterson;  David  Fuller  kept  an  inn  in  1798.    The 

first  store  wa.s  kept  by  Alex.  McDonald,  in  1799.  The  first  mill 
was  built  by  the  Pulteney  Land  Company,  at  the  Spring,  in  1801- 
02:  and  the  first  woolen  factory,  by  Donald  McKenzie,  in  1822. 
The  first  school  was  taught  near  tho  Spring,  by  Jeannette  Mc- 
Donald, in  1804. 

6  The  census  reports  3  rhurches;  M.  E..  Presb..  and  Ref.  Pi-esb, 
«  Hector  McKay  settled  in  1798.  Harvey  May  in  18'!H,  Dnven 

port  Alger  in  180S,  Jas.  Steol  and  Wait  A'rnold  in  isli),  Thonmi 
Young  in  ISll,  and  Andrew  Arnold  in  181(-.  Thefirst  store  wsa 
kept  by  A.&G.  Arnold,  at  the  center,  in  1818.  The  first  sawmilS 
was  built  in  1S03  or  '04,  on  Mill  Creek,  near  the  center;  and  tlu 
first  woolen  factory  in  1819,  by  Hosea  Gilbert. 

^  There  are  2  churches  in  town;  M.  E.  and  Univ. 

8  Originally  called  "Big  Tret,'''  from  an  immense  elm  tree  thai 
stood  on  the  banks  of  the  river  near  the  villa^'e. 

*  This  institution  is  located  on  Temple  Hill,  in  the  e.  part  of 
the  villa'ie.  Tlic  buildings  were  erected  in  IS'26.  James  Wads- 
worth  was  principally  instrumenfcil  in  starting  the  schooL  U 
is  under  the  control  nf  the  RufFalo  Synod. 

10  Wm.  and  James  Wadsworth  settled  in  town  in  1700.  They 
came  from  Durham.  Conn.,  with  a  small  party,  ami  lociit*  d  nit 
the  present  sitn  of  the  village.  Richard  Steele  kept  tho  fiist  inn. 
in  17'.i3,  and  llall  &  Mini;r  the  first  store,  in  1794. 

"  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  2  Presb.,  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  and 
R.  C. 


384 


LIVINGSTON    COUNTY. 


part  are  extensive  flats,  occupying  about  one-fourth  of  the  area  of  the  town.  The  principal  streams 
are  Canaseraga  and  Coshaqua  Creeks,  which  empty  into  Genesee  River  near  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the 
town.  The  soil  upon  the  upland  is  clay  loam,  and  upon  the  flats  a  rich  alluvium.  Oroveland 
Corners,  (Groveland  p.  o.,)  e.  of  the  center,  contains  1  church  and  14  houses.  Hunts  Cor- 
ners^  (East  Groveland  p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  1  church  and  9  houses.  Oroveland 
Center  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  n.  w.  part.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Charles  Williamson,  agent 
for  the  Pulteney  Estate,  in  1792.^  In  that  year  he  built  several  houses  in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the 
town,  and  there  located  a  small  colony  of  Germans,  and  called  the  settlement  ^^  Williamshurgh,'^ 
This  colony  soon  after  left,  and  the  entire  village  disappeared.  In  the  s.  w.  part,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Dansville  Branch  with  the  G.V.  Canal,  is  a  Shaker  settlement,  numbering  120  persons. 
They  own  a  tract  of  2,000  acres.     There  are  2  churches  in  town;  M.  E.  and  Presb. 

liEICESTER^— was  formed,  as  ''Leister,''  March  30,  1802.  Its  name  was  changed  Feb.  9, 
1805.  Mount  Morris  was  taken  off  in  1813,  and  a  part  of  York  in  1819.  It  is  the  center  town  on 
the  w.  border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  undulating,  with  extensive  flats  in  the  e.  It  is  drained 
by  Genesee  River,  which  forms  its  e.  and  s.  boundaries,  and  by  Beards  Creek^  and  its  tributaries. 
The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam  on  the  upland,  and  a  rich  alluvium  on  the  flats.  Squakie  Hill 
and  Big  Tree  Reservations  were  within  the  limits  of  this  town.  JWosco^T,  (p-"^")  iiear  the  cen- 
ter, incorp.  about  1850,  contains  3  churches  and  320  inhabitants.  Cuylerville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the 
E.  part,  incorp.  in  1848,  contains  a  church,  a  distillery,  and  354  inhabitants;  Gibsonville,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  s.  w.  part,  a  paper  mill,  sawmill,  and  16  houses.  Ebenezer  Allen  was  the  first  settler,  soon 
after  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  but  left  soon  after.  The  first  permanent  settlement  was  com- 
menced by  Horatio  and  John  II.  Jones,  in  1789.*     The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town.^ 

LiI]>IA — was  formed,  as  ''Charleston,'*  Jan.  27,  1789.  Its  name  was  changed  April  6,  1808.  It 
is  the  N.  E.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  undulating  and  hilly.  It  is  drained  chiefly  by 
Honeoye  Creek,  which  forms  the  e.  boundary.     Tlie  soil  in  the  s.  e.  is  clay  and  clay  loam,  and  in 

the  N.  w.  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,     liima^  {p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  was  incorp. , .    It 

contains  4  churches,  the  Genesee  "Wesleyan  Seminary,  Genesee  College,®  and  about  1,200  inhabitants. 
Soutll  L.iiua,  (p.  V.,)— Hamiltons  Station,  on  the  B.  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.,— in  the  s.  w.  corner,  con- 
tains 13  houses.  Settlement  was  commenced  by  Paul  Davidson  and  Jonathan  Gould,  from  Penn., 
in  1788.'^    The  first  religious  society  (Presb.)  was  organized  Oct.  1, 1795,  by  Rev.  Daniel  Thatcher.^ 

lilVOWIA— was  formed  from  "  Pittstoiim,''  (now  Richmond,  Ontario  co.,)  Feb.  12,  1808.  A 
part  of  Concsus  was  taken  off  in  1819.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.  The 
surface  in  tJie  s.  part  is  moderately  hilly,  and  in  the  n.  undulating,  Conesus  and  Hemlock  Lakes 
lie  partly  within  the  town.  Their  outlets,  and  that  of  Canadice  Lake,  are  the  principal  streams. 
The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  clay  loam,  and  on  the  uplands  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Livonia. 
Center,  (Livonia  p.  o.,)  a  r.  r.  station,  contains  2  churches  and  408  inhabitants ;  Livonia  Sta* 
tion,  (p.v.,)  1§  mi.  w.,  on  theB.,  N.  Y.  &E.  R.  R.,  a  manufactory  of  agricultural  implements,  and 
31  houses;  South  Lii'onia  (p.v.)  1  church  and  13  houses;  Hemlock  Lake,  (p.  v.,)  in  the 
S.E.,  2  churches,  2  gristmills,  2  sawmills,  and  319  inhabitants;  and  Lakeville,  (p.v.,)  at  the 
foot  of  Conesus  Lake,  4  churches,  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  28  houses.     The  first  settlement  was 


1  Amonp  the  parly  eettlers  were  Wm.  Ewens,  Wm.  Ix-mon, 
John  Ewart,  and  W.  Il.irria.  The  first  school  was  taught  !it 
'■•WiJUamifhurfih:'  by  Pam'l  Morphy.  about  1793,  Tho  first  mill 
was  built  by  Chaa.  Scholl,  for  Chaa.  Williamson,  on  Lot  58.  in 
1797 ;  the  first  inn  was  kept  in  ■'  WilUamslmrgh.^^  by  Vfm.  Ijemon, 
in  1795:  and  the  first  store,  in  the  same  place,  by  Alexander 
McDonald,  in  1795  or  '96. 

2  Named  from  Leicester  Phelps,  son  of  Judge  OliTer  Phelps. 

3  Named  from  Little  Beard,  an  Indian  chief,  whose  principal 
Tillage.  Little  Beards  Town,  was  situated  on  the  present  site  of 
Cuyrerville.  Little  Beard  was  one  of  tho  worst  specimens  of  his 
race.  He  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  horrid  torture  of  Lieut. 
Boyd  in  1799.  In  a  drunken  row,  in  which  both  Indians  and 
whites  were  engaged,  at  Stimson's  tavern,  in  Leice^er.  he  was 
pushed  out  of  the  door,  and,  falling  from  the  steps,  received  a 
fatal  injury. 

^  Amonp  the  other  early  settlers  were  Elijah  Hunt,  Alexander 
Ewing.  and  Maj.  Wm.  Lemon.  Jellis,  Thomas,  and  Wm.  Clute. 
from  Schenectady,  were  also  early  settlers.  The  first  child 
born  was  James  Jones,  May  5, 1791 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of 
Mrs.  Horatio  Jones,  in  June,  1792.  The  first  inn  was  kept  by 
Leonard  Stimson,  in  1797.  He  also  opened  the  first  store,  sixm 
after.  The  first  sawmill  was  bnilt  by  Ebenezer  Allen,  at  Gih- 
pouville,  in  1792;  and  the  first  gristmill,  by  Oliver  L.  Phelps, 
near  Moscow,  in  1799. 

&  Presb..  M.  E..  Bap..  Ref.  Presb. 

'  These  institutions  are  located  on  a  beautiful  eminence  in  the 


N.  W.  part  of  the  village.  The  seminarj'  was  founded  in  1830  by 
the  Genesee  Conference  of  tho  M.  E.  Church.  It  was  opened  for 
pupils  in  1832.  The  first  building,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $20,000, 
was  destroyed  by  fire  In  May,  1842.  The  present  building  waa 
immediately  erected  of  brick,  at  a  cost  of  about  $24,000.  It  has 
a  main  s.  front  of  136  feet,  with  an  E.  and  w.  front,  by  wings  ex- 
tending back  each  96  feet.  Between  these  wintjs  is  a  paved 
court.  A  farm  of  70  acres  is  attached  to  tlie  institution.  This 
seminary  has  sent  out  more  students  than  any  other  institution 
in  Western  New  York.  The  college  was  founded  in  1849,  has  — 
professorships,  and  is  under  the  general  snpervision  of  the  Gene- 
see and  East  Genesee  Conferences  of  the  M.  E.  Church. 

7  Abner  Miles,  from  Mass..  settled  in  1789;  John  Miner  and 
Asahel  Burchard  in  1790;  Steven  Tinker  and  Solomon  Hovey, 
from  Mass.,  in  1791 ;  and  Col.  Thomas  Lee.  Willard  and  Amasa 
Humphrey,  Reuben  and  Gideon  Thayer,  Col.  David  Morgan,  and 
Zebulon,  Moses,  Asahel,  William,  and  Daniel  H.  Warner,  from 
Mass.,  previous  to  1795.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Simeon 
Gray  and  Patty  Alger,  in  1793;  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs. 
Abbott,  mother  of  Mrs.  Paul  Davidson,  in  1791.  John  Sabin 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1792  and  '93.  Reuben  Thayer  kept  the 
first  inn,  in  1793.  and  Tryon  k  Adams  the  first  store,  in  1794. 
The  first  sawmill  was  built  hy  Reuben  Thayer,  in  1796;  and 
Zebulon  Norton  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1794. 

8  The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town;  M.  E.,  Presb,,  Bap.. 
Univ.,  Christian,  and  R.  C. 


LIVINGSTON    COUNTY. 


3S5 


made   by   Solomon  Woodruff,    from   Conn.,   on   Lot  32,   in  1792.^     There  are   10   cliurclies  in 
town.^ 

MOITWT  MORRIS'— -was  formed  from  Leicester,  April  17, 1818.  It  lies  on  the  w.borderof 
the  CO.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  moderately  hilly.  It  is  drained  by  Genesee  River, 
which  forms  its  n.  and  w.  boundaries,  Coshaqua  Creek,  which  flows  through  the  s.e.  corner,  and 
Beveral  small  streams,  its  tributaries.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam.  A  part  of  the  Gardeau  Reservation 
was  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  this  town.  Iflount  Morris,*  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  was  incorp.  May  2, 
1835.  It  is  on  the  G.  V.  Canal,  and  is  the  southern  terminus  of  the  G.  V.  R.  R.  It  contains  5 
churches,  2  furnaces,  a  printing  office,  bank,  machine  shop,  3  flouring  mills,  a  sawmill,  paper  mill, 
and  1,851  inhabitants.  Tuscai'Ora,  (p.v.,)  in  the  s.e.  part,  contains  2  churches,  a  gristmill,  and 
192  inhabitants  ;  Brooks  Grove,^  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  a  church  and  16  houses;  Ridge  (p.  v.) 
a  church  and  13  houses.  River  Road  (River  Road  Forks  p.o.)  is  a  hamlet.  Ebeuezer  Allen 
commenced  settlement,  in  1784  or  '85.®     The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town.' 

IVORTH  DAlVSTILiIiES— was  formed  from  Sparta,  Feb.  27, 1846.  A  part  of  Sparta  was  an- 
nexed in  1849.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  e.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  hilly,  the  highest 
summits  being  600  to  800  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  hills  are  generally  arable,  Canaseraga' 
Creek  flows  through  the  N.  w.  part,  and  Mill  Creek  through  the  s.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a 
clayey  and  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  sandy  loam.  In  town  are  valuable  quarries  of  build- 
ing and  flagging  stone.  DansTllle,  (p.  v.,)  w.  of  the  center,  Was  incorp.  May  7, 1845.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  the  Dansville  Branch  of  the  G.  V.  Canal.  It  contains  9  churches,  the  Dansville  Semi- 
nary,*^ 2  printing  offices,  a  bank,  a  water  cure,  5  flouring  mills,  3  paper  mills,  2  furnaces,  a  plaster 
mill,  machine  shop,  pail  factory,  sash  and  blind  factory,  distillery,  2  tanneries,  and  5  breweries.  Pop. 
2,879.  ConimonsTilie,  in  the  n.w.  part,  contains  a  sawmill,  furnace,  and  about  25  houses. 
Settlement  was  commenced  at  Dansville  Village,  by  Amariah  Hammond  and  Cornelius  McCoy,  from 
Penn.,  in  1795.  David  and  Jaa.  McCurdy,  step-sons  of  McCoy,  came  at  the  same  time."  The  first  reli- 
gious services  were  held  by  Rev.  Andrew  Grey,  in  1798.  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1800.*- 

WUA^DA — was  formed  from  Angelica,  (Allegany  co.,)  March  11,  1808.  Portage  was  taken 
off  in  1827.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  hilly,  the  highest 
summit,  near  the  center,  being  about  1,200  feet  above  the  canal  at  Nunda  Village.  The  principal 
stream  is  Coshaqua  Creek,  which  flows  through  the  N.  w.  part.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  inter- 
mixed with  gravel  and  clay.  On  Lot  53,  stone  is  quarried  for  building  purposes.  A  small  spring 
on  the  same  lot  emits  gas.  JVunda,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  w,  part,  on  the  G.  V.  Canal,  was  incorp.  April 
2G,  1839.  It  contains  6  churches,  the  Nunda  Literary  Institute,*^  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  furnace, 
machine  shop,  and  tannery.  Pop.  1,125.  IVunda  Station,  (p.  v.,)  on  tlie  B.  &  N  Y.  C.  R. 
R.,  in  the  s.  w.  part,  contains  about  20  houses ;  Coopert-tville,  in  the  n.  part,  a  gristmill  and 
about  20  houses.  £ast  Hill^  in  the  s.e.  part,  is  a  p.o.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced 
near  the  village,  by  Phineas  Bates  and  Beela  Elderkin,  in  1806.^*  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was 
formed  in  1819;  Elder  Samuel  Messenger  was  the  first  preacher^^. 

*  Can-Eme-ra-ga,  an  Indian  name  sijnifymg  "amont_  the  slip- 
pery elms." 

10  This  institntion  was  started  in  the  sprine  of  1S5S.  The 
building  and  grounds  cost  $12,000  to  $16,000.  It  is  under  the 
supervision  of  the  M.  E.  denomination. 

n  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Daniel  P..  Samuel,  and 
James  Faulkner.  Nathaniel  and  William  Porter,  from  Penn..  in 
179ti ;  Jacob  Welsh.  Jacob  Martz,  and  his  son  Conrad;  deorg*' 
Shirey,  and  Frederick  Barnhart,  fi-om  Penn.,  in  1798.  William 
Phenix,  Jas.  Logan,  David  Scholl,  and  John  VaTidevcntcr.  were 
also  early  settlers.  The  fJrst  marriage  was  that  of  William 
McCartney  and  Mary  McCurdy.  Thos.  McLain  taught  the  fir^t 
school,  in  170S  or  "991  ^^amuel  Faulkner  kept  the  tir.^t  iTin,  in 
1790;  Daniel  P.  Faulkner,  the  first  store.  In  1797  and  '9.S;  David 
Pcholl  erected  the  flre^t  eau-mill,  in  175i5,  and  the  flrst  gristmill, 
in  1796.  Mr.  SchoU  was  Charles  Williamson's  millwright,  and 
built  the  mills  for  the  I'ulteney  Estate. 

12  There  are  9  churches  in  town;  2  Presb.,  2  R.  C.  Prot.  E., 
M.  K.,  Bap.,  Kvang.  Luth..  and  Germ.  Evang,  Kef. 

13  Opened  in  1844.  The  building  was  burned  in  June, 
1S59. 

n  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  David  Corey  and 
bi-other,  Peleg  and  Reuben  Sweet,  Abnor  Tultle,  Gideon  Powell, 
Wm.  P.  Wilc'ix.  John  II.  Townser.  and  James  Paine.  Th('  tirst 
inn  waa  kept  at  the  village,  by  Alanson.  Hubbell,  in  1S20,  and 
the  tirst  store  by  Wm.  P.  Wilcox,  near  tJie  center.  Willous^hby 
Lovdll  built  tho  first  Hawmill.  in  181S,  and  San\uel  Swain  and 
Lindi»ey  Joslyn  the  first  gristmill,  In  1828. 

ifi  There  nri*  7  churches  in  town;  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap^  Proab.,  HI. 
E.,  Prot.  E.,  Univ.,  and  K.  C. 


1  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were Higby  and  Peter 

Briggs,  in  1794.  Philip  Short,  in  1796.  David  Benton,  in  1798,  and 
Geo.  Smith,  Je»e  Blake,  Nathan  Woodruil.  Smith  Henry,  and 
Thomas  Grant,  mostly  from  Conn.,  and  all  of  whom  came  in 
previous  to  ISOO.    The  first  child  born  was  Philip  Woodruff,  Feb. 

19, 1794;  the  first  death,  that  of  a  child  of Higby.  in  1797. 

Dorias  Perk  taught  the  first  school,  in  1798  and  '99;  Solomon 
Woodruff  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1794 ;  Isaac  Bishop  the  first  store, 

in  1803  or  '04.    The  first  sawmill  was  built  by Higby,  in 

i79o;  and  the  first  gristmill,  by  Thomas  Van  Fossen,  in  1799. 

2  3  Bap..  2  M.  E.,  2  Presb..  Christian,  Univ.,  and  H.  C. 
»  Named  from  llnbert  Morris. 
♦Formerly  called  *'^/V/i,<   JT'TZ."  from   Ebenezcr  Allen,  the 

first  settler.  Col.  John  Trumbull,  of  Kevulutionary  memory, 
at  one  time  contemplated  making  it  his  pluce  of  residence.  Hft 
planted  an  orchard,  selected  a  site,  and  made  some  preparations 
for  building.  He  changiKl  the  name  to  "Jii^hmmtd  Hill'^ 
When  he  abandoned  the  idea  of  settling  here,  the  place  received 
its  present  name. 

&  Named  from  General  Micah  Brooks,  one  of  the  purchasers  of 
'he  Gardeau  Reservation,  and  who  settled  at  this  place. 

*  Among  the  eiirly  settlers  were  Benj.  W.  Rogers,  Isaac  Bron- 
ion.Gen.  Slills.  and  Jesse  Stanley,  from  Conn.  The  first  store  was 
kept  by  Ebenezer  Allen,  about  1790.  He  brought  in  a  lot  of  goods 
from  Pliiladelphia.  for  the  purpose  of  trading  with  the  Indians. 
The  first  mill  was  built  abunt  1820,  by  William  Shnll. 

'  2  Presb.,  2  M.  K.,  Meth.l'rut.,  Bap.,  Prot.E..Hef.  Prot.D.,  and  R.G. 

8  Named  from  Daniel  P.  Faulkner,  a  prominent  pioneer  settler 
familiarly  known  as  Capt.  Dan  Faulkner:  hence  the  name 
"  DanNville."  In  area  this  is  the  smallest  town  in  the  co.,  and 
OQQ  of  the  smallest  in  the  State. 


2§ 


386 


LIVINGSTON    COUNTY. 


OSSIA3J— was  formed  from  Angelica,  (Allegany  co.,)  March  11,  1S08.  It  was  set  off  from  Alle- 
gany CO.  in  1856.  It  is  the  center  town  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  hilly, 
the  highest  summits  being  600  to  800  feet  above  the  valleys.  Sugar  Creek  flows  s.  E.  through  near 
the  center.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  on  the  hills  a  sandy  loam,  with  some  clay 
in  the  e.  part.  In  the  n.  w.  part  is  a  small  gas  spring.  Ossian  Center  (Ossian  p.o.)  contains 
2  churches  and  about  18  houses;  and  West  Vie'W  (p. v.)  a  sawmill  and  about  12  houses.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  at  the  center,  by  Judge  Richard  W.  Porter,  and  his  brother,  James  Porter, 
from  N.  J.,  in  1804.'     The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  Sept.  29,  1818.^ 

PORTAGE'— was  formed  from  Nunda,  March  8,  1827.  It  is  the  s.w.  corner  town  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  hilly,  the  highest  point,  near  Portageville,  being  about  200  feet  higher  than  the  r.r. 
Genesee  River  forms  the  w.  boundary  of  the  town.  Its  banks  are  steep  and  rocky,  100  to  200  ft. 
high  and  in  many  places  perpendicular.  Coshaqua  Creek  flows  through  the  e.  part.  The  soil  in 
the  e.  part  is  a  clay  loam,  and  in  the  w.  a  sandy  loam.  Oakland,  (p.  v.)  in  the  N.  E.  part,  con- 
tains 2  churches,  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  woolen  factory,  tannery,  furnace,  and  35  houses  ;  Hunts 
Dollow  (p.  V.)  2  churches,  a  tannery,  and  31  houses.  Portage  Station,  on  the  B.  &  N.  Y. 
C.  R.  R.,  is  on  the  line  of  Wyoming  co.  Settlement  was  commenced  by  Jacob  Shaver,  on  Lot  150, 
in  1810.*    The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  at  Hunts  Hollow,  about  1820.* 

SPARTA — was  formed  in  Jan.  1789.  A  part  of  Springwater  was  taken  off'  in  1816,  West  Sparta 
in  1846,  and  parts  ofNorthDansville  in  1846  and '49.  Apart  of  Dansville  (Steuben  co.)  was  annexed 
in  1822,  and  a  part  of  Groveland  in  1856.  It  lies  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  hilly,  the 
highest  summits  being  800  to  1,000  ft.  high.  Canascraga  Creek  flows  on  the  w.  border.  The  soil  on 
the  hills  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  sandy,  clayey,  and  gravelly  loam.  Several  small 
sulphur  and  gas  springs  are  found  near  Scottsburgh.  Scottsbui'gh,^  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  con- 
tains 2  churches,  a  steam  saw  and  grist  mill,  a  furnace,  and  34  houses.  Hforth  Sparta,  (p.  o.,) 
in  the  n.  w.  corner,  Sparta,  (p.  o..)  in  the  w.,  and  Reeds  Corners,  in  the  s.  part,  are  hamlets. 
Settlement  was  commenced  near  Scottsburgh,  by  Jesse  Collar,  from  Penn.,  about  1794.'  The 
census  reports  6  churches.' 

SPRISTGWATER— was  formed  from  Sparta  and  Naples,  (Ontario  co.,)  April  17,  1816.  It  is 
the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  very  hilly,  the  highest  summits  being  600  to  1,000 
ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  principal  stream  is  the  inlet  of  Hemlock  Lake,  which  flows  N.  through 
the  town,  w.  of  the  center.  Conhocton  River  rises  in  the  s.  E.  part  and  flows  s.  info  Steuben  co. 
The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Springwater,  (p.  v.,)  a  r.  r.  station,  n.  w.  of  the  center, 
contains  2  churches,  a  sash  and  blind  factory,  a  sawmill,  and  62  houses.  East  Springwater, 
(p.o.,)  in  the  n.e.,  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Seth  Knowles,  from  Conn.,  on 
Lot  18,  about  1807.'     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1816."' 

WEST  SPARTA— was  formed  from  Sparta,  Feb.  27,  1846.  It  is  an  interior  town,  s.  of  the 
center.  Its  surface  is  hilly,  the  summits  being  500  to  700  ft.  above  the  valleys.  In  the  n.e.  is  an 
extensive  marsh,  known  as  the  Canaseraga  Swamp.  Canaseraga  Creek  flows  N.  along  the  e.  border. 
The  soil  is  a  clay  loam  in  the  N.  and  a  sandy  loam  in  the  s.  About  one-half  mi.  N.  of  Byersville, 
in  a  small  stream  called  Butter  Brook,  is  a  perpendicular  fall  of  about  60  ft.  Kj'sorvllle, 
(p.  V.,)  in  the  n.  part,  on  the  G.  V.  Canal,  contains  79  inhabitants  ;  Union  Corners,  (p.  v..) 
locally  known  as  "  Brushville,"  on  the  line  of  Mt.  Morris,  2  churches  and  17  houses  ;  Byersville, 


1  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Richard  N.  Porter,  Jas. 
Haynes,  and  James  Croghan.  about  1806,  Jacob  Clendenin,  in 
18U7,  Orrieon  Cleveland.  Wm.  and  John  Gould,  and  Ileman 
Orton,  about  1810.  Luther  Bisbee  wa.-?  an  early  settler  in  the 
N.  w.  corner  of  the  town.  The  first  child  born  was  Abraham 
Porter,  in  1805 ;  the  first  marruigo  was  that  of  John  Geleon  and 
Betsey  Shav,  in  1816;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  John  Turner. 

killed  by  the  fall  of  a  tree,  in  1807.    Weston  taught  the  first 

B«hool.  in  l^l."i  and  '14  ;  Oliver  Stacy  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1817 ; 
and  Daniel  Canfield  the  first  store,  in  18i;4.  The  first  sawmill 
■was  built  by  Nathaniel  Porter,  in  1808  or  '09 ;  and  the  first  grist- 
mill, by  John  Smith,  in  1826. 

2  'There  are  '2  churches  in  town ;  Presb.  and  Al.  E. 

3  Name  derived  from  the  portage  or  cariying  place  around 
the  falls  of  Genesee  Itiver.  For  description  of  Portage  Falls  and 
R.  R.  Bridge,  see  pp.710. 

*  Ephraim  Kingsley  and  Seth  Sherwood  settled  on  Lot  169  in 
1811;  Joseph  Dixon,  above  Portageville.  Col.  Geo.  Williams, 
Russel  Messenger,  and  Sanford  Hunt  all  settled  about  1814. 
Horace  Miller  tsiught  the  first  schwi.  in  lSt7.  The  first  inn 
was  kept  by  Prosper  Adams,  in  1817:  and  the  first  st+ire.  at 
Hunts  llullow,  by  Sanford  Hunt,  in  1818.  Russel  Messenger 
built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1816,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1817. 


6  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  Presb.,  Meth.  Prot.,  Prot  E., 
and  Bap. 

6  Named  from  Matthew  and  William  Scott,  early  settlers  at 
this  place. 

7  Darling  Havens  settled  at  North  Sparta  :  John  Niblack.  on 
Lot  28;  John  Smith.  Asa  Simmons,  Robert  Wilson,  and  Thomas 
Hovey,  previous  to  1798;  and  Peter  Roberts,  on  Lot  27,  in  1799. 
Samuel  and  James  Rodman  were  early  settlers.  Moat  of  these 
were  from  Penn.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Thos.  Bohan.an, 
in  1800-Cl.  The  first  inn  was  kept  by  Darling  Havens,  at  North 
Sparta,  about  1800;  and  the  first  gristmill  was  built  by  Wm.  D. 
McNair,  in  1810.         «  2  M.  E..  2  Presb..  Bap.,  and  Evang.  Kef. 

»  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Kber  Watkins.  Joshua 
Herrick.  Peter  Welch.  Adam  Miller,  and  Samuel  llin.s,  in  1808; 
Reuben  and  Pbineas  Gilbert,  from  Mass..  in  ISlu;  Mul'Ii  Wilson, 
Henry  Cole.  Samuel  Sparks,  James  Blake,  Benj.  l.ivi  i  ni.>re,  and 
David  Frazer.  Jacob  Cannon  settled  on  the  e.  bill  in  1M2.  The 
first  death  wjis  that  of  Mrs.  Benjamin  Farnham.  in  1813.  James 
Blake  taught  the  first  school,  in  1813-14.  Oliver  Jennings  kept 
the  first  inn.  about  1815.  Ilosea  H.  Grover  kept  tlie  firi^t  store, 
in  1815.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  Samuel  Hines,  in  1809; 
and  the  first  gristmill,  by  Hugh  Wilson,  in  1813. 

to  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  Presb.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Christian. 


LIVINGSTON    COUNTY. 


387 


(p.  V.,)  in  the  s.  part,  61  inhabitants.    Woodville,  in  the  s.  e.  comer,  is  a  hamlet.    Settlement 
was  commenced  in  the  s.  part,  by  Jeremiah  Gregory,  in  1795.'  The  first  church  organization  was  Bap.^ 

YORK — was  formed  from  Caledonia  and  Leicester,  March  26, 1819.  A  part  of  Coyington  was 
annexed  in  1823.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  undulating, 
with  a  general  inclination  to  the  E.  Brown  and  Calder  Creeks  flow  E.  through  the  central  and  N. 
parts.  The  soil  in  the  center  and  s.  is  a  clay  loam,  and  in  the  N.  E.  part  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam. 
York  Center  (York  p.  o.)  contains 4  churches  and  321  inhabita,nts  ;  Fowlerville,'  (Inver- 
ness p.o.,)  in  the  n.e.  part,  2  churches,  a  machine  shop,*  and  369  inhabitants  ;  GreigTSvlIle, 
(p.  V.,)  in  the  s.  part,  a  church  and  22  houses  ;  PifiUrdinia/  (Piflard  p.o.,)  in  the  s.E.  part,  on 
the  G.  V.  Canal,  a  church  and  23  houses.  Settlement  wa.s  commenced  in  the  n.e.  part,  by  several 
Scotch  families,  about  the  year  1800.*     The  first  church  (Scotch  Ref.  Presb.)  was  formed  in  1816.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,    Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,    Sehools,  Live 
Slock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Livingston  County. 


Avon 

Caledonia. 

Conesus , 

Geneseo 

tiroveland- 

Leicester 

Lima. 

Livonia  

Mount  Morris 

North  Dansville. 

Nuuda. 

Ossian 

Portage 

Sparta 

Springwater 

West  Sparta 

York 

Total 


Acres  OF  Land.  1 

•s 

•^ 

£ 

1 

s> 

S 

2n,743 

6,084 

■2(1,602 

6,276 

13,M5i 

6,889J 

22,306i 

6,979 

10,479 

8,058J 

17,309} 

3,418 

14,410} 

3,342 

19,444i 

3,S82S 

22,469 

6,679 

3,3S4 

1.632 

12.78.':j 

6,902S 

10,82S 

12.720 

10,361 

5,6264 

12.225i 

8.217 

18,787i 

13.313i 

12,973{ 

7.086J 

24.723i 

6.0934 

273.290i 

109,09Si 

Valuation  op  1868. 


^ 

a 

e* 

fc) 

c  ^ 

%  ^ 

g 

t£ 

Oi 

eL,a, 

991.606 

64,700 

1,022,484 

151,067 

445,061 

77,831 

1,152,820 

637,726 

701,563 

61,632 

671,277 

68,609 

868.639 

341,695 

792,626 

207,525 

1,293.812 

187.607 

492.448 

314,932 

6.53,173 

69,600 

296,443 

6.4.50 

352,961 

25,756 

447,368 

24,160 

484,436 

163,844 

456,118 

39.551 

1,166,649 

112.960 

12.189.374 

2,545.333 

1,060,,306 

1,173,551 

522,892 

1,790,645 

763,195 

729,788 

1,210,234 

1,000,151 

1,481,319 

817,380 

622,773 

302,893 

378,716 

471„50S 

648.2,80 

495.669 

1,279.609 


Population. 


1,352 

1,063 

718 

1.471 

800 

1,026 

1,324 

1,301 

2,045 

1,058 

1.426 

711 

7.57 

626 

1,296 

774 

1,434 


19,811    19.446 


1,342 

928 

695 

1,412 

810 

1,060 

1,346 

1,334 

1,997 

1,823 

1,462 

602 

782 

607 

1,185 

722 

1,348 


467 
463 
270 
479 
280 
367 
641 
481 
663 
695 
662 
234 
302 
232 
460 
286 
482 


7.224 


483 
346 
300 
605 
272 
330 
227 
498 
790 
711 
403 
260 
313 
141 
483 
283 
587 


344 
242 
184 
338 
177 
239 
381 
465 
606 
467 
430 
179 
430 
217 
355 
192 
381 


1^. 


994 

607 

537 

1,002 

636 

76S 

934 

770 

1.495 

1,284 

1,076 

525 

623 

447 

ef4 

656 
940 


5,507   197  14.255 


Names  of  Towns. 


Avon 

Caledi>nift. 

Concaus 

Geneseo 

Groveland 

Leicester 

Lima 

Livonia. 

Mount  Morris 

North  Dansville.. 

Nunda, 

Ossian 

Portiige 

Sparta 

Spring;  water.- — 

West  .-^parta 

York 

Total 


Live  Stocs. 

AoRicDiTtjKAi  Products 

II 

Bosh,  of  Gbain, 

a. 

DAUtr  Pboddcts.    1 

i 

<«1 

5 

?■ 

^ 

e 

S 

13 

11 

o. 

3>K 

■s   ^ 

838 

SS5 

1,369 

S 

g 

1,507 

g 

I' 

e 

|a< 

^^ 

ft.     05 

£  1 

676 

12,745 

109,079 

88,0644 

3,094 

10,389 

21,010 

66.170 

4,070 

1,101 

2,682 

772 

10.552 

1,809 

134,445 

53,8074 

3,056 

10,646 

9,360 

72,831 

3,879 

618 

971 

608 

8,733 

778 

39,504 

34,235 

2,263 

4.502 

8,120 

52,043 

1,196 

616 

1,277 

610 

8,015 

1,271 

88,643 

64,7364 

3,2074 

6,714 

25,141 

43,392 

6,2974 

892 

1,432 

837 

5,634 

1,035 

70,331 

42,6364 

2,3054 

6,180 

21,302 

72,385 

1,364 

820 

1.366 

700 

4,487 

1,079 

105,634 

79,436 

2,128 

8,604 

10,899 

63.711 

3,600 

793 

856 

606 

8,361 

1,309 

75,540 

77,442 

2,469 

8,0.57 

16,654 

68,805 

10.025 

1,034 

1,303 

6S6 

11,771 

1,745 

87.779 

68,316 

3,377 

8,092 

29.422 

90,122 

15..539 

1,058 

1,546 

1,081 

6,934 

1,756 

85,337 

72,6154 

2,5044 

9,122 

11,431 

95,250 

2,085 

212 

143 

221 

1,499 

338 

13,821 

9,680 

434 

1,787 

3,345 

16.275 

754 

994 

794 

3,616 

1,038 

33,149 

33,6984 

1,82S} 

9,723 

10,918 

8-2,736 

2,086 

365 

671 

410 

2.646 

699 

16.984 

18,060 

1.099 

4,027 

2,865 

38.690 

1,376 

474 

668 

486 

4.155 

751 

39,288 

36,4784 

1,4094 

12,026 

14,549 

54,984 

3,590 

613 

967 

646 

2,173 

1,084 

37,678 

33,869} 

1,7994 

6,948 

17,435 

67,749 

1,361 

903 

1,159 

831 

6,298 

1,169 

18.630 

65,475 

2,5394 

13,7114 

11,910 

86,862 

6.173 

670 

941 

665 

3,992 

1,099 

31,708 

29,991 

1,5.504 

5,226 

6,845 

69.690 

8,741 

1.206 

1  ,SKO 

961 
11,420 

13,698 

1,517 

128.551 

76,6004 
874,033 

6J31} 
40.286} 

12,529 

23,869 

83.706 
1.084.281 

9,861 
80,7214 

12,867 

19,074 

115,208 

19,974 

1,114,881 

136,2834 

245,065 

II 

if_ 

144 

6S4 

S« 

70 

4At 

5«7 
899i 
35 
1.352 
264 
614J 
573 
S7U 
822 
962 


1  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  William  Stevens,  in 
1790,  Abel  Willsey,  in  1797,  Benjamin  Wilcox,  in  1798.  and  Samuel 
McNair,  in  1-S04.  The  first  inn  was  kept  at  KysorviUe.  by 
Ktjenezer  McMast^r,  about  1S2*);  the  firet  store,  at  Union 
Corners,  hy  Jonathan  Russel.  in  1S23.  The  first  wool-carding 
and  cloth  dressing  mill  waa  built  by  Benjamin  llungerford,  in 
1814;  aud  the  first  grietmill,  by  Samuel  Stooer,  in  1823. 

2  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  Presb^  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and 
Christian. 

5  Named  from  Wells  Fowler,  the  first  settler  at  the  village. 
<  Manufactures  all  kinds  of  agricultural  implements,  and  turns 
out  $70,000  to  $80,000  worth  of  goods  per  year. 


6  Named  from  David  Piffard,  a  prominent  settler  at  this  place. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Donald  and  John  McKenzie, 
Angus  McBeAn.  John  and  Alexander  Frazer.  Archibald  QilliH, 
anii  John  McCall.  David  Martz  was  an  early  settler.  Jobii 
Russ,  from  Vt..  settled  at  the  center,  in  ISO";  Kalph  Brown,  in 
18U8;  and  .Tohn  Darling,  from  Yt..  in  1809;  and  James  Calder  in 
tlie  N.  part  of  the  town.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Angus 
McKenzie.  The  first  inn  was  kept  by  N.ithan  Buss,  in  1817 :  the 
first  stnre.  by  Chandler  Piersons,  in  ISIG.  Kalph  Brown  built 
the  first  gristmill,  in  1818. 

^  The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town;  2  Presb..  2  M.  K., 
Bap.,  Cong.,  Asao.  Presb.,  Abso.  Ke£  Presb.,  and  Ref.  Presb, 


MADISON   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Chenango,  March  21, 180G,  and  named 
in  honor  of  President  Madison.  That  part  of  Stockbridge  e.  of 
Oneida  Creeli  was  annexed  from  Oneida  in  1836.  It  is  situated  in 
the  central  part  of  the  State,  is  centrally  distant  98  mi.  from  Albany, 
and  contains  an  area  of  670  sq.  mi.  The  extreme  N.  part  is  low,  level, 
and  swampy ;  but  the  central  and  s.  parts  are  hilly,  and  constitute  a 
portion  of  the  general  system  of  highlands  which  occupy  Central 
New  York.  The  hills  generally  hare  rounded  outlines  and  steep 
declivities,  their  highest  summits  being  500  to  800  ft.  above  the 
valleys  and  900  to  1,200  ft.  above  tide.  The  highlands  are  divided 
into  separate  ridges  by  a  series  of  valleys  extending  n.  and  s.,  and 
they  form  the  watershed  between  Susquehanna  River  and  Oneida 
Lake.  The  principal  streams  upon  the  n.  slope  are  Chittenango'  Creek,  forming  a  part  of  the  w. 
boundary  of  the  eo.,  Oneida  Creek,  forming  a  part  of  the  E.  boundary,  and  the  Canaseraga,^  Canas- 
tota,'  and  Cowaselon  Creeks:  and  the  principal  flowing  s.  are  Unadilla  River,  upon  the  e.  border, 
Beaver  Creek,  Chenango  River  and  its  branches,  Otselic*  Creek,  and  Tioughnioga  River.  The 
principal  bodies  of  water  are  Oneida  Lake,  forming  the  N.  boundary,  and  Owahgena  or  Cazenovia 
Lake,  near  the  center  of  the  w.  border.  The  latter,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  4  mi.  long,  is  900  ft. 
above  tide,  and  is  completely  surrounded  by  gradually  sloping  hillsides.  The  lowest  rocks  of  the 
CO.,  outcropping  along  Oneida  Lake,  belong  to  the  Clinton  group.  The  red  iron  ore  peculiar  to  this 
group  is  found  to  a  limited  extent,  but  not  in  sufficient  quantities  to  render  mining  profitable.  Next 
above  this  successively  appear  the  Niagara  and  Onondaga  groups,  underlying  the  whole  swampy 
region.*  The  red  shales  form  the  surface  rook  s.  of  the  swamp,  and  beds  of  gypsum  extend  along 
the  base  of  the  hills.  These  beds  are  extensively  quarried  in  some  sections,  and  furnish  an  excel- 
lent quality  of  plaster.  Upon  the  N.  decli\-ities  of  the  hills  successively  appear  the  water  lime- 
stone, Pentamerus  limestone,  Oriskany  sandstone,  and  Onondaga  limestone.  From  these  groups 
are  obtained  an  abundance  of  waterlime,  quicklime,  and  building  stone,  all  of  excellent  quality. 
Next  above  appear  the  Marcellus  and  Hamilton  shales,  covering  more  than  one-half  of  the 
entire  surface  of  the  co.  The  Tully  limestone,  Genesee  slate,  and  Ithaca  groups  are  found  to  a 
limited  extent  covering  the  tops  of  the  southern  hills.  A  large  share  of  the  co.  is  covered  deep  with 
drifl  deposits.  The  soil  upon  the  flat  lands  of  the  n.  is  generally  a  red  clay,  with  great  quantities 
of  muck  and  marl  in  the  swampy  regions.  Upon  the  northern  declivities  of  the  hills  the  soil  is  a 
gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  lime  and  plaster,  and  is  very  productive.  Farther  s.  the  soil  upon 
the  hills  is  a  clayey,  gravelly,  and  shaly  loam,  best  adapted  to  pasturage,  and  in  the  valleys  a 
gravelly  loam  and  alluvium.  The  people  are  principally  engaged  in  stock  raising  and  dairying. 
Hops  are  largely  cultivated.     Manufactures  are  principally  confined  to  two  or  three  villages. 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  Morrisville.  The  courthouse  is  a  two  story  wooden  building,  pleasantly 
situated  on  a  small  park,  fronting  on  a  main  street.  It  was  built  in  1849,  and  contains  the  court' 
and  jury  rooms.'  The  clerk's  office  is  a  small,  brick,  fire-proof  building  adjoining  the  courthouse. 
The  jail  was  burned  in  the  winter  of  1858.  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  135  acres 
near  Eaton  village,  5  mi.  s.  e.  of  Morrisville.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  130,  supported  at 
a  cost  of  56  cts.  per  week  each.  A  school  is  taught  during  the  whole  year.  The  farm  yields  a 
revenue  of  $1,500.*   The  principal  public  works  in  the  co.  are  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  N.  Y.  Central 


1  Meaning  "waters  divide  and  nin  n."  Seaver,  in  "  The  Life 
of  Mary  Jcmisftn,"  pays  it  is  a  corruption  of  the  Oneida  word 
'■  Chn-ti'-'-naiiny."  siffnifyin^  "where  the  sun  eliines  out." 

3  SleaninE  "  Big  Elkshom."  Seaver  gives  it  as  "  Ka-na-so-wa- 
ga."  signifying  "  several  strings  of  beads  with  a  string  lying 
across." 

*  •*  Ka-ne-to-ta,"  sipnifying  "  pine  tree  standing  alone," 

*  Meaning  "Capfull." 

6  In  the  marsh  near  Canastota  a  brine  spring  is  found.  A 
boring  of  190  ft.  was  made  here;  but  the  water  obtained  was 
not  sufficiently  strong  to  warrant  the  further  prosecution  of  the 
work. 

'  The  first  courts  were  held  alternately  at  "the  schoolhouse, 
ni-ar  David  Barnard's,  in  Sullivan,  [now  Lenox,]  and  at  the 
388 


schoolhouse  in  the  village  of  Hamilton."  The  first  officers  were 
Peter  Smith.  First  Judge:  Sylvanus  Smalley,  Edward  Green, 
Elisha  I'ayne,  and  David  Cook,  Associate  Jutfges;  Asa  B.  Sizer, 
Oi.  CliTk;  Jeremiah  Whipple.  Sheriff:  and  Thos.  H.  Hubbard, 
Surrofjnte.  In  1810,  Cazenovia  was  selected  as  the  site  of  the 
CO.  buildings,  and  Col.  John  Lincklaen  and  Capt.  .Tackson  were 
appointed  to  superintend  the  building  of  a  courthon,=e.  A  brick 
building  was  erected,  and  the  first  court  was  hold  in  it  in  ,7an. 
1812.  in  1817  the  co.  seat  was  removed  to  Morrisville,  and  the 
first  court  was  held  there  Oct.  7,  1817, 

^  Ellis  Moss,  Sani'l  White,  and  Oliver  Pool  were  appointed  to 
superintend  the  erection  of  the  courthouse. 

8  This  institution  consists  of  three  two  story  stone  buildings; 
the  poorhouse  proper,  a  lunatic  asylum,  and  a  hospital. 


MADISON    COUXTY. 


389 


R.  R.,  extending  through  Lenox  and  Sullivan.  Among  the  hills  are  several  large  artificial  reser- 
voirs, used  as  feeders  for  the  canal.     Cazenovia  Lake  is  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

There  are  seven  weekly  newspapers  published  in  the  co.^ 

Nearly  all  the  s.  half  of  this  co.  belonged  to  the  tract  known  as  the  "Chenango  Twenty  Towns."' 
A  strip  lying  between  this  tract  and  the  Military  Tract,  including  De  Ruyter  and  the  greater  part 
of  Cazenovia,  was  embraced  in  the  Lincklaen  Purchase.  The  Oneida  Indian  Reservation,  origin- 
ally embracing  all  the  n.  part  of  the  co.,  was  subsequently  divided  into  several  large  tracts. 
The  "New  Petersburgh  Tract,"  or  purchase  of  Peter  Smith,  includes  nearly  all  of  Smithfield  and 
Fenner,  the  n.  part  of  Cazenovia,  and  a  strip  a  mile  vride  across  the  s.  part  of  Stockbridge.  The 
remainder  of  Stockbridge  was  included  in  the  reservation  of  the  Stockbridge  Indians.  Lenox  and 
Sullivan  constituted  the  N.  w,  portion  of  the  Oneida  Indian  Reservation.  The  first  settlements  were 
made  by  squatters  upon  the  Oneida  Reservation,  in  1790.*  The  permanent  settlements  were  com- 
menced about  1795,  and  the  co.  rapidly  fiHed  up  with  immigrants,  principally  from  New  England. 


1  The  ^flHh'son  FrechoMer  was  commenced  at  Peterboro,  be- 
fore or  in  the  early  part  of  180S,  by  Jonathan  Bunce  & 
Co.    It  soon  after  appeared  aa 

The  Prtfholder,  and  was  continued  until  1813.  It  was  then 
changed  to 

Tfie  Miidis>m  (Jounlij  Herald,  and  was  continued  several  years.    ' 

The  Christian  and  Citizen  was  published  at  Peterboro,  in  1854, 
by  Pruyn  k  Walker. 

Tht  Pilot  was  established  at  Cazenovia.  in  Aug.  1808,  by  Oran 
E.  Baker,  and  continued  until  Aug.  1823. 

The  Republican  Monitor  was  started  at  Cazenovia,  in  Sept.  1823, 
by  L.  L.  Rice.  It  was  published  by  John  V.  Fairchild 
from  April,  1S25,  until  Jan.  1832,  by  J.  F.  Fairchild 
&  Son  until  July,  1840,  and  by  J.  F.  Fairehild  until 
March  4, 1841,  when  it  was  discontinued. 

The  Stud^mts  Afis<>:lla7ii/,  semi-mo.,  was  published  at  Cazenovia, 
in  1S31,  by  A.  Owen  and  L.  Kidder. 

Tfie  Union  Herald  wns  commenced  in  Mav.  1835,  by  L.  Myrick 
and  E.  W.  Clark.  In  1836  Qark  w'ithdrew ;  and  in  1840 
the  paper  was  discontinued- 

Tlie  Gzzenovia  Democrat  was  started  in  Sept.  1836,  by  J.  W. 
Chubbuck  &  Co.;  it  was  edited  by  J.  W.  Dwindle.  In 
Feb.  1837,  it  was  discontinued. 

The  Madison  Qmnty  Eagle  was  commenced  at  Cazenovia,  in 
Feb.  1840.  bv  Cj'rus  0.  Pool.  In  1^41  it  was  published 
by  Thos.  8.  Myrick  and  "W.  H.  Phillips.  In  June,  1842, 
Myrick  withdrew;  and  in  May,  1845,  its  name  was 
changed  to 

Tkc  Madison  County  Whig.  In  Aug.  184S,  Phillips  was  suc- 
ceeded by  H.  A.  Cooledge,  by  whom  the  paper  was 
changed  to 

The  Madison  County  News,  in  Oct.  1853.  In  May,  1854,  it  was 
ag^iin  changed  to 

TJie.  Madison  County  Whiff ;  and  in  Jan.  1857,  it  was  discontinued. 

Th£  Abditionist  was  started  at  Cazenovia,  in  1841,  by  Luther 
Myrick,  and   continued  2  years. 

The  Madison  and  Onondaga  Abolitionist  was  published  in  1843, 
by  Luther  Myrick. 

The  Madison  Republic  was  commenced  at  Cazenovia,  in  Jan. 
ISoO,  by  W.  H.  Phillips,  and  continued  about  3  months. 

The  Oxzenovia  Gojzdle  was  published  by  Baker  &  Debnam,  from 
Oct.  1851.  until  May,  1852. 

The  Progressive  Christian  was  established  in  April,  1853,  by  A. 
Pryne.  and  was  continned  2  years. 

Tlie  Cazeuovia  Republican  was  commenced  May  1, 
1K54.  by  j^eiif'ca  Liike.  Hh  prcHent  publisher. 

The  Gaxtte  and  Madison  Cnnritt/ Advertisi'r  was  established  at 
Peterboro  in  May,  iSl".  by  John  B.  Johnsnn  and  son. 
It  was  removed  to  Morrisville  in  1819,  and  discontinued 
in  1822. 

The  Madison  Obgem'er  was  commenced  at  Cazenovia.  in  Jan. 
1821,  by  Kico  &  Hale.  It  was  removed  to  Morrisville 
in  1822;  and  in  1824  Bennett  Bicknell  became  its  pub- 
lisher. In  1829  it  was  united  with  The  Hamiiton  Re- 
corder, and  was  issued  as 

The  Observer  and  Recorder.  In  1832  it  passed  into  the  hands 
of  H.  C.  Bicknell  and  Jas.  Norton,  and  in  1834  into 
those  of  Jas.  Norton.     In  1835  it  was  changed  to 

Tlie  Madison  Observer.  In  1839  J.  and  E.  Norton 
beciune  its  publishers,  and  in  1866  Edward  Norton,  by 
whom  it  is  «till  published. 

The  Hamilton  Recordi'T  was  started  in  1817.  by  John  G.  Stower 
and  P.  B.  Havens.  In  1819  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Stower  &  Williams,  and  afterward  into  those  of  John 
P.  Van  Sice.  In  1829  it  was  removed  to  Morrisville 
and  united  with  The  Observer. 

The  Madison  Farmer  was  published  at  Hamilton,  in  1828,  by 
Nathaniel  King. 

The  Civilian  was  started  July  27, 1830,  by  Lorin  Dewey.  In 
Feb.  1831,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Lewison  Fairchild, 
and  in  Nov,  1S31.  it  was  di-wontinued. 

Tfu  Hamilton  Courier  was  commenced  by  Q.  R.  Waldron,  In 
Feb,  1834,  and  the  following  year  it  appeared  as 

The  Hamilton  Courier  and  Madison  Oo.  Advertiser.  It  was  con- 
tinued until  183S. 


The  Hamilton  Palladium  was  started  in  1838.  by  John  Atwond, 
and  continued  6  years,  a  part  of  the  time  by  J.  &  D.  At- 
wood. 

The  HamHion  Eagle  was  published  In  1839,  by  G.  R.  Waldron. 

The  Literary  Visitor  was  published  at  Hamilton  about  3  monibu, 
in  is42,  by  Dennis  Redman. 

Tlie  Devwcratic  Reflector  was  started  at  Hamilton  by  0.  R.  Wal- 
di'on,  in  1842.  and  was  published  by  Waldron  &  Baker 
from  1843  until  1854,  and  2  years  by  Waldron  alone, 
when  it  was  united  with  The  Madison  Co.  Journal, 
and  appeared  as 

TUe  Democratic  Republican.  It  is  now  published 
by  Waldron  &  James. 

The  Madison  County  Journal  was  commenced  in  Sept.  1849,  by 
E.  F.  &  C.  B.  Gould.  W.  W.  Chubbuck.  F.  B.  Fisher, 
and  T.  L.  James  were  afterward  interested  in  its  publi- 
cation ;  and  in  1856  it  was  united  with  The  Democratic 
Rcjiect/ir. 

The  Mill  Boy  "|  were  published  during  the  campaign  of  1844, 
and  >the  former  at  the  Palladium  and  the  latter  at 

The  Polker       }  the  Reflector  office. 

The  Land  Mark  was  published  as  a  campaign  paper  in  1850. 

The  New  Tork  State  Radii  vias  removed  from  Fort  Plain,  Mont- 
gomery CO.,  in  1854,  by  L.  S.  Backus,  and  continued 
about  18  months,  when  it  was  returned  to  Fort 
Plain. 

Tbe  Democratic  Union  was  commenced  at  Hamilton, 
in  1N56.  by  Le^i  S.  Backus;  and  in  1857  it  passed  into 
the  hands  of  W.  H.  Baker,  its  present  publisher. 

The  Canastota  Rrqister  was  published  in  1S30.  by  Silas  Judd 
and  n.  B.  Mattieou.  and  in  1831  by  H.  S.  Merrilt. 

The  Canastota  Times  was  commenced  in  1857,  by  Geo.  H.  Mer- 
riam,  and  was  discrintinued  the  following  year. 

The  Canastota  Eagle  was  started  Nov.  4, 185S,  by  J.  E. 
N.  Backus,  its  present  publisher, 

The  Chitlenango  Herald  was  established  in  1832,  by  Isaac  Lyon, 
and  was  published  successively  as 

The  Chitt^nango  Republican, 

The  Phcenix,  and 

The  Democratic  Gazette,  until  1856,  when  it  was  discontinued. 

The  De  Ruyter  Herald  was  published  in  1S35,  by  C.  W.  Mason. 

The  Protestant  Sentinel  was  brought  from  Schenectady  to  De 
Ruyter  in  Nov.  1S36.  and  was  published  by  J.  &  C.  H. 
Maxson  until  the  fall  of  1837.  It  then  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Wm.  D.  Cochran,  by  whom  it  was  issued  as 

The  ProtfMant  Sentinel  and  S'Tenth  Day  Baptist  Jmirnal.  In 
Feb.  1840,  Joel  Greene  became  its  publisher,  and  changed 
it  to 

The  Seventh  Day  Baptist  Register.  In  1841  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  James  Bailey,  by  whom  it  was  continued  uutU 
1845. 

The  National  Banner  was  commenced  at  De  Ruyter  in  Oct. 
1847,  by  A.  C.  Hill,  and  continued  2  years. 

The  Central  New  Torler  was  published  at  De  Huj*ter,  by  E.  F. 
&  C.  B.  Gould,  from  Sept.  1848,  until  May,  1851. 

The  Banner  of  tfie  Times  was  started  at  De  Ruyter,  by  Walker 
&  Hiil.  and  continued  until  1855. 

The  Oneida  Tl-'graph  was  commenced  at  Oneida,  in  Sept.  1851. 
by  D.  IL  Fmst,  In  June,  1854,  it  passed  into  the  hands 
of  Jobn  Crawford,  and  was  changed  to 

Tlie  Oneida  Saclienif  under  which  name  it  is  still  pul^ 
lished. 

Tlie  CIrctilar  was  established  in  1852,  and  is  published 
weekly  at  the  Oneida  Community, 
s  Tlie  following  is  a  list  of  these  townships  within  the  limitfl 

of  this  CO.: 


Lebanon 'No.  5. 

Geori;etown "    6. 

Brookfleld "    19*20. 


Nelson No.  1. 

Eaton '*    2. 

Madison "    3. 

Hamilton "   4. 

The  Canastota  Tract  in  this  co.  was  granted  in  lieu  of  the 
school  lotB  reserved  in  the  '*  Twenty  Towns ;"  but  by  some  over- 
sight was  sold  with  those  lands. 

•  See  page  461. 


390 


MADISON    COUNTY. 


BROOKFIELD— -n-as  formed  from  Paris,  (Oneida  co.,)  March  5,  1795;  and  Columbua 
(Chenango  co.)  was  taken  oif  in  1805.  It  is  the  s.  E.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly 
upland,  broken  by  the  valleys  of  Unadilla  River  and  Beaver  Creek.  Unadilla  River  forms  the  e. 
boundary.  Beaver  Creek  flows  through  near  the  center,  and  the  E.  branch  of  the  Chenango  through 
the  N.  w.  part.  Several  smaller  streams  take  their  rise  in  the  town.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam. 
ClarkviUe,'  (Brookfield  p.o.,)  incorp.  April  5,  1834,  contains  2  churches,  the  Brookfield  Aca- 
demy, a  hoe  and  fork  manufactory,  gristmill,  and  tannery.  Pop.  578.  L.eonai'd$viIIe  (p.  v.) 
contains  1  church,  a  bank,  and  several  manufactories.^  Pop.  366.  Xorth  Brookfield  (p.  v.) 
has  275  inhabitants.  South  Brookfield  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet,  and  De  liancey'ap.  o.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  by  Daniel  Brown,  in  1791.*     The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town.' 

CAZEKfOTlA* — was  formed  from  Paris  and  Whitestown,  (Oneida  co.,)  March  5,  1795.  De 
Ruyterwas  taken  off  in  1798,  Sullivan  in  1803,  Smithfield  and  Nelson  in  1807,  and  a  partof  Fenner 
in  1823.  It  is  the  central  to^^^l  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland, 
broken  by  the  valleys  of  Chittenango  and  Limestone  Creeks.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  300 
to  500  feet  above  the  valleys.  Owahgena  or  Cazeuovia  Lake,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  is  a 
beautiful  sheet  of  water  about  4  mi.  long.  Its  outlet — Chittenango  Creek — forms  a  part  of  the 
boundary  between  this  town  and  Fenner.  In  its  course  it  has  a  fall  of  several  hundred  feet,  afford- 
ing a  great  number  of  valuable  mill  sites.  At  the  Chittenango  Fall  the  water  plunges  in  a  beautiful 
cascade  perpendicularly  over  a  ledge  of  limestone  rock  136  feet  in  height.  Limestone  Creek  flows 
across  the  s.  part  of  the  town.  Hydraulic  and  common  limestone  are  quarried  near  Chittenango 
Falls.  The  soil  in  the  N.  and  central  parts  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  s.  a  clayey  loam  under- 
laid byhardpan.  CazeilOVia,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  Feb.  7, 1810,  is  beautifully  situated  on  Chittenango 
Creek,  at  the  foot  of  Cazenovia  Lake.  It  contains  7  churches,  an  academy,'  a  bank,  and  several 
manufactories.*  Pop.  1177.  Slew  Woodstock  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches  and  273  inhabit- 
ants. Cbittenango  Falls  is  a  p.o.  Settlement  was  coumienced  in  1793,  by  John  Lincklaen, 
from  Amsterdam,  Holland.'  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  May  17,  1799,  with  5  mem- 
bers ;  and  the  Rev.  Joshua  Leonard  was  the  first  pastor.     The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town."* 

DE  RUITTER" — was  formed  from  Cazenovia,  March  15,  1798.    Georgetown  was  taken  off  in 

1815,  and  German  (Chenango  co.)  in  1806.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  con- 
sists of  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  valley  of  Tioughnioga  River.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are 
400  to  500  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  principal  streams  are  Tioughnioga  River  and  its  tributaries. 
The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  sandy  loam  on  the  hills  and  alluvium  in  the  valleys.  Be  Kuytcr, 
(p.  V.,)  incorp.  April  15,  1833,  contains  3  churches,  an  academy,^' and  sevcriil  manufactories.''  Pop. 
727.  Slieds  Corners  is  a  p.o.  The  first  settlers  were  Elijah  and  Elias  Benjamin  and  Eli 
Colgrove,  in  1793."    The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  by  Elder  Joel  Butler,  Nov.  5,  1799.'* 

EATOBJ'* — was  formed  from  Hamilton,  Feb.  6,  1807.  It  is  an  interior  town,  situated  near 
the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  broken  by  the  valley  of  Chenango  River 
into  two  ridges,  whose  summits  arc  400  to  600  ft.  in  height.  The  Chenango  flows  s.  through  the 
center.  The  outlet  of  the  Eaton  Reservoir  flows  through  a  deep,  narrow  ravine,  and  affords  a  large 
number  of  valuable  mill  sites.  Hatchs  Lake  and  Bradley  Brook  Reservoir,  and  several  smaller 
reservoirs,  are  in  this  town.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  intermixed  with  clay  in  the  valleys. 
Morrisville,"  (p.  v.,)  situated  on  Chenango  River,  was  incorp.  April  13,  1819.    It  contains  3 


1  Named  from  .Toaeph  Clark,  f_umerly  Stite  Seaator. 

2  A  fork  manufactory,  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  tanuery. 
8  Named  from  .lolin  De  Lancy. 

*  John  and  EliiLs  Button,  Lawton  Palmer,  Saml.  H.  Burdick. 
Saml.  Billings,  David  Maine,  Stephen  Collins,  Thos.  and  James 
Rogers,  and  Paul  and  IVrry  Mastwn  settled  in  the  town  in  1793. 
Stephen  Hoxie,  Simeon,  Nathaniel,  and  Eleazer  Brown,  Henry 
Clark,  Kohert  Randall.  A3;i  Frink,  Ethan,  Oliver,  and  Phineas 
Babcofk,  Ira  and  Nathan  Burdick.  and  Youman  York  were  also 
early  settlers.  .Tohn  Button  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1792; 
and  Reuben  Leonard  opened  the  first  store,  in  ISO! .  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Asa  Carrier,  in  the  winter  of  1796-97. 

6  2  Seventh  Day  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Dniv. 

6  Named  from  Theophilus  Cazeuove,  the  first  genera!  agent 
of  the  Holland  Land  Company. 

I  The  Oneida  Conference  Seminary  is  a  large  and  flourishing 
institution,  under  the  care  of  the  Methodist  denomination. 

8  In  and  near  Cazenovia,  on  Cliittenango  Creek,  are  a  woolen 
factory,  paper  mill,  oil  mill,  town  clock  factory,  furnace,  ma- 
chine shop.  2  gristmills,  and  a  sawmill. 

«  Archiliald  Bates.  Wm.  Qillett.  Wm.  Miles,  Benj.  Pierson. 
Noah  Taylor,  Saial.  S.  Forman.  Ira  Peck.  Nathan  Webb,  Shubael 
Brooks,  and  others  named  Tyler  and  Auger  settled  in  the  town 


in  1793 ;  and  Joseph  Simms,  Isaac  Moss,  Gideon  Freeman,  and 
David  Fay  soon  after.  The  first  birth  w.as  that  of  a  child  of 
Noah  Taylor,  in  1794.  John  Lincklaen  built  the  first  saw  and 
grist  mills,  in  1794. 

10  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  Cong.,  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Union,  and  Univ. 

u  Named  from  Admiral  De  liuyter,  of  the  Dutch  Navy. 

13  The  De  Ruyter  Institute  is  under  the  careof  the  Seventh  Day 
Baptist  denomination. 

13  2  tanneries,  2  sawmills,  a  gristmill,  oil  mill,  furnace,  and 
tmbinetware  manufactory. 

1^  Joseph  Messenger  and  Sam'l  Thomson  settled  in  the  town 
in  1795.  Darius  IJenjainin,  Justus,  Jeremiah,  and  Ebenezer 
Gage,  and  Daniel  Page  were  also  early  settlers.  The  first  birth 
was  that  of  Frederick  Benjamin,  about  179S :  Joseph  .M.  ssenger 
opened  the  first  inn.  in  1796 ;  Samuel  Bowen  kept  the  first  store; 
Joseph  Rich  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  I.S117,  and  the  fiist  grist- 
mill, in  1S09.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Kli  Gage,  iu  the 
winter  of  1799. 

l&  There  are  6  churches  in  town ;  2  Friends,  and  1  each  Bap., 
Seventh  Day  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Presb. 

18  Named  from  Gen.  Wm.  Eaton,  commander  of  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tarv  forces  in  the  expedition  to  Tripoli. 

IT  Named  from  a  family  of  eiirly  settlers  in  town. 


MADISON    COUNTY. 


391 


churches,  a  newspaper  office,  and  several  manufactories.*  Pop.  715.  Eaton,  (p-v.,)  commonly 
called  ^^  Log  City,''  contains  3  churches  and  several  manufactories.^  Pop.  510.  West  Eaton, 
(p.  V.,)  commonly  called  "  Lcevilley'*  contains  2  churches,  a  woolen  factory,  sawmill,  and  about  40 
houses;  and  Pratts  IIollon'^  (p-'^-)  1  church  and  about  20  houses.     Pine  "Woods  is  a  p.  o. 

Settled  in  1792,  by  John  and  James  Salisbury,  from  Vt. ;  but  the  first  permanent  settler  was  Joshua 
Leland,  from  Sherburne,  Mass.,  in  1793.*    Tlie  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1805.^ 

FEBfflVER® — was  formed  from  Cazenovia  and  Smithfield,  April  22,  1823.  It  is  an  interior 
town,  lying  N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland.  Oneida,  Canaseraga,  and 
Chittenango  Creeks  have  their  sources  in  this  town.  The  latter  forms  a  part  of  its  av.  boundary. 
Extensive  marl  beds  are  found ;  and  on  the  bank  of  Chittenango  Creek  calcareous  tufa  is  quar- 
ried and  burned  into  lime.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  Perry ville,  (p.  v.,)  partly 
in  this  town,  contains  2  churches  and  25  houses.  Fenner  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  about  the  year  1793.''    The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  Aug.  23,  1801.® 

GEORGETOW^N— was  formed  from  De  Ruyter,  April  7,  1815.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border 
of  the  CO.,  w.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  valley  of  Otsellc  Creek 
into  two  ridges.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  500  to  600  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  principal 
streams  are  Otselic  Creek  and  its  branches.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  yellow  loam,  and  in  the 
valleys  a  gravelly  alluvium.  Creorg^etown  (p.  v.)  contains  3  churches,  and  has  a  population 
of  280.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Ezra  Sexton,  in  1804.*  Lewis  Anathe  Muller,  a  French 
refugee,  settled  in  this  town  about  1810,  and  remained  until  the  restoration  of  Louis  Philippe.*** 
The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Ezra  Sexton,  at  the  house  of  Bethel  Ilurd,  in  1805." 

HAIUIETO^ — was  formed  from  Paris,  (Oneida  co.,)  March  5,  1705,  and  was  named  from 
Alexander  Hamilton.  Eaton,  Lebanon,  and  Madison  were  taken  ofi"  in  1807.  It  lies  upon  the  s. 
border  of  the  co.,  between  Lebanon  and  Brookfield.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  broken  by  the 
valleys  of  Chenango  River  and  its  east  branch.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys  and  a 
clayey  loam  upon  the  hills.  Hamilton,^^  (P-^m)  incorp,  April  12,  1812,  is  situated  on  the 
Chenango  Canal.  It  contains  4  churches,  the  Hamilton  Academy,  the  Hamilton  Female  Seminary, 
2  newspaper  offices,  and  a  bank.  Pop.  1448.  The  Madison  University,  located  at  this  place, 
under  the  care  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  was  incorp.  March  26,  1846.  It  consists  of  a 
grammar  school,  a  collegiate  and  a  theological  department.  Nine  professors  are  employed,  and 
in  1857  31  theological  students,  123  under-graduates,  and  71  grammar  school  students  were  in 
attendance.  .The  libraries  connected  with  the  university  contain  about  8,900  volumes."  Earl- 
ViHe,^*  (p.  V.,)  on  the  line  of  Sherburne,  (Chenango  co.,)  contains  2  churches,  and  has  a  pop.  of  441, 
of  which  233  are  in  this  town.     Poolville  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches  and  about  40  houses,  and 


1  A  Bilk  ffictory,  distillery,  tannery,  iron  foundry,  machine 
shop,  gristmill,  and  sawmill.  There  were  formerly  several  woolen 
factories  in  and  near  Morrisville,  but  they  have  been  abandoned. 

2  A  woolen  factory,  a  tool  fuctory  and  trip  hamnier,  distillery, 
tannery,  gristmill,  and  sawmill. 

*  Named  from  John  and  Matthew  Pratt,  early  settlers. 

*  John  H.and  Bonj.  Morris  settled  in  the  town  in  1794;  Benj. 
Morse,  Daniel  Abbey,  Simeon  Gillett,  Levi  Barney,  and  Elijah 
Hayden,  in  1705;  Joseph  Moss,  Wm.  Mills.  Lewis  Wilson,  Sam'l 

Shiclair,  Humphrey  Palmer,  and McCrellis,  in  179'^;  and 

Rawson  Ilarnmn,  in  1797.  Thos.  Morris,  Windsor  and  Ziba  Co- 
man,  Constandt,  Robert,  and  Cyrus  Avery,  Joseph  French,  and 
Abiathar  Gates  were  also  early  settlers.  The  first  birth  was 
that  of  Col.  Uriah  Leland,  Nov.  1, 1793;  the  first  marriase.  that 
of  Lems  Wilson  and  Dorcas  Gillett,  in  1796;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Simeon  Gillett.  in  1796.  Joshua  Leland  opened  the  first 
inn,  in  1794,  and  erected  the  first  saw  and  grist  mills,  in  1795. 
David  Gaston  kept  the  first  store,  in  1S04.  The  first  school  was 
taught  by  Dr.  James  Pratt,  in  the  winter  of  1797-98. — the  first 
mouth  at  the  house  of  Joseph  Moss,  the  second  near  Morrisville, 
the  third  near  Log  City,  and  the  fourth  near  the  residence  of 
Joshua  Leland. 

^  The  census  reports  8  churches  in  town;  3  Bap.,  3  M.  E.,  and 
2  Cong, 
fl  Named  from  Gov,  Penner,  of  Rhode  Island. 

7  Amoug  the  early  settlers  were  Alpheus  Twist  and  .Tames 
Munger,  from  C-onn..  who  located  a  mi.  s.  of  the  center,  Jona- 
than Munger  and Pago  in  the  N.  part,  and  Kli&ha  Freeman, 

Itburiel  Flower,  Ames  Webster  and  Amanda  Munger  in  the  s. 
part.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  child  of  Alpheus  Twist;  and 
the  first  death,  that  of  the  wife  of  Alpheus  Twist.  Elder  Nathan 
Baker  was  the  first  preacher. 

8  The  census  reports  6  churches;  3  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Prot.  E. 

*  Matthew  Ilallenbeck.  Joab  Bishop.  John  C.  Paine,  and  Bailey 
Carter  settled  in  the  town  iu  1804,  and  Mitchell  Atwood,  Wm. 
Paine,  Betliel  Hurd.  Joseph  P.  Flarrison.  and  Josiuh  Purdy  in 
1S05.    Ebeaezer  Ilull,  Apollos  Drake,  Elijah  and  Alfred  Browu, 


Jesse  Jerrold,  Zadock  Hawks,  John  Gibson, Hunt,  David 

Parker.  Philetus  Stewart.  Calvin  Cross,  Dr.  Smith,  Benj.  Bonner, 

Capt.  Wliite,  and Alvord,  were  also  early  settlers.    The  first 

birth  wiis  that  of  Weston  Paine,  in  1805;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Mrs.  Ezra  Sexton,  iu  1807.  Mitchell  Atwood  built  the 
first  sawmill,  in  1800,  and  Bishop  &  Hunt  the  first  gristmill,  in 
1807.    J.  C.  Paine  was  an  early  innkeeper. 

10  Muller  settled  ou  the  hill,  about  3  mi.  w.  of  Georgetown, 
erected  a  large  and  spacious  dwelling,  laid  out  extensive  grounds-, 
excavated  an  artificial  pond,  and  planted  groat  numbers  of  fruit 
trees.  He  attempt-'d  the  establishment  of  a  village,  by  erecting 
2  storehouses,  several  dwollinga,  a  blacksmith  shop,  and  a  grist- 
mill. It  is  supposed  that  he  brought  with  him  to  town  not  leas 
than  $150,000,  and  that  ho  carried  away  not  to  exceed  $1500. 
Wheu  Bonaparte  abdicated,  Muller  returned  to  France,  leaving 
his  wife  and  children  in  New  York.  He  afterward  returned  to 
dispose  of  his  property  here.  When  he  reached  Georgetown,  hia 
house  was  strippedof  its  furniture;  his  stock  and  every  mL  ."able 
article  had  disappeared;  weeds  covered  the  gardens,  the  w.ilks, 
the  roads,  and  fields  ;  his  village  was  forsaken,  and  the  mill  d** 
serted.  The  agent  in  whose  charge  he  had  loft  his  property  had 
sold  every  movable  article  and  deserted  the  place.  Muller  sold 
the  property  and  returned  to  France;  and  to  this  day  no  ono 
knows  who  or  what  he  was. 

u  There  are  3  churches  in  town;  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  Union. 

12  Formerly  called  '■^Payncsrilh'." 

^^  The '^  Hamilton  Thenlngical  Stmhmry'"'  was  established  in 
1820,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Baptist  Kducation  Society  of  tlio 
State  of  New  York.  In  1834  a  collegiate  coursw  was  instituted, 
and  the  seminary  assumed  the  name  of  the  "  I/amilUm  Lite.rarif 
and  Theological  Seminary;"  and  in  1846  the  insritution  wa-s  in- 
corp. as  the  Madison  University.  The  theolngicul  dt-partment 
is  still  under  the  control  of  the  Baptist  Educational  Soii''ty.  Tlw 
aggregate  number  of  graduates  of  the  theological  department  is 
3u2,  and  of  the  collegiate  department  462. 

14  Named  from  Jouas  Earl,  Canal  Commissioner. 


392 


MADISON    COUNTY. 


Hubbardsville^  (p.  v.)  20  houses.  East  Hamilton  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet,  and  Soufb  Ha- 
milton a  p.  0.  The  first  settlers  were  John  Wells  and  Abner  Nash,  fi-om  Mass.,  and  Patrick 
Shields  and  John  Muir,  from  Scotland,  but  late  from  Oneida  co.  They  located  upon  Chenango, 
near  Earlville,  in  1792.*    The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1796.' 

Ij'EBAIVOjV — was  formed  from  Hamilton,  Feb.  6,  1807.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  s. 
border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  lying  between  the  Chenango  and  Otselic  Rivers. 
The  summits  in  the  w.  part  are  500  to  800  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  valley  of  Chenango  River, 
extending  through  the  e.  part,  is  about  1  mi.  wide  and  is  bordered  by  steep  hillsides.  The  other 
streams  are  small  brooks.  The  soil  is  a  yellow  loam  underlaid  by  hardpan  upon  the  hills  and 
alluvium  in  the  valleys.  I^ebanon  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church,  a  sawmill,  tannery,  and  25  houses. 
Smitbs  Valley*  and  Middleport  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1792, 
by  Enoch  Stowell  and  Jonathan  Bates,  from  Yt.^    There  are  4  churches  in  town.* 

I^KWOX — was  formed  from  Sullivan,  March  3,  1809,  and  a  part  of  Stockbridge  was  taken  off 
in  1836.  It  is  the  n.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  n.  and  moderately  hilly 
in  the  s.  Canastota  and  Cowaselon  Creeks  flow  through  the  town.  Oneida  Creek  forms  its  e. 
boundary,  and  Oneida  Lake  a  part  of  its  n.  boundary.  The  Cowaselon  Swamp  occupies  a 
portion  of  the  N.  part.  The  soil  in  the  n.  is  alluvium  and  in  the  s.  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam. 
In  the  town  are  beds  of  gypsum  and  of  red  fossiliferous  iron  ore.  Near  Cowaselon  Creek 
is  a  small  sulphur  spring;  and  in  the  marsh  near  Canastota  is  a  salt  spring.^  Oneida  (p. v.) 
is  the  principal  station  between  Syracuse  and  Rome,  on  the  N.Y.  Central  R.  R.  It  is  situated 
on  Oneida  Creek,  and  was  incorp.  June  20,  1848.  It  contains  5  churches,  the  Oneida  Seminary,* 
a  newspaper  ofBce,  and  a  bank.  Pop,  1713.  Canastota,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  28,  1835,  is  a 
canal  village  and  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.  It  contains  3  churches,  a  newspaper  ofl&ce,  a 
bank,  and  a  manufactory  of  astronomical  and  optical  instruments.®  Pop.  1081.  Wampsville, 
(p.  V.,)  a  station  on  the  N.Y.  Central  R,  R.,  contains  1  church  and  25  houses.  Pine  Bush, 
(Bennetts  Corners  p.  o.,)  MerrllLsville,  (Cowaselon  p.  o.,)  and  I^enOX  Furnace  are  ham- 
lets. ClOCUvllle,^**  (p,  V.)  contains  2  churches,  a  woolen  factory,  2  flouring  mills,  and  a  saw- 
mill. Pop.  270.  Quality  Hill  (Lenox  p.o.)  is  a  thickly  settled  country  street  near  Canastota. 
Oneida  Lake  (p.o.)  and  South  Bay  are  hamlets.  Oneida Talley  (p. v.)  contains  1 
church  and  about  30  houses.  Dui'haniTille  (p.  v.)  contains  1034  inhabitants,  of  whom  234 
are  in  this  town  ;"  the  p,  office  is  in  Oneida  co.  The  '*  Oneida  Community,"  of  about  200  persons, 
organized  upon  a  peculiar  religious  and  social  basis,  are  located  upon  a  farm  of  390  acres  on 
Oneida  Creek,  3  mi.  s.  of  Oneida.*^  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1792,  by  Conrad  Klok  and 
his  sons  Joseph,  John,  and  Conrad."     The  census  reports  14  churches  in  town.^* 

MADISOIV— was  formed  from  Hamilton,  Feb.  6,  1807.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  s. 
of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland.  The  principal  stream  is  Oriskany  Creek.  The 
Madison  Reservoir  and  several  smaller  ponds  of  water  are  in  this  town.  The  soil  consists  of  a 
gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys  and  a  clayey  loam  upon  the  hills.  ]Uadison,  (P-'^-O  incorp.  April 
17,  181G,  contains  4  churches,  and  has  a  population  of  315.  Bouckville^^  (P-"^-)  contains  1 
church  and  35  houses,  and  Solsville  (p.  v.)  17  houses.    The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1793.** 


1  Named  from  Calvin  Hubbard. 

s  Among  tbe  other  early  settlers  were  Pam'l  and  Elisha  Payne, 
who  lucrttfd  upon  tho  present  site  of  Haniilton  Village  in  179-1. 
Theophilus  and  Benj.  Pierce.  Jonathan  Olmsted.  Daniel  Smith, 
and  Nathan  Foster  settled  in  the  town  in  1795,  and  Thomas 
Greenly  in  1796. 

8  The  census  reports  10  churches  in  town ;  4  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  2 
Cong.,  Prot.  E.,  and  Univ. 

*  Named  from  Justus  Smith,  a  former  resident. 

S  Among  the  early  Bt-ttlers  were  John.  Charles,  James,  and 
Isaac  Campbell,  Thos.  Hueston.  Lent  Bradley,  Solomon  Jones, 

Abram  Webster.  Dan'l  Stowell.  David  Ilartson. Rider.  Josh. 

Sniitb.  Dea.  Finney,  David  Shapley.  Malchiah  Hatch,  Dr.  Merriek, 
Elihu  Bosworth,  Bcnj.  Ht-wes,  and  Capt.  Moore.  Elisha  'WTieeler 
built  the  first  sawmill,  and  Daniel  Wioeler  the  first  gristmill; 
Israel  Thayer  kept  the  first  utore.  The  first  school  was  taught 
by  Widow  Nancy  Campbell,  a  lady  about  70  years  of  age. 

0  Bap.,  Cong..  M.  E..  and  Univ. 

7  At  this  spring:  a  boring  waa  once  made  196  ft.  deep.  At  that 
depth  the  auger  broke,  and  the  work  was  abandoned.  The 
strength  of  the  water  at  the  surface  was  2p  by  the  instrument 
need,  and  it  was  increased  to  9'^. — Geol.  jV.  K.  HI.  p.  273. 
•  B  The  school  w;is  opened  Sept.  29,  1S58,  with  about  200  pnpils 
and  0  male  and  4  female  teachers. 

0  Established  by  Chas.  A.  Spencer.  The  microscopes  and  other 
instruments  made  here  have  acquired  merited  celebrity.  The 
figuatorial  telescope  at  Hamilton  College  was  made  here. 

*''  Named  from  Conrad  Klok,  who  settled  near  this  place. 


11  See  page  470. 

12  This  community  was  organized  in  1R47,  under  John  H. 
Noyes.  with  whom  their  peculiar  religious  and  social  tenets 
mostly  originated.  They  form  a  gfneral  community,  holding  a 
common  interest  in  all  things.  The  relation  of  the  sexes  is 
placed,  not.  like  that  of  civilized  society,  on  the  ba.eis  of  law  and 
constraint,  neither  on  the  opposite  one  of  mere  freedom,  but  on 
that  of  *■  iiispiratio'n.-'  They  are  prinripally  engaged  in  garden- 
ing, the  nursery  business,  nulling,  and  the  manufacture  of  eteel 
traps,  sewing  silk,  tmveling  bags,  cravats,  and  palmleaf  hat.8. 
The  Circular,  a  weekly  paper,  is  published  by  the  Communists. 

13  The  Forbeses,  Buyas.  and  Suvders  were  the  early  settlers. 
1*  5  M.E.,  5  Presh.,  2  Bap..  Cong.,  and  B.C. 

15  Named  from  Gov.  Bouck ;  formerly  called  "Jtihvsi'tlle." 

16  Samuel  and  Francis  Clemens,  Stephen  F.  Blackstone.  John 
Niles.  Seth  Snow  and  his  son  Seth,  Wm.and  Da\id  Blair.  Jan>ea 
Collister,  Daniel  Perkins,  Henry  W.  and  Israel  Bond,  Elijah 
Blodget.  Amos  and  Jesse  Maynard.  and  Joel  Crawford,  settled 
in  tbe  town  inl793;  Gen.  Erastus  Cleveland.  Thos.  Mellen.  Abiel 
Hatch,  Jas.  McClenathan,  Geo..  Clias.,  and  Job  Peckhand.  Benj. 
Simmonds.  Sylvester  Woodward.  Elijah  Thompson,  Sam'l  Jones, 
Jas.  and  Alex.  White.  Luther,  Abiel,  and  Ephraim  Clongh.  and 
Jonathan  Sloan,  were  also  early  settlers.  The  first  births  in 
town  were  those  of  Marcena  Collister  and  Stephen  Blackstone, 
both  in  1794.  Gen.  Cleveland  built  the  first  gristmill  and  kept 
the  first  store.  Henry  W.  Bond  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1793, 
Sam'l  Clemens  was  an  early  innkeeper. 


MADISON    COUNTY. 


393 


The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  organized  iu   1795,  and  the  Rev.  Ezra  Woodworth  was  the  first 
pastor.*  ' 

WELSO^ — was  formed  from  Cazenovia,  March  13,  1807.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  w. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  rolling  upland.  The  principal  stream  is  Chitte- 
nango  Creek.  The  Erieville  and  Eaton  reservoirs  are  in  this  town.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly 
loam.  Erieville  (p.  v.)  contains  3  churches  and  191  inhabitants,  and  IVelSOn  Flats  (Nelson 
p.  0.)  2  churches  and  146  inhabitants.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1794,  by  Asa  and  Jede- 
diah  Jackson.^     The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.' 

SmiTIIFIEED — was  formed  from  Cazenovia,  March  13, 1807.  A  part  of  Fenner  was  taken 
off  in  1823,  and  of  Stockbridge  in  1836.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co. 
Its  sui-face  is  a  hilly  and  rolling  upland.  The  principal  streams  are  Cowaselon  and  Oneida  Creeks. 
The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Limestone  and  gypsum  are  obtained  in  the  n.  e.  corner. 
Near  Siloam  is  a  small  sulphur  spring,  Peterboro,*  (p.  v.,)  on  Oneida  Creek,  near  the  center, 
contains  3  churches  and  the  Peterboro  Academy.  Pop.  350.  Siloam  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The 
first  settler  was  Jasper  Alesworth,  in  1795.^  Judge  Greene  C.  Bronson  resided  in  this  town  for 
several  years;  and  Hon.  Gerrit  Smith  now  resides  in  Peterboro.  In  1858,  Wm.  Evans,  of  Boston, 
donated  to  this  town  the  sum  of  ?10,000,  to  be  invested,  and  the  proceeds  devoted  to  the  relief 
and  support  of  the  destitute  and  needy.®    There  are  3  churches  in  town,'' 

STOCHBRIDCrE — named  from  the  Stockbridge  Indians — was  formed  from  Vernon  and 
Augusta  (Oneida  co.)  and  Smithfield  and  Lenox,  May  20,  1836.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the 
CO.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  valley  of  Oneida  Creek, 
which  extends  in  a  n.  and  s.  direction  thi-ough  near  the  center  of  the  town.  The  summits  of  tha 
hills  are  500  to  800  ft.  above  the  valley.  The  falls  of  Oneida  Creek  consist  of  a  succession  of 
rapids  and  low  falls,  affording  numerous  valuable  mill  sites.^  Oriskany  Creek  takes  its  rise  in  the 
s.  part.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.  Limestone  is  extensively  quarried  from  the 
ledges  that  crop  out  upon  the  hillsides.  Hydraulic  limestone  is  also  quarried  near  the  falls  of 
Oneida  Creek.  Gypsum  is  obtained  near  Cooks  Corners.  In  this  town  are  an  ancient  burial 
place  and  the  ruins  of  an  old  fortification.^  Iffunnsville,^^  (p-'^'-O  on  Oneida  Creek,  contains 
I  church  and  several  manufactories."  Pop.  287.  Itnoxville^^  (Stockbridge  p.  o.)  contains  3 
churches,  and  has  a  population  of  138.  Cooks  Corners  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church,  a  plaster 
mill,  and  about  15  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1791."  A  mission  church  was 
erected  on  the  Indian  Reservation,  near  Cooks  Corners,  about  1800.^* 

SUL.I.ITA1V'^— was  formed  from  Cazenovia,  Feb.  22,  1803,  and  Lenox  was  taken  off  iu  1809. 
It  is  the  N.  w.  corner  tovm  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  n.  and  rolling  in  the  s.  The 
Cowaselon  Swamp  extends  across  the  town  from  Chittenango  Creek  to  the  line  of  Lenox.  South 
of  this  swamp  is  the  Vlaie,  or  natural  meadow.^^     Chittenango  Creek  flows  through  the  town  and 


1  There  are  6  churches  in  town ;  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Cong.,  Friends, 
and  Uuiv. 

2  Joseph  Taw.  Ebenezer  Lyon,  Sam'l  andChaa.  Swift,  Jonathan 

Buell.  Samuel  Kioney.  and Mitchell  settled  in  the  town  in 

1794;  Oliver  Stone  and  James  Ilinman,  in  1795;  Joshua  Wells, 
David  Wellington,  Israel  Patterson,  llich.  Kaiiev.  Dan'l  Adams, 
Horatio  Simms.  Abner  Cauip,  and  Lemuel  and  Kldad  Richardson. 
iu  1796.  The  first  birth  waa  that  of  Palmer  Wells,  in  1796;  and 
the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  Bishop,  about  ISOO,  Jedcdiah  Jack- 
eon  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1794;  Jeremiah  Clark  built  tbe  first 
sawniill.  about  ISOO,  and  Oliver  Pool  tbe  first  gristmill.  Daniel 
Russell  was  the  first  storekeeper.  Dea.  Dunham  was  one  of  the 
earliest  scboolteachera. 

8  2  M.  E..  Bap.,  Cons.,  and  Univ.      4  \amed  from  Peter  Smith. 

*  Oliver  Trumbull  settled  in  the  town  the  same  year.  Peter 
Smith  was  the  proprietor  of  the  soil,  and  eettled  at  Peterboro  at 
an  early  day.  Among  the  early  settlers  were  families  named 
Cleveland,  Coon,  Babcock,  Taylor,  Messenger.  Sti»ne.  Rich.  Love- 
land,  Loouiis,  Merrill.  Spencer.  Bump.  Northrup,  Lathrop,  Soper, 
ghipman,  Howard,  Chaffer,  Lyons,  Moody.  Spring.  Myers,  Brown. 
Austin,  and  Wright.  Peter  Smith  built  tbe  first  saw  and  grist 
mill.  Jas.  Livingston  kept  the  first  store,  and  Lewis  Cook  kept 
the  first  iun.    Tabitha  Havens  taught  the  first  school,  in  1801. 

•  The  provisions  of  the  benefaction  are,  that  the  amount  shall 
be  loaned  in  sums  of  not  over  $1000  each,  upon  good  bond  anil 
mortgage  security ;  and  that  as  soon  after  1862  as  the  accumu- 
lated interest  amounts  to  a  sufficient  sum.  a  farm,  of  not  less 
than  50  acres,  shall  bo  bought,  and  snitablo  buildings  erected 
thereon,  to  be  used  as  a  home  for  the  destitute. 

'  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  Free. 

8  About  t  mi.  E.  of  Mnnnsville,  near  the  center  of  the  town, 
are  several  caves,  in  liraestoue,  which  have  been  explored  but 
partially  on  account  of  noxious  gases.    In  the  rock  that  forms 


the  bed  of  the  stream  are  depressions  resembling  the  footprints 
of  men,  cattle,  and  horses. 

•  The  burial  place  is  on  the  hillside,  about  1  mi.  8.  E.  of  Munn:*- 
ville.  A  small  bone  image  of  a  woman,  iron  and  steel  axes,  guu 
barrels  and  fragments  of  guu  locks,  brass  kettles,  and  tobacco 
pipes  have  been  found.  The  axes  are  hatchet  shaped,  and  are 
market!  under  the  eye  with  three  stars.  The  ruing  of  the  fortifi- 
cation are  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town. 

10  Named  from  Asa  Munn.  the  first  storekeeper  in  the  town. 

U  A  woolen  factory,  a  furnace,  trip  hammer  and  edgf-'-tool 
factnry.  a  sawmill,  planing  mill,  and  sash  factory,  and  a  gristmill. 

12  Named  from  Herman  Knox,  an  early  resident. 

13  Among  the  early  settlers  wore  Oliver  Steward.  Natlian.  Cal- 
vin. Barney,  John,  and  Alfred  Edson.  Wm.,  Eli,iah,  and  Joseph 
Devine.  Wm.  Sloan,  Benajah  House,  Annos  Bridge,  Jjis.  Tafft, 
Aaron.  Jairus,  and  Matthew  Rankin.  Jonathan  Snow,  Isaac 
Ohadwick.Talcott  Divan,  Watrous  Graves,  and  Daniel  Thurston. 
These  settlers  all  located  in  the  S.  e.  part  of  the  town.    The 

I  first  marriage  was  that  of  John  Devine  and  Pollv  Edson.  in 
1793;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Widow  Anna  Hall,  in  1795. 
The  first  saw  and  gi-ist  mills  were  built  by  the  Stockbridge  In- 
dians, on  their  reservation,  about  1794.  The  first  school  wp^ 
taught  by  Edward  Foster,  in  1797. 

n  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  2  Cong.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Univ. 

16  Numed  from  Gen.  John  Sullivan. 

16  The  Vlaie  is  covered  to  the  depth  of  several  feet  with  muck 
or  peat  underlaid  by  marl.  It  is  destitute  of  timber,  and  sup- 
ports a  rank  growth  of  ferns  and  wecd^.  "A  ditch  cut  by  the 
side  of  the  road  shows  vertical  stumps  ;i  feet  below  the  snrfitco, 
and  then  a  small  growth  near  the  surface;  so  that  it  would 
appear  that  two  forests  haveexisted  there."  This  land  was  origin- 
ally covered  with  water;  but  it  is  now  partially  drained  by  ft 
ditch  dug  by  the  State.  ,. 


394 


MADISON    COUNTY. 


forms  a  part  of  its  w.  boundary.  The  Canastota  and  Oowaselon  Creeks  unite  in  the  swamp  and 
flow  in  an  artificial  channel  to  the  lake.  These  streams  afford  numerous  valuable  mill  privileges. 
On  the  Cauaseraga,  near  Perryville,  is  a  waterfall  130  feet  in  height.  Black  Creek  is  a  tributary 
of  the  Chittenango.  Gypsum  is  found  in  numerous  localities  and  is  extensively  quarried.'  Water- 
lime  is  also  obtained  in  the  s.  part.''  Marl  and  peat  abound  in  the  swampy  regions.  There  are 
several  mineral  springs  in  town,  the  principal  of  wliich  are  the  "White  Sulphur  Spring"  and  the 
"Yates  Spring."  The  former — known  as  Chittenango  Springs — is  fitted  up  for  the  reception  of 
visitors ;  and  the  waters  of  both  are  celebrated  for  their  medicinal  properties.'  The  soil  in  the  n.  is 
a  clayey  loam  alternating  with  muck  and  marl,  and  in  the  s.  it  is  a  gravelly  loam.  Clllttensin^O, 
(p.  V.,)  on  Chittenango  Creek,  was  incorp.  March  15,  1842.  It  contains  3  churches,  the  Yates 
Polytechnic  Institute,  a  bank,  a  woolen  factory,  gristmill,  and  tannery.  Pop.  91G.  Perryville* 
(p.v.)  is  partly  in  this  town.  Canaserag^a  (Sullivan  p.o.)  contains  1  church  and  25  hnuses, 
and  Bridgeport  (p.v.)  1  church  and  about  35  houses.  Lakeport  is  a  p.o.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  in  1790,  by  squatters  from  the  Mohawk  Valley.^     The  census  reports  9  churches.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valualion,  Pojmlation,    Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Montgomery  County. 


Namrs  OP  Towns. 

AOEES  OP  Laxb.    1 

VilCiTlON  OP  1868. 

Population.  1 

.8 
1 

788 
975 
379 
799 
327 
333 
795 
344 

1,512 
641 
194 
314 
217 

1,026 

Schools. 

1 

1 

1 

II 

1 

1 

J 

1 
0 

Is 

Bronkfield 

30.640J 

23,260i 

12,959 

20.828J 

15.021 

11.338i 

19.080) 

19,9l"4J 

32,206i 

17,468 

20,931 

11.820 

15,512 

26,3  09i 

1S,564J 
6,870 
6,859 
8,616i 
3,661 

10.275 
6,36SIJ 
6,171 

16,496i 
4,812 
6,130i 
3.426 
3.647 

15.707 

$599,120 
999.550 
338,085 
776.286 
387.606 
225.170 
721..330 
618.640 

1,690.330 
640,2.50 
455,460 
327.100 
321,910 

1.433.000 

$183,630 

476,950 

29,076 

149,800 

23.350 

34.870 

227,010 

73,120 

434,550 

123,400 

65,250 

48,700 

41,850 

343,000 

$782,760 

1,475.500 
367,760 
925,085 
410,956 
200,040 
948,:U0 
691,760 

2,124,8.80 
763,050 
620,700 
875,800 
363.760 

1.776.000 

1.891 

2,162 

973 

2,014 

791 

728 

1,847 

840 

4,021 

1,222 

967 

758 

1,037 

2.764 

1.879 

2,333 

948 

2.047 

831 

714 

1,890 

821 

3.779 

1,201 

909 

756 

1,016 

2,489 

21.672 

692 
890 
334 
727 
3U 
310 
700 
309 
1.422 
624 
362 
290 
381 
969 

631 
746 
309 
667 
291 
264 
676 
266 
868 
366 
351 
184 
298 
674 

27 
18 
11 
19 
14 
12 
16 
13 
30 
13 
14 
11 
16 
26 

239 

1.330 

1.474 
727 

1.227 
670 
564 

1,235 
616 

2,935 
783 
624 
569 
856 

2.051 

16.661 

Stockbridge 

Total 

277,393j 

111.605i 

$9,432,786 

$2,2,54,166 

$11,686,941 

22,015 

8,221 

8,544 

6.349 

Names  of  Towns. 

Lite  Stock. 

AaRICULTBHAl,  PEODOCTa. 

-5 

II 
0.2 

t§ 

III 

2,029 
1,640 

638 
2.112 
1.069 

634 
1,679 
1.748 
2.656 
1.227 
1,325 

866 
1,327 
2,117 

1 

f 
§ 

1 

T7T0 

1,578 

677 

1,209 

876 

399 

1,208 

1,068 

2,677 

828 

1,083 

801 

853 

1.92S 

BCSB.    OF  GBAIN. 

1 

IS 

03^ 

DAmv  Pboducm. 

5 

1»l 

0,    ra 

■3     ^ 

Brookfield 

Cazt-iiovia 

De  lUiyter 

1.056 

1,062 
448 
892 
631 
311 

1,092 
690 

1,588 
685 
630 
670 
681 

1.42S 

2.435 
2.157 
1.131 
2.14- 
974 
811 
2,02: 
2.091 
2.76; 
1.34t 
1,79.' 
1,24.' 
1.43( 
1.71( 

8.728 
4.713 
4.943 
4.606 
4.388 
2.867 
3,700 
6.423 
6.547 
4.762 
4.586 
2.149 
2,501 
6.644 

148 
1,S51J 

308 
642 

382 

11,880) 

1,313 

47 

778 

6.966, 

7.491 

99.221  J 

126.9404 

44.108 

80.566} 

82.585 

35,308 

72.020 

72.376J 

236.679 

67,761 

68.64Si 

71.973 

89.969 

162.776 

9,053i 

5,127 

3,756 

6,284 

2,520 

3,476i 

5,1,59 

6,108 

6,201 

4,582 

6,.594 

2,423 

2,742 

5.2375 

30,179 
20.669 

8,398 
16,78Sj 

9,342 

7,800 
15,650 
11,463 
25,627 
16,856 
17,367 

9..590 
11.976 
22.583 

63,62 
49,76 
28,33 
46,40 
46,74 
9,60 
39,16 
31.84 
48.41 
40,86 
60,86 
17,85 
26,lf 
34,16 

7     173.070 

3  186.705 

7  76.976 
2     169.410 
0       84.740 
9       70,906 
2     118.423 
6     137.488 

8  219.062 
0     113.045 

4  160.978 
0       96.414 
6       94.895 
4     147.587 

260.146 
186,356 
106.550 
290,776 

62,705 

69,586 
186,7.50 
161.492 

76.965 
113,490 
209,207 
122,078 
187,656 

64.838 

3.124J 
638 
627 
702J 
642 
731 
886 
844 

1.2511 
7684 

3,008 
216 

1.7.58 

1.978 

17,104} 

Georg.'town 

Stockbridge 

Sullivau 

11.753 

20.8,57 

24.06- 

66.647 

16,794 

30,797, 

1,300.89U 

68.263J 

224.278 

r  631,67 

7  l.,<40.298l  2.087.594 



1  Gypeum  is  said  to  have  been  quarried  here  in  1800. 

2  In  this  town  is  a  bfd  of  waterliiue, — the  first  discovered  in 
the  State.  The  material  w.is  first  quarried  and  burned  for  quick- 
lime to  he  used  on  the  canal:  but  it  was  fmiud  that  it  would 
not  slack.  Experiments  were  then  made,  and  the  material  was 
discovt-red  to  be  hydraulic  lime. 

a  Following  is  a  statement  of  an  analysis  of  a  pint  of  water 
from  each  of  these  springs. 

White  Sulphur  Spring.  Yates  Spring. 

Carbonate  of  lime 1.33      0.88 

Sulphate    "      "    8.22     1^ 

Sulphate  of  magnesia. 3.11     j      ' 

'*        "  soda 1.G6 

Chloride  of  calcium tra^e o.U 

Organic  matter trace trace. 

■*  See  page  391. 

6  These  Bquatters  were  James  and  Joseph  Pickard,  Jacob, 
Pttvid.  and  Han-Yost  Schuyler,  Jacob  Seeher,  Gerrett  and  Geo. 
Van  Slycke,  John  PoUley,  and  John  Freemyer.    They  settled 


on  the  Indian  Keaervation  near  Canasoraga.  The  Indians  com- 
plained to  the  Governor  of  thf  ir  intrusion,  and  they  were  ordered 
to  remove.  They  neglected  to  do  so ;  and  in  1791,  Col.  Colbraith, 
the  sheriflf  of  Montgomery  co.,  was  sent  with  a  posse  of  CO  men 
to  dislodge  them.  Thoy  still  refused;  and  their  movables  were 
taken  from  tlu'ir  dwflliiigs  and  their  houses  burned.  They 
then  removed  to  the  neighborhood  of  Chittenango  and  settled 
on  lands  that  the  Sliite  had  lately  acquired  of  the  Indiana* 
John  G.  Moyer,  .bihn  Wiilroth.  Capt.  Timothy  Brown,  Solomon, 
Joseph,  and  David  lletbe.  QkA.  Zebulon  Douglas,  John  Mathews, 
Philip  Daharsh.  Nicliulas  I'ickard,  Ovid  Weldon,  Peter  Dygart, 
John  Keller.  John  towt-r,  Wm.  Miles.  David  Burtun.  Timothy 
Freeman,  and  I'eter  l-hlc  settled  in  thf  town  shortly  after.  The 
first  birth  was  that  of  Peggy  SchuyU-r,  in  1791;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  a  child  of  David  Freemyer.  John  G.  Moyer  b-iilt 
the  first  saw  and  gristmill,  and  Jacob  Schuyler  kept  the  first 
inn. 

fl  3  Bap,,  2  M.  E.,  Cong.,  Wes.   Meth.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and 
Union. 


MONROE  COUNTY. 

_^^rm-r>-r,,  Tnis  county  was  formed  from  Ontario  and  Genesee,  Feb.  23,  1821. 

A^^  v»-E!!^fi>v  ^  It  lies  on  Lalie  Ontario,  N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  State.     It  is  cen- 

trally distant  202  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  682  sq.  mi.  The 
Q  surface  is  generally  level  or  slightly  undulating,  with  a  moderate 
inclination  toward  the  lake.  The  shore  of  the  lake  rises  in  bluffs 
10  to  30  ft.  in  height ;  and  from  its  summit  the  surface  gradually 
slopes  upward  to  the  lake  ridge,  a  distance  of  5  to  8  mi.  from  the 
lake.  The  summit  of  this  ridge  is  160  ft.  above  the  lake;  and  from 
it  the  surface  declines  a  few  feet  to  the  s.,  and  then  rises  to  the 
summit  of  the  Mountain  Ridge,  a  distance  of  1  to  3  mi.,  and  310  ft. 
above  the  lake.  South  of  this  point  the  surface  is  gently  rolling, 
the  ridges  extending  n.  and  s.  The  summits  of  the  ridges  along 
the  s.  border  are  about  400  ft.  above  the  lake  and  600  to  650  ft.  above  tide.  The  principal  stream 
is  Genesee  River,  which  flows  a  little  E.  of  N.  through  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  valley  is  J  mi.  to  2 
mi.  wide,  bordered  by  ridges  30  to  60  ft.  high.  At  Rochester  the  river  flows  over  the  solid  limestone 
which  forms  the  Mountain  Ridge  a  distance  of  96  ft.,  forming  the  Upper  Genesee  Falls,  and  2J  mi. 
below  it  again  descends  105  ft.,  to  near  the  level  of  the  lake,  forming  the  Lower  Genesee  Falls. 

The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Genesee  are  Oatka  and  Black  Creeks  from  the  w.,  and  lloneoye 
Creek  from  the  e.  The  other  principal  streams  of  the  co.  are  Sandy,  Little  Salmon,  Salmon,  But- 
tonwood,  and  Long  Pond  Creeks,  w.  of  the  Genesee,  and  Irondequoit  and  Four  Mile  Creeks,  e.  of 
that  river,  all  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario  or  some  of  its  bays.  In  their  passage  from  the  central 
part  of  the  co.  to  the  lake,  these  streams  nearly  all  flow  over  the  limestone  ridge  in  a  succession 
of  falls,  foi'ming  an  abundance  of  water-power.  The  principal  bodies  of  water  are  Lake  Ontario, 
which  forms  its  N.  boundary,  Irondequoit  and  Braddocks  Bays,  and  Buck,  Long,  and  Cranberry 
Ponds,  all  indentations  from  Lake  Ontario  and  connected  with  it  by  narrow  and  shallow  straits.' 

The  lowest  rock  in  the  co.  is  the  Medina  sandstone,  extending  in  a  broad  belt  along  the  lake 
Bhore.  Next  above  this  is  a  thin  stratum  of  the  Clinton  group,  almost  disappearing  upon  the  w. 
border  of  the  co. ;  and  next  above  is  the  Niagara  group,  forming  the  abrupt  terrace  of  the  Moun- 
tain Ridge.  This  rock  forms  an  excellent  building  material,  and  is  extensively  quarried.  It  also 
yields  weak  brine  springs  in  several  localities.  The  underlying  rocks  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co. 
belong  to  the  Onondaga  salt  group.  Lime  is  extensively  manufactured  from  the  Niagara  limestone ; 
and  the  rocks  in  the  s.  part  yield  gypsum  and  waterlime.  A  large  part  of  the  co.  is  covered 
with  drift  deposits,  which  mostly  assume  the  character  of  ridges  and  rounded  hills,  many  of  them 
rising  50  to  100  ft.  above  the  general  surface.  Tufa  and  marl  are  found  in  several  localities, 
forming  elements  of  fertility  to  the  soil  almost  invaluable.  A  small  quantity  of  iron  is  found 
associated  with  the  Clinton  group. 

The  soil  is  generally  very  fertile.  Along  the  lake  shore  it  consists  of  a  red,  argillaceous  loam, 
principally  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  the  Medina  sandstone.  This  is  succeeded  by  a  clay 
derived  from  the  disintegration  of  the  Clinton  and  Niagara  shales.  The  soil  in  the  s.  part  is  im- 
pregnated with  lime  and  gypsum, — two  of  the  most  important  elements  of  wheat  lands.  Agri- 
culture forms  the  leading  pursuit.  Until  within  a  few  years  past,  wheat  has  been  the  great  staple; 
but  since  the  commencement  of  the  ravages  of  the  wheat  midge,  barley,  corn,  and  oats  have 
become  the  staple  productions.  Most  parts  of  the  co.  are  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  fruit, 
and  apples  and  peaches  are  largely  produced.  Wool  growing  is  extensively  carried  on,  and 
stock  growing  and  dairying  are  beginning  to  receive  considerable  attention.  The  manufactures 
are  extensive,  though  mostly  confined  to  Rochester  and  vicinity.  They  consist  chiefly  of  flour, 
machinery,  edge  tools,  cars,  and  almost  every  variety  of  articles  of  iron.  Rochester  is  the  busi- 
ness center  of  the  co. ;  and  from  it  a  large  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  surrounding  rich  agricul- 
tural regions.  The  canals  and  railroads  centering  at  this  place  give  it  facilities  for  an  extensive 
inland  trade  and  commerce.     A  limited  amount  of  commerce  is  carried  on  upon  Lake  Ontario. 

1  Tlie  Irondpquoit  Bay  ia  a  narrow,  deep  body  of  water,  ox-  i  the  deepest  ravine  along  the  >'.  border  of  the  State.  Some  geo- 
tendin*  inland  about  6  mi.  from  the  lake  shore.  From  its  a.  logists  have  supposed  that  Genesee  lliver  formerly  flowed 
•rtremity  a  deep  valley  extends  several  mi.  further  8.,  forming  j  through  this  valley. 


396 


MONROE    COUNTY. 


The  CO.  seat  ig  located  at  the  city  of  Kochester.^  The  courthouae,  situated  upon  Buffalo  St., 
near  the  center  of  the  city,  is  a  commodious  brick  edifice,  with  an  Ionic  portico  supported  by  four 
massive  pillars.  The  building  is  surmounted  by  a  dome,  the  summit  of  which  is  150  ft.  high.  It 
contains  the  usual  offices  and  rooms  for  the  court  and  co.  officers,  the  co.  clerk's  office,  and  rooms 
for  the  city  officers.^  The  jail  is  an  old  stone  building,  situated  upon  the  bank  of  the  Genesee, 
in  the  s.  part  of  the  city.  The  poorhouse  establishment  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  134  acres  in 
Brighton,  just  s.  of  the  city  line  of  Rochester.  It  consists  of  three  large  buildings,  one  of  which  is 
used  for  an  insane  asylum.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  300,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost 
of  68  cts.  each.     A  school  is  taught  throughout  the  year.     The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  §3,500. 

Four  daily,  2  tri-weekly,  8  weekly,  1  semi-monthly,  and  3  monthly  papers  are  published  in 
the  co.^ 


1  Tlie  first  CO.  officers  were  Elisha  B.  Strong.  First  Judge 

Tirauthy  Barnard,  Jtulge;  Joseph  Spencer,  Assi&tant  Justice; 

James   Seymour,    Shei-ijf;    Nathaniel  Rochester,    Clerk;    and 

Elisha  Ely,  Siirmgate. 

-  The  first  courthouse  was  built  in  1821,  soon  after  the  organ- 
ization of  the  CO.     It  was  removed  to  give  place  to  the  present 

Btructure  in  1852.    The  present  courthouse  w.as  built  at  a  cost 

of  $50,000,  at  the  joint  expense  of  the  city  and  co. 
8  T/ie  Rochester  Gazette,  the  first  paper  published  in  Monroe 
CO.,  was  commenced  in  1816  by  Augustine  G.  Danby. 
John  Sheldon  and  Oran  Follett  were  subsequently  as- 
sociated with  hijii;  and  in  1831  the  paper  passed  into 
the  hands  of  Levi  W.  Sibley,  publisher,  with  Derlck 
Sibley  a**  editor,  and  its  name  wa^  changed  to 

The  Mcniroe  Republican.  In  1S25  Whittlesey  &  Mumford  became 
proprietors.  In  July.  lS27.it  was  purchased  by  Luther 
Tucker  &  Co..  who  clKumid  its  name  to 

TlLe  Kocliester  Republican,  and  continued  its  publi- 
cation in  connection  with  the  Rochester  Daily  Adver- 
tiser until  1839.  when  the  establishment  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Thomas  H.  Hyatt.  After  passini^  through 
various  hands,  it  is  now  published  by  Curtis,  Butts  & 
Co.;  Isaac  liutts,  editor. 

The  Rochester  Tdegraph  was  commenced  July  7, 1818.  by  Eve- 
rard.  Peck  &  Co.  In  1S24  Thurlow  Weed  became  its 
editor,  and  in  1825  he  and  Robert  Martin  purchased 
the  establishment.     In  1827  they  commenced 

The  Semi-  Weekly  Telegraphy  which  in  a  short  time  was  changed 
to 

I7«  Rochester  Daily  Telegraph.  In  1828  Weed  retired,  and  the 
papers,  daily  and  weekly,  were  continued  by  Martin. 
On  the  1st  of  Jan.  1829,  the  daily  was  united  with  the 
Rochester  Daily  Advertiser,  and  in  1S30  the  weekly 
was  merged  in  the  Rochester  Republican. 

27W  True  Genesee  Farmer,  mo.,  wiis  publish-'d  a  short  time 
about  1824  by  Wm.  A.  Welles;  N.  iTondsell,  editor. 

The  Rochester  Album  was  commenced  in  Oct.  1825.  by  Mac-shall. 
Spaulding  &  Hunt.  In  1827  it  was  united  with  the 
Telei;raph. 

The  Rochester  Doily  Advertiser,  the  first  daily  paper  w.  of 
Albany,  wa-^  commenced  Oct.  25.  1826,  by  Luther 
Tucker  and  Henry  C.  Sleight,  under  the  firm  of  Luther 
Tucker  &  Co.  In  1S28  the  partnership  was  dissolved, 
and  the  publication  was  continued  by  Tucker.  On 
the  1st  of  Jan.  1829,  the  paper  was  united  with  the 
Rochester  Daily  Telegraph  and  issued  as 

The  RocheyUr  Daily  Adrertiser  and  Telfgraph,  by  Tucker 
&  Martin.  In  1^:29  Martin  retired,  and  in  1830 
Tucker  dropped  the  sub-title  of  Telegraph,  Henry 
O'Reilly.  H.  L.  Stevens,  Thomas  W.  Flugg.  and  Hiram 
Humphrey  were  successively  interested  with  Tucker  in 
its  publication  as  associate  editors,  until  May  1839, 
when  the  establishment  was  transferred  to  Thomas  H. 
Hyatt,  who  became  editor  and  proprietor.  After 
passing  through  several  hands,  the  paper  was  united 
with  the  Rochester  Daily  Union,  Sept.  1, 1856,  and  is 
now  published  as 

Tlie  Rochester  Daily  Union  and  Advertiser. 
Isaac  Butts,  editor;  Curtis,  Butts  &  Co.,  proprieturs. 

The  Rochfster  Mercury  was  commenced  in  Jan.  1827,  by  Luther 
Tucker  &  Co.  It  was  issued  weekly  in  connection  with 
the  Daily  Advertist^r,  and  was  merged  in  the  Rochester 
Republican  when  that  paper  passed  into  the  hands  of 
the  Daily  Advertiser. 

The  Rochester  Observer  was  commenced  in  1827.  Luther  Tucker 
&  Co..  printers;  Rev.  G.  G.  Sill,  editor:  Josiah  Bissell, 
jr..  proprietor.  After  several  successive  changes  of 
editor.^  and  publishers,  it  was  united  u-ith  the  New  York 
Evjingelist  in  1832. 

Thfi  Rochester  Balance  was  commenced  in  Jan.  1828,  by  D.  D. 
Stephenson.  It  soon  passed  into  the  hands  of  Thurlow 
Weed  and  Samuel  Heron,  who  changed  its  name  to 

The  Anti-Masimic  Inquirer.  D.  N.  Spragne  succeeded  Heron, 
and  Weed  retired  in  1830.  In  1831  Eraatus  Shepard  j 
united  the  Western  Spectator  of  Palmyra  with  it.  In  I 
1832,  Alva  Strong  became  connected  with  Shepard  in  I 
the  publication,  and  in  1834  the  paper  was  merged  in  I 
the  National  Republican.  j 


The  CVo/'fanian  (Masonic)  was  commenced  at  Rochester  in  1838 
by  E.  J.  Hoberts.  It  was  published  about  a  year  and 
a  half  and  then  removed  to  Albany. 

The  Western  Wanderer  was  commenced  at  Rochester  in  1828  by 
Peter  Cherry.  It  soon  passed  into  the  hands  of  Edwin 
Scranton,  who  changed  its  name  to 

The  Rochester  Oem,  It  subsetpiently  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Strong  &  Dawson,  and  was  discontinued  in  1843. 

T?ie  Spirit  of  the  Age,  eemi-mo.,  was  published  in  Rochester  in 
1830  by  Ames  &  Barnum. 

The  Rochester  Morning  Courier  was  published  in  1830  by  E.  J. 
Roberts. 

The  Genesee  Fanner  was  commenced  in  Rochester  in  Jan.  1831, 
by  Tucker  &  Stevens,  with  N.  Goodsell  as  nominal 
editor.  It  was  continued  by  Tucker  until  the  close  of 
1839,  when  it  was  united  with  the  Cultivator,  at  Al- 
bany. 

The  National  RepnliUcan  was  commenced  at  Rochester  in  the 
spring  of  1831  by  Sidney  Smith.  In  1833  a  daily  edi- 
tion, entitled 

The  Morning  Advertiser,  was  issued  from  the  same  office.  It 
was  soon  after  changed  to 

The  Evening  Advertiser,  and  in  1854  Smith  sold  the  establish- 
ment to  Shepard  &  Strong,  who  united  the  Republican 
with  the  Inquirer  and  ihantted  the  name  to 

The,  Monroe.  Denwcrat,  and  the  name  of  the  daily  to 

The  Rochester  Daily  Democrat.  In  1836.  George  DaWiion  became 
interested  in  the  establishment,  and  acted  as  editor 
until  1839.  In  1846,  Alva  Strong,  Samuel  P.  Allen, 
and  Henry  Cook  were  editors  and  proprietors.  In  Dec. 
l^'iT.  the  papers  were  united  with  the  Daily  and  Weekly 
Aiii-Tican,  and  the  daily  is  now  issued  as 

Tlie  Daily  Democrat  and  American,  and  the 
Weekly  as 

Tlie  Monroe  Democrat,  by  Strong,  Allen  &  Hunting- 
ton, prnpiifitcrs.  and  S.  P.  Allen,  editor. 

Tlie  Tri-AVeekly  Democrat  is  Issued  from  the  same 
office. 

IJie  Rochester  Mirror  was  published  in  1832  by  Scranton  A 
Holstein. 

The  Age  was  published  at  Rochester  in  1833. 

The  American  Revivalist  and  Rfjchester  Observer  was  published 
in  1833  by  N.  C.  Sastou. 

GoodsdVs  Genesee  Farmer  was  commenced  at  Rochester  in  1833 
by  Nahum  Goodsell,  ami  continued  a  short  time. 

77te  Rightt  of  Man  was  published  at  Rochester  in  1834  by  the 
Anti-Slavery  Socii'ty. 

The  Family  Journal  and  Christian  Philnnthr(^nstvrH3  published 
at  Rochester  in  1834  by  W.  B.  Van  Brunt. 

The  Monthly  Genesee  Famwr  was  commenced  in  1836  by  Luther 
Tucker.  It  was  made  up  from  the  Weekly  Genesee 
Farmer,  and,  with  that  paper,  was  united  with  the  Cul- 
tivator in  1S39. 

TJieWatchman  was  published  at  Rochester  in  1838  by  Delazon 
Smith. 

McKenzie's  Gazette  was  published  at  Rochester  in  1838  and  '39 
by  Alexander  McKenzie. 

The  New  Geve-'^ee  Farmer,  mo.,  was  commenced  in  1840.  M.  B. 
Bateman.  editor.    Its  name  was  aft^Tward  changed  to 

Tlie  Genesee  Farmer.  It  was  successively  edited  by 
Heniy  Coleman,  Daniel  Lee,  D.  D.  T.  Moore,  and  James 
Vick,  and  is  now  edited  and  published  by  Joseph 
Harris. 

TJie  Worl-ing  Man's  Advocate,  daily,  \vas  commenced  in  Roches- 
ter. Oct.  19,  1839,  by  the  Typographical  Association. 
Henry  C.  Erink,  editor.  They  also  issued  a  i^eekly 
edition.  In  April,  1840,  it  was  purchased  by  James 
Tick  and  George  P.  Frost,  who  changed  its  name  to 

Tlie  Evening  Advocate.  In  1841  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  John 
J.  Reilly  &  Co.,  who  changed  its  name  to 

T/ie  Evening  Fost,  and  published  it  in  connection  with  a  weekly 
paper  called 

The  Western  New  }'fn-ker.  On  the  lat  of  April.  1843.  Erastus 
Shepard  became  proprietor,  and  in  November  foilv*wing 
the  two  papers  were  discontinued. 

The  Rochester  Dadi/  Whig,  a  campaign  paper,  was  piiblished  1?» 
1840  by  W'm.  A.  Welles. 


MONROE    COUNTY. 


397 


The  Erie  Canal  extends  e.  and  w.  through  the  co.  It  crosses  the  Irondequoit  Valley  upon  the 
highest  embankment  upon  the  whole  canal  line.  At  Kochester  it  crosses  Genesee  Kiver  npou 
an  aqueduct  built  of  solid  blocks  of  Onondaga  limestone.  The  Genesee  Valley  Canal  intersects 
the  Erie  Canal  at  Rochester,  affording  water  communication  s.  to  near  the  Penu.  line,  and  opening 
into  Allegany  River  at  Olean.  The  New  York  Central  R.  R.  extends  through  the  co.,  several  of  it3 
branches  radiating  from  Rochester.  The  direct  branch  e.  extends  along  the  line  of  the  Erie  Canal, 
through  Brighton,  Pittsford,  and  Perinton,  to  Syracuse.  The  Auburn  Branch  extends  3.  e. 
through  Brighton  and  Pittsford  to  Auburn  and  Syracuse.  The  Buffalo  Branch  extends  s.  w, 
through  Gates,  Chili,  and  Riga ;  and  the  Niagara  Falls  Branch  extends  w.  through  Gates,  Greece, 
Ogden,  and  Sweden.  The  Genesee  Valley  R.  R.  extends  s.  from  Rochester  through  Brighton, 
Henrietta,  and  Rush ;  the  Canandaigua  &  Niagara  Bridge  Branch  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  extends 
through  Rush  and  Mendon ;  and  the  Rochester  &  Charlotte  Branch  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R. 
extends  from  Rochester  n.  to  the  lake  shore. 

The  territory  now  forming  Monroe  co.  formerly  constituted  a  portion  of  the  hunting  grounds 
of  the  Seneca  Nation,  although  it  contained  none  of  their  principal  villages.  The  region  was 
frequently  visited  by  the  French  ;  but  no  permanent  settlement  was  made  till  after  the  Revolution, 


Th&  Dailr/  Sun  was  published  in  Rochester  a  few  months  in 
1840  by  Alfred  Oakley. 

The  American  Citizen  was  published  at  Rochester  and  Perry 
(Wyoming  co.)  in  1S41  by  W.  L.  Chaplin. 

The  Jeffersonian,  daily,  was  published  in  Rochester  a  short 
time  about  1842  by  Thomas  L.  Nichols. 

The  Cfifislian  Guardian  was  published  a  short  time  in  1842  by 
Rev.  J.  Whitney. 

The  M'^chartics'  Advocate  was  published  a  short  time  in  1843. 

The  Mochcstrr  Daily  American  wm  commenced  Dec.  23, 1844, 
by  Leonard  Jerome  &  J.  M.  Patterson ;  Alexander 
Mann,  editor.  A  tri-weekly  and  a  weekly  edition  were 
also  issued.  In  July.  1S45,  Lawrence  R.  Jerome  became 
a  partner,  and  in  1846  the  establishment  passed  into 
the  bands  of  Leonard  &  Lawrence  R.  Jerome.  In  1846 
Dr.  Daniel  Lee  was  associated  as  assistant  editor;  and 
in  1S47  Reuben  D.  Jones  was  assistant.  Dec.  1,  1857, 
the  paper  was  united  with  the  Rochester  Daily  Demo- 
crat aud  issued  as  the  Democrat  and  American. 

The  Sochester  Herald,  daily,  was  published  in  1844  by  E.  S. 
Watson. 

The  Voice  of  Truth  and  Glad  Tidings  of  the  Kingdom  at  Hand. 
(Second  Advent.)  was  commenced  at  Rochester  in  1844 
by  Elder  Joseph  Marsh.    In  1S4S  it  was  changed  to 

The  Advent  Harbinger,  and  in  1849  to 

The  Advent  Harbinyer  and  Bible  Advocate.  It  was  subsequently 
changed  to 

The  Prophetic  BxposUor  and  Bible  AdT^o- 
cate,  under  which  title  it  is  still  issued  by  the  original 
proprietor. 

The  Roch^^ter  Temperance  Jtmrnal  was  commenced  in  1846,  and 
Continued  .i  short  time. 

The  Geuesee  Kvangelist  was  commenced  at  Rochester 
in  IS4ti  by  Kev.  Juhn  E.  Kuby.  It  is  at  present  issued 
semi-monthly  by  R.  W.  Hill. 

Tlie  Chridian  Offering  was  published  at  Rochester  a  short 
time  in  1847  by  S.  B.  t^haw. 

The  Penny  Preacher  waa  published  a  short  time  by  Eraetus 
Shepard. 

Tlie  Gcnesre  Olio,  semi-mo.,  wag  published  in  Rochester  in  1847 
by  I'ranklin  Cowdery. 

Tbp  N'-irfh  .S'AfrwaH  published  at  Rochester  in  1S47  and  '4S. 

Miemirn  If'in'/'',lxb!"'fwa8  [niblishetl  at  Rochester  in  1848. 

Frederick  Douglasses  Paper  was  commenced  at  Ro- 
chester in  1S48  by  Frederiik  Douglasa,  editor  and  pro- 
prietor, and  is  still  publiphed  by  him. 

The  Wasliiruitrmian  was  published  at  Rochester  in  1848  by  C. 
H.  i^edg■H^ck. 

The  Ench- ater  Girmania  was  published  in  1S49. 

The  Groningfi  Oairant  was  commenced  in  1849,  and  continued  a 
few  months. 

The  ChrUti'in  Sentinel  was  commenced  in  1849,  and  continued  a 
short  time. 

Brewstir\<!  Insurance  Reporter  was  published  in  1849  by  II.  A. 
Brewster, 

The  Roch'Hti'r  Daily  Magnet  was  published  in  1849  by  Lawrence 
&  Winants, — C.  H.  McDonald  &  Co.,  proprietors.  It  was 
discontinued  in  1S50. 

Tfte  Wool  Grower  and  Stock  Register,  mo.,  was  commenced  in 
July,  1S49.  Wliilein  the  hands  of  T.C.  Peters,  as  editor, 
and  D.  D.  T.  Moore,  it  was  merged  in  the  Rural  New 
Yorker. 

The  Invexfig-itor  was  published  a  short  time  in  1850. 

The  Medical  Tmfh  Teller  was  published  a  few  months  in  18 — 
by  Dr.  J.  Gate.9. 

The  Annunciator  was  published  in  1850. 

The  Cygrr-t  was  published  in  1850  by  the  Young  Men's  Temper- 
ance Association. 

The  Flag  of  Freedon  was  published  in  1860  by  Calvin  H.  Chase. 


The  Advent  Review  and  Sabbath  Herald,  semi-mo.,  was  com- 
menced in  Nov.  1850.  by  James  White.    In  connection 

with  it  was  published 
Thf  Tmtth'K  Instructor. 
Moore*s  Rural  Ne^w  Yorker  was  commenced  in  1850 

by  D.  D.  T.  Moore;  its  present  publisher. 
The  Western  Luminary  was  commenced  at  Rochester  by  Rev. 

G.  M.  Cook.    It  was  afterward  removed  to  Buffalo. 
The  Roche^r  Daily  Herald  was  commenced  in  1850;   L.  K. 

Falkner,  editor.    In  a  few  months  it  passed  into  the 

hands  of  Geo.  G.  Cooper,  who  changed  its  name  to 
The  Rochester  Daily  Times,  C.  Hughson,  editor.     It  was  dis- 
continued in  1S61. 
Anzelger  des  Nordeus,  w.  and  tri-w.,  was  commenced 

in  1852  by  Ivraueer  &  Felix, — Louia  Hurtz,  editor,— 

and  is  still  published. 
T?ie  Youth's  Tettiperiince  Banner,  mo.,  was  published  a  short 

time  in  18 —  by  a  committee  of  the  Temperance  Society. 
The  Eveninr)  News  was  issued  about  3  months  in  1852  by  E. 

Chamberlain  &  Co. 
The  Naiionid  Reformer   was   published  a  short  time  about 

1852. 
Beobachter  am  Genesee  was  commenced  in  1852  by 

Adolphe  Nolte,  its  present  editor  and  proprietor. 
The  Rochester  Daily  Union  was  commenced  Aug.  16. 1852,  by 

Curtis  &  Butts ;  O.  Turner,  editor.    In  Dec.  ibllowin^, 

Isaac  Butts  became  etiitor.    In  iSept.  1858.  it  was  united 

with  the  Rochester  Daily  Advertiser.    A  weekly  and  a 

tri-we(.'kly  edition  were  issued  from  the  same  office. 
The  Rochester  Daily  Tribune  was  issued  in  1855-56,  by  Snow  Sc 

IngersoU. 
The  RochexUr  Daily  Free  Press,  a  campaign  paper,  was  issued 

in  1S56  by  John  N.  Ingersoll. 
The  Mercantile  Journal  was  issued  for  6  months  in  1856  by  C. 

n.  McDonnell. 
The  Evaiing  American,  a  campaign  paper,  was  issued  in  1858, 

A.  H.  [?t.  Germaine,  editor. 
The  Rochester  Daily  Times  was  commenctMi  Jan.  24, 1859,  by 

Charles  W.  Ilebard.  editor  and  proprietor.    It  was  dis- 
continued in  April  following,  and  re\ived  in  June  as 
The  Dally  Elxpress,  by  C.  W.  Hebard  &  Co.,  by  whom  it 

in  still  publii^lied. 
Tile  Journal  of  the  Home,  mo.,  connected  with  the 

Home  lor  the  Friendless,  is  published   in  Rochester. 

Mrs.  N.  S.  Barnes,  editress. 
Tfte  Brncl-port  Recorder  was  commenced  in  1828  by  Abiathar 

M.  Harris:  it  was  published  about  2  years. 
The  Broclport  Free  Press  was  published  in  1831  by  Harris  & 

Hyatt,  and  in  1832  by  Thos.  U.  Hyatt. 
The  Westf}'n  Star -was  published  at  Brockport  in  1832  by  Justin 

Carpenter. 
The  Monroe  Chronicle  and  Brockport  Advertiser  was  published 

in  1833. 
The  Atlas  was  published  at  Brockport  in  1835  by  D.  D.  Wait. 
The  Brockprrrt  Watchman  was  published  in  1844  by  E.  F.  Bridges. 
The  Brockport  Weekly  Journal  was  commenced  In  gept.  1852,  by 

Wm.  Gardiner  &  Co.    It  was  published  about  1  year. 
The  Brockport  Gazette  was   commenced  Oct.  1,  1865,  by  Wm. 

Haskell,  and  continued  attout  3  months. 
The  Daily  Advertiser  was  commenced  in  Oct.  1S56,  by 

Wm.  H.  Smith.    It  is  circulated  gratuitously,  deriving 

its  support  from  advertisements. 
The  Brockport  Republican  was  commenced  in  Jan. 

1S67, — H.  W.  Reach,  editor.— and  is  still  published. 
The  Jeffersonian  was   published  in  Clarkson  in  lS.'iO  by  ^^ 

Bftleh. 
The  Bime'ij/e  standard  was  published  at  Honeoye  Falls  in  1839 

by  Garry  A  Hough,  and  afterward  by  Morris  &  Veddei, 
The  School  Visitor,  mo.,  is  publibhtd  at  Spencerport. 


S98 


MONKOE     COUNTY. 


The  first  settler  was  Ebenezer  Allen,  a  torj,  -who  located  upon  the  Genesee,  near  the  present  site 
of  Rochester,  in  1788.  He  soon  after  removed  to  Canada.  The  first  permanent  settlements  were 
made  in  1789,  in  Wheatland  and  near  the  head  of  Irondequoit  Bay.  During  the  next  five  years 
Fettlements  sprang  up  in  various  parts  of  the  co.,  though  the  general  growth  was  greatly  retarded 
by  the  difficulty  of  access,  the  dense  forests,  and  the  unhealthiness  of  the  climate  when  the  lands 
were  first  cleared.  The  unsettled  condition  of  Indian  affairs  also  had  the  effect  to  retard  settle- 
ment ;  and  the  War  of  1812  almost  put  an  end  to  improvement.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  settlers 
came  in  more  rapidly,  and  a  great  business  began  to  develop  itself  at  Rochester.  The  construc- 
tion of  the  Erie  Canal  gave  an  impetus  to  business,  and  speedily  pushed  settlements  into  every 
portion  of  the  co.  From  that  time  the  progress  of  the  co.  has  been  rapid  and  continuous.  The 
CO.  was  contained  in  the  Phelps  and  Gorham  Purchase.  The  three  western  towns  belonged  to  the 
Triangle  Tract,  and  the  remainder  of  the  co.  w.  of  the  Genesee  constitutes  a  portion  of  the  cele- 
brated ''  Mill  Yard  Tract."!  

BRIGIITO\-— was  formed  from  "  Smallwood,"^  March  25,  1814.     A  part  of  Rochester  was 

taken  off  in  1834,  and  Irondequoit  in  1839.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  upon  the  e.  bank  of  the 
Genesee,  a  little  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  gently  rolling,  with  a  slight  inclina- 
tion toward  the  n.  The  deep  valley  of  Irondequoit  Bay  is  on  the  e.  border.  Its  streams  are 
email  brooks,  tributaries  of  the  Genesee  and  Irondequoit.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  in  the  E.  and 
a  clay  loam  upon  the  river.  Near  the  center  are  gypsum  beds,  formerly  extensively  worked.  The 
people  are  largely  engaged  in  raising  vegetables  for  the  Rochester  market.  There  are  several  ex- 
tensive nurseries  in  town,  Brighton,  (p-'^-j)  ^^  ^^^  n.e.  part,  contains  a  church  and  about  30 
dwellings.  It  is  a  canal  village  and  a  station  upon  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  where  the  two  branches 
from  the  e.  unite.  A  large  brick  and  tile  manufactory  is  located  about  2  mi.  s.  of  the  village;  and 
the  Genesee  Model  School^  is  situated  upon  a  beautiful  site  2  mi.  s.  e.  West  Brig^liton,  (p- v.,) 
near  the  Genesee,  s.  of  the  line  of  Rochester,  contains  about  15  dwellings.  In  its  immediate 
vicinity  are  the  co.  workhouse,  poorhouse,  and  insane  hospital,  the  Mount  Hope  Rural  Cemetery, 
the  Monroe  co.  almshouses,  an  extensive  glue  factory,  and  several  other  manufactories.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  in  1790,  by  John  Lu.sk  and  Oran  Stone,  who  located  about  4  mi,  e.  of  the 
river.^  Rev.  Solomon  Allen,  from  Northampton,  Mass.,  preached  the  first  sermon  and  was  the  first 
settled  minister.     There  is  but  one  church  (Cong.)  in  town. 

CHIIjI — was  formed  from  Riga,  Feb.  22,  1822.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  w.  of  the  center 
of  the  CO.  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  rolling,  with  a  slight  inclination  to  the  e.  Genesee  River 
forms  the  e.  boundary ;  and  Black  Creek,  a  sluggish  stream,  flows  e.  through  near  the  center.  The 
soil  is  a  clay  loam,  mixed  with  sand.  South  of  Black  Creek  are  several  peculiar  gravelly  knolls, 
the  principal  of  which  is  Dumpling  Hill,  near  the  river.  Cbili,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains 
a  church  and  15  houses ;  IVortb  Cbili,  (p,  v.,)  a  r.  r.  station  in  the  n.  w.  corner,  contains  a 
church  and  25  houses  ;  ClifYon,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  contains  1  church,  a  saw  and  grist  mill, 
plaster  mill,  furnace,  and  201  inhaVjitants  ;  .South  Cbili  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  the  e.  part,  by  Joseph  Morgan,  in  1792.®     There  are  5  churches  in  town.^ 

CLiARIiSOW^ — was  formed  from  Murray,  (Orleans  co.,)  April  2,  1819,  Union  was  taken  off 
in  1852.     It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.     Its  surface  is  level,  with  slight  un- 


1  In  his  treaty  with  the  Indiana,  Mr.  Phelps  wished  to  obtain 
a  tract  w.  of  the  Genesee;  but  the  Indians  were  only  will- 
ing to  cede  the  lands  e.  of  that  river.  A  compromise  was  finally 
effected,  by  which  a  tract  2-4  mi.  long  by  12  mi.  wide  was  granted 
to  Phelps  and  Gorham  for  a  mill  yard.  It  is  said  that  the  In- 
dians were  much  astonished  when  they  came  to  see  the  mill  and 
know  how  much  land  was  really  required  for  a  yard.  The  Mill 
Yard  Tract  was  bounded  e.  by  the  Genesee,  w.  by  a  line  parallel 
to  and  12  mi.  w.  of  it,  and  it  extended  24  mi.  8.  from  Lake 
Ontario. 

2  This  town  embraces  Township  3  of  Range  7  of  the  Phelps  and 
Gorham  Purchase.  It  was  orijjinally  purchased  by  Gen.  Hyde, 
Prosper  Polly.  Knos  Stone,  Col.  Gilbert,  and  Joseph  Chaplin, 
from  Lenox.  Mass. 

3  The  original  town.  "BoykJ"  was  organized  April  6, 1806.  and 
embraced  the  six  N.  towns  e.  of  the  river.  Penfield  was  taken 
off  in  li^lO,  and  Perinton  in  1812.  Some  time  in  1812  or  '13  the 
name  wiis  changed  to  "  Smalhonod  ;"  and  March  25, 1814.  it  was 
divided  into  two  parts,  one  taking  the  name  of  Brighton  and 
the  other  of  Pittsford. 

4  This  institution  was  widely  known  as  the  "Clover  Street 
Seminary.''  undir  the  care  of  Mrs.  Brewster,  the  author  of 
BIoss's  Ancient  History. 

6  John  Lusk  owned  1.500  acres  at  the  head  of  Irondequoit 
Bay.    Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Joel  Scudder,  Chaun- 


cey  and  Calvin  Hyde,  Samuel  Sheflfer,  Enoe  Blossom,  Timothy 
Allyn.and  Oliver  Culver, — the  last  named  from  Orwell,  Vt.  In 
liSOo.  most  of  the  business  upon  the  lake  was  done  at  Irondequoit 
Landing.  In  1798,  Judge  John  Tryon  laid  out  a  village  3  mi. 
above  the  head  of  the  hay.  and  built  a  large  wareh(^n-e.  The 
place  was  callud  "  Tri/ous  Toum."  Asa  Dayton  kept  an  inn  at 
this  place,  in  1801.  A  tannery  and  distillery  wrre  afterward 
built,  and  the  place  became  quite  a  lively  little  village ;  hut  it  is 

now  entirely  deserted.    Turner  taught  the  first   school; 

Ira  West  kept  the  first  store:  and  Solomon  Hatch  and  Oliver 
Culver  built  the  first  mill,  on  Aliens  Creek,  in  ISOG. 

0  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Andrew  Wortman.  in  1794; 
Stephen  Peabody,  Col.  Josiah  Fish  and  his  son  Lebbens.  from 

Vt..  who  located  at  the  mouth  of  Black  Creek,  in  179.'>.   

Widener  and  his  sons  Jacob,  Abraham,  "William,  and  Peter; 

Sot  tie  and  family,  Joseph  Cary.  Lemuel  and  Joseph  Wood,  ^^iimuel 

Scott,  Joshua  Howell.  Benj.  Bowen,  John  Kimball, I'illing- 

ham, Franklin  and  family,  all  settled  previous  to  ISuii.   The 

first  birth  was  that  of  a  childof  Joseph  Wood,  in  1799.  The  first 
death  occurred  in  the  family  of  Joseph  Morgan.  Jam**s  Chap- 
man kept  the  first  store,  in  1807 ;  and  Joseph  Cary  built  the 
first  mill. 

7  2  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  and  Presb. 

8  Named  from  Gen. Clarkson,  an  extensive  landholder, 

who  gave  100  acres  to  the  town. 


MONROE    COUNTY. 


309 


dulations  in  the  s.  It  is  di*aincd  to  the  n.  e.  by  the  head  branches  of  Sahuon  and  Little  Salmon 
Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  mixed  with  day.  Clarb-SOn,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains 
2  churches,  a  brewery,  and  325  inhabitants.  It  is  the  residence  of  Ex-Linut.  Gov.  Henry  R.  8el- 
den.  Salt  was  manufactured  to  a  limited  extent  by  the  early  settlers.  East  Clarkson,  (I'-v.,) 
in  the  s.  e.  corner,  contains  a  church  and  20  houses;  West  ClarKson,  in  the  w.  part,  30 
houses.  The  first  settlement  commenced  in  1809,  by  James  Sayres,  Moody  Truman,  and  Elijah 
Blodgett'.     There  are  3  churches  in  town;  2  M.  E.  and  Cong, 

GATES^ — was  formed  March  30,  1802,  as  ^'Northampton"  Its  name  was  changed  June  10, 
1812.  Parma,  Riga,  and  Murray  (Orleans  co.)  were  taken  off  in  1808,  and  Greece  in  1822.  It  is 
near  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  undulating,  and  slightly  inclined  toward  the  n.  Genesee 
River  forms  a  small  portion  of  the  e.  boundary  on  the  s.  e.  corner.  It  is  drained  by  small  streams. 
The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  calcareous  loam,  intermixed  with  clay.  The  people  are  largely  engaged 
in  raising  vegetables  for  the  Rochester  market.  Oates  (p.  o.)  is  1  mi.  n.  of  Gates  Center.  Gates 
Center  and  West  Gates  are  hamlets;  and  Cold  water  is  a  station  upon  the  Bufi*alo 
Branch  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1809,  by  Isaac  Dean,  from  Vt,^ 
The  census  reports  2  churches  in  town  ;  M.  E.  and  Presb. 

GREECE — was  formed  from  Gates,  March  22,  1822.  It  lies  near  the  center,  on  the  n.  border 
of  the  CO,  Genesee  River  and  Lake  Ontario  form  its  e.  and  n,  boundaries.  Its  surface  is  rolling, 
with  a  general  inclination  toward  the  lake.  Ifc  is  drained  by  several  streams  that  flow  into  the 
small  bays  that  indent  the  lake  shore.  These  bays,  six  in  number,  beginning  at  the  w.,  are 
respectively  Braddocks  Bay  and  Cranberry,  Long,  Buck,  Round,  and  Little  Ponds.  The  shifting 
sand  bars  at  their  mouths  destroy  their  commer(?ial  utility.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam,  with  large 
tracts  of  drift  sand  along  the  lake  shore.  Charlotte,*  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  near  the  mouth 
of  Genesee  River,  is  a  U.  S.  port  of  entry  in  the  Gene^see  District,  and  the  lake  port  for  Rochester, 
7  mi.  above.  It  contains  2  churches,  a  lighthouse,  3  shipyards,  a  steam  sawmill,  2  grain  elevators, 
planing  mill,  and  lumber  yard.  Pop.  400.  Sis  schooners  are  owned  in  the  place ;  and  the  lake 
steamers  touch  here  daily  during  navigation.  West  Greece,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line  of  Parma, 
contains  2  churches  and  30  houses;  Xorth  Greece  (p.  v.)  a  church  and  20  houses;  Soutti 
Greece,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  25  houses;  and  Greece  (p.  v.)  a  church  and  20  houses. 
Oanfords  I^andlng*,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s,  e.  corner,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Genesee  River 
from  the  lake,  contains  20  houses.  Greece  Center  and  Reads  Corners  are  hamlets. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  at  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee,  in  1792,^  by  Wm.  Ilencher  and  famil/. 
The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.® 

MEMRIETTA'— was  formed  from  Pittsford,  March  27,  1818.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  Genesee  River  forming  its  w.  boundary.  The 
streams  are  small,  and  usually  dry  in  summer.  The  soil  is  a  fertile,  argillaceous  loam.  East 
Henrietta,  (Henrietta  p.  o.,)  e.  of  the  center,  contains  2  churches,  the  Monroe  Academy,  and 
181  inhabitants.  West  lleurietta^  (P- v.,)  s.  w.  of  the  center,  contains  a  church,  a  steam  mill, 
furnace,  extensive  carriage  shops,  and  40  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  by  Jesse 
Pangburn,  in  1806.®     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1811.* 


1  The  first  Bettlement  was  made  at  Clarkaon;  and  among  the 
early  settlers  at  that  point  were  David  Forsyth  and  Dea.  Joel 
Palmer,  from  Conn.  Eldridge.  John,  and  Isaac  Farwell  came 
in  ISIO,  and  located  w.  of  Clarkson  Village.  Dr.  Abiel  Bald- 
win, from  Saratoga,  came  in  1811.  The  first  male  cliild  born 
was  a  eon  of  Mrs.  Ctarksou;  the  first  female  birth  was  that 
of  Betsey  Palmer,  in  1812.  Charlotte  Cummings  taught  the 
firHt  school,  in  1812.  Ueury  McCall  kept  the  first  store,  about 
1810. 

2  Named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Horatio  Gates. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  who  arrived  in  1809  were  John 

Sickles  and   Augustus   B.  Shaw.    In  1817,  Kzra  Mason. 

Hartford,  and  Richard.  Paul.  Philip,  Lisle,  and  Lowell  Thomas, 
located  in  town.  William  Williams  came  in  1819.  Tiie  first  child 
horn  was  a  daughter  of  Ezra  Mason,  in  1818.  Ira  West  kept 
the  first  store,  and  Isaac  Dean  built  the  first  mill. 

<  In  June,  1813,  tbo  British  fleet,  under  Sir  .Tanif-s  Yeo. 
landed  at  Charlotte  and  seized  a  quantity  of  provisions  and 
whiskey.  In  Sept.  of  the  same  year  the  iioet  again  made  its 
appearance  at  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee,  and  commem^ed  a 
heavy  fire  upon  the  place;  but  the  American  fleet  made  its 
appearance,  relieved  the  place,  and  the  British  escaped  with 
considerable  difficulty.  In  May,  1814,  the  British  came  once 
more,  and,  under  cover  of  a  flag  of  truce,  a  demand  was  made 
to  deliver  up  the  public  stores  at  Rochester.  The  few  militia- 
men who  were  present  passed  into  and  out  of  the  woods  in 
sight  of  the  British,  giving  the  appearance  of  a  great  number; 


1  and  the  enemy,  suspecting  an  ambuscade,  retired,  after  having 
furiously  bombarded  the  woods  for  an  hour. 

fi  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  John  Love,  in  1793,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river;  Zadoc  Granger  and  Gideon  King,  at  the 
Lower  Geneeee  Falls,  now  Hanfords  Landing,  in  1796;  and,  in 
the  winter  of  1796  and  '97,  Eli  Granger,  Thomas  King,  tfimon 
King,  Elijah  Kent,  Frederic  Bushnell,  and  Samuel  Lutta  located 
in  town.  Kli  Granger  and  Abuer  Migells  built  a  schooner  at 
Hanfords  (then  Kings)  Landing,  in  1799.  This  was  the  first 
merchant  vessel  built  by  Americans  on  Lake  Ontario.  The  first 
m;irriage  was  that  of  Thomas  Lee  and  a  daugliter  of  Wm. 
Ilenchir.  Frederic  Ilanford  kept  the  first  stoic,  in  1810;  ami 
Nathaniel  Jones  built  the  first  sawmill. 

«  2  M.  K.,  Fresh..  Bap..  Cong.,  Union,  and  B.C. 

'  Named  from  Henrietta  Laura,  Countess  of  Bath,  daugbtei 
of  f^ir  Wm.  Pulteney. 

8  Maj.  Isaac  Scott  received  for  military  services  900  acres  in 
the  3.  w.  part  of  the  town,  and  aftemptfd  a  BPttlemoiit  ^n  1790, 
but  abandoned  it  in  1792.  In  1HU6,  Cliarlea  Rice,  Wm  ;  homp- 
son.  Thomas  Sparks,  Moses  Goodall.  Geo.  Dickinson.  Sclal  Heed, 
and  Gidti'on  Griswold  settled  in  the  w.part.  In  1807,  Ira  Hatch, 
Jonathan  Russell,  Benjamin  Hale,  and  the  Baldwin  family 
s.-ttlcd  on  what  w;i8  called  the  Wadsworth  Road.  In  ISO'.t.  the 
Spring  family  settled  near  the  center.  Sarah  Leppett  taught 
the  first  school,  in  1x09;  James  Smith  kept  the  first  etore;  and 
Jonathan  Smith  built  the  first  sawmill. 

"*  The  census  reports  6  churches ;  2  M.  E.,  2  Bap,,  and  Cong. 


400 


MONROE    COUNTY. 


IROJWDEQITOIT*— was  formed  from  Brighton,  March  27,  1839.  It  lies  on  the  n.  border 
of  the  CO.,  E.  of  the  center.  Lake  Ontario  forms  the  n.,  Irondequoit  Bay  the  e.,  and  Genesee  River 
the  w.  boundary.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  with  an  inclina:ion  in  the  n.  part  toward  the  lake  and  the 
deep  valley  of  Irondequoit  Bay  on  the  e.  The  streams  are  small  and  flow  n.  and  e.  into  the  lake 
and  bay.  The  soil  in  the  n.  part  is  sandy,  and  in  the  s.  clay  loam.  Irondequoit,  (p.  v.,)  near 
the  center,  contains  15  houses.  A  suburb  of  Rochester,  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  contains  50  houses. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Wm.  Walker,  in  1791,^     There  is  no  church  in  town. 

ME^^DOiV — was  formed  from  Bloomfield,  (Ontario  co.,)  May  20, 1812.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border 
of  the  CO.,  E.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  in  the  n.  and  e.  is  rolling,  and  in  the  s.  w.  moderately  hilly, 
Honeoye  Creek  flows  through  the  s.  w.  corner,  and  the  headwaters  of  Irondequoit  Creek  through 
near  the  center.  There  are  three  small  ponds  in  the  n.  w.  part.  The  soil  is  a  clayey,  calcareous 
loam.  Uoueoye  Falls,^  (p.  v.,)  near  the  s.  w.  corner,  incorp.  April  12,  1833,  contains  4 
churches,  3  flouring  mills,  1  gristmill,  a  sawmill,  2  woolen  factories,  a  plaster  mill,  a  manufactory 
of  agriculturiil  implements,  and  a  stone  quarry.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Canaudaigua  &  Niagara 
Falls  Branch  of  the  N,  Y.  C.  R.  R.  Pop.  about  1,100.  Mendon,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  e.  part,  contains 
2  churches,  a  steam  flouring  mill,  a  steam  sawmill,  a  foundery,  and  20  houses ;  and  Meiidon 
Center  (p.  v.)  a  grist  and  saw  mill  and  15  houses.  Sibleyville,  in  the  s.  w.,  is  a  hamlet. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Iloneoye  Falls,  by  Zebulon  Norton,  from  Vt.,  in  1790.*  The  first 
church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1809  ;^  Rev.  Jesse  Brayman  was  the  first  settled  minister, 

OGDE3J* — was  formed  from  Parma,  Jan.  27,  1817.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  w.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating,  with  a  slight  inclination  toward  the 
N.  The  streams  are  small  brooks  forming  head  branches  of  Sandy,  Salmon,  and  Little  Black 
Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  calcareous  and  clayey  loam.  It  is  one  of  the  best  wheat 
growing  towns  in  the  co.  Spencerport^'  (p.  v.,)  a  canal  village  and  r.  r.  station,  in  the  n.  e. 
part  of  the  town,  contains  4  churches,  a  furnace,  tannery,  gristmill,  and  sawmill.  Pop.  578. 
Adams  Basin,  (p.  v.,)  is  a  canal  village  and  r.  r.  station  of  30  houses,  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the 
town.  O^den  Center  contains  a  church  and  35  houses.  O^den  is  a  p.  o.  Settlement  was 
commenced  in  1802,  by  George  W.  Willey,  from  East  Haddam,  Conn.^  The  first  preacher  was 
Rev.  Daniel  Brown,  in  1807 ;  and  the  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1811.® 

PARMA^** — was  formed  from  '■'Northampton,''^  now  Gates,  April  8, 1808.  Ogden  was  taken  oS 
in  1817.  It  lies  upon  Lake  Ontario,  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  in  the  n.,  and 
gently  rolling  in  the  s.,  with  a  slight  inclination  toward  the  n.  Its  streams  are  Salmon,  Little 
Salmon,  Buttonwood,  and  Long  Pond  Creeks.  The  soil  is  principally  a  gravelly  loam,  intermixed 
in  places  with  sand  and  clay.  Weak  brine  springs  are  found  s.  of  Unionville.  Parma  Cor- 
ners^  (Parma  p.  o.,)  upon  the  ridge,  in  the  s.  part,  contains  a  church,  the  Parma  Institute,  a 
pump  factory,  and  116  inhabitants.  Parma  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches,  a  machine 
shop,  and  109  inhabitants.  Unionville,  n.  of  the  center,  contains  2  churches,  a  furnace,  ma- 
chine shop,  and  145  inhabitants.  IVortli  Parma  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in 
the  N.  E.  part,  in  1794,  by  Rozaleet  Atchinson  and  his  sons  Stephen  and  John,  from  Tolland,  Conn," 
The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  May  27,  1809.^'-^ 


1  Named  from  the  bay.  Called  by  the  Indians  Neo-daK)n- 
dii-qnat.  eignifying  a  bay. 

*  Walker  was  a  ranger.  He  settled  at  the  mouth  of  Genesee 
River,  but  shortly  after  removed  to  the  w.  side  of  the  river, 
into  the   present   town   of  Greece.     Amonj   the  other  early 

settlfrs  were  Park.  Dunbar,   Elisha   Scudder,   Dr. 

Hosmer,  Enim-^r  Keynolds.  Jesse  Case,  and  Adonyah  Green, 
from  Vt.    The  first  death  was  that  of  Elijah  Brown,  in  18U6. 

*  Long  known  as  '■'Nort/ms  Millsy'^  from  the  first  mills,  erected 
by  Zebnion  Norton. 

*  Capt.  Ball  and  Peter  Sines,  from  Conn,  came  in  with  Mr. 
Norton.  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Daniel  WUliams, 
Capt.  Treat,  Rufua  Parks,  Ebenezer  Rathbun,  Benj.  Parks,  Wm, 
Hickox,  Lorin  Wait,  and   Keubon  Hill,  from  Mass.,  in  1793. 

Tliese  all  settled  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town.    Sterling. 

.Ja.son  Cross, Moore,  and  Calvin  Perrin  settled  at  Hone- 
oye Falls,  in  1794;  John  Parks,  Jonas  Allen,  and  Joseph 
Bryan,  in  1795 ;  Charles  Foot  and  Samuel  Lane,  in  1797.  The 
first  birth  was  that  of  Wm.  E.  Sterling,  in  1795;  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  Jason  Cross  and  Mary  Moon,  in  1796;  and  the 
first  death,  that  of  John  Moon,  in  ISOl.  Welcome  Garfield 
taught  the  first  school;  Abram  Parrish  kept  the  first  inn; 
and  James  Dickinpon  the  first  store. 

6  The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town;  2  Fresh.,  2  Union, 
Prot.  E.,  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Cong.,  and  Christian. 

*  Named  from  Wm.  Ogden,  son-in-law  of  John  Murray,  original 
proprietor.    The  town  embraces  a  portion  of  ''  Mill  Yard  Tract." 

^  Named  from  Wm.  H.  Spencer,  the  pioneer  aettler. 


8  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Ephraim,  Abraham, 
Timothy,  and  Isaac  Colby,  and  Wm.  H.  Spencer,  in  1803;  .To- 
siah  Mather.  Jonathan  Brown,  Henry  Hahn,  Daniel  Wandle, 
Benajah  Willey.  John  Webster,  Benj.  Freeman,  and  Daniel 
Spencer,  in  ISOi ;  Judge  William  B.  Brown  and  Daniel 
Arnold,  in  1805;  and  Austin  Spencer,  in  1SU8.  These  early 
settlers  were  all  from  Conn.  The  first  child  born  was  John 
Colby,  in  1805;  and  the  first  death  was  that  of  Mrs.  G.  W. 

Willey.  in  1S03.    Miss  Willey  taught  the  first  school,  in 

1807.  George  Huntley  kept  the  first  inn;  Charles  Church  the 
first  store  ;  and  Wm.  U.  Spencer  built  the  first  sawmill. 

OThe  census  reports  7  churches  in  town;  Bap.,  Cong.,  M.  E., 
Meth.  Prot.,  Presb.,  R.  C,  and  Union. 

10  This  town  embraces  the  N.  w.  portion  of  the  Mill  Yard 
Tract. 

n  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Michael  Beach,  Silas 
Leonard,  Geo.  Gtx)dhue,  and  Timothy  Madden,  in  1802;  Jona- 
than Underwood.  Gibbon  Jewell,  Geo.  Huntley,  Abner  Brock- 
way,  jr.,  Jas.  Egbert,  and  Jonathan  Ogden,  in  1805;  Hope  and 
Elisha  Downs,  in  1S09;  Augustus  Mather,  Lendell  Curtisa,  Sam'l 
Castle,  and  Kinnicone  Roberts,  in  1810;  and  Joshua  Whitney, 
in  1811.  The  first  marriage  was  thatof  Capt.  Jonathan  Leonard 
and  a  daughter  of  Wm.  Hincher.  Alpheus  Madden  taught  the 
first  school,  in  1804;  J.Thompson  kept  the  first  store:  Hope  and 
Elisha  Downs  the  first  inn;  and  Jonathan  Whitney  built  the 
firpt  saw  and  grist  mill. 

13  The  census  rej^vorts  9  churche.'!  in  town ;  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  2 
Preub.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  Christian,  and  Cong. 


MONROE    COUNTY. 


401 


PEXFIEliD'— was  formed  from  "Boyle,"  March  30,  1810.  Webster  was  taken  off  in  1S40 
It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  and  in  the  w.  it  is  much 
broken.  Irondequoit  Bay  enters  the  N.  w.  corner.  Irondequoit  Creek  iiows  through  the  s.  w. 
corner  and  forms  a  part  of  the  w.  boundary.  It  falls  about  90  ft.  in  the  village  of  Penfield.  The 
other  streams  are  small  brooks.  The  soil  is  drift  sand  over  argillaceous  loam.  Penfield,  (p.  v.,) 
ill  the  s.  w.  part,  on  Irondequoit  Creek,  contains  3  churches,  2  gristmills,  2  sawmills,  a  woolen 
factory,  a  foundery,  and  a  manufactory  of  agricultural  implements.  Pop.  560.  I.ovetts  Cor- 
ners {Ea-st  Penfield  p. o.)  contains  20  houses;  Penfield  Center  contains  15  houses.  The 
first  permanent  settlement  was  made  by  Lebbeus  Ross  and  Calvin  Clark,  in  1801.''  There  are  4 
churches  in  town.' 

PERIBfTOm*— was  formed  from  "Boyle,"  May  26, 1812.  It  is  the  s.  town  on  the  e.  line  of  the 
CO.  Its  surface  is  uneven,  a  ridge  from  the  s.  e.  terminating  near  the  center.  Turk  Ilill,  in  the  s. 
part,  is  the  highest  point  in  the  oo.  The  town  is  drained  by  the  headwaters  of  Irondequoit  Creek  and 
its  branches.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam.  Fairport,  (p.  v.,)  N.  w.  of  the  center,  a  canal  and  R.  R. 
station,  contains  5  churches,  3  flouring  mills,  2  sawmills,  a  plaster  mill,  2  planing  mills,  a  sale- 
ratus  factory,  machine  shops,  and  carriage  shops.  Pop.  685.  Buslinells  Basin,  (p.  v.,)  in 
the  w.  part,  on  the  canal,  contains  a  church  and  252  inhabitants;  and  Eg'ypt,  (p.  v.,)  s.  E.  of  the 
center,  a  church  and  30  houses.  Fullams  Basin  is  a  hamlet,  on  the  canal.  The  first  settle- 
ment commenced  in  1790,  but  was  mostly  abandoned  soon  after.  Glover  Perrin  was  the  first  per- 
manent settler,  in  1793.*    Rev. Crane  preached  the  first  sermon.     There  are  8  churches  in 

town.' 

PITTSFORD— was  formed  from  "  SmaUivood,"  March  25, 1814.  Henrietta  was  taken  off  in 
1818.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  e.  of  tlie  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  undulating,  with  a 
gentle  inclination  toward  the  N.  Irondequoit  Creek  flows  through  the  n.  e.  part,  and  Aliens  Creek 
through  the  w.  part.  The  soil  is  sandy  in  the  N.,  and  clayey  and  gravelly  in  thes.  Pittsford, 
(p.  V.,)  near  the  center,  a  canal  and  r.  r.  station,  was  inoorp.  April  7,  1827.  It  contams  4  churches, 
a  union  school,  and  a  flouring  mill.  Pop.  702.  Cartersrille,  in  the  E.  part,  on  the  canal, 
contains  a  distillery  and  12  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1789,  by  Israel  and 
Simon  Stone.'     The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  organized  in  1809.^ 

RIGA— was  formed  from  "  Norihampion,"  now  Gates,  April  8,  1808.  Chili  wa.s  taken  off  in 
1822.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  near  the  s.  w.  corner.  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  undu- 
lating. Black  Creek,  a  dull,  sluggish  stream,  flows  E.  in  a  tortuous  course  through  near  the  center. 
The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam.  Cliurcliville,'  (p.  v.,)  n.  w.  of  the  center,  on  Black  Creek,  is  a  r.  r. 
station,  and  contains  4  churches,  a  saw  and  flouring  mill,  foundery,  and  machine  shop.  Pop.  450. 
Ri^a  Center,  (Riga  p.  o.,)  near  the  center,  contains  a  church,  the  Riga  Academy,  and  25 
houses.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1805,  under  the  auspices  of  James  Wadsworth.'" 
The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  the  fall  of  1806 ;"  Rev.  Allen  HoUister  was  the  first  pastor. 


1  Named  from  Daniel  Penfield,  an  extenBive  landholder  during 
the  early  settlement. 

8  Asa  CarpeDter  tiad  previously  settled,  but  did  not  remain. 

(len.  Jonathan  Fassett.  of  Vt.,  Caleb  Hopkins, Maybee,  and 

four  others,  made  a  settlement,  but  soun  after  abandoned  it  on 
account  of  sickness.  Hopkins  and  Miiytiee  remained.  As  early 
aa  1804,  Josiah  J.  Kellogg.  Dan'l  S^ilw^"lI,  Uenj.  .Minor,  Jonathan 
and  David  Baker,  Isa.ac  Beatty.  and  llenrv  Paddock,  moved  in. 
Daniel  Penfield  came  in  1810.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  child 
of  Mrs.  Fiske;  and  the  first  de^atli  w.oa  that  of  Benj.  Stilwell.  in 
1804.  Jos.  Hatch  taught  the  first  school;  Daniel  Stilwell  kept 
the  first  inn.  in  ISOfl;  and  Wm.  McKinster  the  first  store.  The 
first  mills  were  built  by  Daniel  Penfield. 

'  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  M.  ¥,.,  and  Presb. 

*  Named  from  Glover  Perrin,  the  first  permanent  settler. 

6  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Jesse  Perrin,  in  1794,  Abner 
Wright,  in  1795,  Caleb  Walker,  in  1799.  and  Asa  and  Edward 
Perrin,  Levi  Treadwell,  Maj.  Norton,  John  Scott,  John  Peters, 
and  Gideon  Ram.'idell,  soon  after.  The  first  birth  was  th.at  of 
Asa  Wright,  in  1797.  Glover  Perrin  kept  the  first  inn ;  Gregory  & 
Dean  the  first  store ;  and  Richard  Lincoln  built  the  first  grist- 
mill. 

«  2  Wes.  Meth.,  M.  E.,  Cong.,  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  Univ.,  and  Union. 

t  Silas  Nye,  Joseph  Farr,  Alex.  Dunn,  and  David  Davis,  from 
Washington  CO.,  settled  near  the  center  about  the  same  time; 


Thos,  Clelland,  Ezra  Patterson,  and  Josiah  Oirnins.>n  soon  after. 
In  1790  and  "91,  the  Stone  family,  of  7  iwrsons,  Caleb  Hopkins, 
Wra.  Acker,  Israel  Canfield,  and  Beiy.  Miller,  came  in.  The 
first  marriage  was  that  of  N.  Armstrong  and  Miss  K.Cole.  The 
first  school  waa  taught  in  1794.  John  Mann  built  the  first  mill, 
in  1805,  on  Irondequoit  Creek,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town 

8  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  M.  B.,  and 
Bap. 

«  Named  from  Samuel  Church,  the  pionoer  settler  at  the  vil- 
lage in  l.SOS. 

le  The  first  settlers  were  mostly  from  Mass.  Elihu  Church 
settled  near  the  center,  in  March,  180G,  .Soon  atler.  Samuel 
Shepard  settled  in  the  3.  w.  part;  Henry  Brewster.  S;iml  Bald- 
win, William  Parker.  Ezekiel  Barnes,  Nehcmiah  Frost,  Samuel 
Cliurch,  Jas.  Knowl.-s,  Thos,  Bingham,  Jos.  Tucker,  Knos  Morse, 
and  Geo.  Richmond,  in  1807;  and  Jos.  Emerson  and  Klier  and 
Chester  Orcntt,  in  1808,  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  daughter 
of  Sam!  Church;  the  first  male  child  born  was  Hiram  Sheparii, 
in  ISOii;  the  first  de.ath  wa.s  that  of  Richard  Church,  in  1807. 
Jos.  Thompson  kept  the  first  inn:  Thompson  &  Tuttlc  the  first 
store,  in  1808.  Samuel  Church  built  the  flrrt  sauiuiU,  in  1808, 
and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1811,  both  at  Churchvilio. 

u  The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town ;  2  Cong.,  M.  E.,  Pr«eb., 
Bap.,  and  Univ. 


26 


402 


MONROE    COUNTY. 


ROCHESTER^— -n-as  taken  from  Brighton  and  Gates,  and 

incorp.  as  a  village,  by  the  name  of  "  IfochestervtUe,"  March  21, 
1S17.  Its  name  was  changed  April  12,  1822,  and  it  was  en- 
larged and  incorporated  as  a  city  April  28, 1834.^  It  is  located 
N.  of  the  center  of  the  co.,  upon  Genesee  River,  7  mi.  from  its 
mouth ;  and  it  contains  an  area  of  about  8  sq.  mi.  The  surfaoe 
is  level  or  gently  undulating.  The  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  track  is  280 
ft.  above  Lake  Ontario ;  and  Mt.  Hope  Ridge,  the  higliest  point 
upon  the  s.  border,  is  160  ft.  higher.  The  city  has  a  solid  founda- 
tion of  Niagara  limestone,  cropping  out  along  the  course  of  the 
river,  but  in  other  parts  of  the  city  usually  covered  with  drift 
deposits.  The  Genesee  flows  n.,  dividing  the  city  into  two  nearly 
equal  parts.  Its  course  through  the  city  is  mostly  a  succession  of  rapids  and  falls,  affording  an  ex- 
tensive and  valuable  water-power,  which  is  fully  improved  for  manufacturing  purposes,' 

The  city  is  quite  regularly  laid  out,  most  of  the  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  The 
N.  and  s.  streets  are  parallel  to  the  river,  and  upon  the  principal  e.  and  w.  streets  bridges  are 
built  across  the  river.*  The  streets  are  usually  well  paved  and  bordered  by  commodious  side- 
walks.    The  city  is  divided  into  12  wards. 

The  immense  water-power  furnished  by  Genesee  River  gives  to  the  city  great  advantages  for 
manufacturing.^  Mills  were  erected  at  an  early  period ;  and  gradually  other  machinery  was  added, 
until  the  present  great  amount  and  variety  have  been  attained.  The  staple  manufacture  of  the  city 
is  flour.  There  are  now  in  operation  24  mills  and  an  aggregate  of  125  runs  of  stone.  The  mills 
have  a  capacity  for  grinding  800,000  bbls.  of  flour  per  annum ;  and  the  aggregate  capital  invested 
is  $700,000.  Since  the  failure  of  the  wheat  crop  in  Western  New  York,  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  water-power  has  been  directed  to  other  manufacturing  purposes.® 

The  culture  of  fruit  and  ornamental  trees  has  for  many  years  formed  an  important  business 
of  the  city;  and  now  the  nurseries  are  among  the  most  extensive  in  the  country.' 

The  cotnmerce  of  the  city  is  large,  though  of  much  less  importance  than  the  manufactures.     It 


1  Xamed  fiLim  Col.  Nathl  Rochester,  one  of  the  original  pro- 
prietors. 

2  At  the  first  village  meeting,  held  May  13, 1S28,  under  charter, 
Francis  Brown  waa  elected  President,  and  Wm.  Cobb,  Everard 
Peck,  Dan.  Mack,  and  Jehiel  Barnard.  Trustees.  The  villaee 
corporation  embraced  750  acres.  The  first  city  officers — elected  iu 
June.  1S34 — were  .Jonathan  Child.  Mayor;  Louis  Brooks,  Tbos. 
Kerapshall. Elijah  F.Smith,  Fred'k  F.  Backus,  and  A.W.  Ripley. 
Aldtrmcn;  Ji'hn  C.  Nash,  C/trA-.-  and  E.  F.  Marshall,  JVeaswrer. 

3  The  whole  fall  of  Genesee  River  within  the  co.  is  280  ft.,  of 
which  2iJ5  are  below  the  s.  line  of  the  city.  The  falls  evidently 
all  once  formed  a  single  cascade;  but  the  different  degrees  of 
hardness  of  the  several  rocks  over  which  the  rivf  r  flows  have 
caused  an  unequal  retrograde  movement  of  the  falls,  until  they 
have  assumed  tiieir  present  pof-ition.  The  surface  shales  have 
worn  away  gradually  to  a  uniform  slope,  over  which  the  water 
flows  in  a  series  of  rapids.  At  the  Upper  Falls  the  stream  falls 
a  distance  of  96  feet  over  the  perpendicular  edge  of  the  Niagara 
limestone  underlaid  by  shale.  Below  the  Upper  Falls  the  river 
flows  IJ  mi.,  through  a  deep  ravine  bounded  by  nearly  perpen- 
dicular si'les.  to  the  Middle  F.ills,  where  it  has  a  descent  of  25  ft. 
One  hundrL-d  rods  below,  it  descends  S4  ft.  over  a  ledge  of  Me- 
dina sandstone  to  the  level  of  Lake  Ontario.  Several  sulphur 
springs  flow  out  of  the  rocks  below  the  Middle  Falls. 

*  The  river  is  crossed  by  4  bridges,  respectively  at  Buffalo, 
Court,  Andrew,  and  Clarissa  St«.  The  Court  and  Andrew  St. 
Bridges  are  of  iron,  and  the  others  of  wood.  The  first  bridge 
was  built  upon  the  site  of  the  present  Buffalo  St.  Bridge,  in  IslO- 
12,  under  a  special  act.  The  cost — $12,00i:i — was  raised  by  tax.  in 
Ontario  and  Genesee  cos.  The  Ct'urt  St.  Bridge  was  first  built 
in  1826,  by  individuals.  It  waa  replaced  by  the  present  struc- 
ture iu  1858,  at  the  city  expense.  The  Central  R.  R.  Bridge 
crosses  the  river  a  few  rods  above  the  Upper  Falls.  The  canal  is 
crossed  by  5  substantial  iron  bridges,  built  by  the  State.  Other 
bridges  are  built  across  the  canal  feeder  and  the  various  mill- 
races  extending  through  the  city. 

6  The  situation  of  this  water-power  is  very  favorable  for  the 
growth  of  manufactures.  Ve.'^sels  from  Lake  Ontario  can  come 
up  the  river  to  the  foot  of  the  Lower  Falls,  2  mi.  below  the 
center  of  the  city ;  and  above  the  rapids  the  river  is  navigable  to 
Mount  Morris,  a  distance  of  53  mi.  The  first  mill  was  built 
by  Ebenezer  Allen,  in  1788-89.  He  soon  after  sold  out  to  Col. 
Fish  and  removed  to  Canada.  This  mill  and  one  other  were 
tiie  only  ones  at  this  place  until  1814.  when  Elisha  and  Henry 
Ely  and  Josiah  Bissell  built  another  at  the  Upper  Falls.  During 
this  year  a  f'--w  hundred  bbls.  of  flour  were  si-ut  to  the  Niagara 
frontier, — the  first  flour  ever  exported  from  Rochester.  The 
I'hoenix  l^Iills  were  built  in  1818;  since  that  time  the  number  has 
I'lrgely  increased,  until  now  Rochester  is  one  of  the  largest  flour 
■wauuiacturingplaces  in  the  country.  It  ia  called  the  "FlourCity." 


6  Flour  Borrds  form  an  important  item  in  the  manufacturing 
interests  of  the  city.  There  are  now  engaged  in  this  business 
41  tirms.  producing  in  the  aggregate  250,000  bbls.  annually,  and 
giving  employment  to  400  men. 

Axes  and  Edge  Tools  are  manufactured  by  3  firms,  with  an 
aggregate  capital  of  $180,000.  and  employing  to  200  men. 

Machine  Sfu^s,  9  in  number,  have  an  aggregate  capital  of 
$300,000,  turn  out  goods  to  the  amount  of  3tiO0,000  per  annum, 
and  employ  750  men. 

Furnaces,  8  in  number,  employ  150  men,  and  have  a  capital 
of  $320,000. 

The  Duryee  and  Forsyth  Safe  and  Scale  ManufacturiTig  Co. 
was  incorp.  in  Dec.  1854,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  It  givea 
employment  to  250  men,  and  produces  goods  to  the  amount  of 
$250,000  per  annum. 

CoUmi  Factories,  2  in  number,  give  employment  to  26  men, 
and  produce  $2;i0,000  worth  of  goods  annually. 

Breivpries.  17  in  number,  have  an  aggregate  capital  of  $130,000, 
and  produce  $250,000  worth  of  ale  and  lager  beer  annually. 

Boot  Tards^  15  in  number,  have  a  capital  of  $70,000,  and 
manufacture  $375,000  worth  of  boats  annually. 

Coach  a/id  Carriatie.  factoi'ies,  S  in  number^turn  out  $150,000 
worth  of  carriages  annually. 

Boot  and  Sho':  tactories.  5  in  number,  give  employment  to  900 
hands,  and  turn  out  goods  annually  to  the  amount  of  $500,000. 

Cabinet  Shops.  8  in  number,  employ  025  men,  and  turn  out 
work  to  the  amount  of  $500,000  annually. 

Chair  Factorie:^,  2  in  number,  employ  300  men,  and  turn  out 
chairs  to  the  amount  of  $200,000  per  annum. 

AmoDg  the  other  articles  annually  manufactured  are  woolen 
cloths  to  the  amount  of  $50,000.  soap  and  candles  to  the  amount 
of  $i'O.OO0j  carpets,  paper,  linseed  oil.  alcohol,  paint,  fire  engines, 
rifles.  &c.  A  carpet  manufactory  was  started  in  1832;  and  in 
1838  there  were  2  in  successful  operation. — one  at  the  Lower  and 
one  at  the  Middle  Falls.  The  first  paper  mill  was  built  at  the 
Upper  Falls,  in  1S19.  A  large  paper  mill  below  the  Lower  Falls 
now  produces  paper  to  the  amount  of  $1.^0.000  annually.  It  is 
chiefly  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  printing  paper.  There 
are  several  sawmills,  planing  mills,  and  tanneries  in  the  city. 
Besides  these,  there  are  many  minor  manufactories,  in  the  aggre- 
gate giving  employment  to  a  large  number  of  men  and  making 
use  of  a  great  amount  of  capital.  The  city  ranks  among  the 
first  manufacturing  towns  in  the  State. 

'  EUwanger  &  Barry's  Mount  Hope  Nursery,  occupjiug  500 
acres,  is  probably  the  most  extensive  nursery  in  the  world. 
Samuel  Moulson's  Old  Rochester  Nursery  occupies  350  acres; 
Alonzo  Frost  &  Co's.  Genesee  Valley  Nursery,  abnut  250;  and 
Hooker  &  Bisseirs  East  Avenue  Nursery,  about  200.  J.  O.  Bloss 

&  Co.,  Chas.  Moulson, Burtis,  Mattison  &  Co.,  Wm.  King, 

and  Wm.  Bryan  &  Cc'a  nurseries  occupy  60  to  100  acres  each. 


MONROE     COUNTY. 


403 


is  carried  on  hy  means  of  the  canals,  railroads,  and  Lake  Ontario.'  The  exports  consist  of  the 
products  of  the  Genesee  Valley  and  of  the  manufactured  goods  of  the  city.    Pop.  43,877. 

Besides  the  cD.  buildings,  the  city  contains  several  fine  public  edifices. 

The  City  Hall,  combined  with  the  co.  courthouse,  has  already  been  described. 

Corinthian  Hall  contains  the  reading  room  and  library  of  the  Atheneum  and  Mechanics'  Asso- 
ciation, and  is  one  of  the  finest  public  halls  in  the  country. 

The  Arcade,  fronting  BuSalo  St.,  is  a  commodious  building,  containing  the  p.  o.,  telegraph 
oflices,  and  a  variety  of  other  offices,  stores,  <tc.  It  has  a  broad  promenade  extending  through  the 
center,  from  which  the  various  rooms  open  on  either  side.  The  roof  is  built  mostly  of  glass,  and 
the  public  walk  is  open  to  the  roof.  The  rooms  of  the  upper  stories  open  upon  galleries,  which 
extend  the  entire  length  of  the  building  on  either  side  above  the  main  walk  or  promenade. 

The  Central  R.  R.  Depot  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  of  the  kind  in  the  State.  It  contains 
ample  accommodations  for  the  various  R.  R.  offices,  passenger  rooms,  and  for  the  cars  which  arrive 
on  the  various  roads  that  center  there.  Its  roof  is  supported  by  iron';  and  the  whole  structure 
presents  a  fine  and  imposing  appearance.  Several  of  the  mercantile  blocks,  the  banks,  and  private 
residences,  are  beautiful  structures  and  worthy  of  becoming  architectural  models. 

The  Public  Schools  of  the  city  are  under  the  control  of  a  Board  of  Education,  consisting  of  2 
members  from  each  ward  and  a  Superintendent.  The  schools  are  graded,  and  the  course  of  in- 
struction embraces  all  studies,  from  the  primary  through  the  higher  branches  taught  in  academies. 
The  school  buildings  are  16  in  number.  The  number  of  teachers  employed  is  104 ;  13  are  males 
and  91  females.  The  number  of  children  between  the  ages  of  4  and  21  is  16,108,  of  whom  6,320, 
or  38  per  cent.,  attend  school  during  some  portion  of  the  year.  The  total  expenses  for  1857  were 
S58,945.55.     Number  of  volumes  in  school  libraries,  7000. 

The  University  of  the  City  of  Rochester  was  incorp.  in  Jan.  1850,  and  is  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Baptist  denomination.  This  school  has  an  optional  classical  and  scientific  course.  The  present 
number  of  pupils  is  140." 

The  Baptist  Theological  Seminary,'  connected  with  the  University,  was  established  Nov.  4, 1850. 
Its  present  number  of  students  is  31. 

ITie  Rochester  Collegiate  Institute,  corner  of  Atwater  and  Oregon  Sts.,  was  established  in  1854, 
and  is  at  present  a  flourishing  institution.* 

The  Rochester  Female  Academy,  on  Fitzhugh  St.,  was  incorp.  in  1837. 

The  Allen  Female  Seminary  and  The  Tracy  Female  Institute  are  flourishing  private  seminaries.  . 

There  are  8  parish  schools  connected  with  the  E.  C.  churches  of  the  city. 

The  Rochester  Atheneum  and  Mechanics'  Association  was  founded  in  1849.  It  has  an  extensive 
reading  room  and  a  library  of  8,000  volumes.     It  sustains  an  annual  course  of  lectures. 

The  Female  Charitable  Society  was  organized  in  1826,  to  furnish  clothing  and  other  articles  of 
necessity  to  the  destitute. 

The  Home  for  the  Friendless  was  organized  April  11,  1849,  to  provide  work  for  the  needy  who 
cannot  obtain  employment. 

The  House  for  Idle  andVagrant  Children  was  opened  .June  2, 1854.  It  is  connected  with  the  school 
department  of  the  city;  and  to  it  are  sent  all  vagrant  children  that  are  wandering  about  the  streets. 

The  Rochester  Orphan  Asylum  was  established  in  183C  and  incorp.  in  1838.  It  is  a  fine  brick  edi- 
fice, situated  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  city,  upon  a  lot  donated  by  the  Hon.  John  Greig.  Its  average 
number  of  inmates  is  84,  supported  by  State  and  county  appropriations  and  private  subscription. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum  was  opened  in  July,  1842.  It  is  under  the  charge  of  the 
Sisters  of  Charity.     It  is  situated  in  the  rear  of  St.  Patrick's  Church. 

The  Cartmen's  Mutual  Benevolent  Society  was  incorp.  in  July,  1849. 

TJie  St.  Andrew's  Benevolent  Society  for  extending  aid  to  indigent  Scotchmen  was  formed  in  1850. 

The  St.  George's  Society  was  formed  in  JIarch,  1849,  by  the  English  residents  of  the  city. 

The  other  societies  in  the  city  are  the  Monroe  Co.  Bible  Society,  organized  in  1821 ;  The  Rochester 


1  The  principal  landing  for  the  port  of  Rochester  is  at  Char- 
lotte, at  the  mouth  of  Oenesee  Kiver.  7  mi.  below  the  city.  The 
amount  of  imports  at  this  port  for  the  year  1858  was  J;.'J38.25'2 ; 
exports,  $126,197.  The  principal  imports  are  wheat,  flour,  fish, 
lumber,  horses,  bjdes  and  skins,  peas,  and  wool ;  and  exports,  list- 
ings, fruit,  fruit-trees,  furniture,  cheese,  potatoes,  and  m.ichinery. 

The  lighthouse  is  57  ft.  high,  surmounted  by  a  lantern  11  ft. 
diameter  and  8  ft.  high,  with  a  4th  order  of  lens.  It  was  erected 
inlS22.  at  a  cost  of  $5,(XH).  The  pier  is  |  of  a  mi.inleui^th,  built 
of  wood  and  stone ;  and  on  the  end  is  a  beacon  lighthouse. 


2  This  institution  at  present  occupies  temporary  buildinps 
upon  Huflfalo  St.,  in  the  midst  of  the  citv.  It  owns  a  site  of  ^^2 
acres  just  E.  of  the  city  limits,  upon  which  suitable  huildiniis 
are  in  process  of  erection.  Connected  with  the  institution  is  a 
valuable  library  and  a  fine  mineraloirical  cabinet. 

*  This  institution  has  an  endowment  of  S7.'>,000.  It  ha*»  a 
German  Theological  Department.  Us  library  contains  5,.'J00 
vols.,  4,(i00  of  which  belonged  to  Dr.  Auiriistus  Neander,  the 
German  ecclesiastical  historian. 

*  See  p.  741. 


404 


MONROE    COUNTY. 


City  Tract  Society;  the  Industrial  School  Association;  the  CJirixiiari  Doctrine  Society;  Society  of 
St.  Alphoiims,  (German;)  St.  Joseph's  Convent  of  liedempt ion ;  the  Academies  of  St.  Patriclc,  The 
Sacred  Heart,  and  Our  Lady  of  Mercy.    The  St.  Mary's  Hospital  has  an  average  of  ahout  70  patients. 

The  Western  House  of  Befugc  for  Juvenile  Delinquents,  a  State  institution,  established  in  1844. 
if  located  upon  a  farm  of  42  acres  1  i  mi.  N.  of  the  courthouse.  The  buildings  consist  of  a  large  and 
imposing  main  edifice,  with  wings  containing  offices,  cells,  a  chapel,  &c.  and  a  variety  of  work- 
shops. They  occupy  a  site  of  4J  acres,  surrounded  by  a  high  wall.  The  average  number  of  in- 
mates is  nearly  400.' 

The  first  religious  services  held  in  the  co.  were  connected  with  the  French  missions  in  the  17th 
century.  The  first  church  at  Rochester  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1815,  and  the  church  edifice  was 
erected  in  1817  ;  Rev.  Comfort  Williams  was  the  first  settled  minister,  in  1816.  Several  of  the  city 
churches  are  among  the  finest  church  edifices  in  the  State.    There  are  now  46  churches  in  the  city.^ 

Mount  Hope  Cemetery  is  located  in  Brighton,  near  the  s.  line  of  the  city.  It  embraces  a  lot  of  70 
acres  located  upon  Mount  Hope,  the  highest  point  of  land  in  the  vicinity,  and  one  completely  over- 
looking the  city.  It  is  laid  out  in  excellent  taste,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  rural  cemeteries  in  the  country. 

St.  Patrick's  Cemetery  contains  15  acres,  and  St.  Joseph's  Cemetery  (German)  9  acres. 

The  territory  about  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee  first  became  known  to  the  whites  in  the  early  ex- 
ploring expeditions  of  the  French.  A  map  of  the  region,  prepared  by  Baron  La  Hontan,  was 
published  at  London  in  1703.  Views  of  the  Upper  and  Lower  Genesee  Falls  had  been  published 
as  early  as  1708.'  Many  other  adventurers  visited  the  place  and  gave  descriptions  of  it  long  previous 
to  the  Revolution.  The  country  remained  in  the  peaceable  possession  of  the  Indians  until  after  the 
war,  when  immigration  began  to  set  in  toward  Western  N.  Y.  The  first  settler  who  located  at  the 
falls  was  Bbenezer  Allen,  the  notorious  tory.*  lie  built  a  mill  in  1788  or  '90,  but  soon  after  sold 
out  his  improvements  to  the  Pulteney  Estate.  The  mill  went  to  decay ;  and  there  were  no  other 
white  settlers  for  several  years.*  Among  the  earliest  settlers  were  Jeremiah  Olmstead,  who  located 
a  short  distance  s.  of  the  present  site  of  the  House  of  Refuge,  in  1798-99 ;  Wm.  Cole,  who  estab- 
lished a  ferry,  in  1805 ;  and  Enos  Stone,  who  built  a  mill,  in  1808.  In  1802,  Nath'l  Rochester, 
"Wm.  Pitahugh,  and  Charles  H.  Carroll,  from  Md.,  purchased  a  tract  of  300  acres  at  the  Upper 
Falls ;  and  in  1812  they  caused  their  land  to  be  laid  out  for  settlement.  In  the  same  year 
Francis  and  JIatthew  Brown,  from  Mass.,  and  Thomas  Mumford,  laid  out  a  tract  of  200  acres 
adjoining  the  fcprmer,  and  commenced  the  erection  of  mills,  &c.° 

The  war  with  Great  Britain  broke  out  at  the  time  when  the  first  eifurts  were  made  to  build  up 
Rochester,  and  seriously  retarded  the  progress  of  settlement.  The  fear  of  Indian  hostilities  and 
of  hostile  invasion  from  Canada  caused  many  of  the  pioneer  settlers  to  abandon  their  new  homes 
and  emigrate  to  the  more  populous  sections  of  the  country.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  settlements 
commenced  throughout  Western  N.  Y.  with  increased  rapidity ;  and  Rochester  immediately  felt 
the  new  impulse.  A  large  number  of  settlers  came  in,  mills  were  built,  and  the  place  immediately 
became  the  commercial  and  manufacturing  center  of  the  fertile  Genesee  country.  The  finishing 
of  the  Erie  Canal  gave  a  new  impetus  to  the  business  of  the  place  and  served  to  greatly  extend 
its  manufacturing  interests.  Since  that  time  the  city  has  steadily  and  rapidly  increased  both  in 
population'  and  business,  until  it  has  arrived  at  a  front  rank  among  the  inland  cities  of  the  State. 

RITSH — was  formed  from  Avon,  (Livingston  co.,)  March  13,  1818.  It  lies  near  the  center  of 
the  s.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  with  a  w.  inclination.  Genesee  River  forms  its  w. 
boundary;  and  Honeoye  Creek  flows  w.  through  the  town  and  enters  the  river  near  the  center  of 
the  w.  border.    In  the  w.  part,  along  the  river,  are  extensive  fiats.    The  soil  is  a  sandy,  calcareous 


1  The  CPDtral  building  is  S6  by  m  ft.,  and  3  stories  high.  The 
wings  are  each  148  by  32  ft.. — maliing  the  entire  length  of  the 
building  382  feet.  Juvenile  dfliniuents  are  sentenced  to  this 
institution  from  the  central,  nnrthern,  and  western  parts  of  the 
State, — those  from  the  eastern  part  ln'ing  sent  to  a  similar  insti- 
tution on  Wards  Island,  New  York  City.  The  inmates  spend  a 
portion  of  each  day  in  study  and  a  portion  in  laboring  at  some 
useful  employment.  The  principal  business  carried  on  is  the 
manufacture  of  shoes  and  brushes,  A  library  of  9.000  volumes 
is  connected  with  the  institution.  The  yearly  cost  is  about 
$31,000,  and  the  earnings  of  the  inmates  $12,000.    See  p.  42. 

=  10  Pre.sb.,  8  M.  E.,  7  R.  C,  4  I'rot.  E.,  4  Bap..  2  Friends,  and 
1  each  Cong,,  Univ.,  Unit..  Ref,  Prot,  D,,  Germ.  Evan.,  Germ.  Ref., 
Second  Advent,  .Society  of  Christians,  Brothers  in  Chi'ist,  Evang. 
Association,  and  Jewish, 

5  Upon  these  early  maps  the  Genesee  was  called  "  Casconchia- 
gon,"  or  Little  Senecas  River.  The  water-power  was  not  im- 
mediately improved,  because  every  creek  in  the  vicinity  afforded 
sufficient  power  for  the  wants  of  the  people, 

*  .\aron  Burr  visited  the  place  in  1705  and  made  a  minute 
oad  critical  survey  of  the  Falls,    In  1797  Louis  Philippe  and  his 


two   brothers,  then  in  exile,   accompanied  by  Robert  Morris, 
visited  the  place, 

6  See  p.  39S, 

6  Charles  Harford  built  a  sm.all  mill  in  1S07, — the  first  one  after 
that  of  Ebenezer  Allen,  The  Browns  built  a  race  in  1812,  and 
started  a  store.  The  same  year  Samuel  J,  Andrews  and  Moses 
Atwater  laid  out  a  tract  of  land  for  settlement.  Among  the 
settlers  who  came  in  about  this  time  were  Rev,  Abelard  Rey- 
nolds, Dr,  Jonah  Brown,  (the  first  physician,)  Abraham  Starks, 
John  Slatlick,  (the  first  lawyer,)  Henry  Skinner,  Israel  Scranton, 
Liiscum  Knapp,  Ilezekiah  Noble.  Joseph  Hughes,  Ebenezer 
Kelly,  Ira  West,  Elisha  and  Henry  Ely,  Porter  1',  Peck,  Josiah 
Bissell,  jr„  Michael  Cully,  Harvey  Montgomery,  Charles  D, 
Farman,  and  Geo,  G,  Sill,  The  first  child  born  was  a  son  of 
Enos  Stone,  Blay  4, 1810.  Hamlet  Scranton  built  the  first  framed 
dwelling,  in  1S12,  on  the  present  site  of  the  Eagle  Tavern, 

"'  The  following  table  shows  the  progress  of  population  since 
1830  :— 

1830 9,207  I  1846 26,965 

1836 14,414    1860 36,403 

1840 20,191    1866 43,877 


MONROE    COUNTY. 


405 


loam  on  the  uplands,  and  a  rich  alluvium  on  the  flats.  East  Rusll  (Rush  p.  ).)  contains  a 
church,  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  a  carriage  factory,  and  about  250  inhabitants  ;  WestRush,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  w.  part,  a  station  on  the  C.  &  N.  F.  Branch  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  contains  a  saw  and  grist 
mill  and  30  houses;  Xortli  Rusli,  (p. v.,)  in  the  n.  w.  part,  about  1  mi.  e.  oi  Scottsville 
station,  contains  a  church  and  10  houses.  Genesee  Vallej'  R.  R.  Junction  is  1  mi.  w. 
of  West  Rush.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1799,  by  Maj.  Wm.  JIarkham  and  Ran- 
som Smith,  from  N.  H.'     The  first  settled  minister  was  Elder  Golf,  (Bap.)^ 

SWEDEIV — was  formed  from  Murray,  (Orleans  co.,)  April  2,  1813.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border 
of  the  CO.,  near  the  center.  Its  surface  is  level  and  gently  rolling.  A  high  ridge  passes  E.  and 
W.  through  tlie  town,  N.  of  the  center.  Salmon  Creek  rises  in  the  s.  w.  part  and  flows  in  an  e.  and 
N.  E.  course  through  the  town.  The  soil  is  clay  and  clay  loam.  Brockport,'  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n. 
part,  a  canal  village  and  r.  r.  station,  was  incorp.  April  26,  1829,  contains  6  churches,  the  Brock- 
port  Collegiate  Institute,*  a  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  4  founderies,  a  planing  mill,  a  manufactory 
of  mowers  and  reapers,  an  extensive  carriage  manufactory,  and  a  rotai-y  pump  manufactory.  Pop, 
2,143.  Sweden  Center,  (Sweden  p.  o.,)  near  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  20  houses  ; 
and  West  Sweden,  near  the  s.  w.  corner,  2  churches  and  15  houses.  The  first  settlement  was 
commenced  in  1807,°  by  Nathaniel  Poole  and  Walter  Palmer.     There  are  10  churches  in  town.* 

IJBflOlV — was  formed  from  Clarkson,  Oct.  11,  1852.  It  is  the  N.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co. 
Lake  Ontario  forms  its  x.  boundary.  Its  surface  is  slightly  rolling  and  inclines  toward  the  lake. 
It  is  drained  by  a  niunber  of  small  streams,  the  principal  of  which  is  Sandy  Creok.  The  soil  is 
a  sandy,  clayey,  and  gravelly  loam.  Salt  was  manufactured  to  a  limited  extent  by  the  early 
settlers.  Clarkson  Center,  (p.  v.,)  in  tlie  s.  part,  contains  35  houses ;  iVortb  Clarkson, 
(p.  0.,)  in  the  E.  part,  8  houses;  Kendalls  mills,  near  the  s.  w.  corner,  partly  in  Kendall, 
(Orleans  co.,)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1810,  by  Aretus  Haskell.' 
There  are  5  churches  in  town.'  A  Fourierite  community  was  organized  and  located  at  the  mouth  of 
Sandy  Creek,  in  1843,  under  Dr.  Theller,  of  Canadian  Patriot  War  notoriety.    The  bubble  soon  buret. 

WEBSTER— was  formed  from  Penfield,  Feb.  6,  1840.  It  lies  on  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  n.  e. 
corner  of  the  co.  Irondequoit  Bay  forms  the  w.  boundary.  Its  surface  from  the  ridge  in  the  s. 
part  has  a  gentle  inclination  to  the  lake.  The  shore  rises  in  places  50  ft.,  and  in  the  w.,  on  Iron- 
dequoit Bay,  80  to  100  ft.  The  streams  are  small  and  flow  n.  into  the  lake.  The  soil  is  a  sandv 
loam  N.  of  the  ridge,  and  clay  and  clay  loam  in  the  s.  Salt  was  manufactured  to  some  extent  by 
the  early  settlers.  W^ebster,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  on  the  ridge,  .contains  4  churches,  the  Web- 
ster Academy,  and  310  inhabitants;  West  Webster,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  contains  40 
houses.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1805,  under  the  agency  of  Caleb  Lyon.'  The 
first  church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1812,  by  Rev.  Solomon  Pierce.'" 

WHEATIiAHfD — was  formed  from  Caledonia,  (Livingston  co.,)  as  "Inverness,"  Feb.  23, 
1821.  Its  name  was  changed  April  3,  1821.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the 
CO.  Genesee  River  flows  s.  on  the  E.  border.  Its  surface  is  rolling.  Oatka  (or  Aliens)  Creek  flows 
E.  through  near  the  center  of  the  town.  It  is  joined  at  Mumford  by  the  Outlet  of  Caledonia  Springs, 
forming  an  excellent  water-power.  The  soil  is  loam,  mixed  with  clay  in  the  interior,  and  with  sand 
and  gravel  in  some  localities,  the  whole  underlaid  by  limestone.  Gypsum  is  found  in  large  quantities. 
Scottsville,"  (p.  v..)  in  the  e.  part,  contains  4  churches,  a  union  school,  extensive  flouring  mills. 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  .Joseph  Morgan,  from  the  w. 

side  of  the  river,  and Spraker.  from  the  Mohawk.    Philip 

Brice,  ChrysUil  Thomas,  Jacob  Stall,  and  .John  Bell,  came  in 
1801,  from  Md. ;  ,Ioseph  Sibley  and  Elisha  Sibley,  from  Rensse- 
laer CO.,  in  1804;  KlnaThan  Perry  and  Thomas  Paity,  in  l^OG. 
The  first  birth  was  that  of  .Toseph  Morgan,  in  1789.  The  first 
deaths  were  Mr.  and  .Mrs.  Markham,  in  1791.  John  Webster 
kept  the  first  inn:  Bem".  Campbell  the  first  store;  and  John 
Webster  built  the  first  gristmill. 

2  The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town ;  2  M.  E.,  Evan.  Luth., 
Bap.,  and  Christiiin. 

*  Named  from  lliel  Brockway,  a  prominent  early  settler  in 
the  villiige. 

*  This  instilution  is  under  the  supervision  of  the  Baptist  de- 
nomination, and  is  in  a  flourishing  condition. 

6  Siimuel  Bishop, Hopkins.   Isaiah  White,  and  Sto|.hcn 

Johnson  came  in  1S07  :  John  Reed.  Timothy  Tyler,  and  Edward 
Parks,  in  ISOS.  Reuben  Moon,  with  his  sons  James.  Amos,  and 
Isaac,  settled  in  1809  and  '10,  in  the  E.  part.  .Tames  Scott 
(colored)  was  the  first  settler  in  the  s.  part,  in  1RU9.    John 

Phelps.  Rufus  Hammond,  and Kni;:ht  were  the  ori'.-inal 

purchasers  of  the  site  of  Brockport.  James  Seymour,  <!eorge 
Allen,  Thomas  K.  Roby,  Ralph  W.  Ooold,  Luke  Webster,  and 
Charles  Kichardsoa  wero  early  settlers.    Samuel  Bishop  kept 


the  first  inn,  in  1809  ;  Charles  Richardson  the  first  store;  and 
Brockway  &  Blodgett  built  the  first  mill. 
«  .3  M.  E.,  2  Bap..  F.  W.  Bap.,  Cong.,  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

7  Josiah   and  Samuel  Randall,  from  Maine,  settled  in  ISIO; 

Stephen  Baxter  and  John  Nowlan,  iu  1811 ; Strunk  settled 

at  the  month  of  Sandy  Creek,  in  1811 ; Billings  and  .Manson 

Thomas,  soon  after.  But  few  settlers  came  in  until  after  1S17. 
The  first  death  waji  that  of Strunk,  in  1812.  A.  D.  Ray- 
mond kept  the  first  inn ;  Daniel  Pease  the  first  store ;  and  Alanson 
Thomas  huilt  the  first  mill,  for  Le  Roy  &  Bayard. 

8  M.  E..  Meth.  Prot.,  Bap.,  P.  W.  Bap.,  and  Union. 

*  John  Shoecraft.  from  Ulster  Co..  Isaac  Straight,  Daniel  Har- 
vey, Abram  Foster,  Paul  Hammond,  William  Mann,  William 
Harris,  John  Letts,  Samuel  Pierce,  Samuel  Goodeuough,  and 
Benjamin  Burnett,  mostly  from  \.  H.and  Vt.,  settled  about  18(W. 
The  first  birth  was  in  the  family  of  Caleb  Lyon ;  and  tne  first 
death,  that  of  a  child  of  .\.  Caines.  Wm.  Harris  taught  the  first 
school,  in  1810.  John  Letts  kept  the  first  inn:  ¥.' B.  Corning 
the  first  store,  in  1825;  and  Caleb  Lyon  built  the  first  saw  and 
grist  mill,  in  1806. 

10  There  are  4 churches  in  town;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Presb,,  and  Univ. 

n  Named  from  Isaac  Scott,  the  first  settler  and  owner  of  thw 
present  site  of  the  village. 


406 


MONKOE    COUNTY. 


plaster  mills,  a  woolen  factory,  furnace,  brewery  and  distillery,  and  a  steam  planing  mill.  Pop. 
925.  lUuniford,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  contains  3  churches,  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  machine 
shop,  a  thra.shing  machine  manufactory,  and  plaster  mill.  Pop.  535.  Garbuttsville  contains 
extensive  quarries  of  plaster,  flour  and  plaster  mills,  and  20  houses ;  fVIieatland  Center, 
(Wheatland  p.  o.,)  near  the  center,  contains  15  hou8e.s.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1789,'  by 
Peter  Shaefier,  from  Penn.  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1811.  The  first  pastor  was 
Rev.  Solomon  Brown.     The  census  reports  11  churches  in  town.^ 


Acres  of  Land,  Vahiation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,  Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Monroe  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Brighton 

Chili 

Clarkson 

Gates 

Greece , 

Henrietta.... 
Irondequoit. 

Mendon 

Ogden 

Parma 

Peotield 

Perinton 

Pittsfield 

Riga 

Rochester.... 

Ru8h 

Sweden 

Union 

Webster. 

Wheatland... 

Total.... 


AcKES  OF  Land. 


12.079J 
19,S55i 
16,473 
10.601 
24,289 
18.6271 
9,968 
18.931J 
18,042 
20.020J 
17,964i 
17,295 
12.648 
17,091i 
64U 
14,837 
17,602A 
19.969i 
18,464 
15,559 


316,840A 


1.672 

6,172i 

4,626 

1,935 

6,77ai 

3.991 

3,083  i 

4,412 

3,631 

6,01 2i 

4,962 

6,094 

2,080i 

4,000 

61  i 
3.656 
4.146i 
6,7065 
4,703 
3.667 


Valuation  op  1858. 


^ 

o 

■s? 

il 

B5 

0.0, 

$1,032,786 

$36,463 

816.200 

36,454 

668,235 

112.035 

720.860 

118.700 

1,320,638 

120.953 

883,332 

207,2.50 

687.840 

48.234 

950,965 

102.186 

787,046 

79,700 

705,966 

86.121 

707,207 

43,600 

838,633 

64.000 

680.380 

92,100 

736,992 

7.S,462 

9.362,408 

2,682,566 

860,920 

83,910 

1,033,086 

275.229 

676,966 

28.400 

662,277 

94,871 

736,440 

137,149 

24.369,165 

4,414.362 

e 


$1,069,239 
851,664 
680,270 
837,660 

1,441,691 

1,090,582 
636,074 

1,063,151 
866,746 
791.086 
760,897 
892,5:33 
672,480 
816.444 
11.944,973 
944,830 

1.308.316 
606,366 
647,148 
873,689 


28,773,627 


:^ 


1,777 
1,131 
1.107 
1.221 
2.323 
1.106 
1,660 
1,625 
1,604 
1,404 
1,644 
1,661 
1,123 
1,050 
21,682 
889 
1.982 
1,263 
1,228 
1,439 


1,546 
1.072 
1,070 
1,126 
2,164 
1,039 
1,574 
1,490 
1,476 
1.379 
1,487 
1,514 
1,010 

976 
22,195 

861 
1.985 
1.116 
1.160 
1,377 


499 
390 
392 
423 
805 
416 
682 
649 
663 
632 
607 
070 
375 
384 
7,408 
301 
712 
442 
496 
4S0 


632 
400 
416 
469 
8.52 
357 
614 
694 
586 
566 
612 
547 
412 
385 
3,567 
318 
623 
444 
618 
503 


291 
318 
291 
296 
689 
300 
460 
444 
464 
453 
434 
433 
316 
202 
6,684 
215 
6-23 
323 
333 
283 


ScHOOl^, 


48,708  47.616    16,916   18,283  Il2..'i61  I  i  245    32,916 


1,005 
697 
790 

1,044 

1,627 
706 

1,291 
913 
911 

1.164 

1.111 
988 
747 
835 
15,863 
646 

1,293 
896 
931 
96" 


Names  of  Towns. 


Brighton 

Chili 

Clarkson 

Gates 

Greece 

Henrietta.... 
Irondequoit. 

Mendon 

Ogden 

Parma 

Penfield 

Perinton 

Pittsfield 

Riga 

Rochester.... 

Rush 

Sweden 

Union 

Webster 

Wheatland.. 

Total,,., 


e 


694 

966 

824 

600 

1,365 

867 

613 

1,155 

1,009 

1,180 

1,044 

1,000 

831 

894 

1,644 

7«2 

9S6 

1,043 

891 

1,018 


655 

633 
1,479 
1,161 

646 
1,667 
1,061 

630 
1,222 
1,343 
1,665 
1,027 
1.606 

838 

1,146 

26 

861 
1,432 
1.629 
1,028 
1,006 


661 
966 
728 
616 

1,449 
822 
664 

1.067 
966 

1,236 

1,040 
918 
693 
746 
844 
6S6 

1,002 
968 
921 
793 


^ 


2,110 
8,745 
7.736 
1,165 
9,174 
6,065 
1,16- 
8,658 
6,690 
9,626 
4,999 
6,0u8 
3.669 
7,164 

6,734 
5,816 
10.617 
6,826 
6.869 


1,036 
2,142 
1, 

3,009 
1,966 

932 
1,303 
1.793 
2,905 
2,053 
1.676 
1,207 
1,782 

323 
2,102 
1,895 
2.398 
1.7.31 
1.978 


AORICDITURAL  PRODUCTS. 


BcsH.  OF  GaAm. 


19.304 
49,074 
17,398 
17,228 
38,666 
64,710 
24,S09 
83,321 
62,183 
27,602i 
38,316 
44;943J 
32..343 
74,831 
200 
47,013 
620.59 
10,7664 
19,876 
107,999 


80,0774 

96,2s8i 

88,865 

69,966 

135,684^ 

115,292 

43.881 

117,6834 

107.7064 

128,8114 

131,003 

101,603 

68,9054 

84,0544 

2,179 

71,728 

82,999 

161,385 

94,973 

60,626 


118,913  21,981  17,684  116,817  34.727  819,5294  1,833.551    58,738}  654.551  491.491  1,643,616'  131,263 


3,3884 
4,239 
3,327 
2,594 
5.2894 
3,9394 
2,074 
2.444 
3.6664 
3.9694 
2,1934 
3,062} 
1,586 
2,431 
94 
1,981 
3,057 
3,6704 
3,227 
2,605 


crjo. 


34,815 
26,200 
13,542 
22,962 
98.293 
16,520 
87.633 
18,453 
32,609 
31,631 
67,044 
62,160 
30,668 
9.697 
2,130 
10,890 
10,653 
27,899 
42,686 
19,380 


20.187 
26,819 
27.1.54 
17,430 
61,656 
25,061 
12,031 
10,670 
40,528 
42,.509 
.58,714 
25,729 

7,818 
23,707 

1,715 
16.790 
30.210 
20,820 
33,477 

8,468 


Dairv  Peodccts. 


60.828 

117.666 

69,411 

41,285 

169.986 

72,319 

45,612 

96,020 

110,217 

150,751 

94,318 

81,868 

40,633 

68,930 

378 

78,910 

88,909 

108,101 

126,350 

43,127 


i;  s 


1,480 
4,360 

11.630 
850 
4.746 
7.873 
1,160 

13.036 
9.163 
9,693 

10,495 

10.li26 
670 

10,425 

4.400 
12600 
7.011 
3.335 
7,802 


152 

2S2 
263 

20 

1,379 

372 

53 
338 
2S9 
731 
6S0J 
144 

218 

ISO 
685 
4S6 
671 
404 


7,847* 


1  Mr.  Shaeffer  and  his  sona  Peter  and  Jacob  came  in  Dec. 
1789.  They  found  a  settlement  commenced  by  Ebenezer  Alien 
and  his  brother-in-law,  Christopher  Dugan,  near  the  mouth  of 
Aliens  Creek,  a  short  distance  below  Scott9TilIe.  Allen  had  a 
comfortable  log  houee  and  about  60  acres  of  improvement.  The 
Shaeflfers  became  the  purchasers  of  his  farm,  paying  $2.50  per 
acre.  After  the  sale.  Allen  left  with  his  family  for  Mount  Morris. 
The  valley  of  the  river  below  Shaeffer'a  was  slow  in  settling; 
Joseph  Morgan  came  in  1792.  Andrew  Wortman  in  1794  or  "95. 
Caleb  Aspinwall,  Peter  Conkle.  Frerierick  and  Nicholas  Hetz- 
tiller  were  early  settlers  in  the  Shaeffiir  noi^hborhood.  Reuben 
Heath  c.ame  from  Vt.  in  1799.  The  S.  w.  part  waa  early  settled, 
under  the  auspices  of  Charles  Williamson,  by  Scotch,  among 
whom  were  John  McNaughton  and  family,  near  Mumford. 
T&aac  Scott  settled  at  Scottsville  about  1790,  aud  Uonald  McVean 


soon  after.  Zachariah  Garbutt  and  family  settled  at  what  ia 
now  GarbuttsviHe.  in  1803;  and  Powell  C;irpcnter,  near  Scotts- 
ville, in  1804.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Peter  Shseffur.  jr., 
and  a  daughter  of  Jacob  Schoonover,  in  1790.  (Ebenezef  Allen 
had  previously  added  another  inmate  to  bis  harem  by  a  pro- 
tended marriage  with  Lucy  Chapman.  See  p.  711.)  The  first 
death  was  that  of  Peter  Shaeffer.  sen.  Jacob  Scott  kept  the  first 
inn,  Philip  Garbutt  and  Abram  Uanford  the  first  store;  and 
Peter  Shaeflfer,  jr.,  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1810.  and  the  first 
gristmill,  in  1811.  John  and  Robert  McKay  built  the  fir.'^t  grist- 
mill, at  Mumford,  in  1808;  and  Donald  BIcKenzie  erected  the 
first  cloth  dyeing  works  w.  of  Genesee  River. 

2  2  Presb.,  2  Bap.,  2  Friends,  2  R.  C,  Prot.  E„  M.  E.,  and  Assa 
Ref.  Presb. 


MONTGOMERY  COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Albany,  March  12,  1772,  under  the 
name  of  "  Tryon  Co.'"-  Its  name  was  changed  April  2,  1784.  On- 
tario -svaa  taken  off  in  1789,  Ilerliimer,  Otsejijo,  and  Tioga  in  1791, 
,  Hamilton  in  1816,' and  Fulton  in  1838.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  the 
;i,  Mohawk,  centrally  distant  39  miles  from  Albany,  and  contains  436 
.1  sq.  mi.  The  general  system  of  highlands  which  forms  the  con- 
s' necting  link  between  the  northern  spurs  of  the  Allegany  Mts.  on 
;  the  s.  and  the  Adirondacks  on  the  N.  extends  through  this  co.  in  a 
N.  E.  and  s.  w.  direction.  Mohawk  River  cuts  through  the  upland, 
and  forms  a  valley  1  to  2  mi.  wide,  and  200  to  500  ft.  below  the  sum- 
mits of  the  hills.  The  valleys  of  several  of  the  tributaries  of  the 
Mohawk  extend  several  miles  into  the  highland  district  at  nearly 
right  angles  to  the  river  valley.  The  hills  bordering  upon  the  river  generally  rise  in  gradual  slopes, 
and  from  their  summits  the  country  spreads  out  into  an  undulating  upland,  with  a  general  inclination 
toward  the  river,  into  which  every  part  of  the  surface  of  the  co.  is  drained.  The  principal  tributaries 
of  tlie  Mohawk  are  the  East  Canada,  Garoga,  Cayadutta,  Chuctenunda  Creeks,  and  Evas  Kil,  on  the 
N.,  and  Cowilliga,  Chuctenunda,  Schoharie,  Auries,  Flat,  Oanajoharie,  and  Otsquaga  Creeks,  on  the  s. 
The  highest  point  in  the  co.  is  Bean  Hill,  in  Florida,  and  is  estimated  to  be  700  ft.  above  tide,  and  the 
lowest  point  is  the  bed  of  the  Mohawk,  on  the  e.  line  of  tlie  co.,  2G0  ft.  above  tide. 

Gneiss,  the  only  primary  rock  in  the  ec,  is  found  in  patches,  the  principal  locality  being  at  "  The 
Noses,"  on  the  Mohawk.^  Resting  directly  upon  this  are  heavy  masses  of  calciferous  sandstone, 
appearing  mostly  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  river  and  extending  into  Fulton  co.*  Nest  above  this  are 
the  Black  River  and  Trenton  limestone,  not  important  as  surface  rocks,  but  furnishing  valuable 
quarries  of  building  stone.  The  slates  and  shales  of  the  Hudson  River  group  extend  along  the  s. 
border  of  the  co.  and  are  found  in  a  few  places  N.  of  the  river.  Drift  and  boulders  abound  in 
various  places.  The  soil  along  the  river  consists  of  alluvial  deposits  and  a  deep,  rich,  vegetable 
mold,  and  upon  the  uplands  it  is  mostly  a  highly  productive  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  The  pro- 
ductions are  principally  grass  and  spring  grains.  The  uplands  are  finely  adapted  to  pasturiige,  and 
dairying  forms  the  leading  pursuit.  Upon  the  Mohawk  Flats  immense  quantities  of  broomcorn 
are  raised.  There  are  several  important  manufactories  in  the  co.,  consisting  chiefly  of  woolen 
goods,  cai-pets,  paper,  agricultural  implements,  sash  and  blinds,  and  castings.  Quarrying  is  ex- 
tensively carried  on.' 

The  principal  public  works  are  the  Erie  Canal,  extending  along  the  s.  side  of  the  Mohawk,  and 
the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.,'  on  the  n.  bank.  A  wire  suspension  bridge  crosses  the  Mohawk  at  Port 
Hunter,  and  wooden  bridges  at  Amsterdam,  Fonda,  Canajoharie,  Fort  Plain,  and  St.  Johusville. 
An  iron  bridge  was  built  at  Fort  Plain,  in  1858. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Fonda,  a  pleasant  village  on  the  Mohawk,  built  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Dutch  settlement  of  "  Cmiyhnawaga."''  The  courthouse  is  a  fine  brick  edifice,  containing 
the  usual  co.  offices.^  The  jail  is  a  stone  building,  adjacent  to  the  courthouse.'  The  co.  poorhouse 
is  located  upon  a  farm  of  150  acres  situated  in  Glen,  about  3  mi.  e.  of  Fonda.  The  building  is  old 
and  poor,  and  has  few  arrangements  for  the  health,  comfort,  or  convenience  of  its  inmates.  The 
average  number  of  inmates  is  125.  The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  |1,000. 
The  first  newspaper  in  the  co.  was  established  at  Fort  Plain,  in  1827." 


1  Named  from  Wm.  Tryon,  Colonial  Governor.  Present  name 
given  in  honor  of  Gen.  Richard  Montgomery,  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. As  first  formed,  this  CO.  embraced  all  of  the  .State  w.  of 
Delaware  Kiver  and  a  line  extending  N.  throuph  Schoharie,  and 
along  the  e.  lines  of  the  present  cos.  of  Montgomery,  Fulton,  and 
Hamilton,  and  continuing  in  a  Btraight  line  to  Canada. 

2  Taken  off  with  Herkimer  in  171*1,  and  restored  to  Mont- 
gomery March  31,  1797. 

8  This  rock  here  contains  pink  colored  garnets. 

*  This  rtx^k  often  contains  in  its  cavities  quartz  and  nodules 
of  anthracite  coal,  which  has  led  to  foolish  expenditures  of  large 
sums  in  mining  for  coal.  Near  Sprakers  Basin  traces  of  lead 
have  been  found. 

6  Stone  from  these  quarries  were  used  in  the  construction  of 
canal  locks  and  other  public  works. 

•  Formerly  ■'  Sili,mrla<l;/  d:  Utira  R.  R."  Tlie  Catskill  * 
Canajoharie  K.  R.,  iucorp.  in  1830,  was  opened  to  Cooksburgh 


from  Cat.skill  at  a  cost  of  $400,000.  In  1.S42  it  was  abandoned, 
the  track  sold  for  $11,000  and  taken  up. 

'  ^^Cavt/liriaw{t(ia"  was  one-half  mi.  E.  of  the  courthouse,  but  is 
now  included  within  the  incorporation  of  the  village  of  Fonda. 
Tiie  CO.  seat  was  removed  from  Johnstown  in  lS3(i.  The  condi- 
tions of  the  removal  were  that  a  subscription  of  $4.'J00  should  ha 
rais<_'d,  and  a  site  of  not  less  than  3  acres  donated  to  Ihe  Co. 
This  removal  occasioned  great  dissatisfaction,  and  led  to  tha 
division  of  the  CO.  in  1838. 

8  lly  an  act  passed  March  10. 1778,  the  sheriff's  mileago  iu 
Tryon  Co.  was  directed  to  be  reclioned  from  *'  JfVir  J\'osr.,<,"  which 
practice  appears  to  have  been  cuntinued  lor  some  time. 

*  The  jail  is  so  constructed  as  not  to  answer  the  rectuii-emenrs 
of  the  law  in  the  eUissification  of  prisoners.  The  courthouse  and 
jail  were  erected  at  a  cost  of  $30.G00. 

1"  Tlie  Watch  Tower  was  begun  at  Fort  liain  iu  1S27  by  S.  M. 

407 


408 


MONTGOMERY    COUNTY. 


The  early  history  of  this  co.  is  full  of  incident  and  interest.  At  the  time  of  the  first  advent 
of  the  whites  it  was  the  principal  seat  of  the  Mohawks,  one  of  the  most  powerful  tribes  of  the  Five 
Nations.  The  policy  adopted  by  the  early  Dutch  settlers  of  the  colony,  and  continued  by  their 
English  successors,  strongly  attached  a  majority  of  these  savages  to  their  interests;  and  the  unpro- 
voked attack  of  Champlain,  in  1009,  made  them  hate  the  French  in  Canada  with  intense  bitterness. 
In  the  wars  that  ensued,  the  Five  Nations  proved  faithful  allies  to  the  English,  and  on  many  occa- 
sions shielded  them  from  hostile  attacks.  In  1005-06  a  French  expedition,  consisting  of  600  men, 
under  De  Courcelles  and  De  Tracy,  was  sent  against  the  Indians,  and  proceeded  as  far  as  Schenec- 
tady ;  but,  after  much  suffering  and  the  loss  of  many  men,  the  army  returned  to  Canada  without 
affecting  any  thing.  Within  the  next  few  years  several  French  expeditions  were  sent  against  the 
western  tribes  of  the  Five  Nations,  and  in  return  the  Indians  made  a  descent  upon  Montreal  in 
1089,  laid  waste  whole  plantations,  and  destroyed  many  lives.^  In  retaliation,  Count  Frontenac 
sent  several  expeditions  against  the  Indians  and  English,  one  of  wbich  destroyed  Schenectady  in 
1690.^  In  the  winter  of  1092-93  the  French  again  invaded  the  Mohawk  country,  surprised  and 
destroyed  two  of  their  three  castles,*  and  took  about  300  prisoners.  In  the  engagement  at  the 
third  castle  they  lost  30  of  their  number;  and  in  their  retreat  they  were  pursued  by  Maj.  Peter 
Schuyler  at  the  head  of  200  regulars  and  militia,  who  succeeded  in  killing  33  and  wounding  26 
of  their  number  and  in  rescuing  50  prisoners.  Favored  by  the  severe  cold,  the  remainder  escaped 
and  fled  to  Canada  through  the  great  northern  wilderness.  Their  sufferings  on  this  journey  were 
intense.  As  early  as  1642-43,  a  French  Jesuit  visited  the  Mohawk  settlements;  and  between  that 
date  and  1078,  10  missionaries  of  this  order  labored  to  bring  over  the  Indians  of  this  region  to  the 
French  interests  and  the  Catholic  religion.  Though  attended  with  great  hardships,  and  in  one  or 
two  instances  with  death,  these  labors  were  in  some  measure  successful,  and  in  1671  a  large 
number  of  Indians  removed  from  Caughnawaga  to  Canada.* 

A  military  post,  known  as  Fort  Hunter,  was  established  near  the  mouth  of  Schoharie  Creek  in 
1711.  About  the  same  time  a  large  number  of  German  Palatinates,  sent  over  by  Queen  Anne, 
settled  upon  the  Hudson,  and  shortly  after  removed  to  Schoharie  and  the  Muhawk  Valley  and  set- 
tled upon  lauds  given  them  by  Government.  At  about  the  same  period  a  considerable  number  of 
Holland  Dutch,  from  Schenectady  and  vicinity,  found  their  way  into  the  co.  and  extended  their 
improvements  up  the  valley.  In  1730  the  first  mill  n.  of  the  Mohawk  was  built  on  the  site  of 
"Cranes"  Village  by  two  or  three  brothers  named  Groat;  and  this  for  a  time  served  the  settle- 
ments at  German  Flats,  50  mi.  beyond.^ 

The  land  grants  in  this  co.  were  made  in  comparatively  small  tracts.  The  first  were  issued  as 
early  as  1703.    On  the  19th  of  Oct.  1723,  a  patent  of  12,700  acres,  called  ''  Stojie  Arabia,"  n.  of  the 


S.  Gant,  who  was  succeeded  by  John  Calhoun  & 

Piatt.     In  1S30  it  was  published  as 
The  Ffrrt  Plain  S'titinH. 

The  Fort  riain  tkiz^iU-  %yas  begun  in  1833  by  IT.  L.  Gros. 
The  Fort  Plain  Republican  was  begun  in  1835  by  B.  W.  Gill. 

It  was  succL-edfd  by 
The  Tocsin  in  1S36,  II.  Link,  publisher. 
The  Fvrt  Plain  Jourmd  was  comniencod  in  1S3S  hy  W.  L.  Fish. 

It   chant;ed   owners    several    tiniea,   and   was    finally 

discuiitiiiupd. 
The  LxUheran  Herald. 
The   StiuleJits   Gleaner,  by  students  of  the  Fort  Plain  High 

School,  was  issued  from  The  JourKal  office. 
The  Montgomery  Phavtix  was  begun  at  Fort  Plain  Feb.  3,  lS-41, 

by  L.  P.  Backus,  publisher,  and  D.  F.  Young,  editor. 

In  Mar.  ls54  it  was  changed  to 
The  AloUa^vlc  Valley  Register,  under  which  name 

it  is  now  published  by  \Veh^t(■r  i  Matthewson. 
The  Mohawk  Flirnur  was  published  at  Caughuawaga  at  an  early 

period. 
The  Carutjoharie   Telegraph  was  published  by  Ilenry   Uoogh- 

kiik  in  lS25-i;6. 
The  Canajoharie  Sentind  was  published  in  1827  ;  Samuel  Cald- 
well, editor. 
The  Canajoharie  Rrpublican  was  published  in  1827-28;  Henry 

Bloomer,  editor,  and   afterward  John  McVean  &  D.  F. 

Sacia. 
The  Moiitgnmery  Argits  was  published  by  J.  McVean  in  1831-32, 

ami  continued  by  S.  N.  S.    Gant  till  lh30. 
The  Oanajohari*^  Investigator  was  published  from  1833  to  '36  by 

Andrew  H.  Calhoun. 
The  Radii  was  begun  in  lf^37  by  Levi  S.  Backus,  a  deaf  mute; 

in  Nov.  is-ki.  it  was  burned  out,  and  removed  to  Fort 

Plain:  in  1854  it  was  removed  to  Madison  co.,  but  has 

since  returned  to  Canajoharie.  For  sevenil  years  the  State 

made  appropriations  for  sending  this  paper  to  deaf  mutes 

throughout  the  State. 
The  Mohawk  VaUey  Gazette  waa  published  at  Canajoharie  by  W. 

U.  Kiggs  from  1847  to  '49. 


The  Montgomery  Union  waa  published  at  Canajoharie  by  W.  S. 

Hawli-y.  1850-53.     Four  numbers  of  another  paper  were 

publis^hed  at  the  same  place  in  1854  by  S.  N.  S.  Gant. 
The  Mohawk  Advertiser,  published  at  Amsterdam  by  Dariua 

Wells,  was  changed  to 
Tlie  Intelligencer  and  Mohawk  Advertiser  in  1834.    In  1835  it 

was  published  by  John  J.  Davis,  L.  H.  Nicholds.  editor. 

In  183G  it  was  published  by  S.  B.  Marsh,  and,  after 

several  changes,  it  was  changed  in  1854  to 
The  Aansterdant  Recorder,  which  is  now  issued  by  U. 

Hayward.  editor  and  publisher. 
The  Mohawk  Gazrtte  was  published  at  Amsterdam  by  Josiah  A. 

Nootnan  in  lS3;)-34. 
The  F'md:i  }i.n>hl  was  issued  by  J.  Reynolds.  Jr..  in  1837. 
Tfi.'  F-n'la  S,  „tui>K  b'-gun  in  1845;  changed  in  1869  to 
Tlie  Montgomery  Deniocratt  I.  M.  Gregory,  pub'r. 
The  Anurican  iStur.  commenced  wt  Can.njoharie  April  5,  1855,  by 

\Vm.  S.  Ilawley,  was  removed  to  Fonda  May  17, 1855. 

In  1857  it  was  changed  to 
The  Mohaivk  VaUry  American,  and  published  by  C.  B.  Freeman. 

In  1S58  this  title  was  changed  to 
The  Am-t'i-ican  Si-tr,  now  publi-ihcJ  by  Wm.S.  Hawley  as 
The  Montgomery  Co.  Star. 
The  M"i'lt/'nii>-ry  Hliitj  was  begun  at  Fultonville  in  1839  by  P. 

.f.  Mills.      It  passed    into  the  hands  of  B.   H.   Pink- 

bani.  acti  in  lS5,i  it^  name  was  changed  to 
The  Montgomery  Republican,  and  is  now  pub- 
lished by  T.  R.  Ilorton. 

We  are  indebted  to  Prof  0.  W.  Morris,  of  New  York, 

and  to  the  files  of  The  Pha'nix,for  the  above  list.    Many 

changes  of  ownership  are  not  stated. 
1  Ooldj'7i's  Five  If^ations ;  i^'mith's  Hist.  N.  K 
s  See  p.  598. 

8  T^e  "  Lower  Castle"  was  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Schoharie 
Creek,  the  "Middle  Castle"  at  th«  moutli  of  the  Otsquaga,  and 
the  "Upper  Castle"  at  the  mouth  of  the Now-a-da-ga  or  Imlian 
Castle  Ci"eek,  in  Danube,  Herkimer  co. 

*  An  Indian  village  named  Caughnawaga,  9  mi.  above  Moutreal, 
is  the  lesult  of  this  emigration.      ^Simms's  "Hiil.  Sclioltarte.^' 


MONTGOMERY    COUNTY.  409 

Mohawk,  was  granted  to  John  Christian  Garlock  and  others  for  the  benefit  of  the  Palatinates.  The 
principal  grants  were  made  between  1730  and  1740 ;  and  in  1762  there  remained  little,  if  any,  un- 
patented laud  in  the  co. 

About  the  year  1735,  the  British  Admiral,  Sir  Peter  Warren,  acquired  the  title  to  a  largo  tract 
of  land  known  as  "  Warreimbush,"  mostly  in  the  present  town  of  Florida,  and  sent  out  his  ucijliew, 
Wm.  .Johnson,  then  but  ^1  years  of  age,  as  his  agent.  Johnson  first  located  at  the  mouth  of  Scho- 
harie Creek;  afterward  he  removed  to  3  mi.  above  Amsterdam,  and  finally  to  Johustowu.  Through 
the  influence  of  his  nncle  he  received  the  appointment  of  Agent  of  Indian  Afl'airs,  which  gave  him 
great  facilities  for  intercourse  and  trafiic  with  the  natives.  Applying  himself  industriously  to  the 
study  of  the  character  and  language  of  the  Indians,  and  adopting  their  habits  and  dress  whenever 
it  suited  his  convenience,  he  gained  an  ascendency  and  influence  over  them  never  before  enjoyed 
by  any  white  person.  His  easy  and  obliging  manners  made  him  equally  a  favorite  with  the  white 
settlers;  and  until  his  death,  which  took  place  on  the  24th  of  June,  1774,  the  events  of  his  life  are 
intimately  interwoven  with  the  history  of  the  co.'  His  title  and  estates  descended  to  his  son,  Sir 
John  Johnson ;  but  his  commanding  personal  influence  could  not  be  inherited.  Guy  Johnson,  son- 
in-law  of  Sir  William,^  Col.  Daniel  Claus,  and  Col.  John  Butler,  were  attached  to  the  interests  of 
the  Johnson  family,  possessed  large  estates,  and  lived  in  what  were  then  considered  sumptuous 
residences  in  the  Mohawk  Valley.  They  had  considerable  influence  with  both  whites  and  Indians. 
In  the  controversy  between  the  colonists  and  the  mother  country  wluch  resulted  in  the  Revolution, 
the  Johnsons  and  their  adherents  strongly  espoused  the  cause  of  the  King,  from  whom  they  had 
received  so  many  favors. 

As  a  class,  the  German  Palatinates  sided  with  the  colonies,  and  a  majority  of  the  other  settlers 
entertained  similar  sentiments ;  but  for  a  long  time  they  were  overawed,  and  their  efforts  at  organi- 
zation were  thwarted  by  the  zeal  and  activity  of  the  tory  leaders.  In  the  spring  of  1775,  while  the 
court  was  in  session  at  Johnstown,  through  the  influence  of  the  tories  the  signatures  of  most  of  the 
grand  jurors  and  magistrates  were  procured  to  a  document  opposing  the  measures  of  the  Continental 
Congress.'  This  proceeding,  coupled  with  others  of  a  more  aggressive  and  personal  character, 
tended  greatly  to  organize  the  opposition  forces,  to  separate  the  friends  and  enemies  of  freedom,  and 
to  kindle  feelings  of  bitter  and  vindictive  hatred,  which  naturally  led  to  all  the  horrors  of  civil  war. 

"  Tryon  co"  was  divided  into  6  districts  ;*  and,  for  the  purpose  of  a  more  thorough  organization, 
delegates  were  appointed  in  each  by  the  Patriots  to  form  a  committee  of  public  safety.  Upon  .a 
meeting  of  these  delegates  a  significant  remonstrance  was  addressed  to  Col.  Guy  -Johnson,  Indian 
Agent,  for  his  aggressive  and  partisan  acts ;  he  withdrew  in  June,  1775,  to  Cosbys  Manor,  above 
German  Flats,  under  pretense  of  holding  a  council  with  the  Indians  in  the  w.  part  of  the  co. ; 
and  in  a  short  time  he  fled  to  Montreal,  by  the  way  of  Oswego,  accompanied  by  a  large  number 
of  dependents  and  followers,  lie  continued  to  act  as  Indian  Agent  during  the  war,  and  by  liberal 
rewards  and  still  more  liberal  promises  he  greatly  stimulated  the  natural  ferocity  of  the  Indians, 
and  incited  them  to  more  active  hostility.  He  was  joined  in  Canada  by  Joseph  Brant,  a  distin- 
guished and  educated  Mohawk  chief,  and  John  and  Walter  N.  Butler,  2  tories  who  afterward 
gained  an  infamous  notoriety.  At  the  head  of  marauding  parties  of  tories  and  Indi.ans,  they  after- 
ward returned  and  committed  the  most  inhuman  atrocities  upon  their  old  friends  and  neighljors. 
Sir  John  Johnson  remained  at  "Johnson  Hall,"  but  continued  active  in  his  intrigues,  and  kept  up  a 
correspondence  with  Col.  Guy  Johnson  in  Canada.  His  preparations  to  fortify  "Johnson  Hall"  ex- 
cited alarm ;  and  in  Jan.  1776,  a  committee,  consisting  of  Gen.  Philip  Schuyler,  Gen.  Ten  Broeck, 
and  Col.  Varick,  was  despatched  from  Albany  to  consult  with  the  local  committee  of  safety  and  satis- 
factorily arrange  matters.  Gen.  Herkimer  called  out  the  militia;  and  the  aSiiir  was  finally  settled 
by  the  surrender  of  Sir  John  as  prisoner,  and  an  agreement  that  his  Scotch  tenants  should  be 
disarmed.  He  was  sent  to  Fishkill,  but,  being  released  on  parole,  ho  soon  returned  to  Johnstown 
and  resumed  his  intrigues.  In  May,  Col.  Dayton  was  sent  with  a  regiment  to  again  arrest  him ; 
but,  being  warned  of  their  approach.  Sir  John  and  his  followers  fled  to  the  woods,  and  finally 
reached  Canada  by  the  way  of  Saoandaga  and  Racket  Rivers,  after  19  days  of  fasting  and  suflfering.' 
Sir  John  received  a  commission  as  colonel  m  the  British  service,  raised  a  regiment  of  tories  known 


*  For  his  services  while  in  command  of  the  expedition  which 
resulted  in  the  defeat  of  the  French  undel'  Diesliau.  at  tlie  head 
of  Lalie  Georsie,  lio  received  the  title  of  Baronet  and  a  gift  of 
£5000  from  Parliament.  From  this  time  until  his  death  he  lived 
in  ease  and  opulence,  devoting  his  time  to  the  management  of 
public  affairs  and  the  improvenleut  of  his  estate. 

2  Succeedeil  f^ir  William  an  Indian  Agent. 

*  Annals  of  Tryon  Co.,  p.  4rt. 

*  These  districts  were  "  Mohawk"  adjoining  Albany,  **  Canajo- 
harie,"  on  the  s.  side  of  the  Mohawk,  and  *'ralaiini;,''  ou  the  N., 


extending  up  the  river  to  Little  Falls,  *'  Grrman  Flats,"  and 
'^  Kingslandj"  still  farther  up  the  river,  and  •'  Olii  England  Dis- 
trict" w.  of  the  Susquehanna.  The  tirst  5  of  these  districts 
were  formed  March  24,  1772.  On  the  Sth  of  March.  1773.  tho 
oriKinal  name — "  ■S'^m'?  Aral'ia" — was  changed  to  **  Palaiinf-.^^ 
"German  Flats'^  to  *' Kivt/sland"  and  ••h'ini/slami"  to  "Cfrman 
Flats"    Old  England  Dist.  was  formed  April  3,  1775. 

^  The  Indians  at  St.  Regis  still  preserve  a  tradition  of  this 
event,  and  state  that  the  party  were  reduced  to  the  utmost  ex- 
tremity before  they  reached  the  iuhabited  region. 


410 


MONTGOMERY    COUNTY. 


as  "  Jiilinson's  Greens,"  and  was  active  and  bitter  in  Lis  hostility  throughout  the  war.*  Through 
the  influence  of  the  Johnsons,  all  of  the  Five  A'ations,  with  the  exception  of  a  portion  of  the  Oneidas 
and  Tuscaroras,^  were  attached  to  tlie  British  interests,  and  were  liberally  aided  by  arms  and  pro- 
visions in  their  frequent  incursions  into  the  frontier  settlements  under  the  Butlers  and  Brant.' 

In  the  summer  and  fall  of  1777,  this  co.,  in  common  with  the  whole  northern  and  western  fron- 
tier, was  the  scene  of  great  alarm  and  of  stirring  military  events,  produced  by  the  expedition  of 
Burgoyne.  Gen.  St.  Leger,  at  the  head  of  a  large  body  of  tories  and  Indians,  was  dispatched  by 
the  way  of  Oswego  to  reduce  the  rebel  posts  and  settlements  on  the  Mohawk  and  join  the  main 
army  at  Albany.  On  the  3d  of  Aug.  they  laid  siege  to  Fort  Schuyler,  upon  the  site  of  the  present 
village  of  Rome.  The  militia  of  Montgomery  co.  were  called  out,  and,  under  Gen.  Ilerkimer, 
marched  to  the  relief  of  the  fort.  On  the  way  the  bloody  battle  of  Oriskany  was  fought,  in  which 
200  of  the  brave  patriots  of  the  co.  were  killed  and  as  many  more  carried  into  Indian  captivity.* 
In  the  latter  part  of  the  same  month,  Genls.  Arnold  and  Learned,  at  the  head  of  900  troops,  marched 
up  the  river,  and  St.  Leger  hastily  abandoned  the  siege  and  fled.*  The  destruction  of  the  valley 
was  thus  averted,  and  for  several  months  the  inhabitants  were  allowed  to  remain  undisturbed,  save 
by  small  scalping  parties,  that  hung  round  the  unprotected  frontiers  and  cut  off  the  defenseless 
inhabitants. 

In  the  spring  of  1778,  Gen.  La  Fayette,  accompanied  by  Gen.  Schuyler  and  Col.  Duane,  went  to 
Johnstown  and  held  a  conference  with  a  body  of  Indians,  which  resulted  in  a  treaty  of  considerable 
subsequent  benefit  to  the  settlers.  In  the  following  summer  the  horrible  butcheries  at  Wyoming, 
Harpersfleld,  German  Flats,  and  Cherry  Valley  were  perpetrated ;  and  in  the  summer  of  1779  the 
army  of  Gen.  Chnton  marched  from  this  co.  to  join  Gen.  Sullivan's  expedition  against  the  chief 
villages  and  farming  grounds  of  the  Onondagas,  Cayugas,  and  Seneoas.  On  the  21st  of  May,  1780, 
Sir  John  .Johnson,  at  the  head  of  500  Indians  and  tories,  suddenly  made  his  appearance  at  Johnson 
Hall.  He  arrived  about  sunset  on  Sunday,  and,  dividing  his  force  into  two  parties,  at  daylight  the 
next  morning  he  made  a  simultaneous  attack  upon  Tribes  Hill  and  Caughnawaga.  Several  persons 
were  killed  and  others  taken  prisoners,  and  every  building  upon  the  route,  except  those  belonging 
to  tories,  was  burned.  The  militia  began  to  collect  in  considerable  numbers,  and  toward  night  Sir 
John  hastily  retreated,  and  safely  reached  Canada  by  the  way  of  the  wilderness  w.  of  the  Adiron- 
dack SIts.°  Near  the  last  of  the  July  succeeding,  the  militia  of  the  co.  were  employed  to  convey  a 
provision  train  sent  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Schuyler;  and  on  the  2d  of  Aug.,  while  they  were  absent, 
Brant,  at  the  head  of  500  Indians  and  tories,  made  an  attack  upon  the  settlements  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Fort  Plain.  Fifty-three  dwellings  were  burned,  16  persons  slain,  and  60  women  and  chil- 
dren carried  into  captivity.  Upon  the  approach  of  the  militia  from  Johnstown  and  Schenectady, 
the  party  retreated.  On  the  loth  of  the  following  Oct.  a  large  party  of  tories,  Indians,  and  Cana- 
dians, under  Sir  John  Johnson,  Brant,  and  Cornplanter,  made  their  appearance  in  the  Mohawk 
Valley,  at  the  mouth  of  Schoharie  Creek,  after  having  laid  waste  the  Schoharie  settlements  above. 
From  this  point  they  marched  up  the  valley,  burning  the  houses,  destroying  the  property,  and 
murdering  or  taking  prisoners  all  that  they  met.  The  militia  under  Gen.  Robert  Van  Rensselaer 
hastily  came  together  and  marched  to  attack  the  invaders.  On  the  18th  of  Oct.,  Col.  Brown,  who 
commanded  a  small  stockade  fort  at  Stone  Arabia,  acting  under  the  order  of  Van  Rensselaer, 
marched  out  with  150  men  to  attack  the  enemy ;  but,  receiving  no  support  from  the  main  army,  the 
little  detachment  was  soon  routed,  with  the  loss  of  the  commander  and  30  to  40  men  killed.  Sir 
John  halted  at  Fox's  Mills,  about  8  mi.  above  Fort  Hunter,  in  the  town  of  St.  Johnsville,  and 
erected  a  temporary  breastwork.  At  a  late  hour  in  the  day  he  was  attacked  by  a  detachment  under 
Col.  Dubois,  and  the  Indians  under  his  command  were  defeated.'  The  Americans,  under  Van 
Rensselaer,  fell  back  3  mi.  and  encamped ;  and  the  next  morning,  upon  marching  forward  to  renew 
the  attack,  they  found  that  the  enemy  had  fled.*     Sir  John  finally  succeeded  in  making  his  escape, 


1  Annals  of  Tryan  Co.;  Simm^s  BUt.  Schoharu  Co, :  Hnuah's 
Hist.  St.  Law.  Co.;  Dimlap'sEist.  o/N.  T.;  Benton's  Hist.  Berk. 
Co. 

s  About  LW  Oneidas  and  20O  Tuacaroras  joined  the  British. — 
AnnaU  of  Tryon  Co. 

s  The  Americans  made  several  efforts  to  attach  the  Six  Nations 
to  their  interests,  or  at  least  to  induce  them  to  remain  neutral. 
In  the  winter  of  177&-77,  Col.  Harper  was  sent  to  ascertain  the 
object  of  the  assembhne;  of  a  large  body  of  Indians  at  Oquago,  on 
the  Susquehanna.  In  the  succeeding  .Tune,  Brant,  with  a  party 
of  Indians,  made  a  levy  upon  the  settlers  of  the  Unadilla;  and 
many  (led  to  a  place  of  safety.  Gen.  Ilerltimer,  at  the  head  of 
S80  militia,  marched  to  meet  him :  and  on  the  27th  of  June. 
1777,  a  conference  was  held  between  the  general  and  the  chief,  but 
without  producing  any  definite  results.  AU  efforts  to  propitiate 
the  Six  Nations  were  then  abandoned,  and  all  conferences  ceased 


until  the  close  of  the  war,  when  the  Indians  were  called  upon, 
as  vanquished  enemies,  to  confirm  the  surrender  of  most  of 
their  lands  as  an  atonement  for  their  hostility. 

*  There  was  scarcely  a  hamlet  in  the  vaUey  that  did  not  lose 
one  or  more  of  its  inhabitants. 

6  For  farther  particulars  concerning  these  transactions,  see 
page  316. 

6  The  principal  object  of  this  incursion  was  to  obtain  the 
silver  plate  which  had  been  buried  by  Sir  John  on  his  first  hasty 
flight  from  Johnson  Hall.  The  plate  was  recovered  and  carried 
to  Canada  in  the  knapsacks  of  60  men. 

'  This  engagement  is  known  as  the  battle  of ''  Klocks  Field.'* 

8  Du  Bois  had  nearly  gained  the  victory,  when  Van  Rensselaer 
came  up  and  gave  orders  not  to  renew  tlie  battle  until  the  signal 
should  be  given  from  headquarters.  The  forces  of  the  former 
were  onder  arms  all  night,  momentarily  expecting  the  promised 


MONTGOMEKY    COUNTY.  4U 

though  his  force  was  greatly  reduced  by  hunger,  fatigue,  and  the  continual,  harassing  attack* 
of  the  militia,  which  hung  upon  their  rear. 

The  pruspects  uf  the  Mohawk  Valley  were  now  gloomy  iu  the  extreme.  Nearly  every  settlement 
had  been  desolated,  and  nearly  every  family  had  lost  some  of  its  members.^  In  the  spring  of  1781, 
Col.  Willett  assumed  the  command  of  the  American  forces  on  the  Mohawk,  and,  by  his  military 
skill,  daring,  and  knowledge  of  Indian  warfare,  he  not  only  successfully  repelled  all  attacks  made 
upon  the  Mohawk  settlements,  but  carried  the  war  into  the  enemy's  own  country. 

On  the  9th  of  July,  1781,  300  Indians,  under  a  tory  named  Doxtader,  made  a  sudden  attack  upon 
the  settlement  of  Currytown,  (iu  the  town  of  Koot.)  After  burning  the  buildings  and  collecting  a 
lar^e  amount  of  booty,  they  retreated.  Col.  Willett,  at  the  head  of  150  militia,  immediately  pursued 
and  overtook  them  at  "i>w77rt/(,'*  (Dorlach,)  a  few  mi.  over  the  line  of  Schoharie  co,  A  severe  skirmish 
ensued,  when  the  Indians  fled,  leaving  40  of  their  number  dead  on  the  field.*  The  final  incursion 
into  the  Mohawk  Valley  was  made  Oct.  24,  1781,  by  a  party  of  600  British  and  Indians,  under 
Maj.  Ross  and  Walter  N.  Butler,  who  made  their  first  appearance  in  the  neighborhood  of  Warrens- 
bush.  They  marched  to  the  vicinity  of  Johnson  Hall  and  commenced  the  usual  work  of  plunder 
and  murder,  but  were  arrested  by  a  sudden  attack  by  forces  under  Cols.  AVillett,  Rowley,  and 
Harper.  A  severe  engagement  ensued,  resulting  in  the  retreat  of  the  enemy.  Col.  Willett  pur- 
sued, and,  coming  up  with  the  rear  guard  at  West  Canada  Creek,  another  skirmish  took  place,  in 
which  the  infamous  Walter  N.  Butler  was  killed.*  The  shattered  remnant  of  the  British  forces 
escaped  by  way  of  Oswego.  This  aftair  practically  ended  the  war  in  Tryon  co.,  and  the  remaining 
citizens,  stripped  of  almost  every  thing  except  the  soil,  were  allowed  to  resume  in  peace  their  accus- 
tomed employments.*  In  a  few  years  the  ravages  of  the  war  were  completely  obliterated,  and  the 
fertile  regions  of  Central  and  AVestern  N.  Y.,  which  had  become  known  through  the  military  expe- 
ditions that  had  traversed  them,  soon  began  to  fill  up  with  a  New  England  population.  The 
splendid  domains  of  the  Johnsons  and  other  royalists  were  confiscated,  and  the  feudal  tenants 
of  the  colonial  period  were  replaced  by  enterprising  freeholders  under  the  new  government.* 


AMSTERDAJ»I«— was  formed  from*' Cauyhnawaga,'''^  March  12, 1793.  Perth  (Fulton  co.)  was 
taken  ofi"  in  1831,  It  lies  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  in  the  n.e.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface 
consists  of  the  intervale  along  the  river,  and  a  rolling  upland  gradually  rising  for  the  space  of  2 
mi.  and  attaining  an  elevation  of  300  to  500  feet.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Kayaderosseras, 
3  mi.  w.  of  Amsterdam  Village,  Chuctenunda,^  at  the  village,  and  Evas  Kil,®  near  the  e.  border. 
The  soil  in  the  valley  is  a  deep,  rich  alluvium,  and  upon  the  hills  it  is  a  fertile,  gravelly  loam. 
Near  Tribes  Hill  are  extensive  stone  quarries.  A  considerable  amount  of  manufactures  is  carried 
on  in  town,  consisting  of  mill  machinery,  agricultural  implements,  carriages,  car  springs,  and 
carpets,  at  Amsterdam  Village,  and  of  woolen  goods  at  Hagamans  Mills.  Amsterdam, ^°  (p.  v.,) 
incorp.  April  20,  1830,  contains  4  churches,  the  Amsterdam  Female  Seminary,  a  bank,  printino- 

signal;  and  they  had  the  inexpressible  mortification  and  chagrin   human  suffering.    He  surpassed  the  savages  in  barbaritv;  and 


to  see  the  beaten  foe  slipping  through  the  net  in  which  they 
had  been  caught,  without  the  possibility  of  preventing  their 
escape.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  indecision  or  cowardice  of  Gen. 
Van  Rensselaer,  the  whole  party  might  have  been  taken.  At 
the  time,  he  was  openly  charged  of  cowardice  or  treachery  by 
the  Oneida  chief,  and  he  entirely  lost  public  confidence. 

1  Some  idea  of  the  extent  of  these  ravages  maybe  formed  from 
aetatement  prepared  by  the  supervisors  of  "Tr^o^co.,"  dated  Dec. 
20,  1780.  and  addret^sed  to  the  legislature.  They  therein  stated 
that  700  buildings  had  been  burned  within  the  co. ;  that  3.54 
fumiliea  had  abandoned  their  habitations  and  removed;  613 
persons  had  deserted  to  the  enemy ;  197  had  been  killed,  121 
taken  prisoners;  and  1200  farms  lay  uncultivated  by  reason  of 
the  enemy.  This  statement  did  not  include  Cherrj'  Valley, 
Newtown-Martin.  Middlefield,  Springfield,  Harpersfield,  and 
Old  England  District,  which  had  been  totally  deserted  and 
abandoned.  The  population  of  the  co.  at  the  beginning  of  the 
war  was  about  10,000.  Wliile  the  sufferings  of  the  colonists 
Were  thus  great,  the  Indian  loss  was  much  greater.    Their  whole 


many  a  victim  was  saved  from  his  clutches  by  the  interposition 
of  the  Indian  chief  Urant. 

*  Special  acta  were  passed  in  17S0,  '81,  and  'S3,  directing  the 
commissioners  of  sequestration  to  relieve  certain  distressed  fami- 
lies. Rev.  Baniel  Gros.  of  Canajoharie,  acted  as  almoner  of  tho 
commissioners:  and  his  acts  are  preserved  among  the  public 
papers  of  the  State. 

6  For  several  years  after  the  war,  ghosts  were  reported  as  fre- 
quently seen  stalking  about  the  old  residences  of  the  royalists. 
The  appearances  which  gave  rise  to  these  reports  were  doubtless 
the  tories  themselves,  returned  in  disguise  to  obtain  valuables 
which  had  been  secreted  upon  their  previous  hasty  flight.  The 
settlers,  who  had  suffered  so  much,  were  slow  in  forgetting  the 
injuries  they  had  received ;  and  for  many  years  after,  few.  either 
Indians  or  tones,  who  had  been  engaged  in  the  war,  could  show 
themselves  in  the  settlement  ■with  safety. 

6  Named  by  Emanm-l  E.LeGraff,  a  Hollander  and  earlv  settler. 

7  On  the  yth  of  March.  1780,  the  portion  of  Mohawk  district 
N.  of  the  river  was  set  off  and  named  '^  Caxtrjhnawago .'"    The 


country  had  been  ravaged,  their  homea  and  crops  destroyed,  i  first  town  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  .lohn  B."^\VimpleJ! 
and  a  large  portion  of  their  number  had  died  in  battle  or  by  *'  Caughnawaga'*  was  formed  as  a  town,  March  7, 17S8.  It  em- 
fltarvation.  At  the  close  of  the  war  the  miserable  remnant  of  i  braced  all  that  part  of  Montcomerv  co.  lying  N.  of  the  Mohawk 
the  once  powerful  nations  humbly  sued  for  peace,  and  were  and  E.  of  a  line  extending  from  The  Nost^s  N.  to  Canada.  This 
content  to  accept  terms  that  deprived  them  of  almost  their  town  was  divided  in  1793  into  Amsterdiun,  Mayfield,  Broudalbin 
entire  country.  and  Johnstown.  * 

*  By  stratiigem  Col.  Willett  succeeded  in  drawing  the  Indians  j      8  Signifying  "Twin  Sisters,"  and  applied  to  the  streams  flow- 
into  an  ambuscade.    They  fled  so  hastily  that  all  their  bapgage  I  ing  into  the  Mohawk  on  opposite  sides;    in  some  documents 
and  plunder  was  captured.    On  their  retreat  they  murdered  a  i  spelled  Chuct-to-na^ne-da. 
number  of  prisoners  to  prevent  their  escape.  i      »  Pmnounced  E-vaws-kll;  named  from  Mrs.  Eva  Van  Alstyne, 

3  Walter  N.  Butler  was  one  of  the  most  inhuman  wretches  ,  who  was  wounded  and  scalped  by  the  Indiana  in  1755,  while 
that   ever  disgraced  humanity.    Ferocious,   bloodthirsty,   and    crossing  this  stream, 
cruel,  he  seemed  to  revel  in  perfect  delight  at  the  spectacle  of  |     ^o  i'ormerly  called  "  Vudersburgh." 


412 


MONTGOMERY    COUNTY. 


office,  and  several  manufactories.  Pop.  2044.  Ila^amans  Mills  (p.  v.)  has  124  inhabitants, 
Cranesville'  (p-"^-)  92,  and  Maniiys Corners S houses.  Tribes  Hill,^  (p-o->)  on  the  line 
of  Mohawk,  is  a  hamlet.  A  wire  suspension  bridge  here  crosses  the  Mohawk  to  Florida.^  The  first 
settlement  was  commenced  about  1710,  by  Dutch  and  Palatinates.  About  1740,  SirWm.  Johnson 
built  a  large  stone  mansion  upon  the  w.  side  of  the  Kayaderosseras,  3  mi.  w.  of  Amsterdam 
Village.^  This  building  was  fortified  and  named  "Fort  Johnson."  Col.  Daniel  Claus  and  Guy 
Johnson,  sons-in-law  to  Sir  William,  occupied  fine  mansions  respectively  1  and  2  mi.  below  Fort 
Johnson,*  previous  to  the  Revolution.  The  first  settlers  at  Amsterdam  Village  were  Albert  Veeder, 
E.  E.  De  Graff,  Nicholas  Wilcox,  and  Wm.  Kline.  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  in 
1792.®  The  first  settled  minister  was  Rev.  Conrad  Ten  Eyck,  in  1799.  There  had  been  preaching 
in  town  at  a  much  earlier  period. 

CAIVAJOUARIE'— was  formed  as  a  district  March  24,  1772,  and  as  a  town  March  7,  1788. 
Cherry  Valley  was  taken  off  in  1791,  Minden  in  1798,  a  part  of  Root  in  1823,  and  of  Minden  in  1849, 
It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  w.  of  the  center.  The  surfiice  consists  of  the  intervale  of  Canajo- 
harie  or  Bowmans  Creek,^  and  undulating  uplands  200  to  600  feet  above  the  valley.  The  soil  is  a 
gravelly  loam,  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  the  underlying  slate,  in  some  places  intermixed 
with  clay.  The  cultivation  of  hops  receives  some  attention,  A  small  woolen  factory  is  located 
on  Bowmans  Creek.  Canajoliarie,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  30,  1829,  contains  5  churches,  the 
Canajoharie  Academy,  and  2  banks;  pop.  1500.  Abridge  crosses  the  Mohawk  at  this  place,  con- 
necting it  with  the  village  and  r.  r.  station  uf  Palatine  Bridge.  Anies,^  (P-^m)  in  the  s.  part  of  the 
town,  contains  an  academy  and  204  inhabitants,  and  Bwel,^°  (P-^-t)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  25  houses. 
Sprout  Brooli.,  (p.  o.,)  Mapleton,  and  IflarNliville  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  in 
town  was  commenced  in  early  colonial  times;  but  the  precise  date  is  not  known."  During  the 
Revolution  the  people  warmly  espoused  the  American  cause,  and  were  afterward  among  the  greatest 
sufferers  in  the  Mohawk  Valley .^^  Gen.  Clinton,  while  marching  to  join  Sullivan  in  1779,  made  this 
place  his  headquarters  for  some  weeks.^^  In  Aug.  1780,  Brant  made  an  incursion  into  the  valley 
and  destroyed  nearly  the  whole  settlement. ^^  During  the  war  several  other  incursions  were  made; 
and  the  people  were  often  driven  to  the  utmost  extremity.  Several  small  forts  were  built  in  the 
town,  which  afforded  some  protection  to  the  people.*^  In  1795,  Archibald  and  James  Kane  estal> 
lished  themselves  as  merchants  at  this  place,  and  commenced  a  business  which  soon  grew  to  be  one 
of  the  largest  in  the  interior  of  the  State. ^®  In  1823,  the  *'  Central  Asylum  for  the  Instruction  of  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb"  was  located  near  Buel,  in  this  town;  but  in  1836  it  was  united  with  the  one  pre- 
viously established  in  New  York  City."  The  first  church  (Free  Will  Bap.)  was  organized  at  Ames, 
in  1796-97,  by  Rev.  George  Elliott.^« 

CHARIiESTOJV— was  formed  from  Mohawk,  March  12,  1793.^^  Glen  and  a  part  of  Root 
were  taken  off  in  1823.  It  is  the  most  southerly  town  iu  the  co.,  and  the  only  one  not  bordering  upon 
the  Mohawk.     It  lies  upon  the  high  plateau  region  immediately  w.  of  Schoharie  Creek ;  and  the 


>  Named  from  David  Crane,  who  settled  here  in  1804. 

2  So  uamed  because  the  Indian  tribes  were  wont  to  assemble 
here. 

8  A  Remington  suspension  bridge  built  here  some  years  since 
fell  of  its  own  weight  before  it  was  finished. 

*  This  edifice  was  richly  ornamented  with  earrings  of  oak  and 
mahogany ;  and  at  the  time  of  its  erection  it  was  one  of  the  finest 
mansions  in  the  colony.  It  is  still  standing,  and  is  the  jiroperty 
of  Ethan  Aikens,  Esq.  Sir  William  lived  here  for  many 
years,  surrounded  by  numerous  dependents,  and  was  frequently 
visited  by  great  numbers  of  Indians,  by  whom  he  was  highly 
esteemed,  lie  built  a  mill  upon  the  Kayaderosseras,  near  his 
mansion. 

6  The  former  of  those  was  bnrned.  and  its  site  is  now  occupied 
by  the  hotel  of  Chas.  Chase.  The  latter,  known  as  "  Guy  Park," 
is  etill  standing,  between  the  r.  r.  and  river,  1  mi.  w.  of  Am- 
sterdam. It  is  now  owned  by  Jas.  Stewart.  A  tract  1  mi. 
square  was  originally  attached  to  each  of  these  residences,  but 
the  whole  was  confiscated  and  sold  with  the  estates  of  the  tories. 

•  This  ( hurch  became  Presb.  in  1&03.  There  are  now  8  churches 
In  town;  2  Presb.,  2  M.K.,  Bap.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Prut.  E.,  and 
Evang.  Luth. 

'  "  Con(i/ox/iar«"  in  the  act  of  incorporation.  Indian  name,  Ga- 
na-jo-hi-e,  said  to  siguify  a  "  a  kettle-shaped  hole  in  the  rock,"  or 
"the  pot  that  washes  itself,"  and  refers  to  a  deep  hole  worn  in 
the  rock  at  the  falls  on  the  creek  1  mi.  from  its  mouth. 

8  It  is  said  tliat  the  Indian  name  of  this  stream  is  ■*  Te-ko~ha- 
ra-wn."  The  fulls  on  this  creek,  about  1  mi.  from  its  movith,are 
Interesting  to  scientific  men  for  the  different  geological  forma- 
tions there  exposed  and  the  holes  of  various  sizes  worn  in  the 
locks. 

9  Hasaed  la  honor  of  Fisher  Ames. 


10  Named  in  honor  of  Jesse  Buel,  of  Albany. 

11  An  Indian  school  was  taught  at  Canajoharie,  in  1764,  by 
Philip  Jonathan. 

12  At  the  buttle  of  Oriskany  many  of  the  prominent  citizens 
of  this  place  were  killed.  Among  thetn  were  Col.  Cox,  Lieut.  Col. 
Hunt,  Maj.  Van  Slyck,  Capt.  Henry  Devendorf,  Robert  Crouse, 
Jacob  Bowman,  Andrew  Dillenback,  Capt.  Jacob  Leeber,  Charles 
Fox,  and  Lieut.  Wm.  Leeber. 

13  While  Gen.  Clinton  was  at  this  place,  Henry  Hare  and  Wm. 
Newbury,  two  notorious  tories,  were  arrested  and  executed  as 
spies.  They  had  formerly  been  citizens  of  the  town.  A  deserter 
named  Titus  was  also  shot  here. 

1*  See  page  -HO. 

IS  A  fort  was  built  here  at  an  early  period  as  one  of  the  chilin  of 
fortifications  to  Oswego.  It  was  100  feet  square.  15  ft.  high,  witli 
bastions  at  the  angles,  and  was  ai  med  with  sevenil  (small  cannon. 
In  1781  the  house  of  Philip  Van  AUtyne  was  palisaded,  and 
named  Fort  A'an  Rensselaer.  It  is  still  standing.  Fort  Ehle 
stood  Imi.  E.  of  Canajoharie.  An  Indian  bui-ial  ground  occupied 
the  hillside  just  w.  of  the  village,  and  several  skeletons  have 
been  found,  in  a  sitting  posture,  facing  the  e. 

1*  In  1799  their  purchases  of  potash  and  wheat  amounted  to 
$120,000. 

IT  This  asylum  was  established  mainly  thcouyh  the  instni- 
meutality  of  Robt.  Bowman,  of  this  town,  and  its  course  of  in- 
struction was  modeled  after  that  at  Hartford,  Coun.  I'rof  0.  W. 
Morris,  now  of  the  New  York  Asylum,  was  its  last  principal. 

18  The  census  reports  11  churches;  3  M.  E.,  2  Kef.  Prot.  D.,  2 
Evang.  Lutb.,  Presb.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  True  Dutch,  and  Uniun. 

1"  Hy  an  act  bearing  this  date,  the  old  town  of  Muhawk  was 
abolished,  and  its  territory  was  erected  into  Florida  and  Charles- 
ton.   The  present  town  of  Mohawk  is  of  much  more  recent  oi  igiu. 


MONTGOMERY    COUNTY. 


413 


greater  part  of  the  surface  is  an  undulating  upland.  On  the  e.  it  descends  in  steep  declivities  to 
the  valley  of  the  creek,  which  is  here  a  narrow  ravine.  Its  streams  are  small.  The  soil  ii  gene- 
rally loam  intermixed  with  clay,  and  is  particularly  adapted  to  spring  grains  and  dairying.  The 
town  has  a  limited  amount  of  manufactures,  consisting  principally  of  sash  and  blinds,  woolen 
goods,  and  flour.  Burtonsville,'  (p.  v.,)  on  Schoharie  Creek,  in  the  s.  e.  corner  of  the  town, 
contains  32  houses ;  Cliarleston  Four  Corners,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  30 ;  and 
Cliarleston,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  n.  border,  20.  Carytown  and  Oak  Ridge  are  hamlets. 
A  portion  of  this  town  was  included  in  the  patent  of  25,400  acres  granted  to  "Wm.  Corry  in  1737; 
and  others  were  portions  of  the  "  Stone  Heap  Patent,"  granted  to  John  Bowen  and  others  in  1770, 
and  Thomas  Machin's  Patent  of  1787.  The  first  settlements  were  probably  made  previous  to  the 
Kevolution.^    The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.' 

FLiORIDA — was  formed  from  Mohawk,  March  12,  1793.  It  embraces  that  part  of  the  co. 
lying  s.  of  the  Mohawk,  and  E.  of  Schoharie  Creek.  The  greater  part  of  the  surface  is  a  rolling 
upland,  600  ft.  above  the  valley.  Bean  Ilill,  in  the  s.  w.  part,  is  the  highest  land  in  the  co.  The 
declivities  bordering  upon  the  streams  are  usually  steep.  The  two  principal  streams  within  its 
borders  are  Chuctenunda  and  Cowilliga*  Creeks.  The  soil  and  productions  are  similar  to  those 
of  neighboring  towns.  Several  sulphur  springs  are  found  in  town,  the  most  noted  of  which  is  near 
Scotch  Bush.  The  Erie  Canal  crosses  the  Schoharie  Creek  between  this  town  and  Glen,  on  a 
costly  aqueduct.  Broomcorn  is  one  of  the  principal  agricultural  products,  and  brooms  are  exten- 
sively manufactured.  Port  Jackson  (p.  v.)  is  a  canal  village  on  the  Mohawk,  opposite  Amster- 
dam. Pop.  309.  Minaville,  (p.  v.,)  on  Chuctenunda  Creek,  near  the  center,  contains  95  inhabi- 
tants. Fort  Hunter,^  (p-o-.)  at  the  mouth  of  Schoharie  Creek,  and  Scotch  Bush,  (p.o.,) 
near  the  s.  border,  are  hamlets.  One  of  the  3  Mohawk  castles  was  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
Schoharie  Creek  at  the  first  advent  of  the  whites.  The  first  white  settlement  in  this  co.  is  supposed 
to  have  been  made  in  this  town.  Fort  Hunter'  was  built  here  by  the  whites  in  1711.  Queen 
Anne's  Chapel  was  soon  after  erected,  and  was  furnished  with  a  valuable  set  of  communion 
plate  by  Queen  Anne.'  The  fort  was  garrisoned  until  after  the  French  War,  when  it  was  aban- 
doned. During  tie  Revolution  the  chapel  was  inclosed  with  palisades,  and  converted  into  a  strong 
fortress  defended  by  cannon.  In  Oct.  1780,  several  houses  were  burned  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
creek  by  the  forces  under  Sir  John  Johnson,  but  the  fort  was  not  molested.  Before  the  close  of  the 
war  several  newly  arrived  German  emigrants  settled  in  town,  and  they  were  followed  soon  after  by 
Scotch  and  Irish  families.'  The  first  preacher  after  the  war  was  Rev.  Thos.  Romeyn,  (Ref.  Prot.  D.,) 
in  1784.     The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.' 

CrLiElV — was  formed  from  Charleston,  April  10, 1823.  It  lies  in  the  s.w.  angle  formed  by  the 
junction  of  Schoharie  Creek  and  the  Mohawk.  Its  surface  consists  principally  of  uplands  about  600 
feet  high,  descending  by  abrupt  declivities  to  the  narrow  intervales  along  the  streams.  The  princi- 
pal streams  are  Auries"  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Mohawk,  and  Irish  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Scho- 
harie.'^ The  soil  is  generally  a  clayey  loam.  One  mi.  E.  of  Voorheesville  is  a  chalybeate  spring." 
Fultonville"  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  the  Mohawk  and  the  Erie  Canal.  Pop.  850.  Voorhees- 
ville, (Glen  p.  v.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  40  houses,  and  AurlesTille,  (p.  v.,)  a 
canal  village  near  the  mouth  of  Auries  Creek,  170  inhabitants.  The  land  bordering  upon  the  river 
was  granted  in  10  patents  to  diflerent  persons  in  1722  to  1726,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  remainder 
to  James  De  Lancey  in  1737.     Peter  Quackenboss  settled  on  Scott's  Patent,  near  Auries  Creek. 


1  Buckwheat  flour'  for  the  New  York  market  is  extensively 
manufactured  at  this  place. 

2  Robt.  Winchell.  Nathan  Tracy,  Aden  B^o^vnley.  and  Joseph 
Burnhap  settled  near  Kimballs  Corners,  Abia  Boaman  near 
Charleston  P.  0..  Henry  Mapes,  Abner  Thrnop.  and  David  and 
Nathan  Kimball  at  Charleston.  Thomas  Machin,  Capt.  .John 
Stanton,  ,Tohn  Eddy,  and  Ezekiel  Tracy  were  also  early  settlers. 

»  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Christian,  and  Union. 

*  Said  to  si^inify  "  WHlow." 

5  The  Indian  name  for  this  place  was  I-can^le-ro-pa,  or  Tfron- 
dJl-Io-ga,  "two  streams  coming  together."  The  first  Indian  castle, 
which  stood  near  this  place,  was  called"  Os'Sev-m-^on"  or"  0»- 
e-ym-ofwi-re." — N.  T.  Colonuil  Hist. 

•  The  contracts  to  build  this  fort,  and  one  at  Oswego,  were 
taken  Oct.  11,  1711,  by  Garret  gymouce,  Barent  and  Hendrick 
Vroman,  John  Wemp,  and  Arent  Van  Patten,  of  Schenectady. 
The  walls  of  the  first  were  150  feet  square  and  12  feet  high,  and 
were  formed  of  logs  pinned  together.  It  was  afterward  enlarged 
and  strengthened. 

'  This  chapel  was  for  a  long  time  under  the  charge  of  the  "  So- 
ciety for  Propagating  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts."  and  a  mis- 
■ioaary  and  Indian  school  were  supported  here.   The  chapel  was 


demolished  in  1820  to  make  room  for  the  canal.  The  parsonage, 
still  standing,  is  probably  the  oldest  building  w.  of  Schenec- 
tady. It  was  sold  a  few  years  since  for  $1500,  and  the  proceeds 
were  divided  between  the  Prot.  E.  churches  at  Port  Jackson  and 
Johnstown. 

8  Wm.  Bent  kept  the  first  store  at  Port  Jackson.  The  first 
bridge  of  any  importance  over  Schoharie  Creek  was  built  in 
1796,  by  Maj.  Isaiah  De  Puy.  The  route  8.  of  the  Mohawk  was 
the  one  principally  traveled  for  a  great  numtK?r  of  years.  An 
Indian  school  was  taught  at  Fort  Hunter  in  17C9. 

»  2  Ref  Prot.  P.,  M.  E.,  Asso.  Presb.,  and  R.  C. 

1^  Named  from  Jacob  S.  Glen,  a  prominent  citizen  of  the  town. 

n  Auries  Creek  is  the  Dutch  fnr"AdriansCreek."It  w.-is  named 
from  an  Indian  in  the  vicinity.   Tlie  Indian  name  was  Ogh-rack-ie. 

w  Upon  Schoharie  Creek,  about  2  mi.  above  its  mouth,  is  a  high 
bank  formed  by  a  landslide,  and  called  by  the  Indians  CoKjaugh- 
ri-ty,  signifying ''  steep  bank,"  or  "  perpendicular  wall." — Simmyt 
Bist.  Schoharie. 

"  In  early  days  fruitless  attempts  were  here  made  to  obtain  iron. 

W  Named  in  honor  of  Robert  Fulton.  Ttio  village  site  waj 
known  as  "  Van  £^s  Swamp''  during  the  Revolution^ — Simmt'9. 
Hist.  Schoharie 


414 


MONTGOMERY    COUNTY. 


poon  after  it  was  secured,  and  was  probably  the  first  white  inhabitant  of  the  town.  About  1740, 
16  Irish  families,  under  the  patronage  of  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  settled  on  Oorry's  Patent,  a  few  mi.  s.w. 
of  Fort  Hunter.  After  making  considerable  improvements,  they  abandoned  their  location  and 
returned  to  Ireland  in  consequence  of  threatened  Indian  disturbances.*  The  first  church  (Ref. 
Prot.  D.)  was  formed  at  Glen  ;  Rev,  Henry  Y.  Wyckoff  was  the  first  pastor.^  This  town  was  the 
scene  of  many  interesting  incidents  connected  with  the  war.  It  furnished  its  full  proportion 
of  victims  at  the  battle  of  Orlskany,  and  sustained  an  equal  share  in  the  losses  and  sufferings 
from  Indian  incursions.^  The  last  council  within  the  co.  previous  to  the  Revolution  was  held 
between  the  Indians  and  Americans  Oct.  13,  1775,  on  the  farm  now  owned  by  John  S.  Quacken- 
boss,  on  the  Mohawk  Flats,  2  mi.  e.  of  Fultonville. 

MISD£^ — was  formed  from  Canajoharie,  March  2,  1798.  Danube  (Herkimer  co)  was  taken 
off  in  1817.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  in  the  extreme  w.  part  of  the  co.  Its  surface 
is  principally  an  undulating  upland,  with  steep  declivities  bordering  upon  the  streams.  The 
principal  streams  are  the  Otsquaga*  and  its  tributary  the  Otsquene.  Prospect  Hill,  called  by  the 
Indians  "  Ta-^a-jo-rhies,^'^  lies  upon  the  Otsquaga  opposite  Fort  Plain.  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality 
of  gravelly  and  clayey  loam,  and  is  particularly  adapted  to  grazing.^  Fort  Plain^  (p.  v.,) 
incorp.  April  5,  1832,  is  situated  upon  the  Mohawk,  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town.  It  contains  an 
academy,' bank,  printing  oflSce,  and  4  churches.  Pop.  1502.  ]>Iindeiiville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the 
Mohawk,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  30  houses,  and  Fordsborougrh,  (Mindenp.o.,) 
on  the  w.  border,  25.  HallsvBlle,^  (p-o.,)  Freysbusli,^  (p-o.,)  and  Ilessville^  are  hamlets. 
In  this  town  are  found  the  remains  of  one  of  those  ancient  fortifications  which  are  so  common  in 
Central  and  Western  New  York  and  throughout  the  Western  States,  showing  that  the  co,  was 
inhabited  long  prior  to  the  advent  of  the  Indians.^^  During  the  French  War,  Fort  Plain  was 
erected  on  the  summit  of  the  hill,  half  a  mi.  n.  w,  of  the  village.^*  During  the  Revolution,  several 
other  forts  were  built  to  protect  the  people  from  the  sudden  attacks  of  the  Indians,'^  The  first 
settlements  in  this  town  were  among  the  first  in  the  co.  The  early  settlers  were  Germans,  among 
whom  were  the  Devendoi-f,  Waggoner,  and  Gros  families,  Andrew  Keller,  and  Henry  H.  Smith." 
John  Abeel,  an  Indian  trader,  settled  here  in  1748.^*  In  common  with  the  other  valley  towns, 
these  settlements  were  ravaged  by  Brant  and  Johnson  in  1780.  At  the  time  of  Brant's  incursion 
the  men  were  mostly  absent,  and  the  women  were  shut  up  in  the  forts  for  safety.     Upon  the 


1  A  Bon  of  the  first  settler  married  Annie,  dauijhter  of  Capt. 
John  Scott,  the  patentee,  and  settled  on  the  site  of  the  present 
CO.  poorhouse.  Their  son  John,  bom  about  172.'),  was  the  first 
white  child  born  on  the  s.  side  of  the  Mohawk,  between  Fort 
Hnnter  and  German  Flats.  Cornelius  Putnam  settled  at  Ca- 
daughrity,  Richard  Hoff  1  mi.  w.  of  Glen.  Nicholas  tJardinier  and 
John  Van  Eps  on  the  Mohawk,  and  Charles  Van  Epa  at  Fulton- 
ville. Near  the  house  of  the  Van  Eps  a  small  blockhouse  was 
erected  toward  the  close  of  the  Revolution.  Joo.  Hazard  taucht 
the  first  school,  at  the  house  of  J.  S.  Quackenboss;  Wm.Quacken- 
boss  keptthe  first  inn  at  Aurie8ville,inl797,  and  John  Starin 
one  still  earlier  at  the  present  villaire  of  Fultonville.  Jer.  Smith 
opened  the  first  store  in  Glen,  in  1797.  A.  D.  Quackenboss  kept 
a  store  on  the  Mohawk.  E.  of  Fultonville.  Peter  and  Simon  Mabie 
built  the  first  sawmill  and  carding  machine,  in  1797,  and  Peter 
Quackenboss  a  gristmill,  on  Auries  Creek,  soon  after. 

2  The  census  reports  4churches  in  town;  2  Ref. Prot.  D.,M.E., 
True  Dutch. 

8  In  the  fall  of  1779  George  Cuck.  a  noted  tory,  who  had  often 
led  scalping  parties  of  Indians  to  the  homes  of  his  old  neigh- 
bors, was  seen  lurking  about,  and  at  one  time  was  fired  upon 
and  narrowly  escaped.  It  was  supposed  that  he  had  returned 
to  Canada;  but  toward  spring  it  became  known  that  he  was  con- 
cealed at  the  house  of  John  Van  Zuyler,  a  kinsman  and  brother 
tory.  A  party  surrounded  the  house,  dragged  Cuck  from  his 
hiding  place  and  shot  him,  and  arrested  Van  Zuyler  and  sent 
him  prisoner  to  Albany.  In  the  fall  of  17S0  the  whole  settle- 
ment was  ravaged,  and  many  of  the  people  were  mnrdered.  One 
day  Isaac  Quackenboss,  while  out  Inmting,  discovered  three  hos- 
tile Indians  sitting  upon  a  log.  He  fired,  and  killed  two,  and 
mortally  wounded  the  third. 

4  Mohawk,  Osquago,  signifying  "under  the  bridge." 

6  Said  to  signify  '*  Hill  of  Health,"  or  "  Fort  on  a  hill." 

■  The  dairy  products  of  this  town  are  greater  than  those  of  any 
other  in  the  co.    Hops  are  also  largely  cultivated. 

7  The  '■  Fort  Plain  Seminary  and  Female  Collegiate  Institute" 
is  supported  by  the  patroniige  of  all  dt'noniinationa.  The 
academic  building  is  a  fine  structure,  situated  upon  a  command- 
ing eminence  ovt-rlooking  the  village  and  valley. 

8  Named  from  Capt.  Robert  Hall. 

9  Named  frum  John  Frey,  a  lawyer  and  loading  patriot  who 
resided  here  during  the  Revolution. 

10  These  mounds  and  ruins  are  the  most  easterly  of  any  of  the 
Kind  yet  discovered.    They  are  situated  4  mi.  s.  of  Fort  Plain,  on 


a  tongue  of  land  formed  by  the  valleys  of  Otsquaga  Creek  and 
one  of  its  tributaries.  This  tongue  is  100  ft.  above  the  streams, 
and  the  declivities  are  almost  precipitous.  Across  the  tongue,  at 
its  narrowest  part,  is  a  curved  line  of  breastworks  240  ft.  in 
length,  inclosing  an  area  of  about  7  acres.  A  gigantic  pine,  6  ft. 
in  diameter,  stands  upon  one  end  of  the  embankment,  showing 
that  the  work  must  have  been  of  great  antiquity. — Smithsonian 
Omtributions,  Vol  JL  Art.  6. 

11  This  fort  was  built  by  aFrench  engineer  for  the  Government, 
and  was  the  finest  fortification  in  the  valley.  It  was  octagonal, 
'6  stories  high,  each  story  projecting  beyond  the  one  below.  In 
the  lower  story  was  a  cannon,  which  was  fired  in  cases  of  alarm 
to  notify  the  people  of  danger. 

12  Fort  Plank  was  situated  about  2  mi.  N.  W.  of  Fort  Plain,  on 
the  farm  now  occupied  by  C.  House.  Fort  Clyde  was  situated  2 
mi.  s.  w.  of  Fort  Plain,  near  the  residence  of  Peter  Deveudorf,  at 
Freysbush.    Fort  Willett  was  w.  of  Fort  Plank. 

18  Henry  Hayse,  a  German,  taught  the  first  school;  Isaac 
Countryman  built  the  first  gristmill,  soon  after  the  war,  and 
Isaac  Paris  kept  the  fir?t  store,  about  the  same  time.  A  large 
stone  dwelling  was  erected  here  for  the  sons  of  Gov.  Clark  in 
1738,  but  was  soon  abandoned.  It  obtained  the  reputation  of 
being  haunted,  and  was  given  away,  50  years  ago,  on  condition 
that  it  should  be  demolished. 

n  In  his  previous  intercourse  with  the  Indians,  Abeel  had 
married  the  daughter  of  a  Seneca  chief,  after  the  Indian 
fashion.  A  child  of  this  marriage  was  the  famous  chief  Corn- 
planter.  Abeel  subsequently  married  a  white  woman,  and  at  the 
commencement  of  the  war  was  living  upon  hie  farm.  Turing 
the  incursion  of  Oct.  17S0,  Abeel  was  taken  prisoner  by  a  party 
of  Indians,  and.  while  momentarily  expecting  death.  Corn- 
planter  addressed  him  as  father  and  assured  him  of  his  safety. 
He  was  given  his  choice  either  to  accompany  the  Indians  under 
the  protection  of  his  son.  or  to  return  to  his  white  family.  He 
chose  the  latter;  and  after  the  warCornplanter  visited  bim,and 
was  received  by  his  Fort  Plain  relatives  with  the  civilities  due 
his  rank  and  manly  bearing.  The  chief  died  at  his  residence  in 
Penn.,  March  7,  183fi.  Stone,  in  his  Life  of  Brant,  says  that 
Cornplanter  was  more  than  100  years  old  at  the  time  of  hia 
death.  Mr.  Webster,  of  Fort  Plain,  a  descendent  of  John  Abeel, 
states  that  Abeel  did  not  make  his  appearance  in  the  Indian 
country  until  1748.  and  that  Cornplanter  was  born  about  1750. 
This  would  make  his  age  about  30  when  he  accompanied  the  ex- 
pedition that  took  his  father  prisoner,  and  but  80  when  he  died. 


MONTGOMERY    COUNTY. 


415 


approach  of  the  enemy  the  -women  showed  themselves  dressed  in  men's  clothes,  and  the  Indians 
thereupon  kept  at  a  respectful  distance.  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  organized  at  Fort 
Plain,  long  before  the  war.     The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town.* 

MOIIAWH. — was  formed  from  Johnsto-RTi,  April  4,  1837.^  It  lies  upon  the  n.  bank  of  Mo- 
hawk River  and  near  the  center  of  the  n.  border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  gradually 
rises  from  the  iiver  to  the  n.  line,  where  it  attains  an  elevation  of  about  400  ft.  above  the  valley. 
Its  principal  screams  are  Cayadutta  and  Pa-de-nos-ca-ra^  Creeks.  The  soil  is  generally  a  good 
quality  of  gravelly  loam.  Fonda,^  (P-^-O  pleasantly  situated  upon  the  Mohawk,  is  the  co.  seat 
Besides  the  co.  buildings,  it  contains  2  churches,  a  bank,  printing  offices,  and  several  manufactories 
Pop.  C87.  Tribes  Ifiill^  (P-^-O  on  the  border  of  Amsterdam,  contains  327  inhabitants.  The 
site  of  the  present  viUage  of  Fonda  was  called  "  Cang/mawaga"^  by  the  Indians,  and  was  one  of  the 
favorite  resorts  of  the  Mohawks.  It  was  the  scene  of  some  of  the  earliest  labors  of  the  French 
Jesuits  among  the  Five  Nations,  two  of  whom  lost  their  lives  here  in  1646.  The  names  of  the  first 
actual  white  settlers  are  not  known.  Nicholas  Hansen^  settled  at  Tribes  Hill  before  1725,  and 
others,  by  the  names  of  Fonda,  Vanderworker,  Doxtader,  and  Fisher,  at  an  early  day.'  Among  the 
other  residents  of  the  town  before  the  Revolution  were  Col.  John  Butler  and  his  son  Walter  N., 
who  afterward  attained  an  infamous  notoriety  for  their  inhuman  atrocities  and  for  the  vindictive 
hate  which  they  seemed  to  cherish  against  their  old  whig  neighbors.^  The  principal  weight  of  the 
incursion  of  Sir  John  in  May,  1780,  fell  upon  the  two  settlements  of  Tribes  Hill  and  Caughnawaga.^ 
In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  the  second  incursion  of  Sir  John  swept  over  the  town,  destroying 
the  greater  part  of  the  property  that  escaped  the  first.  A  stone  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  erected  in 
1763  is  still  standing.^°  Rev.  Thos.  Romeyn  was  the  first  pastor.  In  1795  he  was  succeeded  by 
Rev.  Abraham  Van  Home."    The  census  reports  3  churches  in  tovra ;  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  True  D.,  M.  E. 


1  3  Evan.  Luth.,  3  M.  E.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  2  Univ. 

*  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  confound  this  town  with  one  of 
the  same  name  8.  of  the  river,  abolished  in  1793.  See  Note  1  to 
Charleston. 

8  Signifying  "trees  having  excrescences." 

4  Named  from  Douw  Fonda,  who  removed  from  Schenectady 
and  settled  here  in  1751.  At  the  time  of  the  Revolution  Im  was 
Jiving  on  the  flats,  between  the  present  turnpike  and  the  river, 
a  few  rods  E.  of  the  road  leading  to  the  bridge,  at  which  place  he 
was  murdered  by  the  Indians  under  Sir  John,  May  22, 1780.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  84  years  old.  In  former  years  he 
had  greatly  befriended  the  Johnson  family;  but  the  ruthless 
savages  led  by  Sir  John  spared  neither  friend  nor  foe.  His  three 
Bon3,  John.  Jellis,  and  Adam,  were  stanch  whigs,  residing  in 
the  neighborhood.    Indian  name,  Garuarwa-da,  "on  the  rapids." 

6  Meaning  '■  stone  in  the  water,"  or  '■  at  the  rapids." 

*  Patents  of  1000  acres  each,  on  the  Mohawk,  were  granted  to 
Nicholas  Hansen  and  his  brother  Hendrik  July  12,1713. 

7  The  first  birth  N.  of  the  river,  of  which  there  is  any  record, 

was  that  of  Henry  Hansen. Collins  taught  a  school  in 

1774.  Jellis  (Giles)  Fonda  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  merchant 
W.  of  Schenectady.  He  carried  on  an  extensive  trade  with  the 
native  tribes,  and  with  the  whites  at  Forts  Schuyler  and  Stan- 
wix  and  the  forts  at  Oswego.  Niagara,  and  Schlosser.  His  sales 
consisted  chiefly  of  blankets,  trinkets,  ammunition,  and  rum, 
and  his  purchases  of  peltries,  ginseng,  and  potash.  At  one  time 
before  the  Revolution  his  ledger  showed  an  indebtedness  of  over 
$10,000  in  the  Indian  country.  John  Chaley  was  an  early  settler 
at  Tribes  Hill.  He  was  in  the  war,  and  found  his  own  brother 
arrayed  against  him. 

8  Alexander  White,  Colonial  Sheriff  of  Tryon  co..  rpsided  on 
the  present  site  of  the  courthouse.  He  was  a  zealous  tory,  and 
was  obliged  to  flee  to  Canada.  He  was  succeeded  by  John  Frey, 
appointed  by  the  Provincial  Congress. 

*  The  detachment  against  Tribes  Hill  was  led  by  Henry  and 
Wm.  Bowen,  who  had  lived  in  the  vicinity,  Psissing  the  tory 
settlement  of  Albany  Bush  (in  Johnstown)  without  molesta- 
tion, they  proceeded  to  the  home  of  Gerret  Putnam,  a  stanch 
whig  at  Tribes  Hill,  and  there  by  mistake  murdered  two  lories, 
who  had  hired  the  place  a  short  time  before.  From  this  place 
they  went  up  the  river,  plundering  the  houses  and  murdering 
their  old  friends  and  neighbors.  Every  building  was  burned 
except  the  church  and  parsonage,  and  several  slaves  and  white 
male  prisoners  were  carried  to  Canada.  The  women  were  not 
particularly  molested  on  this  occasion.  At  the  house  of  Col. 
Fred.  Fisher  they  were  warmly  received  by  the  Col.'e  family, 
consisting  of  himself,  his  mother,  and  hie  "two  brothers  John 
and  Harmon.  The  Col.'s  wife  and  children  had  been  sent  to 
Schenectady  for  safety ;  and  his  two  sisters  and  an  old  negro,  on 
the  first  aiarrn.  fled  to  the  woods  and  escaped.  The  Indians 
made  a  desperate  attack  upon  the  house,  and  a  constant  firing 
was  kept  up  by  the  inmates  until  their  ammunition  was  ex- 
hausted. They  then  all  retreated  to  the  chamber  except  John, 
who  Btoo<i  in  the  stairway  and  defended  it  with  a  hatchet  until 
he  had  killed  7  Indians.  He  then  retreated  above,  and.  slipping 
upon  some  peas  whirh  lay  upon  the  floor,  he  fell,  and  was  dis- 
patched with  a  tomahawk.    Harmon  Jumped  out  of  the  window 


to  put  out  the  fire  that  had  been  applied  to  tho  roof,  and  while 
standing  on  the  fence  he  was  shot,  and  fell  across  the  fence  dead. 
The  mother  was  knocked  down  with  the  breech  of  a  gun  and 
left  for  deiid.  The  Col.  was  also  knocked  down  by  a  tomahawk, 
dragged  down  stairs  by  his  hair,  and  thrown  upon  the  ground, 
when  an  Indian  jumped  upon  his  back,  drew  a  knife  across  hia 
thruat.  as  was  supposed,  cutting  it  from  ear  to  ear,  then,  cutting 
round  the  scalp,  seized  it  by  his  teeth  and  tore  it  from  his  head, 
and  finally  gave  him  a  blow  in  the  shoulder  with  his  hatchet 
and  fled.  The  Col.  had  not  lost  his  senses  throuf.h  all  thia 
mangling,  and  his  throat,  being  protected  by  a  leather  belt  worn 
inside  of  his  cravat,  was  only  slightly  wounded.  As  aoon  as  the 
Indians  disappeared,  he  arose,  went  up  stairs  and  brought  down 
his  mother,  placed  her  in  a  chair  and  leaned  her  up  against  the 
fence:  returned,  and  brought  down  the  body  of  his  brother 
John  and  laid  it  on  the  grass;  then,  becoming  exhausted  from 
loss  of  blood  and  the  effect  of  the  scalping,  he  lay  down  "jpon  an 
old  rug  that  lay  out  of  doors, — as  he  supposed,  to  die.  The  old 
negro  and  girls  soon  returned,  and  found  the  houst  burned 
down  and  the  dead  and  wounded  as  described.  By  sij^ns  the 
Col.  made  known  to  the  negro  that  he  wanted  water,  who  imme- 
diately brought  it  from  the  creek  near  by  and  gave  it  to  him  to 
drink,  and  also  bathed  his  head,  which  restored  his  speech.  A 
tory  named  Clement  passing  by,  the  negro  asked  what  he  should 
do:  the  reply,  given  in  German,  was.  ''Let  the  d— d  rebel  die." 
According  to  the  directions  of  the  Col.,  the  negro  cjiught  tho 
colts,  which  had  never  been  broken,  harnessed  them  to  the 
wagon,  and  took  him  to  the  house  of  Putnam,  at  Tribes  Hill. 
From  there  he,  together  with  his  mother,  sisters,  and  the  bodies 
of  his  brothers,  was  conveyed  across  the  river  to  Wemples,  and 
thence  in  a  canoe  to  Schenectady,  where  they  arrived  about  sun- 
down, and  he  had  his  wounds  dressed  for  the  first  time.  After 
five  years'  Bufi"ering,  he  nearly  recovered  from  the  effects  of  his 
wounds.  He  built  a  new  house  on  the  site  of  the  old  one,  and 
liveil  29  years  after  he  was  wounded, — for  several  years  holding 
the  office  of  First  Judge  of  the  co.  His  mother  also  recovered 
from  her  woiinds,  and  lived  with  him.  After  the  war  the  In- 
dian who  scjilped  him  returned  to  the  settlements,  and  stopped 
at  a  tavern  kept  by  a  tory  at  Tribes  Hill.  The  wife  of  the  land- 
lord, who  was  a  whig,  sent  word  immediately  to  tho  house  of 
Col.  Fisher  that  the  Indian  was  there  and  would  soon  call  at 
his  house.  The  family,  knowng  that  the  Col.  had  sworn  re- 
venge, and  wishing  to  prevent  any  more  bloodshed,  kept  the 
news  from  him.  As  they  were  all  in  the  front  room,  about  the 
time  the  Indian  was  expected  they  overset  a  pot  of  lyoupon  tho 
hearth,  and  persuaded  the  Col.  to  go  into  the  back  room  and  lie 
down  until  they  cleaned  it  up.  While  the  Col.  was  gone,  the 
Indian  came  to  the  door,  where  he  was  met  by  the  old  lady,  who 
addressed  him  in  the  Indian  tongue,  told  him  her  son's  inten- 
tions, and  pointed  to  a  gun  which  was  always  kept  lo.aded  in 
readiness  for  him.  The  Indian  listened,  gave  a  grunt,  and  ran 
away  with  all  speed. 

10  In  1845  it  was  fitted  up  as  an  academy;  but  the  school  was 
Boon  after  discontinued. 

11  He  died  in  lS4i\  at  an  advanced  age.    During  hia  ministry 
he  married  1500  couples.— .Si'mmj**  Schoharie. 


416 


MONTGOMERY    COUNTY. 


PAliATISJE — was  formed  as  a  district,  by  the  name  of  "Slone  Arabia,"  March  24,  1772 ;  its 
name  was  changed  Marcli  8,  1773.  It  was  formed  as  a  town  Marcli  7,  177'8,  embracing  all  the  terri- 
tory between  "  Little  Falls  and  The  Noses,"  and  extending  from  the  Moliawk  to  Canada.  Salisbury 
(Ilerk.  CO.)  was  taken  off  in  1707,  Stratford  (Ful.  co.)  in  1805,Oppenheim  (Ful.  co.)  in  1808,  Manheim 
(Uerk.  CO.)  in  1S17,  and  Ephratah  (Ful.  co.)  in  1827.  It  lies  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  w.  of 
the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  an  upland,  200  to  500  feet  above  the  valley,  broken  by 
deep,  narrow  ravines,  and  descending  irregularly  toward  the  river.  The  principal  streams  are  the 
Kau-a-da-rauk,'  in  the  E.  part  of  tlie  town,  and  the  Garoga,  in  the  w.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  well 
adapted  to  grazing.^  Stone  Arabia,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  about  15 
houses,  and  Palatine  Bri<l§re,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Mohawk  opposite  Canajoharie,  40.  Palatine 
Cliurcll,  (Palatine  p.  o.,)  on  the  w.  border,  is  a  hamlet.  The  iirst  settlement  was  made  in  town 
in  1713,  by  German  Palatinates,  who  came  over  in  1710.  The  larger  part  of  the  Stone  Arabia  Patent 
was  within  the  limits  of  this  town.'  Wm.  Fox  settled  near  Palatine  Church,  and  Peter  Waggoner 
a  little  below,  on  the  Mohawk,  in  1715.  The  early  records  of  the  settlement  are  lost.*  A  stockade 
called  Fort  Paris,  tlie  ruins  of  which  are  still  visible,  was  built  at  Stone  Arabia,  and  another,  called 
Fort  Keyser,  1  mi.  n.  The  disastrous  engagement  resulting  in  the  death  of  Col.  Brown  was  fought 
within  this  town,  between  Stone  Arabia  and  the  river.*  The  Ref.  Prot.  D.  church  at  Stone  Arabia 
is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  valley.'  The  stone  church  (Luth.)  at  Palatine  Church  was  built  in  1770.' 
The  census  reports  3  churches  in  town ;  2  Ev.  Luth.,  Ref.  Prot.  D. 

ROOT' — was  formed  from  Canajoharie  and  Charleston,  Jan.  27,  1823.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  bank 
of  the  Mohawk,  near  the  center  of  tlie  co.  The  hills  which  border  upon  the  river  rise  abruptly  to 
a  height  of  030  feet,'  and  from  their  summits  the  country  spreads  out  into  an  undulating  upland. 
The  high  hills  just  below  Sprakers,  on  opposite  banks  of  the  river,  are  called  "The  Noses."  The 
high  ridge  near  the  e.  border  is  known  as  "Stone  Ridge."  The  principal  streams  are  Platte  Kil, 
and  Lashers  and  Flat  Creeks.  Mitchells  Cave,'"  in  the  vicinity  of  The  Noses,  consists  of  several 
apartments,  with  the  roof  hung  with  stalactites.  The  soil  is  a  fine,  gravelly  loam.  Leather- 
ville  (Rootp.o.)  contains  15  houses,  and  Currytowrn,"  Sprakers  Basin,  (p.o.,)  Flat 
Creeli,  (p.  o.,)  and  Brotvns  Ilollovr,  about  a  dozen  each.  Yatesville  is  a  hamlet 
on  the  canal.  The  first  settlers  were  Jacob  Devendorf,  at  Currytown,  Rudolph  Keller,  David  and 
Fred.  Lewis,  and  Jacob  Tanner.'^  Tlie  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  at  Currytown. 
Rev.  Peter  Van  Buren  became  its  pastor  in  1806."  The  principal  incursions  into  this  town  during 
the  war  were  those  made  in  the  summer  and  fall  of  1781.  The  weight  of  the  first  of  these,  led  by 
the  tory  Doxtader,  July  9,  1781,  fell  upon  the  settlements  in  and  near  Currytown.'*  In  Oct.  of  the 
Bame  year  Ross  and  Butler  passed  through  the  town,  but  committed  no  depredations,  except  cap- 
turing part  of  a  funeral  procession,  and  taking  a  few  prisoners  at  Stone  Ridge. 

ST.  JOU]VSTIl,L,E'5_was  formed  from  Oppenheim,  (Fulton  co.,)  April  18,  1838.  It  lies 
upon  the  N.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  broad  river 
intervale  and  a  broken  upland  gradually  rising  N.  of  it.  Its  streams  are  East  Canada,  Crum,  Fox, 
Zimmermans,  Caldwell,  and  Mother  Creeks.  Upon  East  Canada  Creek,  IJ  mi.  from  its  mouth,  are 
a  succession  of  falls  and  rapids  descending  75  feet  in  a  distance  of  80  rods.  The  soil  is  a  fine 
quality  of  gravelly  loam.  St.  Jobusville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Mohawk,  was  incorp.  in  1857.  It 
contains  a  woolen  factory,  and  is  an  important  station  on  the  Central  R.  R.  Pop.  648.  The 
first  settlement  at  the  village  was  made  by  Jacob  Zimmerman,  in  1776.'*    During  the  Revolution 


1  Said  to  Btgnify  "  broad." 

2  More  cbeese  is  made  in  thia  town  than  in  any  otiier  in  the 
CO.    The  aggregate  is  more  tlian  .100,000  Ibg. 

>  This  purchase  extended  along  East  Canada  Creelc,  in  the  rear 
of  Hansen's  and  Van  Slyke's  p.atent8. 

*  The  German  was  the  language  taught  in  the  first  schools. 

Robinson  taught  an  English  school  in  17P2.  and  Alexander 

F.wing  in  17«3.    Wm.  Fox  built  a  gristmill  in  1750,  which  was 
burned  in  17  SO.  6  See  page  410. 

*  The  records  of  this  church  commence  in  1739,  when  it  had 
but  10  members.  The  present  edifice  was  erected  in  178.^,  and 
the  church  was  reorganized  in  1790.  A  Luth.  church  built  at 
Stone  Arabia  in  1770  w.as  burned  in  17^0. 

T  The  subscriptions  for  this  church  were  mostly  furnished  by 
the  Nellis  families,  who  became  tories;  and  in  consequence  the 
church  was  not  burned.  Sever.al  shots  were  tired  into  it  by  the 
party  under  Sir  John  Johnson,  one  of  the  shot  holes  being  still 
visible. 

9  Named  in  honor  of  Erastus  Root,  of  Delaware  co. 

8  As  surveyed  by  Capt.  Thomas  Machtn. 

w  Named  from  the  former  owner  of  the  farm  on  which  the  cave 
^  situated. 


u  Named  from  Wm.  Curry,  the  patentee. 

'2  The  first  schools  were  German.    Glaycher  taught  an 

English  school  at  The  Noses,  in  1784.  Albert  Tanderworker 
kept  the  first  inn.  at  an  early  day. 

13  The  census  reports  3  churches  in  town ;  Christian,  M.  E., 
Ref.  Prot.  D. 

1*  Upon  the  alarm  being  given,  the  settlers  hastened  to  a 
picketed  blockhouse  near  the  dwelling  of  Henry  Lewis,  closely 
pursued  by  the  enemy.  Every  house  in  the  village  except  one 
was  set  on  fire;  but  the  flames  were  extinguished  by  the  van- 
guard of  Col.  Willett's  forces,  under  Capt.  Robert  Kean.  Frede- 
rick, son  of  .Tacob  Devendorf,  was  scalpt^d,  but  he  recovered. 
Jacob,  jr.,  another  son,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  was  scalped  on 
the  retreat  of  the  Indi.ans.  He  also  recovered,  and  lived  to  the 
age  of  85  years.  He  died  in  1854,  one  of  the  wealthiest  farmers 
in  the  valley.  Mary  Miller,  a  little  girl,  was  scalped  and  found 
alive,  but  died  soon  after.  Several  other  prisoners  were  mur. 
dered.  Most  of  the  cattle  driven  away  were  abandoned,  and 
found  their  way  back  to  the  settlement. 

16  Named  from  St.  John's  Church,  built  in  the  village  at  an 
early  day. 

10  Xbe  first  settlers  of  the  town  came  in  long  prior  to  this, 


MONTGOMERY    COUNTY. 


417 


the  house  of  George  Klock,  nearly  three  mi.  w.  of  PaUitiue  Church,  was  stockaded  aud  named 
"  Fort  House.'"  The  house  of  Jacob  Zimmerman  was  also  stockaded.  These  forts  wore  both  at- 
tacked, but  never  taken.  Fort  Hill,  situated  on  an  eminence  e.  of  East  Creek,  was  erected  during 
the  French  War.  It  was  repaired  aud  used  during  the  Revolution.  The  battle  between  the  forces 
of  Sir  John  and  the  advanced  guard  of  Van  Rensselaer's  army,  under  Col.  Dubois,  was  fought  at 
"Klocks  Field,"  near  "Fori  House,"  Oct.  18,  1780.  The  enemy  forded  the  river,  and  retreated  up 
the  ''alley  during  the  night  following.  The  Indians,  in  small  parties,  continued  to  prowl  al.«iut  the 
settlement  during  the  war,  and  shot  and  captured  several  of  the  inhabitants.^  ClarksburgU 
is  a  hamlet,  containing  a  pitchfork  manufactory.  A  church  was  built  by  George  Klock  in  1756 ; 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Rosekrautz  was  the  first  preacher,  and  John  Henry  Disland  the  second.  The  census 
reports  2  churches ;  Ref.  Prot.  D.  and  Union. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,    Dwellings,  Families,    Freeholders,    Schools,    Liv» 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Montgomery  County. 


Names  op  Towns. 


Amsterdsim... 
Canajoharie... 
Charleston.... 

Florida 

Glon 

Miiiden 

Mohawk 

Palatiae 

Root 

St.Johnsviilr. 

Totiil... 


Acres  OP  Land.   | 

■s 

1 

1 

1 

g 

16,066i 

3,989 

20,i)9CJ 

3,701i 

21,716J 

4,923 

20,053 

6,S86l 

18,-31i 

4,442i 

24,156 

6,794J 

16,517 

3,706J 

19,612i 

4,329J 

23,0434 

7.372 

8,066 

2,677 

194,4671 

40.720J 

Valuation  of  1858. 


."? 


« 


779,698 
849,073 
311,517 
688,024 
601.470 
938,762 
602,022 
607,813 
667,033 
279.479 


6,114,891 


l>.l>i 


76,900 
113.200 
23:i00 
93,400 
43,160 
98,380 
66,360 
68,073 
60,976 
41,651 


664.079 


856,958 
902,273 
334.617 
681,424 
644,620 
1,037,042 
658,372 
676,880 
708,008 
321,130 


6,778,970 


1,909 
2,054 

962 
1,632 
1,542 
2,401 
1,567 
1.291 
1,478 

903 


15,787  16.021 


749 
612 
369 
544 
483 
764 
487 
231 
464 
277 


s; 
■& 

600 
673 
386 
612 
666 
860 
560 
428 
619 
327 


188 
391 
249 
396 
304 
665 
348 
349 
809 
208 


3,306 


Schools. 


61 


1.482 
1.566 

828 
1,190 
1,137 
1,765 
1,270 
1.005 
1,012 

677 


Names  of  Towns, 


Amsterdam 

Canajoharie 

Charleston 

Florida 

Glen 

Minden 

Mohawk 

Palatine 

Root 

St.  .lohnsvilie,. 

Tot.ll 


Lite  Stock. 

Agricultueal  Proddcts 

II 

Bdbh. 

OF  Grain. 

s 

Daisy  Pkoddcts. 

s 

?1 

?• 

e 

»  9> 

lb 

ts 

960 

a 

2,402 

g 

S 

§ 

e 

si: 

«^ 

a,    B) 

^  e 

6S9 

1,059 

1,399 

3,8941 

121,000J 

3,497 

14,207 

16,632 

91,993 

1,320 

901 

1,779 

1,967 

2,(i41 

2,007 

4,313 

166,944 

4,2084 

14,367 

11.187 

140.705 

]84,.512 

850 

1,411 

1,204 

4,866 

1,188 

1,783 

127,9144 

2,9054 

6,609 

18,237 

114,398 

16.050 

1,212 

1,694 

1,356 

2,8S7 

2,060 

10,240 

213,334 

4,9374 

13,676 

23,776 

126,140 

4,836 

986 

1.199 

1,132 

3,824 

2,033 

10,469 

181,5924 

3,962 

14,749 

16,983 

106,410 

13,290 

1,074 

1,691 

3,120 

2,197 

2,641 

6,668 

192,2214 

0,461} 

24,923 

16,756 

187.346 

405,417 

867 

1,381 

1,658 

3,818 

2.620 

10,648 

171,019 

6,490 

23.194 

21,024 

173,952 

13,490 

866 

1.626 

2,676 

1,092 

2,457 

10.070 

134,371 

6,4054 

14.824 

10,746 

117,548 
120,124 

■  494,923 

1,036 

1,649 

1,682 

4,885 

1,628 

3,294i 

146,2184 

3,4344 

11,449 

18.070 

79,010 

366 

612 
13.701 

1,147 

400 

811 

2,647 

27,011 

3,230 

7.256 

4,550 
155,861 

34.710 
1,211,385 

265,800 

8,836 

16,801 

29,061 

18,834 

63,017 

1,471,8264 

44,6324 

146,164 

1,538,664 

154 

4631 
3.344 

306 
1.097 
1.451 
1,309 
1,829 
1,992 

341 


but  tho  precise  liate  ia  unknown.  They  were  Germans,  and 
among  them  were  families  named  Hellebralt,  Waters,  Getnian, 
Van  Reissen,  Walratb,  and  Klock.  A  German  school  was 
taught  by  Henry  Hayes  at  an  early  day.  The  first  Enelif^h 
Bcbool  was  taught  bylxtt  Ryan,  an  Irishman,  in  1702.  Chris. 
Netlis  kept  an  inn  in  17S3,  and  a  store  in  1801.  Jacob  Zimmer- 
man built  the  first  gristmill,  during  the  Revolution,  and  Geo. 
Klock  tlie  stTond,  in  1801. 

1  Named  in  compliment  to  Christian  House,  the  builder. 

*  In  the  spring  of  1780  Philip  Helmer  deaerted  to  the  enemy. 


He  had  previously  been  paying  his  addresses  to  a  daughter  of 
Philip  Rcllinger,  and  upon  a  plan  being  formed  to  take  tho 
family  of  tho  latter  prisoners,  he  forewarned  them  in  time  to 
rally  a  party  to  their  assistance.  An  ambuscade  was  formed, 
and  the  Indians  would  have  been  killed  or  captured,  had  it  nnt 
been  for  tho  indiscretion  of  one  of  the  party,  who,  upon  their 
approach,  yelled  out.  at  tho  top  ofhis  voice,  "Lord  Gufl  Almighty, 
friends,  here  they  are!"  The  Indiana  fled  with  the  loss  of  only 
one. 


AT 


NEW   YORK   COUNTY. 


The  city  of  New  York^  was  incorp.  by  Gov.  Stuyvesant  in  1652, 
and  its  municipal  powers  were  confirmed  and  enlarged  by  Gov. 
Dongan,  April  22,  1686,  and  by  Gov.  Montgomerie,  April  19,  1708. 
An  act  was  passed  Oct.  14,  1732,  confirming  its  rights ;  and  sub- 
sequent enactments  were  embodied  in  one  act  in  the  revised  laws 
of  1813  and  in  the  revised  statutes  of  1828.  Numerous  changes 
in  the  details  of  the  municipal  government  have  been  made  from 
time  to  time."^ 

The  CO.,  from  the  beginning,  has  embraced  Manhattan,  Gover- 
nors, Bedloes,  Ellis's,  Blackwells,  Wards,  and  Randalls  Islands, 
and  the  lands  under  water  to  low  water  mark  on  the  shores 
opposite,  in  Westchester,  Queens,  and  Kings  cos.,  and  in  New 
Jersey.^  Manhattan  Island  is  13^  mi.  long,  by  2^  mi.  wide  at  the  broadest  part.  It  is  centrally 
distant  130  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  an  area  of  22,000  acres.*  It  is  separated  from  West- 
chester CO.  by  a  strait  known  as  Spuyten  Duyvil  Creek,^  and  Harlem  River.  The  surface  of  the 
island  was  originally  quite  broken  by  ridges  of  gneiss  and  hornblendic  slate,  especially  in  the  n. 
part ;  and  immense  masses  of  rock  and  earth  have  been  removed  in  grading.^  A  deep  valley 
extended  across  the  island  on  the  line  of  Canal  St. ;'  another  near  Carmausville  f  el  third  at  Man- 
hattanville ;  and  a  fourth  at  Tubby  Hook,  near  the  n.  extremity.  The  s.  part  of  the  island  was 
covered  with  drift  and  boulders,  presenting  conical  hills,  some  of  which  were  80  ft.  above  the  present 
grade  of  the  streets.  Fresh  water  was  readily  obtained  by  wells  sunk  to  the  surface  of  the  rock  ; 
and  the  porous  nature  of  the  soil  has  greatly  favored  the  construction  of  deep  foundations  and 
vaults  without  annoyance  from  water.^ 

Along  the  e.  shore,  from  94th  St.  northward,  and  around  Harlem,  the  surface  is  very  level,  and 
to  some  extent  covered  with  salt  marshes.  On  the  w.  side,  toward  the  n.,  the  valleys  are  often 
deep  and  the  hills  precipitous.     The  highest  point,  at  Fort  Washington,  is  238  ft.  above  tide. 

Both  sides  of  the  island  afford  ample  facilities  for  commerce ;  and  the  noble  harbor  embraced 
within  the  shores  of  New  Jersey,  Staten  Island,  Long  Island,  and  the  city  has  scarcely  an  equal 
for  extent,  safety,  and  facility  of  access,  and  for  the  amount  of  its  commercial  transactions.*** 

The  preservation  of  this  harbor  from  injurious  encroachments  has  been  a  subject  of  solicitude ; 
and  investigations  which  these  have  occasioned  have  developed  many  interesting  facts  connected 
with  its  interests." 


>  Named  from  the  Duke  of  York,  afterward  Janiea  11.  By 
the  Duti'h  n;tmed  "^  New  Amsterdavif"  and  by  the  Indians 
"  Jtfajihutfdn.'' 

2  Important  acts  were  passed  in  1R30,  lS-19,  1.S51.  1853,  and 
1857.  the  h^^t  mentioned  embracing  all  the  essential  features  of 
tlie  city  govormueDt. 

3  The  queetion  of  jurisdiction  upon  the  river  was  long  a  sub- 
ject of  dispute  with  New  Jersey.  A  summary  of  the  contro- 
versy is  given  in  our  account  of  the  Boundaries  of  the  State, 
pp.  17. 18 

4  The  widest  part  of  the  island  is  at  8Sth  St.,  where  it  is  12,500 
foet  across. 

6  The  creek  flows  from  Hudson  to  Harlera  River,  at  Kings- 
bridge. 

*  White  limestone  of  coarse  quality  appeared  at  the  surface  on 
the  E.  aide,  between  13th  and  16th  Sts..  and  on  the  w,  from  '29th 
to  3lBt  Sts.  The  strata  of  gneiss  are  nearly  verticil,  often  bent 
and  contorted,  and  in  places  they  contain  interesting  minerals. 

7  A  body  of  water  known  as  the  Collect  l*nnd.  (from  Kolk,  a 
pit.)  bordered  by  a  marsh,  extended  from  near  Pearl  t^  Franklin 
6t.  and  from  Elm  to  Orange  St.  It  was  50  feet  deep,  and  w:is 
connected  with  the  Hudson  by  a  narrow  inlet  nearly  on  the 
present  line  of  Canal  St,  It  was  a  favorite  resort  for  skating  in 
■winter ;  and  upon  it  experiments  in  steam  navigation  were  made 
by  John  Stevt'us  in  1796-97  and  '98,  and  by  John  Fitrh  in  1796 
and '97.  The  Halls  of  Justice,  known  as  the  Titmbs,  and  the  "Five 
Points"  district,  now  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  pond;  and  a 
large  sewer  under  Canal  St.  represents  the  position  of  the 
outlet. 

8  Known  as  the  Clendening  Valley.  The  Croton  Aqueduct 
crosses  this  on  a  magnificent  series  of  arches  and  piers  of  solid 
masonry. 

9  Until  1842  the  city  was  entirely  dependent  upon  wells  fur 
Its  eupplv  of  fresh  water.    See  p.  424. 

41S 


10  The  strait  known  as  Harlem  River  and  Spuyten  Doyril 
Creek  is  too  shallow  and  crooked  to  be  available  for  commerce. 
Various  plans  have  been  proposed  to  improve  it;  but  none  have 
been  caiTJed  into  effect.  Harlem  River  is  about  800  to  1,000  ft. 
wide,  and  mostly  bordered  by  narrow,  marshy  flats,  behind 
which  the  banks  rise  into  hills.  At  Kingsbridge  the  bank  is 
ISO  ft.  high  and  nearly  perpendicular.  The  Hudson  Kiver  R.  R. 
and  the  Harlem  R.  K.  cross  these  waters,  and  also  the  High 
Bridge,  (used  only  for  the  Croton  Aqueduct  and  fuot  passengers.) 
and  the  Harlem  Bridge,  at  the  head  of  3d  Avenue.  The  latter 
was  a  toll  bridp:e  until  the  expiration  of  the  charter  in  the  spring 
of  1858.  Macomb's  Bridge,  formerly  at  the  head  of  7th  Avenue, 
was  much  used;  but  it  is  now  down.  A  dam  was  constructed 
at  this  place  for  using  tide  water;  but,  being  found  to  impede 
navigation,  it  was  removed.  In  1S27  a  co.  was  formed  to  build 
a  canal  across  the  upper  end  of  the  island,  and  in  1S80  a  similar 
plan  wa.^  proposed,  and  a  canal  was  partly  built,  trjices  of  which 
may  be  seen  on  the  e.  side  of  the  island,  at  lOtith  St.  One  of  the 
objects  of  this  canal  was  to  gain  access  to  a  marble  quarry;  hut 
the  stone  was  found  to  be  of  inferior  quality,  and  the  project 
was  abandoned.  The  capacity  of  the  harbor  of  >ew  York  is 
limited  only  by  the  depth  of  water  on  the  bars  at  its  entrance 
near  Sandy  Hook.  Vessels  of  about  23  ft.  draft  can  pass  at  high 
tide.  The  approaches  by  way  of  Long  Island  Sound  have  no 
practical  limitation  of  this  kind;  and  vessels  of  60  ft.  draft  could 
approach  the  upper  part  of  tlie  island  and  land  on  the  West- 
chester shores  adjacent  without  difficulty. 

11  The  Colony  and  State  have  at  sundry  times  granted  to  the 
city  lands  under  water  Jtdjacent  tn  its  shores,  the  riparian  owners 
being  usually  secured  in  the  right  of  pre-emption.  The  principal 
of  these  grants  have  been  as  follows : — 

10S6, — All  vacant  lands  on  Manhattan  Island  to  low  water  mark, 
with  rivulets,  coves,  and  ponds,  were  secured  by  the 
charter  granted  by  Gov.  Dongan. 


NEW    YORK     COUNTY. 


419 


Although  the  city  forms  but  a  siugle  organization,  it  has  localities  known  by  distinct  names? 
as  villages  or  neighborhoods  ;  but  the  number  of  these  is  gradually  becoming  obliterated  as  popula- 
tion increases  ;  and  most  of  them  -will  soon  be  known  only  to  tlie  student  of  history.^ 

Of  the  several  islands,  other  than  Manhattan,  comprised  in  New  York  City  and  cc,  those  in  the 
harbor  are  owned  by  the  General  Government  and  occupied  as  military  posts,  and  those  iu  the 
East  River  are  chiefly  owned  by  the  city  and  devoted  to  charitable  and  penal  institutions.^ 


1708.— All  vacant  lands  on  Long  Island  shore,  between  high  and 
low  water  marks,  between  the  Navy  Yard  and  Red  llook, 
were  granted. 
1730.— Land   under   water,  400   ft.  wide,  between  junction   of 
Charlton  and  Washington  Sts.  and  Markettii-ld  St.  on 
the  Hudson,  and  from  Whitehall  to  Houston  St.  on  the 
K;ust  iliver,  was  secured.      These  grants,  with  the  pre- 
vious ones,  compriije  '209^  acres. 
1807. — Land   uuder  water,  400  ft.  wide,  extending  northward 
fruiu  pn-vious  grant  4  mi.  on  tbe  Uudsou  and  2  mi.  on 
the  Kast  Kiver,  was  granted. 
1826, — The  s.tme  was  extended  to  Spuyten  Duyvil  Creek  on  the 

w.  and  Harlem  R.  on  the  e. 
1821.— Land  GOO  ft.  wide  in  front  of  the  Battery  w;is  added. 
1837. — Land  under  water  on  the  w.  to  13th  Avenue   line  was 

st'Cured. 
1852. — Land  under  Harlem  R.  from  such  exterior  line  as  the 
corpoi*ation  might  fix.  to  the  shore,  was  gr.inted.  Other 
extensions  were  authorized  in  1828,  1830,  1835,  1846. 
Assein.  Doc.  8, 1856. 
Tn  1811  the  exterior  line  was  fixed  by  the  commissioners  for 
l.iying  out  the  city  into  streets;  but  changes  of  their  plan 
and  the  extension  of  streets  led  to  encroachments  upon  the 
channel,  requiring  remedial  measures.  An  act  was  accordingly 
passL'd,  March  30, 1865.  appointing  5  commissioners  in  pursuance 
of  advice  of  a  Senate  committee  of  the  year  previous,  and  these 
persons,  associating  with  themselves  several  officers  of  the 
General  Government,  proceeded  to  examine  the  subject.  The 
harbor  and  shores  were  surveyed  and  sounded,  the  effects  of 
tides  and  currents  examined,  maps  constructed,  and  lines  for 
the  limitation  of  piers  and  bulkheads  recommended,  and  mostly 
confirmed  by  law,  April  7, 1857.  These  surveys  were  performed 
by  10  parlies  of  about  200  persons  from  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey, 
at  a  cost  of  $S5,000.  The  reports  of  the  commission  embrace  a 
large  amount  of  st-itiatical  and  historical  information. — As&evi. 
J}oc.  8,  1850;  &«.  Doc,  40,  120,  1857. 

The  first  dock  was  built  frum  Broad  to  Dock  St.,  on  the  East 
River.  There  are  now  66  piers  on  the  w.  and  78  on  tbe  e.  side 
of  the  city.  A  part  of  these  are  built  and  owned  by  the  corpora- 
tion, others  by  individuals  or  companies,  and  others  jointly  by 
the  city  and  individuals.  Of  the  last  class  the  city  pays  one-third 
the  cost  of  building  and  receives  one-half  of  the  revenues.  The 
city  owns  ZS>  piers  and  7  half-piers  on  the  Hudson,  and  31  piers 
and  '20  half-piers  on  the  East  Itiver, — the  former  valued  at 
$1,42S.OOO.  and  the  latter  at  $1,829,000.  They  are  under  the 
care  of  the  Street  Department. 

The  wants  of  commerce  led  to  the  erection  of  a  lighthouse  on 
Sandy  Hook,  at  the  expense  of  the  colony  of  New  Yurk.  in  1702. 
which  was  supported  by  special  duties  upon  commerce  until 
ceded  to  the  U-  S-  Feb.  3, 1790.  The  commissioners  for  its  erec- 
tion were  .lolin  Cniger,  Philip  Livingston,  Leonard  Lispenard, 
and  Wm.  Bayard.  It  was  burned  in  1776.  Within  the  Hook  are 
lights  at  Princes  Bay.  Fort  Tumpkius,  Robins  Keef.  and  Whit<>- 
hall  Laniiing.  and  numerous  buoys  to  mark  tbe  channels. 

The  tidi.1  enters  at  t'andy  Hook  at  7h.  29m.  past  the  moon's 
Bouthinj;,  and  rises  at  (.iovernors  Island  from  2.2  to  6.1  ft.,  the 
mean  rise  being  4.3  ft.  The  harbor  was  frozen  over  in  1780,  and 
again  in  1S2U.  On  the  former  occasion  persons  passed  on  the 
ice  to  Star<'n  Island.  It  sometimes  happens  that  thy  Hudson 
and  Eiist  Itivers  will  be  closed  for  a  few  hours  in  intensely  cold 
seasons,  and  people  have  on  these  occ;Lsions  rashly  attempted  to 
cross;  but  the  occurrence  is  not  common. 

I  The  following  is  a  hst  of  the  principal  of  these  localities: — 
Bloomlngdale,  on  Broadway,  between  luuth  and  110th 
Sts.,  7  mi.  fr.ini  the  i.'ity  Hall,  presents  a  very  neat  appeanince. 
and  consi.«t9  mostly  of  suburban  dwellings.  It  is  the  seat  of  an 
orphan  and  a  lunatic  asylum. — the  latter  forming  a  branch  of 
thM  N.  Y.  Ilospitd.  It  was  called  by  the  Dutch  '^Bloonend 
Dal" — Flowery  Vjdb^y. 

Carmansvllle,  on  10th  Av-  above  155th  St.,  named  from 
families  named  Carman,  former  owners  of  the  adjoining  lands, 
is  r-hierty  made  up  of  country  seats. 

Coriaers  Hook;  at  the  angle  in  the  East  Iliver  near 
Grund  St..  named  from  Arent  Van  Corlaer,  was  called  by  the 
Indians  '*  N«cbl;ink." 

Domtnles  Hoolc  lies  on  the  Hudson,  between  Duane  and 
CAnal  .Ms.,  embracing  02  acres.  It  was  acquired  by  ground  brief 
frt>m  Stuyvesant  July  4. 1654,  and  was  afterward  granted  to  the 
J*n-'li.'ih  Clinrch. 

Fort  AVashtngton,  (Washington  Heights  p.o.,)  a  short 
distance  almve  Carniaiisville,  is  an  elevated  site,  once  fortified, 
and  now  uccupied  by  fine  dwellings.  The  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asy- 
lum is  located  near  tbis  place. 

Greenivlcli,  ntiw  merged  in  the  city,  was  3  mi.  above  the 
City  Hall,  on  the  Hudson.  It  was  named  by  Capt.,  afterwiird 
Bii   Peter,  Warten,  who  owned  it.     Tbe  Indian   name  was 


"  Sapokanigan."    The  N.  Y.  State  Prison  was  formerly  located 
here. 

Harlem  (p.  o.)  lies  between  8th  Avenue  and  East  Hiver, 
above  lUiith  St.  The  principal  business  is  on  3d  Avenue.  It 
has  several  churches,  important  manufactories  of  India  rubber, 
chemicals,  caudles,  ale,  beer,  carriages,  and  row  boats,  and 
several  private  schools. 

Kiugs  Garden,  west  of  Broadway,  between  Fulton  and 
Re.ide  Sts.,  is  now  partly  held  by  Trinity  Cburih  and  leased. 

Ijispeuards  Meadcvvs  was  an  irregular  tract  on  both 
sides  01  West  Broadway  irom  Keade  to  near  Spring  St.,  and  along 
Canal  .-^t.  from  the  Hudson  to  Orange  St- 

KlauliattanvlUe,  (p-o..)  on  the  Hudson,  between  125Ch 
anrl  132d  Sts.,  w.  of  'Jtb  Avenue,  contains  a  convent,  Catholic 
colletre.  and  manufactories  of  iron,  paint,  and  refined  sugar. 

Strykerg  Bay,  on  the  Hudson,  at  96th  St.,  is  a  R.  R. 
station. 

Tubby  Hook  lies  on  the  Hudson,  one-half  mi.  s.  of 
Spiiyten  Duyvil  Creek. 

Turtle  Bay  is  on  the  East  River,2  roi.N.of  Corlaer  Hook. 
Its  name  is  a  corruptiuu  of  the  Dutch  "Deutel  Bay,"  or  M'edge 
Bay. 

Yorltville,  on  the  east  side  of  Central  Park,  extends  to 
the  East  Kiver.  from  79th  to  90th  Sts. 

2  Governors  Island  was  formerly  called  "  Nutten 
I.slmid,"  mid  by  the  Indians  -'Pag-ganck."  It  lies  1,066  yards 
s.  E.  from  the  Battery,  and  eontaius  72  acres.  It  is  separated 
from  Long  Ishmd  by  Buttermilk  Channel,  formerly  shallow, 
but  now  of  sufficient  depth  for  the  largest  ships.  This  island 
Was  bought  by  Gov.  Van  Twiller,  and  has  always  been  reserved 
for  public  defense.  Quarantine  was  located  here  from  1794  to 
1797.  In  the  settlement  of  accounts  with  the  U.  S.,  New  York 
undertook  to  erect  fortifications  here  as  payment  for  her  pro- 
portion of  the  expenses  of  the  Revolution.  Jurisdiction  was 
ceiled  to  the  U.  S.  Feb.  15,  1800,  with  Fort  Jay.  then  partially 
erected.  By  the  authority  of  an  act  passed  March  26,  1794, 
£30,000  were  expended  by  the  State  in  fortifications,  under  the 
supervision  of  Geo,  Clinton,  Matthew  Clarkson,  James  Watson, 
Kichard  Varick.  Nicholas  Fish,  Ebenezer  Stevens,  and  Abijafa 
Hammond.  A  further  sum  of  £2U,000  was  granted  April  6, 
1796,  to  complete  the  works  on  this  and  •'  Oi/.^U-r-^  (now  Ellis) 
Islands.  Castle  William  (named  from  Gen.  Willirtius  of  the 
N.Y.  Militia)  is  a  round  lower  on  the  w.  shore  of  the  island.  fiuO 
feet  in  circumference  and  60  feet  high,  mounting  80  casemate 
and  40  barbette  guns.  The  land  side  is  open,  and  a  covered 
way  leads  to  the  works  in  the  center  of  the  island.  Fort  Co- 
lumbus is  a  star-shaped  work  of  5  points  on  the  summit  of  tho 
island,  mounting  105  guns;  and  South  Battery,  fronting  But- 
termilk Channel,  has  13  guns.  These  works  from  1830  to  1858 
cost  $285,i>97  ;  and  they  are  adapted  to  a  garrison  of  800  men. 
Tbe  island  is  used  as  a  receiving  station  for  newly  enlisted 
troops,  and  a  school  for  instructing  boys  in  music.  About  60 
lads  of  14  years  and  upward  are  usually  under  instruction 
upon  tbe  drum,  bugle,  and  other  instruments. 

Bedloes  Island*  2.950  yards  s.  w.  from  the  Battery,  was 
nanu-d  hum  Isaac  Bedloe,  the  patentee  under  Gov.-Nicoll.  It 
was  known  for  some  years  as  *^ Kenned t/s  Islaiid."  It  was 
ceded  to  the  U.  S.  in  1800,  having  been  previously  used  for 
quarantine  purposes.  It  is  now  occupied  by  Fort  Wood,  erected 
in  1841  at  a  cost  of  $213,000.  on  the  site  of  a  fort  built  about 
the  beginning  nf  the  century.  It  mounts  77  guns,  and  accom- 
modates a  garrison  of  350  men.  During  several  months  ia 
1.S49  it  was  used  by  the  Commissioners  of  Emigration  as  a 
b.Hpital. 

Kilts  Island,  formerly  known  sib  "  Oyster."  "Bucfrinff." 
and  '■  (iibbtV  Island,  lies  2.050  yards  s.W.  of  the  Battery,  and 
is  occupied  by  Fort  Gibson,a  work  built  in  1841-41,  at  a  cost  of 
So.O'jO.  mounting  15  guns  and  requiring  a  garrison  of  80  men 
Tbe  pirate  Gibbs  and  3  associates  were  huug  here  April  2:^ 
,  1831. 

BlacUn^ells  Island  is  a  long,  narrow  island  in  the 
Kast  Kiver,  extending  from  5l8t  to  88th  Sts,.  and  cnttiiuing 
120  acres.  It  was  named  from  the  Blackwell  family,  who 
owned  it  for  a  hundred  years  or  more.  It  is  now  owned  by  tbo 
city  corporation,  and  is  the  seat  of  various  penal  and  charitable 
institutions.  This  island  was  formerly  called  "  Mmining  Island^** 
from  Capt.  John  Manning;  and  by  tbe  Indians  it  was  named 
'■Minnahanock."  It  was  patented  to  Gov.  Van  Twitler,  and 
continm-d  private  property  until  182«,  when  it  wiia  sold  by 
James  Blackwell  to  tbe  city  for  $30,000.  In  1843  tbe  city  paid 
$20,000  more  M  perfect  the  title. 

AVards  Island,  named  from  Jasper  and  Bartholomew 
Ward,  former  proprietors,  extends  along  the  Kast  Hiver,  oppo 
site  New  York,  from  lOlst  St.  to  lliath  St..  and  cont;nns  200 
acres.  It  was  formeily  called  '•  Great  JSarcut'  or  "  Great  Born' 
Island,  and  by  the  Indians  was  named  '* Teu-kcn-aa."    It  wa» 


420 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


Tie  city  is  divided  into  22  Wards,  which  are  again  subdivided  into  149  Election  Districts,  and 
Buch  other  civil  divisions  as  the  election  of  State,  city  and  co.  officers,  the  administration  of  jus- 
iice,  and  the  regulation  of  municipal  ordinances  require.' 

Tlie  Board  of  Supervisors  in  New  Y^ork  co.  is  composed  of  12  persons,  who  are  so 
classified  that  2  are  elected  or  appointed  annually.  A  ballot  can  have  but  one  name ;  and  it  is 
the  duty  of  the  canvassers  to  declare  that  the  two  persons  having  the  highest  number  of  votes  are 
elected.'  Their  general  powers  and  duties — which  chiefly  concern  taxes  and  assessment — are  the 
same  as  those  of  Supervisors  in  other  cos. 

Tlie  Leg'lslative  PO'tver  of  the  city  government  is  vested  in  the  Common  Council,  con- 
sisting of  2  co-ordinate  branches, — a  board  of  17  Aldermen  and  a  board  of  24  Councilmen.'  The 
former  are  elected  by  single  districts  for  2  years,  and  the  latter  are  elected  annually,  6  to  each 
Senatorial  district.*  Ordinances  must  be  passed  by  both  bodies  the  same  year,  and  receive  the 
assent  of  the  Mayor,  to  become  valid. 

The  regular  sessions  of  the  Board  of  Councilmen  commence  at  5  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  each  month,  and  continue  on  each  Monday  and  Tuesday  until  the  business  of  the  month 
is  concluded.  Each  house  elects  a  presiding  officer,  clerk,  and  other  officers  ;  and  the  journals  of 
each  are  published. 

Tlie  Executive  Power  is  vested  in  a  Mayor,*  elected  for  2  years,  and  in  7  Executive  De- 
partments, viz.,  those  of  Police,  Finance,  Streets,  Croton  Aqueduct,  Almshouse,  Law,  and  City 
Inspector, — most  of  which  are  subdivided  into  bureaus,  each  having  specific  duties  to  perform. 
The  Mayor  is  charged  with  the  general  administration  of  the  city,  nominates  for  the  approval  of 
the  Aldermen  eertain  officers,  and  may  suspend  or  remove  officers  within  limits  fixed  by  statute. 
He  communicates  annually  and  from  time  to  time  to  the  Common  Council  such  messages  as  he 
deems  proper. 

Xlie  Police  Department  has  general  charge  of  police  regulation  in  New  Y''ork  City, 
Kings,  Richmond,  and  Westchester  cos.  By  act  of  April  15,  1857,  it  was  placed  under  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Metropolitan  Police  District,'  of  whom  the  Mayors  of  New  York  and 
Brooklyn  are  ex  officio  members. 


bought  by  Van  Twiller  in  1637,  confiscated  in  1604,  and  granted 
to  Thos.  Delavel.  The  Wards  bought  it  in  ISOti;  and  in  Dec. 
1847,  a  part  was  leased  by  the  Commissioners  of  Emigration 
for  an  Emigrant  Refnge  and  Hospital.  Tlie  Commissioners 
have  since  purchased  106  acres;  and  a  portion  of  tlie  remainder 
is  used  as  a  Potter's  Field.  The  cost  of  buildings  and  improve- 
uieuts  up  to  1S58  was  $260,000.  The  structures  erected  before 
18aO  were  slijrht  barracks  and  shanties;  but  those  built  since 
are  chiefly  of  brick.  The  island  is  supplied  with  Croton  water; 
and  a  ferry  connects  it  with  106tb  St. 

Randalls  Island,  named  from  Jonathan  Randall,  who 
purchased  it  in  1784  and  resided  here  nearly  50  years,  lies  N. 
of  Wards  Island,  near  the  Westchester  shore.  It  was  formerly 
known  as  ^'Little  Bam"  Island.  It  was  patented  under  the 
Dutch  Government,  but  was  confiscated  in  16t'4  and  granted  to 
Thos.  Delavel.  It  was  subsequently  named  "  BfJIeinl*-,"  "  Talbots 
Jsland,^^  and  *^  Mnntressors  Island."  The  city  purcha=:ed  it  in 
1835  for  $.30,000.  It  is  now  occupied  by  nursery  schools  and  by 
the  establishment  of  the  Soci''ty  for  the  Reformation  of  Juve- 
nile Delinquentfl.     A  ferry  connects  it  with  122d  St. 

Sunken  Itleadow  Island  lies  adjacent  to  Randalls 
Island. 

1  The  city  was  divided  Dec.  8,  16S3,  into  6  wards,  known  as 
South,  East,  North,  West.  Dock,  and  Out  Wards.  They  were 
designated  by  nuiiihcrs.  and  a  new  ward  was  created  by  act  of 
Feb.  2.3,  1791,  to  take  effect  Sept.  a8,  1792.  Those  subsequently 
erected  have  been  as  follows: — 


8th.  1803. 

16th.  1836, 

from  12(.h. 

9th,  1803. 

17th,  1837, 

'•  11th. 

10th,  1808, 

from  7th. 

18th.  1846, 

"  li;th. 

11th,  1825. 

19th,  18!i0, 

"  12th. 

12th,  1S25. 

20th,  1861, 

"  Ifith. 

1.3th,  1827, 

"  loth. 

2l8t.  1853, 

"  18th. 

14th,  1827, 

"   Bth  and  8th. 

22d,  1863, 

"  19th. 

15th.  1832, 

"   9th. 

a  Tliis  arrangement  is  made  so  aa  to  place  the  Board  of  Super- 
Tisoiei  above  the  reach  of  party  politics. 

8  The  Aldermanic  Districts,  identical  with  the  Assembly  Dis- 
tricts, ai-e  as  follows: — 

1.  South  of  Cliambers.  Duane,  Frankfort,  Pearl,  and  Dover  Sts. 

2.  S.  by  Ist.  within  Broadway,  from  Chambers,  through  Frank- 

fort. Baxter,  Bayard,  Bowery,  Center,  and  Catharine  Sts.  to 

East  River. 
S.  S.  by  Ist.  within  Broadway,  from  Chambers,  through  Spring 

St.  to  Hudson  Hiver. 
4.  S.  by  2d.  within  Broadway,  from  Franklin,  through  Grand 

and  Clinton  Sts.  to  East  Kiver. 
b    8.  by  3d.  within  Brojidway,  from  Spring,  through  4th  and 

Clirietopher  Sts.  to  Hudson  Kiver. 


Within  Broadway,  Houston,  Clinton,  and  Grand  Sts. 

7.  S.  by  5th,  within  Broadway,  from  4th,  through  llth  St.  to 
Hudson  River. 

8.  S.  and  e.  by  East  River;  w.  and  N.  by  Clinton  and  Houston 
StB.  to  East  Kiver. 

9.  S.  by  7th,  -within  0th  Avenue,  from  14th  St.,  through  26th  St. 
to  Hudson  Biver. 

10.  Within  Broadway  and  14th  St..  Avenue  A,  and  Houston  St. 

11.  S.  by  yth.  within  Cth  Avenue,  from  2Gth  St.,  through  40th  to 

Hudson  River. 

12.  Within  Houston  St.,  Avenue  A,  14th  St.  and  East  River,  22d 

Ward. 

13.  22d  Ward. 

14.  Within  14th  St.,  from  East  River,  Gth  Avenue,  26th  St.  and 

East  Kiver. 

15.  S.  by  14th.  within  6th  Avenue,  from  26th  St.,  through  40th 
St.  to  East  River. 

16. 19th  Ward. 
17.  12th  Ward. 

*  The  election  of  city  officers  takes  place  annually  on  the  first 
Tuesday  of  Dec,  and  that  of  co.  officers  on  the  day  of  the  general 
State  election,  which  is  on  the  Tuesday  after  tlie  first  Monday 
of  Nov.  The  officers  of  the  co.  are  the  Itocorder,  City  Judge, 
and  other  Judges  of  the  co.  courts.  District  Attorney  and  his 
assistants.  Sheriff  and  his  Deputies,  Constables,  Coroners,  County 
Clerk,  iiegister.  Treasurer.  Assessors,  Tax  Commissioners,  Re- 
ceiver of  Taxes,  Commissioner  of  Juries,  Commissionera  of 
Deeds,  and  Supervisors. 

The  Recorder  is  presiding  judge  of  the  ciiminal  courts  and  a 
ma[i;istrate.  Several  of  the  co.  officers  are  ex  officio  charged 
with  duties  more  properly  belonging  to  the  city  government; 
and  the  line  of  distinction  between  the  two  sets  of  officers  is 
not  well  dofinpd. 

6  'I'he  Mayor  was  originally  appointed  by  the  Governor  and 
Council,  and  from  1777  to  1S22  by  the  Council  of  Appointment. 
Since  1S22  the  Mayor  has  been  elected. 

•*  This  District  includes  New  York,  Kings,  Richmond,  and 
Westchester  cos.  The  Governor  and  Senate  appoint  3  com- 
missioners from  the  city  of  N.  Y.,  1  from  Kings,  and  1  from 
Westchester  or  Richmond  co.  The  city  is  divided  into  11  Sur- 
gical Districts,  each  with  1  Surgeon ;  and  into  25  Police  Pre- 
cincts, under  a  General  and  Deputy  Superintendent.  According 
to  the  Council  Manual  for  1858,  the  number  of  employees  in  tb'o 
police  was  1.004,  of  wliom  11  were  surgeons.  7  were  attached 
to  the  oflficeof  theCommi-ssioners.  6  were  employed  in  the  offico 
of  the  General  Depat  tment.  24  in  that  of  the  Deputy  Superin- 
tendent, 21  as  Detectives.  79  in  attendance  ar  public  offices  and 
courts.  26  as  harbor  police,  and  841  on  police  stations.  The 
number  is  at  times  largely  increased,  and  is  annually  becoming 
pel  manently  greater 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


421 


The  Department  of  Finance  is  under  a  Comptroller,  elected  by  separate  ticket  for  a 
term  of  4  years.  This  officer  has  charge  of  the  fiscal  concerns  of  the  city,  and  reports  the  con- 
dition of  its  finances  annually  to  the  Common  Council.  The  Department  is  divided  into  the  Audit- 
ing Bureau,  a  Bureau  of  Arrears,  a  Bureau  of  Taxes,  a  Bureau  of  City  Revenue,  and  a  Bureau  of 
Deposits  and  Disbursements,  the  officers  of  which  are  appointed  by  the  Comptroller.' 


Number  of  cases  annually  before  the  Court  of  Sessions,  for  a  term  oft/ears. 


Tears. 


1S38, 
1839, 
1840, 
1841, 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845. 
1846. 
1847. 
1843. 
1349. 
1830. 
1851. 
1852. 
1853. 
1834. 
1855. 
1856. 
1857. 
1838. 


Misde- 

Petit Lahcekt. 

Assault  and  Battery. 

meanors. 

?: 

8 

,B 

1 

1 

1 

I 

^ 

'1 

1 

1 

c 
o 

'S 

e 

•!2 

I 

Total. 

ll 

I'l, 

261 

73 

125 

26 

429 

914 

434 

296 

27 

349 

93 

163 

33 

681 

... 

... 

1,219 

614 

241 

26 

526 

97 

226 

32 

488 

1,369 

839 

508 

28 

666 

78 

296 

30 

396 

1.466 

1,001 

682 

67 

744 

138 

287 

33 

376 

1,677 

1,119 

737 

63 

907 

142 

395 

64 

637 

... 

2,035 

1,311 

987 

55 

896 

148 

661 

86 

838 

2,619 

1,495 

1,068 

56 

991 

193 

616 

90 

1,158 

3,047 

1,741 

1,128 

66 

977 

220 

609 

87 

1,109 

2,902 

1,661 

1,076 

66 

173 

334 

48 

697 

1,262 

1,399 

981 

51 

i,064 

258 

436 

62 

672 

... 

2,548 

1,035 

1,003 

62 

1,180 

261 

658 

69 

938 

... 

2,996 

1,837 

1,120 

71 

1,419 

219 

837 

76 

1,382 

... 

3,933 

2,218 

1,402 

112 

1,453 

187 

662 

43 

1,194 

3,539 

2,079 

1,179 

94 

1,476 

214 

978 

51 

1,167 

3,885 

2,405 

1,264 

97 

1,415 

179 

1,230 

07 

1,120 

4,011 

2,570 

1,242 

119 

1,411 

108 

1,152 

66 

1,184 

3,921 

1,528 

1.159 

77 

2,047 

196 

929 

84 

1.004 

2S 

6 

4,364 

1,942 

1,628 

69 

1,7S8 

208 

986 

84 

l,4.'i4 

25 

4 

4,549 

2,803 

1,426 

41 

2,041 

273 

1.589 

284 

1,627 

101 

40 

5,955 

3,762 

1,824 

195 

1,919 

317 

1,697 

344 

1,784 

139 

60 

6.260 

4,676 

2,061 

134 

Cases  tried  in  the  courts  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  and  of  General  Sessions,  for  a  period  of 

eighteen  years. 


Offenses. 


Murder , 

,\r9on,  Istdf^ee. 

Manslaughter,  various  degrees 

Assault  and  battery  with  intent  to  kill  or  maim... 

Assault  and  battery  with  intent  to  rob  

Rape,  and  intent  to  commit  rape 

Abandoning  child  in  highway 

Robbery.  1st  degree 

Kidnapping 

Uiot  with  assault 

Assault  and  battery 

Procuring  abortion 

Bigamy 

Incest 

Sodomy 

Perjury  and  subornation  of  perjury 

Arson,  not  1st  degree , 

Bnrf;:lary,  various  degrees 

Attempt  to  commit  felonies 

Embezzlement 

Grand  larceny,  Ac.  'M  offense 

Petit  larceny  and  attempt  to  commit _ 

Petit  larceny,  2d  offense 

Conspiracy 

Carrying  slung  shot  (felony) 

Receiving  stolen  goods 

Accessory  to  felony 

Forgery,  various  degrees 

Accepting  challenge  to  fight  a  dnel _ 

Breaking  jail 

Aiding  prisoners  to  escape 

Keeping  gambling  and  disorderly  house 

Nuisance 

Selling,  insuring,  and  advertising  lottery  tickets. 
Libel. 


Cruelty  to  animals 

Selling  liquor  without  license.. 


14 


307 


During  29  years  ending  with  1^58,  3S  persons  have  been 
sentenced  for  capital  crinvs,  of  whom  17  have  been  executed. 
14  hsd  their  sentences  commuted  to  imprisonment  for  life,  Iwas 
pardoned,  1  committe*^l  suicide,  and  to  4  a  new  trial  was  granted, 
of  whom  3  were  convicted  of  manslaughter  and  1  discharged. 


One  was  under  sentence  of  death  at  the  beginning  of  185ft. — 
Chmmnn  Council  Atatiital,  1859,  jr>.  75. 

1  ThoComptrolb>r  reports  quarterly  a  list  of  accounts  auditod; 
and  all  drafr^  upon  the  city  treasury  must  bo  upon  his  warmiit, 
accompanied  by  vouchors.    The  foUowiug  aggregates  show  the 


422 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


The  Street  Department  is  under  the  charge  of  the  Street  Commissioner,  who  is  appointed 
for  2  years  by  the  Mayor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen.  He  has  the 
general  direction  of  opening,  altering,  regulating,  grading,  guttering,  and  lighting  streets,  roads, 
places,  and  avenues,  of  building,  repairing,  and  lighting  wharves  and  piers,  and  of  the  construc- 
tion and  repair  of  public  roads  and  the  filling  up  of  sunken  lots,  under  the  ordinances  of  the 
Common  Council.  The  paving  of  streets  is  not  under  his  charge.  The  department  has  a  Bureau 
of  Street  Imjirovements,  of  Repairs  and  Supplies,  of  Lands  and  Places,  of  the  Chief  Engineer  of 
Fire  Department,  of  Collection  of  Assessments,  of  Wharves,  of  Roads,  and  of  Lamps  and  Gas.  Of 
each  of  these  bureaus  there  is  a  superintendent,  or  chief,  and  several  clerks,  numbering  in  the 
several  offices  of  the  Department  nearly  sixty  persons.' 


condition  of  the  city  finances  at  the  beginning  of  1859  and  the 
operations  of  the  preceding  year : — 

Appropriations  in  1858  for  city  government $  5,950,967.94 

Expenditures 4,959,355.19 

Eicpcnditures  in  1858  on  trust  and  special  ac- 
counts      10,549.621.64 

Receipts  in  1858 17,152,471.19 

Permstnent  city  debts  redeemable  from  Sinking 

Funds.  Jan.  1,  1859 14,399,998.00 

Funded  debt  redeemable  from  taxation,  same 

date 1,224,000.00 

Funded   debt    redeemable    from  Central    Park 

assessments 1,600,000.00 

Estimated  value  of  public  parks 14,761,526.00 

"  "         bulkheads,      wharves,    and 

piers 3,257,600.00 

"             "         real  estate  occupied  by  mar- 
kets        1,114,000.00 

"             "          Croton    Aqueduct     Depart- 
ment     15,476,000.00 

**  *'         property  used  for  Common 

Schools 1,200,000.00 

**             "          property  used  for  ferry  pur- 
poses       1,200,000.00 

"              "          property  used    by   Fire  De- 
partment           315,813,00 

"  "         property  used  by  Governors 

of  Almshouse 1,250,000.00 

"  "  real  estate  of  all  kinds 41,626,639.00 

Assessed  TOlnoofreal  estate  within  city  in  1858...  368,346,296.00 
"  "         personal    estate    within    city 

resident 160,813,462,00 

"  "         personal    estate   within    city 

non  resident 12,03-1,532.00 

"  "         personal   estate    within    city, 

total 162,847,994.00 

"  "         real  and  personal  estate 831,194,290,00 


The  valuation,  tax.  and  rate,  for  a  series  of  years,  at  intervals 
of  6  years,  from  18U5  to  1825,  was  as  follows : — 


Valuation. 

City  and 

County 

Tax. 

Stale  Tax. 

Total  Tax. 

as.  DoUs. 

1806 

isin 

$26,645,867 
25,486,370 
81,636,042 
69,530,763 

101,160,046 

$127,094.87 
129.727,16 
197,613.38 
270,361.19 
330,868.82 

50  per  1 

51  "    " 
4U    "   " 
49      «   " 
381    .<   .. 

1815 
1820 
1825 

$163,372.08 
69,530.76 
60,680.03 

$361,286.46 
339,891.94 
387,448.85 

The  property,  both  real  and  personal,  in  New  York,  is  of  im- 
mense value,  and  is  increasing  at  a  very  rapid  ratio.  The  taxes 
are  uuiformly  heavy,  and  much  higher  than  the  average  taxes 
of  the  other  portions  of  the  State.  The  following  tables  show  a 
summary  of  the 

Yalvation  and  Taxes  for  a  series  of  years. 


1826 
1830 
1835 
1.840 
1845 
1S60 
1S65 
1853 


Value  of 
Real  Estate. 


$64,804,060 
87,603,680 
143,742,426 
187,221,714 
177,207,299 
207,142,576 
330,976,866 
368,346,296 


Value  of 
Personal  Es- 
tate. 


$42,434,981 
37.684,938 
74,991,278 
66,011,801 
02,787,527 
78,919,240 
150,022,312 
162,847,994 


Total  Value. 


$107,238,931 
125,288,618 
218,723,703 
252.233,615 
239,995,617 
286,061,816 
486,998,278 
531,194,290 


Amount 

raided  by 

Tax. 


$.383,759.89 
609,178.44 
965,602,94 
1,354,836.29 
2,096,191,18 
3,230,086,02 
6,843,822.89 
8,021,091,31 


Comparative  Valuation  and  Taxes 

of  the  City  and  i 

^tatefor  a  series  of  years. 

Total  VALniTioN. 

Total  Tax. 

Rati  of  Tax  is  Mols, 

ON  $1. 

City. 

State. 

City. 

state. 

City. 

StaU. 

1835 
1840 
1845 
1850 
1855 
1858 

$218,723,703 
262,135,615 
239,995,517 
286,061,816 
487,060,838 
631,222,642 

$532,418,407 

641,369,819 

605,646,095 

727,494,683 

1,402,849,304 

1,404,907,679 

$618,494.00 
1,354,797.29 
2,096,191.18 
3.230,085.02 
6:844,772,42 
8,621,091.31 

$2,299,290,67 
3,089,920.94 
4.170,527.95 
6.312.789.23 
11.679,016.69 
15,426.593.20 

4.5 
6.4 
8.7 
113 
12.0 
16.2 

5.0 
4.9 

6.9 
8.6 
8.3 
10.98 

I  Moat  of  the  streets  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city  are  \vinding 
aud  crooked ;  but  above  the  old  settled  Dutch  portion  they  are 
Tery  regular.  An  act  passed  April  3, 1807,  appuinted  Simeon  I>e 
Witt,  Gouverneur  Morria,  and  John  Rutherford  to  lay  out  and 
Hurvey  the  whole  island  n.  of  Fitzroy  Koad,  (Oansevoort  St.,) 
Greenwich  Lane,  (Greenwich  Avenue,)  and  Art  Street,  (Waverly 
Pl.ice,)  to  the  Bowery  Road;  and  down  the  same  to  North  St., 
(Ilouston  St.,)  and  thence  to  the  East  River.  The  powers  of 
these  commissioners  were  more  amply  specified  in  an  act  passed 
March  24,  1809 ;  and  Canal  St.  was  by  this  act  to  be  made  a 
covered  passage  for  the  waste  waters  of  its  vicinity.  The  labors 
of  the  commission  ended  ^vitbin  the  time  specified,  and  their 
maps  were  tiled  in  the  secretary's  office  March  11, 1811.  The 
surveys  under  this  plan  were  executed  by  John  Randall,  jr., 
with  great  accuracy,  and  finally  completed  in  1821.  To  the 
commendable  forethought  of  these  gentlemen  is  the  city  in- 
debted Jbr  the  admirable  arrangement  of  its  up  town  streets 
and  avenues. 

The  Stre^ta  of  the  portion  covered  in  this  survey  generally  ex- 
tend from  the  Hudson  to  the  East  River  direct,  and  are  known 
by  their  numbers,  the  highest  being  at  the  time  of  first  survey 
164.  but  since  extended  to  223.  Above  1-ith  St.  these  are  known 
only  by  their  nuniliers.  and  the  lots  upon  them  are  numbered 
E  and  w.  from  Fifth  Avenue.  They  are  each  00  feet  wide,  ex- 
cept Uth,  23d.  34th,42d,5:th.72d.  79th,  80th,  96th.  lOGtb.llOth, 
I25th,  135th,  145th,  and  155th,  each  of  which  is  100  feet  wide. 


The  blocks  between  them  vary  from  184  to  212  feet,  being  gene- 
rally about  200  feet,  or  about  20  blocks  to  the  mile. 

The  Avfniws  run  nearly  N.  and  S.,  and  are  numbered  from  E. 
to  w..  beginning  upon  the  East  River.  Several  short  avenuea 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  city  are  designated  by  letters,  as  Avenue  A, 
beginning  at  the  one  next  e.  of  First  Avenuo.  These  avenues 
are  each  100  feet  wide,  except  s.  of  23d  St.,  where  Avenues  A 
and  C  are  80  feet  and  Avenue  B  60  feet.  North  of  33d  St.  Fourth 
Avenue  is  125  feet  wide.  The  blocks  between  the  avenues  are 
610  to  920  feet,  being  generally  800  feet. 

The  Lands  and  Places  belonging  to  the  city  date  their  title 
from  Dongan's  charter,  by  which  all  waste  and  unappropriated 
lands  on  Manhattan  Island  to  low  water  mark,  and  all  rivers, 
bays,  and  waters  adjoining,  were  confirmed  to  the  city.  The 
real  estate  now  belonging  to  the  Corporation,  amounting  to 
$41,453,039,  is  mostly  in  use  for  Waterworks.  Police,  Fire,  Alms- 
house, School,  or  Market  purposes,  or  as  parks,  piera,  bulk- 
heads, and  wharves,  ferries,  and  public  buildings  for  municipal 
purposes.  The  city  owns,  besides  these, 
Uncommuted  quitrents  reserved  on   property  when 

sold,  and  water  grants  yet  to  be  issued $900,000 

Lots  under  lease  without  covenants  nf  renewal 325,000 

"        "        "      with  "  "        500.000 

Common  lands 500,000 

Sundry  lofB  and  gores  of  land 250,000 

Real  estate  in  Brooklyn 50,000 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


423 


The  city  contains  20  public  and  several  private  parks,  most  of  which  are  inclosed  with  iron 
railing  and  handsomely  laid  out.^ 

The  Fire  Department  in  some  form  has  existed  since  1653,  when  tlie  city  enjoyed  the 
privilege  of  collecting  a  beaver  for  each  house  and  a  guilder  yearly  for  each  chimney  to  support  a 
fire  apparatus.  The  Fire  Department  in  its  present  form  was  incorp,  April  16,  1831 ;  and  its  powers 
have  been  modified  by  acts  of  March  25,  1851,  and  April  3,  1855.^ 


1  Tkt  Central  Park,  for  the  purpose  of  construction,  is  in 
charge  of  a  special  Board  of  Commissiouers,  consisting  of  10 
members,  who  servf  without  pay,  and  n-port  annually  to  the 
Common  Council.  The  history  of  this  park  is  briefly  as  fol- 
lows : — 

On  the  5th  of  April.  1851.  Mayor  Kingsland,  in  a  special  mes- 
sage to  thf  Common  Council,  called  attention  to  tht"  importance 
of  a  public  park  sufiiciently  ample  to  meet  the  growing  wants 
of  the  city  population.  The  message  was  referred  to  a  select 
committee,  who  reported  in  favor  of  purchasing  the  tract  of  150 
acres  between  66th  and  75th  Sta.  and  3d  Avenue  and  the  East 
River,  known  as  Jones's  Wood.  An  act  was  passed  July  11. 1851, 
allowing  this  to  be  taken;  but.  from  £ome  errors  in  the  act,  thw 
Supreme  Court  refused  to  appoint  Commissioners,  and  the  law 
wae  repealed  April  11, 1854.  On  the  5th  of  August,  1851,  a  com- 
mittee was  appointed  to  examine  whether  another  more  suitable 
Bite  for  a  park  could  not  be  found ;  and  the  result  of  the  inquiry 
was  the  selection  of  the  site  now  known  as  the  "Central  Park." 
between  5th  and  Hth  Avenues,  originally  extending  from  -iOth 
to  106th  Sts.,  and  in  1359  extended  to  110th  St.  The  act  for 
creating  this  park  passed  July  2a,  1853,  and  an  act  for  its  regu- 
lation and  government  April  17,  1867.  The  grounds  are  '2k 
miles  long  by  i  mile  wide,  embracing  840  acres,  of  which  136 
are  occupied  by  Croton  reservoirs.  It  will  be  crossed  by  4 
thoroughfares,  sunk  below  the  general  surface  and  passing 
under  the  carriage  ways  and  other  avenues  of  the  park,  so  as 
not  toobstructthemovemeutof  visitors.  Accesstothe  grounds 
cannot  be  had  from  these  transverse  roads.  This  pai'k  is  now 
under  construction,  and  will  embrace  a  parade  ground  50  acres 
in  extent,  for  the  maneuver  of  large  bodies  of  infantry,  cavalry, 
and  artillerv :  a  botanical  garden,  cricket  grounds,  playgrounds, 
poods  for  skating  in  winter,  and  every  variety  of  scenery  which 
a  surface  naturally  rugged  and  broken  can  be  made  to  present. 
The  plan  embraces  carriage  drives  and  bridle  paths,  winding 
ways  for  pedestrians,  and  broad,  noble  avenues  for  promenade; 
fountains,  lawns,  terraces,  and  every  variety  of  woodliind 
scenery.  Ground  is  reser\'ed  for  a  public  hall  intended  for  con- 
certs; for  a  large  conservatory,  and  exotic  terraces;  for  a  geo- 
metrical flower  garden,  with  wail  foimtains;  for  an  architectural 
terrace,  with  a  large  jet  and  tazza  fountain  :  for  public  bouses 
of  refreshment;  for  residences  of  the  Superintendent  and  head 
gardener:  for  a  police  station,  a  zoological  garden,  and  for  an 
astronomical  observatory,  chartered  in  185;^.  The  grounds  now 
include  the  building  erected  and  still  used  for  a  State  Arsenal, 
but  sold  to  the  corporation,  and  the  Mount  St.  Vincent  Academy 
of  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  There  will  be  over  25  miles  of  walks, 
5  miles  of  bridle  paths,  and  8  miles  of  carriage  road.  The  main 
entrance  will  be  at  the  corner  of  5th  Avenue  and  59th  St.;  but 
other  entrances  will  be  provided  at  convenient  points  on  7th 
Avenue  on  both  ends,  and  along  5th  and  Sth  Avenues. 

The  BalUry  comprises  a  tract  of  about  20  acres  at  the  s.  point 
of  the  island,  planted  with  trees  and  fronting  upon  the  harbor. 
It  was  formerly  a  place  of  fashionable  resort;  but, in  the  exten- 
sion of  commerce,  it  has  lost  most  of  its  prestige.  It  is  still  at- 
tractive on  account  of  its  cool  breezes  and  refreshing  shside.  The 
point,  formerly  called  "  Schrer/frs  Honk.^"  showed  a  number  of 
rocks  above  water,  upon  which  a  platform  was  built  in  1003  for 
a  battery.  This  shallow  spot  was  afterward  filled  in;  and  in 
18.'>3-5G  it  was  further  extended  so  as  to  embrace  its  present 
limits.     It  is  valued  at  $3,000,000. 

The  Bmvting  Gnen  is  a  triangular  park  between  Broadway 
and  Whitehall  St.  and  Battery  Place.  It  is  supplied  with  a 
fountain,  but  is  not  open  to  the  public.  This  Park  or  Green 
formerly  fronted  the  fort  upon  the  Battery.  Prior  to  the  Revo 
lution,  a  leaden  equestrian  statue  of  Geo,  III.  was  placed  in  it, 
which  at  the  commencement  of  the  war  was  thrown  down  and 
ro»-lted  into  bullets.    The  Green  is  valued  at  $135,000. 

Tht  P.trk  is  a  triangular  space  of  lOJ  acres  between  Broad- 
way. Chatham,  and  Chamber  Sts.,  near  the  present  center  of 
commercial  business  in  the  city.  The  City  Hall,  Hall  of  Itecoids, 
Rotunda,  and  New  City  Hall,  used  for  courts  and  public  offices, 
are  located  upon  it.  It  has  a  large  fountain,  which  is  seldom 
used.  This  tract,  formerly  called  "  Tin'  Fields,^'  or  *'  The  Gjm- 
mon,'' from  the  beginning  has  been  owned  by  the  city  and  used 
for  public  purposes.  While  distant  from  the  settled  portion,  it 
was  used  as  a  place  of  execution;  and  the  victims  of  the  negro  plot 
proscription  were  here  burned.  In  the  early  part  of  the  Kevo- 
Uition  the  Sons  of  Liberty  hero  rallied  to  assert  their  rights; 
and  at  a  later  period  it  became  the  scene  of  cruelty  as  the  piison 
and  execution  ground  of  American  patriots.  The  s.  gateway 
was  formerly  of  marlde,  beautifully  finished,  and  surmounted 
bytwo  marble  balls,  gifts  from  theTurkish  Government  to  Com- 
modore Perry,  and  by  him  presented  to  the  city.  They  had 
been  made  for  cannon  balls.  The  foundation  of  this  gateway 
was  laid  with  great  pomp,  the  Mayor  presiding  and  depMsiting 
lo  it  varioua  coins,  papers,  and  memorials,    the  Park  ia  now 


partly  surrounded  by  an  iron  fence,  and  its  sides  are  open  for 
some  distance  to  allow  the  easy  paasai^e  of  pedestrians.  Its 
central  location  renders  it  a  favorite  place  for  popular  gather- 
ings, and,  from  the  throng  constantly  passing,  an  audience  can 
be  swelled  to  thousands  in  a  brief  space  of  time.  This  Pai'k  is 
valued  at  $3,000,009. 

Wasfiivt/ton  Sfiuure,  containing  9J  acres,  formerly  the  ^*Pot- 
tcr^s  Field"  lies  between  Wavcrly  Place.  McDougal.  Fourth,  and 
VVooater  Sts.  It  is  handsomely  laid  out,  and  is  surrounded  with 
residences  of  a  superior  class.  It  has  a  fountain,  and  is  a  favor- 
ite resort  for  promenade.  It  is  estimated  that  100,000  persons 
were  buried  here  before  the  ground  was  taken  for  a  park.  It  is 
valued  at  $816,000. 

Uniim  Park  is  an  oval  area,  with  a  fine  fountain,  on  Broad- 
way, hounded  by  University  Place,  4th  Avenue,  14th  and  17th 
Sts.  It  is  much  frequented  in  summer  by  nurses  and  children. 
It  is  valued  at  $504,000.  Adjoining  the  park,  but  not  within 
its  paling,  is  the  equestrian  statue  of  Wasliington.  in  bronze, 
by  11.  K.  Browne,  erected  in  1S56  at  a  coat  of  over  $;U),OtiO.  It 
is  14  feet  high,  and  stands  on  a  granite  pedental  of  about  the 
same  lioigbt. 

Tiinpkins  Square,  formerly  a  parade  ground,  is  bounded  by 
Avenues  A  and  B  and  by  6th  and  10th  Sts.  It  is  still  new;  but 
it  is  well  laid  out  and  will  become  an  ornament  to  the  eastern 
side  of  the  city.  A  fountain  is  under  construction,  and  other 
improvements  are  in  progress. 

Madison  Square,  comprising  10  acres,  between  5th  and  Madi- 
son Avenues  and  23d  and  26th  Stfl.,  is  beautifully  laid  out  and 
planted  with  trees.  The  at^joiuing  8tre(  ts  are  built  up  with 
first  class  dwellings,  and  it  is  one  of  the  most  fashionable 
places  of  px'omenade  in  the  city.  It  is  valued  at  $520,000. 
Adjoining  this  square  on  the  west  is  a  mot  ument  to  the  memory 
of  General  Worth. 

Stuyvp.sant  Square,  lies  between  15tL  and  17th  Sts.  and  let 
and  3d  Avenues,  the  2d  Avenue  passing  through  it.  It  has  a 
fountain  on  each  side  of  2d  Avenue,  and  is  tastefully  laid  out 
and  planted  with  trees  and  shrubs.  It  was  presented  to  the 
corporation  by  the  late  Peter  G,  Stuyvesant,  and  is  valued  at 
$196,000. 

Jtesenmir  Square,  adjoining  the  distributing  reservoir,  be- 
tween 40th  and  42d  Sts.,  on  6th  Avenue,  from  1851  to  1858  was 
occupied  by  the  Crystal  Palace.  It  is  valued  at  $150,000,  and  is 
at  present  unimproved  as  a  park. 

Manhattan  Square,  between  8th  and  9th  Avenues  and  77th 
and  Slst  Sts.,  is  a  rough,  unimproved  piece  of  laud,  valued  at 
$^>8,000. 

Hamitton  Square,  at  Torkville.  between  3d  and  5th  Avenues 
and  68th  and  69th  Sts.,  has  a  rolhng  surface,  mostly  ab^-ve  the 
level  of  adjoining  streets,  and  is  uuincloscd  and  unimproved. 
The  corner  stone  of  a  monument  to  Washington  was  laid  with 
pompous  ceremonies  on  this  park  Oct.  4, 1847;  but  the  patriot- 
ism that  instigated  the  enterprise  was  expended  In  the  effort, 
and  the  work  was  abandoned  without  further  action.  The 
park  is  valued  at  $97,000. 

Mount  Morris  Square,  between  120th  and  124th  Sts..  on  both 
sides  of  Sth  Avenue,  not  yet  laid  out,  is  valued  at  $40,000. 

A  square  of  17  acres  was  reserved  for  a  park  at  Blooming- 
dale,  between  Sth  aud  9th  Avenues  and  53d  and  57tli  Sts.;  but 
the  location  of  the  Central  Park  has  led  to  Its  abandonment. 
In  various  parts  of  the  city  are  several  small  triangular  plats 
at  the  intersection  of  streets,  valued  at  $10,000  to  $!5,tHt0  each. 
The  city  also  contains  several  parks  not  belonging  to  the  city, 
which  are  laid  out  with  great  care  and  are  truly  ornamental. 

St.  John's  Park,  or  Ilitds'm  Sqtiare,  irontiiv^  St.  John's  Church 
and  bounded  by  Hudson.  Varick.  Beach,  and  Laight  Sts..  be- 
longs to  Trinity  Church,  and  is  valued  at  $400,000.  It  is  kept 
for  the  exclusive  use  of  the  inhabitants  living  nejir  it,  who  pur- 
chase keys  of  the  keeper  at  $10  per  annum.  It  contains  a 
beautiful  fountain. 

Graniviercy  Park,  between  20th  and  2]flt  Sts.  and  3d  and  4th 
Avenues,  is  owned  by  those  living  around  it.  having  been  ced(d 
to  them  by  Samuel  B.  Buggies.  It  is  inclosed  with  an  iron 
raUing  and  a  thick  hedge  of  sweet  prim,  and  is  planted  witb 
ornamental  trees  and  shrubs.    It  has  a  fountain  in  the  center. 

2  Thiy  department  has  a  Board  of  Fire  VVa7-de}is,  consiBting 
of  14  members,  a  Chuf  Enrrine':r  and  13  assistants,  and  3,700 
men,  of  whom  1,923  are  members  of  engine  companies,  1,262 
of  hose  companies,  and  502  of  hoi-k  and  ladder  Cdmpnnies. 
This  body  of  men  constitutes  a  distinct  and  powerful  combina- 
tion, whose  services,  although  gratuitous,  are  prompt  and  in 
every  respect  praiseworthy,  and  whose  interests  the  city  author- 
ities find  it  their  policy  to  protect.  The  city  is  divided  intoS 
fire  districts,  furnished  with  11  district  fire  alarm  bells,  all 
connected  by  telegraphic  signals.  There  are  47  engine  compa- 
nies, 57  hose  companies.  15  hook  and  ladder  companies,  and  4 
bydraut  companies.    The  first  claas  euginea  fauve  compaoiee  of 


424 


NEW     YORK     COUNTY. 


The  Bureau  of  I^anips  and  Gas  has  in  charge  the  lighting  of  the  streets.' 
The  Croton  Aqueduct  Department  is  under  a  board  styled  the  Croton  Aqueduct 
Board,  consisting  of  a  President,  Commissioner,  Chief  Engineer,  and  Assistant,  appointed  by  the 
Mayor  and  Aldermen  for  five  years.  It  has  charge  of  all  structures  and  property  connected  with 
;he  supply  of  Croton  water  and  the  collection  of  water  rents,  of  the  underground  drainage  of  the 
;ity,  of  public  sewers,  of  permits  fur  street  vaults,  of  paving  and  repairing  streets,  and  of  digging 
rnd  constructing  wells.  It  has  a  Bureau  of  Water  Rents,  and  one  of  Pipes,  Sewers,  and  Pave- 
nents.  The  department  was  organized  in  July,  1849,  under  an  act  passed  April  11  of  that  year. 
Previous  to  this  the  Water  Commissioners  were  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  Senate.^ 


Id  men,  the  second  of  60,  and  the  third  of  50.  The  hook  and 
l.idder  companife  have  each  50  niRD,  and  the  hose  companies 
eiich  30,  The  nnmber  of  fires  in  the  year,  ending  Feb.  17,  1859, 
waa  261,  and  of  alarms,  160.  The  leas  by  fire  on  buildings  was 
%^9?,fiil,  and  on  stock  $514.999.— of  which  the  Cryetal  Palace, 
burned  in  Oct.  1858,  formed  a  large  item.  During  the  last  year 
two  large  st^-am  fire  engines  have  been  obtained;  but,  except 
in  extraordinary  cases,  they  are  not  used.  The  city  owns  about 
80,0i}0  feet  of  hose.  The  Department  elects  one  Fire  Commia- 
Bioner  annually  for  a  term  of  5  yeai-9  from  among  exempt  fire- 
men. Thfse  commissioners  form  a  Board  to  decide  upon  the 
formation  of  new  volunteer  companies,  to  investigate  applica- 
tions for  admission  to  companies,  to  examine  into  charges 
against  membei'^.  and  for  cause  to  suspend  or  remove  them. 
The  Fire  Department  possesses  a  fund  derived  from  special 
trusts,  donations,  festivals,  concerts,  fines  for  violation  of  fire 
laws,  and  other  sources,  the  income  of  which  ia  applied  in  aid 
of  tho  families  of  deceased  and  disabled  firemen.  Tlie  report 
of  1857  Rhowed  an  expL-nditure  of  $30,567.91  hy  the  trustees  of 
this  fund.  Among  the  items  of  this  expense  were  1,978  pairs 
of  slioes  and  500  tons  of  coal.  The  invested  fund  amounts  to 
^95,250.  Two  .':chnlar8hips  for  educating  the  sons  of  firemen 
in  the  Dniversity  of  New  York  have  beeu  endowed  by  Myudert 
Van  Pchaick. 

1  The  city  gas  lights  are  furnished  by  three  general  com- 
panies, as  follows: — 

The  Ni'V}  York  Gas  Li/jht  Company  was  incorp.  March  2fi.  1823, 
with  a  capital  of  $1.000l00O.  It  has  works  on  21st  and  22d  Sta., 
from  1st  Avenue  to  East  River,  and  has  6  large  gas  holders  at 
that  station  and  7  others  at  different  parts  of  tho  city.  It  sup- 
plies the  lamps  s,  of  Grand  St^  and  haa  about  130  miles  of  mains 
under  the  streets. 

Manhatt-jn  Gas  Lifjht  Company  was  incoi-p.  Feb.  26, 1830.  with 
a  capital  of  $l,noo.obO.  It  has  2  manufactories  of  gas, — one  on 
tho  Hudson,  at  ;iie  foot  of  18th  St.,  capable  of  making  daily 
3.00(1.000  feet,  and  one  on  East  River,  at  (he  foot  of  14th  St^ 
capable  of  making  3,000,000  feet  daily.  It  supplies  the  city  N. 
of  Grand  St.,  and  has  about  220  miles  of  street  mains.  It 
lights  S.OOO  street  lamps  and  supplies  26,000  wton's  and  dwell- 
ings. In  lf^67  it  made  600,a}0,000  feet  of  gas,  and  in  1859 
830.000.000. 

HiirUm.  Gas  Liqht  Company  was  incorp.  Feb.  8, 1855,  with  a 
capital  of  $250,000.  Its  works  are  situated  upon  Ilarlem  River, 
At  the  N.  extremity  of  Ist  Avenue.  There  are  also  several 
minor  gas  works  for  furnishing  light  to  hotels  and  private  esta- 
blishments. 

3  The  Croton  Aqueduct  is  the  most  extensive  and  costly  work 
in  America  for  sup|tlying  a  city  with  water:  nn'l  its  magnitude 
justifies  a  somewhat  minute  account  of  its  orig^in  and  subse- 
quent history. 

In  1741  the  General  Assembly  pnased  a  law  (which  was  con- 
tinued hy  repeated  enactments)  for  mending  and  keening  in 
repair  the  public  wells  and  pumps  of  the  city.  In  1774  Christo- 
pher Colles  contracted  to  erect  a  reservoir  on  Broadway,  between 
Pearl  and  White  Sts.:  and  the  plan  was  partially  ca'rried  into  I 
effect  before  tho  Revolution.  In  1785  schemes  were  again  agi- . 
tated,  which  led  to  surveys  and  examinations;  and  in  1799  the  j 
Manhattan  Company  was  fjrmed,  ostensibly  to  supply  the  city 
with  water,  but  really  as  a  banldng  institution,  with  a  perpetual  ] 
charter  and  large  privileges.  Its  principal  well  was  at  the 
corner  of  Duane  and  Cross  Sts.,  whence  the  water  wa.s  raised  by 
steam  and  distributed  in  pipes;  but  the  supply  was  limited  in 
amount  and  was  of  very  impure  quality.  During  the  next  thirty 
years  various  schemes  were  proposed  for  constructing  common 
and  artesian  wells,  and  open  canals  from  the  Bronx  and  other 
Streams  in  Westchester  co.  and  Conn.,  and  several  companies 
were  formed:  but  no  practical  steps  were  taken  to  secure  the 
result.  An  act  was  passed  May  2, 1S34,  which  authorized  the  i 
city  to  supply  itself  with  "pure  and  wholesome  water*'  and  to 
issue  its  stock  to  defray  the  cost.  The  Governor  and  Senate 
^pointed  Stephen  Allen,  R.  M.  Brown.  Charles  Dusenberry, 
Saul  Alley,  T.  T.  Woodruff,  and  William  W.  Fox  Commission- 
ers, under  whom  accurate  surveys  were  made  and  various  plans 
and  estimates  considered,  which  resulted  in  recommending 
that  the  water  of  the  Croton  he  taken  near  it-s  mouth  and 
brought  in  an  aqueduct  to  a  reservoir  on  Murray  Hill,  114  ft. 
above  tide.  Tliis  plan  was  approved.  March  11,  by  the  Mayor, 
and  in  April.  1835,  hy  the  people,  by  a  vote  of  ll',367  to  5,903. 
David  B.  Douglass  waf  appointed  Chief  Engineer;  but  in  Oct. 
18^6,  he  was  succeeded  by  .lohn  B.Jervis.  The  work  was  begun 
in  the  spring  of  1837.  and  so  far  completed  as  to  allow  tho  ad- 
fDissioD  of  water  into  the  diatnbuting  reservoir,  July  4,  1842. 


Its  completion  was  commemorated  by  a  grand  civic  celebration 
Oct.  14  of  the  same  year. 

This  aqueduct  is  a  covered  canal,  of  solid  stone  and  brick 
masonry,  arched  above  and  below.  8  ft.  5^  in.  high.  7  ft.  5  in. 
wide  at  the  widest  part,  and  40J  mi.  in  length  from  the  dam  to 
the  distributing  resen-oir.  It  has  a  descent  of  47.9  ft.,  or  13 
in.  to  a  mi.,  and  a  capacity  of  supplying  60,000,000  gallons  of 
water  per  day.  At  intervals  of  1  mi.  are  openings  through 
small  towers  for  ventilation.  The  flow  of  water  is  generally  2 
to  3  ft.  in  depth,  or  27.000.000  gallons  a  day.  It  is  covered  below 
the  reach  of  frosts;  and  the  surface  works  are  carefully  guarded 
by  fences  from  injury  by  cattle.  It  passes  through  16  tunnels 
in  rock,  varying  from  160  to  1,263  ft.,  with  a  total  of  6.841  ft. 
In  Westchester  co.  it  crosses  25  streams  12  to  70  ft.  below  the 
line  of  grade,  besides  numerous  small  brooks  furnished  with  cul- 
verts. Ilarlem  River  is  crossed  upon  High  Bridge  in  two  48  inch 
mains.  12  ft.  below  the  level  of  the  grade  of  the  aqueduct,  and 
turuished  with  gate  chambers  at  each  end.  This  bridge  is  of 
granite,  1,450  ft.  long,  21  ft.  wide  between  the  parapets,  100  ft. 
above  the  surface  of  high  tide  to  the  crown  of  the  arch,  and  114 
ft.  to  the  top  of  the  parapets.  It  rests  upon  15  arches,  8  of 
which  are  of  80  ft.  span  and  7  of  50  ft.  Upon  one  of  the  piers 
is  inscribed  the  following  record  of  the  construction  of  the 
bridge : — 


Aqiteddct  Brhwe. 
Begdn1«39;  Finished  1848. 
Stephen  Aixen,    ] 
Saul  Alley.  watprCom 

C.  DL'SENLERET,       \   VVATERCOM- 
W.W.FOX,  MI.SI0NERS. 

T.  T.  WOODRtTFF,    I 


[  C0XTR.A,O 


John  B.  Jervis,  Chief 
II.  Allen,  Prtnc.  Assist.  [  Eproi- 
P.  IIastie,  Risifknt 
E.  H.  Tracy,  Assistant 
George  Law,  "^  „ 
Samdel  Roberts,  v 
Arnold  Mason,  J  "^^■ 
The  aqueduct  of  masonry  is  continued  fiom  the  bridge  2  mi. 
to  the  Manhattan  Valley,  a  depreaaion  which  is  4,171  ft.  wide  and 
102  ft.  deep.  This  is  crossed  by  an  inverted  siphon  of  iron  pipes 
4,180  ft.  in  length,  with  a  gate  chamber  at  each  end.  The 
masonry  ia  then  resumed,  and  the  aqueduct  is  carried  -t'oVV 
mi.  to  the  receiving  reservoir  in  the  Central  Park,  crossing  in 
this  distance  the  Clendening  Valley,  1,900  ft.  across  and  50  ft. 
deep,  on  an  aqueduct,  with  archways  for  three  streets,  each  of 
which  has  30  ft.  span  for  carriage  way  and  10  ft.  span  on  each 
side  for  foot  passengers. 

The  receiving  reservoir  in  the  Central  Park  is  1,826  ft.  long, 
836  ft.  wide,  covers  an  area  of  3,505  acres,  and  has  a  capacity  of 
150.000,000  galloD.s.  The  banks  are  of  earth,  IS  ft.  wide  at  top, 
and  rise  9  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  water.  The  pipes  pass 
through  brick  vaults.  A  new  reservoir  ia  now  under  construc- 
tion adjacent  to  the  former  ones,  and  also  upon  Central  Park. 
It  ml!  cover  an  area  of  106  aires,  and  will  be  surrounded  by  an 
earth  bank  of  irresular  outline,  which  will  constitute  a  broad 
promenade.  The  distributing  reservoir  at  Murray  Hill,  between 
40th  and  42d  Sts.  and  5th  and  6th  Avenues,  is  a  stone  structure 
in  2  divisions,  designed  to  contain  36  ft.  or  20,000,000  gallons. 
Its  surface  ia  115  ft.  above  mean  tide. 

The  cost  of  the  work  was  $8,575,000,  including  water  rights  and 
land,  besides  $1,800,000  for  distributing  pipes.  The  expense  came 
within  5  per  cent,  of  the  estimate  of  .Mr.  Jervis,  the  Engineer. 
The  annual  interest,  amounting  to  $665,000,  is  paid  by  direct 
water  taxes  and  by  some  indirect  taxes ;  and  a  sinking  fund  is 
provided  for  the  final  liquidation  of  the  debt.  The  construction 
of  this  work  has  lowered  the  annual  rates  of  fire  insurance  about 
40  cts.on  every  $100  insured.  Sing  Sing  Prison  is  supplied  from 
the  aqueduct  as  it  passes  near  that  place. 

The  amount  of  pipe  laid  in  different  years  has  been  as  follows, 
up  to  1859 :— 


Previous  to  1849,  1,024,051  feet. 

Previoua  to  1854, 

30.575  feet. 

July  to  Dec.  1849,      20,236    " 

1856, 

36.921    " 

In  IS.iO,      41,328    « 

1866, 

29.983    « 

1851,      65.199    " 

1857, 

23,320    « 

,    1S52,      6.3.535    " 

1868, 

19,560    " 

1853,      33,782    " 

Total  1,388,380  ft. 
or  262  mi.  5.020  ft 

The  amount  of  pipe  of  different  Blzes  (internal  diameter)  laid 
up  to  1859  haa  been — 

41,324  feet 
5,4no  " 
44.S62  " 
60,878  " 
4,087  " 
A  snrvey  of  the  Croton  Valley  waa  begun  in  1857,  with  tbfl 


4  inch  pipe 

9,473  feet. 

20  inch  pipe 

6    " 

930.816    " 

24    "        " 

10    "        " 

6.875    " 

30    "        " 

12    "        " 

279,804   " 

36    «        '< 

16    "        " 

14,978    " 

48    "        " 

NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


425 


Tlie  AInistaouse  Uepartinent  is  under  the  charge  of  a  Board  of  Ten  Governors  of  the 
Almshouse,  generally  known  as  the  "  Ten  Governors/'^  The  department  was  organized  under 
an  act  of  April  6,  1849,  and  was  modified  the  succeeding  year.  This  board  has  charge  of  the  Alms- 
house, of  the  Relief  and  Support  of  the  Poor,  of  the  County  Lunatic  Asylum,  of  the  Nurseries  for 
Poor  and  Destitute  Children,  the  Penitentiary,  and  ail  the  city  prisons  and  houses  of  detention, 
except  the  sheriff's  jail  in  Elbridge  Street  and  the  House  of  Refuge.  All  ordinary  appropriations 
for  this  department  must  be  submitted  to  a  board  consisting  of  the  Presidents  of  the  Boards  of  Al- 
dermen and  Councilmen,  the  Mayor  and  C(jmptroller.^     If  this  board  approves,  it  reports  to  the 


view  of  ascertaining  its  topography  minutely,  the  better  to 
decide  upon  future  reservoirs  or  other  structures  ii8  they  may 
be  found  necessary.  The  ridge  line  or  watershed  inclosing  the 
valley  above  the  dam  is  101  mi.  in  length.  The  stream  is  39 
mi.  in  li^ngth,  and  its  tributaries  1-36  mi.  The  total  area  of  the 
vallt'y  is  362  square  mi.;  and  within  it  are  31  natural  lakes  and 
ponds,  many  of  which  are  available  as  reservoirs,  and  16  of 
which  have  been  minutely  surveyed  and  estimated. 

The  revenues  from  water  rents  from  Oct.  o,  1842,  to  Dec.  31, 
1858,  have  amounted  to  $6,725,947.98;  and  the  amount  has  in- 
creased from  year  to  year, — except  in  1851  and  1S56,  when  it 
fell  off. 

The  public  sewers  connected  with  this  department,  since 
Feb.  6,  IS46.  have  cost  an  expenditure  of  $163,527.13;  and  the 
amount  of  J^8,o72.00  has  been  collected  from  permits  to  connect 
premises  with  the  public  sewers.  The  length  of  sewers  ct>n- 
Btructed  by  this  department  since  its  organization  in  1849  has 
been  92  mi.  1,340  ft. 

1  The  Governors  of  the  Almshouse  are  elected  by  single  ballot, 
one  being  voted  for  and  two  elected.  This  places  the  board  above 
the  control  of  party  politics. 

2  Public  measures  for  therelief  of  thepoorare  among  the  first 
necessities  of  a  civilized  govt-rnment;  and  one  of  the  earliest 
statutes  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1683  was  for  this  object.  In 
1699  a  law  was  passed  fur  the  relief  of  the  poor  at  their  homes; 
and  about  1714  the  first  almshouse  was  built,  on  the  present  site 
of  the  City  Hall.  In  1795  a  lottery  of  £H).Oi)0  was  granted  for  a 
new  almshouse,  and  the  large  brick  building  on  the  Park  near 
Chambers  St.  (burned  in  1S.54)  was  erected.  lu  1811  a  tract  on 
the  Kast  River,  at  the  foot  of  2tith  St.,  was  bought;  and  the  first 
stone  was  laid  Aug.  1, 1811.  The  present  main  edifice  at  Bellevue 
IIospit;il  was  opened  April  22, 1816,  as  a  hospital,  penitentiary, 
and  almshouse,  at  a  cost  of  ^21,109.  The  management  Wixs  for 
many  years  intrusted  to  five  commissioners  appointed  by  the 
Cominou  Council.  In  1622  the  average  numoer  of  paupers  was 
1,547 ;  and  the  cost  of  the  eatabliahment  for  several  years  was  as 
follows : — 

In  1817 $90,886  1  In  1820 $84,420 

«    1818 ■..  107.600       "    1821 85.000 

«    1819 105,509  I    "    1822 82,200 

The  law  then  required  paupers  to  be  returned  to  tho  town 
where  they  had  gained  residence;  but  this  waa  often  difficult. 
and  vessels  then,  as  since,  often  landed  paupers  in  or  near  tiie 
city  from  distant  places.  In  1822  two  vessels  put  about  100 
paupers  on  shore  a  few  miles  from  the  city,  and  broui^ht  on 
their  b:iggage.  Efforts  were  made  to  remedy  these  abuses ;  but 
it  was  fouml  diflficiilt  in  a  large  population  to  distinguish  those 
coming  into  the  city  liable  to  public  charge,  until  they  applied 
for  relief  in  the  eariy  winter  months. — Sfit.  Doc.  No.  86,  1824. 

Meanwhile  the  aOiiirs  of  the  institutions  at  Bellevue  became 
Tery  corrupt  and  mercenary;  but  a  malignant  ftver,  which  broke 
out  in  1825  and  committed  frightful  ravages  in  the  filthy  wards 
and  loathsome  cellB,  forced  the  question  of  reform  upon  tho 
public.  In  1845  the  Almshouse  waa  placed  under  the  c;ire  of  a 
single  commissiont-r,  and  in  1849  the  present  system  of  super- 
vision went  into  operation. 

Black  wells  Island  was  bought  in  1S2S,  and  Randalls  Island  in 
1835.  In  1848  the  Almshouse  was  completed  on  the  former ;  and 
the  whole  of  both  islands  is  now  devoted  to  ohjects  of  charity 
and  reform,  Kambills  Island  being  in  p;irt  under  the  care  of  the 
Governors  of  the  Almshouse  and  in  part  under  tho  Trustees  of 
the  House  of  Refuge. 

Upon  Blackwells  Island,  commencing  at  the  8.  end,  are  located 
resp'Ctively  the  8mall  Pox  llnspital,  the  Penitentiary,  Island 
Hospital,  female  and  male  Almshouses,  Workhouse,  and  JyUnafic 
Asylum.  Upon  Wards  Island  is  the  Potters'  Field,  under  the 
charge  of  the  Ten  Governors;  and  upon  Randalls  Isl.ind  are  (ho 
extcn^iive  nurseries  and  hospitals  for  poor  children.  Uellevue 
Hospital,  tho  largest  in  the  city,  remains  under  tho  charge  of 
the  Governors  as  a  fever,  surgical,  and  general  hospital.  The 
Coloied  Orphan  Asylum,  Colored  Home,  four  city  itrisoiis.  and 
the  out-door  poor,  are  also  under  the  care  of  this  department. 
A  8h'^)rt  sketih  of  these  several  charges  is  essential  to  a  full 
knowledge  of  the  city. 

Bdlevtie  Hospital  is  350  ft.  long,  the  center  portion  5  stories 
high  and  the  wings  4  stories.  Upon  each  story  are  verandas 
and  outside  stairways  of  iron.  Its  arran;;ement8  throughout 
are  ample  and  judicious,  and  it  can  accommodate  1,.'150  patients. 
It  h:i8  a  clinical  theater  fitted  up  for  the  accommodation  of  large 
classes  of  students.  In  1X.">S  the  number  of  pre-icriiitions  was 
14t6,6(j3;  and  the  number  of  births  is  atjuut  35U,anuually. 


The  resulta  of  its  operation  during  10  yeara  have  been  as  fol* 
lows : — 


Ybars. 

AdmitUd. 

Discharged. 

Remaining. 

Died. 

1849 

3,114 
3,728 
6,401 
6,020 
4,836 
6,213 
6,743 
6,4S4 
7.074 
7.925 

2.716 
3,224 
6..304 
4.449 
4.210 
6,634 
6.476 
6.186 
6.166 
7,612 

612 
671 
fiOO 
647 
6: 14 
674 
6S2 
602 
853 
843 

483 
446 
650 
633 
679 
726 
623 
604 
667 
812 

ISoO.. 

1S81 

1852 

1863 

1854 

1865.  . 

1866 

1867 

1858 

The  Stnall  Pnx  Hospital,  Blackwells  Island,  was  commenced 
April  1,  1854,  and  was  finished  in  the  same  year.  It  is  bnjlt,  in 
tho  Knglish  gothic  stvle,  of  stone  quarried  upon  the  island.  It 
is  104  ft.  by  44,  3  stories  high,  and  cost  S38,000.  It  is  not  de- 
signed for  the  treatment  of  paupers  only,  but  is  fitteii  u|i  with 
express  reference  to  receiving  persons  able  and  willing  to  pay 
for  their  treatment,  and  where,  secluded  from  friends  to  whom 
they  might  impart  their  disease,  they  may  receive  every  atten- 
tion that  science  and  the  most  attentive  nursing  can  bestow. 
It  is  the  only  hospital  of  the  kind  in  or  near  the  city,  ami  takes 
the  place  of  some  old  wooden  buildings  previously  erected  on 
the  island. 

Its  statistics  have  been  as  follows: — 


Years. 

Admitted. 

Discharged. 

Remaining. 

Died. 

1849 

263 
208 
2S6 
149 
166 
186 
56 
l.W 
197 
216 

241 
132 
276 
122 
104 
165 
48 
99 
14S 
198 

13 
48 
10 
12 
25 
5 
3 
11 
27 
5 

29 
41 
6S 
25 
39 
46 
10 
27 
33 
40 

1850 

1861.... 

1.S63. 

1864 

1866         .     ..  . 

1856 

1858 

The  Penitentiary,  opposite  55th  St.,  is  built  of  hewn  stoje 
and  rubble  masonry.  It  consists  of  a  middle  building,  65  by  7G 
ft.,  and  two  wings,  each  50  by  200  ft.,  malting  the  whole  length 
of  the  building  465  ft.  A  new  wing  was  finished  in  1859;  and 
another  is  needed  for  the  accommodation  of  the  inmates.  The 
total  number  of  cells  is  1,736.  The  convicts  are  employed  as 
occasion  requires  in  quarrying  and  dressing  stone  for  buildings 
upon  the  island,  and  as  blacksmiths,  shoemakers,  carpenters, 
weavers,  co<jperB,  painters,  wheelwrights.  Ac.  This  establish- 
ment was  finished  in  1848, — since  which  time  there  have  beea 
admitted  and  discharged  the  following  numbers: — 


Years. 

Admit- 
ted. 

Dis- 
charged. 

Re- 
main- 
ing. 

Years. 

Admit- 
Ud. 

Dis- 
charged. 

Re- 

vuiin- 
ing. 

1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 
1853 

2,109 
3,575 
3,450 
4,444 
6,236 

2,066 
3.6S1 
3,374 
4.160 
6,233 

809 

803 

879 

1,173 

1,176 

1864 
1865 
1856 
1857 
1868 

6,983 
6,197 
4,0U 
3,058 
2,974 

6,286 
5,503 
1,549 
1.640 
2,075 

873 
611 
633 
743 
773 

Much  the  largest  number  of  convicts  are  received  from  thi» 
police  courts;  over  a  third  are  females,  and  a  very  largo  pro 
portion  arc  foreigners.  Over  half  are  committed  for  petit  hir 
ciMiy;  and  the  next  largest  number  for  assault  and  battery. 
The  term  of  sentence  is  usually  1,  2,  3.  4.  or  6  months;  and  but 
very  few  are  sentenced  to  1  year  and  upward.  The  longest 
term  of  years  reported  in  185S  was  10,  and  this  in  only  a  single 
instance. 

The  Island  Hospital,  Blackwells  Tslaod,  was  first  erected  m 
184S,  under  tho  name  of  the  '"Penitentiari/  Hospital:'  Its  name 
was  changed  Dec.  15.  IS-'h.  The  building  was  found  to  be  con- 
structed 'in  a  most  reckless  and  careless  manner,  and  aa  a 
public  building  WHS  a  reproiich  to  any  city."  It  cniitinued  in 
use,  however,  until  deatruyed  by  fire,  Feb.  13,  1858.     At  th% 


42b 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


Supervisors;  and  if  it  disapproves,  it  returns  to  the  Ten  Governors  with  objections.     If  the  latter 
still  adheres  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds,  the  subject  must  be  reported  to  the  Supervisors. 


time  of  the  fire  it  contained  600  inmates;  but  they  were  all  re- 
moved without  loss  of  life.  In  Feb.  1S5S,  a  most  humane  regu- 
lation was  adopted,  by  which  the  eufferius  poor  are  relieved 
vrlthout  being  committed  as  vagrants.  The  building  now  in 
the  process  of  erection  to  supply  the  place  of  the  former  is  3| 
stories  high,  includes  14  wards  and  acoonimodationa  for  744 
patients.  As  on  other  buildings  on  the  island,  convict  and 
workhouse  labor  is  largely  employed  in  the  erection.  The 
fltatistica  of  the  hospital  have  been  as  follows : — 


Yeabs. 

Admitted. 

Discharged, 

S^main- 
ing. 

Died. 

1849 

2,148 

1,919 

192 

292 

1850 

2,009 

1,923 

198 

80 

1851 

2,343 

2,177 

267 

97 

1852 

2,767 

2,651 

272 

111 

1853 

3,136 

2,864 

314 

109 

1854 

3,744 

3,415 

499 

144 

1865 

2,1.58 

2,241 

350 

66 

1856 

1,733 

1,697 

348 

38 

1857 

2,810 

2,649 

635 

74 

1858 

4,140 

4,175 

388 

113 

Almshoxises. — Of  these  there  are  two  separate  and  similar 
structures,  650  ft.  apart,  entirely  distinct  in  their  arrange- 
ments, aiid  each  devoted  to  one  sex  only.  Tliey  are  each  com- 
posed of  a  central  building  50  ft.  square,  57  "ft.  high  to  the 
roof,  and  87  ft.  to  the  top  of  the  cupula,  and  two  wings,  each 
'K)  by  90  ft.  and  40  ft.  to  the  roof.  They  are  devoted  to  the 
care  of  the  aged  and  infirm,  and  present  the  following  result  of 
operations : — 


Years. 

Admitted. 

Discharged. 

Rem^nn- 
ing. 

Died. 

1849 

1,672 

1,115 

1,197 

95 

1850 

2,355 

1.995 

1,304 

169 

1851 

2,783 

2,535 

1,349 

203 

1852 

2,624 

2,510 

1,2S2 

ISl 

1853 

2,198 

2,186 

1,143 

161 

18.54 

2,981 

2,434 

1.402 

288 

1855 

3,096 

2,730 

1,.511 

257 

1856 

3,359 

3,137 

1,458 

256 

1857 

4,204 

3,782 

1,561 

319 

1868 

3,890 

3,369 

1,096 

393 

Less  than  one-fourth  of  the  whole  number  thus  thrown  upon 
the  charities  of  the  city  are  of  native  birth ;  and  more  than  one- 
half  are  females.  The  present  almshouses  have  been  in  use 
since  184^. 

WdrJchousr. — This  establishment  was  authorized  by  act  of 
April  11. 1849.  and  grew  out  of  a  recommendation  of  the  Prison 
Association  of  New  York,  in  which  the  Society  for  Improving 
the  Condition  of  the  Poor  concurred.  A  plan  for  buildings  was 
adopted  the  succeeding  season,  and  work  was  begun  Oct.  3. 1849. 
Tlic  N.  wiug.3  storieshigh, has  150 rooms. openingupon galleries 
around  a  common  central  hall,  and  capable  of  lodging  600  per- 
sons. At  the  N.  end  is  a  cross  arm  4  stories  high,  containing 
workshops.  A  central  building  contains  the  residence  of  the 
Superintendent,  the  kitchen,  storerooms,  offices,  chapels;  and  a 
B.  wing,  for  females,  is  constructed  upon  the  plan  and  of  the 
size  of  the  n.  wing.  This  establishment  was  designed  for  those 
able  to  work  and  who,  not  finding  means  of  support,  were  will- 
ing to  be  committed,  as  well  as  such  paupers,  vagrants,  and 
others  as  misht  bo  deemed  fit  subjects  for  employment.  The 
males  are  usiiatly  kept  employed  as  circumstances  permit,  in 
quarrying  and  grading,  and  as  carpenters,  conpers,  wheelwrights, 
painters,  boat  builders,  blacksmiths,  tinsmiths,  shoemakers,  and 
tailors.  The  females  are  employed  in  knitting,  sewing,  and 
other  light  occupations.  This  institution  has  scarcely  resulted 
in  the  benefits  anticipated,  and  of  all  the  charities  under  the 
care  of  the  Governors  is  perhaps  the  only  one  that  might  pos- 
sibly be  dispensed  with.  It  is  found  impracticable  to  keep  all 
hands  profitably  employed;  and  the  name  of  "'workhouse"  loses 
its  terrors  when  coupled  with  the  idea  of  leisure  hours,  comfort- 
able quarters,  and  sufficient  food. 

Its  statistics  have  been  as  follows: — 


Yeaks. 

Admitted. 

Discharged. 

Hcmain- 
ing. 

Died. 

1860 

757 

604 

328 

28 

1851 

637 

601 

286 

8 

1852 

615 

89 

210 

11 

1863 

1.468 

921 

.529 

15 

1864 

3,894 

3.237 

1,186 

110 

1856 

4,447 

4,482 

956 

41 

1866 

4,034 

3,890 

1,022 

03 

1857 

4,347 

3,669 

1,701 

1868 

4,164 

4,685 

1,240 

40 

The  number  discharged  does  not  include  those  escaped  or 
sent  to  otlier  institutions. 

The  Luftatic  AKf/lom,  near  the  N.  end  of  Elackwells  Island, 
consists  of  an  octagonal  building  80  ft.  in  diameter  and  50  ft. 
high,  with  a  cupola  and  two  wings  at  right  angles  to  each  other, 
each  245  ft.  loug.  One  wing  is  devoted  to  either  sex;  and  the 
arrangement  of  the  wards  admits  of  classification.  Apart  from 
this,  ou  the  e.  side  of  the  island,  is  a  building  of  stone,  59  by  90 
ft.  and  43  ft.  high,  with  a  veranda  on  each  side,  which  is  ex- 
clusively devoted  to  the  noisy  and  violent  class,  where  they 
cannot  disturb  the  more  quiet.  This  structure  is  named  "  The 
Lodge,"  and,  for  obvious  reasons,  is  not  usually  open  to  visitors. 
The  Lunatic  Asylum  proper  was  begun  in  the  spring  of  1S35, 
and.  after  some  months  of  suspension,  the  work  was  resumed 
in  1837,  and  the  w.  wing  was  finished  June  10, 1839.  The  s. 
wing  was  built  in  1847:  and  this,  with  "The  Lodge,"  waa 
finished  In  184S.  The  statistics  during  10  years  have  been  as 
follows  :^ 


Years. 

Admitted. 

Discharged. 

Hcmain- 
ing. 

Died. 

1849 

469 

283 

401 

212 

1850 

391 

251 

464 

( 1 

1851 

441 

308 

617 

80 

1852 

406 

357 

627 

130 

1863 

487 

357 

642 

115 

1854 

486 

283 

655 

190 

1855 

371 

253 

673 

100 

1866 

366 

276 

697 

66 

1857 

326 

296 

627 

75 

1858 

355 

235 

655 

92 

This  institution  is  admirably  managed;  but  the  proportion 
of  recoveries  is  necessarily  less  than  in  those  asylums  in  which 
only  recent  cases  are  admitted  and  the  patients  discharged 
when  there  is  no  longer  a  hope  of  recovery.  This  is,  in  one 
sense,  an  asylum  of  the  incurable. 

The  Pottprs'  Field,  on  Randalls  Island,  was  placed  under  the 
charge  of  the  Governors  of  the  Almshouse  June  19, 1850;  but 
its  location  and  quality  of  soil  were  made  a  subject  of  com- 
plaint, and  it  was  repeatedly  presented  by  grand  juries.  A 
tract  of  69  acres  was  purchased  on  "Wards  Island,  and  brought 
into  use  in  June.  i8.V2.  since  which  time  the  former  field  has 
not  been  used.  About  2,500  interments  are  made  annually  at 
the  public  charge. 

The  NiiraerifS  and  Niirsery  Hospitals  on  Randalls  Island 
consist  of  about  a  dozen  detached  buildings,  not  arranged  on 
any  systematic  plan.  The  grounds  are  inclosed  and  of  ample 
extent:  and  a  farm  is  connected  with  the  institution,  which 
goes  far  toward  furnishing  it  \\-ith  culinary  vegetables.  The 
institution  is  provided  with  ample  schools  and  playgrounds. 
The  numbers  remaining  here  at  the  begioning  of  1^59  were 
88  men.  96  women,  833  boys,  and  303  girls.  The  children  are 
indentured,  given  for  adoption,  or  returned  to  friends,  as  cir- 
cumstances warrant. 

Tfie  Colored  Orphan  Asylum  waa  begun  in  the  fall  of  1836, 
and  was  incorp.  April  16, 1838.  It  is  situated  on  5th  Avenue, 
between  43d  and  44th  Sts.,  and  is  under  the  immediate  charge 
of  lady  managers,  who  report  to  and  receive  funds  from  the 
Governors  of  the  Almshouse  Department.  The  numbers  re- 
maining at  the  close  of  the  several  years  since,  under  this  ar- 
rangement, have  been  as  follows: — 


1849., 
1850 ., 
1851. 
1852 ., 
1853., 


156 

1864 

176 

1866 

201 

1856 

207 

1867 

219 

1858 

..237 
,.233 
..234 
..225 
..219 


In  22  years  it  has  received  in  the  aggregate  970  colored  or- 
phans. This  institution  is  partially  supported  by  benevolent 
contributions  and  partially  by  occasional  appropriations  from 
the  State. 

The  Colored  Hcrme,  on  1st  Avenue,  between  64th  and  65th 
Sts.,  has  44  lots  of  ground,  on  which  substantial  buildings  are 
erected.  It  was  originally  intended  as  a  House  of  Industry. 
In  Oct.  1868,  the  foundations  of  a  new  building  were  laid,  90 
ft.  by  40,  with  a  corridor  from  6  to  12  ft.  wide  on  the  s.  side, 
extending  from  each  wing  of  the  present  building  nearly  11^ 
ft.,  so  that  access  may  be  had  from  all  parts  of  the  house  with- 
out exposure  to  the  weather.  It  contains  departments  for  male 
and  female  hospitals,  home  for  the  aged  and  infirm,  schoolu,  and 
lying-ia  and  nursery  accommodations.  This  is  also  under  the  im- 
mediate care  of  lady  managers,  and  is  sustained  by  contribn- 
tions,  legacies,  and  grants  from  the  State.  In  point  of  order  and 
neatness  it  equals  any  hospital  in  the  city.  The  niale  hospital 
usually  has  about  30  inmates,  the  female  hospital  75.  the  lying- 
in  department  40.  and  tlie  home  of  the  aged  150.  The  average 
nnmbf-r  of  births  is  about  90  annually. 

The  City  Pri.-o7u~four  in  number,  under  charge  of  the 
Governors — are  situated  as  follows; — 

The  Halls  of  Ju^tii-e,  or  "Tombs,"  is  situated  on  Center  St. 
between  Leonard  Hnd  Franklin.  A  portion  is  uccupied  by  court- 
rooms and  prisons  for  persons  awaiting  sentence.    The  house 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


427 


The  Couiniissioners  of  Eliiigration  were  incorp.  by  an  act  of  May  7, 1847,  and  con- 
sist of  6  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Governor  of  the  State,  and  of  the  Mayors  of  New  York 
and  Brooklyn,  and  the  Presidents  of  the  German  Society  and  the  Irish  Emigrant  Society.  They 
Iiave  cliarge  of  the  Marine  Hospital  at  Quarantine,  the  Emigrant  Depot  at  Castle  Garden,  and 
numerous  buildings  on  "Wards  Island  for  the  accommodation  of  the  sick.' 

The  Law  Department  is  under  a  chief  officer  called  the  "Counsel  to  the  Corporation," 
elected  for  three  years.  He  has  charge  of  all  the  law  business  in  which  the  city  is  interested,  when 
so  ordered  by  the  corporation,  and  institutes  all  legal  proceedings  necessary  for  the  opening  and 
widening  of  streets.  He  draws  all  leases,  deeds,  and  other  papers  connected  with  the  finances 
of  the  city.  This  department  has  a  Bureau  of  Corporation  Attorney,  and  another  of  Public 
Administrator. 

The  City  Inspector's  Department  is  under  a  chief  officer  styled  the  City  Inspector, 
who  has  cognizance  of  all  matters  afl'ecting  the  public  health,  pursuant  to  the  ordinances  of  the 
Common  Council  and  the  lawful  requirements  of  the  Commissioners  of  Health  and  of  the  Board 
of  Health.  It  has  a  Bureau  of  Sanitary  Inspection  and  Street  Cleaning,  of  Records  and  Statis- 
tics, and  of  Superintendent  of  Markets.  Coroners  report  to  this  department  all  inquests  made  by 
them.  The  Inspector  is  required  to  report  all  births,  marriages,  and  deaths  within  the  city.  He 
also  appoints  2  Inspectors  and  Sealers  of  Weights  and  Measures,  who  hold  office  upon  the  same 
terms  as  Chiefs  of  Bureaus.  One  Street  Inspector  is  appointed  to  each  of  the  22  wards,  1  clerk  to 
each  of  the  11  markets,^  and  a  keeper  and  assistant  to  each  of  the  corporation  yards. 

The  Judiciary  Department  comprises  the  First  Judicial  District  of  the  Supreme  Court 


of  detention  a^jncent  ie  an  isolated  building,  containing  148 
cells. 

The  JeffTson  Markd  Prison,  at  the  corner  of  Greenwich  St. 
and  6th  Avenue,  was  enlarged  in  1856,  and  36  new  cells  were 
built. 

The  Essex  Market  Prison,  at  the  corner  of  Grand  and  Ludlow 
Sts.,  wlis  completed  in  1S57. 

The  Prison  at  I'^rkviUe  was  abolished  in  March,  1856;  but  it 
has  since  been  revived. 

The  commitments  during  the  year  1858  were  as  follows ; — 


n,          (  Males 

1st  IHst. 

2d  Dist. 

3d  Dist. 

ith  Dist. 

13,955 

11,477 
478 
301 

..  26,211 

3,091 

1,334 

64 

45 

4,534 

2,876 
693 
33 
31 

3,633 

689 

«^«"«-i  Females...... 

191 

n 

BLACK.  { l;'^;',--;;:;: 

Total 

3 

794 
.3.1172 

The.  Oidi/oor  Poor  receive  aid  upon  application  at  the  ofBce  of 
the  Governors,  in  the  Kotunda.  on  the  Park.  These  poor  are 
under  the  care  of  a  superintendent  and  visitors;  and  some  of 
the  principal  items  for  a  series  of  years  have  been  as  follows 


Y«AE3. 

Bmaiions. 

Children^ 
Nursing. 

TVoTw'n  of 

Paupers  and 

Ctiildrm. 

Total  of 
every  kind. 

1860... 

$25,793.18 

$5,934.41 

$  978.30 

$  60.607.05 

1851... 

27,808.13 

7.925.06 

1,621.67 

59,336.64 

1852... 

31.119.85 

9,660.37 

9S0.05 

91,189.88 

1863... 

27,449.76 

10.158.60 

1,005.94 

82,136.74 

1854... 

26,516.76 

9,284.00 

1,687.41 

83,704.09 

1855... 

29,217.88 

9,900.25 

1,647.78 

121,861.14 

1860... 

41.334.13 

12,803.73 

2.448.15 

95.622.60 

1857... 

24.700.26 

10,586.47 

2,479.21 

108,766.75 

18.58... 

19.171.31 

10,774.75 

1,283.37 

140,924.71 

Large  items  are  included  in  the  last  column  for  coal  and 
wood,  transportation  of  coal,  and  wages.  The  totil  expendi- 
ttires  of  the  department  for  all  the  charitios  and  other  institu- 
tions coiJiiccted  with  them  have  been  as  follows: — 


1850  ...  S40fi,fi52.60 
1851....  481.967.3(5 
W52....   501,896.18 


1853 ....  $541,280.66 
1854....  6.W,S74.46 
1855....    816,672.00  i 


1856 $S39,172.58 

1857 896,204.45 

1858 835,228.52 


1  CasUf^  Gard^M,  (formerly  "  CastU.  Clinton,*')  at  the  lower 
point  of  the  Battery,  on  the  Hudson,  wm  granted  by  the  cor- 
poration of  the  city  to  the  United  States,  in  May,  1807,  for  the 
purpose  of  erecting  a  fortification.  The  present  structure  was 
huilt  soon  after;  but  the  foundations  were  found  not  sufficiently 
strong  for  heavy  ordnance,  and  the  site  was  re-conveyed  to  the 
c:ori>oratioii  under  an  act  of  Congress  passed  March  30, 1822. 
The  buiUlint;  waa  subsequently  used  for  the  public  reception  of 
di-^itinguished  strangers,  and  for  concerts,  op-'ras,  public  meot- 
iiigs,  the  annual  lairs  of  the  American  Institute,  and  similar 


purposes,  until  leased  in  1855  to  the  Commissioners  of  Emigra- 
tion as  a  landing  place  for  emigrants. 

The  Emigrant  Befuge  and  Hospital,  upon  Wards  Island, 
consists  of  several  large  buildings  for  hospitals,  nurseries,  and 
other  purposes,  located  upon  a  farm  of  106  acres.  The  total 
number  of  emigrants  who  have  arrived  in  the  port  of  New  York 
since  1846  has  been  2,486,463,  distributed  as  follows : — 

1847 129,061  1851 289.515  1855 136.233 

1848 189,176  1852 300,992  1856 142,342 

1849 220,603  1853 284,945  1857 183,773 

1850 212,796  1854 318,43S'  1858 78.689 

The  greater  number  of  these  proceed  to  their  destination 
without  expanse  to  the  Commissioners. 

The  Marine  Hospital  is  noticed  under  Richmond  County. 
See  page  566. 

2  The  markets  of  New  York  are  owned  by  the  city,  and 
leased  in  small  portions  to  occupants.    They  are  as  follows : — 
CathaHne — Catharine  St.,  East  River. 
Center — Grand  and  Center  Sts. 
C/m^on^ Wash iagton  and  Canal  Sta. 
Esse:r — Grand  and  Ludlow  Sts. 
FranWrn— Old  Slip,  East  River. 
i^H»o7i— Fulton  St.,  East  River. 
C'ouvcrneur — Water,  corner  of  Gouvemeur  St. 
Jefferarm — Sixth  Avenue,  corner  of  Greenwich  Avenue, 
TmipJcins — Third  Avenue  and  Sixth  St.  (now  building  of  iron.) 
Union — Second  and  Houston  Sts. 
Washingtrm — Fulton  St.,  Hudson  River. 

The  principal  market  for  wholesale  is  the  Washington 
Market;  and  thither  most  of  the  teams  from  the  surrotod- 
ing  country  resort  for  the  sale  of  produce.  The  principal  lish 
market  is  adjacent  to  Fulton  Market,  where  facilities  are  pro- 
vided for  unloading  fishing  vessels.  The  immense  supply  of 
anhnal  food  required  by  the  population  of  New  York  has  led  to 
enormous  investments  of  capital  for  the  production,  and  corre- 
sponding arrangements  for  the  bringing  forward,  of  this  class  of 
provisions.  Cattle  are  now  seldom  di-iven  to  market  on  foot. 
Illinois  is  the  greate.st  beef  producing  State  in  the  Union,  and 
its  market  cattle  are  brought  by  R.  b.,  stopping  on  the  way  only 
3  or  4  times  to  rest  and  feed.  About  $12,000,000  are  annually 
expended  by  New  York  and  its  suburbs  for  beef  alone.  The 
measures  taken  for  supplying  the  city  with  fish,  oyeters,  and 
game  are  correspondiugly  great,  and  have  each  in  their  several 
departments  led  to  organized  systems  fur  ftiruit-hiug  their  pro- 
portion with  great  regularity  and  in  quantities  proportioned  to 
the  demand. 

The  markets  for  live  stock  in  New  York  are  provided  entirely 
by  individual  enterprise:  and  the  principal  ones  are  now  on  44th 
St.  and  5th  Avenue.  The  great  market  days  are  Tuesdays  and 
Wednesdays;  and.  since  supplies  can  reach  the  city  nt  all  Bt-a 
sons  with  equal  faciUty,  the  amount  is  distributed  throughout 
the  year  in  a  proportion  nearly  uniform.  This  market  cx-cupies 
14  acres,  and  has  150  yards,  and,  with  its  stalls,  can  accomnio 
date  5,000  bullocks,  and  an  equnl  number  of  sheep  and  calvei* 
The  largest  hog  markets  are  at  the  w. end  of  40th  St.,aaJ  on  the 
Hudson,  at  the  foot  of  y7th  St.  There  are  2  other  market 
places, — one  on  6th  St.  E.of  3d  Avenue,  and  one  in  Robinson  St., 
where  nearly  450.000  sheep  have  ber-n  sold,  bysidea  cuws  and 
calves.    There  are  also  extensive  markets  at  Bc-rgen  Hill. 


428 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


of  the  State,  with  5  justices,  the  Superior  Court,  with  a  chief  justice  and  5  justices,  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas,  with  3  justices,  the  Marine  Court,  with  3  justices,  and  the  Surrogate's  Court.  The 
criminal  courts  consist  of  a  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  held  by  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
a  Court  of  General  Sessions,  held  by  the  Recorder  or  city  judge,  Courts  of  Special  Sessions,  held  by 
the  pi )li(_^e  justices,  4  Police  Courts,  and  6  Justices'  or  District  Courts. 

The  Burials  from  the  city  are  regulated  by  law;  and  none  can  take  place  without  a  cer- 
tificate fniiu  the  Inspector's  Department,  and  a  record  of  the  time,  cause,  and  circumstances  of  the 
death,  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained.' 

Xlie  Board  of  Ilealtli  consists  of  the  Mayor  and  Common  Council.  The  Mayor  is  Presi- 
dent. The  Mayor,  the  Presidents  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Common  Council,  the  Health  Officer, 
the  Resident  Pliysician,  the  Health  Commissioner,  and  the  City  Inspectors,  are  constituted  a  Board 
of  Commissioners,  who  render  advice  to  the  Board  of  Health.  The  Health  Officer  is  appointed  by 
the  Governor  and  Senate.  The  Mayor,  with  the  advice  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen,  appoints  an 
Inspector  of  Vessels.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Board  of  Health  to  watch  over  the  health  of  the  city 
and  port,  and  conduct  and  attend  to  the  business  of  the  Quarantine  establishment.^ 

Ferries  are  established  from  New  York  to  Brooklyn,  Jersey  City,  the  islands,  and  to  numerous 
points  around  the  harbor.  Up  to  1810  the  ferry  boats  were  propelled  by  horse  and  man  power; 
but  during  that  year  steam  was  introduced,  and  now  it  is  exclusively  used  on  all  important  routes. 
A  few  of  the  islands  are  reached  only  by  row  boats.' 

The  facilities  for  passing  from  one  point  to  another  in  the  city  are  numerous,  cheap,  and  con- 


The  mim'ter  of  animals  sold  during  5  yearfl  at  the  New  York 
live  stock  markets  has  been  as  follows :— 


w 

?  =  .4 
III 

ell 

i 

^ 

•i 

1S.14 

115.846 

169,864 

13.131 

68.584 

565,474 

252,328 

1.058.690 

ISS.'i 

97.651 

l.S6,574 

12,110 

47.969 

688,741 

318.107 

1,147.609 

1856 

125,5115 

187,067 

12,857 

4,3,081 

402,739 

345.911 

1,051.655 

IS.W 

116.6)6 

162,243 

12,840 

,34.218 

444,0.36 

2S8.9.S4 

940,819 

1868 

144,749 

191,374 

10.128 

37,076 

447,445 

651.479 

1,238,101 

The  number  of  bullocks  from  the  several  States  sending  to 
this  market,  in  1853,  was  as  follows  ; — 

Average. 
New  York 30,980      695 


No. 


Pennsylvania 1,664  45 

Ohio 4,389  84 

Indiana 11,130  214 

Illinois 62.,S18  1,015 

Kentucky 9,409  181 


Virginia 895 

Connecticut 690 

Texas 1.214 

New  Jersey 603 

Iowa 2,724 

Michigan 1,682 


No.    7'*'* 
Average. 

17 


11 
23 

11 
52 
32 


The  mode  of  reaching  market  was  as  follows : — 

BuMocka,  by  Harlem  It.  R 10.558 

»  Hudson  River  R.  R 50,91fi 

»  New  York  &  Erie  R.  R 93,820 

«        on  foot  2,863 

Swine,  by  Nbw  York  &  Erie  R.  R 301,671 

The  above  stati.'itica  do  not  include  barreled  beef  and  pork, 
and  animals  shiughterud  elsewhere  and  sent  thither  for  sale. 
In  some  seasons  over  3,000  slieep  are  slaughtered  per  week,  at 
Albany,  for  the  Xew  Yorkmai'ket;  and  the  amount  from  other 
places  ia  very  lartje. 

1  The  Burial  Places  of  New  York  were  originally  around  the 
churches ;  and  in  1822  there  were  22  places  of  interment  s.  of 
the  City  Hall.  The  practice  was  found  to  be  offensive  to  the 
senses  and  prejudicial  to  the  public  health,  and  was  accordingly 
prohibited  in  the  older  parts  of  the  city.  The  plan  of  marble 
cemeteries  within  t!ie  city  was  proposed,  and  two  were  con- 
structed between  2d  and  3d  Sts.  and  the  Bowery  and  2d  Av. 
Thes3  contained  234  and  156  vaults  respectively,  were  built 
entirely  of  stone,  and  intended  to  receive  each  a  large  number 
of  bodies.  The  plan  was  found  unsuccessftil,  and  soon  after  was 
superseded  by  that  of  rural  cemeteiii's.  This  appropriate  cus- 
tom, introduced  at  Greenwood  in  lSi-12,  has  led  to  the  laying 
out  of  many  similar  grounds,  each  rivaling  the  other  in  bejiuty 
of  location  and  in  plans  for  the  adornment  of  the  resting  places 
of  the  dead.  The  principal  of  these  are  Greenwood,  C.vpreas 
Hills.  Evergreens,  Mount  Olivet,  Calvary,  Citizens'  Union, 
Friends.  Shearith  Ti^rttel,  and  "Washington,  on  Long  Island; 
Trinity,  on  New  York  Island;  Beechwood.at. New  Rochelle;  Dale, 
ut  Sing  Sing;  Oak  Hill,  at  Nyack;  and  Machpelah,  in  West^ 
Chester  co. ;  and  New  York  Bay  and  other.s,  in  New  Jersey. 
The  Potters'  Field  Ix-longing  to  the  city  is  on  Wards  lisland. 
By  an  ordinance  of  Feb.  3,  1851,  no  burials  are  allowed  g.  of 
86th  St. :  and  Trinity  Church  CVmetery,  embia*;ioi;  -3^^^^^  acres 
between  the  Hudaon  and  10th  Av.  and  163d  and  I55th  Sta.,  ia  the 


principal  one  now  in  use  on  the  island.    It  was  purchased  in 
1842. 

2  Pestilence  has  on  several  occasions  committed  frightful 
ravages  among  the  population  of  the  city.  Among  these  visita- 
tions the  following  are  worthy  of  reconl : — 

1702. — A  pestilence,  probably  yellow  fever,  was  brought  from 
St.  ThoniJis,  of  which  500  died  up  to  ^ept.,  and  70  more 
during  the  first  week  of  that  month,  out  of  a  popular 
tiou  of  6.000  to  7.000. 

1732.— In  autumn  an  infectious  fever  prevailed,  of  which  70 
died  in  a  few  weeks. 

1743. — A  "bilious  plague"  broke  out,  of  which  217  died  in  one 
season.  It  was  confined  to  swampy  ground.  This  is 
the  first  official  report  on  mortility  to  the  Blayor. 

1745. — Malignant  yellow  fever  prevailed. 

1747. — The  bilinus  plague  re-appeared. 

1791. — The  yellow  fever  prevailed,  of  which  200  died. 

1794. — Yellow  fever  again  appeared,  occasioning  much  alarm, — 
though  only  'J.0  to  30  died. 

1795. — The  yellow  fever  prevailed,  carrying  off  730,  of  whom 
500  were  foreigners  recently  arrived. 

1796. — A  malignant  fever  prevailed,  from  filling  in  of  docks,  of 
which  70  died. 

1797. — The  yellow  fever  occasioned  45  deaths. 

1798. — Memorable  for  its  pestilence, — probably  yellaw  fevei^ — 
which  appeared  in  New  York  in  the  first  week  in 
August,  and  proved  fatal  to  2,080  persons,  of  whom 
1,110  were  men,  5S9  women,  and  885  children. 

1799. — Yellow  fever  again  prevailed,  but  much  less  aggravated. 

1801.— About  160  died  of  yellow  fever. 

1803. — From  600  to  700  died  in  New  York  of  yellow  fever. 
Since  this  year  regular  statistics  of  mortality  for  the 
city  are  preserved  for  eacli  vear,  from  which  it  appears 
that  yellow  fever  in  1805  destroyed  270,  and  in  1822, 
166;  and  that  cholera  destroyed  3.513  in  1832;  971  in 
1834;  5.071  in  1849;  and  374"iii  1852.  The  mortuary 
tables  show  during  the  50  years  ending  with  1&53  a 
total  of  364,698  deaths. 

3  The  ferries  running  to  and  from  New  York  are  under  the 
exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  corporation,  and  deiive  their 
authority  by  lease,  usually  for  a  term  of  years.  The  following 
is  a  summary  of  those  now  running: — 

Staten  Island  F>rri/,  from  Whitehall  St.  to  Quarantine.  Cliflon, 
and  Stapleton.  Also  extends  to  New  Brighton.  Factory  Vil- 
lage, and  Port  Richmond.  It  is  leased  to  the  Staten  I.sl md  & 
New  York  Ferry  Co.  until  1865.  at  an  annual  rent  of  ?,j,100. 

HamiUfm  Avenuf.  Ferry,  fiom  Whitehall  St.  to  IlamiUnn  At., 
Brooklyn,  1,765  yards  in  length,  is  leased  to  the  Union  Ferry 
Co.  until  1861. 

South  Ferry,  from  Whitehall  St.  to  Atlantic  St.,  and  Lovr  Inland 
Rail  Road.  Brooklyn.  1,476  yards  in  length,  is  hased  to 
the  Union  Ferry  Co. 

Wall  Street  Ft'rry,  from  Wall  St.  to  Montague  Place,  I'rooltlyn, 
1,150  yards  in  length,  belongs  to  the  Union  Ferry  Co.,  and 
is  leased  until  1862,  at  an  annual  rent  of  $5,000. 

Fuitnn  Sfrrfl  Ferry,  from  Fulton  St.  to  Fulton  St..  I'rooklyn, 
730  yards,  belongs  to  the  Fulton  &  Union  Ferry  Co.,  and, 
including  the  South  and  Hamilton  Avenue  Ferries,  renta 
for  Si5.i.i00.     It  is  leased  until  ISid. 

Peck  Slip  Ferry,  from  Pock  Slip,  foot  of  Ferry  St  fot,  to 
South  Sth  Street.  William8l'ur.ih,  2.800  yda.,  is  I  -.sfil  to  .T. 
V  Merserole  &  Co.  until  1869,  at  an  animal  rcut  of  $J1,000. 


NEW     YORK    COUNTY. 


429 


venient,  and  the  establishment  of  all  of  them  is  so  recent  aa  to  be  within  the  memory  of  every  adult 
citizen.  They  consist  of  5  city  rail  roads  and  29  lines  of  omnibuses.^  Since  the  introduction  of 
rail  roads  and  the  multiplication  of  steam  ferries  and  steamboat  routes,  a  lar^e  number  of  persons 
transacting  business  in  the  city  have  been  enal)led  to  provide  residences  in  the  country  adjucent, 
where  they  can  enjoy  the  comforts  and  luxuries  of  a  rural  home  without  a  sacrifice  of  business 
interests.  A  large  proportion  of  the  inliabitants  of  Brooklyn,  and  great  numbers  residing  within 
30  mi.  of  the  city,  on  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island  and  in  the  adjacent  parts  of  Westchester 
county  and  New  Jersey,  are  in  this  manner  closely  identified  with  the  business  of  the  city,  and 
might  in  one  sense  be  included  in  its  population.  New  York  and  its  immediate  suburbs  are  thus 
80  united  in  interests  that  they  virtually  constitute  one  great  metropolis,  and  would  probably  at 
this  time  number,  within  a  radius  of  10  mi.  from  the  City  Hall,  about  a  millitm  and  a  quarter  of 
inhabitants.^ 

The  institutions  of  New  York  designed  to  meet  the  intellectual  and  social  wants  of  the  people  in 
extent  and  variety  have  no  equals  in  America;  and  many  of  them  surpass  all  similar  institutions 
in  the  world.  These  institutions,  noticed  under  special  heads,  are  devoted  to  education,  both  general 
and  special,  to  benevolent  objects  in  various  forms,  to  religion  and  morality,  to  intellectual  culture, 
and  to  the  promotion  of  the  useful  and  fine  arts.  They  do  not  strictly  all  belong  to  the  city,  nor 
do  they  adequately  represent  the  wants  of  the  city  population.  Many  of  the  schools  and  other  in- 
stitutions, from  their  peculiarities  and  excellence,  attract  great  numbers  from  abroad ;  and,  on 
the  other  hand,  a  great  number  of  educational  institutions  in  the  adjoining  counties  depend  for 
support  almost  entirely  upon  city  patronage.  A  reciprocity  of  interests  between  city  and  country 
is  thus  kept  up  in  intellectual  as  well  as  in  business  affairs. 

The  Public  ScbOOl  System  of  New  York  now  constitutes  one  of  the  most  important  in- 
terests of  the  city,  both  in  regard  to  its  effect  upon  the  social  position  of  the  people  and  in  the 
amount  of  its  annual  expenditures.  There  were  reported,  at  the  close  of  1858,  a  free  academy^ 
for  the  complete  collegiate  education  of  boys,  4  normal  schools  for  the  instruction  of  teachers,  57 
ward  schools,  including  51  grammar  schools  for  boys,  48  grammar  schools  for  girls,  and  55  primary 
departments  for  both  sexes;  35  primary  schools,  42  evening  schools,  of  which  23  are  for  males  and 


Boosevdt  .^reet  Ferry,  from  Roosevelt  Street  to  Bridge  Street, 

Bmoklyn.  1.450  yds.,  is  leased  to  the  Union  Ferry  Co.  until 

1867.  at  $3,000  per  annum. 
JctTHfis  Street  F<'rry  is  establislied  from  James  Slip  to  South  7th 

Street.  William sbuigh. 
Catharine  Street  Ferry,  from  Catharine  Street  to  Main  Street, 

Brooklyn,  736  yds.,  is  leased  to  the  Uuion  Ferry  Co.  until 

1863,  at  $16,000  per  annum. 
Vixisimi  Ax^fniie  Ferry  extends  from  Grand  Street  to  South  7th 

Street.  Willianisburgh. 
Orand  Street  Ferry,  from  Grand  Street  to  Grand  Street,  Wil- 

liamsburgh,  is  900  yds.  in  length. 
Houst'm  StreH  Frtn'y,  from  Uoustun  Street  to  Grand   Street, 

Williamaburgh.  700  yda..  is  lensod  to  the  Houston  Street 

Ferry  Co.  until  1863,  at  SG.l"iO0  per  annum. 
Tenth  Stiret  Ferry,  from  10th  Street  to  Green  Point,  is  leased 

until  1865,  at  $250  per  annum. 
Twenty-Third  S/n-et  Ferry,  from  23d  Street  to  Green  Point,  is 

leased  until  1863,  at  $100  per  annum. 
Hunters  Point  Fe.rry,  fromSltb  Street  to  [lunters  Point.  Queens 

CO.,  is  leased  to  A.  W.  Winants  until  1867,  at  $100  per  an- 
num. 
Black-wells  Island  Ferry  extends  from  61st  Street  to  Blackwells 

Isbtnd. 
Mellgate  Ferry,  from  86th  Street  to  Astoria,  Queens  cc,  is  leased 

to  S.  A.  ilalsey  until  1867.  at  $50  per  annum. 
J^rds  Islond  Ferry  extends  from  lOCth  Street  to  Wards  Island. 
Randalls  Islawl  i^^rrf^s  extend  from  122d  Street  to  the  Institu- 
tions under  the  charge  of  the  Ten  Governors,  and  from  117  th 

Street  to  the  House  of  Itefuge. 
Jersey   City  Ferry,   from   Cortland   Street  to   Jersey  City,  1 

mile,  is  leased  to  the  Jersey  City  Ferry  Co.  until  1866,  at 

$5,000  per  annum. 
Barclai/  Street  Ferrv,  from  Barclay  Street  to  HoboUen,  N.  J.,  is 

leased  to  J.  C.  &  R.  L.  Stevens  untU  1865,  at  $100  per  an- 
num. 
(hnal  Street  F»Try.  from  Canal  Street  to  Hnbokon.  N.  J.,  is  leased 

to  J.  C.  &  R.  L.  Stevens  until  ls60.  at  $fiOO  per  annum. 
Christojiher  Street  Feri'V,  from  Christopher  Stn^et  to  Hubokon. 

N.  J.,  is  leased  to  J.  C.  &  R.  L.  Stevens  untU  1862,  at  $^^0 

per  annum. 
Weehawken  Ferry  extends  from  42d  Street  to  Weehawken.  N.  J. 
Elysiajt  Fields  i^erry  extends  from  19th  Street  toElysian  Fields, 

N.J. 
The  Union  Feri'v  Co.  owned  on  the  Ist  of  Nov.  1858,  eighteen 
boats.  Viilu.-d  at  $480,800. 

*  Some  of  the  principal  facts  concerning  the  city  rail  roads 
are  as  follows : — 


Cars  run  at  frequent  intervals  and  use  horse-power.  Fare, 
uniformly  5  cents.    On  3d  Avenue  to  Hiirlem,  0  lents. 

Second  Avnur  extends  fiom  Peck  Slip,  tbroiigli  Pearl.  Chat- 
ham, Bov.ery,  Grand,  and  Chrystie  Streets  and  2d  Avenue,  to 
23d  Street;  thence  to  4L;d  Street.  Returns  througli  2d  Avenue, 
23d  Street,  1st  Avenue,  Allen  and  Grand  StroL-ts,  Bowery,  Chat- 
nam.  Olivei",  and  South  Streets. 

Third  Avenue  extends  through  Park  Row,  Chatham.  Bowery, 
3d  Avenue,  and  Yorkville,  to  Harlem  River  Bridge.  12tith  St. 

Kew  Yorlc  d: Hitrkm  If.  R.  extends  through  Park  Row,  Cen- 
ter, Broome,  and  Bowery  .Streets,  to  4th  Avenue,  and  up  to  42d 
Street,  where  locomotive  trains  stop. 

Sixth  Avenue  extends  through  Vesey,  Church,  Chambers,  W. 
Broadway,  Canal.  Varick,  and  Carmine  Streets,  and  6th  Ave- 
nue, to  -iith  Street. 

Eighth  Avenue  extends  through  Vesey,  Clmrch,  Chambers, 
W.  Broadway,  Canal,  and  Hudson  Streets  and  8th  Avenue  to 
W.  59th  Street. 

Ninth  Amiu^,  track  laid  and  used  to  54th  St. 

The  Hudson  River  B,  II,  and  New  Haven  R.  R.  run  no  city 
cars. 

The  omnibuses  all  have  the  names  of  their  roxites  pnintod 
upon  the  outside.  The  rates  of  fare  are  4,  5,  or  6  cts..  which  Is 
paid  without  regard  to  distance  trnveletl  up'in  or  within  them. 
Licenses  are  granted  annually :  and  in  1858  439  stage  licenses 
were  taken  at  $20,  and  5  out-of-town  lines,  at  $5  per  stage, 
amounting  in  the  agj;regate  to  $10,3.'i5.  All  otht-r  conveyances 
for  public  hire  are  also  licensed,  the  number  in  1858  being,  hacks, 
41)2.  and  special  hacks,  320. 

2  MoKt  of  the  suburban  distrii^ts  of  New  York  witln'n  tliisStalo 
are  particularly  noticed  in  this  work  in  the  cnntie^  and  towns 
in  which  they  are  located.  Jersey  City,  wliich  lias  grown  np 
within  a  few  years,  had,  in  1855,  21,715  inliabitants.  Jt  is  the 
terminus  of  tlie  New  Jersey  R.  R.,  connecting  wiih  lines  S.  and 
w..  and  the  Union  R.  R..  connecting  with  tht^  New  York  &  Erie 
and  the  Northern  New  Jersey  R.  R.  It  is  the  landing  place  of 
tlie  Cunard  steamers,  the  seat  of  important  manufactures,  and 
the  reeidence  of  multitudes  duing  bu'ine.'-s  in  New  York  City. 
Hoboken  City  is  also  a  place  of  consid*  raljle  iniportmce  fnun 
its  proximity  to  the  city.  It  had.  in  1S55.  G.727  inhabitants. 
Hudson  City,  in  the  rear  of  these,  had  3  322  inhabitants;  and 
numerous  other  places  along  tlie  Hudson  in  N.  J.  are  receiving 
attention  as  desirable  places  fi>r  hnines. 

3  The  Frc«  ,4cm//'my  was  estjiblisbed  by  an  actofMny  7.  18.^7, 
subject  to  a  popular  vote,  which  gave  li).404  for  and  3,400  against 
the  measure.  An  edifice  in  the'gnthic  styb-  of  the  f.ownb.allfl 
of  the  Netherlands.  80  by  100  f(..  was  erected  on  Lexington  Avo- 
nuej  corner  of  23d  Street,  in  1S48,  with  acconiniodatious  for 


430 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


19  for  females,  and  11  corporate  schools.'  In  the  same  year  there  were  employed  1,729  teachers, 
— of  whom  440  were  males  and  1,289  were  females. 

Tbe  Public  Scbools  are  managed  by  a  Board  of  Education,  consisting  of  two  commis- 
sioners from  each  ward.  The  local  affairs  of  each  ward  are  managed  by  local  Boards  of  Trustees. 
The  present  system  was  organized  under  an  act  of  1812  ;  but  it  has  been  modified  by  various  acts 
since.  In  1853  the  Public  School  Society  was  dissolved  and  the  schools  under  its  control  were 
merged  in  the  ward  schools  of  the  city.  The  Board  of  Education  distributes  its  duties  among 
committees,  and  appoints  a  City  Superintendent  to  exercise  a  general  supervision  over  the  schools.' 

Academies  and  Colleges.  There  are  in  the  city  3  academic  institutions,  2  colleges,  4 
medical  colleges,  2  theological  schools,  and  a  great  number  of  schools  for  perfecting  students  in 
special  branches  of  education.'  In  addition  to  the  schools  sharing  in  the  distribution  of  the  school 
fund,  there  are  a  great  number  of  mission,  charity,  parish,  denominational,  and  private  schools,  of 


1.000  pupils.  The  cost  of  the  grounds,  buildings,  furniture,  ap- 
paratus, and  library  was  $100,801.48;  and  the  cost  of  mainte- 
nance to  Jan.  1, 1859,  was  $33,238.17.  The  students  and  the 
graduates  in  eilch  year  have  been  as  follows  : — 


1849. 

1860. 

1861. 

1852. 

1863. 

Students 

Graduates.... 

201 

2S5 

383 

498 

636 
17 

1654. 

1855. 

1856. 

1867. 

185S. 

Students 

Graduates.... 

637 
20 

688 
32 

875 
20 

805 
21 

885 
25 

Applicants  for  admission  to  this  school  must  reside  in  the 
city,  tie  1-i  yuais  of  age,  and  must  have  been  students  in  the 
common  schools  12  months,  and  must  sustain  an  examination 
in  the  ordinaj-y  English  studies.  The  school  has  a  5  years' 
course  of  study,  and  its  graduates  receive  the  dc-gree  of  A.B. 
Several  medals  and  money  prizes  have  been  endowed,  and  socie- 
ties of  students  and  alumni  have  been  formed. 

1  The  number  of  pupils  in  1S58  was  as  follows : — 


Normal  schools 850 

Corporate  schools 10,697 


General  aggregate 171,768 

Average  attendance 51,430 


Free  Academy 8S5 

Boys'  grammar  school-  29.309 
Girls'        "  "      ..  26,991 

Primary  department....  59,276 

Primary  schools 23,760 

Evening  schools,  about.  20,000 

2  The  '•  Free  School  Society,"  afterward  tho  "  Public  School 
Society,"  was  founded  in  June,  1805,  and  its  first  school  was 
opened  May  17. 1S06.  During  its  long  career  tliis  honored  society 
disbursed  millions  of  dollars  of  public  money,  afforded  educa- 
tion to  600,000  children,  and  fitted  1.200  teachers  at  its  normal 
schools.  It  twice  tendered  its  property  to  tlie  city  authorities 
to  satisfy  a  popular  objection  that  so  much  property  shuuld  not 
be  managed  by  a  corporation ;  but  in  both  instances  the  tender 
was  declined.  After  the  society  was  dissolved,  its  books  and 
papers  were  deposited  with  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 
Its  re;il  estate  used  for  school  purposes  consisted  of  15  public 
BChoolhouses,  a  trustees'  hall  on  Grand  Street,  and  a  workshop 
on  Crosby  Street. — Dissolution  of  fab.  Scfuiol  Si^c.  utkI  Rep.  of 
Com-.,  p.  7. 

The  11  corporate  schools  share  in  the  public  money,  but  are 
in  no  sense  under  the  care  of  the  Board.  Tho  exj)enses  of  the 
public  schools  in  1858  were  as  follows: — 

Salaries  of  teachers  and  janitors $  556,445.93 

New  schoolhouses,  repairs,  purchase  of  new  sites..      228,810.13 

Fuel 25,217.08 

Books,  stationery,  and  apparatus 105.328.31 

Salaries  of  superintendents,  clerks,  and  ofBcers  of 

the  board 23,398.51 

Support  of  Free  Ac;ulemy,  including  repairs 45.834.73 

Evening  schools 64,515.03 

Normal  schools 11.290.22 

CoDtiugent  expenses 45.427.05 


Total  expenses  of  public  schools $1,106,266.99 

»  The  academies  subject  to  the  visitation  of  the  Regents  are — 
Tlie  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution,  incorp.  April  15, 1830. 
Grammar  School  of  Columbia  College,  incorp.  April  7, 1838. 
New  York  Free  Academy,  incorp.  Oct.  31,  1849. 
Rutgers  Female  Institute,  incorp.  Jan.  23.  1840. 
Gilumbia  OAlege  was  ch;irtered  as  **  King's  CoUci^e"  Oct.  31, 
1754,  and  under  the  Colonial  Government  was  :dded  by  a  lottery, 
grants  of  lands,  and  liberal  private  donations  from  England. 
A  plot  of  ground  between  Murray,  Barclay,  Church,  and  Oiapel 
Streets  was  given  by  Trinity  Church  for  the  college  site,  and 
the  corner  stone  was  laid  July  23.  1756.    The  building  wa.-?  fin- 
ished in  1760,  and  during  the  Revolution  it  was  used  for  a  hos- 
pital.   In  1792  tho  trustees  established  a  medical  school,  and 
BUBtained  ituntil  1813.    The  college  remained  in  its  first  location 
until  the  premises  were  greatly  enhanced  in  value  by  the  growth 


of  the  city  and  the  spread  of  commercial  establishments  around 
and  beyond  it.  An  act  was  passed  March  19,  1857,  authorizing 
the  purchase  of  another  site  for  college  purposes,  in  accordance 
with  which  the  grounds  at  the  foot  of  Park  Place  were  sold  for 
$596,650,  the  college  still  retaining  many  lots  on  Barclay  Street, 
Park  Place,  Murray  Street,  and  College  Place,  wliich  are  rented 
for  long  periods,  and  whose  prospective  value  it  is  impossiblo 
to  estimate.  The  premises  lately  owned  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  on  49th  Street,  near  4th  Avenue,  were 
purchased,  with  4  other  lots,  for  $75,366.10,  and  fitted  up  at  a 
total  cost  of  $114,1136.01.  This  change  is  understood  to  be  only 
a  temporary  one,  the  ultimate  intention  being  to  locate  on  the 
premises  of  the  Botanical  Garden,  between  47th  and  51st  Streets, 
on  5th  Avenue.  This  garden,  originally  embracing  about  20 
acres,  was  laid  out  by  Dr.  David  llosack,  early  in  the  present 
century,  for  the  introduction  of  exotic  plants,  experiments  in 
agriculture  and  horticulture,  and  the  promotion  of  science. 
The  Governor,  in  his  message  of  1S06,  commended  the  object 
as  worthy  of  public  aid.  In  1810  a  memorial  from  the  cor- 
poration of  New  York,  the  County  and  State  Medical  Society, 
and  the  Governors  of  the  New  York  Hospital  was  addressed  to 
the  Legislature,  in  pursuance  of  which  the  Garden  was  pur- 
chased fur  $73,000,  upon  the  appraisal  of  3  commissioners,  and 
placed  in  charge  of  the  Regents  of  the  University.  The  latter 
placed  it  in  the  hands  of  the  Trustees  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  April  1,  ISll.  In  1814  it  was  granted  by 
the  Legislature  to  Columbia  College,  upon  the  condition  that 
within  12  years  the  College  should  be  removed  thither ;  but  in 
1819  this  condition  was  rescinded,  and  $10,000  was  given  to  the 
College  to  aid  in  extending  the  premises  upon  the  original  loca- 
tion. These  grounds  have  also  increased  greatly  in  value,  and 
the  College  is  at  tliis  moment  perhaps  the  wealthiest  in  the 
Union,  with  this  important  feature:  that  its  wealth  is  not 
coupled  with  irksome  conditions  and  provisions,  but  left  free  to 
the  discretion  of  its  trustees.  A  gi-ammar  school  has  been 
many  years  connected  with  the  College. 

Thf.  University  of  the  City  ofAew  Fork,  located  on  the  E.side 
of  Washington  Square,  occupies  a  fine  marble  building  in  the 
PMglish  collegiate  style  of  architecture.  It  is  100  by  200  ft.  on 
the  ground;  and  besides  the  portion  occupied  by  the  College, it 
contains  rooms  leased  to  societies,  artists,  and  professional  per- 
sons. This  College  gi-ew  out  of  a  discussion  with  regard  to  a 
University  on  a  more  extended  plan  than  any  in  the  Union.  A 
convention  of  Iitei*ary  and  scientific  gentlemen  was  held  in  the 
fall  of  1830,  and  in  that  year  a  subscription  was  opened  to  raise 
$100,000  for  the  establishment  of  a  University.  A  heavy  debt  de- 
pressed it  until  1854.  It  has  a  Preparatory,  a  Collegiate,  and  a 
Professional  Department;  the  last  embracing  5  schools. — viz.: 
of  Art,  of  Civil  Kngim-ering,  of  Analytical  and  Practical  Chem- 
istry, of  Medicine,  and  of  Law.  It  has  a  total  of  38  professors 
and  765  stud^'nts. 

T/ie  Chllegp  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  is  located  on  23d  St. 
and  4th  Avenue.  The  site  and  grounds  are  leased  with  privilege 
of  purchase,  and  funds  derived  from  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of 
the  building  on  Crosby  St.,  formerly  owned  by  it,  have  be^n 
raised  to  effect  the  purchase.  The  edifice  now  used  is  75  bv  100 
ft.,  and  is  valued  at  $90,000.  The  first  story  is  leased  for  stores. 
The  College  wa.s  incorp.  by  the  Regents  in  1807,  by  virtue  of  an 
act  passed  March  21.  1791.  Lectures  were  first  held  in  1807;-08. 
The  Medical  Department  of  Columbia  College  was  merged  in  this 
Nov.  1, 1813.  The  College  has  2  coui'ses  of  lectvu'es  annually, 
and  a  library  of  1.200  volumes. 

The  University  Medical  College,  formed  under  an  act  of  (Feb. 
11, 1837,  as  a  branch  of  the  University  of  New  York,  is  located 
on  14th  St.  between  Irving  Place  and  "3d  Avenue.  The  building 
is  80  by  103  ft.,  4  stories  in  front  and  5  in  rear,  and  is  valued  at 
$50,000.  Its  charter  provides  that  5  students  of  the  Free  Aca- 
demy shall  be  ai.lmitted  free  of  charge  except  tbe  matriculation 
fee.  Its  library  numbers  5,000  volumes,  and  its  museum  is 
valued  at  $25,000.  Two  courses  of  lectures  are  delivered  annu- 
ally. 

the  New  Tf/rk  Medical  CoUe^e.  located  on  E.  13th  St.,  was  incorp. 

in  1850.     The  college  building  is  60  by  120  ft.,  and  is  valued  at 

$70,000.    It  has  a  5  months'  course  of  lectures  annually.    Ten 

students  are  admitted  upon  payment  of  $2<i  and  m^Uricula'tion  fee 

The  Meiropditan  Medical  College^  located  ut  68  E.  Broadway, 


NEW    YOKK    COUNTY. 


431 


■which  no  reports  are  made  collectively  to  the  public.  Many  of  these  nave  special  courses  of  study, 
or  are  limited  to  ohjects  not  embi'aced  in  a  general  plan  of  e<hication.  Several  of  these  are  nume- 
rously attended;  and  in  some  the  extent  of  the  course  of  study  is  equal  to  that  in  our  colleges.^ 

About  250  periodicals,  embracing  daily,  tri-weekly,  semi-weekly,  weekly,  semi-monthly,  monthly, 
and  quarterly,  are  issued  in  the  city  of  New  Yoi*k,  counting  under  one  title  the  several  editions 
issued  from  the  same  press,  unless  bearing  different  names.**^ 


was  iucorp.  March  28, 1857.  It  haa  2  courses  of  lectures  annu- 
ally. 

Thfi  New  Torlc  Preparatory  School  of  Medicine,  incorp.  April 
13. 1859,  has  not  Ueen  fully  organize*!.  Its  cliarttr  allows  it 
to  confer  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine  upon  persons  of 
not  less  than  lit  years  of  age.  after  sustaining  au  examiuation 
in  the  studies  emhrai^ed  in  its  course,  and  places  it  under  the 
visitation  of  the  Kogents. 

The  (blhgc  of  Pharmacy,  chartered  April  25, 1831,  has  rooms 
in  the  New  Vork  Medical  College,  at  which  lectures  are  delivered 
4  months  annually,  on  Chemistry.  Materia  Medicii,  ;ind  Uotany, 
and  diplomas  aae  given.  By  an  act  of  Mitrch  11, 1K39,  a  diploma 
from  this  college  is  necessary  for  a  person  not  otherwise  duly 
qualified,  to  act  as  an  apothecary  in  the  city. 

The  New  York  County  Medical  Socidy  was  formed  July  12, 
1806,  and  now  numWrs  4o(J  members. 

Tht;  Pathological  Socvty  for  improvement  in  medical  practice 
meets  semi-monthly. 

The  Academy  of  Medicine  was  formed  in  1847  and  incorp.  in 
1851.  It  meets  monthly  at  the  University,  and  sends  5  repre- 
sentatives to  the  State  Medical  Socii-ty.  There  are  several 
other  medical  and  surgical  societies  in  various  parts  of  the  city. 

r/w  General  The<ilf>gical  iSeminwy  of  the  Pmt.  E.  Church  of 
the  U.S.  was  established  at  IVew  Haven  in  1819  and  removed  to 
this  city  in  1822.  It  was  incorp.  April  5,  1822,  and  is  well 
endowed.  Its  library  numbers  over  12.000  volumes.  It  occupies 
2  handsome  stone  buildings,  each  50  by  ItO  ft.  on  20th  St.,  be- 
tween 9th  and  10th  Avenues.  Its  tnistees  consist  of  the  Bishops 
of  the  U.  S.  and  others  appointed  in  proportion  to  moneys 
g;ranted  to  the  seminary. 

The  Union  Theolorjicul  S^yninary  (Presb.)  was  founded  in  1836, 
and  incorp.  March  27,  1S39.  It  is  located  in  Wavnrly  Place,  on 
8th  St.,  and  near  Washington  Square.  It  has  a  library  of  16,000 
volumes.  Its  Board  of  Directors  are  clergymen  and  laymen,  an 
equal  number  of  each,  elected  for  4  years. 

Commercial coUegeSy  writing  schools,  and  studios  fur  instruction 
in  the  fine  arts,  are  numerous.  (See  p.  748.)  The  School  of  D-^-.-^ign 
at  the  Cooper  Union  is  eminent  among  these  for  the  extent  of 
its  facilities  and  the  numbers  that  avail  themselves  of  thcni. 
Music,  drawing,  and  painting  are  carefully  tauijht  in  many  of 
the  city  schools;  and  the  facilities  at  the  Free  Academy  for  these 
studies  are  superior  to  those  in  most  other  institutions. 

I  The  Prot^stanf  Episcopal  Public  School  was  founded  in  1710, 
and  lias  continued  until  the  present  time.  At  some  fnturo  time 
it  will  be  largely  aided  by  a  bequist  made  Sept.  20,  1796,  by  Dr. 
John  Baker,  who,  having  no  heiis,  devised  his  country  seatnear 
80th  St.,  on  the  P-ast  Kiver,  embracing  40  acres,  for  a  charity 
school.  With  a  prudent  forecast,  the  t'Stator  presei-ved  the  pro- 
perty from  sale  until  aftrr  the  death  of  9  persons  then  livintr; 
and  the  dense  part  of  the  city  has  already  approached  the 
premises.  An  ai-t  passed  April  16, 1S59,  authorized  tlie  sale  of 
portions,  but  no  benefit  has  hitherto  been  received.  In  April, 
- 1859,  3  of  the  9  lives  were  existing. 

The  following  are  the  principal  of  the  Bomaa  Catholic 
schools : — 

The  College  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  39  W.  I5th  St.,  is  an  institu- 
tion under  the  care  of  10  Jesuit  priests. 

0/nir7it  of  the  MoH  Iluly  R,d<eriwr.  in  3d  St-,  is  under  the  care 
of  7  priests  of  the  Order  of  Kedemptorists. 

St.  Vincent's  Academy,  44  2d  St.,  is  under  the  care  of  the 
Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools. 

Acadtnny  of  Uw  Holy  Infancy,  in  Manhattanvillo,  and  the 

Cbnvent  and  Aradcmy  if  (he  Si'^ed  Heart,  in  Mauhattanville, 
are  under  (he  charge  of  the  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart;  the 
latter  has  180  pupils.  An  institution  of  the  same  name  at  49  W. 
17th  St.,  under  similar  direction,  has  Nfi  pui'ils. 

Mother  House  and  Academy  of  Mount  St.  Vincent,  on  105th 
St..  upon  the  premises  of  the  Central  Park,  has  180  pupils. 

St.  Mary^s  Srhool,  at  229  East  Broadway,  is  under  the  charge 
of  Sisters  of  Charity,  and  has  108  pu|)ils. 

St.  Pefrr's  School,  at  16  Barclay  St.,  is  under  the  charge  of 
Sisters  of  Charity,  and  h:is  SO  pupils. 

St.  Joseph's  School^  on  6th  Avenue,  is  under  the  charge  of 
Sisters  of  Charity. 

St.  Lawrmrc  SchnoJ,  Yorkville,  is  under  the  charge  of  Sisters 
of  Cliaritv,  and  ha.'^  40  i)upil8. 

St.  Sf'ph'^n's  ^hool. 

St.  Vinn-tirs  School  has  80  boys  and  50  girls ;  and  65  girls  in 
the  preparatory  department. 

2^-ee  Oitholic  Schools. — There  are  25  schools  of  this  class  re- 
ported in  the  city :  at  which  4.920  boys  and  S-.'i^O  girls  are  t.iught. 
Most  of  the  schools  have  male  and  female  departments ;  and  of 
these  7  are  tauirht  bv  Brothers  of  the  Chiistinn  Si.-hools,  9  bv 
Sisters  of  Charity,  2  by  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  2  by  Sisters 
of  Notro  Dame,  1  by  Sisters  of  Mercy,  and  1  by  lay  teachers. 
Of  several  the  tea'-hers  are  not  specified.  These  schools  are 
named  St.  Patrick's,  St  Mary's,  St.  Joseph's,  St.  James's,  St. 


Francis  Xavier's,  Mauhattanville,  St.  Bridget's,  Transfiguration, 

Mount  St.  Vincent,  St.  Lawrence,  Sacred  Heart  Free  School,  St. 

Catharine's,  Most  Holy  Redeemer's,  St.  Alphonso's,  St.  Vincent 

de  Paul's.  Nativity,  St.  Columba's,  Holy  Cross,  St.  Stephen's,  St. 

John  the  Evangelist's,  St.  Paul's,  Immaculate  Conception,  St. 

Nicholas,  St.  Francis's,  and  St.  Johns's. 
2  New  York  Gazette,  the  first  paper  published  in  the  Colouy 
of  New  York,  was  commenced  in  1725  by  William  Brad- 
ford. It  was  the  fifth  then  in  existence  in  the  Ameri- 
can Colonies.  Bradford  continued  its  publisher  about 
17  years.     In  1742  its  name  was  changed  to  the 

New  Yoi-k  G'tzitte  and  Wixldy  Post  Boy,  and  it  was  publif^hed 
by  Joint's  Parker  and  a  succession  of  owners  until  1773, 
wlien  it  w:i.H  discontinued. 

New  York  Wcclly  Jmu-nul,  the  second  paper  in  the  Colony,  was 
commenced  in  New  Vork  inl7o3  by  John  Peter  Zenger. 
He  died  in  1746,  and  the  paper  wiis  combicted  by  his 
widow,  and  afterward  by  his  son,  until  1752.  when  it 
was  discontinued.  This  paper  opposed  the  administra- 
tion of  Governor  Crosby  and  supported  the  interest  of 
Rip  Van  Dam,  who  had  previously  conducted  the  ad- 
ministration. The  ballads,  serious  charges,  and,  above 
all,  the  home  truths  in  liis  democratic  journal  irritated 
Crosby  and  his  Council  to  madness.  Zenger  was  con- 
fined several  months  by  order  of  the  Governor  and 
Council  for  printing  and  publishing  seditious  libels, 
treated  with  unwarrantable  severity,  deprived  of  pen, 
ink.  and  paper,  and  denied  the  visits  of  his  friends. 
The  popular  feeling,  however,  was  Btronj<ly  against 
these  proceedings.  The  Assembly,  notwithstanding  the 
application  of  the  Governor,  refused  to  concur  with 
him  and  his  Council.  The  Mayor  and  the  m;igistrate8 
also  refused  to  obey  the  mandate  of  the  Governor  and 
Council,  and  to  attend  the  burning  of  tlie  libelous  papers 
*-h3'  the  common  bnngman  and  whipper,  near  the  pil- 
lory." The  grand  jury  manifested  equal  coutuniacy, 
and  ignored  the  presentment  against  Zenger.  The 
attorney  general  was  then  directed  to  file  an  i7>forma- 
tion.  The  jud  j;es  refused  to  hear  and  allow  the  excep- 
tions taken  by  Zenger's  counsel,  and  excluded  them 
from  tlie  bar;  but  he  was  ably  defi-nded  by  other  coun- 
sel, and  especially  by  Andrew  Hamilton,  then  a  barrister 
of  Philadelphia.  Zenger  pleaded  uot  guilty.  His 
counsel  admitted  the  printing  and  publishing  of  the 
papers,  and  offered  to  give  their  truth  in  evidence.  The 
counsel  for  the  prosecution  then  said,  '"The  jury  must 
find  a  verdict  for  the  king:"  and  gave  the  usual  defi- 
nition of  a  libel,  asserting  that  "whether  the  person 
deftinied  wjis  a  private  man  or  a  magistrate,  whether 
living  or  dead,  whether  the  libel  was  true  or  false,  or 
whether  the  party  against  whom  it  w.is  made  was  of 
good  or  evil  fame,  it  was  nevertheless  a  libel,"  He  then 
quoted  from  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  and  from  one  of 
the  Kpislles  of  Peter,  to  show  that  it  was  a  very  great 
offense  to  speak  evil  of  dignities,  and  insisted  upon  the 
criminality  by  the  laws  of  God  and  man  of  reviling 
tho.'io  in  authority,  and  consequently  that  Mr.  Zenger 
had  offended  in  a  most  notorious  and  gross  manner  in 
scandalizing  his  Excellency  our  Governor,  '"who,"  said 
the  counsel,  '■  is  the  k  ing's  immediate  representative,  and 
supreme  inngistrateof  this  province."  Mr.  Hamilton  re- 
marked in  his  reply,  that  we  are  charged  with  printing  tt 
certiiiu /«/.«e.  malicious,  seditions,  and  scandalous  libel. 
The  word  false  must  have  some  meaning;  or  else  how 
came  it  there?  and  he  put  the  case,  whether  if  the 
information  had  been  for  printing  a  certain  (n«  libel, 
would  that  be  the  same  thing.  "  And  to  show  the 
court  that  I  am  in  good  earnest,"  said  he,  "  I  will  agree 
that  if  he  cim  prove  the  tacts  charged  upon  ua  to  be 
false,  I  will  own  them  to  be  scandalous,  seditious,  and 
a  libel."  He  then  further  ofl"ered  that,  to  save  the 
prosecution  the  trouble  of  proving  the  papers  to  be 
false,  the  defendant  would  prove  them  to  be  true.  To 
this  Chief  Justice  De  Lancey  objected,  '-You  caunot 
bo  admitted  to  give  the  truth  of  a  liliel  in  evidence: 
the  law  is  clear  that  you  cannot  justify  a  libel."  IVIr. 
Hamilton  maintained  that  leaving  the  court  to  deter^ 
mine  whether  tlie  words  were  libelous  or  not  rendered 
jurie.'^  useb'rts,  (^ir worse.  "It  was  true,"  he  said,  "in 
times  past  it  was  a  crime  to  speuk  truth,  and  in  that 
terrible  court  of  Star  Chamber  many  worthy  and  brave 
men  suffered  for  so  doing;  and  yet  even  in  that  court 
and  in  those  bad  times  a  great  and  good  wan  durst  sfiy, 
what  I  hope  will  not  be  taken  amiss  in  mo  to  say  in 
this  place,  to  wit: — 'The  practice  of  information  for 
libels  is  a  sword  in  the  hands  of  a  wicked  king  and  an 
arrant  coward  to  cut  down  and  destroy  the  innocent. 


432 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


The  93eneTOlent  Institutions  of  New  York  are  numerous,  aud  comprehend  measures 
for  the  relief  of  nearly  every  variety  of  human  suffering.  Those  under  the  direct  charge  of  the 
city  have  already  been  noticed.  The  greater  part  of  other  institutions  of  like  character  are  under 
the  management  of  companies  incorporated  for  limited  and  special  objects.  Prominent  among  these 
are  the  hospitals  and  dispensaries,  affording  relief  to  every  class  of  the  sick  and  distressed.  Up  to 
1857,  at  these  various  institutions,  179,377  persons  had  been  vaccinated;  1,666,559  patients  had 
been  treated  ;  and  $297,761.60  had  been  expended.  The  Legislature  usually  appropriates  money 
to  several  of  these  institutions.*  Several  of  the  more  important  of  the  benevolent  institutions 
are  supported  wholly,  or  in  part,  by  the  State,  among  which  are  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum,^ 
the  Institution  for  the  Blind,  and  the  Society  for  the  Reformation  of  Juvenile  Delinquents. 


The  one  cannot,  because  of  his  high  station,  and  the 
other  (litre  not,  because  of  his  want  of  courage,  defend 
himself  in  another  manner.'  "  The  jury,  after  a  short 
consultation,  returned  a  verdict  of  not  guilty,  to  the 
great  mortification  of  the  court  and  of  Zenger's  perae- 
cutora.  but  with  great  satisfaction  to  the  people.  Such 
■was  the  struggle  which  the  press  had  to  maintain  only 
one  hundred  years  ago,  and  only  forty  years  before  the 
Kevolution  gave  to  its  freedom  the  sanction  of  Govern- 
ment and  the  impress  of  authi«rity. — Introduction  to 
the  Nat.  History  of  tlie  Siatf  hi/  Wm.  U.  Seward. 
Ttit  New  Tork  Evcnivg  Post  was  commenced  in  1746,  but  was 

soon  discontinued. 
The  New  York  Mercury  was  commenced  by  Hugh  Gaine.  and 
continued  by  him  31  years.     It  was  discontinued  at  the 
close  of  the  Revolutionary  War. 
The,  New  Tori-  Oaze.ttr  vfnB  commenced  in  1759  by  Wra.  Wyman. 
It  continued  irregularly  until  1707,  when  it  was  dis- 
continued. 
The  American  Chronicle  wae  commenced  by  S.  Farley  in  1761, 

aiid  was  discontinued  the  next  year. 
The  Neio  Vnrk  Packet  was  commenced  in  1763.    It  had  only  a 

brief  existence. 
The  Neiv  Tnrl-  Journal  and  General  Advertiser  was  commenced 

in  176G  by  John  Holt. 
The  Ni:w  T<ri'l:  Chrtmicle  was  commenced  in  1768  by  Alexander 

and  .Tames  Robertson,  and  continued  until  1772. 
Iiivmgton''s  New  York  Gazetteer;  oi\  The  Connecticut,  New  Jersey, 
Hud:^nn's  Pivrr,   and    Quebec   Weekly   Advertiser,  was 
commenced  in  1773  by  James  Rivington.    This  paper 
appeared  during  the  Revolution  a.s 
The  Rnynl  Gazette,  semi-w.,  published  by  "James  Rivington, 

jtrinter  to  the  king's  most  excellent  mnjesty." 
New  York  Packet  ami  American  Advertiser  was  cnmmenced  in 
1776  by  Samuel  Loudon.    No  other  papers  appeared  in 
New  York  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
For  list  of  papers  since  the  Revolution,  see  p.  442. 

1  The  New  York  Hospital,  founded  in  1770.  was  incorp.  June 
13,  1771.  and  is  under  the  care  of  26  governors.  It  has  two  very 
extensive  establishments, — the  hospital  proper,  upon  Broadway, 
between  Worth  and  Duane  Sts..  and  the  Blooniiugdale  Lunatic 
Asylum,  on  I17th  St.  near  10th  Avenue.  The  first  hospital, 
built  in  1773-75,  was  burned.  A  new  one  was  soon  after  betrun, 
and  while  still  unfinished  was  occupied  by  British  and  Hessian 
troops  for  barracks,  and  it  was  not  finally  opened  for  patients 
until  Jan.  3, 1791.  On  the  l4tb  of  Marcli,*180G,  the  Legislature 
enacted  that  $12,500  should  be  given  to  the  hospital  annually 
for  50  years,  on  condition  that  apartments  for  various  forms  and 
degrees  of  insanity  should  be  prepared,  and  that  an  annual  re- 
port be  made  to  the  Legislature.  The  sum  thus  appropriated 
was  to  be  chargeable  upon  duties  on  aucti"n  sales.  In  1801  a 
lying-in  ward  was  opened,  and  continued  20  years.  In  1806  the 
lunatic  department  was  organized,  and  one  of  the  buildings  of 
the  present  hospital  was  erected;  but  in  1816  a  change  of  site 
■was  authorized.  A  library  was  founded  in  1796,  and  a  patho- 
logical cibinet  in  1^40;  butasuitabh-  building  was  not  provided 
for  the  latter  until  1^56.  In  1S53  a  new  and  spacious  building, 
6.  of  the  main  hospital,  was  erected,  upon  a  plan  the  most  perfect 
that  experience  could  devise.  It  was  finislied  in  1855,  at  a  cost 
of  $140,103.92.  Clinical  instruction,  both  medical  and  surgical, 
has  long  been  given ;  and  two  operating  theatres  have  been  pro- 
vided for  this  purpose.  Tlie  hospital  on  Broadway  is  now  limited 
to  the  receiving  of  cases  of  sudden  injuries  from  accident,  and 
non-contagious  diseases  in  which  there  is  prospect  of  improve- 
ment; and  it  is  not  intended  for  the  support  of  the  incurable, 
or  to  supply  in  any  sense  the  place  of  a  poorhouse.  Those  re- 
ceived are  either  supported  gratuitously,  or  pay  at  a  rate  barely 
BufBcient  todefr<aycost  of  support.  The  former  constitute  about 
40  per  cent,  of  the  entire  number  treated.  Seamen  are  received 
and  their  expenses  are  paid  wholly  or  in  part  from  the  hospital 
money  paid  by  the  U.S.  Government.  From  Feb,  1,  1792,  to 
1856, 106.111  patients  had  been  received,  of  whom  77.390  had 
been  cured  and  4,768  relieved.  Of  the  10.893  who  died,  many 
wtTB  brought  in  from  the  street  in  a  dying  condition.  Nearly 
4,000  now  receive  tlie  benefits  of  the  hospital  yearly. 

The  Lunatic  Asylum,  in  1818,  was  located  at  Bloomingdale. 
A  building  was  commenced  May  7,  181^*,  and  wiis  opened  to 
patients  in  June.  1821.  The  plan  comprehends  a  cr-nter  build- 
ing 211  by  60  feet,  with  2  detached  wings.  A  wing  for  the  vio- 
iMQt  insane  male  patients  was  built  in  1830,  and  another  for  the 


like  class  of  females  in  1837,  making  the  whule  cost,  up  to  1839, 
$200,000.  In  1854  two  spacious  2  story  brick  buildings  were 
erected,  at  a  cost  of  $52,000.  From  M"ay,  1S21,  to  Jan.  1866, 
4,182  patients  were  leceived  here,  of  whom  1,911  were  cured, 
851  improved,  and  471  died.  The  grounds  have  an  extent  of 
about  40  acres,  and  are  finely  adapted  to  outdoor  exercise  in  fine 
weather.  The  annual  expense  of  hot  hinstituticns  is  alinut  $146, 000. 

M.  rinc6nt'}t  Hot.pifal,  at  102  and  104  E.  13th  St.,  was  esta- 
blished by,  and  is  under  the  care  of.  Sisters  of  C'hnrity. 

.S/.  Luke's  Hoi^ital  is  located  at  tlie  corner  of  5tb  Avenue  and 
54th  St.  The  building  was  erected  in  1854,  and  is  designed  to 
accommodate  230  patients. 

Jews'  Hospital  is  on  W.  28th  St.,  between  7th  and  8th  Avenues. 
The  society  was  formed  and  a  building  erected  in  1854.  The 
hospital  has  received  a  bequest  of  $20,000  from  th^  late  Mr. 
Touro,  of  New  Orleans. 

Wu77ian's  Hospital,  on  Madison  Avenue,  was  established  in 
Feb.  1855,  by  Dr.  J.  Marion  Sims,  and  incorp.  April  18,  1857, 
under  27  governors. 

New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  at  the  corner  of  2d  Avenue 
and  13th  St.,  was  incorp.  March  29,  1822.  The  present  building 
was  completed  in  ISSti,  ut  a  cost  of  $41,252.39,  including  the  lot. 
It  has  usually  received  appropriations  from  the  city  and  State. 
Previous  to  1856,  51,580  persons  had  received  treatment  in  the 
institution. 

New  Y'lrk  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  on  Ptuyvesant  St..  was  in- 
corp. April  21, 1852,  and  opened  May  2.5  fullowing.  A  course 
of  lectures  upon  diseases  of  the  eye  is  delivered  annually. 

The  Children's  Hospital,  on  E.  51st  St.,  npar  Lexington 
Avenue,  was  established  for  the  cure  of  poor  children  otherwise 
destitute  of  aid.     It  is  under  the  care  of  an  association  of  ladies. 

New  Asylum  for  Lying-in  WomeTi,  at  85  Marion  St.,  is  under 
the  care  of  lady  managers. 

The  New  York  Dispensary,  on  White,  corner  of  Center  St., 
was  established  in  1790,  and  incorp.  April  8, 1795.  It  supplies 
the  district  s.  of  a  line  passing  through  Spring,  Broadway,  14th, 
1st  Avenue,  Allen,  and  Pike  Sts. 

The  Eastern  Dispensary,  at  74  Ludlow  St.,  was  incorp.  April 
25.  1832.    It  supplies  the  district  e.  of  the  latter  and  s.  of  14fh  St. 

The  Northo'n  Dispensary,  on  Christoph-'r.  corner  of  6th  St., 
was  incorp.  Nov.  28,  1828.  and  opened  in  1829.  Its  district  lies 
w.  of  Broadway,  between  Spring  and  23d  Sts. 

The  Demilt  Dispensary,  on  the  corner  of  23d  St.  and  2d 
Avenue,  was  incorp.  May  7, 1851.  It  was  f 'unded  upon  the  be- 
quest of  Miss  Demilt,  and  cost  about  $30,000.  Its  district  is  E. 
of  5th  Avenue,  between  14th  and  40th  Sts. 

Nerrth  We.'itern  Dispnisary,  at  511  8th  Avenue,  wae  incorp. 
May  29, 1852.  Its  district  is  w.of  5th  Avenue,  between  23d  aud 
60th  Sts. 

The  German  Dispensary,  at  132  New  Canal  St.,  was  organize^ 
in  Jan.  1857.  Professors  of  the  College  of  Physicians  serv 
gratuitously,  and  have  distributed  the  labor  into  divisions. 

The  Homeopathic  Dispensary,  at  59  Bund  St.,  was  establisheA 
in  1855  by  Dr.  Otto  Fnllgraff,  and  is  supported  entirely  by  private 
subscription. 

2  The  New  York  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  was  in- 
corp. April  15, 1817.  and  opened  May  12, 1818.  It  was  located 
in  the  *'New  City  Hidl"  until  1839,  when  it  was  removed  to  E, 
50th  St.,  corner  of  4th  Avenue. — the  premises  now  occupied  by 
Columbia  College.  It  there  remained  until  the  wants  of  the 
institution  required  more  ample  accommodations  and  the 
growth  of  the  city  suggested  a  retreat  from  the  approaching 
pressure  of  business.  A  fine  tract  of  nearly  40  acres  at  Fanwood, 
on  the  Hudson,  on  164th  St.,  was  accordingly  purchased,  and 
the  erection  of  buildings  was  commenced  in  1853.  They  are  in 
the  aggregate  650  feet  in  length,  and  cover  2  aci-es.  The  insti- 
tution has  accommodations  for  450  pupils.  The  work  was  suffi- 
ciently advanced  to  justify  removal  toward  the  close  of  1866. 
The  cost  greatly  exceeded  the  estimate;  and  under  an  act  of 
April,  1857.  the  institution  was  assmned  by  the  State,  with  all 
the  property  connected  therewith.  Pupils  are  received  from 
every  co.  of  the  State,  and  to  a  limited  extent  from  New  Jersey. 
It  is  strictly  an  educational  institution,  and  is  desigUfd  to  im- 
part a  useful  amount  of  literary  instruction,  aud  the  knowledge 
of  some  meclianical  operation  by  which  to  gain  Bui>port.  Dr. 
Harvey  P.  Peet  has  been  for  many  years  Presidt^nt  of  the  Insti- 
tution. 

The  New  Yrirk  Institution  for  the  Blind,  incorp.  April  21, 1831, 
was  opened  March  15,  1832,  principally  throuu'Ii  tiie  influence 
of  Dr.  Samuel  Akerly,  Samuel  Wood,  and  Dr.  John  D.  Russ.    A 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


433 


The  city  of  New  York  has  a  large  number  of  charitable  corporations  chiefly  dependent  upon 
private  subscriptions  for  support ;  and  their  management  is  highly  creditable  to  those  who  have 
bestowed  their  time  and  money  for  the  relief  of  the  suffering  and  friendless.  Several  of  these 
have  received  aid  from  the  State  and  the  city  in  their  organization  and  support.^ 


Hcliool  with  6  pupils  waa  opened  May  19. 1832,  at  47  Mercer  St., 
undoi'  Dr.  Rusa.  Hy  the  aid  of  fairs  and  donations  from  indi- 
vidual;^  and  the  city,  a  piece  of  ground  and  buildings  on  8th 
Avenue  were  obtaiufd  of  James  Boorman  at  a  nominal  rent, 
with  a  covenant  to  sell.  An  instructor  in  the  mechanic  arts 
waa  procilrt-d,  and  Dec.  2,  1833,  the  first  public  exhibition  waa 
held  at  the  City  Hali.  The  euccess  in  teaching  from  raised 
letters  and  characters,  the  proficiency  of  the  16  pupils  in  roadiiiK, 
geography,  arithmetic,  and  especially  in  music,  and  the  skill  of 
their  workmanship  in  mats,  mattresses,  and  baskets,  excited 
great  interest.  The  present  site,  between  8th  and  9th  Avenues 
and  0.3d  and  34th  Sts,,  was  purchased  of  Mr.  Boorman  at  a  re- 
duction of  more  than  $10,000  below  what  it  could  have  been 
sold  for;  and  on  the  3uth  of  April,  1836,  $12,000  was  given  by  the 
State,  conditioned  to  the  raising  of  $8,000  more  by  the  managers. 
In  1839  $15,000  waa  given  to  erect  buildings.  Annual  reports 
are  made  to  the  State  Legislature.  State  pupils  have  been 
received  since  1S34;  and  for  many  years  the  institution  has 
received  pupils  from  »w  Jersey.  The  site,  originally  beyond 
the  improved  portion  of  the  city,  is  now  in  themidst  of  a  densely 
settled  quaiter,  and  the  square  which  it  occupies  is  valued  at 
$400,000.  The  managers  are  endeavoring  to  obtain  leave  to  sell 
and  erect  new  buildings  on  the  upper  part  of  the  island.  The 
proceeds  of  the  sale  would,  it  is  believed,  procure  new  and 
8U]»erior  premises  without  other  aid.  The  institution  now  has 
'JOO  pupils,  and  employs  11  blind  instructors  and  assistants.  Tlie 
manual  trades  taught  are  broom,  mat,  bandbox,  and  mattress 
making  and  needle  work.  Musical  instruction  is  received  with 
great  facility  by  the  blind;  and  with  those  that  evince  decided 
talent  it  often  becomes  a  means  of  support.  Those  of  proper  age 
aro  instructed  in  the  common  and  higher  branches  of  English 
education:  and  the  number  of  books  with  raised  characters  now 
jirepared  for  the  blind  is  quite  extensive,  including  the  entire 
Bible,  and  volumes  upon  almost  every  branch  of  useful  learning. 

Thi--  New  Fork  Juvenile  Asylum  is  intended  to  secure  tho 
maintenance  and  promote  the  welfare  of  children  under  14  years 
of  age  who  may  be  in  destitute  circumstances.  This  asylum 
was  incorp.  June  30, 1S51.  Its  office  is  located  at  23  W.  13th  St., 
ind  its  temporary  asylum  is  at  the  foot  of  E.  50th  St.  A  per- 
manent asylum,  erected  on  175th  St.,  near  High  Bridge,  was 
"l^enod  April  2.  1S56.  This  society  takes  children  between  7 
aud  14  intrusted  to  it  by  parents,  guardians,  or  other  com- 
petent authority,  and  affords  them  the  means  of  a  moral  and 
industrial  education.  A  fund  originally  of  $50,000,  and  after- 
ward of  $20,000  in  addition,  was  raised  by  subscription;  and  to 
this  $40,000  was  added  by  the  city.  The  total  number  sent 
to  the  house  of  reception  up  to  Jan.  1859,  was  4,893.  Several 
companies  of  children  are  sent  annually  to  the  Western  States, 
to  be  indentured  to  farmers  and  others,  under  the  direction  of 
a  judicious  person.  Children  are  also  bound  out  in  the  city 
and  viciuity  as  ciccasion  otfers.  An  act  of  March  25, 1856,  di- 
rected a  sum  not  exceeding  $75  per  annum  to  be  levied  by  tax 
and  p.iid  to  this  asylum  for  each  child  committed  by  the  city 
and  supported  by  the  society,  and  gave  $20,000  toward  the 
erection  of  a  new  house  of  reception  on  13th  St.  The  edifice  is 
now  nearly  completed. 

Tfi£  Socidii  fur  the  Prevention  of  Pauperism^  formed  Dec.  16, 
1817^  after  promoting  the  establishment  of  the  first  Savings  Bank 
and  other  institutions  of  public  utility,  resolved  itself  into 

Thii  Societi/  for  Oie.  Jiefi/rmation  of  Jui'enile  DeUnquent^^  Dec. 
19, 1823,  and  measures  were  taken  to  carry  the  purpose  implied 
by  the  name  into  effect.  An  act  of  incorporation  was  obtained 
March  29,  1824;  and,  having  in  that  year  raised  $17,000  and 
obtained  possession  of  the  V.  S.  Arsenal  near  Madison  Square, 
the  establishment  was  opened  Jan  1, 1825,  with  9  inmates.  This 
place  was  burned  in  1839,  and  the  location  changed  to  a  building 
on  the  East  River  at  the  foot  of  23d  St.,  erected  for  a  fever  hos- 
pital. In  1S51  the  society  exchanged  a  parcel  of  land  it  pos- 
Bessed  on  Wards  Island  for  about  36  acres  on  the  s.  end  of  Kan- 
d.ill8  Island,  where  the  corner  stone  of  a  new  building  was  laid 
Nov.  24,  1852.  by  the  Mayor.  The  buildings  were  opened  Nov. 
24, 1854.  The  male  department  will  consist  of  a  central  build- 
ing and  4  winge,  of  which  2  are  parallel  to  the  front  of  the 
center  building,  and  form  together  with  it  a  front  of  590  ft.  upon 
the  river.  The  other  two  wings  are  to  radiate  from  the  center 
of  the  rear  at  angles  of  60°;  they  have  not  yet  been  erected. 
The  arrangement  admits  of  the  necessary  classification  and 
embraces  every  modern  improvement.  A  workshop  3  stories 
high  and  30  by  100  ft.  is  erected  in  the  rear  of  each  of  the  front 
wings.  The  female  department,  when  completed,  will  be  on  a 
plan  similar  to  the  other,  of  250  ft.  front,  and  otherwise  propor- 
tionally smaller.  With  the  refuse  stone  obtained  in  excavation 
and  gniding,  a  sea  wall  was  built  out  to  low  water  mark ;  and 
some  seven  acres  were  thus  added  to  the  grounds.  The  entire 
ci^st.  including  the  fitting  up,  to  Nov.  1854,  was  $310,441.15,  of 
which  $14,109.39  had  been  for  the  Female  Department.  The 
whole  number  of  inmates  from  its  first  opening  to  1859  was 
7,650;  and  at  the  beginning  of  that  year  it  contained  463  boys 
fluid  77  girls.  A  female  denartment  is  now  in  course  of  building, 


and  when  complete  will  afford  to  the  whole  a  capacity  for  1.000 
inmates.  Juvenile  offenders  from  the  several  counties  have  been 
as  follows : — 


■0 
00 

i 

g 

i 

1 

i 

i 

1 

N.  Y.  Police 

126 
90 

4 
17 
26 
30 

7 

126 
75 

7 
25 
27 
27 

7 

102 
123 

27 
46 
27 

S 

142 
70 
11 
37 
44 
24 
14 

96 
73 

8 
40 
70 
47 

8 

61 
44 

7 
48 
66 
23 

8 

9a 

203 
6 
62 
67 
23 
19 

83 

139 

1 

18 
23 
32 
17 

Gov.  of  Almshouse... 

Other  Cos 

Of  the  cos.  not  enumerated,  Westchester  has  sent  15,  Ulster 
11,  Queens  10,  Dutchess  9,  Orange  and  Columbia  each  8.  Suflblk 
7,  Greene  6.  Schoharie,  Saratoga,  and  Oneida  each  4.  Monroe  and 
Sullivan  each  3.  Onondaga,  Putnam,  and  Rockland  each  2,  and 
Erie  and  Kichmond  each  1.  Of  2,641  received  in  8  years,  2,039 
were  white  boys,  439  white  girls,  138  black  boys,  and  26  black 
girls;  as  to  nativity,  1,548  were  Irish,  445  American,  218  Ger- 
man, 150  English,  53  Scotch,  30  French,  10  Italian,  4  Swcdos.and 
1  each  Spanish,  Polish,  Russian,  Prussian,  Dane,  Dutch,  Welsh, 
and  Belgian. 

The  Pris'/n  Association  of  New  York,  incorp.  in  1846,  for  the 
relief  and  encouragement  of  discharged  convicts,  is  elsewhere 
more  fully  noticed.  It  has  a  female  department,  organized  in 
1844,  to  provide  employment  for  discharged  female  prisoners. 

1  The  Orphan  Asylum  Society  of  New  York  was  incorp.  April 
7, 1807.  It  was  located  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  near  80th 
St.,  in  1840.  It  has  9  acres  of  grounds  and  a  building  120  by  CO 
ft.,  [ileawintly  situated.  About  200  orphans  are  supported  in 
the  institution. 

Tlie  Society  for  thr  R  die f  of  Half -Orphans  and  Df:stitvte  Cfiil- 
dren  was  established  Dec.  16, 1SS6,  and  incorp.  April  18,  1837. 
It  is  located  at  No.  7  10th  St.,  and  is  usually  known  as  the 
•'  Protestant  Half-Orphan  Asylum."  It  has  received  donations 
of  $20,000  from  John  Uosburgh  and  of  $5,000  each  from  Jarnea 
Boorman,  John  Jacob  Astor.  Peter  G.  Stuy^esant.  and  the 
daughters  of  John  Mason.  The  whole  number  of  inmates  re- 
ceived up  to  1859  was  1,884,  and  the  number  then  remaining  was 
136  boys  and  101  girls. — Common  Council  Manual,  1859,^.  5S0. 

The  Rmnan  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum,  on  Prince  St.,  was 
incorp.  April  29,  1836.  It  is  under  the  charge  of  Sisters  of 
Charity,  and  has  300  inmates. — all  females. 

St.  Patrick's  Orphan  Asylum  has  a  male  aid  female  depart- 
ment. The  male  department,  on  5lBt  St.,  has  400  inmates,  and 
the  female  department,  on  Prince  St.,  corner  of  Mott  St..  300. 
They  are  both  under  the  same  trustees,  and  are  managed  by 
Sisters  of  Charity. 

The  Orphans'  Home  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  CfiurcJi,  at  74 
Hammond  St..  was  incorp.  April  16,  1838. 

Leake  and  Wiitts  Orphan  House  is  located  at  Manhattanville, 
between  9th  and  10th  Avenues  and  111th  and  112th  Sts.  This 
noble  charity  was  founded  by  the  bequest  of  J.  A.  Leake,  and 
enhanced  by  the  liberality  of  Mr.  Watts,  who  waived  a  claim  he 
had  upon  the  legacy.    It  is  incorp.  under  the  general  law. 

St.  Luke's  Home  for  Jndiyent  OiHstian  Females  is  at  453 
Hudson  St. 

Hmise  and  School  of  Industry,  at  100  W.  16th  St,,  is  for  the 
gratuitous  instruction  of  poor  females  in  needle  work. 

Association  for  the  Relief  of  Respeciahle  Aged  and  Indigent 
Females  is  located  at  20th  St.,  between  2d  and  3d  Avenues. 

Nursery  for  the  Children  of  Poor  Womeny  at  223  6th  Avenue, 
is  under  lady  managers. 

Maijdalin  Female  B>nerolent  Asylum,  between  88th  and  89th 
Sts  and  4th  and  5th  Avenues,  is  under  the  care  of  lady  mana- 
gers, has  40  inmates,  and  is  designed  to  encourage  reform  in 
abandoned  females. 

American  Female  Ouardian  Sbciety  and  Honufor  the  Friend- 
less, on  E.  30th  St.,  between  4th  and  Madiflon  Aveuues,  waa 
formed  in  1834.  It  received  by  donations  in  1857  and  '58 
$49,719.79.  The  home  school  had  108  girls  and  112  boys,  indus- 
trial pchool  No.  1  340  girls,  and  No.  2  166  girls.  It  is  managed 
and  chiefly  supported  by  ladies. 

St.  Oiitharijie's  0>nvent  and  House  of  Protection,  on  Honstou 
St.,  corner  of  Murray  St.,  is  under  the  charge  of  Sisters  of 
Charity. 

New  York  Ladies*  Home  Missionary  Sodeiy  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Cliurch,  on  the  site  of  the  "Old  Brewery,"  61  Park  St., 
was  incorp.  March  20,  1856. 

St.  Joseph's  Asylum  was  incorp.  April  15, 1869.  It  is  designed 
to  support  and  educate  in  some  useful  employment  poor  orphan, 
half-<")rphan,  homeless,  and  neglected  children,  especially  of 
German  origin.    It  has  16  managers. 

Five  Points  Houst  of  Indwtry  is-  located  on  North  St.,  Not 
166, 157, 169. 


2S 


434 


IJEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


Numerous  institutions  of  beneficence  are  established  upon  the  principle  of  mutual  support,  all 
of  which  derive  their  means  from  fixed  contributions  of  members.  The  number  of  these  is  very 
great,  including  many  which  are  limited  to  particular  nationalities  and  to  certain  mechanical  or 
other  occupations.*  The  city  has  a  large  number  of  religious  associations  and  societies  for  the  pro- 
motion of  morality, — some  national  or  cosmopolitan  in  their  field  of  operation,  and  others  local  in 
their  range.  While  some  of  these  oppose  vice  and  wrong  in  their  widest  sense,  others  restrict 
their  efibrts  to  narrower  limits  of  labor  and  concentrate  upon  a  single  object  the  united  efforts  of 
their  members.     There  are  at  present  about  290  churches  in  the  city  of  New  York.^ 


Children's  Aid  S"Cieti/,  oflBce  No.  11  Clinton  Hall,  Astor  Place, 
WH«  Ibrmed  in  1853.  It  has  for  ita  object  to  provide  homes  and 
enijiIoyrn'Mit  for  destitute  children,  and,  to  a  limited  extent,  for 
adults  of  both  sexes.  Up  to  1868  it  had  provided  homes  for 
3.576.  In  1857  it  sent  468  boys,  200  girls,  28  men,  and  37  women 
to  other  Stiitea.  It  had  opened  6  industrial  schools,  with  a  total 
of  9ti8  pupils,  maintained  a  lodginghouse  for  newsboys  and 
peddlers,  at  a  low  charge,  and  another  one  for  girls,  and  had 
undt-r  its  direction  several  boys'  meetings  and  libraries.  Its 
annual  expenses  are  about  $15,000,  not  including  a  large  amount 
of  gratuitous  services, 

jVfiw  York  Association  for  Improving  the  Omdition  of  the  Poor 
was  formed  in  1843,  and  incorp.  Dec.  6, 1848.  Its  object  is  to 
aflFord  temporary  relief  to  such  as  do  not  come  within  the  sphere 
of  other  existing  charities,  and  to  elevate  the  physical  and  moral 
condition  of  the  indigent.  To  discountenance  indiscriminate 
almsgiving  and  street  begging,  it  inquires  through  its  visitors 
into  the  merits  of  applications,  and  for  this  end  has  a  super- 
visory council  of  5  to  each  ward, and  as  many  visitors  as  maybe 
needed.  It  is  supported  by  annual  donations  and  collections, 
and  in  the  year  ending  Oct.  14,  1857,  expended  $41,480.88. 

The  American  Bible  Society,  formed  May,  1816,  as  a  national 
institution,  claims  notice  in  this  place  from  the  spjicious  and 
elegant  edifice  which  it  has  erected.  This  structure  occupies 
three  fourths  of  an  acre,  and  is  nearly  triangular,  extending 
198  ft.  on  4th  Avenue,  202  ft.  on  8th  St.,  96  ft.  on  3d  Avenue,  and 
232  ft.  on  9th  St.,  with  a  court  within.  It  cost  nearly  $-300,000, 
and  contains  the  offices  of  numerous  religions  and  denomina- 
tional societies.  Its  manufactory  of  Bibles  and  Testaments,  when 
in  full  operation,  employs  600  persons.  A  City  Bible  Society  was 
formed  several  years  before  the  one  above  noticed ;  and  nume- 
rous kindred  associations  have  been  formed  at  different  periods. 
"1  Of  this  class  are  Masonic,  Odd  Fellows,  and  other  secret  so- 
cieties who  possess  funds  for  the  relief  of  the  sick,  the  support 
of  widows  and  orphans,  and  the  burial  of  the  dead.  Others, 
limited  to  particular  occupations,  some  of  which  have  been  dis- 
continued, have  been  chiefly  na  follows : — 

The  Marine  Socieiy  of  New  Fork  waa  created  by  patent  April 
12,  1770.  It  h;is  fur  its  principal  object  to  collect  moneys,  by 
admission  fees  and  yearly  duos  of  members,  for  the  relief  of  the 
widows  and  orphans  of  seamen.  Up  to  1S26  it  had  distributed 
$88,100  for  these  objects.  Its  meetini^s  are  held  at  the  United 
States  Hotel,  corner  of  Pearl  and  Fulton  Sts. ;  and  its  chief  im- 
portance DOW  arises  ftom  the  circumstance  that  its  president  is 
one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Sailors'  Snug  Harbor,  on  Staten  Island. 
The  importance  of  that  noble  trust  will  serve  to  perpetuate  this 
society. 

Thf  Nciu  York  Nautical  Society  was  established  in  1820,  for 
(•haritable  purposes  and  the  promotion  of  useful  improvements. 
Its  mi>ml>ers  were  those  who  had  been  shipmasters  or  com- 
manders of  vessels. 

The  New  York  WatermarC s  Society  was  formed  in  1825,  for  be- 
nevolent purpoees  and  the  jwomotion  of  useful  improvements  in 
navigation.    It  is  supposed  to  have  been  discontinued. 

The  PiloCs  Charitable.  Society  was  foi'med  in  1817,  for  benevo- 
lent and  tharitable  purposes. 

The  Humane  Society  was  formed  in  1787. 

The  Association  fttr  the  Relief  of  Disabled  Firemenis  a  charity 
devoted  to  the  objects  expressed  in  its  tide. 

G-neral  Society  of  Mechanics  and  Tradesmen,  was  incorp. 
March  14, 1792. 

The  Mutual  Benefit  Society  and  the 

MiUxi/ilAid  Sficiety  of  the  City  of  New  York  are  now  extinct. 

The  House  Carpenters''  Society  ;  the 

New  York  Society  of  Journeymen  i^ipwrights ;  the 

Pro^ndent  Society ;  and  the 

Benevolent  Society  are  charitable  associations,  from  which 
we  have  no  returns. 

Matdtatian  Provident  Society  of  the  City  of  New  York  was 
li^rmed  Nov.  17. 1708. 

Friendly  Society  of  the  Town  3/  Harlem  was  formed  Feb- 10, 
1809. 

New  York  Mason^^  Society  whs  formed  Feb.  20, 1807. 

Stint  D tvitPs  Benevolent  Society  (Welsh)  was  formed  in  1800. 
It  was  s<xin  discontinued. 

Albi'tn  Benevolent  Society  was  formed  about  1800.  It  was 
goon  discontinued. 

Ancit^nl  Britons'  Benefit  Society  was  formed  about  1805,  from 
the  two  latter,  and  incorp.  Feb.  27,  1807.  It  continued  until 
1835,  when  the 

Saint  Daind's  Benefit  d- Benevolent  Society  waa  formed.  It 
-Jividi'd  3  yeiLTS  after ;  and  in  Jan.  1841, 

SaijU  David's  BenefU  Society  and 


The  Welsh  Society  were  formed.    These  were  merged  in  the 

^i7i(  David's  Benefit  Society,  which  is  still  continued. 

Saint  Patrick's  Society  and  the 

Hiber7iia  P)'ovident  Societyqfthe  CUyofNew  Forfc  were  formed 
in  April,  1807. 

Saint  Andrew's  Society  {Scotch)  was  formed  in  1756.  Ita  anni- 
versary  is  Nov.  30. 

Caledonia  Society  of  the  City  of  New  York  was  formed.  April  6, 
1807. 

Saint  Gem-ge's  Society  is  a  society  of  English. 

Saint  Nicholas  Society  (Dutch)  is  chiefly  composed  of  the  dfr> 
scendants  of  the  old  Dutch  colonists. 

New  England  Siciety  holds  its  anniversary  Dec.  22. 

Besides  these,  there  are  and  have  been  a  great  number  of  so- 
cieties and  unions,  particularly  among  the  German.  I  rish,  Italian, 
and  other  foreign  classes,  and  among  the  Jews  and  other  denomi- 
nations, concerning  which  it  is  difficult  to  procure  full  statistics, 
or  even  the  names.  The  "  George  Clinton  Society,"  '*  Washington 
Benevolent  Society,"  "  Tammany  Society,"  or  "  Columbian  Or- 
der," (the  latter  founded  in  1805,  and  still  existing,)  are  among 
those  memorable  for  their  political  influence;  the  "Society  of 
Cincinnati,"  for  its  Revolutionary  jisaociations,  and  the  "  Wilber- 
force  Philanthropic  Society,"  '-Manumission  Society"  of  1785, 
'*  Society  for  the  Belief  of  Imprisoned  Debtors,"  and  a  great  variety 
of  others,  for  their  labors  iu  the  field  of  charities,  but  which  have 
disappeared  with  the  abuses  they  combated,  and  their  elements 
re-organizt'd  under  other  names,  for  new  labors  which  the  mis- 
fortunes, vices,  aud  crimes  of  mankind  are  constantly  providing. 

2  The  following  table  contains  some  of  the  principal  statistics 
of  the  churches  in  the  city.  The  dates  of  first  churches  in  the 
several  denomin;itions  are  given  upon  the  authority  of  Green- 
leaf's  History  of  the  Churches  of  New  York.  The  lists  given 
by  that  author  include  several  societies  not  owning  church 
edifices,  on  which  account  the  numbera  are  lai"ger  than  those  of 
the  census: — 


Denouinations. 


Clt 


African  Methodist 

Associate  Presbyterian 

Associate  Reformed  Pres- 
byterian  

Baptist. 

Calvinistic  Methodist  and 
other 

Christian 

Congregational 

Cont;regational  Methodist. 

Disciples 

Evangelical  Lutheran 

Free  Will  Baptist 

Friends 

Jews 

Methodist  Episcopal 

Moravian 

Presbyterian 

Primitive  Methodist 

Protestant  Episcopal 

Protestant  Methodist 

Reformed  Covenanters 

Reformed  Protestant  Dutch 

Roman  Catholic" 

Second  Advent 

Seventh  Day  Baptist 

Swedenborgian  or  New 
Jerusalem 

Unitarian 

Universalist 

tTnited  Covenanters 

Wesleyan  Methodist 

Other  churches 


Total 218    264    249    288 


1829 
1804 


1663 

1703 
1706 
1766 
1748 
1716 
1829 
1664 


1626 
1783 


1808 
1819 
1796 


^^ 


^C) 


Sit 

*,  o  ^ 


10» 


63 


<»  These  numbers   may  include  churches  other  than   those 
termed  common  or  "Close  C-ommunion"  Baptists. 
ft  Several  of  these  became  Presbyterian. 
•  Father  Jogues,  a  Jesuit,  was  the  first  Roman  Catholic  priest 


NEW     YORK     COUNTY. 


435 


The  Lllerary  and  Library  Societies  of  the  city  exert  an  important  influence  upon 
the  iutellectual  condition  of  the  people.  Many  of  the  libraries  are  extensive  and  are  provided  with 
ample  accommodations  for  the  preservation  and  care  of  the  books  and  for  the  convenience  of 
students.^ 

The  population  of  New  York  has  increased  with  great  rapidity  since  the  commencement  of  the 


in  New  York.  lie  suffered  martyrdom  at  Caughnawaga,  Sept. 
27,  1642,  at  the  hands  of  the  Iroquois.  The  first  religious  ser- 
vices of  this  Church  were  held  by  Father  Farmer,  of  Philadelphia, 
about  17N1-82.  The  first  church  was  built  in  1786.  and  named 
St.  I'eter.  Its  chief  benefactor  was  Charles  III.,  King  of  Spain, 
who  gave  $10,000. 

The  first  church  edifice  was  erected  near  the  Fort,  in  1633, 
and  in  lii42  was  superseded  by  one  built  of  stone  within  the 
Fort.  The  Reformed  Dutch  Church  retained  the  ascendency 
until  1664,  when  the  chapel  in  the  Fort  was  devoted  to  the 
Fnglish  service.  Trinity,  formed  in  1697, 1'eceived  grants  of  prop- 
erty from  the  Government,  which  by  the  subsequent  growth 
of  the  city  have  become  enhanced  in  value  beyond  parallel  in 
AmeriCii,  if  not  \fi  the  world.  Its  revenues  are  UBually  consi- 
dered adequate  not  only  for  the  support  of  its  several  chapels 
and  other  edifices  of  worship,  but  for  aiding  liberally  the  poorer 
churches  of  this  denomination  throughout  the  country.  Its 
income,  already  very  large,  will  in  a  few  years  be  greatly  in- 
creased as  leases  at  a  low  rate  for  long  periods  expire  and  the 
property  is  again  offered  for  lease.  The  property  of  the  Col- 
legiate Dutt^h  Church  is  also  of  great  value,  and  surpassed  only 
by  that  of  Trinity  Church.  During  the  Kevolution  the  Pres- 
byterian and  Dutch  Chuirhes  were  used  by  the  Briti.';h  as  riding 
schools,  prisons,  and  for  other  military  purposes.  Within  a  few 
years  most  of  the  church  buildings  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city 
have  been  sold,  their  sites  occupied  for  commercial  purposes, 
and  costly  edifices  of  great  architectural  beauty  have  been 
erected  "up  town." 

1  The  New  York  Library  Society  was  first  started  in  1700, 
when  Rev.  John  Sharp,  chaplain  of  Lord  Bellemont,  gave  a  col- 
lection of  books  to  be  styled  the ''  Public  Library  of  New  York." 
The  society  was  inccrp.  in  1752.  and  was  organized  under  its 
present  name  in  1754.  The  library  was  mostly  scattered  during 
the  Revolution;  but  its  charter  was  revived  Feb.  18. 17S9.  and 
the  bookii  as  fir  as  possible  were  recollected.  It  was  at  first 
kept  in  the  City  Hall.  In  1793  it  was  removed  to  a  building  in 
Nassau  St.,  afterward  to  Chambers  St.,  and  in  1840  to  a  new 
building  corner  of  Broadway  and  Leonard  Sts.  It  was  after- 
ward moved  to  the  Bible  House,  and  in  1857  to  its  present 
quarters.  University  Place,  between  12th  and  13th  Sta.  The 
]ibr.ary  building  is  a  fine  edifice,  and  the  library  now  contains 
40,000  vols. 

Tlie  Neto  York  HistoHcal  Society  was  organized  Dec.  10, 1S04, 
and  incorp.  Feb.  10.  1S09.  After  occupying  rooms  many  years 
in  the  New  York  University  Buildings,  it  was  removed  in  1857 
to  a  new.  fireproof  building  on  2d  Avenue,  corner  of  11th  St., 
which  was  dedicated  Nov.  17  of  that  year.  This  society  pos- 
sesses a  library  of  30.000  volumes,  particularly  rich  in  historical 
works  and  manuscripts,  a  choice  gallery  of  paintings  and  collec- 
tion of  antiquities,  coins,  medals,  and  charts.  Among  its  collec- 
tions are  a  series  of  large  tablets  of  Assyrian  sculpture,  the  gift 
of  James  Lenox.  Esq.  Under  a  special  act  of  April  12,  1850, 
the  premises  were  made  exempt  from  sale  on  execution,  and  the 
law  is  ?o  framed  that  the  society's  property  cannot  be  encum- 
bered by  mortgage.  Regular  meetings  of  the  society  are  held 
on  the  first  Tuesday  of  each  mouth. 

The  Mercantile  Library  Association,  at  Clinton  Hall,  Astor 
Place,  was  organized  in  1820,  and  has  a  library,  reading  room, 
lecture  room,  and  cabinet.  It  was  originally  intended  for  the 
use  of  merchants'  clerks,  but  is  now  accessible  to  all.  Its 
library,  especially  hill  in  periodicals,  numbers  65.000  volumes; 
and  the  association  has  about  4.500  members.  It  formerly  occu- 
pied the  premises  of  Old  Clinton  Hall,  on  Beekman  St.,  near 
the  Park. 

Tiew  Vorlc  Law  Institute^  founded  through  the  exertions  of  the 
late  Chancellor  Kent,  was  formed  in  1S2S  and  incorp.  Feb.  22, 
1830.  It  contains  about  6.500  volumes,  forming  one  of  the  most 
valuable  and  perfect  collections  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States, 
It  is  hjcated  at  4.^  Chambers  St.,  to  which  place  it  was  removed 
in  1855.  Membership  is  confined  to  counsellors,  solicitors,  and 
attorneys.  Judges  of  the  Federal  and  State  Courts,  and  stran- 
gers generally,  are  allowed  to  visit  and  use  the  library. 

Ttit  Mfchanir^  Institute,  located  at  No.  20  4th  Avenue,  was 
incorp.  April  24.  1833.  Its  objects  are  to  diffuse  knowledge 
among  the  mechanical  classes,  to  found  lectures  on  natural, 
mechanical,  and  chemical  philosophy,  and  scientific  subjects, 
to  open  schools,  and  hold  annual  fairs.  It  has  established 
classes  in  modeling,  machinery,  architecture,  and  ornamentjil 
drawing,  a  winter  course  of  lectures,  a  reading  room,  and  a 
library  of  6.000  volumes,  all  of  which  are  free  to  mechanics, 
workingmen,  and  apprentices  of  the  city. 

T/te  Astor  Library  was  founded  upon  a  bequest  of  $400,000 
made  by  John  Jacob  Astor  in  his  will,  Aug.  22,  1839.  Its  tru.i- 
tees  organized  in  May,  1848.  and  employed  Dr.  Joseph  O.  Cogs- 
well to  visit  Europe  for  the  purchase  of  books.  On  the  lOth  of 
Dec.  1849,  they  adopted  a  plan  for  an  edifice,  120  by  65  ft., 
which  was  opened  to  the  public  Feb.  1,  1854.  On  the  3l8t  of 
Oct.  1865,  Wm.  B.  Astor  presented  to  the  tmsteea  a  lot,  80  by 


100  ft.,  adjoining  the  libmry,  upon  which  has  been  erected  a 
building  similar  to  the  first,  the  two  forming  the  most  spacious 
library  rooms  in  America.  The  building.n  will  contain  200,0t"i 
volunies.  and  half  that  number  are  aire.idy  in  the  library. 
This  noble  institution  is  situated  on  La  Fayette  Place,  in  a  q-iii  t 
quarter  of  the  city,  and  is  open  to  all  without  charge.  Bookd 
are  not  allowed  to  be  taken  from  the  rooms.  The  trustees  ar^i 
required  to  report  annually  to  the  Legislature. 

'Jlie  Printi^rs'  Preii  Library,  located  at  No.  3  Chambers  St., 
was  founded  in  1823  ty  the  New  York  T\pogi-aphical  Society, 
for  the  benefit  of  those  employed  in  printing  and  binding  book-i. 
It  hu.s  3,500  volumes. 

nie  Apprentices'  Library,  at  Mechanics'  Hall,  472  Broadway 
near  Grand  St.,  is  free  to  apprentices,  and  open  to  journey meu 
upon  payment  of  $1  annually.     It  numbers  IG.OiJO  volumes. 

The  Libraries  of  the  City  Corporation,  of  Columbia  College,  of 
the  Free  Academy,  of  the  several  hospitals,  of  the  medical  col- 
leges, of  the  theological  seminaries,  of  the  Bible  Societies,  and 
of  several  other  institutions,  are  extensive,  and  some  of  them 
are  very  valuable  in  their  several  departments. 

The  Crioper  Iitstitute,  a  fine  edifice  of  brownstone,  covers  an 
entire  block  between  3d  and  4th  Avenues  and  7th  and  8th 
Streets.  It  was  erected  by  Peter  Cooper,  Esq.,  at  a  cost  of 
$300,000,  to  promote  the  advancement  of  science  and  a  know- 
ledge of  the  useftil  arts.  The  first  and  second  stories  are  to  ho 
rented  and  the  avails  devoted  to  the  expenses  of  the  estahlish- 
ment.  In  the  basement  ia  a  lecture  room,  125  ft.  by  82  ft., 
and  21  ft.  high.  The  tliree  upper  stories  are  arranged  for 
purposes  of  instruction,  and  contain  a  very  large  hall,  with  a 
gallery  designed  ultimately  as  a  free  public  exchange.  A  school 
of  design  is  in  operation  in  these  rooms,  and  is  attended  by  sonio 
50  young  ladies  under  instruction  in  engraving,  lithographic 
drawing,  and  painting.  The  design  of  this  institution  is  emi- 
nently creditable  to  the  enlightened  views  of  its  munificent 
projector,  and  will  associate  bis  name  with  those  who  have  done 
much  for  the  useful  arts  and  deserved  well  of  mankind.  The 
building  is  known  as  "The  Union,"  and,  in  accordance  with  an 
act  of  February  17,  1857,  it  has  been  placed  in  charge  of  trustees. 

The  American  histitute  was  incorp.  May  29,  1S29.  for  the  pur- 
pose of  encourairing  and  promoting  domestic  industry  iu  this 
State  and  the  United  States,  in  agriculture,  commerce,  manu- 
factures, and  the  arts.  It  aims  to  promote  these  objects  by  an 
annuiU  exhibition  of  machines  and  manufactures,  the  awaiting 
of  premiums,  and  the  formation  of  a  repository  of  models  and 
a  library  of  books  relating  to  the  useful  arts;  and  for  this  pur- 
pose it  may  hold  property  producing  an  income  of  $30,000  per 
annum.  It  has  connected  with  its  organization  a  farmers'  club, 
which  holds  monthly  meetings,  and  occasional  cattle  shows, 
plo\ving,  and  spading  matches,  as  its  oflScers  may  direct.  The 
annual  fairs  of  the  Institute  were  formerly  held  at  Castle  Gar- 
den, but  in  1857  were  transferred  to  the  Crystil  Palace,  where 
its  3Uth  fair  was  prematurely  ended  by  the  burning  of  the 
Palace  Oct.  5,  18j>S.  The  amount  awarded  for  premiums  fmm 
1835  to  1857,  both  inclusive,  has  been  distributed  as  follows: — 


1835,  S  779.00 

1836,  1,039,50 
18.37,  1,093.50 

1838,  1.259.50 

1839,  1.155.44 

1840,  820.60 


1S41,  $1,183.03 
1842,  1,155.96 
184;J,  1,191.55 
1S44,  1,192.44 

1845,  1,848.17 

1846,  3,226.10 


1847,  $2,592.78 

1848,  3,089.83 

1849,  2.482.61 

1850,  4,303.72 
1S51,  4,091.76 


1852,  $4,917.43 

1853,  3,366.77 

1855,  3,209.97 

1856,  6,693.49 

1857,  3,160.34 


This  society  has  successively  occupied  premises  on  Liberty  St. 
near  Broadway,  at  41  Cortland  St.,  187  Broadway,  the  City  Hull, 
Broadway,  corner  of  Anthony  St..  and  351  Broadway.  The  taiit 
named  premises  it  now  owns.  In  1859  it  removed  to  the  Cooper 
Institute  building.  In  1835  it  commenced  the  publication  of  a 
monthly  journal  that  continued  through  several  vulumea.  The 
annua]  reports  of  the  Institute  to  the  Legislature  since  1841  are 
voluminous  and  valviable. 

The  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  located  on  14th  St.,  wan 
incorp.  in  1818.  It  has  a  large  library  relating  to  the  n.itural 
sciences,  and  a  cabinet.  It  was  first  opened  in  the  rear  of  t.'ie 
City  Hall;  thence  it  was  removed  to  Stuyvesant  Institute,  anJ 
finally  to  its  present  locality. 

llie.  AmcHciin  Geographical  and  Statistical  Stciety  wart 
incorp.  under  the  general  law  April  30.  1852.  and,  after  several 
years'  sojourn  in  the  University  Building.  h;i8  recently  been  ro 
moved  to  Clinton  Hall,  Astor  Place.  It  hoids  monthlv  meetings 
at  the  rooms  of  the  Historical  Society,  and  in  forming  an  ex  on- 
sivo  and  valuable  statistical  library.  The  objects  of  the  society 
are  expressed  in  its  name.  It  publishes  a  monthly  journal, 
chiefly  of  original  papers. 

The  New  yi*rk  Academi/  of  Mtctic,  corner  of  Irving  Place  and 
14th  St..  was  incorp.  April  10, 1R52.  The  building  is  121  ft.  by 
114  ft.,  and  will  seat  4,000  persons.  It  is  riclily  decorated,  and 
is  constructed  with  express  reference  to  fine  acoustic  effect 
The  cost  is  estimated  at  8350,000, 

The  city  has  about  15  theaters  and  a  great  number  ot 


436 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


present  century.^  The  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  gave  an  impetus  to  its  growth  and  greatly 
increased  its  business  transactions.  The  commerce  of  the  city,  without  a  parallel  on  the  Western 
continent,  has  already  been  noticed  in  the  general  article  upon  the  commerce  of  the  State.  Tlie 
financial  institutions  are  of  a  number  and  magnitude  commensurate  with  its  wants  aa  the  great 
center  of  commercial  wealth  in  the  nation.* 

The  manufactures  of  the  city  form  one  of  the  most  important  branches  of  the  industry  of  the 
inhabitants.  They  embrace  nearly  every  variety  of  article  produced  in  the  civilized  world,  and  the 
aggregate  capital  employed  is  very  great.  The  last  State  census  reported  2,424  manufacturing 
establishments.  In  single  instances  the  capital  invested  exceeds  a  million  of  dollars,  and  the 
number  of  persons  dependent  upon  these  large  establishments  for  employment  extends  to  several 
hundred.  The  above  estimate  does  not  profess  to  include  the  minor  trades,  in  which  little  is  in- 
vested beyond  an  industrial  education  and  a  small  stock  of  implements  and  materials,  but  which 
in  the  aggregate  amount  to  considerable  sums.  A  large  number  of  manufacturing  establishments 
legitimately  belonging  to  the  city  are  located  in  the  several  suburban  places  for  economy  of  rent 
and  for  room  ;  and  if  these  were  added  to  those  located  in  the  city  the  aggregate  would  probably 
be  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  most  noted  manufacturing  cities  of  Europe. 

The  Public  Building^s  of  New  York  are  many  of  them  elegant  and  substantial  struc- 
tures, combining  strength  and  durability  with  architectural  beauty.  Among  the  most  noted  of 
these  is  the  U.  S.  Custom  House,  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  and  the  City  Hall.^ 


miuor  places  of  amusement,  generally  of  a  special  character 
and  devoted  to  exhibitions  of  art,  curiosities,  and  other  objects 
of  attraction.  The  first  theater  in  New  York  was  opened  in 
Nassau  St.  Sept.  17,  1753,  and  the  first  play  acted  was  "  The 
Conscious  Lovers." 


1  Popidation  at  various  periods. 


1756 13.046 

1771 21.862 

1790 33,131 

1800 60,489 

1810 96,373 

1814 95,519 


1825 166,086 

1830 197.113 

1835 268.089 

1840 312,710 

1845 371,223 

1850 515.547 


1820.. 


123,706  1 1855 629,810 


1698 4,937 

1703. 4,375 

1723 7,248 

1731 8,622 

1737 10,664 

1746 11,717 

'1749 13,294 

2  lliere  are  now  5  incorporated  and  49  free  banks  in  New 
Tork  City,  which  together  presented  the  following  total  aggre- 
gate of  resources  in  their  quarterly  returna  of  March  12, 1859  : — 

Capital $68,324,657 

Notes  in  circulation 7.845,947 

Profits * 6,640,888 

Due  banks .*. 27,251,889 

Due  iudividuals  and  Corp.  other  than  banks 631,061 

Due  Ti-easurer  of  State  of  New  York 119,822 

Due  depositors  on  demand 80.679.650 

Other  sums  due 471,666 

Total  liabUities 191,865,843 

Loans  and  discounts 123,983,075 

Over-drafts 69,467 

Due  fi-om  banks -.      5,357,188 

Due  from  directors 4,119,438 

Due  from  brokers 3.281,632 

Real  estate 5,967,164 

Specie 25,068,132 

Cash  items 17,481.781 

Stocks  and  promissory  notes 12,020,306 

Bonds  and  mortgages.^ 52:1,869 

Bills  of  solvent  banks 1,023,402 

Loss  and  expense  account 372,920 

Total  resources 191,865.643 

There  are  16  savings  banks  in  the  city,  with  an  ag^egate 
•mount  of  S36,S1)4,419  on  deposit,  and  with  $38,757,860  in 
resources. — Report  of  Supl.  Batik  Departttwiit  1869;  Assem. 
Doc.,  No.  87. 

The  first  movement  toward  a  savings  bank  was  made  Nov. 
29, 1816.  when  at  a  public  meetins;  the  plan  was  discussed  and 
approved.  The  first  deposits  were  made  July  3,  1819.  and 
within  six  months  $153,378.31  had  been  deposited  by  1,527  per- 
sons, and  of  this  sum  $6,606  had  been  withdrawn.  Up  to  1857, 
$47,630,067.61  had  been  deposited  in  these  institutions.  They 
owe  their  origin  to  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Pauperism. — 
Oommon  Cmincil  Manual,  1858, p.  624. 

The  Clearing  Home  Association  was  formed  Oct.  1, 1853,  for 
the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  settlements  of  banlcs  with  each 
other.  It«  office  is  on  Wall,  corner  of  William  St.  The  ar- 
rangements are  so  perfected  that  the  entire  daily  settlements 
of  all  the  banlts  in  their  immense  transactions  with  each  other 
are  made  in  six  minutes.  The  whole  amount  of  bank  funds 
which  passed  through  this  institution  up  to  Aug.  31,  1858,  was 
$30,675,9;i3,556.5ti;  and  during  that  period  so  perfect  has  been 
the  system  of  balances  that  the  error  of  one  cent  has  never 
been  made. 

Fire  Insurance  Companies,  to  the  number  of  75.  with  an  ag- 
Itvegate  capital  of  $17,664,000,  are  located  in  the  city.    Besides 


these,  a  large  number  of  agencies  for  companies  in  other 
States  and  in  foreign  countries  are  established  in  the  city.  The 
amount  of  capital  invested  in  marine,  life,  and  other  Jnsnranco 
companies  is  not  known,  as  no  general  reports  are  published. 
A  list  of  these  companies  is  elsewhere  given.  There  are  also 
several  trust  companies,  with  large  cajiital,  and  a  very  great 
number  of  companie-s,  associations,  and  individuals  engaged  in 
the  business  of  banking  and  exchange,  of  which  no  statistics 
are  attainable. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  was  instituted  in  1768.  and  incorp. 
by  patent  March  13, 1770.  It  probably  owes  its  origin  to  tha 
necessity  felt  toward  the  close  of  the  colonial  period,  of  con- 
certed action  to  protect  the  interests  of  trade  against  the  usurp- 
ations of  the  British  Government.  Its  rights  were  confirmed 
April  13, 1784.  and  it  has  since  continued  in  operation  without 
material  interruption.  Its  objects  are  to  adjust  disputes  and 
establish  equitable  rules  concerning  trade,  and  to  operate  upon 
public  sentiment  in  the  procuring  of  such  acts  and  regulations 
as  the  commercial  interests  require.  Within  a  short  time  it 
has  commenced  the  formation  of  a  library  of  statistical  and 
commercial  works,  and  opened  rooms  sufficiently  ample  and 
convenient  for  the  wants  of  the  association.  Its  first  report 
was  published  in  1859. 

3  The  Custx)m  Hoiise,  located  on  Wall  St.,  on  the  site  of  the  old 
Federal  Hall,  is  a  marble  structure,  in  the  Greek  order  of  archi- 
tecture, with  a  Doric  portico  at  each  end.  It  has  a  marble  roof, 
and  is  fireproof  throughout.  It  was  commenced  in  May,  1834, 
and  finished  in  May,  1841,  at  a  cost  of  $950,000. 

The  Merchants  Exchange,  on  Wall  St.,  built  of  Quincy  granite, 
is  171  by  144  ft.,  and  77  feet  high.  A  portico  in  front  is  sup- 
ported by  18  Ionic  columns,  38  feet  high,  each  formed  of  a  single 
stone  weighing  45  tons.  The  rotunda  is  80  ft.  in  diameter  and 
SO  ft.  high.  The  building  is  owned  by  an  incorporated  company, 
and  cost  over  $1,000,000. 

The  Oi/y  Hail,  on  the  Park,  is  216  by  105  ft.,  with  two  storiea 
and  a  high  basement.  It  is  built  in  the  Italian  style,  and  is 
faced  with  marble  except  on  the  north  side.  It  was  begun  Sept. 
26, 1S03,  and  finished  in  1812,  at  a  cost  of  over  half  a  million  of 
dollars.  The  upper  story  and  cupola  were  burned  Aug.  17. 1858, 
and  have  since  been  rebuilt.  It  is  occupied  by  the  Common 
Council,  County  Clerk,  and  various  city  and  county  offices.  The 
first  City  Hall,  built  in  1698,  stood  on  the  present  site  of  the 
Custom  House,  at  the  head  of  Broad  St. 

The  Hall  of  Record s,  on  the  Park,  is  chiefly  interesting  from 
its  historical  associations.  It  was  formerly  the  debtors'  prison, 
and  in  the  Revolution  it  was  the  prison  into  which  American 
prisoners  were  crowded,  and  from  which  grcxt  numbers  wera 
taken  to  execution.  In  1832  it  was  a  cholera  hospital.  Tha 
pillars  upon  the  ends  are  of  modern  origin. 

The  Rotunda.,  on  the  Park,  was  built  by  John  Tanderlyn  in 
1818,  for  the  exhibition  of  panoramic  views,  and  is  now  an  office 
of  the  Almshouse.  It  reverted  to  the  city  at  the  expiration  of  a 
ten  years'  lease. 

The  Halls  of  Justice,  or  "  The  Tcrnibs,*'  on  Center  St.,  is  a  stmc- 
ture  built  of  Maine  granite,  in  the  Egyptian  style  of  architecture. 
It  is  a  hollow  square.  252  by  200  ft.,  with  a  large  central  bnilding. 
It  was  erected  in  1838.  Executions  take  place  in  the  open  courts 
within  its  walls. 

The  Ncvj  Armort/,  or  Dotvn-Tmvn  Arsenal,  corner  of  White  and 
Elm  Sts.,  is  131  by  84  ft.  and  2  stories  high.  It  is  built  of  blue 
stone,  and  is  supplied  with  nsirrow  windows  for  easy  defense 
against  mobs.  It  is  used  as  a  receptacle  fur  a  part  of  the  artillery 
of  the  Ist  Division  N.  Y.  State  Militia,  and  as  a  drill  room. 

An  arsenal  was  boilt  by  the  State  a  few  years  since,  on  ground 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


437 


The  Commercial  Buildings  and  Private  Residences  of  New  York  are  many 
of  them  on  a  scale  of  great  raagnificenoe.  The  first  of  these  are  built  of  marble  or  a  beautiful  kind 
of  brownstone ;  and  in  the  upper  part  of  the  city  are  numerous  streets  which  for  miles  present  un- 
broken lines  of  palatial  residences.  Within  the  past  few  years  a  great  improvement  has  taken 
place  in  the  character  of  the  commercial  buildings  erected,  and  many  of  them  now  in  size  and  ele- 
gance have  no  superiors  in  the  world. ^ 

The  Bay  of  New  York  was  first  discovered  by  Henry  Hudson,  then  in  the  employ  of  the  Dutch 
East  India  Co.,  Sept.  12,  1609.  A  settlement  was  made  upon  Manhattan  Island  by  a  company  of 
Dutch  traders,  under  the  auspices  of  the  West  India  Co.,  in  1612 ;  but  no  permanent  agricultural 
occupation  began  until  1623.  During  this  year  30  families  of  Walloons  from  the  Flemish  frontiers, 
and  a  number  of  domestic  animals,  were  sent  over  to  form  the  nucleus  for  the  permanent  occupa- 
tion of  the  country.  SarahdeRapalje.achild  of  one  of  these  fiimilies,  born  soon  after  their  arrival, 
was  the  first  white  child  born  in  New  York.  In  1626,  Peter  Minuet,  the  first  Dutch  Governor  of 
the  colony,  purchased  Manhattan  Island  of  the  natives  for  |24,  and  during  the  same  year  he  caused 
a  fort  surrounded  by  cedar  palisades  to  be  erected.  A  new  fort  was  begun  in  1633  and  was 
finished  2  years  after.^  The  Colony  of  New  Netherlands  increased  slowly ;  but  in  1652  a  feud  arose 
between  the  company  and  settlers,  which  continued  during  the  entire  period  of  the  Dutch  occupa- 
tion. The  interest  of  the  company  was  solely  to  make  money  by  their  operations  ;  and  they  pur- 
sued their  object  by  the  exercise  of  an  arbitrary  power  and  without  any  regard  to  the  prosperity 
of  the  settlers.  This  controversy  tended  greatly  to  develop  democratic  sentiments  in  the  hearts  of 
the  people,  and  prepared  them  for  the  events  which  subsequently  happened.  In  1664  the  colony 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English,  and  a  new  immigration  took  place,  which  materially  changed 
the  character  of  the  population.  A  city  charter,  granted  in  1652  and  confirmed  in  1686,  secured 
many  of  the  privileges  since  uninterruptedly  enjoyed  by  the  people,  and  formed  the  basis  of  all 
subsequent  enactments.  From  the  English  conquest  to  the  Revolution  the  history  of  the  city  is 
merged  in  that  of  the  State  and  has  no  features  of  special  interest. 

Trade  and  commerce  have  been  from  the  first  the  leading  elements  of  the  industry  and  wealth 
of  the  city,  and  in  colonial  times  every  measure  of  Government  tending  to  embarrass  trade  occa- 


now  wilhia  the  Central  Park,  and  which  has  recently  been  sold 
to  the  Coiiiniissioners  of  the  Park  for  $275,000.  1 1  was  constructed 
very  poorly,  iuid  was  hardly  finished  before  it  began  to  tumble 
.down  From  a  part  of  the  proceeds  of  this  property  a  new 
arsenal  was  built,  in  1858.  corner  of  7th  Avenue  and  35th  St.; 
but,  before  it  was  finished,  the  roof,  constructed  on  a  novel  plan, 
fell  in  by  its  own  weight  on  the  morning  of  Nov.  19, 1S58. 

Th^  Post  Office  occupies  the  old  stone  edifice  of  the  Middle 
Dutch  Church,  on  Nnssau,  Pine,  and  Liberty  Sts.  It  is  small 
and  incouveniant.  and  poorly  adapted  for  the  purposes  of  a  post 
office.  In  the  Revolution  the  pews  of  the  church  were  broken 
up  for  fuel,  and  the  building  was  used  as  a  prison,  and  at  one 
time  aa  a  riding  school.  The  project  of  a  building  for  a  post 
office  on  or  near  the  Park  has  been  agitited ;  but  there  is  at 
present  no  arrangement  tending  to  that  result. 

The  Assay  Office  occupies  an  unassuming  marble  building 
adjacent  to  the  Custom  Ilouse,  formerly  one  of  the  branches  of 
the  United  States  Bank.  Its  operations  are  elsewhere  noticed. 
See  p.  122. 

1  Under  the  first  race  of  colonists  the  style  of  architecture 
was  an  exact  copy  of  that  prevailing  in  Holland;  and  for  many 
yearn  New  York  was  noted  for  buildings  with  peaked  gables, 
tiled  roofs,  and  hiL-'h,  wooden  stoops.  After  the  English  con- 
quest, a  greater  variety  in  style  was  introduced.  Of  iate  years 
the  march  of  improvement  has  completely  obliterated  the  old 
Btyle  of  houses,  and  scarcely  a  vestige  of  the  olden  time  re- 
mains. One  of  the  most  interesting  relics  of  the  infancy  of 
New  York  now  remaiuing  is  a  venerable  pear  tree  at  the  corner 
of  lath  St.  and  3d  Avenue,  formerly  on  the  farm  of  Ooveruor 
Peter  Stuyvesant.  It  is  widely  known  as  ''The  Stuyvesant 
I'ear  Tree." 

2  The  first  fort  waa  built  in  the  rear  of  Trinity  Church,  near 
the  river,  and  portions  were  found  in  1751  by  some  workmen 
in  digging  thiough  a  bank.  The  next  fort  stood  on  what  is 
now  tin*  linwliiig  Ureen.  then  a  high  mound  of  earth  overlook- 
ing the  bay  and  adjacent  country.  A  threatened  invasion  by 
the  forces  nf  Cromwell,  in  1C53,  led  to  the  construction  of  an 
embankment  and  ditch  across  the  then  n.  line  of  the  city.  This 
fortification  extended  along  the  present  line  of  Wall  St.;  and 
from  it  that  street  derives  its  name.  In  1692  a  war  with  Franco 
occasioned  a  further  attention  to  the  defenses  of  the  city,  and 
led  to  the  erectinn  of  a  battery  on  the  rocky  point  at  the  s.  end 
of  the  island.  A  stone  fort,  with  4  bastions,  afterward  built  at 
the  same  place,  included  most  of  the  Government  offices,  and 
bore  the  name  of  the  reigning  sovereign  for  the  time  being.  It 
remaiiii'd  until  finally  taken  down  in  1788.  In  the  summer  of 
1776,  while  an  attack  was  expected  from  the  British  army,  the 
city  was  strongly  fortified.  On  the  s.  point  was  the  Grand 
Battery,  of  :J3  guns,  with  Fort  George  Battery,  of  2  guns,  just 
fcbove  it  and  near  the  Bowling  Green.    McDougall's  Battery,  of 


4  guns,  was  built  on  a  little  hill  near  the  North  River,  a  little  t\'. 
of  Trinity  Church.  The  Grenadiers'  or  Circular  Battery,  of  ft 
guns,  was  above,  and  the  Jersey  Battery,  of  5  guns,  on  the  left  of 
the  latter.  On  the  E.  of  the  town  were  Coenties  Battery,  of  5 
guns,  on  Ten  Eyck's  wharf;  Waterbury's  Battery,  of  7  guns,  at 
the  shipyards;  Badlams  Battery,  of  8  guns,  on  Rutgers  Hill, 
near  the  .lews'  burial  ground;  Thompson's  Battery,  of  9  guns, 
at  Hooriis  Hook,  and  the  Independence  Battery,  on  Bayards 
Mount,  corner  of  Grand  and  Center  Streets.  Breastworks  were 
erected  in  several  places  in  the  city,  and  fortiticatioiie  were 
erected  on  Governors  Island,  Paulus  Hook,  (Jersey  City,) 
Brooklyn  Heights,  and  Red  Hook.  During  the  War  of  1^12-15 
great  apprehension  prevailed  at  several  times,  and  during  the 
first  year  bodies  of  militia  were  stationed  in  New  Utrecht  a-id 
on  Staten  Island  to  repel  any  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  enemy 
to  land.  Subsequently,  fortifications  were  bepun  at  Harlem, 
and  in  Brooklyn  volunteer  companies  were  formed,  aud  the 
citizens  generally  became  familiar  with  the  discipline  of  the 
camp  and  the  duties  of  the  soldier.  In  Aug.  1814,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  constructing  a  lino  of  fortifications  to  prevent  the  ex- 
pected approach  of  the  enemy,  it  was  arranged  that  3  military 
companies  of  Brooklyn  should  turn  out  to  work  on  Mmuiay.  3 
military  companies  and  1  fire  company  on  Jhiesdoy,  the  people 
of  Bushwick  on  Widncaday,  of  Flatbush  on  77iursda)/,  of  Flat- 
lands  on  Friday,  of  Gravesend  on  S>iturdiiy.  of  New  Utrecht 
on  Mf/nday,  and  the  Mechanics'  Society  of  Brooklyn,  the  mili- 
tary exempts,  and  2  fire  companies,  on  Tuesday.  The  patriotic 
diggers  crossed  the  ferries  every  morning  with  banners  and 
music,  and  large  parties  worked  in  the  night  by  moonlight. 
The  citizens  of  New  York  were  not  behind  their  neighbors-  ia 
patriotism,  aud  numerous  volunteer  associations  pressed  their 
services  upon  theCommittee  of  Defense,  without  regard  to  party 
or  statioii  in  life,  and  the  rich  and  the  poor  wrought  togethei 
with  the  most  patriotic  emulation.  Many  gave  money  freily 
to  the  work,  and  these  zealous  labors  continued  so  long  aa 
there  appeared  reason  to  anticipate  danger.  During  the  same 
month  the  General  Government  made  a  requisition  for  2(i.0(K) 
militia  from  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  repel  an  attack 
which  WHS  reported  to  be  in  preparation.  The  funds  to  meet 
the  expenses  were  raised  by  the  city,  but  were  repaid  by  the 
Genf;ral  Government  the  next  year.  Four  hundred  heavy 
cannon  were  mounted  on  the  various  forts,  and  large  quantitiea 
of  ammunition  weie  collected.  The  fleet  in  charge  of  Commo- 
dore Decatur  was  also  prepared  for  the  emergency;  aud  it  is 
probable  that  these  prompt  preparations  sjived  the  city  from  an 
attack.  Toward  winter  the  hostile  fliet  bore  off"  to  the  south, 
and  the  enemy  closed  their  opeiations  before  New  Orleans.  i)u 
"  Kvacnation  Day"  in  1814  the  Governor  reviewed  25,000  troops 
In  New  York. — a  larger  nimiber  than  ever  before  or  siuM 
muBtered  in  one  body  in  America. 


438 


NEW    YORK     COUNTY. 


fiioned  great  uneasiness.  This  city  was  annjng  the  first  to  feel  the  eifects  of  the  arbitrary  measurea 
of  Great  Britain,  and  was  among  the  earliest  to  resist  their  tendencies.*  The  aristocratic  element 
was  probably  stronger  in  this  city  than  in  any  other  part  of  America ;  and  this  was  arrayed  in 
favor  of  the  British  measures  and  against  the  "  Sons  of  Liberty."  Many  prominent  citizens,  who 
had  warmly  sympathized  with  the  popular  movement  in  the  hope  of  gaining  redress  of  grievances, 
at  length  yielde^l  their  opposition  when  there  appeared  no  alternative  but  war,  and  continued 
active  or  quiet  friends  of  the  Royal  Government  while  it  lasted.  Several  members  of  the  first 
Provincial  and  Continental  Ctmgress  afterward  became  friends  of  the  king.  The  British  forces 
took  possession  of  the  city  immediately  after  the  battle  upon  Long  Island,  Aug.  26,  1776,  and 
remained  until  Nuv,  25,  1783.  The  anniversary  of  this  last  event,  known  as  "Evacuation  Day," 
is  still  held  in  grateful  remembrance,  and  is  usually  celebrated  by  military  parade  or  other  cere- 
monies. 

In  1785  the  first  Congress  of  the  United  States  after  the  war  met  in  this  city  and  held  its  ses- 
sions in  the  City  Hall,  corner  of  AVall  and  Nassau  Streets.  In  the  gallery  of  this  building,  facing 
Broad  St.,  Gen.  Washington  was  inaugurated  first  President,  April  30,  1789.  The  New  York 
Legislature  returned  to  this  city  in  1784  and  continued  its  sessions  with  intervals  until  finally  re- 
moved to  Albany  with  the  State  offices  in  1707.  The  Port  of  New  I'ork  was  made  a  port  of 
entry  soon  after  the  peace.  Its  revenues  were  collected  under  the  State  Government  till  1789,  but 
have  since  formed  a  mo^t  important  source  of  income  to  the  Federal  Government.  The  receipts 
from  customs  at  this  port  considerably  exceed  those  of  all  the  other  commercial  cities  of  the  Union 
together,  and  defray  nearly  one-half  the  expenses  of  the  General  Government.  In  the  midst  of  its 
general  prosperity  the  city  has  had  seasons  of  adversity.''^  At  different  times  destructive  fires  have 
occurred,  which  have  for  a  time  seriously  retarded  business. 


1  The  principal  events  wbich  occurred  in  the  city  during  the 
troubles  leading  to  the  Kevnlution  are  biiefly  its  f>noM'9: — 
1765,  "  Sons  of  Liberty'"  were  organized  to  oppose 

the  Stamp  Act. 
1765,  Oct.     31. — A  committee  of  correspondence  with  other  colo- 
nies was  appointed. 
1765,  Nov.     1. — The  Stamp  Act  took  effect,  and  popular  excite- 
ment bec;ime  '•xtrenie.    Tlie  Lieut.  Governor 
was  liurned  in  effigy  before  tbe  fort. 

1765,  Dec.    26. — The   ship   Minerva  was  boarded  by  the  Sons 

of  Liberty  in  search  of  Bt:imp  paper.  Tho 
paper  was  traced  to  a  brig  soun  after,  and  ten 
packages  were  seized  and  burned. 

1766,  June  29. — The  Assembly  petitioned  for  a  bronze  statue  of 

Pitt  to  be  erected. 
1766,  Oct.  18-22.— The  liberty  pole  on  the  Common  (Park)  wag 
repeatedly  destroyed,  and  there  was  iiuiuiiicnt 
danger  of  a  collision  between  the  populace 
and  the  trorips. 
1770,  Jan.  13. — New  attempts  were  made  to  destroy  the  liberty 
pole,  and  the  soldiers  became  riotous. 

"  Jan.  17. — At  a  meeting  of  3.0W  citizens  resolutions  were 
passed  not  to  submit  to  the  acts  of  oppression. 

*'  Jan.  18. — A  cnllision  took  place  between  the  soldiers  and 
citizens  at  Golden  TTill. 

*'  Jan.  30. — The  Corporation  forbade  the  erection  of  a  new 
liberty  pole,  and  the  people  soon  after  pbinted 
one  on  tbeir  own  land,  inscribed  "Liberty 
and  Property." 

**  March  29. — Another  attack  was  made  upon  the  pole,  which 
excited  great  indignation,  and  led  to  its  being 
nightly  guarded,  until  May  3. 

*  May. — A  committee  of  100  was  formed  to  resist  the 

importation  of  goods  under  the  obnoxious 
laws;  but  they  receded  from  their  purpose 
July  9,  and  agreed  to  import  every  thing  but 
tea. 

**  Aug.  21. — A  leaden  equestrian  statue  of  George  TIT.  was 
erected  in  Buwling  Green.  Thin  statue  was 
thrnwn  down  by  the  populace  on  the  receipt 
of  the  Declaration  of  Indr-pendence.  July  10. 
1776.  It  was  sul'sequently  melted  up  into 
bullets  in  the  family  of  Gov.  AVnlcott,  of 
Connecticut.  It  is  said  that  42.000 bullets  were 
made  from  the  metal,  and  these  did  service 
against  400  British  soldiers  afterward  sent 
into  Cnnn.  by  Gov.  Tryon. 

**  Sept.  7. — A  marble  statue  of  Pitt  was  placed  in  Wall 
Street,  in  gratitude  for  his  services  in  the  re- 
peal of  theStamp  Act.  In  consequence  of  the 
course  of  Pitt  after  he  became  Lord  Chatham, 
this  statue  wa**  mutilated  by  a  mob  May  21. 
1772,  and.  having  b-cnme  an  unsightly,  head- 
less tnmk,  it  was  remuved,  under  an  act  of 


March  7, 1788.    It  is  now  preserved  in  the 
Fifth  Ward  Hotel.  West  Broiidway. 

1773,  Nov.     5.^ — The  Committee  of  Vigilance  denounced  the  im- 

portation of   tea  and  agreed  to   resist  it3 
landing. 

1774,  April  21. — A  vessel  laden  with  tea  arrived  at  Sandy  Hook, 

but  was  not  permitted  to  land  ;  and  in  a  few 
days  it  was  sent  back  to  London.  About 
the  same  time  18  chests  of  tea  privately 
brought  into  port  were  destroyed. 
"  May  19. — A  great  meeting  was  held  in  the  ■'  Fields.'*  at 
which  strong  revolutionary  resolutions  were 
passed.  A  committee  of  51  were  appointed; 
but  the  next  day  a  majority  of  them  receded 
from  their  position,  and  the  Whigs  requested, 
their  names  to  be  struck  off. 

1775,  April    3. — The  Colonial    General    A.ssembly    finally    ad- 

journed. 
"     July   25. — Delegates  were  elected  to  tbe  Continental  Con- 
gress. 
"     Aug.  23. — Capt.  Lamb  was  ordered  by  Provincial  C-ongresa 
to  remove  the  cannon  from  the  battery  in  the 
city  for  the  forts  in  the  Highlands.     Resist- 
ance was  offered  from  the  Asia  man-of-war, 
stationed  off  the  battery;  but  21  pieces — all 
that  were  mounted — were  safely  carried  away. 
2  Two  dreadful  fires  occurred  while  the  city  was  in  possession 
of  the  enemy.    On  the  21st  of  Sept.  1776,  a  fire  spread  from 
Whitehall  Slip  w.  of  Broadway,  8.  of  Barclay  Street,  burning 
402  houses,  or  one-eighth  of  the  entire  city.    Anothi'r  broke  out 
on  Cruger's  Wbarf.  Aug.  7. 1778.  which  burned  300  houses  in 
Great  and  Little  Dock  and  the  adjacent  streets.    Commissioners 
were  appointed  May  4, 1784,  to  settle  claims  to  the  soil  and 
lay  out  streets  in  these  burned  districts.    Destructive  fire^have 
since  occurred,  as  follows : — 
1811,  May    19.— Upon  Chatham  Street  80  to  100  buildings  were 

burned. 
1828,  $^00,000  worth  of  property  was  burned. 

1835,  Dec.  16. — A  fire  broke  out  in  the  lower  part  of  the  city, 
which  was  not  arrested  until  40  acres,  mostly 
covered  by  large  stores,  were  burned  over, 
and  S18.o60.000  worth  of  property  was  de- 
stroyed. It  was  the  most  disastrous  fire  that 
ever  occurred  in  the  city. 
1845,  July  19. — A  fire  broke  out  near  Wall  Street,  and  extended 
to  Stone  Street,  ravaging  the  entire  di.'itrict 
between  Broadway  and  the  e.  side  of  Rrt.>ad 
Street.  Five  to  eight  million  dollars'  worth 
of  property  was  destroyed. 
1858,  Oct.      5.— Tbe  Crystal  Palace  was  burned. 

Theaters  in  New  York  have  been  burned  as  follows  : — 
Park.  1820.  184S ;  Bowery.  1828,  1836, 1838,  1845  :  Mount  Pitt 
Circus,  1828;  La  Fayette,  1829;  National,  1839,  1841;  Niblo's, 
1846 ;  and  FrankUn,  1849. 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


439 


Papers  and  Periodicals  now  published  in  the  City. 


Naub. 


American 
AnuTicim 
AuiiriciiD 
Amcrit'im 
American 
Anifrican 
American 
American 
American 
American 
view.. 
American 
American 

American 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 


Agriculturist 

Baptist  &.  Home  Missionary  Record 

Craftsmnn  

Dru*cgistfl'  Circular 

Farmers'  Magazine 

Furf'ign  &  Christian  Unioo 

Free  Mason 

Home  Missionary  Journal 

Homeopathic  Review. 

Journal  of  Kducation  &  College  Re- 


Medical  Gazette.... 
Medical  Monthly- 


Merchant  

Mining  Chronicle 

Missionary 

National  Treacher 

Phrenolugical  Journal- 
Publishers'  Circular 

Kail  Koad  Guide 

Kail  Road  Journal 


American  Railway  Review- 


American  Temperance  Union  &  No'W  York ) 
Prohibitiunist / 


American  Turf  Register 

Americanischer  Agriculturist 

Americanischer  Botschafter 

Appleton's  Railway  &  Steam  Navigation  Guide.. 
Architectural  Advertiser  A  Builders'  Register... 
Argus  &  United  States  Military  &  Naval  Chron- 
icle  

Atlnntiscbe  Blatter 

Bankers'  Magazine  &  Statistical  Register 

Bank  Note  List 

Bank  Note  List  &  Reporter 

Bank  Note  Register  &  Detector  of  Counterfeits.. 

Bible  Advocate 

Bible  Society  Record 

Bible  Union  Quarterly) 

Bible  Union  Reporter   j" 

Billiard  Cue 

B(x)ksellers'  Medium  &  Publishera'  Advtrtiser.. 

Boys'  &  Girls'  Own  Magazine 

Brother  .Tonathan 

Carriugton's  Commissionaire 

Cliess  Monthly 

Christian  Ambassador 

Christian  Advocate  &  Journal  &  Zion's  Herald.. 

Christian  Itiquirer 

Christian  Intelligencer 

Church  Journal 

Churchman's  Monthly  Magazine. 

Coach  Makers'  Monthly 

Corn  Exchange  Reporter 

Corner  Stone 

Cosmopolitan  Art  Journal 

Courrier  dee  £tats-Unis 

Y  Cymbro  Americauidd 

Demcxratic  Age 

Demucrattc  Review  &  United  Statea  Magazine.. 

Dental  Monitor 

Dinsmore's  Railway  Guide 

Disturoell's  Rail  Roud  Guide 

Dollar  Weekly  E.xpre83 


Eclectic  Magazine  of  Foreign  Literature... 

Educational  Ilertild 

Educational  News 

Engineer 

Examiner 

Excelsior 

Familienblatter 

Fleur  de  Lis 

Foreign  Missionary , 

Frank  Leslie's  Budget  of  Fun , 

Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated   Newspaper.... 

Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  Zeitung 

Frank  Leslie's  New  Family  Magazine. 

German  Bank  Note  Reporter 

Golden  Prize 

Good  News 


(h-iginal  Piihlishers. 


A.  B.  &  R.  L.  Allen.. 

C.  C.  P.  Crosby 

G.  F.  Tisdnll 

H.  Bridgemau. 
J.  A.  Nash. 

Edward  Vernon 

J.  F.  Brennan. 


Henry  M.  Smith  . 


Absalom  Peters  &  S.  S.  Randall 

C.Meredith  Reese,  ed.;  A.J.Dix.pub, 
E.  H.  Parker,  ed.;  E.  P.  Alien,  pub- 


Bryant  &  Stratton , 

W.  B.  MoncI;  k  Co , 

George  Whipple , 

Wni.  II.  Btdwell,  ed , 

Fowler  i  ^Vells , 

Charles  R.  Rode , 

Dinsmore  k  Co , 

D.  K.  Miner  &  G.  C.  Shaeffer.. 

Alexander  Mann,  ed 


Rev.  Dr.  Marsh.. 


W.  T.  Porter 

Orange  Judd 

American  Tract  Society.. 

D.  Appleton  &  Co , 

W.  U.  Randall  &  Ca 


!=  ft, 


1842 
1835 


1849 
1829 


w.  Orange  Judd,  present  publisher. 

w. 

s.  mo. 


mo. 

mo. 


18-lfi 
lfi2U 
1839 


1831 
1859 

1837 

1840 


J.  Crawley 

F.  Rauchfuss. 

J.  Smith  Homans,  jr.,  ed 

L.  S.  Lawrence  &  Co 

A.  Nichols  &  Co 

Gwyne  &  Day 

Amerii-au  &  Foreign  Bible  Society  ... 
American  Bible  Society 

American  Bible  Union. 

O'Conner  &  Collender. 

0.  A.  Roorback 

William  L.  Jones 

Wilson  &  Co 

J.  S.  Penn,  ed. ;  J.W.  Carrington,  pub. 
P.  Miller  k  Sons. 

Hallock  &  Lyon  

Wangh  k  Mason 

Unitarian  Association 

Charles  Van  Wyck 

Rev.  John  Henry  Hopkins,  jr 

Rev.  B.  T.  Onderdonk 

E.  M.  Stratton. 

William  H.  Trafton 

Dr.  S.  Jacobs. 

Quarterly  Association 

Charles  Lasnile , 

John  M.  Welch 

C.  Edwards  Lester,  ed , 


J.  O.  Ambler 

Dinsmore  k  Co.. 

J.  Disturnell  

J.  k  E.  Brooks.. 


J.  H.  Ayremand  k  W.  11.  Bidwell.... 

Smith,  Woodman  &  Co 

Tvison  k  Phinney 

John  IliUyer « 

Edward  Bright , 

Albert  Palmer , 

Dilthey  k  Gambs , 

H.  H.  Lloyd  k  Co. 

Board  of  Missions  of  Presb.  Church. 

Frank  Leslie 

Frank  Leslie , 

Frank  Leslie , 

Frank  Leslie , 

Frederick  Gerhard 

Meniek  B.  Dean 

Carlton  &  Porter 


1859 
1845 
1853 


1858 
1859 
1840 
1855 

1848 
1830 
1S47 
1830 
1853 


1856 
1S2S 
1855 
1S58 
1838 
1857 
1850 


IS44 
IS57 
1858 


1842 

1854 


mo. 
mu. 


E.  II.  Parker  k  S.  H.  Douglass,  pre- 
sent publishers 


w.  Now  pulilisLed  by  J.  H.  Shuttz 

k  Co, ;  H.  V.  Poor.  ed. 
American  Railway  Bureau,  pub. 

I  Begun  at  l'hiladeli)hia  as  Journal 
of  the  American  Temperance 
Union ;  united  with  Prohibition- 
ist, at  Albany,  in  1851,  and  re- 
moved to  New  York, 
mo.  John  Richards,  present  pub. 
mo. 
mo. 
mo. 
mo. 


mo.  Com.  in  Baltimore  in  1846. 


mo. 
mo. 


Beiy.  H.  Day,  present  publisher. 


Henry  Lyon,  present  publisher. 
Carlton  k  Porter,  present  publishers. 


E.  P.  Allen,  present  publisher. 


d.  k  w. 

Cambro-American,  Eng.  k  Wwlsh. 

mo. 

mo.  Conrad  SwacKhamer,  pres.  pub. 

mo.  I 

mo. 

mo.  1 

A  s.  w.  edition  was  some  time  issued,* 
as  the  New  York  Fxpress  and  Ad- 
vertiser. 

mo.  W.H.  Bidwell,  present  pub. 

nio. 

Quarterly. 

w. 

w. 


mo-  Child's  Paper,  Metb.  Epjg. 


440 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


Papers  and  Periodicals  now  published,  continued. 


Original  Publishers. 


&  a. 


Oreat  Republic  Monthly.. 


Oaksmith  k  Co.. 


Hall's  Journal  of  Health 

Handel's  Zeitung 

Harper's  New  Monttily  Magazine 

Harper's  Wf^ekly  Journal  of  Civilization.. 

Herald  of  Light 

Historical  Magazine  &  Notes  and  Queries- 


Home 

Home  &  ForeiKU  Record  of  Presbyterian  Church 

Home  JournaJ 

Home  MjgHzine 

Home  Missionary 

Home  Mission  Record 

Homeopatliic  Review 

Horticulturist 


Humorist 

Humphrey's  Journal  of  the  Daguerreotype  & 
Photographic  Arts 

Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine 

Insurance  Monitor  &  Commercial  Reporter 

Irish  American 

Irish  News 

Irish  Vindicator 

Jewish  Messenger 

Journal  of  the  American  Geographical  &  Sta- 
tistical Society 

Journal  of  Commerce,  Jr 


W.  W.  Hall 

W.  Meyer 

Harper  &,  Brothers 

Harper  &  Brothers 

New  Church  Publication  Society. 
C.  Benj.  Richardson 


Beadle  k  Adams. 


1859 
1854 


1850 
1857 


1857 


Changed  from  Emerson's  Putnam's 

Magazine, 
mo. 
d.  &  w, 
mo. 


mo.  Begun  at  Boston; 
New  York. 


George  P.  Morris  &  N.  P.  Willis 

James  0.  Reed 

American  Home  Mission  Society.-... 
American  Baptist  Home  Miss.  Soc, 


1854 
1849 


Journal  of  Finance  k  Bank  Reporter 

Journal  of  Industry  k  Monthly  Price  Current 

of  Labor 

Journal  of  Medical  Reform 

Journal  of  Medicine  k  Collateral  Science 

Journal  of  Missions  &  Youth's  Day  Spring.. 

Journal  of  Specific  Homeopathy 

Knickerbocker,  or  New  York  Monthly  Magazine 


La  Cronica 

Ladies'  Newspaper 

Ladies'  Repository 

Ladies'  Visitor 

Ladies'  Wreath 

Leader 

Le  Bon  Ton , 

L'Echo  Fraugais 

L'Eco  d'ltalia 

Life  Boat 

Life  Illustrated 

Little  Guide 

Littell's  Living  Age 

Liviniston's  Monthly  Law  Magazine 

Lutherischer  Herold 

Masonic  Messenger 

Mercantile  News  &  Mauuf;icturers'  Reporter- 
Merchants'  k  Manufacturers'  Journal 

Mercury 


Merry's  Museum  &  School  Fellow.. 

Message 

Methodist  Quarterly  Review, , 

MetropoliUm  Record 

Military  Gazette , 

Mining  and  Statistical  Magazine.... 


Missionary  Advocate , 

Missionary  Herald 

Monthly  Record  of  the  Five  Points  House  of 

Industry 

Morniug  Courier  k  New  York  Enquirer 


Mother's  Magazine  k  Family  Monitor 

Musical  Pioneer 

Musical  Review  k  Record  of  Musical  Science. 

Literature,  and  Intelligence 

Musical  World  &  New  York  Musical  Times 

National  Anti  Slavery  Standard 

National  Humorist 

National  Mag:izine 

National  Police  Gazette 


New  Jerusalem  Messenger- 
New  Yorker 

New  Yorker  Abendzeitung... 


A.  D.  Downing,  ed. ;  L.  Tucker,  pub. 


Max  Conheim  k  Otto  Brethauer. 


S.  D.  Humphrey. 

Francis  Hunt 

T.  Jones,  Jr 

Lynch  k  Cole. 

Tho.  Fr.  Meagher 

E.  D.  Connery  &  Co 

Rev.  S.  M.  Isaacs  k  Son.. 


1839 
1853 
1849 
1854 


John  T.  Schultz  k  Co 

Hallock,  HaleA  Hallock... 


S.  T.  Hodge., 


Association 

J.  D.  Friend 

Purple  k  Smith,  eds.; 

A.  Mervin 

Humphrey  k  Palmer.. 
Peabody  k  Co 


1854 


1859 
1855 


M.  De  La  Pena 

John  Hillyer. 

Carlton  k  Porter 

Laura  J.  Curtis 

John  F.  ScoTill 

John  Clancy 

S.  T.  Taylor 

Alex.  Trey 

G.  F.  Secchi  de  Casale 

American  Seaman's  Friend  Society.., 

Fowler  &  Wells 

H.  H.  Lloyd  A  Co. 
Stanford  &  Delisser. 

John  L.  Livingston 

Henry  Ludwig 

M.  J.  Drummond 

W.  Gutman  k  Co 

Thos.K.  Kettel.ed.;  A.  Palmer,  prop, 
Krauth  k  Caldwell 


1853 


S.G.Goodrich 

W.  C.  Cnnant. 

J.  McClintock. 

E.  Dunnig-an  k  Bro.., 

C.G.Stone 

Geo.  M.  Newton 


IS.'^e 
1S5S 
1852 
1839 

1841 

1828 
1859 


J.  P.  Durbin 

Presb.  Board  Miss.; 


A.  Merwin,  ed.. 


1845 
1S43 


L.  M.  Pease. 

James  Watson  Webb.., 


Rev.  S.  Whittlesey.. 
J.  P.  Woodbury 


removed  to 


mo. 

mo. 

mo. 

mo. 

Begun  at  Albany.  RemoTed  to  Roch- 
ester; P.  Barry,  ed.  Removed  to 
Philadelphia  in  1855 :  J.  J.  Smith, 
ed.;  R.  P.  Smith,  publisher.  Re- 
moved to  New  York  in  1858 ;  A. 
0.  Moore,  present  publisher. 


G.  W.  k  A.  G.  Wood,  present  pubs. 

mo. 

w, 

J.  R.  Taylor,  present  publisher. 


d.  Issued  from  the  office  of  The  New 
York  Journal  of  Commerce. 


mo. 
mo. 

mo.  John  A.Gray,  present  publisher 
L.  G.  Clarke,  ed. 


mo. 

mo. 

uio. 

w. 

mo.  magazine. 

8.  w. 

d. 

mo. 

w. 


B.  mo. 

mo. 

w. 

mo. 

Caldwell,    Southworth    k  Whitney, 

present  publishers. 
J.  N.  Stearns  k  Co.,  present  pubs. 

Carlton  k  Porter,  present  publishers. 
w.    J.  Miliary,  present  publisher, 
mo.  Removed  from  Albany. 
Changed    from  Mining    Magazine; 

Thos.  McElrath,  present  ed. 
Carlton  k  Porter,  present  publishers. 


Mason  Brothers 

Richard  Storrs  Willis 

American  Anti  Slavery  Society.. 

Stearns  k  Co 

Abel  Stevens,  ed 

Robert  A.  Seymour 


John  L.  Jewett 

Cornelius  Mathews.. 
Rudolph  Leow. 


1828  The  w.    ed.  formerly   Weekly  Coo- 

ricr  &  New  York  Enquirer. 
1833  H.  H.  Lloyd,  present  publisher. 
1856  F.  J.  Huntington,  present  publisher. 


1858 
1849 
1840 
1856 
1852 
1845 


1855 


mo.  CarUon  A  Porter,  present  pube, 

w.  Geo.  W.  Malsell   k   Co.,   present 

publishers. 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


441 


Papers  and  Periodicals  now  published,  continued. 


Name. 


Original  Publisher. 


New  Yorker  Beobachter.. 
New  Yorker  Demokrat... 
Nfcw  Yctker  Humorist..,. 


New  York  Daily  News... 


New  York  Day  Book. 

New  York  Diapatch 

>'ew  York  Clipper.. 

New  Y'ork  Colonization  Journal ..... 
New  York  Commercial  Advertiser.. 


New  York  Commercial  Times.. 
New  York  Evangelist 


New  York  Evening  Post-. 
New  York  Express 


F.  Schwedler 

F.  Schwedler 

Cobnheim  &  Brethauer 

/Gideon  J. Tucker, ed. ;  Mclntyre  1 
\     &  ParaouB,  pubs J 

R.  W.  Stimson 

A.  J.  Williams 

Frank  Queen 

J.  B.  Finney 

Francis  Uail  &  Co 


Adams,  Upham  &  Co... 
Field  &  Craighead  ..... 


1846 
1843 
1832 
1826 

1858 
1830 


Wm.  Coleman. 

Townsend  &  Brooks.. 


New  York  Family  Courier «.. 

New  York  Freeman's  Joarnal- 

New  York  Ilenild 

New  York  Ledger 

New  York  Observer 

New  York  Municipal  Gazette... 

New  Y'ork  Sentinel 

New  Y^ork  Spectator. 

New  York  Times 


Jas.  Watson  Webb 


J.  A.  McMasters 

James  Gordon  Bennett 

D.  Anson  Pratt 

S.  E.  &  R.  C.  Morse 

B.  Merrian,  ed 

f  Sentinel  Printing  Co.,  Col.  H.  C. 

\     Page,  editor , 

Noah  Webster 

Uemy  J.  Raymond 


New  York  Tribune Greeley  &  McElrath.. 


New  York  Weekly 

New  York  Weekly  Chronicle.. 


Nick  Nax 

North  Amerioan  Homeopathic  Journal 

Our  Musical  Friend 

Parish  Visitor 

Path  Finder 

Periodical  Paper  of  the  Am.  &  For.  Bible  Soc.. 

Photographic  &  Fine  Art  Journal 

Picayune 

Polylingual  Journal 

Porter's  Spirit  of  the  Times 

Principle 

Programme 

Protestant  Churchman 


A.  J.  Williamson. 
Holman  &  Gray.... 

Leison  &  Haney.... 
Wm.  Radde 


H.  Dyer;  Rev.  C.  W.  Adams,  pub.. 
John  F.  Whitney.^ 


Protestant  Episcopal  Quarterly  Review. 

Racing  Calendar  &  Trotting  Record 

Radical  Abolitionist 

Rail  Road  &  Financial  Advertiser 

Real  Estate  Advertiser  &  Reporter 

Republican 

Sabbath  Recorder 

Sabbath  School  Visitor 

Sailor's  Magazine 

Scalpel ' 

Scientific  American .-. 

Scottish  American  Journal 

Scott's  Reiwrt  of  Fashions 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Memorial 

Shipping  ACommercial  List  &  N.  Y.  Price  Cur- 
rent  

Shoo  &  Leather  Reporter 

Sh(M^maker 

Sociale  Republic 

Sower  &  Missionary  Recorder 


Spectator 

Spirit  of  Missions 

Spirit  of  the  Times 

Spiritual  Telegraph 

StJLats-Zeituug 

Standard  Bearer , 

Student  &  School  Mate  ... 

Sunday  Advocate 

Sunday  School  Advocate .. 

Sunday  School  Banner 

[Sunday  School  Gazette.... 

jSunday  School  Times 

Swedenborgian 


Henry  U.  Snelling^ 

Gunn  &  Co. 
Hiram  C.  Sparks. 

Wm.  T.  Porter 

John  B.  Conklin 

C.  M.  McLachlio  &  Co 

f  H.  Anthon,  S.  H.  Tyng,  &  E.  H. 

t    C       ■' 


Geo.  W.  Wilkes  &  Co. 

Wm.  Goodell 

John  Ilillyer 

J.  W.  Wheeler 

John  Uillyer. 


1853 
1S35 
1847 

1848 
1848 

1860 

1797 
1851 


1850 

1857 
1855 
1858 
1852 

1847 
1845 
1851 


d.  &  W. 

w. 

W.  D.  Parsons,  present  pub.  Weekly 
ed.  issued  as  the  New  York  Na- 
tional Democrat. 

d.  &  w.  Yanevrie,  Horton  &  Co.  pubs. 


mo. 

d.  semi.  w.  issued   as    New    Y'ork 
Spectator. 

Issued  part  of  the  time  as  the  New 

York  Evangelist  and  New  York 

Presbyterian, 
d.,  6.  w.,  &  w.  Wm.  C.  Bryant  &  Co., 

present  publishers, 
d.  &  s.  w.  James  &  Erastus  Brooks, 

present   publishers.     The    Dollar 

Weekly  Express  issued  from  the 

same  oflBce. 
d.,  fl.   w.,   &  w.  Changed  from  the 

Weekly  Courier  &  Enquirer. 
(R.C.) 

d.,s.  w.,  &  w.    The  d.  begun  in  1837 
Robert  Bonner  present  publisher., 
S.  E.  Morse  Jr.  &  Co.,  present  pub. 
Published  occasionally. 


3.  w.;  published  by  Francis  Hall  &  Co 
d.,  8.  w.,  &  w.;    also   California  and 

European     editions.        Raymond, 

Wesley  &  Co.,  present  publishers, 
d.,  8.  w.,  &  w. ;  also  California  and 

European  editions.     U.  Greeley  & 

Co.,  present  publishers. 


&  Co.,  present 


Canfield.. 


1843 


W.  B.  Maxon  . 


H.  G.  Lawrence.. 

Munn  &  Co 

Jas.  W.  Finlay  .., 

G.  C.  Scott 

W.  B.  Maxon. 


Antms  &  Boome.. 

D.J.  Field 

D.  J.  Field  &  Co.... 
Gustave  StruTe 


Orville  A.  Roorback  .... 

Daniel  Dana.  J r 

John  Richards 

C.  Patridge 

Anna  UU. 

N.  A.  Calkins. 

James  L.  Smith 

Carlton  &  Porter 

American  S.  S.  Union.. 


1845 
1850 
1832 
1848 
1845 


Pharcellus,  Church 
publishers. 


w.  (Sheet  music.) 
mo. 


Abram  C.  Dayton,  present  pub. 

mo. 

d. 


Seventh  Day  Bap.Publication  Society. 

Seventh  Day  Baptist. 

American  Seaman's  Friend  Society. 

mo. 


1825 


Rev.  Benj.F.  Barrett. 


1848 


1S08 
1858 
1858 


w. 

mo.    Board  of  Publication  Reformed 

Protestant  Dutch  Church, 
mo. 
Removed  from  Burlington,  N.  J. 


442 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


Papers  and  Periodicals  now  puhlished,  concluded. 


Name. 


Original  pvhlisher. 


Remarks. 


Tablet , 

The  Advocate  of  Moral  Reform  &  Family  Guar- 
dian  

The  Albion 

The  Atlas 

The  Carrier  Dove 

The  Century 

The  Cliililren's  Magazine 

The  Child's  I>aper 

The  Churchman 

The  Constellation 

The  Crayon 

The  Hiiiiieopathiat 

Tlie  Independent 

Thr  Inventor 

The  iHraelite  Indeed 

The  New  York  Journal  of  Commerce 


D.  &  J.  Sadlier  &  Co.. 


J.  R.  McDowell 

W.  Young  A  Co 

Ilerrick  &  Seaman., 

Daniel  Dana,  Jr 

Tbos.  McKlrath 

F.  D.  llaniman 


John  Hecker 

Park  Benjamin,  ed 

W.  J.  Stillman  &  J.  Durand, 


B.  W.  Benedict 

Low,  Hnecall  &  Co.. 

G.  R.  Lederer 

Association 


The  Press 

'The  Printer 

^The  .Sun 

Theological  k  Literary  Journal 

Thompson's  Bank  Note  Reporter 

Tiftanv'B  Monthly 

TnithTeller 

United  States  Economist  &  Dry  Goods  Reporter. 

United  States  Hotel  Directory 

United  States  Insurance  Gazette 

United  States  Journal 


Daniel  Adee. 

Henry  k  Himtington.. 

Moses  Y.  Beaoh , 

Daniel  N.  Lord,  ed 

J.  F.  Thompson , 

Joel  Tiffany. 

Wm.  Durman 

Joseph  Mackey 

Ropes.  Williams  &  Co.. 

G.  E.  Currie 

Albert  Palmer 


United  States  Mining  Journal , 

United  Sttites  Railroad  and  Mining  Register.... 

Wall  Street  Broker 

Water  Cure  Journal 

Workin<(  Farmer 

Yankee  Notions 

Y(tnng  Cliriatian , 

Ycung  Men's  Magazine 

Youth's  Temperance  Advocate 

Y  Drvch  a'r  Gwyliedydd 

YTraethodydd 


1835 
1S22 
1S39 

1858 
1S52 


1R31 
1859 
1855 


1848 
1857 
1857 
1827 


1858 
1S33 

1848 
1840 

1830 


John  Hillyer , 

Geo.  M.  Newton. 

John  S.  Dye , 

Fowler  &  Wells , 

Fred.  McCready...." 

J.  W.  Strong , 

Thos.  Lyon 

N.  A.  Calkins.    Rich.  McCormick,  ed. 
John  Marsh 


1843 


Wni.  Roberta. 


1852 
1855 
1851 
1840 
1854 


Formerly  McDowell's  Journal. 
Devoted  to  British  news. 


mo.    P.  E.  S.  S.  Union. 

mo.    American  Tract  Society. 

Geo.  Roberts,  publisher. 

W.  HollingB worth,  publisner. 

s.  mo. 

Joseph  H.  Richards,  present  pub. 


d.,8.  W..&  w.      Hallock,  Halo  k  Hal- 
lock,  present  publishers. 


d.  k  w.    M.  S.  Beach,  present  pub. 
Franklin  Knight,  present  publisher. 
w.    P.  Adams,  publisher. 

w.    Michael  Madder,  present  pub. 


mo.    J.  M.  Emerson  k  Co.,  present 
publishers. 


mo. 
mo. 


V.    (Mirror  &  Watchman.)' 


Papers  and  Periodicals  discontinued  since  the  Revolution. 


Since  the  Revolution,  the  following  papers  have  appeared  and 
Ijeen  discontinued.  The  list  is  very  imperfect:  as,  among  the 
constant  changes  that  are  going  on,  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain 
precise  data.  It  is  possible  that  a  few  in  this  list  may  be  still 
issued,  and  very  probable  that  others  may  continue  to  exist 
under  a  different  name : 


Names  of  Papers. 


Abbott's  Religious  Magazine.mo. 
Academician,  The 


Account,  Weekly 

Advertiser,  Daily 

Advertiser,  New  York  Daily 

Advocate  &  Journal,  New  York, 
d.  k  w. 
Advocate,  New  York  American, 

changed  from  Journal 

Age,  The 

Age,  The 

Age.  The d. 

Age  of  Reason 

Agricultor,  New  York.„ 

Alexandrian , 

Alliance,  New  York. 


Alligator,  The 

Almighty  Dollar,  The 

Amaranth,  The mo. 

Amateur.  The jno. 

Ambassador.  The mo. 

American   Advocate    for  Equal 

Rights  to  Man  w. 

American  Architect 

American  Artisaa 

American  biblical  ilepoa.  .....qr, 


Publishers. 


John  Wiley 

A.  k  J.  W.  Picket, 

eds 

Bacon  k  Stimson... 
Childs  k  Swaine.... 
Dwight,  Townsend 

k  Co 

Redwood  k  Fisher.. 

Redwood  &  Fisher.. 

Jacob  Acker 

Grattan  k  Meighau 
Kendrick  k  Co 


Allen  k  Co.. 


C.  J. 

:      E. 


C.   C.  Leigh, 

Warren 

Wilkes 

Stephen  H.  Branch 

C.  C.  Champlin 

John  Henry 


C.  M.  Saxton.™.. 

S.  Fleet 

J.  H.  Agnew 


1818 

1848 
1785 


1830 

1833 
1K31 
1844 
1856 
1846 
18.^2 
1835 


1852 
1858 
1S51 
1848 
1832 
1842 

1844 
1847 

1847 
1843 


1855 
1859 


Names  of  Papers. 


American  Celt 

American  Chronopress mo. 

Ameriran  Citizen d. 

American  Citizen 

A  merican  Citizen  k  Watch  Tower 
American  Eclectic 


American  Eclectic bi-mo. 

American  Ensign w. 

American  Ensign d. 


American  Family  Journal. ...mo. 


American 
American 
American 

Reportei 
American 
American 

graphy. 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 
American 


Farmer  &  Mechanic... 

Flora mo. 

Foreign  Anti  Slavery 

- mo. 

Journal  of  Education. 
Journal    of    Photo- 


Jubilee 

Keystone 

Laborer mo. 

Lancet mo. 

Magazine 

Mail 

Mechanic 


American  Mechanics' Magazine- 
American  Metropulis. 

American  Mineral ogical  Journal 

American  Minerva. d. 

American   Missionary  Register, 

mo. 

American  Monthly  Magazine.... 


McGee  k  Mitchell- 
Alba  Honeywell.... 
James  Cheetham... 
John  R.  De  Puy 


Absalom  Peters  k 
S.  B.  West 

J.  11.  Agnew 

Burns  k  G.immons 

Association.  Burns 
k  Gammons 

Rev.  D.  Newell  k  J 

'  R.  Wisner 

E.  B.Carter 

A.  B.  Strong,  ed..... 


Joseph  McKean.. 


C.  A.Steele 

Wm.Goodell 

Caliicot  k  Webster 
Greeleyi  McElrath 


Samuel  Loudon 

Park  Benjamin 

J.  M.  Van  Osdel  k 

S.  T.  Porter. 

D.  K.  Minor 

H.  O.  Dayler 

Archibald  Bruce.... 

Geo.  Bruce  &  Co 

U.   F.  M.  Soc.     Z. 

Lewis  k  others... 
W.  Hallet  k  A.  D. 

Patterson 


18  r.  5 
18.S0 
1806 
1843 
1806 

1841 
lS4;i 
1844 


1847 
1.S43 
1849 

1S44 
1847 

1845 
1856 
1851 
1S42 
1831 
1787 
1847 

1840 
1832 
1845 
1S19 
1793 

1820 

1833 


1826 
1846 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 
Papers  and  Periodicals  discontirMed  since  the  Revolution,  continued. 


443 


NAME3  OP  Papers. 


American  Monthly  Magazine  & 

Critical  Review. 
American  Moral  &  Sentimental 

Magazine  

American  Musical  Jourual...mo. 

American  Patriot 

American  Patriot 

American  Patriot  k  Public  Ad- 

vertJaer 

American  Penny  Magazine 

American  Phouographer. 

American  Plow  Boy 

American  Protestant 

Americ-an     liepertory    of   Arts, 

oience,  &■  Manufactures 

American  Repository mo. 

American  Review  &  Literary 
Journal 

American  Review  &  Whig  Jour- 
nal   

[American  Spectator 

American  Sporting  Magazine, 
mo. 

American  Temperance  Intelli- 
gencer  

American  Temperance  Magazine 

American  Temperance  Magazine 
&  Sons  of  Temperance  Offering 

American  Temperance  Recorder, 
mo. 

American  Whig  Review,  changed 
from  American  Review  &  Whig 
Jon  mill. 

America's  Own 

America's  Own  &  Weekly  Fire- 
man's Journal 

Anglo  American 

Anglo  Saxon mo. 

Annalist,  The 

Anti  Masonic  Review  &  Monthly 
Magazine 

Anti  Slavery  Reporter 

Appleton's  Mechanics*  Maga- 
zine  mo. 

Arcturufl 


J.  H.  Bigelow  &  0. 
L.  HoUey 


Thomas  Kirk ., 

Jas.  Dunn 

Association  .... 


Samuel  0.  Brower. 
Thood.  Dwight.jr. 
John  W.  Leonard.. 

D.  K.  Miner 

C-  R.  Moore,  agent. 


J.J.  Mapes,  ed.. 
W.    A.    Cox.    Me- 
chanic Institute.. 


C.  B.  Brown,  ed... 

Wiley  &  Putnam., 
B.  F.  Romaine  ..... 


C.  R.  Golden .. 


S.  P.  Carey- 


Oliver  k  Bro.„ 


E.  B.  Cfailda.ed.-... 


Argns.orGreenleaf' 8  New  Daily 

Advertiser 

Argua  &  United  States  Gazette.. 

Aristidean mo. 

Arthur's  Home mo. 

Artist,  The mo. 

Asmonean 

Atlantic  Magazine mo. 

Atlas,  The 


Atlas  Magazine s.  mo. 


Atom.  The 

Badger's  Weekly  Messenger 

Banner  of  the  Confltitution 

Baptist  Advocate 

Bapti.st  Memorial mo. 


Baptist  Repository.. 


Barnburner,  The 

Beacon,  The 

Belles  Lettres  Repository mo. 

Better  Times 

Bible  Examiner s.  mo. 

Biblical  Inquirer 

Biblical  Journal 

Bibliotheca  Sacra  k  Theological 

Review. 
Biabee's  New  Monthly  Magazine 

Booksellers'  Advertiser 

Book  Trade,  The mo. 

Bowery  Boy.  The 

British  Chronicle 

British  NewsA  Old  Countryman 

Broadway  .lournal 

Bunker  Hill.  The 

Business  Reporter  k  Merchants 

and  Mechanics'  Advertiser. 
Cabinet,  The 


H.  D.  Patterson,  ed. 


R.  k  G.  S.  Wood.... 

Henry  Dana  Ward 
Am.  Anti  Sla.  Soc.. 

J.  M.  Adame.  ed.... 

Matthews  k  Duyc- 

kiuck 


J.  Greenleaf. 

Capt.  N.  Cook 

Lane  &  Co 

DeWitt&Davenport 

F.  Guarre 

Robert  Lvon 

E.  Bliss  &  E.  White 
J.   D.    Porter  &  E. 

Prescott  

Swinburne,  Rogers 
A  Co 

Robert  G.  Hatfield. 

B.  Badger,  ed 

Condy  Raquct 

Robert  Sears 

Rev.  Enoch  Hutch- 
inson, ed. 

Jafs.  Van  Valken- 
burgh  

W.  J.  Tenney 

G.  Vail 

A.  T.  Goodrich  &Co. 

U.  Hagadorn 

George  Storrs 

J.E.  Jones 

Israel  Post 

B.  B.  Edwards  k  E. 
A.  Park 


West  k  Trour 

H.  Wilson 

P.  F.  Harris 

P.  Brown,  ed 

Vinter  k  Moody... 

John  Biscoe 

S.  B.  Dean  k  Co.. 

H.  L.  Bamum  .... 
Henry  P.  Piercy . 


1819 
1799 


1817 

1797 
18;i5 
1S41 
1S43 

1806 
1845 
1851 
1833 
1845 

1840 

1840 

1801 

1845 
1841 


1834 
1851 


1851 
1848 


1849 

1851 
1842 
1847 
1849 

1829 
1834 

1851 

1841 

1795 
1S41 
1845 
1857 
1843 
1849 
1824 

1830 

1S34 
1847 
1831 
1831 
1840 


1829 
1848 
1S43 
1819 
1840 
1844 
1850 
1842 

1844 
1839 
1834 
1850 
1856 
1842 
1849 
1845 
1844 

1S34 
1830  1831 


1858 
1825 


Names  of  Papers. 


Calumet bi-mo. 

Calumet  of  Peace 

Campaign,  The 


Campaign  of  Freedom 

Canfidd'a  American  Argus... 
Catholic  Expositor   &  Literary 

Mag.izine 

Catholic   Expositor   k   Literary 

Magazine mo. 

Catholic  Magazine 

Catholic  Register 


Child's  Masrnzine ....mo. 

Childrens'  Magazine mo. 

Choral  Advocate  &  Singing  Clas.g 
Journal 

Christian  Diadem mo. 

Christian  Family  Magazine.. mo. 

Christian  Inquirer 

Christian  Journal  &  Christian 
Rngister 

Christian  Magazine mo. 

Chiistian  Parlor  Magazine.. .mo. 

Christian  Review quar. 

Christian  Spiritualist 

Chronicle  Express 

Chronicle  of  the  Times 

Churchmen's  Monthly  Magazine 

Citizen,  The 

Citizen  of  the  World 

City  Chronicle 

City  Guide 

City  Hall  Reporter  k  New  York 
General  Law  Magazine 

City  Journal  and  Ladies'  Daily 
Gazette 

City  Recorder 

Cobbett'.i  Political  Register 

Code  Reporter. mo. 

Colored  American 

Columbian d.  k  s.  w. 

Columbian  for  the  Country 

Columbian  Ladies  and  Gentle- 
men's Magazine 

Columbian  Magazine mo. 

Comet,  The 

Commercial  Advertiser  &  Spec- 
tator   

Commercial  Register. mo. 

Constellation 


Constellation 

Corrector,  or  Independent  Amer- 
ican   mo. 

Corsair.  The 

Cosmopolite a  semi-mo.  mag. 


Cosmorama 

Cricket.  The 

Criterion.  The 

Critic,  The 

Crystal  Fount 

Cuban 

Cyclopedia  Indianensis 

Daily  Court  Calendar 

Daily  Evening  State  Register..... 

Daily  Gazette 

Daily  Globe 

Daily  Plebeian 

Daily  Stat*?8man 

Day's  New  York  Bank  Note  List 

Democratic  Chronicle d. 

Democratic  Republican 

Dental  Recorder 

Dewitt  k  Davenport's  Monthly 
Literary  Gazette 

Diary,  or  Loudon's  Register 

Dime,  The 

Dispatch  &  Tattler d. 

Dollar  Weekly 

Downfall  of  Babylon 

Dry  Goods  Reporter  k  Mer- 
chants' Gazette 

Dyp'a  Bank  Bulletin d. 

Dye's  Bank  Mirror. b.  mo. 


Publishers. 


L.  D.  Dewey  ., 


O'SuUivan    k    Til- 
den 


John  Dillon  Smith 
k  P.  Gallagher... 


Rev.  A  Ten  Bi-oeck 


Mason  k  Law 

Z.  Patten  Hatch  . 
Rev.  D.  Newell.... 
B.  Bates , 


T,  k  J.  Swords. 
Ilopkiiisi  Seymour 
Rev.  D.  M^ad... 
James  Woolsey, 


P.  S.  Wiggins 

T.  Swords 

John  McClanahan. 
G.  Vail 


Solon  Horn  ... 
John  Lomas.. 


Daniel  Rogers.. 


Sam.  E.Cornish,  ed 
Charles  Holt 


John  .Tuman,  ed... 

Israel  Post 

H.  D.  Duhecquet.. 


Franklin  Woods  & 
Co 

Green,Clark&Bart- 
lett , 

John  Henry 


N.  P.  Willis 

Prentiss,  Clark 

Co 

Burton. 


Chas.  R.Rode 

Wm.  Leggett , 

Burnett  k  Allen.. 

J.  Mesa 

Piatt  &  Peters 


J.  A.  Scovill . 


L.  D.  Shaumra 

Childs  k  Co 

Abijah  Ingraham. 

Mahlon  Day 

Wm.  D.  Hait 

W.  Hagadorn 

Chas.  W.  Ballard.., 


Samuel  Loudon 

De  Land*  Clay 

Jas.G.  Wilson&Co. 
HerrickA  Roper... 


John  S.  Dye.. 
John  S.  Dye. 


1R35 
18J2 

1844 
1S48 

1830 


1S43 
1839 

1840 
1827 
1835 

1850 
1S48 
1843 
1825 

1S17 
18(J*i 
1845 
1S35 
18.04 
180*2 
1828 

1804 ; 

1854 
1834 
1847 
1850 

1833  ] 

1842 

1816  ] 

181(i 

184S 

1S37 

ISIO 

1819  1 

1844 
1845 
1834 

1807 

1855 

1830  ] 

1845 

1815 

1M5 

1839 

1849 

1845 
1S55 
1828 
1843 
1S55 
1843 
1845 
1856 
1843 
1845 
1842 
1S48 
1819 
1S34 
1X31 
1855 

1851 

1791  : 

1854 

1S40 

1843 

1835 

1845 
185S 


1R24 
ISll 


1836 


44i 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


Papers  and  Periodicals  discontinued  since  the  Revolution,  continued. 


NiMES  OF  Papers. 


Dye"8  Wall  St.  Broker^ 

iiclio  &■  Literary  Military  Chron- 
icle   

Eclectic  Museum 

Edumud,  Charles  &,  Co.'s  Bank 
N<'teLiBt 

Emancipator 

Euu-nild  &  Political  Literary  &. 
Commercial  Recorder 

Emerson's  Putnam's  Monthly... 

Emigrant,  The 

Emigrant  &.  Old  Countryman.... 

Emigrants'  Magazine mo. 

Empire  Magazine mo. 

Empire  State 

Empire  State  Democrat 

l-^uteipriad.  The a.  mo. 

Pipicureaa  Gondola 

Era,  The 

Eureka,  or  National  Journal  of 
Inventions,  Patents,^  Sciences 

Europeaoj  The 

European,  The ^. 

European  American 

European  News 

Evangelical  Guardian  &  Review 

Evening  City  Gazette 

Evening  Gazette 

Evening  Herald d. 

Evening  Mirror d. 

Evening  Signal 

Evening  Star d.  &  s.  w. 

Evening  Star 

Evening  Tattler 

EvLirgreen mo. 

Evergreen,  The mo, 

Evergreen,  or  Monthly  Church 

Offering 

Every  Youth's  Gazette 

Examiner,  The mo. 

Examiner,  The 

Excelsior 


John  S.  Dye 

Crawley,  Milne  St 

Co 

John  H.  Agnew, 


Joshua  Leavitt,  ed 
Hugh  H.  Byrne 


John  S.  Bartlett... 
John  S.  Bartlett... 

John  Wiley 

M.  R.  Andrews 


Hiram  Cummings.. 
G.  W.  Bleecker  ..... 

Isaac  D.  Geiger 

W.  T.  Adams  &,  Co, 
J.  L.  Kingsley  k  J. 

P.  Pierson 

John  W.  Moore 


G.F.  S.deCasale, 
Kimber  Sl  Fine... 
Aeao.  of  Clergymen 


Expositor  &,  Bajiking  Circular... 

Express  Messenger 

Family  Companion mo. 

Family  Keepsake mo. 

Family  Magazine mo. 

Family  Minstrel s.  mo 

Family  Record 

Family  Visitor  &  SilkCultnrist. 

Farmers'  Guide  to  Science  & 
Practical  Agriculture 

Farmers'  Library  k  Monthly 
Journal  of  Agriculture \. 

Farmers,  Mechanics,  Manufac- 
turers, &  Sporting  Man's 
Magazine juo. 

Fathers'  Magazine mo. 

Female  Advocate s.  mo. 


Fireman's  Gazette 

Fisher'i  National  Miigazine  k 
Historical  Record 

Flag  of  the  Free 

Flatf  of  Our  Union 

For.  &  Domestic  Chronicle. ..mo. 

Forcep,  The quar. 

Forrester's  Boy's  k  Girl's  Maga- 
zine  

Frank  Leslie's  Gazette  of  Fashion 

Frank  Leslie's  New  York  Jour- 
nal   1 

Franklin  Daily  Advertiser 

Freedom's  Journal 

Free  Enquirer 


Freeman'a  Journal  A  Catholic 
Reiiister 

Free  Press 

Free  State  Advocate 

Gazette  of  Education  k  Snnday 
School  Journal g.  mo. 

Gazette  Extraordinary 

Gazette  of  the  Union 


K.  G.  Evans 

Kingsley,  Barton  k 

Co 

MoiTis  k  Willis 

Jonas  Winchester.. 

Noah  &  GUI- 

W.  Burns 

Dillon  k  Hooper.... 


J.  Winchester.. 


J.  Winchester 

B  Gardnier.  ed 

J.  Stevenson 

W.  H.  McDonald  k 
Co 


A.  L.  Stimson 

P.  Childs&C-o.... 
Burdick  k  Scovill 
Redfield  k  Lindsley 
Chas.  Dingley... 
Ridgeway  k  Co. 
Theodore  DwigbtA 
others 


1847 

1846 
1843 

1 840 
1834 

1824 


L.  Scott  k  Co. 


Geo.  Honston 

John  Wiley 

W.  Goodell  4  S.  P. 

Hine9 

Robert  Sears 


Rev.  Wood  Fisher.. 
Williams  Brothers. 
S.  French 


Tooth  Manufac.  Co. 


W.C.  Locke.. 
Frank  Leslie... 


Frank  Leslie.... 


Cornish  &  Ruewaru 

Frances  Wright  & 

R.  D.  Owen 


Jm.  M.  White.... 
Wm.  Hagadorn.. 
Jas.  B.  Swain 


183; 
1836 
1834 
1848 
1840 
1842 
1831 
1863 
1860 

1846 
1836 
1856 
1849 
1847 
1817 
1828 
1846 

1843 
1827 
1840 
1834 
1846 
1840 
1841 
1840 

1844 
1843 
1812 
1833 

1849 
1849 
1866 
1846 
186' 
1834 
1.S36 
1861 

1839 


1826 
1834 

1832 
1835 

1845 
1848 
1848 
1843 
1855 

1845 
1853 

1856 
1832 
1827 


1843 
1834 
1866 

1843 
1843 
1847 


1869 
1836 


1848 


Names  of  Papers. 


Publishers. 


Gazette  of  the  Union.  Golden 
Rule,  4  Odd  Fellows'  Com- 
panion  ICrampton  4  Clark.  1838 1 18.52 

Gazette  of  the  United  State8.-.d.'Lan,v  &  Turner 1789 

Genius  of  Temperance Wm.  Goodell  &  S. 


Geographical  4  Commercial  Ga- 
zette  mo. 

Gleaner,  The 

Globe  4  Democratic  Union d. 

Globe  &  Emerald,  or  Saturday 
Journal  of  Literature,  Politici, 
4  Arts  

Golden  Rule 

Good  Samaritan  Messenger 

Gospel  Herald. 

Gospel  Luminary 

Gospel  Sun.., 

Gospel  Witness 

Green's  National  Guardian 

Halcyon  Luminary  4  Theolog- 
ical Repository 

Harbinger,  The 


P.  nines.. 


J.  Disturnell 

Charles  King 

Caspar  C.  Childs ... 

T.  W.  CTerke  4  Co. 


F.  Fisk 

Millard  4  Clough.., 


n.irt's  Path  Finder 

Herald    of    Christian    Love    4 

Working  Man's  Friend 

Herald  &  Gazette  for  tlte  Country 

Herald  of  the  Union 

Hewitt's  Excelsior 

Holden's  Dollar  Magazine...  mo. 

Home  Circle mo. 

Home  Companion 

Home  Missionary 

Honest  Wrath 

Home's  Rail  Road  Gazette... 
Hudson's    Exchange    Shipping 

List tri-w 

Human  Rights 


AsBoc'ation 

American  Union  of 
Associationists 


Geo.  Bunco  &  Co  ... 
C.  Edwards  Lester. 
H.  W.  Hewitt 


Illustrated  American  News., 

Illustrated  News 

Illustrated  News 


Illustrated  New  York  News. 

Independent  Journal 

Independent  Reflector 

Independent  Republican 

Industiial  Agent 

Infant  Drummer 

International  MonthlyMagazine 


Investigator.  The 

Inveterate,  The 

Irish  Democrat 

Irish  Evangelist 

Irish  Volunteer 

Iron  Platform 

Island  City 

Isi-ael's  Herald 

Janus 

Jeffersonian,  The 

.lewish  Chronicle mo. 

Journal.  The 

Journal  of  Christian  Education.. 


Journal  des  Dames mo. 

.Tournal  of  the  Fine  Arts 

Jonrnal  of  the  Fine  Arts  4  Mu- 
sical World. mo. 

Journal  of  the  People tii-w. 

Jonrnal  of  Progress 

Journal  of  Public  Morals 


Jonrnal  of  Useful  Knowledge  4 
Monthly  Record  of  New  Pub- 
lications  ^ 

Journal  of  Women 

Juvenile  Wesleyan 

Knickerbocker  Gazette 

Ladies'  Casket mo. 

Ladies'  Companion mo. 

Ladies'  Diadem mo. 

Ladies"  Keepsake  4  Home  Li- 
brary  mo. 

Ladies'  Weekly  Miscellany 


Garret  4  Co 

S.M.Giddings&Co. 

Absalom  Peters 

M.  Doheney,  ed 

C.  Home 


Wm.  H.  Hudson ... 

Amer.  Anti  Slavery 

Society 


P.  T.Bamum4  H. 
D.  Bea«h 


Webster  4  McLean 


1865  1856 
1840 


1826 
1845 
1860 
1830 
1830 
1850 
1838 


1S4.S 
1847 

1850 
1796 
1851 
1846 
l«f.O 
1856 
18,57 
1828 
1856 
1849 

1836 

1836 
1852 
1843 


1819 


1843 


1853 
18,61 
1783 
1762 

(1806,1807 

Wm.  Newell  4  Co..  1S48I 

J.  Uillyer 1851 

Stringer  4  Town- 
send  1S.50 

Jarvis  F.  Hanks.... '1830 
Denman  4  Horn  ...  11849 
John  McLaughlin..  1832 

John  Hurley 1861 

M.  O'Connor 1,S43 

Wm.  Oland  Bourne  1S6 
1846 


R.  Henisen 

Childs.Devoe  &  Hill 
E.  R.  McGregor. 

B,  Brandreth 

Rev.  Beiij.  0.  Pier 
4  B.  J.  Height... 

Wm.  B.Taylor.. 


W.  T.  Brockelbank 
4  Co 


Harmonical  Asso. 

Goodell,    Hines    4 

NiltiS 


Worthy  L.  Lee. . 

L.  Neelv 

J.  C.  Burdick.... 
Wm.  Snowdon .. 
J.  C.  Burdick.... 


Burdick  4  Scovill.. 


1849 
1S52 
1835 
184;! 
183: 

1843 


1861 
1847 
1863 


1850 
1834 
1839 
1844 
1848 
1836 
1848 

1885 
1807 


1866 
1862 


1862 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 
Papers  and  Periodicals  discontinued  since  the  Mevolntion,  eoniinued. 


445 


Nambs  of  Papkhs. 


Lady's  Own , 

Lancet.  The 

Lantern.  The 

Last  Section  Visitor 

Leonori's  Bank  :Note  List 

Liberia  Advocate,  New  York  & 

St.  Thoma.'^ 

Life  Insurance  Examiner 

Life  in  New  York 

Light  Ship 

Light    Ship    &   Sunday   School 

Monitor 

Literary  American 


Literary  Gazette... 
Literary  Journal- 


Literary  Mi?ceIlaoY 

Literary  k  Scientific  Kepository 
&  Critical  Review 

Literary  &  Theological  Review 
mo. 

Literary  World 

Livingston  &.  Wilmer's  Express- 
Lyceum  Reporter  k  Critical  Mis- 
cellany   mo. 

Magazine  for  the  Million 

Magazine  of  Horticulture 

Magazine  of  Useful  k  Entertain- 
ing Knowledge. 

Magnet 

Mason  k  Tnttle's  Advertiser 

Masonic  Register  k  Union. ..mo. 

McKenzie'B  Gazette 

Mearson's  U.  S.  Bank  Note  Re- 
porter  

Mechanics  k  Farmers' Magazine 
of  Ueeful  Knowledge 

Mechanics'  Magazine 

Medic:U  k  Phif.  Journal  &  Re- 
view  

Medical  Repoaitory  k  Review  of 
Medicine  k  Surgery 

Mentor  k  Fireside  Review 

Mercantile  Advertiser 


Myron  Finch. 

G.  P.Quiickenbose, 
ed 

Swinburne  &  Pat- 
terson  

R.  F.  Tuckerman  k 
Co 

J.  P.  Trow  k  Co.... 

Wiley  &  Halsted.-, 

Leon.  Wood. jr.,  ed, 
C.  F.  Hoffman 


Le  Roy  Sunderland 


J.  F.  Adams 

Atex.  McKenzie.. 


Mercantile  Advertiser  &  New 
York  Advocate 

Mercantile  Guide  &  Family  Jour- 
nal   

Merchant's  l>ay  Book d. 

Merchant's  Intelligencer 


Merchant's  I-edger d. 

Message  Bird 


Methodist  Protestant 

Metropolitan 

Metropolitan  Courier  of  the 
Union 

Metropolitan  Magazine 

Mid-Day  Courier  with  the  Morn- 
ing Mails V 

Midnight  Cry 

Military  Monitor  &  American 
Register 

Minerva,  The 

Minerva,  or  Literary,  Entertain- 
ing. 4  Scientific  Journal 

Ming's  New  York  Price  Current. 

Mining  Journal  k  American  Rail 
Road  Gazette 

Mirror  of  Fashion 

Mirror  of  the  Times 

Monitor,  The 

Monitor  k  Messenger 


Monthly  Bulletin 

Monthly  Cosmopolite.. 


Monthly  Diadem 

Monthly  Distribution 

Monthly  Family  Circle  k  Parlor 

Annual 

Monthly  Journal  of  Agriculture 


Puhlish^rs. 


E.  B.  Cbilda,  ed.. 

J.  G.  Bennett 

Jackson  k  Co 

W.  0.  Bourne 

L.  J.  Leonori 


John  C.  Johnston. 


Mortimer  J.  Smith 


Miner  k  Shaeffer.. 

3.k  T.  Swords 

J.  &  T.  Swords 


Butler  k  Munford 
in  1830. 


Amos  Butler  k  Co. 

Wm.  E.  Blakeney.. 
N.   R.   Stimson    k 

G.  Foster 

Eustis,  Prescott  k 

Co 

Pratt  k  Requa 

T.  Brockelbank    k 

Co 

A.  T.  Piercy 


Geo.  Mearson... 
Joseph  Mason.. 


Joshua  V.  Mines... 

Joseph  Desnones. . 

E.  Bliss  k  E.  White. 

J.  Houston  &  J.G. 

Brooks 


John  E.  Grant.. 
Genio  C.  Scott... 
W.W.Wallace.. 


J.  E.  Jones   &   C. 
B.Turner 


Prentiss,  Clarkl  k 
Co 


Geo.  P.  Metcalf. 

John  3.  Skinner.... 


1849 

1H43 
1852 
1846 
I860 

1C48 
1849 
1850 
1845 


1835 


1852 
1849 


18.34 
1847 
1843 

1843 
1844 
1840 


1843 
1844 
lSo4 

1838 

1848 

1830 
1837 


1810 
1839 

1807 

1834 

1852 

1849 

1832 
1846 

1842 
1836 
1852 

1847 
1835 

1814 
1839 

1812 
1822 

1824 
1809 

1847 
1839 
1848 
1850 

1851 
1840 

1848 
1S50 
1835 

1841 

1845 


1824 


1848 


Names  of  Papers. 


Monthly  Lecturerof  the  National 
Socifty  of  Literature  &  Science 

Monthly  Magazine  k  American ) 
Monthly  Review J 

Monthly  Military  Repository 

Monthly  Recorder 

Monthly  Recorder  of  Five  Points 
House  of  Industry 

Monthly  Record  of  Prison  Asso- 
ciation  

Monthly  Register,  Magazine,  k 
Review  of  U.  S 

Monthly  Repository  &  Library 
of  Entertaining  Knowledge... 

Monthly  Tr.ide  Gazette 

Mural  &  Daily  Advertiser 

Moral  Lyceum 

Mormon.  The 

Morning  Chronicle d. 

Morning  Chronicle d. 

Morning  Chronicle d. 

Morning  Chronicle  k  Tippecanoe 
Advertiser 

Morning  Post 

Morning  Post  k  Family  Gazette.d 

Morning  Star 

Morning  Telegraph 


John  Brlsted.. 


Morning  Times  k  Commercial 
Intelligencer .' 

Morning  Watch 

Morris's  National  Press  Journal 
for  Home 

Musical  Magazine 

Mustang  Bulletin mo. 

National  Advocate jsk,  w. 

National  Advocate  for  the  Coun- 
try  

National  Democrat 


National  Trades  Union ., 


National  Union 

Naval  Magazine bi-mo, 

Ned  Buntline'a  Own , 


New  Charitable  Monthly , 

New  Church  Messenger quar. 

New  Church  Repository mo. 

New  Era  &   American  Courier, 
d.  k  w. 

New  Industrial  World 

New  Mirror 

New  Montlily  Messenger 

News  Boys'  Pictorial 

New  World 


Publishers. 


Theodonis  Foster... 

Brown, 

T.   k    J. 

Swords 

Clias.  Smith 


loeoaorui 

rc.    B. 

<      ed.; 
{      Swort 


Si 


L.  M.  Peaae 

Prison  Asso.of  New 
York. 


F.  S.  Wiggins 

G.S.Wells 

GoodcU  &  Hines.... 

C.C.I'.  Crosby 

John  Taylor 

Lazarus  Beach 

Lewis  Jones  &  Co... 
John  W.  Moore 


Joseph  Osborne 

Story  &  Hildreth... 

Williams  Bro 

De  Witt  Blood- 
good 


N.  J.  Eldridge 

J.V.Hines  &  others. 


Geo.  White  4  Co. . 


M.M.Noah 

A.  Ingraham,  ed.; 

C.  C.  Childs,  pub. 
D.  Darling  &  E.  J. 

Tan  Cleve 


Rev.  C.  S.  Stewart., 
Edward  Z.  C.  Jud- 

8on  

W.  C.  Conant.... 


New  York  American 

New  York  American  for  the 
Country 

New  York  American  Republic... 

New  York  Ameiican  Sentinel  ... 

New  York  Amulet  A  Ladies' 
Literary  &  Religious  Chronicle 

New  York  Aurora 

New  Y'ork  Bulletin 

New  York  Business  Chart 

New  York  Cabinet 

New  York  Cadet 

New  York  Cadet  &  Daughter  of 
Temperance 

New  York  Christian  Messenger.. 

New  York  Chronicle 

New  York  Citizen 

New  Y'ork  City  Budget 

New  York  Columbian s.w. 

New  York  Commercial  Tran- 
script   

New  York  Crusader 


New  York  Cynosure 

New  Y'ork  Daily  Bee 

New  York  Daily  Gazette... 

New  York  Daily  News 

New  York  Daily  Sentinel.. 


J.  W.  Bell 

John  White.... 

Geo.  P.  Morris 

B.  Badger 

Dexter 

Park  Benjamin,  ed.; 
J.  Winchester, 
pub 

Johnson  Verplanck 


1799 
1796 
1813 


laoi 

1797 
1813 


1867 


1855 

1830  1 

1855 

1832 

1833 

1855 

1803 

1802 

1842 

1840 
1810 
1832 
1848 

1846 

1840 
1838  1 

1846 
1835 
1853 
1812 

1826 

1851 

1835 
1824 
1830 

1848 
1855 
1851 
1850 


D.  K.  Miner.. 
J.  F.  Trow.... 


F.  Fisk,  ed 

ThOH.Dunn  English 


W.  H.  Starr  .. 
J.  N.  Moffatt.. 


Daniel  Cady 

P.  Price 

Judd  A  Maclay... 
J.  F.  Trow  A  Co.. 

R.  F.  Mather 

Alden  Spooner. 


Kellogg  A  Taylor. 
G.  F.  tiecchi  de  Ca- 


John  L.  Knapp 

Archibald  McLean. 


Evans  &  Stanley ... 


1851 
1843 
1842 
1856 

1839 
1820 

1834 
1843 
1846 

1830 
1841 
1840 
1847 
1830 
1860 

1847 
1832 
1851 
1843 
1861 


1842 

1863 
1843 
1834 

i; 

1843 
1830 


1833 


1817 


m& 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 
Papers  and  Periodicals  discontinued  since  the  Revolution,  cotitinued. 


Names  op  Papers. 

Publisfiers. 

-  s 

M 
*1 

Names  op  Papers. 

Publishers. 

li 

1844 

1808 
1841 
1860 
1S31 
1840 
1652 
1666 
1845 

1848 

1831 
16J4 

is:  60 
1823 
1837 

1825 

1848 
1830 
1822 
1866 
1830 
1835 
1807 
1820 

1S31 
1822 
1846 
1830 

1836 

1833 
1832 
1843 

1838 
1842 

1843 
1836 

1858 

1855 
1846 

1853 

1795 
1831 
1840 

1832 
1827 
ISIO 
1S46 

1832 

1834 
1833 

1833 
1856 
1848 
1849 
1851 

1864 
1S4S 
1829 
1S13 
1841 

1841 

1808 

1843 
1860 

11 
1866 

1843 
1827 

New  York  Daily  Times 

E.  Philip  Williams. 

1849 
1842 

1849 
184S 
1848 

1848 

1830 
1S46 
1824 
1826 
1843 
1847 
1855 

1843 

1830 

1846 
1868 
1826 

1831 
1802 
1R45 
1810 

1846 

1767 

1786 
1843 

1826 

1819 

1825 

1843 
1860 

1790 
1S4.3 
1860 

1830 
1810 

1809 

1810 

1823 
1861 

1797 

1831 

1864 
1839 
1843 

1823 
1860 

180O 

1824 
1830 

1844 
1781 

1788 

1840 

1865 

1853 

1857 
1858 

1840 

1827 

1821 

1811 
1811 

1814 

1842 
1804 

New  York  National  Reformer  ... 
New   Y'ork    Patriot   &    Morning 

Thos.  Ainge  Devyn 
J.  J.  Negrin 

New  Yiti  k  Directory  &  Busineea 
Bulletin 

Jas.  McKean 

Woodard  &  Co 

S.  Skinner 

New  York  Dissector. quar. 

Dr.  H.H.Sherwood 

E.  Weston  &  Co 

H.  M.  Onderdonk, 
ed 

New  York  Pilot 

New  YurkKccleaiologist.....Jiio. 

New  York  EveniDg  Journal 

New  Ynrk  Evening:  Irfdger 

New  York  Planet 

Kellogg  &  Co 

C  B   Norton 

Bu3h,      Cook       & 

New  York  Recorder 

New  York  Recorder  &  Baptist  1 
Register / 

New  York  Register  &  Anti  Ma- 
sonic Review...., semi.  mo. 

NcwYork  Register  A  Gazette.mo. 

New  York  Register  of  Medicine 

Colley  &  Ballard.-.. 
J  E.     Wright,   jr  . 
\     &  L.  S.  Cutting 

Henry  Dana  Ward 
W  Green 

Greene  &  Co 

R.  Tvrrell 

New  York  Examiner 

M.  M.Noah. 

Wm.  L.  McKenzie. 

New  York  Expositor mo. 

Jas.  Warnock 

D  K.Miner 

C.  B.  Norton 

New  Y'ork  Farniprs  &  American 

New  York  Religious  Chronicle... 

Gray  &  Bunce 

New  York  Farmers'  &  Historical 

New  York  Review  &  Atheneum 

E.  Bliss  &  E.White. 
Henry  Clapp  &  T. 

B.  Aldrich. 
Geo.  Mearson  &  Co. 

New  York  Farmer  &  Mechanic.. . 
New  York  Fireman's  Journal.... 

W.   H.    Stewart  & 

J.  M.  Steam  8 

John  W.  Fowler.... 

New  Y'ork   Gazette   &    General 

Long,  Turner  &  Co. 

New  Y'ork  .^eutinel s.  w. 

Michael  Tookey.>... 

New  York  Jeffersonian 

E  Charles 

New  York  Spectator s.  w. 

NewYurk  Sporting  Magazine.mo. 

Francis  Hall  &  Co.. 

New  York  Journal  of  Education 
New  York  Journal  A  Patriotic 

J.    McKean,    S.  S. 
Randall    &   J.  S. 

New  York  Standard s.  mo. 

New  Y'ork  Standard  &  Statesman 

Henry  House. 
John  G.  Mumford.. 

A.  Nash  &  Co 

Rev.  A.  Dickinson... 

Wooster  Beach 

Holland,     Sanford 
&  Davies.  .     .    . 

Thos.  Greenleaf..... 

Eleazer  Osgood 

S  Owen             

New  York  Journal,  or  Weekly 

New  York  Telescope.. 

New  York  Times . 

New  YVirk    Literary  Gazette   & 
4>  B  K  Itepository 

Jas.  G.  Brooks 

New  York  Transcript d. 

New  Y'ork  Traveler 

Haywood,   Stanley 
&Co 

New  York  Literary  Journal  & 

New  York  Literary  Magazine  & 

Jas.  S.Brooks 

New  Yoik  Visitor mo. 

New  York  Visitor  &  Parlor  Com- 

J.  W.  Harrison 

New  Y'r.rk  Luminary  &  "Weekly 

S.  C.  Hill 

New  York  Washincton  Reformer 

New  York  Magazine  &  Literary 

R.  Roster  A  Co 

D.  M.  Reese,  ed 

Association  of  Phy- 
sicians    &     Sur- 

Nfw  York  Waverley  and   Lite- 

B.Baker  &  Co 

Cleaveland&McEl- 

New  York  MedicaKiazette...mo. 
New  York  Medical  Inquirer.jno. 

New  York  Medical  Magazine.mo. 
New^  York    Medical   &  Philoso- 

New  Y'ork  Weekly  Critic 

Geo.  R.  Hazewell... 

Cleaveland  &  McEl- 

rath    

New  York  Weekly  Leader 

New  York  Weekly  Magazine  & 
MiscellnneotiH  Kepoaitory 

John  Bull 

New  York  Medical  &  Philo.scH\ 
phical  Journal quar.  J 

New  York  Medical  &  Philoso-) 

phical  Ke^iBter J 

New  York  Medical  Times mo 

New  Y'ork  Medical  Repository... 

New  York  Mentor semi.  mo. 

New  York   Mercantile   Journal 

tri-w. 

New  York  Messenger  &  Traveller 

John  W.Francis. 
Jacob      Dyck- 
man.    &   John 

Beck._ 

jDre.    Hosack     & 

New  Y'ork  Weekly  Messenger... 
New  York  Weekly  Messenger  & 

P.  Donaldson 

Burnett  &  Smith.... 
Morris  &  Willis 

New  York  Weekly  Mirror 

New  York  ^A'etkly  Museum 

H.  D.  Bnlklpv 

S.   L.   Mitchell,   E. 
Miller.  &   E.   H. 

Gavin,  Rodgers   & 
Co 

New   York   Weekly  Register  & 

S.  Wild 

Lyon&Hillyer 

A.  L.  Stimson 

New  York  Weekly  Whig 

New  York  Weekly  Whig.d.  &  w. 

0.  L.  Holley  &  H. 
D.Ward 

NewY'ork  Mirror  &  Ladies'  Lite- ") 
rary  Gazette j 

f  S.  Woodworth  & 
\     G.P.Morris.-. 

Thos.  L.  Nichols.... 

Nisbitt's  American  Times 

Norton's  Literary  Adveniser 

Norron's    Literary    Gazette    & 
Publishers'  Circular 

G.  F.  Niebitt  &  Co.. 
Chas.  B.  Norton.... 

Chas.  B.Norton.... 

New  Y'ork  Missionary  Magazine. 

mo. 

New  York  Monthly  Chronicle.... 

New  York  Morning  Herald. 

Agsociationof  Phy- 

A.  Nash  *  Co 

J.  L.   O'fnllivan  * 

S.  J.  Tilden 

Morton  &  Horner. 

S.  Marks 

Olive  Plant  &  Ladies'  Temperance 

Pierce  A  Reed 

J.  J.  Negrin 

New  York  Morning  Post  &  Daily 

L'Oracle,    L'Kcho    du    Jour,    & 

Chas.  Dingley. 

Organ  of  the  Washington  Sec. 

New   Y'ork    Musical    Review  & 

Parker  s  Jturnal  &  Weekly  Gaz. 

Wm.  B.  Parker..... 

NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 
Papers  and  Peritdicals  discontinued  since  the  Revolution,  continued. 


447 


Names  of  Papers. 


Puhlishers. 


John  W.  Moore.... 

Miss  A.  Reed 

Park  Godwin 

A.  Noonan  &  Co... 
Peabody  &.  Co 


James  Webster... 


J.  Frank 

Pooler  iCo. 

Dr.  J.  M.  LovelL. 


Parley's  Magazine. mo.  C.  S.  Francis  A  Co.. 

Parlor  Annual mo.  Rev.  D.  Newell 

Parlor  Magazine 

Passion  Flower 

Path  Finder 

Paul  Pry 

Pcabody's  Parlor  Journal 

Pekin  Tea  Company's  Gazette... 

People's  Democratic  Guide 

People's  Friend  and  Daily  Ad- 
vertiser  

Penny  Dispatch 

Penny  Gazette 

Petit  Courrier  dea  Dames,  or 
Monthly  Journal  of  Fashion... 

Photographic  Art  Journal.. ..mo. 

Picture  Gallery 

Plain  Dealer 

Pooler  k  Co.'s  Weekly  Dispatch.. 

Popular  Educator mo. 

Price  Current 

Progressive  Democrat 

Propagandist mo. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Pnlpitjno. 

Protestant  Magazine 

Protestant  Vindicator 


Public  Advertiser 

Public  Ledger 

Publiebers'  Journal  &  Teachers 

&  Parents'  Companion 

Pulpit  Reporter 


Joseph  Barlow.- 


Putnam's  Monthly  Magazine. 

Quarterly  Anti  .Slavery  Magazine 

Quarterly  Paper  of  Foreign 
Evangelical  Society 

Rail  Road  Advocate 

Rambler's  M;igaxine  &  Histori- 
cal Register mo. 

Real  Estate  Gazette 

Rechabito  and  Temperance 
Bugle mo. 

Reformed  Dutch  Magvtzine 


Register  and  Spirit  of  the  Press.. 

Register  of  the  Times 

Religions  Magazine mo. 

Reporter  &  Banking  Circular.... 
Reports    of    Practice    Cases    in 

New  York  Courts mo.l  Abbott  Bros. 

Republic,  A  Monthly  Magazine 

of  Am.  Lit.  Pol.  &  Arts 

Republican  Watch  Tower  ...e.  w. 
Reviser mo. 


Wm.  Leggett 

(Formerly  Wilson's 

Dispatch) 

A.  Montgomery 

Alex.  Miny 

E.  Stranahan 

John  F.  Trow 

H.  Dyer  

L.  D.  Dewey 

Bowne,  Wisner    k 

Co 

J.  Frank  k  Co... 


O.ITutchinson 

Holbrook,      Buck- 
ingham k  Co 

Geo.  P.  Putnam 

Elizur  Wright,  jr... 


John  S.Taylor.. 
Z.  Colborn 


M.  k  T.J.  Strong. 
R.   P.    D.    Clergy- 
men  

V.  B.  Palmer 

J.  Crooker 

0.  Batcbeler,  ed. 


fe| 

1843 

1845 
1S36 
18.36 
1843 
184U 
1S34 
1847 
1841 

1806 
1860 
1854 

1838 
1851 

18-44 
1830 

1861 
1863 
1807 
1S49 
1860 
1831 
1834 

1835 
1807 
1842 


1850 
1863 
1836 

1843 
1867 

1809 
1866 

1845 

1834 
1849 
1797 
1836 
1831 


Revue  Framjaise  des  Families  et 

des  Personnantis 

Richardson's  Journal 

Rough  k  Ready„ 

Rush  Light 

Sabbath  M^igazine- mo. 

Sabbath  Monitor mo. 

Sabbath  School  Monitor.. ..s.  mo. 


Sachem 

Sacred  Circle- 


Sargent's  New  Monthly 

Saturday  Emporium 

Saturday  Evening  Gazette.., 


Saxoni's  Musical  Times. mo. 

Seard"  Family  Visitor mo. 

Sears'  New  Monthly  Magazine... 

Self  Instructor mo. 

School  Fellow 

School  and  Home  Journal 

School  Mate 

Scientific  Oirreppondent 

Scientific  Mechanic 

Scottish  Journal.— 

Scottish  Patriot 

ScoviU'B  Family  Gazetteer. 

Scrutinizer..— s.  w. 

Shamrock,  or  Hibernian  Chron.. 


TlioB.  R.Wiiitney.. 

Jas.  Chatham 

Rev.       Silas        E, 
Shepherd 


Wm.  Cobbett.. 


Myron  Finch.... 
Myron     Finch     k 

Chas.  Parker 

Thos.  Picton 

Judge      Edmonds, 

Dr.  Dexter,  k  O. 

G.  Warren 

Epes  Sargent. 

Edmund  B.Green. 
T.  W.  Clarke  k  S. 

Paine 


Robert  Sears 

Josiab  Holbrook... 

J.  S.  Dickerson 

Marcius  Willson... 
Rev.  A.R.Phippen.. 

A.  C.  Morey 

Rufus  Porter , 

J.  O.  Cumiuings 


Chas.  Y.  Baldwin. 
Edward  Gillespie.. 


1851 
1801 

1854 

1844 
1857 
1847 
1799 
1835 
1845 

1841 
1853 


1852 

1843 
1844 

1K27 
1849 
1851 
1846 
1843 
1855 
185' 
1850 
1S46 
184' 
1840 
1840 
IS.'.O 
1827 
1830 


1799 


1858 


Names  op  Papers. 


Shekinah... 


Shilling  Gazette mo. 

Sober  Second  Thought 

Spectator 

Spirit  of  the  Age 

Spirit  of  the  Age .« 

Spirit  of  the  Age.- 

Spirit  of  Seventy-Six 


Publishers. 


Brit 


Partridge  k 

ton 

Moore  k  Jackson... 
Daniel  E.  Sickles... 
Geo.  F.  Hopkins.... 


a  ?; 


5^3 


Sporting  Chronicle 

Standard  Bearer mo, 

Slarus  &  Co.'s  Monthly  Bulletin- 
Stars  and  Stripes 

Star  Spangled  Banner — 

Star  in  the  "West,  or  Marion 
Chronicle 

Statesman.... 

Stimmet'8  k  Pettigrew's  Ameri 
can  Report  of  Fashions 

Student  &  Young  Tutor.- 

Sunday  Era 

Sunday  Herald 

Sunday  Leatler 

Sunday  Mail 

Sunday  Morning  News 

Sunday  Morning  News 

Sunday  News 

Sunday  Keporter 

Sunday  School  Journal s.  mo. 

Sunday  School  Visitor 

Sunday  Times  &  Noah's  Weekly 
aiessenger. 

Sylvester's  New  Reporter 

Sylvester's  Reporter,  Counter- 
feit Detector,  and  New  "ifork 
Price  Current 

Tailor's  Eclectic  Repository. .mo. 

Teachers'  Advocate  &.  Journal  of 
Education 

Temperance  Advocate 

Temperance  Budget a.  mo. 

Thalia,  or  the  Gentleman's  Com- 
pany. 

The  German  Correspondent 

The  Great  City 

The  Log  Cabin 

The  Man 

The  Nation 

The  New  'Yorker 

The  New  Y'orker 

The  Old  Countryman 

The  Parthenon 

The  Parthenon 

The  People 


Scovill  k  Hyatt 

Fowler  i  Wells 

J.  G.  Brooks  4  E. 

"V.  Sparhawk 

Wm.  T.  Porter 

Rev.  H.  Dyer 


Fay  4  Carr 

Dexter  k  Bro 


T.  W.  Cummings.. 
C.  C.  Tuuison 


J.  S.  Denman.. 


Geo.  Glentworth 
Ingraham  &  Sweet 


Sam.  Jenks  Smith. 
J.  Leavitt 


The  People's  Press 

The  People's  Rights 

The  People's  Weekly  Journal.... 

The  Pick 

The  Plain  Dealer 

The  Plow mo. 

The  Plow,  the  Loom,  k  the  Anvil 

The  Prophet 

The  Protestant,  or  Exposer  of 

Popery 

The  Rainliow 

The  Ramshorn 


Tlie  Recruit 

The  Republic 

The  Rights  of  All.. 

The  Rising  Sun 

The  Rover , 

The  Sun 

The  Transcript 


The  Town.. 


The  Uncle  Sam.. 

The  Union d. 

The  Union d. 

The  Unit 

The  War 

The  Way  of  Life 

The  Whig 

The  Whip 


S.  Tail 

Amer.  S.  S.  Union. 
P.  E.  S.  S.  Duion.. 


Sylyeater  k  Co.. 


1853 
1846 
1844 
1798 
1845 
1847 
1849 

1836 
185-2 
1847 
1847 
IS43 
1857 

1812 


1851 
1848 
1S50 
1861 
1866 
1831 
1S36 
1840 
1847 
1832 
1829 
1836 


1840 


S.  J.  Sylvester.., 
D.  S.  &  G.  Williams 
J.  M.  McKean  k  E. 

P.Allen 

Goodell  4  Hines.... 
W.  Goodell  k  S.  P. 

Uines 


H.  Greeley 

Geo.  H.  Evans.. 


H.  Greeley  4  Co.... 
Stuart  &  Webster. 
J.  T.  Pickering,  ed, 
S.  Woodworth 


J.  Devin  Riley  4 
W.  E.  Robinson, 

R.  4  T.  Hamilton., 

Windt  &  Evans... 

R.  Walsh 

Joseph  E.  Scovill.. 

Wm.  Van  Norden.. 

C.  M.  Saxton.... 

J.'S.  Skinner4  Sons 

S.  Rrannon 

Rev.  Geo.  Eourue  4 
Dr.  Brownlee — 


Van  Rensselaer   4 

Rogers 

Gallagher4  Morrell 
.Jonas  Winchester.. 
S.  E.  Cornish. 


Labra&  Dean 

Day  4  Wisner 

Haywood,  Lynd  4 
Stanley 

Andrews,  Beau- 
mont 4  Co 

Dexter  A  Bro 

J.  Phillips  4  Co..... 

M.  M.  Noah 


S.  Woodworth4  Co. 
Edgar  4  Herriea.... 


Geo.  B.  Wooldridge 


1832 
1845 


18-16 
1831 


1820 

1,S45 

1840  1 

1S34 

1849 

1835 

1850 

1842 

1827 

1861 

1849 

1841 

1844 

1850 

1,S36 

1.536 

1852 

1S48  I 

1845 

1830 
1841 

1847 
1848 
1843 
1830 
1860 
1844 
1834  1 

1836 

1846 
1847 
1843 
1842 
ISiiO 
1812 
IS.-iS 
1850 
1843 


1856 


448 


NEW    YORK    COUNTY. 


Papers  and  Periodicals  discontinued  since  the  Rev(^ution,  concluded. 


Names  of  Papers. 


The  World 

The  Yankee 

Time  Fit'ce 

TraasactionB  of  American  Eth- 
nological Society 

Traveller,  Times,  &  Journal.. 

True  American 

True  Flag 

True  Sun,  Daily 

True  Sun 

True  "Wesleyan 

Two  Worlds 

United  States  Advertising  Cir- 
cular  

United  States  Economist 

United  States  Farmer  &  Journal 
of  American  Institute mo. 

United  States  Law  Jom-n3L..mo. 

United  States  Magazine 

United  States  fllUitary  and  Na- 
val Argus 

United  States  Nautical  Magazine 
&.  Naval  Journal 

United  States  Review  "  Demo- 
cracy"   mo, 

United  States  Service  Journal... 

Univercoelum  &  Spiritual  Philo- 
sopher  

Universal  Traveller 

Universalist  Union 

Vial  of  Wrath;  Junk  Bottle  of 
Destruction 

Visitor  &  Ladies'  Parlor  Maga- 
zine   

Voice  of  the  People 

Wall  Street  Journal 

Wall  Street  Reporter 

Washingtonian 

Washingtonian  Daily  News 

Washingtonian  Organ 

Washington  Kepublicau 

Water  Cure  Visitor  &■  Health 
Journal 

Weekly  Chronicle 


Publishers. 


J.  M.  Church 

Williams  Bro.... 
Philip  Freneau.. 


Society 

Hunt  &  Adams, 
Wm.  E.  Blakeney.. 
Dexter  &  Bro, 
Assoc'n  of  Printers 
Gallagher*  Kettell 

0.  Scott 

John  W.  Moore. 


S.  Fleet 

George  F.  Hopkins 
J.  M.  EmerBon&  Co. 

John  Crawley,  ed... 

Griffiths  &  Bates... 

Llovd  &  Campbell.. 
S.W.  W.Tompkins 


Daniel  Hewitt 

P.  Price 

(Satire    upon   Mil 
lerites) , 


W.  S.  Hawley.... 
Fred.  Robinson.. 


Herrick  &  Ropes.. 

L.  Starr  &Co , 

James  Burns 


Joel  Shew. 
Hudson  &  Co„. 


■4-3 

c  s 

S| 

1837 

1S4S 

1797 

1800 

IS^I 

is:ii 

1«,V2 

1S57 

184;) 

184,5 

1849 

1R4.5 

1843 

1SS1 

1862 

1843 

1825 

1864 

1838 

1855 

18,53 

1S26 

1847 

lH4:i 

1836 

1843 

1840 

1846 

1851 

1842 

1S4,S 

1S43 

1843 

1810 

1840 

Names  op  Papehs. 


Weekly  Inspector 

Weekly  Journal.. 

Weekly  Memorial  &  New  York 

City  Record 

Weekly  Museum 

Weekly  New  Yorker 


Weekly  Review. 

Weekly  Tattler 

Weekly  Times 

Weekly  Universe 

Weekly  Visitor 

Weekly  Western  World.. 
Welcome  Guest 


Thos.  G.  Fessenden 

N.  R.  Stimson 

Pickering,      Beau- 
mont &  Oakes.... 


West's  Sunday  News.. 
MTjig  Union 


White  Man's  Newspaper. 

Whittlery's  (Mrs.)  Magazine 

Wide  Awake 

Wilson  &  C/O.'e  Dispatch. jno. 

Woman's  Temperance  Paper 

Wood's  Quarterly  Retrospect  of 
American  &  Foreign  Practice 
of  Medicine  &  Surgery.. 

Woodworth's  Youth's  Cabinet 

Workers'  Journal , 

Working  Farmer., mo: 


Working  Men's  Advocate 

Yankee  Doodle 

Y  Cyfaill  (The  Friend) 

Young  America 

Young  America 

Youth's  Cabinet s.  mo. 

Youth's   Companion   &  Weekly 

Family  Visitor 

Youth's  Friend mo. 

Youth's  Penny  Gazette 

Youth's  Temperance    Lecturer 

mo, 

Zion's  Watchman.- 


Wm.  Fairman  &  C. 
D.  Stuart 

VanWinkleA  Riqua 

Dillon  &  Hooper. 

N.  T.  Eldredge... 

Will  iamsoni  Burns 

Daniel  Cady. 

J.  F.  Bridge 

WinchesterA  Hack- 
staff. 

Frederick  West 

S.  Do  Witt  Blood- 
good,  ed. 


A.G.Whittlery,ed. 
R.  Bonner 


MaryC.Taughan,ed 


R.  &  G.  S.  Wood... 
F.  C.  Woodworth.. 


Kingman,  Cross  & 
Co.  J .  J.  Mapee, 
ed. 

Geo.  H.  Evans 

W.  H.  Graham 

W.  Rowland. 

Geo.  H.  Evans 


Si 


1806  1 
1850 

1812 
1807 

1851 
1S46 
1842 
1849 
|1846 
1832 
1837 

1851 
1846 

1848 
1851 
1849 
1S64 

1851 


1847  1 

1839 

1849 


N.  Southard 

Bnmett  &  Smith.. 


Amer.  S.  S.  UnioD.. 
Goodell,    Hines    & 

Niles 

Le  Roy  Sunderland 


1.830 
1847 

1844 
1S66 
1838 

1832 
1843 
1861  1 

1832 
1836 


/  ,.::M:S 


<     ft, 

b 


NIAGARA   COUNTY. 


This  county  -was  formed  from  Genesee,  March  11,  1808.  Erie  iras 
taken  off  April  2,  1821.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  State,  in 
the  angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  Niagara  River  and  Lake  On- 
tario. It  is  centrally  distant  255  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains 
558  sq.  mi.  The  surface  is  generally  level  or  gently  undulating. 
It  is  divided  into  2  distinct  parts  or  terraces  by  a  ridge  extending 
E.  and  w.  The  lake  shore  is  a  bluif  10  to  30  feet  high,  and  from  its 
summit  the  lower  terrace  slopes  gradually  upward  to  the  foot  of  an 
elevation  known  as  the  mountain  ridge,  where  it  attains  an  elevation 
of  100  to  150  feet  above  the  lake.  This  ridge  extends  e.  and  w. 
through  the  n.  part  of  Royalton  and  Lockport,  and  near  the  center 
of  Cambria  and  Lewiston,  and  forms  the  N.  declivity  of  the  s.  ter- 
race. At  its  w.  extremity  it  has  an  elevation  of  250  feet  above  the  lower  terrace,  and  is  nearly 
perpendicular.  This  height  gradually  declines  toward  the  e.,  and  upon  the  e.  line  of  the  co.  it  has 
an  elevation  of  80  to  100  feet.  Through  the  central  part  of  the  co.  the  ridge  is  divided  into  two 
declivities,  separated  by  a  plateau  from  a  few  rods  to  a  half  mi.  in  width.  The  upper  ridge  is 
limestone,  and  for  many  mi.  presents  the  face  of  a  perpendicular  cliff.  Throughout  the  co.  the 
ridge  is  too  steep  for  cultivation.  The  s.  half  of  the  co.,  extending  s.  from  the  summit  of  this  ridge, 
is  very  level.  It  has  a  slight  inclination  toward  the  s.,  and  terminates  in  the  Tonawanda  Swamp. 
The  whole  inclination  of  the  slope  within  the  limits  of  the  CO.,  however,  does  not  exceed  30  feet. 
The  lake  ridge — supposed  to  have  been  the  ancient  shore  of  the  lake — extends  w.  from  Orleans  co. 
through  Hartland  and  Newfane,  thence  turns  s.  w.,  and  appears  to  terminate  near  Lockport  Village. 
It  appears  again  farther  w.,  and  at  Cambria  it  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  N.  extending  n.  w. 
about  3  mi.  and  gradually  declining  to  the  level  of  the  general  surface,  and  the  s.  extending  s.  w. 
and  uniting  with  the  mountain  ridge  4  mi.  e.  of  Lewiston.'  This  ridge  is  composed  of  sand  and 
gravel  and  the  usual  debris  thrown  up  by  a  large  body  of  water,  and  in  character  is  essentially 
different  from  the  surrounding  surface.  It  varies  from  5  to  25  feet  in  height,  and  is  20  to  150  feet 
in  width.  The  n.  descent  is  generally  slightly  longer  and  steeper  than  the  s.  The  lowest  rock  in 
the  CO.  is  the  Medina  sandstone,  which  crops  out  in  the  ravines  along  the  shore  of  the  lake.  It  is 
the  underlying  rock  of  the  w.  half  of  the  co.,  and  extends  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain  ridge.  This 
ridge  is  composed  of  the  sandstones  and  limestones  belonging  to  the  Niagara  and  Clinton  groups, 
the  heavy  masses  of  compact  limestone  appearing  at  the  top.  The  Onondaga  salt  group  occupies  a 
nan'ow  strip  along  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  Nearly  the  entire  surface  is  covered  with  deep  deposits 
of  drift,  the  rocks  only  appearing  on  the  declivities  of  the  mountain  ridge  and  in  the  ravines  of  the 
streams. 

Springs  of  weak  brine  are  found  in  the  ravines  throughout  the  n.  half  of  the  co.  They  exude 
from  the  Medina  sandstone ;  but  none  of  them  are  sufficiently  strong  to  be  profitably  worked.  The 
Medina  sandstone  which  lies  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  ridge  has  been  quarried  at  several  places 
for  paving  and  flagging.  Above  the  sandstone  is  a  layer  of  impure  limestone,  about  4  feet  thick, 
from  which  water  cement  is  manufactured.  The  Niagara  limestone  furnishes  an  excellent  building 
material  and  a  good  quality  of  lime.  The  principal  quarries  are  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  Lock- 
port,  and  from  them  was  obtained  the  stone  for  the  construction  of  the  canal  locks  at  that  place.' 
A  vein  of  this  stone  filled  with  fossils  admits  of  a  high  polish,  and  is  used  for  ornamental  purposes, 
presenting  a  beautiful  variegated  appearance. 

Niagara  River  forms  the  w.  and  a  part  of  the  s.  boundary  of  the  co.  It  flows  almost  due  w.  from 
the  E.  extremity  of  Grand  Island  to  the  Falls,  and  thence  nearly  due  N.  to  Lake  Ontario.  It  con- 
tains several  small  islands  belonging  to  this  co.,  the  principal  of  which  are  Tonawanda,  Cayuga, 
Buckhorn,  and  Goat  Islands.    In  its  passage  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario,  a  distance  of  about 


1  This  deflection  In  the  course  of  tbe  lake  ridge  must  have 
been  caused  by  a  large  bay  that  extended  8.  toward  L'X-kport: 
and  the  N.  branch  of  the  ridge  which  terminates  so  abruptly  in 
Cambria  was  undoubtedly  a  bar  extending  into  the  lake.  Two 
large  streams  probably  discharged  their  waters  into  this  bay,— 
one  through  tlie  ravine  in  which  the  Erie  Canal  is  located,  and 
ODe  through  a  deep  ravine  about  '^  mi.  w.  of  Ijockport.    At  the 

2» 


head  of  the  latter  ravine  is  a  nearly  perpendicular  precipice,  at 
which  point  must  have  been  a  waterfall. 

2  This  stone  is  found  along  tbe  whole  course  of  tbe  niountaiu 
ridge,  and  can  be  quarried  in  every  town.  The  di'ep  cut  in  the 
canal  w.  of  Lockport  is  through  this  strata,  and  theperjicndiiiiiar 
ledges  of  rock  on  each  side  present  the  most  favorably  location 
in  the  co.  for  quarrying. 

448 


450 


NIAGARA    COUNTY. 


30  mi,,  the  river  descends  334  feet,  the  difference  of  level  between  the  two  lakes.  Above  Schlosser 
and  below  Lewiston  the  current  of  the  river  is  not  very  rapid,  and  the  descent  is  trifling,  so  that 
nearly  the  whole  fall  is  condensed  into  a  space  of  about  8  mi.  The  plateau  in  which  the  basin 
of  Lake  Erie  is  situated  extends  to  the  mountain  ridge  at  Lewiston,  the  summit  of  the  ridge  being 
34  feet  higher  than  Lake  Erie.  The  river  originally  must  have  flowed  over  the  face  of  this  preci- 
pice, at  which  time  Niagara  Falls  were  7  mi.  below  their  present  position.  By  the  wearing  away 
of  the  rocks  the  falls  have  gradually  receded,  becoming  lower  at  each  period  of  their  progress,  and 
leaving  a  deep,  rocky  channel,  with  ragged  and  precipitous  banks  200  feet  high,  to  mark  their 
course  and  attest  their  power.*  At  the  present  time  the  falls  are  at  the  abrupt  angle  where  the 
river  changes  from  a  w.  to  a  n.  course,  and  the  water  is  precipitated  in  part  over' the  front  or  ex- 
tremity of  the  chasm  and  in  part  over  the  side,  the  two  parts  of  the  fall  being  at  nearly  right 
angles  to  each  other.  Goat  Island,  having  an  area  of  about  70  acres,  lies  between  the  two  falls,  its 
w.  edge  being  a  continuation  of  the  precipice  over  which  the  water  fiows.^  The  principal  fall  at 
the  head  of  the  chasm  on  the  w.  side  is  known  as  the  Canadian  or  liorse  Shoe  Fall,^  and  the  fall 
K.  of  Goat  Island  as  the  American  Fall.  The  Canadian  Fall  is  2000  feet  wide  and  154  feet  high, 
and  the  American  Fall  900  feet  wide  and  163  feet  high;  and  it  is  estimated  that  100  million  tone 
of  water  tinw  over  the  two  falls  every  hour.  A  mi.  above  the  edge  of  the  falls  a  series  of  rapids 
commences,  the  water  descending  60  feet  before  taking  the  final  plunge.*  From  the  foot  of  the 
cataract  the  river  flows  about  2  mi.  in  a  comparatively  still  current,  but  from  that  point  to  Lewiston 
it  is  compressed  within  narrow  banks,  and  flows  through  the  tortuous,  rocky  channel  in  a  perfectly 
tumultuous  and  resistless  torrent.  The  immense  body  of  water  in  Niagara  gives  to  tlie  falls,  and 
to  the  rapids  both  above  and  below,  a  grandeur  scarcely  equaled  by  any  other  of  nature's  works. 
Here  one  uf  the  largest  rivers  in  the  world,  forming  the  outlet  of  the  great  internal  fresh  water  seas 
of  North  America,  plunges  down  the  shelving  rapids  and  leaps  into  the  profound  chasm  below,  and 
then  whirls  and  struggles  with  an  apparently  almost  irresistible  force  in  its  rocky  channel  for  7 
mi.,  and  at  last  emerges  from  it.s  mountain  barrier  and  spreads  out  into  the  calm  and  peaceful 
waters  of  Ontario.  Scenes  of  surpassing  sublimity  and  grandeur  open  upon  tlie  view  at  every 
point,  and  pilgrims  from  every  part  of  the  world  flock  hither  to  offer  their  devotions  at  one  of  the 
great  shrines  of  universal  nature. 

Tonawanda  Creek  forma  the  greater  part  of  the  s.  boundary  of  the  co.     Along  its  course  are  a 
series  of  extensive  marshes  knovm  as  the  Tonawanda  Swamp.*     The  other  principal  streams  are 


I  The  precipice  over  which  the  water  flows  is  composed  of 
solid,  compact  limestone,  with  sliale  above  and  below.  The 
wearing  away  of  the  shale  above  has  formed  the  rapids,  and 
the  disinte^ation  of  that  below  has  left  the  limestone  in  over- 
hanging masses  until  they  break  off  with  tJieir  own  weight. 
The  dip  of  the  rock  is  toward  the  s. ;  and  as  the  falls  recede  the 
surface  of  the  limestone  will  come  nearer  and  nearer  the  present 
bottom  of  the  fall,  until,  at  a  distance  of  4  mi.  farther  back,  it 
will  entirely  disappear,  and,  the  soft  shales  wearing  away  irre- 
Rularly,  the  river  will  at  some  distant  period  of  the  future  fall 
ID  a  series  of  rapids. 

*  Luna  Island  lies  upon  the  precipice  N.  of  Goat  Island,  and  is 
separated  from  it  by  a  stream  65  feet  wide,  wlitch  forms  a  dis- 
tinct fall.  Beneath  the  shelving  rock  over  which  this  small 
cataract  flows  is  a  recess  of  30  feet,  known  as  the  Cave  of  the 
Winds.  Three  small  isiands  lying  near  the  head  of  Goat  Island 
•re  called  the  Three  Sisters.  Bath  Inland  lies  hetwet-n  Goat 
Island  and  the  American  shore,  about  50  rods  above  the  falls. 
A  bridge  extends  from  the  American  shore  to  Bath  Island,  and 
another  thence  to  Goat  Island.  The  first  bridge  was  built  in 
1817;  but  the  next  spring  it  was  swept  away  by  the  ice.  The 
one  built  in  I^IS,  and  rebuilt  in  1839,  was  rei)laced  by  the  pre- 
sent iron  bridge  in  1857.  The  cribs  were  sunk  in  the  rapids 
from  the  end  of  a  long  platform  projecting  from  the  shore  and 
heavily  loaded  with  stone  to  keep  it  firm.  As  one  crib  was  sunk 
and  filled  with  stone,  the  platform  was  pushed  forward  and 
another  simk  at  its  extremity ;  and  so  on  to  the  island.  Before 
the  brid::re  was  built,  access  to  the  island  was  attended  with 
great  p>Til.  and  very  few  persona  had  attempted  it.  It  was  done 
by  shoftting  down  in  boats  from  above,  a  strong  rope  being 
fastened  to  the  shore,  by  which  the  boat  in  returning  was  swung 
bach.  It  is  related  that  the  first  white  person  who  visited  the 
island  wrs  Israel  Putnam,  in  1755.  while  on  a  campaign  against 
Fort  Niagara. — DuiighVs  Traveij',  IV,  88.  The  Indians  appear  to 
have  crossed  occasionally,  and  tracea  of  their  graves  are  still 
seen.  On  the  23d  of  Feb.  ISll,  Augustus  Porter  applied  for  the 
pnrchase  of  the  island,  upon  which  to  keep  sheep,  and  alleged 
in  his  petition  that  the  wolves  that  infested  the  settlement  ren- 
dered this  business  nest  to  impossible  withoiit  some  asyhim 
like  this  for  their  preservation.  It  was  afterward  bought  by 
tlio  Porters. 

■  This  name  was  given  from  the  semicircular  shape  of  the 
ffdf^  of  the  eliff  over  which  the  water  flowed.  The  shape  now 
yt  Dearly  that  jf  a  right  angle. 


*  Numerous  improvements  have  been  made  to  afford  facili- 
ties to  visitors.  A  staircase  constructed  at  the  N.  extremity 
of  the  Aniericiin  Fall,  some  years  since,  was  burnt  and  re- 
built in  185H :  another,  upon  Goat  Island,  was  built  in  1829,  and 
called  the  Biddle  Staircase;  and  another  near  Table  I!ock,  upon 
the  Canada  shore,  by  which  visitors  can  descend  lu  the  bottom 
of  the  precipice.  A  row  boat  ferry  crosses  the  river  from  ths 
foot  of  the  American  Staircase,  and  a  carriage  road  extends  up 
the  bank  on  the  Canadian  side.  A  little  w.  of  Goat  Island,  iu 
the  midst  of  the  rapids  near  the  edge  of  the  precipice,  a  stone 
tower  45  ft.  high  was  constructed,  iu  1^33,  to  aflbrd  a  more  ex- 
tensive view  of  the  falls.  The  '•  Afatd  of  the  J/'-s^  "  a  email 
steamer,  makes  trips  upon  the  river  from  her  dork,  a  little  above 
Suspension  Bridge,  into  the  foam  and  mist  just  below  the  Cana- 
dian Fall.  The  awful  majestj'  of  this  cataract  is  seen  to  great 
advantage  in  the  winter  season,  when  the  spray  settling  upon 
all  objects  in  the  vicinity  covera  them  with  a  glittering  crust 
of  ice.  The  rocks  below  become  loaded  with  immense  masses; 
and  in  extremely  cold  winters  the  river  below  gets  blocked  in 
so  as  to  form  a  natural  bridge,overwhii'hpeople  venture  tocross 
to  the  Canada  shore  and  even  up  to  the  island.  In  the  winter 
of  1S41-42  the  river  was  passable  for  several  months,  and  a 
small  house  was  built  near  the  center  for  the  sale  of  refresh- 
ments. The  ice  was  estimated  to  be  100  ft.  thick.  A  year  seldom 
passes  without  several  fatal  accidents  happening  at  these  falls, 
and  an  enumeration  of  those  who  have  been  drawn  into  the 
rapids,  or  who  have  slipped  from  the  precipice  and  been  mangled 
»ipon  tho  rocks  below,  would  form  a  long  and  mourulul  cata- 
logue. In  1827  the  Mi(  higan,  a  condemned  schooner,  was  sent 
over  the  falls,  with  several  animals  on  board,  in  the  presence 
of  16.000  spectators.  She  mostly  went  to  pieces  iu  the  r.ipids. 
In  1S29  the  schooner  Superior,  and  in  1841  the  ship  Detroit, 
were  lowed  into  the  rapids,  but  the  foiTner  lodged  several  days, 
and  the  latter  was  permanently  grounded  upon  the  rocks  in  the 
rapids. 

6  This  swamp  could  be  drained  if  the  State  dam  at  tlie  mouth 
of  Tonawanda  Creek  was  removed:  and  this  onlj'  is  needed  to 
convert  the  tract  into  the  most  productive  region  in  the  co.  As 
the  land  is  cleared,  it  becomes  suffici'-ntly  dry  for  agricultural 
purposes.  The  mnck  and  marl  which  abound  it  (he  swamp, 
and  the  limestone  and  gypsum  whieh  underlie  it,  are  all  sourc« 
of  great  agricultural  wealth. 


NIAGARA    COUNTY. 


451 


Four  Mile,  Six  Mile,  Twelve  Mile,  and  Eighteen  Mile  Creeks, — named  from  their  respective  dis- 
tances from  the  mouth  of  Niagara  River, — Fish  and  Golden  Hill  Creeks,  all  emptying  into  Lake 
Ontario;  Mud  Creek  and  East  Branch,  tributaries  of  Tonawanda  Creek,  and  Cayuga  and  Gill 
Creeks,  tributaries  of  Niagara  River.  The  streams  that  flow  n.  have  all  worn  deep  ravines  in  the 
drift  deposits;  and  they  are  frequently  interrupted  by  falls,  furnishing  abundance  of  water-power, 

A  strip  of  land  extending  from  the  summit  of  the  mountain  ridge  about  2  mi.  s.  is  covered 
with  a  sandy  loam,  and  the  remainder  of  the  upper  terrace  is  clayey,  largely  intermixed  with 
muck  along  the  s.  border.  The  soil  between  the  mountain  and  lake  ridges  is  a  clayey  loam,  and 
along  the  lake  ridge  and  N.  of  it  it  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  The  people  are  principally 
engaged  in  grain  raising,  for  which  the  co.  is  most  admirably  adapted ;  barley,  oats,  corn,  and 
potatoes  are  the  staple  agricultural  products.'  The  manufacture  of  flour  and  other  articles  itj 
largely  carried  on  at  Lockport,  and  the  manufacturing  interests  at  Niagara  Falls  are  on  the 
increase.  The  vast  water  power  that  can  be  made  available  at  the  falls  will  continually  attract 
the  attention  of  practical  men,  until  eventually  an  immense  manufacturing  interest  will  be  built  up. 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  Lockport.^  The  courthouse  is  a  stone  building  erected 
upon  a  fine  lot  in  the  w.  part  of  the  village.'  The  jail,  situated  upon  the  same  lot,  is  a  well  con- 
structed stone  building,  but  destitute  of  means  of  ventilation.  The  average  number  of  inmates  in 
27.  The  CO.  clerk's  office  is  a  stone  fireproof  building  contiguous  to  the  courthouse.*  The  poor- 
house  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  130  acres  3  mi.  n.  w.  of  the  courthouse.  The  average  number  of 
inmates  is  95,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  50  cts.  each.  The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  $1000. 
A  teacher  is  constantly  employed  to  teach  the  children  and  to  exercise  a  constant  supervision  over 
them.     The  insane  are  properly  provided  for,  and  are  uniformly  treated  kindly.^ 

The  Erie  Canal  enters  the  co.  near  the  n.  line  of  Royalton,  and  extends  s.  w.  to  Lockport,  thence 
nearly  due  s.  to  Tonawanda  Creek,  and  thence  along  that  creek  to  its  mouth.  The  heaviest  and 
most  extensive  work  upon  the  canal  is  at  Lockport,  where  the  passage  of  the  mountain  ridge  is 
efi*ected.  A  series  of  combined  double  locks,  5  in  number,  overcomes  an  elevation  of  56  ft.,  and 
from  the  summit  a  deep  cut  through  the  solid  limestone  extends  several  miles  westward.*  The 
Rochester,  Lockport,  &  Niagara  Falls  Division  of  the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.  extends  through  Royal- 
ton,  Lockport,  Cambria,  and  Niagara,  and  a  corner  of  Lewiston  and  Wheatfield,  terminating  at 
Suspension  Bridge  upon  Niagara  River.  The  Bufiiilo  &  Lockport  Branch  R.  R.  extends  s.  w. 
from  Lockport  through  Cambria,  Pendleton,  and  Wheatfield.  The  Bufiiilo  &  Niagara  Falls  R.  R. 
extends  along  Niagara  R,iver  through  Niagara  and  Wheatfield,  and  a  n.  branch  iw  extended  to 
Lewiston.  The  Canandaigua  &  Niagara  Falls  Branch  R.  R.  unites  with  the  B.  &  N.  F.  R.  R.  at 
Tonawanda.'     Three  daily  and  five  weekly  newspapers  are  published  in  the  co.^ 


1  ^Vhcat  formed  the  great  staple  of  the  co.  until  about  1S50, 
wheu  the  nii(i{j;e  commenced  its  rtiVHges. 

•  When  the  c^.  was  first  erected,  the  co.  seat  was  fixed  at  Huf- 
fnlii.  The  huihlinfrs  were  given  up  to  Erie  co.  upon  the  erection 
of  the  latter  Cdunty. 

8  This  biiilding  was  erected  in  1P24.  The  first  co,  officers  were. 
Augustus  Porter,  First  Jadgf.;  I<o«is  S.  Le  Coutenlx.  O*.  (l:rk ; 
Asa  Kansom,  Sheriff";  and  Archihald  S.  Clarke,  Surrogate. 

•  Ruilt  in  1856,  at  a  cost  of  $13,000. 

6  The  Senate  Committee  in  ISOB  ronclndetl  the  report  upon 
this  institution  as  follows: — "The  lionse  is  well  kept,  atui  by 
the  result  proves  that,  as  a  ^luestifm  of  economy  merely,  it  is 
les?  expensive  to  niaiutaio  a  good  poorhoutne  tluiu  it  is  n  poor 
one." 

•  The  project  of  building  a  ship  canal  around  Niafjan  Falls  has 
from  time  to  time  excited  much  attention,  and  several  survevB 
have  been  made,  but  thus  faj*  without  result.  Tbo  earliest  in- 
corporation for  this  object  was  in  1798. 

7  In  1S38  a  horse-car  R.  R.  was  built  from  Lewiston, .?  mi.,  to 
connect  with  the  Lockport  &  Niagara  Falls  K.U.;  but  the  track 
has  tieeli  transferre*!  to  the  Centi'al  K.  It.  Cki.  The  Niagara  A 
Lake  Ontario  U.  R.,  extending  from  Niagara  Falls  t*>  Youngstow  n, 
haslifen  built,  hut  it  is  not  yet  in  operation. 

•  The  I>!i(igti}-a  DemncraLthe  first  paper  published  in  the  co., 

was  started  at  Lewiston  in  18'21  by  Uenjaniin  Furgnson. 

In  the  following  year  it  was  removed  to  Lockport,  and 

Bi>t>n  after  chaufted  to 
The  Locl-porf  Ohy^n-atori/.     In  Aug,  1822.  it   passed  into  the 

handftof  nrsamusTunj4'V,aml  in  1S28  it  was  united  with 

the  Niairani  Sentinel  and  Issued  as 
The  Sentinfl  and  Observalnrtj.    In  182S,  IVter  Beean^n,  jr.,  be- 
came the  proprietor,  and  changed  it  to 
The  Loci-port  Journal.     In  1S29  It  was  purchased  by  Asa  Story 

and  chan'.:fd  to 
The  Loclr^vyrt  Balance.    In  1834  it  was  united  with  The  tJazctte, 

under  the  name  of 
The  Balance  and  Gazette.    1 1  w-is  eonn  afterward  changed  a^ain  to 
Thel^Khpfrt  Halann;     It  was  sucressiv-iy  piiblishe*!  by  Isa-ic 

C.Cotton  and  T.  II.  Ilyitt  until  1S3.,  when  il  was  sold  to 

Turner^  Lyon  and  merged  lu  Tbo  Niagara  Democrat. 


The  Lewistnv  Sevtivrl  was  commenced  at  Lewiston  in  1R23  by 
James  O,  Daily.  It  soon  after  pns^^ed  into  the  hands 
of  Oliver  lirnce,  who  removed  it  to  Lockport  and  issued 
it  as 

The  Niagara  Sevtivd.  In  1828  it  was  united  with  The  Lockport 
Observatory. 

The  Ga:eVe  was  started  at  Lockport  in  1833  by  P.  Baker.  1=. 
1-^34  it  was  united  wilh  The  Talanre. 

The  Niofjura  Dnmcrut  was  started  at  Lockport  in  1835  by 
TiinicT  k  Lyon.  In  lt-37  it  was  united  with  Tho 
Ualuiice  and  i.^sued  as 

The  Niognrn  Drmocrat  and  Locl-pori  Balance.  The  latter  part 
of  the  title  was  soon  dropped.  In  1F39  it  passed  into 
the  hands  of  T.  P.  Scoville:  and  in  1846,  into  thoHeof 
Turner  &.  McCollnm.  It  wa.s  continued  by  different 
publishers  until  1858,  when  it  was  united  with  The 
Ijorkport  Advertiser.  The  weekly  edition  is  dii« 
issued  as 

The  IVlagara  Democrat,  by  A.  S.  Prentiss. 

The  yiajar.i  I'atarA.t  w.is  (.ominciici-d  at  LocUpint  In  1846  by 
|{.  II.  Stevens,  an<l  was  continued  by  liunnjhrey  A  Fox 
and  ('.  .1.  Fox  until  I8-.I. 

The  Daihj  Ca:ett>'  wa-  puUliahed  at  Niagara  Falls  during  tho 
summer  of  185  '  by  l*<iol  &  SI  -.■prr. 

The  Loch'pcrt  Daily  Adver'iafr  was  commenced  in  Feh.  1*^54,  by 
A.  S.  I'r-nti'rt.  Juue  1,  1''5  ,  it  wan  niiitid  with  TUo 
Di'm  n^rat.  as 

Tlie  XiOckport  Dally  Advertiser  and  Demo- 
crat, nnder  whieh  title  it  is  still  issued. 

The  Niajiar  t  rn,irn-r  \v;\a  B'arti'd  at  L  rkport.  May  1.  1S27.  ^y 
M.  Cadwiill  idi-r.  It  was  sncceSaiVL-Iy  isj^ued  by  Gorj:© 
I!re«e.  T.  T.  FI  ijilec,  Cr.uid.iU  &.  Uiighain,  C.  L.  tkcil.', 
and  S.  S.  lomniy. 

The  Lficl-port  Dailf/ Oiitr'er  v/»!t  comnn-nced  by  Cramlall  St 
lii'i:;ham  in  1K44,  and  ctm  iuiuil  successively  by  D.  S. 
rraiidiUI.  C.  L  Skeeln.  and  S.  S.  Pomroy.  un  il  U6», 
when  both  the  daily  and  weekly  wuru  united  with  llie 
.Tr.urnd:  tli.- d;\ily   '^ 

The  Journal  and  Coiu-iery  and  the  weekly  bj  tba 
uame  of 


452 


NIAGARA    COUNTY, 


This  CO.  was  a  portion  of  the  domain  of  the  Seneca  Nation,  though  none  of  its  principal  villages 
were  located  within  its  limits.  The  first  European  visitant  of  whom  there  is  any  record  was  La 
Salle,  a  French  adventurer,  who,  accompanied  by  Tonti  and  Father  Hennepin,  conducted  an  expe- 
dition up  the  lakes  for  the  double  purpose  of  traffic  with  the  Indians  and  of  extending  the  French 
influence  among  the  native  tribes.  In  the  fall  of  1678  he  established  a  trading  post  on  the  present 
site  of  Fort  Niagara,  at  the  mouth  of  Niagara  River,  and  soon  after  laid  the  keel  of  a  small  vessel 
of  60  tons,  at  the  mouth  of  Cayuga  Creek,  above  the  falls.  Tliis  vessel  was  launched  in  the  com- 
mencement of  the  following  summer,  and  christened  the  Griffin;  and  on  the  7th  of  Aug.  the  party 
set  sail  upon  Lake  Erie.^  The  first  work  at  Fort  Niagara  was  a  simple  palisade;  t>ut  in  1687  De 
Nonviile,  the  French  commander,  constructed  there  a  fort  with  four  bastions.  This  was  soon  after 
besieged  by  the  Senecas  ;  and,  a  fatal  sickness  having  destroyed  most  of  the  garrison,  it  was  soon 
after  abandoned.  Joncaire,  another  French  adventurer,  built  a  house  on  the  present  site  of  Lewis- 
ton  in  1721 ;  and  about  4  years  after  another  defensive  work  was  erected  on  the  old  site  of  the 
palisade  of  La  Salle.  This  fortress  was  afterward  enlarged,  and  became  one  of  the  most  important 
French  posts  w.  of  Montreal.  In  the  summer  of  1759,  Gen.  Prideaux,  at  the  head  of  a  large  force 
of  regulars  and  provincial  troops,  was  sent  to  reduce  the  place.  The  fort  was  besieged  about  the 
1st  of  July;  and  on  the  25th  it  was  surrendered  to  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  upon  whom  the  command 
of  the  expedition  had  devolved  upon  the  death  of  Gen.  Prideaux.^ 

The  fortress  was  repaired  and  garrisoned  by  the  English;  and  during  the  Revolution  it  became 
the  headquarters  of  the  marauding  parties  of  tories  and  Indians  that  desolated  the  frontier  settle- 
ments along  the  Mohawk,  Susquehanna,  and  Delaware.*  Fort  Niagara  continued  in  possession  of 
the  British  until  1796.*  The  portion  of  the  Tuscarora  Indians  who  were  allies  of  the  English  during 
the  Revolution  removed  to  the  neighborhood  of  Fort  Niagara  after  tlie  destructive  campaign  of  Sulli- 
van, in  1779,  to  obtain  means  of  preventing  absolute  starvation.  The  Senecas  donated  them  a  square 
mi,  of  land,  and  subsequently  the  Holland  Land  Co.  2  sq.  mi.  In  1804  they  purchased  an  addi- 
tional tract  of  4329  acres,  for  $13,722.  On  the  19th  of  Dec.  1813,  Fort  Niagara,  then  in  possession 
of  an  American  garrison,  was  surprised  and  taken  by  the  British;  and  it  continued  in  their  pos- 
session until  the  close  of  the  war.  The  villages  at  Lewiston  and  Niagara  Falls  were  burnt  about 
the  same  time.  In  1826,  Fort  Niagara  was  the  scene  of  Morgan's  imprisonment  pre^^ous  to  his  final 
disappearance.^  The  land  in  this  co.  was  all  included  in  the  Holland  Purchase,  except  the  small 
reservations  of  the  Tonawanda  and  Tuscarora  Indians,  and  a  strip  of  a  mile  in  width  along  Niagara 
River,  reserved  by  the  State  for  the  purposes  of  a  portage  road  around  Niagara  Falls.  The  first 
settlements  were  commenced  about  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  and  the  growth  of  the 
CO.,  in  common  with  the  whole  territory  of  the  Holland  Purchase,  was  rapid.  The  great  impetus 
to  growth,  however,  was  given  by  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  in  1825  and  the  subsequent 
construction  of  railroads.  In  1837  the  co.  became  the  seat  of  great  excitement  connected  with  the 
so-called  Patriot  War.  Most  of  the  Patriot  forces  that  rendezvoused  upon  Navy  Island — within 
British  territory,  and  just  above  the  rapids  of  the  falls — were  transported  from  Schlosser,  upon  the 


The  Intelligencer,  both  of  which  are  now  issued  by 
RichardsoD  &  FreemaD. 

Priestcraft  Exposed  was  published  from  1828  to  1830  at  Lock- 
port  by  L.  A.  Spaulding. 

The  Lockp(/rt  Jmtrnal  was  started  in  July,  1851,  by  M.  C.  Rich- 
ardson; and  in  1S52 

The  Lock-port  Daibi  Journal  was  commenced,  and  both  editions 
were  continued  until  1859,  when  they  were  united  with 
the  daily  and  weekly  Courier,  as  already  noticed. 

The Frontifr  ^ntiTid-waB  published  at  Lockport  in  1S37,  during 
the  "  Patriot  War"  excitement,  by  T.  P.  Scoville. 

Tlie  Lockport  Chronicle  was  started  at  Lockport 
April  !>.  1.S59,  by  S.  S.  Pomroy  &  Co. 

The  Levriston  Tel^f/raph  was  started  at  Lewiston  in  1836  by  John 
A.  Harrison  &  Co.,  and  was  continued  about  3  years. 

The  Niagara  Falls  Jovmal  was  published  a  short  time  in  1837 
by  Francis  &  Ward. 

The  Niagara  Cltranide  was  published  at  Niagara  Falls  in  1838  by 
J.  Simpson. 

The  Niagara  Vataract  was  started  in  1846  at  Lockport  by 
Stephens  &  Humphrey,  and  continued  a  short  time. 

The  Iris  was  commenced  at  Niapara  Falls  in  1846  by  George  H. 
Hackstaff,  and  was  continued  until  1S54. 

The  Niagara  Times  was  published  at  Niagara  Falls  from  Oct. 
1855  to  Oct.  1S57,  by  W.  E.  Tunis. 

The  Nla^fara  Falls  Gazette  was  started  May  17,1864, 
by  IVil  A  Sleeper,  by  whom  it  is  still  issued. 

The  Niagara  City  Herald  was  started  at  Suspension 
Bridge  in  Oct.  1855.  by  ti.  H.  Hackstaff :  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  N.  T.  Hackstaff, 
by  wlioin  it  is  Duw  published. 
^  The  vessel  sailed  through  Lakes  Erie  and  Huron  to  Qreen 


Bay,  where  it  cast  anchor  and  remained  some  time.  After  being 
freighted  with  a  rich  cargo  of  furs,  it  started  on  its  return  voy- 
age; but  from  that  time  no  tidings  ever  came  of  the  vessel  or 
crew.  La  Salle  and  Father  Hennepin  left  the  vessel  on  its  up- 
ward voyage  at  Detroit,  and  afterward  penetrated  the  western 
wilderoess  to  the  Mississippi  River. 

2  While  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  remained  at  this  place  he  made  a 
contract  with  Wm.  Stedman  to  construct  a  road  for  a  portage 
from  Lewiston  to  Schlosser  above  the  Falls.  This  road  was 
finished  in  1763;  and  on  the  20th  6f  June  of  that  year  the  fcon- 
tractor  started  with  25  loaded  wagons  from  Lewiston,  under  the 
convoy  of  50  soldit-rs.  As  the  party  were  passing  a  deep  gulf 
upon  the  very  edge  of  the  clifl"  known  as  the  Devil's  Hulc,  they 
were  assailed  by  a  large  force  of  Senecas  who  were  lying  in 
wait  for  them,  and  the  whole  party  except  one  were  driven  off 
the  precipice,  which  here  has  a  perpendicular  height  of  ISO  ft. 
Wm.  Stedman  escaped  by  forcing  his  horse  through  the  ranks 
of  the  Indians;  and  one  soldier — a  drummer — was  saved  by  his 
belt  catching  in  the  top  of  a  tree  below  and  so  breaking  the 
force  of  his  fall. 

s  The  prisoners  taken  upon  the  war-paths  were  generally  con- 
ducted to  this  place,  where  they  were  often  obliged  to  submit 
to  the  terrible  ordeal  of  the  gauntlet.  A  premium  was  also  here 
given  for  scalps,  stimulating  the  Indians  to  murder.  The  toriea 
who  rendezvoused  here  were  usually  more  inhuman  than  the 
Indians. 

*  Col.  Smith,  who  commanded  this  post  at  the  time  of  its  sur- 
render, was  the  commanding  officer  of  the  Biitish  at  the  battle 
of  Lexington.  As  Niagara  was  one  of  the  very  last  posts  sur- 
rendered. Col.  Smith  may  with  propriety  be  said  to  have  par- 
ticipated in  both  the  opening  and  closing  acts  of  the  American 
Revolution.  *  See  page  323. 


NIAGARA    COUNTY. 


453 


American  shore ;  and  great  excitement  prevailed  in  consequence.  The  steamer  Caroline,  engaged 
in  furnishing  re-inforcements  and  supplies  to  the  insurgents,  was  cut  from  her  moorings,  on  tho 
night  of  Dec.  29,  by  a  British  force,  set  on  tire,  and  sent  over  the  falls.  This  event  was  the  occa- 
sion of  a  long  diplomatic  controversy  between  the  Governments  of  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain,  and  at  one  time  war  seemed  almost  inevitable.  Since  that  time  no  event  has  occurred  to 
disturb  the  peaceful  progress  of  improvement. 


CAMBRIA — was  formed  from  "WilUnk,"  (now  Aurora,  Erie  co.,)  March  11,  180«.  Hart-  . 
land,  Niagard,  and  Porter  were  taken  off  in  1812,  Lewiston  in  1818,  and  a  part  of  Lockport  in 
1824.  It  is  an  interior  town,  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  mountain  ridge'  crosses  thi-ough  the 
center  of  the  town  and  divides  it  into  two  nearly  equal  portions.  In  the  N.  and  s.  the  surface  is 
level  or  undulating.  The  lake  ridge  crosses  the  n.  part  of  the  town.  The  principal  stream  is 
Twelve  Mile  Creek.  The  soil  consists  of  alternations  of  sandy  and  clayey  loam.  Pekiu  (p.  v.) 
lies  partly  in  Lewiston,  but  principally  in  this  town.  It  contains  2  churches  and  about  60 
dwellings.  IVortll  Ridg^e  and  Cambria.,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  are  p.  offices.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  in  1800,  by  Philip  Beach,  from  Le  Roy.^  There  are  2  churches  in  town, 
Cong,  and  M.  E. 

HARTIiAWD' — was  formed  from  Cambria,  June  1,  1812.  Royalton  was  taken  off  in  1817, 
Somerset  in  1823,  and  a  part  of  Newfane  in  1824.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  E.  border  of  the 
CO.  The  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating,  the  greatest  inequality  being  along  the  lake  ridge, 
which  crosses  the  s.  part  of  the  town.  The  principal  streams  are  Eighteen  Mile  and  Johnsons 
Creeks.  The  soil  s.  of  the  ridge  is  a  clayey  loam,  and  n.  it  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Jolin- 
SOns  Creek,  (p.  v.,)  located  on  the  creek  of  the  same  name  where  it  crosses  the  lake  ridge,  con- 
tains 1  church  aJhd  has  a  population  of  114.  Ilartland  Corners,  (Ilartland  p.  o.,)  on  the 
ridge  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  about  18  dwellings.  Ittiddlcport*  is  partly  in  this  town. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1803,  by  John  and  David  Morrison.^  The  first  church  (Bap.) 
was  organized  at  Johnsons  Creek  in  1817.     There  are  5  churches  in  town.' 

1.EWISTOIV' — was  formed  from  Cambria,  Feb.  27,  1818.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  w. 
border  of  the  co.  The  mountain  ridge  extends  through  the  town,  dividing  it  into  two  nearly  equal 
portions.  Along  the  base  of  this  ridge  the  surface  is  broken  or  rolling,  but  elsewhere  it  is  level. 
Gill  and  Six  Mile  Creeks,  and  several  smaller  streams,  take  their  rise  in  this  town,  and  Niagara 
River  forms  its  w.  boundary.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam.  The  Devil's  Hole — a  dark  chasm,  150  ft. 
deep,  upon  the  high  bank  of  the  Niagara,  in  the  extreme  s.  part  of  tlie  town — ^was  the  scene  of  a 
sanguinary  battle  during  the  Old  French  War.'  Five  mi.  above  Ft.  Niagara,  bordering  upon  the 
river,  is  a  flat  of  several  acres,  about  65  ft.  lower  tlian  the  surrounding  country.  It  is  called  Five 
Mile  Meadow:  it  was  here  that  the  British  forces  landed  the  night  before  the  capture  of  Fort 
Niagara,  in  Dec.  1814.'  Liewiston,"'  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  17,  1822,  was  reserved  by  the  State 
and  patented  by  single  lots.  It  is  situated  on  Niagara  River,  at  the  base  of  the  mountain  ridge. 
It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Lewiston  &  N.  F.  R.  R.,  and  the  head  of  navigation  from  Lake  Ontario. 
It  contains  4  churches,  and  has  a  pop.  of  1,014.  The  Lewiston  Suspension  Bridge  across  the 
Niagara  River  was  erected  in  1850  and  '51."  Dickersonville  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  Soutll 
Pekin  is  a  p.o.  in  the  s.  e.  part.  Pekin  lies  partly  in  this  town.  Fort  Gray,  a  temporary  forti- 
fication erected  during  the  War  of  1812,  occupied  the  verge  of  the  mountain  ridge  just  above  the  vil- 
lage of  Lewiston.    The  Seminary  of  our  Lady  of  Angels,  a  Catholic  institution,  is  situated  on 


1  Upon  the  verge  of  this  ridge,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  are  an 
ancient  fortification  and  burial  places,  occupying  about  6  acres. 
Rude  Iran  implements,  pieces  of  copper,  fragments  of  earthen- 
ware,  charred  wood,  and  corncobs  have  been  plowed  up  within 
the  area.  Nearly  in  the  center,  overlaid  by  sandstone  slabs, 
was  a  deep  pit  filled  with  human  bones,  many  of  which  ap- 
parently belonged  to  men  of  almost  giant  size. — Turner's  Hist. 
Holland  Purchase. 

s  John  Forsyth  and  Walter  Neal  settled  in  the  town  in  1804, 
and  Chapman  Uawley,  Dauiel  Howell,  Joseph  Elewett.  James 
Prentice,  and  Amariah  Stoughton  soon  afterward.  ITie  first 
birth  wag  that  of  Philip  Beach,  jr.,  in  1603:  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Nehemiah  Street,  a  traveler,  who  was  murdered  in  1790. 
Philip  Beach  op^'ned  the  first  inn,  in  1800,  and  Joshua  Shep- 
pard  tho  first  store,  in  1816.  Joseph  Hewett  built  the  first  saw- 
mill, in  1800,  and  Christian  Howder  the  first  gristmill,  in  1815. 
The  first  school  was  taught  by  Mrs.  Neal,  in  1808. 

8  Named  from  Ilartland,  Vt. 

*  Sec  page  456. 

>  ZebuluD  Barnum,  Jedediah  Eiggs,  Isaac  Southwell,  and  Dan'l 


Brown  moved  into  town  the  same  year,  and  Abel  Barnum  and 
Oliver  Castle  in  1805.  The  first  dejith  was  that  of  Isaac  South 
well,  in  180G:  the  first  inn  waa  opened  by  Jephtha  Dunn,  in  1809, 
and  the  first  store,  by  Dan'l  Vau  Horn,  in  1816.  The  first  school 
was  taught  by  Nancy  Judson,  in  the  summer  of  1813. 

•  Bap.,  Frieuds,  M.  E.,  Prot.  M.,  end  R.  C. 

'  Named  from  Gov.  Morgan  Lewis,  at  the  suggestion  of  Judgu 
Silas  Hopkins. 

8  See  p.  452.  »  See  p.  280. 

^'^  An  academy  was  established  at  this  place  in  1828.  Besides 
participating  in  the  general  fund,  it  was  endowed  by  the  L*'gis- 
lature  with  tho  proceeds  'jf  the  ferry  license,  which  some  years 
yielded  $800  to  $900.  When  the  I-ewislon  Suspension  Bridgn 
was  finished,  the  ferry  was  abandoned  and  the  academy  dis- 
continued. 

u  This  bridge  was  built  by  two  joint  stock  companies, — one 
incorp.  by  the  Legislature  of  N.  York  and  the  other  by  the 
Canadian  Parliament.  The  roadway  is  849  ft.  long,  20  ft.  wide, 
and  60  ft.  above  the  water.    Cost  of  the  structure,  $58,000. 


454 


NIAGARA    COUNTY 


the  river  bank  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town.^  The  site  of  the  village  of  Lewiston  was  occnpied  by 
the  French  at  ilifleieut  times  previous  to  and  during  the  Old  French  War;  but  the  first  permanent 
eetttements  were  made  about  the  year  1800.*^  The  first  church  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Brant,  at  the  Mohawk  settlement,  a  little  e.  of  Lewiston.^     There  are  now  8  churches  in  town.* 

I.OCKPORT — was  taken  from  Cambria  and  Royalton,  Feb.  2,  1824.  It  extends  from  the 
central  part  to  the  southern  bounds  of  the  co.  The  surface  in  the  northern  part  of  the  town, 
through  which  the  mountain  ridge  extends,  is  broken  and  hilly ;  in  the  central  and  southern  parts 
it  is  level.  Eighteen  Mile  and  Mud  Creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam 
intermixed  with  marl,  and  in  the  n.  it  is  stony.  The  Niagara  limestone  crops  out  along  the 
mountain  ridge,  and  extensive  quarries  have  been  opened  in  and  near  the  village  of  Lockpurt.* 
Underlying  this  is  a  stratum  of  hydraulic  limestone,  from  which  waterlime  is  made;  and  sand- 
stone belonging  to  the  Medina  formation  is  also  quarried  n.  of  the  ridge.*  The  manufactures  of 
the  town  are  extensive,  and  consist  principally  of  flour,  lumber,  leather,  and  machinery.  I^ock- 
port,''  (p.  V.,)  the  CO.  seat,  was  incorp.  March  20,  1829.  It  is  situated  on  the  Erie  Canal  and  the 
declivities  of  the  mountain  ridge.  It  is  an  important  station  on  the  Niagara  Falls  R.  R.,  and  is  the 
terminus  of  the  branch  road  to  Buffalo.  The  water-power  created  by  the  canal  locks  at  this  place 
has  given  rise  to  numerous  and  extensive  manufacturing  establishments.^  The  village  contains 
15  churches,  a  high  school,^  3  newspaper  offices,  3  banks  of  issue,  and  1  savings  bank.  Pop.  8,939. 
ft'riKlitN  Corners,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  and  Rapids,  (p.o.,)  in  the  s.  part, 
are  hamlets.  Hickory  Coroers,  in  the  w.,  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Cold 
Spring,  about  1  mi.  e.  of  Lockport  Village,  by  Charles  Wilbur,  in  1805.^**  There  are  21  churches 
in  town.^*    Ex-Gov.  Washington  Hunt  is  a  resident  of  this  town, 

]VEWFA]\E— was  formed  from  Ilartland,  Somerset,  and  Wilson,  March  20, 1824.  It  extends 
from  near  the  center  of  the  eo.  to  the  lake  shore.  The  surface  is  level.  EiglUeen  Mile  Creek 
crosses  the  town,  dividing  it  into  two  unequal  portions.  The  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  loam;  but 
in  some  parts  it  is  clayey.  Olcott,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  lake  shore,  at  the  mouth  of  Eighteen  Mile 
Creek,  contains  3  churches  and  about  30  dwellings.  Cbarlotte,  (Newfane  p.o.,)  on  Eighteen 
Mile  Creek,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches  and  about  25  dwellings,  HesS 
Road,  in  the  e.,  and  Cooiuer,  in  the  w.  part,  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in 
1807,  by  Wm.  Chambers^^  and  John  Brewer,  from  Canada.*'  The  first  religious  services  were  con- 
ducted in  1811,  by  a  colored  Methodist  minister  from  Canada.     There  are  5  churches  in  town.'* 

IVIAGARA — was  formed  from  Cambria,  June  1, 1812,  as  "  ScMosser;"  its  name  was  changed 
Feb.  14,  1810.  Pendleton  was  taken  off  in  1827,  and  Wheatfield  in  1836.  It  is  the  s.w,  corner 
town  of  the  co.,  occupying  the  angle  made  by  the  abrupt  northerly  bend  of  Niagara  River.     Its 


1  This  Seminary  is  under  the  cbargp  of  the  **  Prusts  of  the 
Conyreffation  of  the  Afiss^iov  of  St,  Vincent  de  Pavl  Jristitutifm," 
find  is  designed  to  educate  boys  aud  young  men  for  the  priest- 
hood. Itwasincurp.inlSSS.  The  buildings  are  not  yet  completed. 

2  Among  the  settleifl  who  were  in  the  town  in  1800  were  Jos. 

and  John  Howell, Middaugh,  Henry  Hough,  Henry  Mills, 

McBride,  Thos.  Hustler,  Wm.  Gambol,  and  Fred'k  Wood- 
man. Geo.  Howell  was  the  first  child  born  in  the  town  and  in 
the  CO.,  in  1799.  Middftugh  kept  tavern  in  1788,  and  McBiide 
built  a  tannery  about  1799.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  Joe. 
Howell,  in  1808.  and  the  first  gristmill  by  John  Gray,  in  1815. 
The  Tusrarora  Reservation  is  in  this  town. 

8  This  was  probably  some  time  during  the  Bevolutionary  War. 
Erant  was  an  Episropalirtu ;  and  the  services  were  usually  con- 
ducted by  sctme  one  attached  to  the  British  garrison  at  Ft.  Nia- 
gara. The  church  was  built  of  logs  and  bad  no  belfry.  The 
bell  was  hung  upon  a  croas-bar  resting  in  the  crotch  of  a  tree 
near  by. 

*  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Univ.,  and  R.  C.  at  Lewiston,  Cong,  and 
M.  E.  at  Pekin,  M.  E.  at  Dickersonville,  and  Indian  church  on 
the  Reservation. 

&  The  principal  of  these  quarries  are  along  the  canal,  in  the  s. 
part  of  l^ockport  Village.  There  are  alno  quarries  abont  a  mile 
E.of  the  village,  and  others  a  little  further  w.  This  limestone  is  a 
very  excellent  building  material,  and  large  quantities  are  shipped 
to  distant  places.  The  locks  at  this  place,  and  numerous  culvtTt.s 
on  the  cunal.  are  built  of  it.  A  cave  of  small  extent  exists 
under  the  village  of  l-ockport. 

6  The  principal  quarries  from  which  sandstone  is  obtained  are 
at  Rattlesnake  Hill,  N.  w.  of  the  village.  This  stoue  is  used 
principally  for  flagging  and  paving. 

'  So  named  from  there  being  a  greater  number  of  locks  here 
than  at  any  other  place  on  the  canal;  and  to  these  the  village 
owes  its  origin. 

8  Five  tlouring  mills,  with  an  aggregate  of  30  run  of  stone.  7 
fawmills,  5  stave  and  shingle  factoriea,  1  sash,  duor,  auU  blind 


factory,  1  planing  mill,  2  tanneries,  a  woolen  factory.  2  maehind 
shops  and  founderies.a  plow  factory,  a  distillery,  and  a  plaster- 
mill.  A  hydraulic  canal  three-fourth.s  of  a  mi.  long  has  been 
coustnicted  upon  the  decli%ity  of  the  ridge,  from  which  the  water 
is  distributed  to  various  manufactories.  The  water  is  taken  from 
the  upper  level  of  the  canal  and  returned  to  the  lower.  A  con- 
siderable proportion  of  the  water-power  is  obtained  from  the 
water  tiiken  from  the  lower  level. 

^  The  "  LocLport  Um'nn  School'*  was  incorp.  March  31,  1847. 
Connected  with  it  is  an  academic  depiirtnit-nt.  under  the  super- 
visiou  of  the  regents.  The  number  of  pupils  in  attendance  in 
1856  was  742. 

10  Jededi.ih  Darling  settled  in  the  town  in  1808. Gregory 

in  ISnO.  Thomac  Miles,  ^illiman  Wakeman.  David  Carlton,  and 
Geo.  Miller  in  1810.  and  Alex.  Freeman  and  John  Dye  in  1811. 
The  first  inn  wa*  opened  by  Clias.  'Williur.  in  ISOii;  the  first 
sawmill  was  built  by  Alex.  Freemau,  in  ISll.  and  the  first  grist- 
mill by  Otis  Hathaway,  on  Eighteen  Mile  Creek.  This  was  a 
small  mill,  which  was  built  in  20  days.  L.  A.  Spauldtng  waa 
then  building,  and  soon  after  finished,  a  stone  mill  of  7  stories 
in  height.  Simeon  Ford  erected  a  woolen  fjictnry  in  1>'28.  The 
first  school  was  taught  by  Olinda  Moore,  in  the  summer  of  1816. 

"  Bap.-Cong.,  Friends.  Luth..  2  M.  E..  2  Presb..  2  Prot.  E.,  2  R.C., 
Univ.,  and  2  Af  Meth.  at  Lockport  Village,  and  Dutch  Evang., 
Dutch  Ref ,  Lmh.,  2  M.  E.,  and  Wea.  Meth.  in  other  parts  of  the 
town. 

12  Chambers  Temoved  to  Grand  Island ;  and  about  the  ytar 
1825,  attempting  to  iross  Niagara  Kiver  above  the  cataract 
in  a  skiff,  he  waa  drawn  into  the  rapids  and  carried  over  the 
falls. 

13 Cotton  settled  in  the  town  the  same  year.  Burgovne, 

Kemp,  and  Peter  Hopkins  in  1«08.  and  Wm.  and  James  TiVisnei 
in  ISIO.  Levi  Ellis  built  the  first  saw  and  grist  mill,  in  1811, 
for  James  Van  Horn.  Asa  Douglas  opened  a  store  at  Olcott,  in 
1812.    The  first  school  was  taught  by  Bezaleal  Smith,  in  1815. 

1*  2  M,  E.,  Bap.,  Univ.,  and  Wee.  Meth. 


NIAGARA    COUNTY. 


455 


surface  is  level.  Cayuga  and  Gill  Creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  a  heavy  clay. 
Goat  Inland  and  the  American  part  of  Niagara  Falls  helong  to  this  town.  At  Suspension  Bridge, 
on  the  river  bank,  is  a  sulphur  spring,  which  has  been  fitted  up  for  the  accommodation  of 
visitors.  JViag^ara  Falls,  (p.  v.,)  incorp,  July  7,  1848,  is  situated  on  Niagara  River,  at  the 
cataract.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Rochester  &  N.  F,  R.  R.,  of  the  N.  F,  &  Lewiston  R.  R.,  of  the 
Bufialo  &  N.  F.  R.  R.,  and  of  the  Canandaigua  &  N.  F.  R.  R.  It  contains  5  churches,  1  newspaper 
office,  II  hotels,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.*  Pop.  2,976.  The  village  owes  its  ex- 
istence to  its  proximity  to  the  great  cataract.  Thousands  of  visitors,  from  every  part  of  the  U.  S. 
and  from  almost  every  country  in  the  world,  annually  visit  this,  one  of  nature's  greatest  wonders. 
Nearly  all  the  business  of  the  community  is  connected  with  this  periodical  visitation,  and  consists 
of  hutel  keeping,  livery  business,  and  matters  of  a  kindred  nature.  A  large  and  by  no  means 
unimportant  business  has  grown  out  of  the  sale  of  spar  ornaments  and  fancy  articles  made  by  the 
Indians.  IVIa^ara  City,  (Susperision  Bridge  p.  o.,)  incorp.  June  8,  1854,  is  situated  on  Niagara 
River,  2  mi.  below  the  falls.  The  Rochester  &  N.  F.  R.  R.  connects  at  this  place  with  the  Lewis- 
ton  &  N.  F.  R.  R.,  and  with  the  Great  Western  Railway  across  the  Suspension  Bridge.^  The  vil- 
lage contains  6  churches,  a  newspaper  office,  15  hotels,  and  a  charitable  institution  known  as  the 
De  Veaux  College  for  Destitute  Orphans  and  Children.*  Pup.  1,365.  This  place  participates 
■with  Niagara  Falls  in  the  business  made  by  the  annual  influx  of  visitors  to  the  cataract.  No 
places  of  equal  size  on  the  Continent  have  a  greater  amount  of  hotel  accommodations  than  these. 
I^a  8alle  is  a  p.  c.  at  the  mouth  of  Cayuga  Creek.  In  the  fall  of  1G78  the  French  voTjayeurs 
La  Salle,  Tonti,  and  Father  Hennepin,  with  their  companions,  established  themselves  at  the  mouth 
of  Cayuga  Creek  and  remained  until  the  *'  Griffin"  was  launched  the  following  season.^  Other 
places  along  the  river  were  temporarily  occupied  by  the  French  at  different  times;  but  the  first 
permanent  settlement  was  made  at  Schlosser  in  1759,  by  John  Stedman,  accompanied  by  his 
brothers  Wm.  and  Philip.^  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Father  Hennepin,  at  the 
time  of  the  French  sojourn  at  Cayuga  Creek.®     There  are  now  12  churches  in  town.' 

l*E]VDl<ETO]V® — was  formed  from  Niagara,  April  16,  1827.  It  is  the  central  town  on  the  s. 
border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating.  Tonawanda  Creek  forms  the  s. 
bounds  of  the  town,  and  Sawyers  Creek  crosses  the  w.  part.  The  soil  is  generally  a  clayey  loam. 
Peiidleton,  (p.  o,,)  on  Tonawanda  Creek,  contains  1  church  and  16  dwellings.  Pendleton 
Center,  Beach  Ridge,  and  Mapleton  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in 
1805,  by  Jacob  Christman.®     There  are  5  churches  in  town.^** 

PORTER"— was  formed  from  Cambria,  June  1,  1812.  Wilson  was  taken  off  in  1818.  It  is 
the  most  westerly  town  on  the  lake  shore.  Its  surface  is  level.  Four  Mile  and  Six  Mile  Creeks, 
and  the  w.  branch  of  Twelve  Mile  Creek,  cross  the  town  in  a  northerly  direction,  and  Niagara 
River  forms  its  w,  boundary.  The  soil  along  the  lake  shore  is  composed  principally  of  a  marly 
clay ;  in  the  central  and  southern  parts  it  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.     Besides  the  crops  which 


1  A  hydraulic  canal  haa  recently  been  constructed  from  a  point 
on  Niagara  lliver  about  i  mi.  above  the  rapids,  diagonally  across 
the  point  of  land  upon  which  the  village  in  situated,  to  near  the 
river  bank  ^  mi.  below  the  falls.  Along  the  bank  is  a  long 
basin,  in  which  the  cttnal  terminates,  and  from  which  the  water 
is  discharged  through  a  great  number  of  races  into  the  river 
below.  This  canal  is  |  of  a  mi.  long,  70  ft.  wide,  and  10  ft.  deep, 
and  will  maintain  a  running  stream  equal  in  quantity  to  2436 
cubic  ft.  per  second.  The  company  by  whom  the  canal  has  been 
built  was  organized  March  22,  1853,  with  a  capital  of  $500,000. 
One  of  the  largest  paper  mills  in  the  V.  S.,  on  Bath  Island,  was 
burned  during  the  past  year,  (1*<58.) 

*  The  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge,  which  crosses  the  river  at 
this  place,  was  commencfid  in  1S62  and  finished  in  1855.  It  is 
821  ft.  in  length  from  center  to  center  of  the  towers,  and  247  ft. 
above  the  water.  It  has  2  floors, — the  lower  for  a  carriage  way, 
and  thu  upper  for  a  rail  way,  upon  which  4  rails  are  so  laid  as 
to  make  tracks  of  3  different  gauges.  The  cost  of  the  structure 
was  about  $400,000,  and  the  stock  of  the  company  $500,000. 
The  tirst  line  wa."  got  across  the  river  at  this  place  by  the  aid  of 
a  kite.  With  this  a  larger  cord  was  drawn  over;  and  finally  a 
rope,  upon  which  pulleys  could  be  run.  bearing  the  wires  of 
which  the  bridge  is  composed.  The  chief  engineer  was  John  A. 
Roebling. 

*  The  De  Veaux  College  was  established  according  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  will  of  Samuel  De  Veaux,  who  bequeathed  for  that 
purpose  pereon;tl  property  to  tlie  amount  of  $154.4:12  and  real 
estate  valued  at  $3*>.2l3,  besides  330  acres  of  inalienable  land. 
The  building  was  erected  in  1855-56.  It  is  built  of  stone,  haa  2 
■tories  and  an  attic  above  the  ground  story,  and  a  front  of  100  ft., 
with  a  depth  of  54  ft.  The  members  of  the  school  are  supplied 
by  the  iostitutlun  with  food,  clothing,  aod  books.    By  the  pro- 


visions of  the  will  of  Mr.  De  Teaux,  the  prvsident  of  the  collega 
must  always  be  a  clergyman  of  the  Prot.  K.  Church,  and  the 
institute  itself  under  the  control  of  the  Diocese  of  Western  New 
York.  Members  of  the  school  are  appointt-d  by  the  board  of 
trustees,  the  children  of  parents  belonging  to  the  Prot.  E.  Cliurch 
having  the  preference.  When  once  received,  the  children  are 
under  the  sole  charge  of  the  trustees  until  they  attain  their  ma- 
jority. See  &7iate  Dnc.  1858,  No.  118.  The  college  repi)rtB  an. 
Dually  to  the  Legislature. 

*  See  pnge  452. 

6  During  the  period  of  English  occupancy  a  small  settlement 
grew  up  at  Schlosser.  There  were,  besides  tlie  .'^tedmiin  house, 
(which  was  a  large  and  spacious  2i  story  building.)  about  15 
other  dwellings.  The  Stedmans  moved  away  in  1795  and  left 
Jesse  Ware  in  possession.  Judge  Augustus  Porter  settled  at 
Schlosser  in  180G.  The  first  sawmill  was  Iniilt  by  Johu 
Stedman.    The  first  school  was  taught  by  Kzekiel  Hill,  in  1807. 

*  In  his  account  of  their  sojoura  Fatlier  H.-nn-pin  says,  ''I 
had  one  hut  especially  designed  for  observinj;  prayers  iu  holy- 
days  and  Sundays." 

I  Bap..  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C.  at  Niagara  Falls. 
Cong.,  Ref.  P.  D.,  Evang.,  Prot.E.,  Presb.,  and  M.  E.  at  Niagara 
City,  and  M.  E.  at  Cayuga  Creek. 

8  Named  from  Sylvester  Pendleton  Clark,  Ex-Gov.  of  Cirand 
Island. 

*  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Martin  Van  Slyke  and  John 
and  Adam  Fulnier.  The  first  death  was  that  of  Martin  Van 
Slyke, in  1814.  S.  1'.  Claik  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1H22,  and  .l.-ny 
Jenks  the  first  store,  the  same  year.  The  first  school  was  taught 
by DawBon,  in  the  winter  of  1816. 

W  2  M.  E.,  Presb  .  Luth.,  and  K.C. 

II  Named  from  Judge  Augustus  Porter. 


45o 


NIAGARA    COUNTY. 


are  common  to  all  parts  of  this  co.,  considerable  quantities  of  apples,  peaches,  and  other  fruits  are 
raised.  Youngsto^TU,*  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  Aug.  22,  1854,  is  situated  on  Niagiira  River,  aboutono 
mi.  from  its  mouth.  It  contains  3  churches  and  has  a  pop.  of  768.  Ransoiuville,^  (p-v.,) 
in  the  s.  e.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches.  Pop.  195.  East  Porter  is  a  p.o.  Fort 
IViag'ara"  is  situated  on  the  lake  shore,  at  the  mouth  of  Niagara  River.  Transient  settlements 
■wore  made  at  very  early  periods  by  the  French  at  Ft.  Niagara ;  but  no  permanent  settlement  was 
made  until  the  early  part  of  the  present  century.*    There  are  7  churches  in  town.' 

KOYAliTOHf' — was  formed  from  Hartland,  April  5, 1817,  and  a  part  of  Lockport  was  taken 
off  in  1S24.  It  is  the  s.  E.  corner  tovra  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  generally  level  or  undulating, 
except  in  the  N.  part,  where  the  mountain  ridge  crosses  the  town.  Johnsons,  Eighteen  Mile,  and 
Mud  Creeks  take  their  rise  in  this  town,  and  the  Tonawanda  forms  its  s.  boundary.  The  soil  is  a 
clayey  loam.  ^liddleport'  (p.  v.)  incorporated  in  1858,  lies  partly  in  Hartland,  but  principally 
in  the  N.  E.  part  of  this  town.  It  is  situated  upon  the  Erie  Canal,  and  is  a  station  on  the  R.  & 
N.  F.  R.  R.  It  contains  5  churches  and  has  a  pop.  of  689,  (586  in  Royalton,  103  in  Hartland.) 
Gasport,"  {p-Y.,)  situated  on  the  canal  near  Eighteen  Mile  Creek,  is  a  station  on  the  R.  &  N.  F. 
R.  R.  It  contains  1  church  and  an  academy.'  Pop.  273.  Orangreport,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  canal, 
in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  town,  has  a  pop.  of  224;  Royalton,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  central  part,  of  168: 
and  Keynales  Basin,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  canal,  of  132.  L.ocust  Tree  and  South  Royal- 
ton are  p.  offices.  MclVallS  Corners  is  a  hamlet  in  the  w.  part.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  1803,  by  Thos.  Slay  ton  and  Gad  Warner.'"  The  first  religious  services  were  held  in  1806; 
the  first  religious  society  (Christian)  was  organized  in  1817,  and  the  first  church  edifice  was  built 
the  same  year."     There  are  12  churches  in  town.''^ 

SOMER.SET— was  formed  from  Hartland,  Feb.  8,  1823,  and  a  part  of  Newfane  was  taken 
off  in  1824.  It  is  the  most  easterly  town  upon  the  lake  shore.  The  surface  is  level.  Golden  Hill 
and  Fish  Creeks  cross  the  town  in  a  N.  B.  direction.  The  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  loam ;  but  in 
some  places  it  is  clayey.  Near  the  mouth  of  Fish  Creek  is  a  small  salt  spring,  from  which  salt  was 
formerly  made.  Somerset,  (p.  v.,)  N.  of  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches  and  about 
30  dwellings.  County  Eine,  on  the  line  of  Orleans  co.,  and  Eake  Road  and  VFest  Somer- 
set, are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1810,  by  Jacob  Fitts  and  Zacharias  Patr 
terson.'"  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Daniel  Shepardson,  in  1816,  and  the  first 
church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1820.     There  are  5  churches  in  town." 

WHE  ITFIEED— was  formed  from  Niagara,  Jlay  12,  1836.  It  is  the  most  southerly  town 
in  the  co.,  and  lies  partly  on  Niagara  River  and  partly  on  Tonawanda  Creek.  The  surface  is  level 
or  gently  undulating.  Cayuga  and  Sawyers  Creeks  cross  the  town,  the  former  in  the  western 
part  and  the  latter  in  the  eastern.  The  soil  is  generally  a  hard,  clayey  loam,  difficult  to  cultivate. 
About  a  mi.  e.  of  Tonawanda  is  a  sour  spring,  and  about  2  mi.  n.  a  sulphur  spring.  A  considerable 
part  of  the  town  is  yet  unimproved.  The  greater  proportion  of  the  population  consists  of  immi- 
grants from  Prussia  and  other  parts  of  Germany.'*  BergfllOltz,'*  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center  of  the 
town,  contains  1  church  and  about  80  houses;  Martinsville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  E.  part,  1  church 


1  Named  from  John  Tounfr.  the  first  merchant  at  the  place. 

2  Named  from  Clark  Kansom,  one  of  the  early  settlers. 
»  See  pages  45,  452. 

*  John  LloyJ,  who  was  a  soldier  stationed  at  Fort  Niagara  in 
1799.  settled  in  town  iu  1801, 3  mi.  from  the  fort.  Sihas  Hopkins 
settled  in  1802,  Tlios.  Brown,  Elijah  Doty,  John  Clement,  and 
John  Waterhonse,  in  1803,  and  John  Brown  in  1805.  Robert 
Gurnsett  liept  the  first  inn,  and  John  Yonn^  the  first  store,  in 

1808.  John  Clapsaddle  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  18115,  and  the 
first  gristmill,  in  1817,  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Wm, 
Cogswell,  in  the  winter  of  ISOG. 

6  3  M.  E,.  Bap.,  Presh.,  Wes,  Meth.,  and  K.  C, 

*  Named  from  Royalton,  Vt. 

'  So  named  from  its  being  midway  on  the  canal  between 
" Np.ivport"  (now  Albion)  and  Lockport, 

8  So  called  from  the  fact  that  g;is  escapes  from  the  earth  here. 
This  ga.s  is  inrlainmable:  and  at  one  time  it  was  conveyed  through 
iron  pipes  frmu  the  spring  to  a  store,  which  was  lighted  by  it. 

«  Founded  in  1854. 

10  Joshua  Slay  ton, Elswnrth.  Lnuden  Andrews,  and  Alex. 

Hasl<ins  settled  in  town  in  Isol.  stfjilieu  Bngliy,  Stephen  Hoyt, 
and  Sam'l  Capon,  in  180.S,  and  llaruuiii  Treadwell  in  1806.  The 
first  birth  was  that  of  Bau'l  Vauj^hii :  the  first  marriage,  that 
of  Henry  Kiswoi-th  and  Polly  Cornish,  in  the  spring  of  1810; 

and  the  "first  death,  tliat  of Elsworth,  in  1804.   Gad  Warner 

built  the  first  sawmill,  In  1817.    The  first  tavern  was  opened  in 

1809,  by Fi;ik. 

n  This  was  one  of  the  first  churches  upoa  the  Holland  Fur- 


chase.     It  was  painted  red,  and  was  called  "  The  Rfd  Meeting 
House." 

12  3  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Christian,  Cong,,  F,W,  Bap.,  Luth.,  Presb.,  R.C, 
Univ.,  and  Wes.  Meth. 

13  Arcliiliald  Whittun,  Philip  Fitts,  and  Truman  and  David 
Mu'lL,'rtt  s.ttli'd  in  till'  town  the  same  year.  Tiie  first  birth  wjis 
th.it  of  IVlilah  Fitts,  in  1811:  the  first  marriage,  tli.at  of  John 
Slierwooil  and  Rebecca  .^leiid.  in  1817 ;  and  the  first  death,  that 
of  Philip  Fitts,  in  1814.  Jusijih  S.  Itniiev  opened  the  first  inn,  in 
1817.  and  Jos.  IVI.  Carpenter  tli.-  first  store,  in  1823,  The  first  saw- 
mill  was  built  by  John  Randolph,  in  1822,and  the  first  gristmill 
by  Archibald  McDowell,  in  1820,  The  first  school  was  taught  by 
Marstou  Sherwood,  in  the  winter  of  1817. 

"  2  B.ap,.  Friends,  Presb,,  and  M,  E. 

15  They  nearly  all  cultivate  the  soil ;  but  their  farms  are 
usually  very  small,  consisting  generally  of  not  more  than  5  to  10 
acres.  They  retain  in  a  great  measure  their  own  manners,  cus- 
toms, and  nationality.  They  have  their  own  churches  and 
schixds:  their  pa-stors  and  schoolmasters  came  from  Germany 
with  them,  and  Germ.an  is  the  language  of  the  pulpit  and  th« 
sclioolroom.  Their  houses  are  nearly  all  one  story,  rough  framed 
buildings,  unclapboarded,  and  filled  in  with  unburned  bricks. 
Several  of  them  are  built  of  hewn  logs,  the  crevices  filled  with 
clay :  and  some  are  clapboarded  on  the  gable  ends  down  as  far 
as  the  level  of  the  eaves, 

11  These  villages  were  named  from  places  of  the  same  names 
in  Germany. 


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NIAGARA    COUNTY. 


457 


and  about  60  houses ;  Jotansburgr^  in  the  central  part,  1  church  and  about  50  houses ;  and 
Walmore,*  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  town,  2  churches  and  12  houses.  These  are 
straggling  German  villages.  Shawnee,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  town,  contains  1  church 
and  15  houses.  Tonawanda,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line  of  Erie  co.,  lies  partly  within  this  town. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Geo.  A''an  Slyke,  in  1802,  at  the  mouth  of  Tonawanda  Creek." 
There  are  7  churches  in  town.* 

WIliSOW*— was  formed  from  Porter,  April  10,  1818,  and  a  part  of  Newfane  was  taken  off  in 
1824.  It  is  situated  on  the  lake  shore,  N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level.  The  E. 
branch  of  Twelve  Mile  Creek*  crosses  the  town  near  the  center,  and  the  w.  branch  in  the  N.  w.  part. 
The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam.  Wtlson,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  June  25, 1858,  is  situated  on  the  E. 
side  of  Twelve  Mile  Creek,  near  its  mouth.  It  contains  3  churches  and  the  Wilson  Collegiate 
Institute.     Pop.  666.     East  Wilson,  South  YVilson,  and  North  Wilson  are  p.  oiiices. 

The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1810,  by  Stephen  Sheldon,  Reuben  Wilson, Goodman,  John 

Eastman,  and  Gilbert  Purdy.'  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  Jan.  18,  1819.  There  ara 
now  3  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  M.  E. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Bivellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Niagara  County. 


Names  op  Towns. 


Cambria 

Hartland..... 

[  Lewiaton 

Lockport.... 

Newfane 

Niagara 

Pendleton... 

Porter 

Koyalton.... 

Siiuierset 

Whcatfield.. 
Wilson 


Total.. 


Acres  of  Land. 


I 


17.214 
20,836J 
16.812 
21,813i 
22,268i 
6,754i 
9.843J 
11.014 
27.74Si 
18.202 
10.7  6S} 
21,768 


207,043} 


6,767 
9,600 
6,819J 

13,684J 

10,173 
6.088 
6,1 69A 
6.721 

12,968 
8,313 

10,037 
8.269i 


101,110 


Valuation  of  1858. 


$760,657 
839,722 
724,371 

2,689,229 
818,182 

1,448,126 
420,049 
697,697 

1,253,211 
666.161 
866,310 
802,867 


11,776,382 


e 


$808,447 
881,022 
792,103 

3,163,629 
850,247 

1,732,826 
447,149 
619,147 

1,356,002 
694,111 

1,700,110 
829,971 


1,999,382  13,774,764  24,810  23,472 


^ 


1,126 
1,527 
1,665 
6,676 
1,641 
2.913 

972 
1,362 
2,598 

952 
1,641 
1,739 


1.091 
1,606 
1,596 
6,711 
1.523 
2.544 

854 
1,2.81 
2.332 

971 
1.611 
1.568 


530 
2,364 
618 
808 
374 
484 
905 
379 
616 
650 


407 
642 
681 
2,286 
619 
967 
359 
484 
931 
378 
675 
622 


8,951 


12 
18 
13 
18 
16 
7 
8 
11 
24 
14 
7 

6,9791  166 


2S' 
623 
2MI 
1,613 
340 
439 1 
272 
3361 
600 

492, 


el 

727 
1,100 
1.214 
6,011 
1,217 
],9S6 

772 

979 
1,561 

780 
1,070 
1,268 


17,726 


Names  of  Towns. 


Cambria.... 
Ilartland... 
Lewiston... 
Lockport... 
Newtiiue..,. 

Niafrara 

PeniUeton.. 

Porter 

licviilton... 
.^iimerset... 
Wlieatfield, 
Wilson 

Total,  f 


Lite  Stock. 

Agriccitdbal  Products. 

1 

8 

1 

|1^ 
III 

i 

1 

.5 

Bosh,  of  Grain. 

1 
3,490 

22.343 

11 
Ml 

Daisy  Pkodocts. 

1 

0,0] 

1i 

946 

1,768 

I.OIS 

6,316 

1,369 

67,773 

89,816 

36,352 

98.077 

12,280 

1.301 

1,696 

1,196 

9.090 

2,221 

20,201 

88,124 

3,801} 

33,865 

22.614 

110,460 

12,353 

2,798 

1,1.61 

746 

6,034 

1,413 

68,238 

63,962 

3,4.36 

18,«84 

26,900 

76,322 

405 

1,634 

1,655 

1,640 

6,834 

3,207 

69,320i 

120.463J 

5,400 

29,613 

30,191 

124,266 

4,170 

1,177 

1,837 

1,082 

8,243 

2,031 

66,661 

94,506 

3,»J2i 

29,714 

16,441 

91,246 

8,460 

662 

635 

486 

800 

MS 

21,637 

37,176 

l,676i 

6.905 

5,934 

22,386 

692 

813 

688 

2,111 

932 

28,540 

62,968 

1,627 

8,526 

6,939 

46,434 

1,361 

824 

1,054 

720 

6,327 

1,389 

69,291 

47,797  i 

2,893  i 

18.724 

19,868 

66,779 

8.697 

1,636 

1,900 

1,479 

12.450 

2,701 

41,480i 

171,2S0 

6,337} 

30,R74i 

49,217 

164,271 

17,813 

966 

1,376 

816 

9,929 

1,614 

38,021 

64,693i 

2,463S 

21,927i 

18,066 

70,063 

6,711 

606 

992 

8S7 

2,038 

1,606 

36,090 

68,306 

2.695i 

19,476 

4.629 

60,515 

820 

1,293 

1,863 

1,151 

11,197 

2,869 

84,672 

103,288 

4,056 

34,697 

20,947 

127,499 

8,383 

14,334 

16,630 

11,708 

78,359 

21,766 

690.926 

1,002,271 

41,117i 

276,448 

255,997 

1,038,307 

71,443 

11.499 


ISee  note  16,  p.  456. 

s  John  Flarrey  and Walton  eettled  in  the  town  In  1807, 

and  Geo.  Burgher,  Jacob  Stoner,  and  Wm.  Scott,  in  1809.  James 
Field  kept  thp  firat  inn,  in  1808,  and  Judge  Wilkinson  the  first 
store,  in  1822.  The  first  BawiniU  was  built  by  Col.  John  Sweeney, 
in  1825. 

3  4  Kvanp:.  Luth.,  Bap..  M.  E.,  and  Mennonite. 

<  Named  from  Reuben  Wilson,  one  of  the  earliest  aettlera,  and 
the  first  BtiperviBor. 

&  In  181 1,  about  4  mi.  from  the  mouth  of  this  creek,  In  the  lake, 


a  few  rods  from  the  shore,  Mr.  Goodman  found  a  4  lb.  Frpnch 
Bwivel,  loaded  with  a  ball  and  3  grape  shot.  A  large  pile  of  bul- 
lets and  considerable  quantities  of  ballast  iron  were  subsequently 
found  on  the  shore  near  bv. 

0  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Warren  Wilson,  in  1811.  Joshua 
Williams  and  Daniel  Sheldon  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1S15, 
and  Hi-uben  and  Luther  Wilson  the  first  gristmill,  in  1824. 
Benj.  Douglas  opened  the  first  store,  in  1817,  and  T.  T.  Upton 
the  first  inn,  in  1818.  The  first  school  was  an  evening  school 
for  adults,  taught  by  Luther  Wibon  during  Jan.  and  Feb. 
1817. 


ONEIDA   COUNTY. 


:\ 


This  county  was  formed  from  Herkimer,  March  15,  1708.  Lewia 
and  Jefferson  were  taken  off  in  1S05,  and  a  part  of  Oswpjio  in 
1816.  Portions  were  annexed  to  Clinton  in  1801  and  to  Madison 
in  1836.  A  portion  of  Chenango  was  annexed  in  1804.'  It  lies 
near  the  center  of  the  State,  100  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains 
1,215  sq.  mi.  A  broad  valley,  nearly  level,  extends  e.  and  w.  through 
the  center  of  the  co.,  and  from  it,  both  n.  and  s.,  the  surface  rises 
*    ;    \  /     ■   J     into  a  broken  and  hilly  region.     The  highlands  which  occupy  the 

'6j ,  ..'/^'J:---  .-■"''v;^'^  s.  part  are  arranged  in  ridges  extending  n.  and  s.,  the  highest  sum- 
mits, on  the  s.  border,  being  600  to  1,000  ft.  above  the  valley  of  the 
Mohawk.  North  of  the  central  valley  the  surface  rises  abruptly  to 
a  height  of  800  to  1,200  ft.,  and  spreads  out  into  a  nearly  level 
plateau,  broken  by  the  ravines  of  the  streams.  The  E.  part  of  the  central  valley  is  drained  by  the 
Mohawk,  flowing  E.,  and  the  w.  part  by  Wood  Creek,  flowing  w.  This  valley  affords  a  natural 
road  from  the  Hudson  to  the  great  lakes,  and  is  the  lowest  pass  through  the  Appalachian  Mt. 
system.  The  Mohawk  rises  upon  tlie  N.  border  of  the  co.,  and  flows  in  a  southerly  direction  to 
Rome,  and  thence  s.  E.  to  the  E.  border  of  the  co.  Its  principal  tributaries  from  the  n.  are  Nine 
Mile  Creek  and  Lansing  Kil,  and  from  the  s.  Sauquoit  and  Oriskany  Creeks.  Black  River  flows 
across  the  n.  e.  corner  of  the  co.  East  Canada  Creek  forms  a  portion  of  the  E.  boundary ;  the 
head  branches  of  the  Unadilla  and  Chenango  drain  the  s.  border,  and  Oneida,  Wood,  and  Fish 
Creeks  drain  the  w.  part.  Oneida  Lake,  extending  several  mi.  along  the  w.  border,  is  the  only 
large  body  of  water  in  the  co.     In  the  extreme  N.  e.  corner  are  several  small  lakes  and  ponds. 

The  rocks  of  this  co.  include  nearly  the  whole,  series  lying  between  the  gneiss,  which  covers  the 
N.  E.  part,  and  the  Hamilton  group,  which  outcrops  on  the  s.  hills.  The  Trenton  limestone,  Utica 
slate,  Oneida  conglomerate,  and  Clinton  group  have  received  their  names  from  being  so  distinctly 
developed  in  this  co.  Of  useful  minerals  the  co.  has  the  lenticular  clay  iron  ore  of  the  Clinton 
group,  bog  ore  in  the  swamps  near  Oneida  Lake,  and,  probably,  magnetic  ore  in  the  n.  e.  part.. 
Marl  and  peat  have  been  found  in  some  places.  Waterlime  and  gypsum  quarries  have  been 
wrought  to  some  extent.  Building  stone  in  great  variety  and  of  superior  quality  has  been  exten- 
sively quarried.  Mineral  springs  are  found  in  several  places.  The  S(jil  in  the  N.  E.,  derived  from 
the  disintegration  of  the  primitive  rocks,  is  light  and  sandy,  and  is  capable  of  producing  only  a 
Boanty  vegetation.  This  region  is  sparsely  settled,  and  is  not  capable  of  supporting  many  in- 
habitants. The  central  valley  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  portions  of  the  State.  The  soil  is  a  fine 
quality  of  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium,  finely  tempered  with  lime  and  gypsum.  The 
highland  region  s.  of  the  river  has  a  soil  composed  of  clay  and  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  and  ia 
best  adapted  to  pasturage.  The  richness  and  diversity  of  the  soil  make  this  co.  one  of  the  best 
agricultural  regions  of  the  State.  The  people  are  chiefly  engaged  in  agriculture,  the  principal 
branches  of  which  are  grain  raising  in  the  valleys  and  dairying  and  stock  raising  upon  the  hills. 
Hops  are  largely  cultivated  in  the  s.  towns.  The  manufactures  of  the  co.  are  extensive,  though 
principally  confined  to  Utica  and  the  villages  along  Oriskany  and  Sauquoit  Creeks. 

The  county  is  a  half-shire,  the  co.  buildings  being  respectively  located  at  Utica  and  Rome.''' 
The  courthouses  and  jails  at  both  places  are  well  built  and  conveniently  arranged.     The  clerk's 


1  Montgomery,  Herkimer,  and  Oneida  conntieg  originally  ex- 
tended in  long,  narrow  strips  to  the  St.  Lawrence.  In  1801, 
Lisbon — then  an  immnnse  town  upon  the  N.  border — was  an- 
nexed to  Clinton  co.  It  is  not  certain  whether  Tracts  1,  2.  and 
3  of  Macomb's  Purchase  were  intended  liy  this  arrangement  to 
belong  to  Clinton;  but  in  1802  they  were  annexed  to  St.  Law- 
rence Co.  Oneida  co.  was  named  from  the  Oneida  Indiana,  who 
inhabited  and  owned  this  and  some  adjoining  counties.  The 
■word  Oneida  signifies  "the  people  of  the  stone."  The  Indians 
had  a  strange  tradition  concerning  a  certain  stone,  which  fol- 
lowed them  in  their  wanderings  atid  finally  rested  on  the  sum- 
mit of  one  of  the  highest  hills  in  the  eo.,  fioni  which  their 
beacon  fires  couM  be  seen  to  a  great  distance,  and  upon  which 
tliey  assembled  to  hold  council  or  prepare  lor  war.  A  boulder 
of  gneiss,  which  tradition  identified  as  this  palladium  of 
the  Oneidas.  a  few  years  since  was  t.iken  from  the  farm  of 
James  11.  Gregg,  in  the  town  of  Stockbridge.  and  placed  in  a 
prominent  positiou  near  the  entrance  of  the  Utica  Cemetery, 
453 


on  the  Bridgewater  Plank  Road,  about  a  mi.  s.  of  TItica. — 
Joneses  Chieidu,  p.  S40;  KiiUx  and  Be/fftlnti'^tis  of  the  Utica 
Cemttery  Asso.  1849.  p.  33:  S-nale  Dor.  1840,  Nn.  24.  p.  46; 
Scttfifilcra/t's  Hist.  CondUion  and  ProspecL't  nf  Indian  Tribes,  I, 
p.  17fi. 

2  The  CO.  Beat  of  Ilerkimer  co.  was  originally  Kcated  at 
Wliitestown;  and  upon  the  division  of  the  co.  the  lecorils  wera 
retained  by  Oneida.  The  act  erecting  Oneida  co.  directed  the 
first  courts  to  be  held  at  the  scboolhouse  near  Frrt  Seiiuyler, 
(Home.)  and  required  the  courthouse  to  be  tuilt  \vithin  1  mi. 
of  the  fort.  By  an  act  of  April  6.  1801,  Thomas  .tetikins  and 
IIcz.  L.  Hosmer.  of  Hudson.  .lohn  Th'tmpson,  of  Stillwater,  and 
Dirck  Lane,  of  Troy,  were  appointed  to  locate  the  courthouse 
and  jail  of  Oneida  co.  These  buildings  were  comiileted  several 
years  afterward,  and  the  courts  were  held  here  and  at  Whites- 
boro'  during  many  years.  The  courthouse  and  jail  at  Home 
were  burned  al'out  184^.  anil  rebuilt  within  3  years  after.  The 
clerk's  office  was  removed  to  Utica  in  181t>,  and  the  academy  at 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


459 


office  is  a  fireproof  building,  located  at  Utica.  The  poorhouse  is  situated  upon  a  farm  of  195  acres 
about  2  mi.  s.  w.  of  Kume.  It  has  an  average  of  222  inmates,  supp;»rled  at  a  cost  of  $1.U0  per 
week  each.     Separate  buildings  have  been  provided  for  lunatics  and  for  a  pcsthouse.^ 

The  Erie  Canal  extends  through  Utica,  Wliitestown,  Rome,  and  Veruna.  The  Chenango  Canal 
extends  s.  from  Utica,  up  the  valley  of  Oriskany  Creek,  thi-ough  New  Hartford,  Kirkla.nd,  Mar- 
ehall,  and  a  corner  of  Augusta,  connecting  with  the  Susquehanna  River  at  Binghamton.  The 
Black  River  Canal  extends  n.  from  Rome  along  the  valleys  of  the  Mohawk  and  Lansing  Kil 
through  "Western  and  BoonviUe,  connecting  with  Black  River  above  Lyons  Falls,  in  Lewis  c6. 
The  Oneida  Lake  Canal  extends  w.  from  Rome  to  Wood  Creek  and  along  that  stream  to  its  mouth 
The  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.  extends  through  Utica,  Whitestown,  Rome,  and  Verona,  The  Black  River 
&,  Utica  R.  R.  extends  from  Utica  n.  through  jMarcy,  Trenton,  Remsen,  and  Steuben  to  Boonville.* 
The  Waterrown  &  Rome  R.  R.  extends  from  Rome  N.  w.  through  Annsville  and  Camden.  A  large 
number  of  plank  roads  have  been  built  in  the  co. ;   but  they  are  mostly  abandoned. 

Four  daily,  9  weekly,  1  semi-monthly,  1  quarterly,  and  4  monthly  newspapers  are  now  published 
in  the  co.^ 

At  an  early  period  of  the  English  occupation  of  New  York  the  colonists  became  acquainted  with 


that  place  was  used  for  holding  courts  for  many  yL-ars.  A  new 
courthouse  waa  built  at  Utica  in  lS51-f,3.  The  first  co.  nfficers 
were  JedeUmh  danger,  Fint  Judge;  Geo. Huntington  and  I»av)d 
Ostrom.  Judirrx ;  .Umas  Piatt,  Clerk;  \Vm.  Colbratb,  SheriJ)'; 
and  Arthur  lireese,  Sui-rogate. 

1  An  act  was  passed  in  1S59  for  the  sale  of  the  poorhouse  pre- 
mises and  the  piirt-hase  of  a  new  site. 

-  This  load  has  been  partially  built  along  Black  River  through 

Lewis  CO.;  but  work  upon  it  ia  now  suspended.     It  was  the 

original  di'-iiign  toextend  the  road  to  Clayton  and  Ogdensburgh. 

*  Tilt  Wt:sfcni  Cenlinel  was  commenced  at  WInteeboro"  in  Jan. 

1794,  by  Oliver  P.  Jiaton.     He  waa  ?uccteded  by 

Lewis,  and  afterward  by  Lewis  &  ^\  ebb.    The  paper 

was  continued  about  6  years. 
The  Whitrstown  Gii::eUf-  was  commenced  in  .Tune,  1796,  bj-  Wni. 

McLean.    In  1798  it  was  removed  to  Utica  aud  con- 

tinu'd  :is 
The  TV)n(.\sf'  ivn  Gaz'tte  and  Cain's  Patrol,     In  1803  it  was  pur- 
chased by  John  H.  Lathrop,  and  was  soon  after  merged 

in 
The.  Utica  Patrint,  commenced  by  Asahel  Seward  and  Ira  Mer- 
rill.  iVIr.  Lathrop  continuing  as   editor.     In  1811   it 

passed  into  the  bandsof  W  ni.  H.  Mayiiard;  and  in  ISlti 

it  was  united  with 
Th(  Patrol,  cnnimeuced  in  Jan.  1815.  by  Ppwnrd  &.  Williams,  and 

the  combined  paper  whs  puMished  a.s 
TfU!  Patriot  and  P^drol,  W.  H.  Maynard.  e'iitor,  and  Seward  & 

W  ilUanis,  publishers.    In  1S21  its  name  was  changed  to 
The  Utirii  Sfutinel.     In  18'Jo  it  «a,s  united  with  the  Columbian 

Gazette  and  published  as 
The  Sentinel  atid  Guzitte.     In  1^2S  8. 1).  Dakin  became  proprie- 
tor, and  in  ISJ^  he  t-old  to  Hufus  Northway  and  1).  S. 

Portrr.     In  P-Sl  Mr.  Porter  withdrew.     In  1834  Mr. 

Niirthway  united  the  Llucidatur  with  it  and  changed 

its  iiiiUie  to 
The  Ovi'in    Whig.     In  18JS   it   was  merged   in   the  Oneida 

\\>«lilv  Herald.     In  1^42  Mr.  Northway  commenced 
The  Llirx  I'"'l)/  Gn:rtt>\  Wm.  Albn  and  it.  U.  Slicrman.  editors. 

KiMStns  (lark.  Wni.  H.  fmlerhill.  Ezekiol  Barron,  Alex. 

.^^■wanl.  II.  C.  Potter.  J.  M.  Lyon,  John  Arthur,  N.  D. 

.lewcll.  and  KIUs  &  Kohertswcre  successively  interested 

in  its  jutblication.     In  Jan.  1S57,  it  was  united  with 
The  Cfirtt  Mrrnitw  H-ridd.  and  assun'ed  the  n;inm  of  the 
Dtica  Moriilikg  Herald  and  Gazette,  and  is  still 

puMi-h./<l. 
The  Columhiun  Patrinlir  Gazellr  was  commenced  at  Rome  by 

Ihns.  Walker  and    Ebenezer  Kiiton  in  Aug.  1799.     In 

lS(»o  Mr.  Katon  retired,  and  in  1S03  it  was  removed  to 

Utica  and  publiwhed  as 
The  Columhvm  Giz*'tte :  and  in  1825  it  was  united  with  the 

Utica  Sentinel  by  Mm.  J.  Bacon  and  S.  D.  Dakin. 
The  Eluiifhitor  wa.^  cuinmenred  inl><2y  byB.B.  IlotchkJn.  editor. 

and  ^\'.  Willi;iins.  publisher.     It  was  united  with  the 

tin.-i.la  Wliit;  in  18;i4. 
The  Gncida  M"rni}i'i  Hiralil  was  commenced  by  R.W.Roberts. 

R.  U.  .^herman.  and  Geo.  B.  Colaton.  in  Nov.  1847.     A 

weeklv  edition  whs  also  published,  called 
The  Oneida  W^tklij  Herold.     In  1848  Mr. Colston  withdrew,  and 

in  ISf)?  the  papers  were  united  with  the  Utica  Daily 

Gazette. 
Viica  Chri.^iian  Magazine  vas  commenced  by  the  Oneida  Arho- 

ciation   and    Presbytery  in   1813,  and   was   publiBhed 

about  3  vears. 
The  Cluh  was  j-ubli-'^hed  at  Utica  by  Henry  Ooodfellow  k  Co. 

about  3  months  in  1814. 
The  Civil  find  h'riii/ious  InUUigencer  was  started  in  1815  at 

SanK»'ififld  by  Jos.Tenney.    In  1825  it  was  changed  to 
The  Savgfrjield  Itittlligfttcer.  and  in  1835  it  was  removed  to 

"■Franl.lin  Village,''  now  Fiibius,  Onondsiga  Co. 
The  Utica  Observer  was  commenced  by  E.  Dorchester  tu  1816. 


In  1818  it  was  removed  to  Rome  and  it3  name 
changed  to 

T!te  Oneida  Observer.  In  1819  it  was  returned  to  Utica  and  its 
original  name  was  resumed.  A.  G.  Danly,  K.  A.  May- 
nard, Eli  Maynard.  C.  C.  Griffith,  John  P.  Bush.  John 
F.  Kittle,  and  A.  M.  Heaidsley  were  successively  inte- 
rested in  the  pubjicaliou.  In  1848  a  daily  edition  waa 
issued,  called 

The  XJtlca  Dally  Observer.  In  1853  the  papers  united 
with  the  Utica  Democrat,  and  arc  now  publi>hcd  by  D. 
C.  Grove,  the  weekly  edition  as  tho 

Obgerver  aud  Democrat. 

The  Utica  Democrat  was  commenced  by  John  G.  Floyd  in  1836. 
It  was  succes.'-ively  jjublished  by  Kdwaid  Slurris,  Jarvis 
M.  Hatili.  and  Ik-njumin  Welch.  In  1S53  D.  C.  Grove 
became  owner,  and  united  it  with  the  f  bttervi-r. 

The  Utica  Christian  Le-positi'iy.  mo.,  was  conmu-n'  ed  by  Merrill 
k  Hastings  in  1822.  \Vm.  Williams,  publisher.  About 
1825  its  nimie  was  changed  to 

The  Western  Recorder,  a  weekly  religious  paper,  G.  Tracy,  pub- 
lisher.   It  was  continued  several  yewrs. 

The  Baptist  Register  was  commenced  by  Llders.  Oiilnsha  & 
Wiley.  In  1825  it  was  published  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Baptist  denomination,  Alex.  Beebe.  editor,  and 
Cephas  Bennetti  publisher.  In  1S3(I  it  waa  leased  to 
Bennett  k  Bright  for  5  years;  and  in  1^35  the  lejise  was 
renewed  for  7  years.  In  1840  Mr.  Bright  withdrew.  It 
Was  succest-ively  published  by  IJenneit,  I'lickus  k  Haw- 
ley,  Bulplius  BeMiett,  A.  M.  Beebe,  and  D.  Beiinett.  and 
in  1854  it  was  sold  and  united  with  the  New  York 
Recorder,  of  the  city  of  New  York. 

The  Baptiit  Situday-School  Journal,  mo.,  was  commenced  in 
1828  by  C.  Bennett. 

The  Univei-Falist,  mo.,  was  commenced  at  Utica  by  Rev.  J.  S. 
Thompson,  L.  R.  ^lnith.  &  G.  B.  Li(*lier  in  1825.  It  waa 
removtd  to  1  hil.idelphia  in  about  1  year. 

The  Wextei-n  AV7?rf(/y  /<chool  VisiUnit  and  Christian  Miscellany 
was  commenced  at  Utica  by  G.  S.  Wilson  in  1826. 

The  Utica  IvttUiiimcer  was  commenced  by  E.  S.  Lly  in  1826. 
In  1830  Joseph  H.  Buckinghani  became  editor  and 
Joseph  Colwell  publihher,  aud  in  1^31  tho  paper  waa 
united  witli 

Thf-  Mechanics'  Press,  commenced  by  J.  M.  Ladd  k  W.  Pchram  in 
1829.    The  united  papers  were  published  a  short  time  aa 

The  Utica  Intelligencer  and  Mechanics'  Press,  by  Joseph  Colweil, 
proprietor. 

The  Utica  Magazine  was  commenced  in  1827.  It  soon  passed 
into  the  hjinds  of  Rev.  Dolphus  i^kinner,  who  issued  it 
senii-nionihly  as 

The  Erangdicul  Magazine,  In  1830  he  united  it  with  the  Go.";- 
pel  Advocate  of  Auburn,  and  published  it  weekly  as  the 

Eravyehcai  Mag-izive  and  G"S})el  Advtrale.  In  iSyl'  it  was 
inergfd  in  the  Christian  Ambassiidor.  since  published 
siiuultnneou.sly  in  New  York  and  Auburn. 

Tlif  Gt'sjit'l  Mnsfugfr  w.is  commenced  at  Auburn  by  Rev.  John 
C.  Rudd  in  1S27,  and  waa  removed  to  Utica  about  1835 
and  publinhed  aa 

The  G"spel  Mr.-sengtr  and  Church  Record.  After  the  death  of 
Mr.  Ruiid,  Rev.  Wm.  A.  Matson  became  editor.  The 
piiper  is  still  pnblitiheil  as 

The  GoHpel  Messenger. 

J  fu:  Aiiien\an  Ciliziit  w;is  publinhed  at  Utica  by  Geo.  S.  Wilson 
—Bennett  k  Bri^iht.  printers— in  1830. 

The  Christian  Juunial  was  pubU^ht-d  at  Utica  in  1830  by  E.  S. 
Bari'owB. 

The  Co-Openit'fV,  eemimo.,  was  pul  lished  at  Utica  in  1832  by 
l.uartus  Ginves.  M.  R.  Bfli  tlett.  editor. 

The  Leier  was  publitjhed  at  Utica  by  \\  ni.  S.  Spear  in  1832. 

The  Onnda  Thvuvrnt  was  commenced  at  Ltiia  in  1833,  and 
continued  about  2  years. 


460 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


the  wonderful  natural  channel  of  navij^ation  that  extended  through  this  cc,  and  which,  with  a 
short  and  easy  portage,  connected  the  Mohawk  with  the  great  lakes  and  the  fertile  regions  of  the 
West.  About  the  commencement  of  the  last  century,  plans  were  proposed  for  improving  this  route 
and  for  fortifying  the  most  important  points  upon  it.  The  portage  at  Rome,  from  the  Mohawk  to 
Wood  Creek,  became  a  point  of  the  first  importance,  and  it  was  occupied  as  early  as  1725  ;  and  a 
fortification  known  as  Fort  Bull  was  built  upon  Wood  Creek  soon  after.  On  the  27th  of  March, 
1756,  this  fort  was  surprised  by  a  party  of  French  and  Indians,  under  M.  De  Lery,  who  had  pene- 
trated through  an  interior  route  from  La  Presentation,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  by  an  exhausting 
march  of  15  days.  The  garrison  were  unprepared ;  yet  they  made  a  spirited  but  ineffectual,  re- 
eistauce,  and  nearly  every  person  perished.  Alarm  was  carried  to  Furt  Williams,  on  the  Mjhawk, 
4  mi.  distant,  and  a  force  was  hastily  sent  to  relieve  Fort  Bull,  but  arrived  too  late  to  render  assist- 
ance. The  enemy,  after  wasting  the  stores  and  provisions,  retired  with  their  prisoners  and  plunder 


Tfie.  Oneida  Standard  was  commenced  at  Watervitle  in  1833. 
It  w;i3  subsequently  removed  to  Utica,  and  after  the 
diycontinuanco  of  the  Democrat  it  assumed  the  name  of 

The  Standard  and  Democrat,  Quartns  Graves,  puMisher.  In 
1835  it  became  obnoxinus  to  its  enemies  from  its  aboli- 
tionism, and  on  the  evening  of  Oct.  21  the  office  was 
entered  by  a  mob  and  a  part  of  the  type  aud  furnitui'e 
were  thrown  into  the  street. 

The.  Friend  of  Man  was  commenced  at  Utica  by  the  N.  Y.  State 
Anti-Slavery  Society  in  1836,  Wm.  Goodell,  editor.  In 
1841  Stanley  P.  Uoupli  became  editor,  and  in  1842 
Wesley  Bailey  became  proprietor,  and  united  with  it 
the  Abolitionist,  of  Cszenovia.  and  changed  the  name  to 

Tht  Liberty  Press.    It  was  discontinued  in  1.S49. 

The  Vtica  T'etntaler  was  commenced  by  Wesley  Bailey  in  1849. 
In  1856  A.  K.  Bailey  became  proprietor.  In  INoS  it  was 
united  with  the  llion  Independent,  the  new  paper 
takin'4  tht»  name  of 

The  Central  ludepeudeut,  under  which  title  it  is  now 
published  by  G.  W.  IJung^y  k  A.  K.  Bailey,  editors. 

Youtfi's  Miscdlany  was  published  at  L'tica  by  Beunett  &  Bright 
in  18S4. 

The  Christian  Tisitant,  mo.,  was  published  at  Utica  by  A.  B. 
Gruosh  in  1835. 

The  TuUsmnn  was  published  at  Utica  by  Bennett  &  Bright  m 
1835. 

Mothers'  Afnnthit/  Jmtitral  was  published  at  Utica  by  Kingsford, 
Bennett  &  Bright  in  1836. 

TJie  Examiner  was  published  at  Utica  in  1836,  and 

The  Freeman  at  Utica  in  1837,  both  by  E.  Dorchester. 

Y  Ceuliad^v'r  Americaniddf  mo.,  (Welsh,  American 

Messenger,)  was  commenced  ai   Utica  in   1832.      In 
1834  it  was  removed  to  Steuben,  and  is  now  published 
by  Rev.  Robert  Everett. 
Anii-Slavirt/  Lf'cturer  was  published  at  Utica  a  short  time  by 
Will  Guod.ll  iD  lh3ii. 

Y  Cyfaill  (Wclt^b,  The   Friend)   was    removed    from    New 

York  by  Kev.  W.  Rowland  in  1^41.  In  1844  it  was  re- 
turned to  New  York.  In  1854  it  was  removi-d  to  Rome, 
and  in  1867  to  Utica.  It  is  now  published  by  Thus. 
•Jenkins. 

(Antral  Xluj  York  Washingtonian  was  published  at  Utica  and 
Rome  in  1842. 

The  Weslei/a7i  Methodist  was  commenced  at  Utica  by  David 
Plumb  in  ls41.  A  paper,  known  successively  as  the 
Cortland  Luminary  and  Ref.  Meth.  Intelligencer  find 
the  Fayetteville  Luminary,  was  united  with  it,  and  the 
name  changed  to  the 

Methodist  lifformer.  In  1842  it  was  removed  to  Cazenovia.  and 
soon  after  to  Utica,  W.  Bailey,  publisher.  In  1S43  it 
was  raertred  in  the  True  Wesleyan,  of  New  Yoi-k  City. 

The  Utica  Daily  News,  the  fin^t  daily  papei'  in  Utica.  was  com- 
menced by  Joseph  M.  Lyon,  John  Arthur,  C.  Edwards 
Lester,  and  .Tarvis  M.  Hatch,  in  Jan.  1842.  It  was  con- 
tinued about  7  months. 

The  JMcanian  was  published  a  sliort  time  by  Squires  Sl  Soliss 
in  1842. 

Tbe  American  Journal  of  Insanity  (quarterly) 
was  commenced  by  Dr.  A.  Brigham  in  1843,  and  was 
edited  for  a  time  by  Dr.  T.  R.  Beck. 

The  Washingtonian  was  published  at  Utica  by  J.  C.  Donaldson 
in  1843. 

CyseU  Hfn  Wladyn  Americanidd  (Welsh)  was  published  at 
Utica  by  E.  E.  Roberts  in  1843. 

Toung  Lading  Miscellany  was  published  at  Utica  by  Bennett, 
Backus  &  Hawiey  in  1S43. 

Seren  Arllewinnl,  (Welsh,  Western  Star,)  mo.,  was  commenced 
at  Utica  in  June,  1844.    In  1846  it  was  removed  to  Penn. 

Washi7ig(imian  News  was  published  at  Utica  by  Matteson  Baker 
in  184.^. 

The  Clititun  Signal  was  commenced  by  Paine  &  McDonald  in 
1S46.     In  1848  its  name  w-a;^  changed  to 

The  Radiator;  and  in  1849  the  original  name  was  resumed. 
In  1850  it  was  published  as  the 

Oneida  Chief,  by  Ira  D.  Bruwn.  In  1855  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Francis  E.  Merritt,  and  in  1857  into  the 
bands  of  John  U.  Osburu,  who  changed  its  uamo  to  the 


Clinton  Courier,  and  still  continues  its  publication. 
The  Gcidral  JVeivs  was  published  at  Utica  by  M.  Baker  in  1846. 
Haul  Gomer,  (Welsh,  Gomerian  Sun,)  semi-mo.,  w:i8  commenced 

in  1847  and  issued  1  year. 
Tlie  Central  City  Cadet  was  started  at  Utica  in  1849  by  James 

&  Howard.     In  1S50  it  was  clianged  to 
Tlie  Cadi:C;!  Banner,  and  was  soon  after  discontinued. 
The  Equalizer,  a  campaign  paper,  was  pubhshed  at  Utica  in 

1850. 
The  Opal,  mo.,  was  commenced  in  1851.    It  is  edited  and 

printed  by  patients  of  the  Lunatic  Asylum. 
The  American  Free  Missionary  was  removed  from  McGrawville 

to  Utica  in  1850  or  "61. 
The  American  Baptist  was  commenced  by  the  Free   Mission 

See,  W.  Walker,  editor,  in  1850,    In  1856  it  was  re- 
moved to  New  York  City. 
The  Diamond,  mo.,  a  boys'  paper,  was  published  at  Utica  2 

months  in  1850  by  A.  K.  Bailey,  E.  Wetmore,  and  C. 

W.  Butler. 
Tlie  IVortliem  Farmer,  mo.,  was  commenced  at  Utica 

ill  Jan.  isr.j.     Jt  is  now  edited  by  T.  B.  Miner. 
The  Rural  American  was  commenced  at  Utica  in  Jan. 

1S56,  as  a  semi-mo.     In  Jan.  1859,  its  publication  wa* 

commenced  weekly.    It  is  now  edited  by  T.  B.  Miner. 
Mechanics^  National  Reporter  was  published  at  Utica  a  short 

time  in  18.31. 
The  Utica  Kvenlng  Telegraph  was  commenced  by 

Thos.  R.  McQuade.  J.  F.  Mc^nade,  editor,  in  M.'iy,  1852. 

In  Feb.  1858,  the  office  was  burned.    Tlie  publication 

was  resumed  in  May,  and  is  still  continued. 
The  Scin}tif.c  Daguerrean,  mo.,  was  commenced  at  Utica  by  D. 

D.  T.  Davie  and  Guerdon  Evans  in  Jan.  1853. 

Y  Gwylifilydd  (Welsh,  The  Watchman.)  was  commenced  at 
Utica  by  a  company,  Morgan  Ellis,  editor,  in  1854.  In 
1856  it  was  removed  to  New  York  City  and  united  with 
Y  Diych. 

The  Oneida  Demoh-rat,  semi-w.,  was  published  at  Utica  in  1854 
by  Paul  Keiser  &  Co. 

Young  Folk's  Advocate,  mo.,  was  commenced  at  Utica 
in  July,  1^58.  It  is  now  edited  and  published  by  T.  B. 
Miner. 

The  Civil  and  Reliqioxis  Intelligencer  was  published  at  Sanger- 
field  in  1818. 

The  Rome  Republican  was  commenced  by  Lorin  Dewey  in  Feb. 
1825.  In  May  following.  Channcey  Beach  succeeded  as 
publisher;  and  in  1830  the  paper  was  united  with  the 

Oficida  Republican,  commenced  in  June.  1828.  by  J,  P.  Vau 
Sice.  The  unitL-d  papers  were  continued  by  Van  Sice, 
under  the  title  of 

The  Rp-publican.  In  1831,  E.  Moon  purchased  and  enlarged  the 
paper,  and  changed  its  name  to  the 

Rome  Tel'yraph.  Jas.  N.  Harris,  John  Boydon,  H.  A,  Foster, 
aud  others  were  successively  interested  in  its  publica- 
tion. In  1838  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  ll.Waldley, 
who  changed  its  n:ime  to  the 

Demoa-atic  ."^ntinet,  Calvert  Comstock,  editor.  In  1840  L.  D. 
Dana  became  editor;  and  in  1845  H.  T.  Utley  and  3.W. 
Jlorton  purchased  it  and  changed  its  name  to  the 

Rome  Sentinel.  In  Sept.  1846,  Morton  sold  to  A.  J. 
Rowley;  and  in  1847  Utiey  sold  to  A.  J.  Rowley  &  Co., 

E.  Comstock,  editor.    In  1850  Rowley  became  sole  pro- 
prietor; and  in  Jan.  1852,  he  sold  to  Elan  Comstock. 

Rome  Daily  Sentinel  was  commenced  by  C.  &  E.  Com- 
siuck.  in  connection  with  the  Rome  Sentinel,  in  July, 
1>^52.  In  Oct.  18,^4,  E.  Wager  aud  D.  D.  Rowley,  the 
present  publisbeis.  bought  one-half,  and  in  April,  1^55, 
the  remainder,  of  the  establishment. 

The  V':r}ion  Oatritr  was  commenced  in  July.  1835.  In  184*)  it 
w;is  remi'vt-d  to  Home,  and  its  name  changed  to 

The  Roman  Citizen,  C.  B.  Gay.  editor,  and  H.  N.  Bill, 
propnetiir.  .1.  K.  Kenyon.  J.  P.  Fitch.  Alfred  Sanlord, 
Geo.  Scott.  G.  II.  Lynch,  A.  D.  Griswold.  and  A.  C. 
Sunford  were  successively  interested  in  its  publication. 
In  Oct.  1854.  A.  Sanford  became  sok-  projU'ietor.  In 
1855  the  oflBce  was  burned.  The  publication  uf  the 
paper  was  soon  alier  resumed  by  Mr.  Sanford,  and  id 
Btill  continued  by  bim. 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


461 


towai'd  Black  River.  Oswego  was  besieged  by  the  French  during  the  summer,  and  was  surren- 
dered on  the  14th  of  Aug.  Alarmed  at  the  success  of  the  French,  and  greatly  in  fear  for  hia 
personal  safety.  Col.  Webb,  then  commanding  on  the  Mohawk,  destroyed  Forts  AVilliams  and 
Craven,  and  hastily  retreated  down  the  valley  to  Albany,  leaving  the  frontiers  to  the  mercy  of 
the  savages ;  and  the  sequel  is  written  in  blood  in  the  annals  of  the  Upper  Mohawk  Valley. 

Fort  Stanwix  was  erected  in  the  summer  of  1758,  on  the  site  of  the  present  village  of  Rome.  It 
was  heavily  armed ;  but  the  war  ended  without  furnishing  occasion  for  its  use,  and  upon  the  peace 
it  was  allowed  to  fall  into  ruin.  In  June,  1776,  Col.  Dayton  was  sent  by  the  Continental  authori- 
ties to  rebuild  this  fort,  which  was  from  this  time  named  Fort  Schuyler.  Col.  Peter  Gansevoort 
was  ordered  hither  in  April,  1777,  with  the  3d  Regiment,  and  while  still  unfinished  the  fort 
was  besieged  by  the  tories  and  Indians  under  St.  Leger.  This  movement  formed  part  of  a  plan 
of  operations  against  the  colonies  which  contemplated  the  reduction  of  this  fort  and  the  ultimate 
meeting  at  Albany  of  the  three  British  armies  from  Lake  Champlain,  the  Mohawk,  and  New  York. 
To  relieve  this  post,  Gen.  Herkimer  was  sent  with  a  detachment  of  troops  chiefly  raised  in  "Tryon" 
CO.  This  army  fell  into  an  ambuscade  at  Oriskany,  where  the  memorable  battle,  elsewhere 
noticed,  was  fought  on  the  5th  of  Aug.  1777.  While  most  of  the  savages  were  absent  from  their 
camp,  a  well  conducted  sortie  from  Fort  Schuyler,  by  a  party  under  Colonel  Willett,  attacked 
the  camp  of  the  enemy  and  took  a  large  quantity  of  baggage  and  stores,  5  British  standards,  and 
the  papers  of  most  of  the  officers.  The  discontent  which  this  incident  occasioned  among  the 
Indians  was  increased  to  insubordination  by  the  mysterious  reports  brought  in  by  the  emissaries 
of  the  Americans ;  and  on  the  22d  of  Aug.  the  siege  was  raised,  and  the  enemy  retreated  by  the 
way  of  Oswego  to  Montreal.  Portions  of  these  troops  subsequently  joined  Gen.  Burgoyne  and 
shared  the  fortunes  of  that  ofBcer.  The  fort  was  destroyed  by  fire  and  flood  in  May,  1781. 
Through  the  influence  of  Rev.  S.  Kirkland  and  others,  the  Oneidas  were  induced  to  remain  neutral 
or  join  the  American  cause,  and  were  rewarded  by  liberal  concessions  at  subsequent  treaties.' 

Settlement  had  extended  into  the  borders  of  the  co.  before  the  Revolution ;  but  every  vestige  of 
improvement  was  swept  away  during  the  war.  Civilization  re-appeared  with  peace ;  and  before  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century  the  hardy  pioneers  of  New  England  had  pressed  into  nearly  every 
town.  The  completion  of  the  Western  Inland  Navigation  Co.'s  improvement  in  1790,  and  of  the 
Seneca  turnpike  and  other  early  thoroughferes  for  emigration,  and  the  construction  of  the  Erie  Canal 
and  the  3  lateral  canals  which  here  join  it,  and  of  the  railroads  which  cross  it,  have  formed  marked 
eras  in  the  improvement  and  prosperity  of  the  co.  In  wealth,  population,  and  enter^irise  it  now  ranks 
among  the  first  cos.  in  the  State. 


ASr]VSTIL.I.E' —  was  formed  from  Lee,  Florence,  Camden,  and  Vienna,  April  12, 1823.  It  lies 
on  the  N.  border  of  the  co.,  w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  broken  with  ridges  or  swells,  running 
E.  and  w.,  gradually  increasing  in  height  toward  the  N.  There  appear  to  have  been  at  some  period 
three  small  lakes  in  the  town,  two  of  which  have  broken  through  their  barriers  and  loft  fine,  fertile 
valleys.  The  e.  branch  of  Fish  Creek'  forms  a  part  of  the  e.  boundary,  and  flows  through  tlie  s.  k 
part ;  and  the  w.  branch  of  the  same  stream  forms  a  part  of  the  s.  boundary.  Several  small  streams 
are  tributaries  of  the  E.  branch,  the  principal  of  which  are  Furnace  and  Fall  Creeks.  On  the  latter. 
near  its  mouth,  are  three  falls,  of  14,  20,  and  60  ft.  respectively.  The  soil  is  clayey  in  the  s.,  and 
sandy,  gravelly,  and  stony  in  the  other  parts.  Cclenmore,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  2 
sawmills,  1  gristmill,  and  15  houses.     Taberg,'  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  2  churches,  3 


The  Compass  was  published  at  Verona  in  1840. 

The  ParlfT  Journal  and  LiUrary  Ni'ws  Letter  of  Central  New 

York,  rao.,  waa  published  at  Rome  by  Graham  &  Co. 

in  ISW. 
Thi  Primit've  Christian,  eemi-mo.,  was  published  at  Rome  by 

R.  Mattison  in  1845. 
The  Camden  Gazette  was  published  at  Camden  by  Munger  & 

Ptewart  in  1842. 
The  Spiritaal  Magazine^  mo.,  was  published  at  the  Oneida  Re- 

sel've  in  1848. 
The   Oneida  Mirror  waa    published  at  Camden  by  Edward 

Packard  in  1849. 
The  Central  Stale  Journal  waa  commenced  in  1850  by  L.  W.  Piaine, 

S.  S.  Norton,  editor.    Its  name  waa  soon  after  changed  to 
The  Central  iV-w  Tork  Journal,  and  in  Jan.  1863,  to 
Tlu  Vernon  Transcript,  J.  R.  HowU'tt,  proprietor.    In  Oct.  1855, 

Nilea  .Jewell  became  a  partner ;  and  in  1856  the  paper 

waa  discontinued. 
The  Boonville  Leilyer  was  commenced  by  Jamea  H.  Norton  in 

March.  1852.    It  afterward  passed  into  tije  hands  of 

Kin  Kent.    In  March,  1855,  Mr.  Kent  sold  to  L.  L. 

Childs  A  Co..  who  changed  its  name  to  the 
Black  River  Herald,  unde"-  which  title  it  is  now  pub- 

li-sbeil  by  L.  L.  Childs. 


The  Waterville  Advertiser  was  commenced  by  R.W.  Ilathawav  in 
1851.  ■* 

The  Empire  suite  BeallhJournalv{ii%commeiiceAnt'Komem\Hb\. 

The  Waterrilie  Journal  w-as  commenced  in  .Jan.  1855.  by  A.  P 
Fuller  &  Co.,  C.  li.  Wilkinson,  editor.  It  was  discon- 
tinued in  March.  185i3. 

The  Waterville  Times  was  commenced  in  Jan.  1867, 
by  McKihbin  &  Wilkinson,  and  is  still  published. 

T  Arweinydd,  semi-mo.,  (Welsh,  The  Leader.)  waa  com- 
menced at  Rome  in  Jan.  1858,  by  R.  R,  fileredith,  editor, 
and  Thos.  T.  Evans,  assistant  editor. 

1  The  Oneidaa  reserved  a  large  tract  of  land  in  the  treaty  of 
1788,  but  ceded  portions  in  1795,  17'.I8,  lSO'->,  1805,  1807,  1809, 
1810,  1811.  1815,  1817,  1824,  1826,  1827,  and  1840.  when  they 
finally  ceded  the  last  of  their  lands  held  in  common  and  received 
individual  portions.  Most  of  them  have  euiigrateU  to  M'isconsin ; 
and  but  about  60  now  live  in  this  co. — Census  of  1865,  vp.  500, 
503,  513. 

2  Named  from  the  wife  of  J.  W.  Bloomfield.  the  first  settler. 

3  Called  by  the  Indians  Te-ge-ro-ken,  "  between  the  inouth.s." 
A  branch  of  the  creek  was  called  Aon-ta-gillon.  *'  Cn-ek  at  point 
of  rocks."  In  the  neigliborluwd  of  Fall  Creek  are  severaj 
ravines  with  very  pictures(iue  scenery. 

*  Named  from  au  iron-mining  town  In  Sweden.    The  Oneida 


4G2 


ONEIDA     COUNTY. 


Bawmills,  1  gristmill,  a  furnace,  tannery,  several  small  manufactories,  and  40  houses.  BlOSS- 
vale  is  a  p.  0.  in  the  s.  part.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1793,^  by  John  W.  Bloom- 
field,  from  N.  J.     The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town.'-' 

AUtrfSTA' — was  formed  from  Whitestown,  March  15,  1798.  A  part  of  Vernon  was  taken 
off  in  1.S02,  and  a  part  of  Stockbridge  (Madison  co.)  in  183G.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co., 
s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland.  Two  ranges  of  hills  extend  n.  and  s.  through  the 
town  on  opposite  sides  of  Skanandoa  Oreek,  affording  limestone  of  excellent  quality  for  lime  and 
building  purposes.  Oriskany  Creek  flows  through  the  extreme  s.  e.  corner,  and  Skanand»ja  Creek 
flows  N.  through  near  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  fertile,  clayey  and  sandy  loam.  Augusta, 
(p.v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  100  inhabitants.  HUOX  Corners,  (p.v,,) 
N.  w.  of  the  center,  contains  a  church  and  200  inhabitants.  Oriskany  Falls,  (p.  v.,)  in  the 
s.  E.  corner,  contains  a  church,  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  machine  shop,  distillery,  and  711  inhabitants. 

The  first  settlement  was  made  by Gunn,  in  1793.*     The  first  religious  services  were  held  at 

the  house  of Fairbanks,  in  1794.* 

AVA® — was  formed  from  Boonville,  May  12,  184G.  It  is  the  central  town  on  the  n.  border  of 
the  CO.  Its  surface  is  a  moderately  uneven  upland,  700  to  1,000  ft.  above  the  Rome  level.  It  is 
drained  by  Fish  Creek,  the  e.  and  w.  branches  of  the  Mohawk,  Point  Rock,  and  Blue  Brooks. 
Several  small  sulphur  springs  have  been  found  in  town.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam.  Ava 
Corners,  ( Ava  p.  o.,)  w.  of  the  center,  contains  20  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced 
by  Ebenezer  Harper,  in  1798.'     A  Friends  meeting  house  is  the  only  place  of  worship  in  town. 

1{OOIVTIL.L.E^ — was  formed  from  Leyden,  (Lewis  co.,)  March  28,  1805.     Ava  was  taken 

off  in  1840.  It  lies  on  the  n,  border  of  the  co,,  e.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly,  broken  up- 
land, 800  to  1,000  ft.  above  the  canal  at  Rome.  Black  River  flows  through  the  n.  e.  part,  and 
Lansing  Kil  rises  near  the  center  and  flows  s.  to  the  Mohawk.  Its  soil  is  clayey  loam,  in  many 
places  thickly  covered  with  boulders  and  often  inclining  to  sand.  Near  the  village  are  immense 
deposits  of  drift.  Its  e.  border  extends  into  the  great  forest,  and  presents  the  meager,  sandy  soil 
and  naked  rocks  peculiar  to  that  region.  There  is  a  gas  spring  Ig  mi.  w.  of  the  village,  and  a 
sulphur  spring  l\  mi.  s.  The  latter  has  acquired  some  local  celebrity.  Boonville,  (p- v.,) 
in  the  n.  w.  part,  was  incorp.  in  1855.  It  contains  3  churches,  a  printing  ofiice,  several  manu- 
factories, and  1,000  inhabitants.  It  is  the  present  n.  terminus  of  the  Black  River  &  Utica  R.  R. 
It  is  on  the  summit  level  of  the  Black  River  Canal,  and  has  a  large  trade  with  the  country  n.,  w., 
and  E.  Alder  Creek,  (p-v.,)  in  the  s.  e.  part,  contains  a  church  and  20  houses.  Forest 
Port,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  s.  E.  corner,  on  the  line  of  Remsen,  contains  20  houses,  llawkjnsville, 
(p.  V.,)  N.  w.  of  the  center,  contains  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  chair  factory,  carding  mill,  and  339  in- 
habitants. Ilurlbutville  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  commenced  in  1795.*  The  first 
church  was  formed  in  1805.'** 

BRIUGEWATEU"— was  formed  from  Sangerfield,  March  24,  1797.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner 
town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  uneven.  The  valley  of  the  w.  branch  of  the  Unadilla  and  its  tribu- 
taries, locally  known  as  *'  Bridgewater  Flats,"  in  the  n.,  is  about  a  mi.  wide,  but  decreases  to  about 


Glass  ami  Iron  Manufacturing  Co.  begau  operations  here  in 
1809.  In  1811  a  Mitat  I'uriiaci;  whb  ereitod.  Formerly  hollow 
ware  was  extensively  made;  but  at  present  pig  iron  is  the  chief 
product. 

1  The  first  settlement  was  mad^  at  Taberf!.  Among  the  early 
BettlerB  w.-re  Klias  Brewster.  Adam  P.  Campbell,  Mcbolas  Arm- 
stroni,  and  Squire  Fairservice. 

2  Pr.sb.,  M.  K.,  Bap.,  and  It.  C. 

3  This  town  is  included  in  the  s.  part  of  the  tract  leased  from 
the  Oiieidiirt  in  1791  to  l'et**r  tmitb.  Tlie  lejwe  is  eiiid  to  hiive 
been  for  939  yeai-s.  Tiie  tract  wns  divi<led  into  4  allotm'.nta,  the 
first  of  which  lies  wholly  witliin  tliis  town.  The  lease  was 
asi^umed  by  thf  State  in  1795-97.  snd  patents  were  gianted  to 
settlers,  Smith  ret  linin.;  6  lota  in  the  town  jis  part  pnyment  for 
his  lease.  The  tirst  Sr-ttlera  took  Ihejr  lands  an  tenants  iindir 
Smith.  Part  nf  the  Oneida  lieservation,  purchased  in  1795 
anJ  sold  at  auction  in  1797,  is  included  in  the  n.  part  of  the 
town. 

*  Amonz  tbe  early  settlera  wito  Renjtmin  Warren.  David 
Morton,  .lolin  AUlen,  Icliabm)  Stalfurd,  Joseph  and  Abraham 
Forbi-s,  Imuica-id  Ueiijaniin  Allen,  Amos  Parker,  Tboa.  Ciesaty, 
07.ia.s  and  Lemuel  Hart.  .lames  Keyndds.  Abel  Prior,  Thom;»8 
Spaff.trd.  I  Z'-n  Saxtm,  Abiel  Liudsey,  and  Francis  O'Toole.  The 
fiist  birth  w:m  lli;it  of  Peter  t^nli;h  Ciunn ;  (he  first  marriape, 
ih;if  of  Da  id  Hart  wnd  Catharine  Putnam;  and  the  first  death, 
til, it  nf  Llea/er  I'utniUii,  in  17if5.  T.  TaHsaty  built  the  fiist 
Kiivvmill.  iu  179J,  at  Oiiskany  Falls.  A  gristmill  wus  built  the 
wxt  je-tr. 


^  The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town ;  2  Cong..  M.  E.,  Bap., 
and  Union.  6  Named  from  a  city  in  Burmah. 

'  /ephaniiih  and  Abner  Wood  settled  in  town  about  1800. 
Messrs.  Bain.inl.  Fauiiin(;.  Adams,  Mitchell,  Beck,  and  TilFany 
were  early  settlers.  Salmon  Hates  kept  the  first  inn.  in  ISOO. 
Benj- Jones  built  the  first  Siiwniill,  in  l&Ol. — at  whiih  linii- there 
were  only  9  other  inhabitants  in  town.  The  road  cut  tbniugh 
fiom  Fort  Stanwix  to  the  French  settlement  on  Idack  Kiver, 
toward  tiie  close  uf  (he  last  century.  led  thiou-Lh  this  town  :  and 
traces  of  it  nniy  still  be  tfeen.  Sevei-al  tributaries  of  M  ick  Kivei 
take  their  rise  in  bwamps  in  the  N.  £.  part  of  the  town. 

B  N:imed  from  (.ierrit  Boon,  agent  of  the  Holland  hand  Co., 
who  mude  the  firnt  settlement.  In  early  limes  it  was  called 
"Buoii'b  Upjier  Settlement." 

*  Andrew  Kdmniids  came  on  in  1795  aa  an  a^ent  of  the  Hoi 
land  Land  Co.,  with  several  men,  built  a  sawmdl,  and  nm- 
nienced  a  gristiiiil,  which  w.is  finished  the  next  yeiir.  Luke 
Fisher  and  son,  Pbinea.s  Martin,  nnd  SilMS  Southwell.  Asabel 
and  Kzekiel  Porter.  Aaron  Willard,  Jacob  Springer-,  .lephtlm 
King,  and  Flezekiah  Jones  came  iu  1790.  Lemuel  Hou^h  and 
Darnel  Pitcher  were  early  settlers.  The  first  birth  was  tliat  of 
a  dau^ijhter  of  Jamb  Sprinirei-;  .ind  the  fiist  marriajie.  tli;it  uf 
Henry  Evans  and  Elizaleih  Edmunds.  The  fiist  store  and  inn 
were  opened  by  the  agents  of  the  company. 

10  Uev.  I'aniel  Smith  was  the  fir.-t  minister.  There  are  now  5 
chuiches  in  town  ;  I'resb.,  M.  E.,  Pap.,  Union,  and  It.  C. 

11  The*'  Line  of  Property,"  run  in  accordance  with  a  treaty  0/ 
1718,  passed  throu<;h  this  town. — Jonai's  AnnalSjjj.  11^. 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


463 


half  that  width  itt  the  s.'  The  hills  rise,  on  the  E.  and  w.  borders,  300  to  500  ft.  above  the  valley, 
tlieir  declivities  being  often  steep.  The  w.  branch  of  the  Unadilla'  flows  s.  through  the  town. 
The  soil  in  the  e.  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  w.  clay.  Stone  is  quarried  in  the  n.  e.  part. 
Urid^ewater,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  3  churches,  the  Bridgewater  Academy,  and  300 
inhabitants.  IVortll  Brldge«'ater  (p.  v.)  contains  16  houses.  Babcock  Hill  (p.  o.)  is 
a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1788,'  by  Joseph  Farwell.  There  are  3  churches 
in  town  ;  Cong.,  Bap.,  and  Univ. 

CAMDESf — was  formed  from  Mexico,  (Oswego  co.,)  March  15,  1799.  Florence  was  taken  off 
in  1805,  Vienna  in  1807,  and  a  part  of  Annsville  in  1823.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co., 
near  the  N.  w.  corner.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  gradually  rising  toward  the  N.,  where  it  is  broken  by 
hills  whose  summits  are  several  hundred  feet  above  Oneida  Lake.  The  w.  branch  of  Fish  Creek 
flows  diagonally  through  the  town  toward  the  s.  E.  Mad  River  from  the  n.  unites  with  it  near 
Camden  Village ;  and  Little  River,  a  tributary,  forms  part  of  the  s.  boundary.  Tlie  soil  is  a 
sandy  loam,  in  some  places  gravelly  Snd  stony,  but  genei-ally  well  adapted  to  grazing.  Cam- 
den, (p.  v.,)  in  the  e.  part,  was  iucorp.  in  1834.  It  contains  3  churches,  saw  and  grist  mills,  a 
sash  and  blind  manufactory,  pump  factory,  2  tanneries,  a  cloth  manufactory,  and  802  inliabitants. 
West  Camden,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  n.  w.  corner,  contains  20  houses.  Ilillsboroug'li,  (p.  o.,) 
in  the  s.  part,  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  commenced  near  the  close  of  the  last  century.* 
The  first  religious  society  was  formed  Feb.  19,  1798,  by  Rev.  Eliphalet  Steele.*  The  church  re- 
ceived from  the  heirs  of  John  Murray  an  endowment  in  lands  yielding  a  revenue  of  $112. 

DEERFIEIiD — was  formed  from  Schuyler,  (Herkimer  co.,)  March  15,  1798.  Marcy  was 
taken  off  in  1832.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  high 
plateau,  600  to  1,000  ft.  above  the  Mohawk,  forming  the  n.  continuation  of  the  Ilassenolever  Mts. 
of  Herkimer  co.  A  broad  intervale,  partly  overflowed  in  high  water,  extends  along  the  Mohawk 
oppos;te  Utica;  and  on  the  n.  e.  the  surface  descends  abruptly  to  the  creek.  The  Mohawk  flows 
along  the  s.  w.  border  of  the  town,  and  West  Canada  Creek  along  the  n.e.  border.  The  soil  on 
the  flats  is  a  deep,  rich,  alluvial  loam,  and  on  the  hills  a  slaty  and  gravelly  loam.  Deerlleld 
Corners,  (Deerfield  p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  2  churches,  3  carriage  shops,  and  50  houses. 
A  tliickly  settled  suburb  of  Utica  extends  toward  tlie  village.  IVortll  Gage,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  n. 
part,  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1773.'  The  first  religious  servicis  were 
held  in  1798,  by  Rev. Eddy.     There  are  4  churches  in  town.' 

F1.0K.E1VCE* — -nas  formed  from  Camden,  Feb.  16,  1805.  A  part  of  Annsville  was  tasen  off 
in  1823.  It  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  and  250  to  300  ft.  above  the 
Rome  level.  Mad  River  flows  s.  E.  through  the  town.  The  soil  is  stony  and  light  and  is  underlaid 
by  the  Hudson  River  shales.  A  portion  of  the  town  is  still  covered  by  forests,  wnich  extend  n.  to 
near  Jefl'erson  co.  Florence,  (p.  v.,)  n.  of  the  center,  contains  3  churches,  3  sawmills,  a  grist- 
mill, tannery,  and  40  houses.  Empey  ville,  in  the  e.  part,  contains  a  church  and  20  houses. 
East  Florence  (p.  o.)  and  Florence  Hill  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  commenced  in 
1801,'  by  Amos  Woodworth.  The  first  religious  society  (Cong.)  was  formed  Dec.  16,  1810  ;'"  Rev. 
Samuel  Sweezey  was  the  first  settled  minister. 

FliOYD" — was  formed  from  Steuben,  March  4,  1796.  It  lies  in  the  interior,  e.  of  the  center 
of  the  CO.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  gradually  rising  to  the  N.  border,  where  it  attains  an  elevation 
of  200  to  300  ft.  above  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk.    Nine  Mile  Creek"  flows  through  a  small  portion 


1  The  excaviition  which  forms  thft  valley  hiiB  been  filled  to  au 
immense  de|)lli  with  drift;  and  ruclt  ciuinot  be  found  witliin  a 
great  dii^timce  below  the  BUrliico.  Cedar  BWanips  extend  along 
Beveral  of  the  streams. 

*  Called  also  the  Ti-a-na^da^ra. — Jojirs's  ArtTials,  p.  122. 

3  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Kzra  I'arker,  Kphraim  and 
Nathan  Waldo,  ~  L\  man,  and  .lesse,  Jo<'l,  and  Abner  Ives. 
Ezra  Parker  kept  the  first  inn ;  Major  Farwell  built  the  fiiBt 

sawmill;    and  Thomas   the   Hrst   gristmill.    This  is  the 

Biuallest  and  le  ist  populous  town  in  the  co. 

*  Henry  WiUiims  was  the  first  permanent  settler,  in  1796-97. 
Jesse  Curtis  had  previously  built  a  sawmill;  hut  he  did  nut 
settle  in  town  until  some  time  nt'trr.  Levi  Matthews,  lianiel 
Parker,  Seth  and  .loel  Dunbar,  Aaron  Maithews.  fc^amuel  Wood, 
Thos.  C'oniHtock.  rjihu  Curtis,  i^aniuel  Hoyce,  Noah  and  Andrew 
Tuttle.  Hei'jamin  Barnes,  sr,  and  jr.,  Philip  llarnea,  Israel  Stod- 
dard, and Cirrier  were  e;irly  settlers,    'i'he  first  birth  was 

that  of  i\'  ah  I*.  Tnltle ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Llihu  Curtis 
and  Ann.i  '.rrthrop;  and  the  first  d  aths  were  those  of  Mrs. 
BaC'in  and  a  eliiUl,  who  were  drowned  in  crossing  .Mad  River  in 
a  c.inoe.  hiiliu  Curtis  kepi  the  first  inn,  iii  1799;  and  Timothy 
W.  \\  ood  tile  lir..t  store,  about  the  same  lime. 

6  There  are  now  6  churches  in  town;  M.  K.,  Wea,  Uetb., 
Pl-ut.  K.,  Cong.,  and  K.  C. 


*  George  G.  Weaver,  Capt.  Mark  Damoth,  and  Christian  Real 
settled  at  the  Corners  in  1773.  In  1776,  hearing  that  a  band  of 
tories  and  Indians  were  planning  a  descent  upon  the  settlement, 
they  retreated  to  Little  Stone  Arabia.  In  I7S4  they  returned, 
and  about  the  same  time  I'eter,  Nicholas,  and  George  Weavel, 
Geo.  Damoth,  Nicholas  and  Philip  Ilarter,  came  in.  buring  the 
first  15  or  20  years  the  settlements  did  not  extend  to  tlie  N.  part 
of  the  town.  The  Cox  and  CofiiQ  families  were  the  first  in  that 
part.  '  Hap.,  Calv.  Meth.,  Union,  and  li.  C 

8  .\amed  from  the  city  of  Florence,  in  Italy. 

9  The  first  settlement  commenced  under  the  auspices  of  Wm- 
Hcnderson,  owner  of  Township  4  of  ^criba's  Pat<'nt.     He  gave 

Amos  Woodworth,  .lohn  .'^pinning,  and Turner  hit  acres 

each,  t>  connnence  a  pettlemont.    Azariah  Orton, Cra^  ford 

and  his  son  Clark,  Norman  VVaugh,  lienoni  and  I'benezer  Bar- 
low, Ambrose  Cui  tis,  Kpliraim  Wright,  .Joseph  Olc  tt,  and  Benj 
Young  came  soon  alter.  Several  of  the  latter  settled  at  Florence 
Uill.     Nathan  Thompson  kept  the  first  inn. 

"^  There  are  5  churches  in  town;  2  M.  K.,  2  Union,  and  Bap 

tt  Named  from  Gen.  Wm.  Floyd,  one  of  the  signers  of  tho 

Derlaratiiin  of  Independence,  who  purchased  a  pait  of  Fonda's 

Patent  and  removed  to  this  co.  in  Ihoy. — J(fnes's  Annals  of  Oneida 

Oi.pp.  t.'jri,705. 

t*  tjulled  by  the  Indiana  Te-ya-nun-soke, "  a  beech  tree  stauding." 


464 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


of  the  s.  E.  part.  The  soil  is  of  good  quality  arnl  vrell  adapted  to  grain  and  grass.  Floyd  Cor- 
uers  (Floyd  p.  o.)  contains  a  church  and  20  houses.  The  first  settlement  commenced  about  1790, 
hy  Capt.  Benjamin  Pike.*     There  are  4  churches  in  town  ;  Cong.,  "Welsh  Meth.,  Union,^  and  R.  C 

KIRKIiAIVD^— was  formed  from  Paris,  April  13,  1827.  Marshall  was  taken  ofi"  in  1829,  a 
part  was  annexed  to  New  Hartford  in  1834,  and  a  part  of  Paris  was  annexed  in  1839.  It  lies  in 
the  interior,  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  divided  into  two  general 
ridges  by  the  valley  of  Oriskany  Creek.  The  hills  are  200  to  500  ft.  high,  and  the  declivities  are 
generally  steep.  Oriskany  Creek  flows  n.  e.  through  near  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  rich,  calcareous 
loam.  Near  Clinton  Village  are  quarries  of  good  building  stone.  Iron  ore  is  found ;  and  several 
thousand  tons  are  annually  shipped  by  the  Chenango  Canal,  t4)  Constantia,  Taberg,  and  Penn.  Great 
attention  is  paid  to  fruit  growing,  and  this  town  excels  every  other  town  in  the  co.  in  the  amount 
of  fruit  raised.  The  town  derives  its  greatest  interest  from  its  extensive  educational  institutions, 
which  entitle  it  to  the  appellation  of  the  Literary  Emporium  of  Oneida  co.  Cliiiton  (p.  v.)  was 
incorp.  April  12,  1843.  Hamilton  College*  is  located  upon  a  hill  overlooking  the  Oriskany  Valley. 
Its  buildings  consist  of  Dexter  Hall,  or  North  College ;  Kirkland  Hall,  or  Middle  College ;  Hamil- 
ton Hall,  or  South  College ;  a  chapel,  laboratory,  and  an  observatory.  The  course  of  study  embraces 
a  collegiate  and  a  law  department.  A  grammar  school,  under  a  separate  board  of  trustees,  is  con- 
nected as  a  preparatory  department.  The  college  libraries  contain  about  10,000  volumes,  and  the 
cabinet  of  natural  history  contains  about  as  many  specimens.  The  village  also  contains  5  churches, 
2  newspaper  offices,  the  Clinton  Liberal  Institute,^  a  grammar,  a  boarding,  and  a  high  school,  and  a 
few  manufactories.  Pop.  1,174.  I>lcliicliester«  (Kirkland  p.  o.,)  a  manufacturing  village,®  in 
the  N.  part,  contains  30  houses.  Frauliliu,  near  the  center,  contains  the  Franklin  Iron  AVorks' 
and  35  houses.  Clarks  Mills/  in  the  n.  corner,  is  a  manufacturing  village,  and  contains  a 
cotton  factory,  grist  and  saw  mill,  and  40  houses.  The  first  settlement  commenced  in  1787,  by  8 
families.*    Religious  services  were  first  held  in  the  cabin  of  Capt.  Poot.^** 

1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Stephen  Moulton,  Wm.  and 

Nathaniel  All'-n,  James  Chase,  Elisha  Luke, ■  Howard,  Hope 

Smith,  Daviil  Bryan,  Samuel  Denisou.  James  Bartlett, Put- 
ney, Jarvis  Pike,  Capt.  Nathan  Townsend.  and  Thomas  Bacon — 

mostly  from  Cunn,   The  first  death  was  that  of Foster;  the 

second,  that  of  Xathau  Thompson,  who  was  killed  by  a  falling  tree. 

3  The  plan  r>f  ownership  of  the  union  church  ia  peculiar.  The 
eeats  are  owned  and  transferred  by  purchase,  and  the  owners 
meet  on  the  first  Monday  in  each  year  and  vote  what  denomina- 
tion shall  occupy  the  house  the  ensuing  year. 

*  Niuned  from  the  Rev.  Samuel  Kirkland,  an  early  missionary 
among  the  Oneida  Indians,  who  settled  in  the  county  in  1792. 
He  was  the  principal  founder  of  an  academy  since  merged  in 
Hamilton  Colk-ge.  He  died  in  1808;  and  a  monument  Wiia  erected 
to  his  memory  by  the  Northern  Missionary  Society. 

*  Hamilton  Oneida  Academy  "was  incoip.  by  the  Regents.  Jan. 
31, 1793,  mainly  through  the  exertions  of  the  Rev.  .Samuel  Kirk- 
land. In  1794  a  commodious  building  was  erected,  the  corner 
stone  of  which  was  laid  with  much  ceremony  by  Baron  Steuben. 
The  school  was  opened  the  same  year  under  the  ReV.  John  Niles, 
whose  successors  wore  Rev.  Robert  Porter.  Seth  Norton,  and 
Rev.  James  Robbins.  The  success  of  this  academy  was  highly 
gratifying  to  its  friends;  and  the  rapid  development  of  Central 
New  York  sugt^ested  tlie  necessity  of  more  ample  facilities  for 
inatructiuu  and  an  extension  of  its  course  of  study.  Clinton  and 
Fairfield  became  active  competitors  for  the  honors  of  a  college, 
and  charters  of  similar  character  and  conditions  were  granted 
to  each,  under  the  names  of  Hamilton  and  Clinton  Colleges 
respectively.  By  a  compromise  between  the  friends  of  the  rival 
locations,  the  latter  institution  was  never  organized.  Clinton 
went  on  with  its  literary  college,  and  employed  the  most  active 
person  in  the  Fairfield  enterprise  aa  its  agent;  while  Faiifield 
organized  a  medical  college.  Hamilton  CoIU-ge  was  chartered 
MMy  26.  1S12.  and  went  into  operation  soon  after,  under  the 
presidency  of  the  Rev.  Azel  Backus.  His  successors  have  been 
Henry  Davis,  in  1817 ;  Sereno  E.  Dwight,  in  1833;  Joseph  Penny, 
in  1835;  Simeon  North,  in  1S39;  and  Samuel  Ware  Fisher,  in 
18fiS.  The  college  is  chiefly  under  the  influence  of  the  New 
School  Presbyterian  and  Congregational  Churches.  From  1819 
to  1832,  dissensions  between  the  Trustees  and  President  seriously 
retarded  the  prosperity  of  the  institution;  and  during  the  same 
period  insubordination  among  the  students  was  of  frequent 
occurrent-e.  From  1S3S  to  1S46  the  college  received  $3,i)0i> 
annually  from  the  St-ate;  but  the  present  Constitution  cut  it  off 

.from  the  receipt  of  a  balance  previously  appropriated,  and  the 
grant  has  not  been  since  continued.  The  Trustees  many  years 
since  adopted  the  custom  of  admitting  students  unable  to  pay 
tuition  fees;  and.  from  incautious  extension,  this  usage  became 
an  abuse  that  showed  itself  upon  the  treasurer's  books.  The 
receipts  from  tuition  became  only  a  quarter  as  great  as  pre- 
viously, while  the  catalogiie  indicated  by  its  numbers  an  in- 
rrea'iing  prosperity.  It  was  found  more  difficult  to  abandon 
tliis  practii;e  than  it  had  been  to  adopt  it ;  and  it  is  still  continued 
t>nfl  great  an  extent  as  the  means  of  the  institution  will  justify. 


These  causes  have  embarrassed  the  finances  of  the  college;  but 
efforts  are  about  being  made  to  relieve  it  from  debt.  The  sum 
of  SoO.OOO  was  granted  by  the  State,  June  19.  1S12.  to  aid  in 
founding  the  college.  Wm.  H.  Maynard,  of  Utica.  in  18.S2  gave 
$20,000  to  endow  a  professorship  of  law;  and  S.  Newton  De.\ter, 
of  Whitesboro,  in  18:^6  gave  his  persona]  obligations  f'<T  $15,()00 
to  endow  a  professorship  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  lan;:u;iges.  The 
observatory  was  built  in  1854,  at  a  cost  of  So.OOO  besides  the  instru- 
mt^nts.  which'  have  cost  more  than  twice  that  sum. 

6  The  Clinton  Liberal  Institute  was  founded  in  1832;  it  ie 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Universalist  denomination,  and  has 
a  male  and  a  ft-male  department.  The  building  for  the  former 
is  of  atone,  96  by  52  feet,  4  stories  above  the  basement,  and  ha« 
accommodations  for  100  students.  The  female  department  is  au 
elegant  structure.  144  by  60  ft..  2  stories  high  above  the  base- 
ment, and  has  an  average  attendance  of  5U  pupils.  A  small 
montlily  paper,  named  the.  *'Leaf  Bud,"  *' Summer  Leaves," 
"Autumn  Leaves."  or  ■'  Wintergreen,"  according  to  the  season, 
is  published  at  this  institution.  Home  Cottage  Seminary  is  a 
private  institution,  established  in  1854  as  a  ladies'  seminary,  by 
Miss  L.  M.  Barker.  The  edifice  is  60  by  112  ft.,  and  cost— in- 
cluding 8  acres  of  land — 820,000.  It  has  been  united  with  another 
ladies'  school  under  Miss  A.  Chipman,  and  ia  very  prosperous. 
An  issue  styled  the  "  Home  Cottage  Quarterly''  is  published  by 
the  pupils.  This  seminary  forms  the  female  department  of  the 
grammar  school.  The  Clinton  High  School,  for  males  only,  was 
established  May.  1858,  by  Rev.  B.  W.  Dwight  and  D.  A.  Holbrook. 
It  is  located  ^  mi.  from  the  village,  cost  $18,000,  and  has  accom- 
modations for  80  students. 

6  The  Manchester  Manufacturing  Co.,  incorp.  in  1815,  gave 
employment  to  100  hands,  and  manufactured  cotton  cloths  to 
the  amount  of  $100,000  per  year  until  Aug.  19, 1855,  when  it 
was  burned. 

^  The  Franklin  Iron  Works  mannfacturos  4.00Q  tons  of  pig 
iron  annually,  from  ore  obtained  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  It 
gives  employment  to  100  men,  and  turns  out  work  to  the 
amount  of  Sloo.OOO  annually. 

8  Clark's  Mills  manufacture  brown  sheeting,  and  are  furnished 
with  128  looms.  The  proprietors  also  have  a  manufactory  of 
cotton  cord,  rope,  and  batting,  and  a  gristmill  and  sawmill. 

9  Moses  Foot,  his  three  sons  Bronson,  Luther,  and  Ira.  and  his 
son-in-law,  Bfirnabas  Pond,  were  of  this  number.  Ll-vI  Shear- 
man. Solomon  Hovey.  Ludin  Blodget.  Timothy  Tuttle.  Samuel 
Hubbard,  Randall  Lewis,  Cordial  Storrs,  John  Bulleu.  and  Capt. 
Cassey  were  early  settlers.  Mrs.  S.  Hovey  was  the  first  white 
woman  who  moved  into  town.  The  first  child  born  was  Clinton 
Foot ;  the  first  marriage  was  that  of  Roger  Leveret  and  Elizabeth 
Cheseborough ;  and  the  first  death  was  that  of  Mrs.  Merah 
Tuttle.  Skenandoah,  an  Oneida  chief,  died  in  this  town,  March 
11.  1816,  aged  110  years.  Capt.  Cassey  built  the  first  gristmill, 
in  1787.  and  a  sawmill  the  next  year.  The  village  was  early 
named  from  Gov.  Clinton;  and  the  vicinity  was  known  by  the 
Indians  as  Ka-de-wis-day. 

10  There  are  5  churches  in  town;  2  Cong.,  Bap.,  R.  C,  and  Union, 


ONEIDA    COUNTY.  465 

IjEE^ — was  formed  from  Western,  April  3,  1811.  A  part  of  Annsville  was  taken  ofif  In  1823. 
It  lies  in  the  interior,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  or  moderately  hilly,  gradu- 
ally rising  from  the  lowlands  in  the  s.  to  an  elevation  of  500  to  800  ft.  above  the  canal  at  Home. 
The  w.  branch  of  the  Mohawk  flows  through  the  n.  e.  corner,  and  Fish  Creek  forms  a  part  of  the 
\» .  boundary.  The  soil  is  a  clayey,  sandy,  and  gravelly  loam,  and  in  some  localities  very  atony. 
Lee  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  a  church,  saw  and  grist  mill,  tannery,  and  40  houses.  Lee,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  s.  w.  corner,  contains  a  church  and  20  houses.  Delta,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.e.  corner,  on  the 
line  of  "Western,  contains  a  foundery,  tannery,  and  228  inhabitants.  West  Branch,  (p-v.,) 
in  the  n.  e.  corner,  contains  a  saw  and  grist  mill  and  20  houses.  Stokes-  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The 
first  settlement  commenced  in  1790,  at  Delta,  by  Stephen  and  Jleuben  Sheldon.^  The  tirst  reli- 
gious society  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  1797,  under  Rev.  James  Southworth.* 

MARCY^— was  formed  from  Deerfield,  March  30,  1832.  It  lies  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Mo- 
hawk, E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  ;  a  wide  intervale  borders  upon  the  river, 
from  which  rises  an  irregular  table-land  300  to  500  ft.  above  the  valley.  Nine  Mile  Creek  flows 
through  the  w.  corner.  The  soil  on  the  upland  is  a  rich,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  and  on  the 
flats  an  alluvial  deposit,  which  is  annually  increased  by  the  spring  floods.  Stlttsville,  (p.  v.,) 
on  the  line  of  Trenton,  contains  a  church,  saw  and  grist  mill,  cotton  factory,  and  40  houses, 
Marcy  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  commenced  in  1793,^  by  John  Wilson.  The  census  re- 
ports 6  churches  in  town.^ 

MARSHALL,— was  formed  from  Kirkland,  Feb.  21,  1829.  It  lies  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co., 
the  s.  w.  corner  bordering  on  Madison  co.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  the  hills  rising  200  to  300 
ft.  above  the  valleys,  Oriskany  Creek  flows  n.  e.  through  the  w,  part.  The  soil  is  a  fertile,  sandy 
loam.  DeanSTille,^  (p.  v.,)  on  the  n.  border,  contains  2  churches,  an  academy,  and  185  in- 
habitants. Ilanover,  (Marshall  p.  o.,)  near  the  center,  contains  a  church  and  15  houses. 
Forge  HoHow  contains  a  church,  a  forge,  and  35  houses.  The  first  white  settlement  was  com- 
menced in  1793,*  by  David  Barton,     The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  1797.^** 

]¥EW  HARTFORD— was  formed  from  Whitestown,  April  12,  1827.  A  part  of  Kirkland 
was  annexed  in  1834.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  level 
or  gently  undulating,  except  in  the  extreme  e.  part,  where  is  a  low  range  of  hills.  Sauquoit  Creek 
flows  N.  through  near  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  rich,  calcareous  loam.  IVeiv  Hartford  (p.  v.) 
contains  4  churches,  2  cotton  factories,  a  batting  factory,"  a  flouring  mill,  tannery,  and  892  in- 
habitants. Washing'ton  Mills  (p.  v.)  contains  the  Washington  Steam  Mills,  OneJda  Woolen 
Mills,  and  50  houses.  New  York  Upper  Mllis^  (New  York  Mills  p.  o..)  on  the  n.  border, 
contains  a  church,  a  cotton  factory,  dye  house,  steam  mills,  and  40  houses.  Willow  Vale,  in 
the  s.  part,  contains  a  factory  for  making  cotton  machinerv,''  a  foundery,  and  40  houses.  The  first 
settlement  was  commenced  by  Jedediah  Sanger,  in  1788.^^  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed 
in  1791,  by  Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards ;  and  the  first  settled  minister  was  Rev.  Danl.  Bradley.  The 
census  reports  6  churches  in  town.^* 

PARIS^^ — was  formed  from  Whitestown,  April  10,  1792.    Brookfield,  Hamilton,  and  a  part  of 


1  Named  from  Lee,  Mass.,  whence  some  of  the  early  settlers 
came. 

2  Sometimeg  called  "  Nisbets  Corners, "  and  '*  Lee  Corners." 

3  Among  the  early  settlers  were  David  Smith.  John  and  Benj. 
Spinninf:,  Stephen  and  Nicholas  Salisbury,  Nathan  Barlow, 
Wm.  Taft,  Dan.  and  Seth  Miller,  Frederic  Spragne.  — -  Hall, 

Jas.  Young.  Chas.  OifTord,  Elisha  Parke,  and Potter.    The 

first  birth  was  that  of  Fenner  Sheldon,  in  1791 ;  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  Dan.  Miller  and  Amy  Taft ;  the  first  death,  that 
of  Job  Kaird.  in  17^8.  David  Smith  built  the  first  sawmill,  at 
Delta,  and  G^n.  Floyd  the  first  pristmill.  in  171>6. 

*  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  2  M.  E.,  Friends,  and  UnioD. 
6  Named  from  William  L.  Marcy,  since  Governor  of  the  State. 

*  James,  Thos.,  Isaac,  and  Jacob  Wilson  and  Tull  were 

early  st-ttlers.    The  first  death  was  that  of  John  Wilson,  in  the 

fill  of  1793.    Camp  kept  the  first  inn,  about  1810;  and 

John  F.  Allen  built  the  first  mill,  ahout  1825. 

'  2  Cong.,  2  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Calv.  Meth. 

B  Named  Irom  Tho8.  Dean,  long  an  agent  of  the  Brothertown 
Indians. 

*  The  Brothertown  Indians  were  settled  previous  to  the 
Revolution  on  a  reservation  in  this  town  and  Kirkland  given 
them  by  the  Oneidas.  They  were  remnants  of  New  England, 
Hudson  Eiver,  and  Long  Island  Indians,  who  were  collected 
toward  the  close  of  the  Colonial  period,  and  numbered,  when 
first  n-moved  hither,  about  400  sonls.  Coming  from  many  dif- 
ftrent  stocks,  they  adopted  the  English  language  and  some  of 

30 


the  arts  of  civilized  life.  They  were  mostly  scattered  dnring 
the  war,  but  afterward  returned,  and  many  of  tbem  became 
thrifty  farmers;  hut  the  greater  part  acquired  the  vices  of  the 
whites,  and  a  part  of  thenisold  out  and  went  to  Green  Bay.  In 
1850  the  last  of  the  tribe  uade  adieu  to  their  homes  and  moved 
West.  Among  the  early  white  settlers  were  Warr--ii  Wjlllaros. 
Hezekiah  Eastman.  Capt.  Simeon  Hu>>bard,  and  Lovi  Baker. 
The  first  birth  was  that  of  Col.  Lester  Baker. 

JO  It  was  called  the  Hanover  Society;  and  their  edifice,  after 
standing  40  years,  was  rebuilt  in  1841.  There  are  now  4 
churches  in  town  ;  2  Cong..  M.  E..  and  Univ. 

"  The  "Utica  Cotton  Mills"  have  a  capitalof  $100,000,  mn 
8.000  spindles  and  150  looms  and  emjiloy  190  handi.  and  turn 
out  1,800.0(10  yds.  of  clcth  annually.  They  have  a  dry  house, 
machine  shop,  and  gas  works.  • 

12  This  establiehment  has  a  capital  invested  of  $40,000.  and 
employs  80  hands. 

1' Among  the  early  settlers  were  Asahel  Be^ich,  Amos  Ives, 

Solomon  Blodget,  Salmon  Butler.  Joel  Blair.  Agift   Hill. 

Wyman.  Sb-phen   Bushnell,   Oliver  Ctdlins.  Joseph  Jennings, 

Joseph  Higles.  Nathan  Seward,  John  French, Kellogg. 

Kisley  Olmstead, Seymour, Butler. Hurlbut, 

Kilborn,  and Montague.    Jedi-diiih  Sangi-r  bniit  th** 

first  mill. 

1*  Presb.,  M.  E..  Prot.  E..  Bap.,  Uninn.  and  Friendn. 

IS  Named  by  the  inhitbitants  in  ncliniiwledgmenl  of  the  kind- 
ness of  Isaac  Paris,  a  merchant  of  Fort  Plain,  who,  in  the  year 


4«jG 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


Cazenovia,  (Madison  co.,)  Slierliurne,  (Chenango  co.,)  and  Sangerfield,  were  taten  off  in  1795,  and 
Kirkland  in  1827.  A  part  of  Kirkland  was  taken  oif  in  1839.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border,  near  the 
s.  E.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  valley  of  Sauquoit  Creek.  The 
hills  bordering  the  valley  are  200  to  400  ft.  high,  and  their  declivities  are  generally  steep.  Sau- 
quoit Cn-ek  flows  n.  through  the  town,  e.  of  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  sandy,  calcareous  loam. 
East  Sauquoit  and  West  Sauquoit,  (Sauquoit  p.  o.,)  contiguous  villages  on  opposite  sides 
of  Sauquoit  Creek,  contain  2  churches,  extensive  cotton  factories,*  2  paper  mills  in  the  immediate 
vicinity,'^  2  sawmills,  a  gristmill,  a  tannery,  and  690  inhabitants.  Clayville,  (p.  v.,)  near  the 
center,  contains  a  church,  2  furnaces,  an  agricultural  implement  manufactory,^  extensive  woolen 
mills,*  and  817  inhabitants.  Cassville,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  s.  border,  contains  a  church,  gristmill, 
tub  factory,  and  40  houses;  Paris  Hill,  (Paris  p.  o.,)  in  the  w.  part,  a  church  and  30  houses; 
Ilolnian  City,  in  the  e.  part,  a  furnace,  a  whiffletree  iron  manufactory,  and  12  houses.  The 
first  settlement  commenced  in  1789.^  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  1791,  by  Rev.  Jonar 
than  Edwards;  Rev.  Eliphalet  Steele  was  the  first  pastor.     There  are  now  8  churches  in  town.® 

RE5ISEM' — was  formed  from  Norway,  (Herkimer  co.,)  March  15,  1798.  A  part  of  Steuben 
was  annexed  in  1809.  It  is  the  N.  E.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  an  elevated  upland, 
broken  by  hills  and  ridges  and  with  a  mean  elevation  of  1,200  to  2,000  ft.  above  tide.  Black  River 
and  its  tributaries  drain  the  central  and  n.  parts  ;  and  West  Canada  Creek  forms  a  small  part  of 
the  s.  E.  boundary.  Otter,  Long,  and  White  Lakes  are  in  the  n.  part.  The  soil  is  generally  a  light, 
sandy  loam.  A  large  part  of  the  town  is  still  covered  by  the  primitive  forests  forming. a  portion 
of  the  great  Northern  Wilderness.  Renisen,  (p.  v.,)  a  station  on  the  B.  R.  &  U.  R.  R.,  in  the 
s.  w.  corner,  contains  a  church,  furnace,  steam  mill,  and  510  inhabitants.  Forest  Port,  (p.  v.,) 
on  the  line  of  Boonville,  contains  20  houses.  Port  Woodhull  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settle- 
ment Commenced  in  1792,  by  Barnabas  Mitchell.'*     There  are  12  churches  in  town." 

R07IE — was  formed  from  Steuben,  March  4, 1796.  It  lies  upon  the  Mohawk,  a  little  w.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level,  and  some  portion  of  the  w.  part  is  low  and  marshy.  The 
Mohawk  flows  s.  e,  through  the  e.  part,  and  Wood  Creek  flows  w.  through  the  n.  w.  part.'**  Fish  Creek 
forms  the  n.  w.  boundary.  The  soil  is  generally  a  highly  productive,  gravelly  loam.  Rome, 
(p.  V.,)  upon  the  Mohawk,  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  March  26,  1819.  It  is  a  half- 
shire  of  the  CO.,  and  it  contains  the  co.  buildings,  12  churches,  4  banks,  2  newspaper  offices,  the 
Rome  Academy,  and  several  manufactories."  It  is  the  s.  terminus  of  the  W.  R.  &  C.  V.  R.  R.  and 
of  the  Black  River  Canal,  and  is  an  important  station  upon  the  Central  R.  R.  and  the  Erie  Canal. 
Pop.  7,083.  West  Rome  is  a  thickly  settled  suburb  just  w.  of  the  limits  of  Rome.  8tan'«vix, 
(p.  V.,)  a  canal  village,  contains  about  15  houses.  Greens  Corners  is  a  station  on  the  Central 
R.  R.,  near  the  s.  w.  corner.  Rid^e  lUillS;,  near  the  center,  contains  15  dwellings ;  and  Hortli 
Rome  is  a  hamlet.     The  first  settlement  was  made  at  the  *'  Carrying  Place,"^^  before  the  French 


of  Bcarcity,  17^S0,  supplied  them  with  Virginia  corn  on  a  liberal 
credit,  iimi  fiiiiilly  accepted  payment  in  such  produce  as  they 
were  enal-lcd  to  supidy. 

1  The  "Quaker  Woolen  Factory,"  eatablished  in  1812.     In 

1827  it  ci'mmenced  the  manufjicture  of  cottun.  and  now  em- 

,  ploys  100  liands,  rawi  110  looms,  and  can  make  3.0U0  yards  per 

day.    TIii>  >;anie  Co. -have  another  mill,  that  employs  50  hands 

and  nin>;  lO  bmnis. 

*'lli-r''  mills  employ  30  hands,  and  make  about  IJ  tons  of 
priTitiiu  p.i|ier  dally. 

8  The  inanuficture  of  scythes  was  commenced  in  1834.  The 
hu9in<-:s  h:i,i  siiiCf  been  largely  increased;  and  at  present  about 
$200,<KXI  is  invested  in  the  works.  Scythe-',  hoes,  forks,  and 
other  fitrming  tools  are  extensively  maiiufictured. 

*  The  woolen  inills  wero  started  in  1843.  They  manufacture 
broodclotlis  snd  blankets,  and  employ  80  hand-^. 

6  The  first  settlement  was  mad«  by  Oipt.  Iticp.  Among  the 
early  settli'rs  were  Bctij'u  Karnes  and  hia  ■^on  Benjamin,  John 
Humart'>n.  Stephen  Barnet,  Aaron  Adams,  Abiel  Simmons. 
Phinpas  Kelloa;g,  John  and  S>Ivesti^r  Butler.  A^a  Sbepard, 
Kirkland  ('.ritfiri.  and  Benjamin  Merrill.  The  firflt  death  was 
that  of  \\m.  ^wall.  in  1790.  Abner  Baeoii  kept  the  first  inn, 
and  .lani'S  Ort  'ii  the  firat  store,  in  1S02. 

«  2  M,  I-;..  2  Prot.  K.,  2  Cong.,  Bap.,  and  Presb. 

'  Named  fmni  Henry  llemsen.  Patentee  of  Remsenburgb. 
Tlin  town  embraces  most  of  llenisenburiih  Patent,  and  portions 
of  Kaston's  Wo  idhull'9,    Servia's  and  other  tracts. 

8  Among  the  early  aettlera  were  John  Bomer,  Nath'l  Rock- 
wood.  Bettij  L"  Clerc,  Perez  Farr.  and  Joniih  Dayton,  in  1793. 
Tn  18i18,  David  Mound.  John  Gai.  Grillith  I.  Jone-",  John  Owens, 
and  Iluiih  lluLihes,  Welsh  immigriin'a,  settled,  and  were  soon 
followed  I'y  a  lar;:;e  immigration  of  their  coimtrymen.  This 
town  CQUtiuns  more  natives  of  Walea  than  any  other  town  in 


the  State;  and,  including  their  children  of  American  birth,  the 
Welsh  number  more  than  half  the  population.  The  fir.-t  birth 
was  that  of  Polly  Mitchell;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Capt. 
Peck.     Broughton  White  kept  the  first  store,  in  1803. 

9  5  Calv.  Meth.,  3  Cong.,  2  M.  E..  and  2  Bap. 

W  Between  the  Mohawk  and  Wood  Creek  wa.'i  a  portage  ofabotit 
1  mi.  in  length  over  level  ground.  Karly  in  the  bist  century 
propositions  were  made  to  bnild  a  road  across  this  point ;  and  in 
170ti  the  Western  Inland  Navigation  Co.  constructed  a  canal 
between  the  two  streams,  and  the  route  speedily  became  the 
great  tlioroughfare  of  travel.  This  canal  was  most  of  the  way 
on  the  line  of  the  present  Erie  Canal,  through  the  village.  The 
Indians  called  the  place  Den^-wain-sta.  "a  carrying  place  for 
canoea."  Wood  Creek  was  called  Ka  no-go-dick.  The  old  canal 
wa?  constructed  under  the  superintendence  of  Peter  Colt. 

n  The  princip.al  manufactories  are  a  plow  factory,  foundery, 
planing  mill,  several  sawmills,  and  the  repair  shops  of  the  W.  R. 
i  C.  V.  H.  R. 

12  The  first  settlers  came  in  at  an  early  period,  but  their  names 

are  unknown.    John  Roof  and Brodock  were  engaged  in 

the  carrying  trade  at  this  place  in  1760.  The  former  wan  first 
store  and  inn  keeper.  Jedediah  Phelps.  John  Barnard,  George 
and  Uenry  Huntington.  Joshua  Hathaway.  Dr.  Stephen  White, 
Roswell  fellows,  Matthew  Brown,  aeu.  and  jun.,  Seth  Ranney. 
David  Brown,  Ebenezer.  Daniel  W..  and  Thonia'J  Wright.  Thomas 
Selden,  Solomon  and  John  Williams.  Peter  Colt,  Wm.  Colbrath, 
Abijah  and  Clark  Putnam.  Caleb  Reynolds.  Rufus  K;iston.  Thos. 
Gilbert.  Moses  Fish.  Stephen  Lampman.  Jeremiah  Steves,  and 
John  Niles  were  earlv  settlers. — Jones's  Avj.als.p.  372.  The  first 
birth  waa  in  the  family  of  John  Roof.  Aug.  28,  1769.  The  first 
sawmill  was  erected  in  1758,  and  the  first  giistniill  in  1795.  A 
State  Arsenal  was  erectc<l  here  in  1808,  on  tlip  present  site  of  St. 
Peter's  Church.    The  U.  S.  erected  an  arsenal  and  workshop  a 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


4GT 


War  of  1755.     The  subsequent  history  of  the  place  is  full  of  incidents  of  general  interest.*     The 
first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  Sept.  5,  1800.''' 

SAIVGERFIEI^D^ — was  formed  from  Paris,  March  5,  1795.  Bridge-water  was  taken  off  in 
1707.  It  was  transferred  from  Chenango  to  Oneida  co.  April  4,  1804.  It  is  the  w.  town  on  the 
s.  line  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  moderately  hilly  upland,  700  to  800  ft.  above  the  Mohawk  at 
Utica.  The  streams  are  small,  and  flow  n.  to  the  Mohawk  and  s.  to  Chenango  River.  The  soil 
in  the  valleys  is  a  rich  alluvium,  and  on  the  hills  a  gravelly  loam.  Waterville,*  (p.  v.,)  near 
the  N.  border,  contains  4  churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  a  newspaper  office,  a  saw  and  grist  mill, 
distillery,  and  1,109  inhabitants.  San^^erfleld  Center  (Sangerfield  p.  o.)  contains  a  churcli 
and  30  houses  ;  and  StocU'^vell  Settlement,  in  the  s.  part,  about  20  houses.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  commenced  by  Zerah  Phelps,  from  Mass.,  in  1791.^     There  are  now  7  churches  in  town.* 

STEtlBEIlI'  was  formed  from  Whitestown,  April  10,  1792.  A  part  of  Mexico  (Oswego  co.) 
was  annexed,  and  Floyd  and  Rome  were  taken  off,  in  179G ;  and  Leyden  (Lewis  co.)  and  Western 
in  1797.  Parts  of  Steuben's  Tract  in  Western  and  Remsen  were  annexed  in  1803  ;  and  a  part  waa 
annexed  to  Remsen  in  1809.  It  lies  in  the  interior,  n.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a 
hilly,  broken  upland,  rising  800  to  1,200  feet  above  the  Mohawk.^  The  streams  are  small.  Cincin- 
nati Creek  rises  in  the  interior,  and  forms  part  of  the  e.  boundary.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  ; 
and  boulders  are  numerous.  Quarries  are  worked,  from  which  a  good  quality  of  building  stone  is 
obtained.  Steuben  Corners  (Steuben  p.o.)  is  a  hamlet,  in  the  s.  part.  Steuben  Station, 
on  the  B.  R.  &  U.  R.  R.,  is  on  the  line  of  Boonville.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in 
1789,*  under  Baron  Steuben,     The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.*° 

TRENTON — was  formed  from  Schuyler,  (Herkimer  co.,)  March  24, 1797.  It  lies  upon  the  w. 
bank  of  West  Canada  Creek,  near  the  center  of  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  The  surface  rises  from  the 
creek  to  the  height  of  400  to  600  feet ;  and  from  the  summits  it  spreads  out  into  an  upland  broken 
by  ridges  of  drift.  Cincinnati  Creek  flows  through  the  n.  part,  and  Nine  Mile  Creek  through  the 
s,  part.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam,  best  adapted  to  grazing.  The  celebrated  Trenton 
Falls,  upon  West  Canada  Creek,  are  within  the  limits  of  this  town.^^  Trenton,*^  (P-^-O  upon 
Cincinnati  Creek,  at  the  mouth  of  Steuben  Creek,  contains  3  churches  and  50  houses.  Trenton 
FallS^  (P*Vm)  a  short  distance  below  the  Falls,  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  20 
houses.  SoutU  Trenton,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  old  Utica  turnpike,  contains  2  churches  and  30 
houses.     Holland  Patent,"  (p.  v.,)  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  is  a  station  upon  the  B.  R.  & 


little  w.  of  tho  viUa^.  in  1813,  under  the  direction  of  Major 
James  DaUiba.  It  is  still  owned  by  the  Genenil  Gov-ernmeiit. 
but  19  not  in  vtso.  In  1784.  (Jen.  Waahington  came  thus  far  on  a 
toor  of  I'UsinesB  and  pleasure.  lie.  in  company  with  Gefl.  Clinton, 
ownwl  a  tract  of  land  in  this  co.  of  about  -i,*)!)!!  acres,  compiisiii-^ 
a  part  of  Coxboroui^h  and  Carolina  Townsliips  in  the  town  of 
AVe(<ttnoi-t'I«nd. 

1  Fort  Williams,  on  tho  Mohawk,  and  Fort  Bull,  on  Wood 
Creek,  were  built  on  tlie  line  between  Albany  and  Oswe^in 
about  I7'2ft.  Fort  Bull  was  surprised  by  M.  De  Lery  and  a  party 
of  French  and  Indians,  numbering  3t>2  men,  March  27,  ITSU. 
The  English  lost  the  fort  and  all  the  stoies  which  it  contained, 
and  9U  men.  Furts  Williams  and  Craven,  located  on  the  Mo- 
h.-iwk.  just  helow  Home,  were  deatioyed  by  Gen.  AVobb  in  1756, 
after  the  reduction  of  Oswego  by  the  French.  Tort  Stitnwix 
was  begun  .Tuly  23,1758,  by  Brigadier  Gen.  John  ftanwix,  of 
the  royal  army.  It  was  a  square  work,  with  bastions  nt  the 
corners,  and  stood  a  few  rods  s.  of  the  present  park  in  the  village. 
It  was  of  earth  and  timber.  Bunouiidrd  by  a  ditch  and  mounted 
with  heavy  cannon.  In  June,  177G,  Col.  Dayton  took  possession 
of  it  and  named  it  Fort  Schuyler.  It  was  besieged  in  1777  by 
St.  Lt'ger.  Within  the  last  few  years  the  ground  upon  which  th.^ 
fort  stood  has  been  leveled;  and  not  a  vesti*ie  of  it  now  remain**. 
Fort  Newport  was  a  small  square  fort  un  Wotxl  Creek,  built  in 
the  French  War.  An  octag  mal  blockhouse  was  built  about 
1795,  iluring  the  alarm  from  Western  Indian  wars. 

SThecxMisus  reports  17  churches:  SCalv.  Meth.,2Dap..  2  M.E., 
2  Presb,.  2  U.  C,  Kv.  laUh..  Genn.  Metli.,  I'rot.  K..  and  Univ. 

8  Named  from  Jedediah  &inger  the  pioneer  of  New  Hartford, 
who  g-ivp  5(1  acres  of  bind  to  the  first  church.  This  town  is  No. 
20  of  the  Chenango  20  Tnwiisliips-and,  toicether  with  No.  18  and 
part  of  19,  was  purchased  in  1790-91  by  Mi  .hael  Myers,  J.  Sanger, 
end  John  J,  Morgan,  for  '.i  shillii'ga  and  3  shillings  3  pence  per 
acre.     Much  of  it  was  Bettlcd  und»*r  perpetual  leases. 

■*  Called  by  tho  Indians  i^ki-na-wis.  "  Largo  Swamp." 

6 llaie  and  wife,  and  Nalhan  Gurney.  came  in  in  1792; 

and  Benj.  White,  Phineas  Owen,  Sylvanos  Dyer,  AgJihel  Bellows. 

N'lithanrel  Foi-d,  Henry  Knowltui.  Jonathan  Stratton, Clark, 

C-ol.  David  Nortnn.  aiid  about  :!0  others,  in  1794.  The  first  birth 
was  that  of  a  daughter  of/-.  Ihelps,  in  1792;  the  fir^t  niarriajre, 
that  of  Sylvanus  Dyer  and  Hnnnah  Norton:  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Sibyl  Knowlton.  Pnllv  Dyer  taught  (he  first  echoni; 
and  Justus  and  Ebenezer  Hale  kept  the  tirst  inn  and  store.  Tho 
first  store  in  Waterville  was  kept  by  Sylvanus  Dyer,  in  1799. 


8  2  Cong.,  M,  E.,  Prot.  E..  Presb.,  Bap.,  and  R.  C. 

'  Named  from  Baron  Steuben.  In  May.  17S6,  the  Legisl.iture 
granted  bim  16,000  acres  in  this  town.  He  settled  soon  after, 
built  a  log  liouse,  and  collected  a  colony  of  tenants,  but  did  not 
live  to  See  his  contemplated  improvements  carried  nut.  He  was 
struck  by  paralysis  Nov.  25.  1799,  and  died  3  days  after.  He 
was  wrapp^-d  in  liis  cloak  and  laid  in  the  eai  th  with  his  star  of 
knighthiK^I  upon  his  breast.  Shortly  before  La  Fayette's  visit  in 
1826.  his  reniiiins  were  taken  up  a?id  re-interred  under  a  tablet 
upon  rained  masonry.  Ilia  property  was  mostly  liequoathed  U* 
Wm.  North  and  Benj.  Walker,  his  aids.  His  library  was  given 
to  a  young  man  named  Mulligan.  Col.  Walk.T  gave  a  Welsh 
Bap.  Siicicty  a  lease  of  60  acres  of  land,  oof  wliich  was  woodland, 
around  the  grave,  witli  no  other  rent  than  tho  obligation  t*) 
keep  this  woodland  fenced  and  the  range  of  animals  prevented 
therein.     Tbi'*  condition  is  cirefully  observi-d. 

8  .^Uirrs  Hill  is  tho  highest  p.)int  in  the  co.  On  i  clear  day, 
Lake  Ontario,  partji  of  7  counties,  and  the  buildings  of  Hamilton 
College  can  be  seen  from  its  summit. 

s.'^amiiel  Sizor.  Capt.  Simeon  Fuller,  and  David  Starr  were 
early  settlers.    The  first  birlh  was  that  of  St-phen  Brooks,  jr. ; 

and  tho  first  mairiatro,  that  of  William  Case  :ind Piatt.   The 

town  wa-i  extensively  sett!e<l  by  Welsh  immi':rant9.  A  religiims 
magazine,  (Welsh,)  "  Y  Cenhadwr  America  idd,"  is  publialioa 
in  town.  i«  2  M.  K.,  2  Ouig..  2  Hap.,  and  Calv.  Moth 

n  This  favorite  place  of  resort  was  first  brought  to  public 
notice  by  .lohn  .'^lurnian,  proprietor  of  the  first  public  hotel  for 
visitors,  erect'-d  in  1822.  The  falls  are  I-'s-j  interesting  from  tlirt 
volume  of  water  and  height  of  fall  than  fi-r  the  ptculiar  wild 
ni'ss  of  the  snrronniling  f^cenery.  'i  h-^  ravine  through  which 
thi'  stream  flows  is  worn  through  the  Trcuton  lim'^stone  to  tho 
depth  of  70  to  2:10  ft.  The  sides  are  n-arly  perjiendicnlar;  and 
tlie  water  dewecnds  by  5  distinct  cascades  a  total  depth  of  200  ft. 
in  tho  ppice  of  half  a  mile.  The  Imiiao  nanie-;  Kn-na  ta.  "daik 
brown  wat'T,"  and  Kuy-aho-ra.  "slanti'g  water,"  have  been 
applied  to  this  place.  Trenton  Village  was  called  Ono-lia-dab- 
que,  -'in  the  b.)ne."* 

1-  Incorp.  April  19.  1819,  as  "  OUlenhorvf.reUlt,"  and  chnn'Wi 
April  2t},  I8;{3.  to  its  present  name.  Its  1  rst  niine  wat  giveu 
by  Boon,  in  memory  of  a  Du'ch  pitiiot  and  statc-^mau  who  per- 
ished on  the  sc-ifToki  in  ir.l9  age  I  82  —Jnftfft'x  Omida,  p  il'.i. 

'3  Named  from  Henry,  U>rd  Holland  patent^.^  of  20.0()'>  arn-s, 
principally  in  this  town.  He  sold  to  -cih  .tnd  Horace  JohnsoB 
and  Andrew  Cra-rio. 


468 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


U.  R.  R.  It  contains  6  churches,  the  Holland  Patent  Academy,  and  353  inhabitants.  Pros- 
pect, (p.  V.,)  on  West  Canada  Creek,  above  the  Falls,  contains  2  churches,  Prospect  Academy,  an 
extensive  sawmill,  a  tannery,  and  60  houses.  Stittsville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  lineof  Marcy,  in  thes.  w. 
corner  of  the  town,  contains  a  church,  cotton  factory,  sawmill,  tannery,  and  about  40  houses.  Itia 
a  station  upon  the  B.  R.  &  U.  R.  R.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  1793,  by  Gerrit  Boon,  from 
Holland.^     The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  soon  after  ;  Rev. Fish  was  the  first  pastor,^ 

UTICA' — was  incorp.  as  a  village  April  3,  1798.  It  was 
formed  as  a  town,  from  Whitestown,  April  7,  1817,  and  was 
incorp.  as  a  city  Feb.  13,  1832.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  bank  of  the 
Mohawk,  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  A  wide  intervale  extends 
along  the  river  ;  and  from  it  the  surface  rises  in  gradual  slopes 
toward  the  s.  w.  It  lies  upon  the  Erie  Canal,  and  is  the  n. 
terminus  of  the  Chenango  Canal.  It  is  an  important  station 
upon  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  and  the  s.  terminus  of  the  B.  R.  &  U.  R.  R. 
It  is  the  center  of  one  of  the  best  agricultural  sections  of  tho 
State ;  and  its  trade  is  extensive.  It  is  largely  engaged  in  manu- 
factures, among  which  are  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  millstones, 
screws,  musical  instruments,  telegraphic  apparatus,  and  a  great 
variety  of  other  articles.* 
The  City  Hall  is  a  fine,  large,  brick  building  on  Genesee  St.,  s.  of  the  canal.  It  contains  a  large 
public  hall,  common  council  room,  and  rooms  for  the  several  city  officers. 

The  Public  Schools  are  under  the  charge  of  a  Superintendent  and  Board  of  Education.  They 
are  graded,  and  include  all  departments  from  the  primary  to  a  thorough  academic  course.  They 
employ  45  teachers, — 6  males  and  39  females.  The  whole  number  of  children  between  the  ngea 
of  4  and  21  is  8,000,  of  which  3,226,  or  40  per  cent,  attend  school  during  some  portion  of  the 
year.  The  total  expenses  of  the  schools  for  1858  were  115,546.82.  The  number  of  volumes  in 
the  district  libraries  is  3,018. 

The  Uiica  Academy,  long  an  independent  school,  now  constitutes  the  High  School  of  the  public 
school  system  of  the  city. 

The  Uiica  Female  Academy  is  a  flourishing  institution,  situated  between  Washington  St.  and 
Broadway,  near  Genesee  St.  It  was  founded  in  1837,  and  its  property  is  valued  at  $25,000. 
The  Academy  of  ike  Assumption  is  under  the  care  of  the  Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools. 
The  State  Lunatic  Asylum  is  located  upon  a  large  lot  on  an  eminence  near  the  w.  line  of  the 
city.  It  receives  insane  persons  subject  to  co.  charge,  where  there  is  a  reasonable  prospect  of 
relief,  and  such  others  as  its  accommodations  will  admit.  Until  recently  it  has  received  iusiane 
convicts;  but  this  class  will  hereafter  be  sent  to  the  asylum  built  for  that  purpose  at  Auburn. 
The  average  number  of  inmates  during  the  last  16  years  has  been  381  annually,* 


*  Boon  was  an  enterprising  pioneer  and  agent  of  the  Holland 
liAnd  Company,  the  same  that  purchased  in  Western  New  York, 
Alone,  or  with  I^e  Roy,  Bayard,  McEvers,  and  Bu^iti,  he  purchased 
in  trust  for  that  company  46,057  acres  of  Outhoudt'a  Patent, 
6.026  of  Steuben's  Patent,  1,'JUO  of  Machin's  Patent,  and  i;3,609 
of  Servis's  Patent.  The  last  named,  lying  mostly  in  this  town, 
was  granted  in  1768  to  Peter  Servis  and  24  others  for  the  benefit 
of  Sir  Wm.  Johnson.  This  tract  was  conveyed  by  the  trustees 
above  named  to  the  Holland  Company  in  1801.  Among  the 
other  early  settlers  were  Col.  Ad;im  U.  Mappa.  Dr.  Fr.  A.  Vander- 
temp.  Judge  John  Storrs,  Col.  Kobert  Liicks,  Peter  Schuyler, 
.Pohn  P.  Little,  Cheney  and  John  Garrett.  Wm.  RoUo.  Col.  Thos. 
HiL-ks.  Edward  Hughes,  and  Hugh  Thomas.  Boon  returned  to 
Holland,  where  he  dii-d  many  years  after.  The  first  child  born 
waa  Adam  Parker,  in  1796;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Jacob 
Joyce  and  Widow  Peck ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  ^^  Nelson, 
in  1795. 

*  The  census  reports  15  churches;  4  M.  E.,  3  Bap..  2  Presb., 
(0.  S.,}  Bap..  Cong.,  Calv.  Meth,.  Prut.  E.,  Union,  and  Unita. 

8  The  ludians  called  the  locality  Ya-nun-da-da-sis,  or  U-nun- 
da-ga-gca,  "around  the  hill.''  After  an  old  stockade,  built  in 
early  times,  was  razed,  it  waa  called  Teva<lah-ah-to-da-gue, 
*■  ruin  of  fort." 

*  ThK  EagU  MiUs  give  employment  to  120  hands,  and  produce 
1.500,0*>0  yard3  of  cotton  cloth  annually. 

The  Uti<'Ai  SU-am,  CotU-n  Stills  employ  330  hands,  and  produce 
1,100  yds.  of  cotton  cloth  daily. 

The  Utica  Wolen  Mills  employ  180  hands,  and  use  350,000 
11)6  of  wool  in  the  manufacture  of  cassimeres  annually. 

The  Utica  Steam  iVitolen  Co.  gives  employment  to  250  hands, 
and  uses  1.800  lbs.  of  wool  per  day. 

The  Utica  Screw  Manufacturing  ffe.  employs  50  hands,  and 
turns  out  goods  to  the  amonat  of  $60,000  annually. 


The  Utica  Millstone  Manufactory  and  Phtstcj-  MiUs  give  em- 
ployment to  50  men,  and  turn  out  $60,000  worth  of  prithicta 
an  Dually. 

The  city  ajso  contains  extensive  manufactories  of  starch, 
flour,  clothing,  org.ins,  pianos,  castings,  machinery,  stone  ware, 
fire  brick,  carpets,  oilcloths,  leather,  lumber,  beer,  and  cigars. 

6  An  asylum  of  this  kind  was  recommended  by  the  Governor 
in  1830,  and  was  annually  urged  by  its  friends,  until  an  act  was 
passed,  March  10, 1836,  appointing  3  commissioners  to  purchase 
a  site  not  exceeding  Slo.oOO  in  value,  nud  to  contract  for  build- 
ing. N.  Dayton,  C.  McVean,  and  R.  Withers  were  appointed; 
and  in  1?37  a  fiirm  of  1.00  acres  was  bought  at  the  joint  expense 
of  the  State  and  the  citizens  of  Utica.  ($G,300  of  $16,300.)  and 
in  that  year  Wm.  Clarke,  Francis  K.  Spinner,  and  Elam  Lynds 
were  appointed  commissioners  to  erect  buildings.  The  first 
plan  (prepared  by  Clarke)  embraced  4  buildings,  each  550  feet 
long,  fiicing  outward,  connected  by  open  veiandae,  and  in- 
closing a  coxirt  of  about  13  acres.  The  main  building  was 
erected  and  the  foundations  were  laid,  when  the  plan  was  re- 
duced and  attention  given  to  finishing  the  main  building. 
By  act  of  April  7,  1842.  the  asylum  was  put  in  charge  of  9 
managers,  appointed  for  a  term  of  3  years  each  by  the  Gov. 
and  Senate,  a  majority  of  whom  must  reside  witliin  5  mi.  of 
the  asylum.  Dr.  Amariah  Briirham  was  chosen  Sup'-rintendent, 
and  upon  his  death  (Sept.  8,  1849)  Dr.  Nathan  D.  Benedict  suc- 
ceeded. The  present  Superintendent  is  Dr.  John  P.  Gray,  who 
was  appointed  in  1853. 

The  building  was  partially  destroyed  by  a  fire  set  by  one  of 
the  inmates  July  14, 1857.  The  walls  remained  standing,  and 
the  premises  have  been  refitted  without  interruption  of  opera- 
tions, and  with  improvements  far  exceeding  in  safety  and  con- 
venience those  that  were  destroyed.  The  sum  of  $6S,74*J  was 
granted  in  1858  to  rebuild  the  premises;  and  the  labor  ii>  now 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


4G9 


Besides  the  foregoing  institutions,  there  are  in  the  city  10  private  schools,  5  banks,  and  24 
churches.' 

The  site  of  the  city  is  included  in  the  colonial  grant  of  1734,  styled  Cosby's  Manor.  Settle- 
ment began  soon  after  the  Revolution ;  and  in  1787  there  were  3  log  huts  at  this  placc.^  The 
construction  of  the  Seneca  Turnpike  and  of  a  bridge  gave  the  first  impulse  to  its  growth ;  nnd 
the  Erie  Canal  in  a  few  years  doubled  its  business  and  population.  Although  the  city  has  ex- 
perienced disasters,  its  general  growth  in  wealth  and  numbers  has  been  steadily  forward,  and  its 
geographical  position,  lines  of  communication,  and  natural  advantages  are  guarantees  of  its 
future  increase.' 

VERWOIV — was  formed  from  AVestmoreland  and  Augusta,  Feb.  17,  1802.  A  part  of  Stock- 
bridge  (Madison  co.)  was  taken  off  in  1836.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.* 
Its  surface  is  rolling,  the  mean  elevation  being  about  200  ft.  above  the  Mohawk.  The  principal 
streams  are  Oneida  Creek,  forming  the  w.  boundary,  and  Skanandoa  Creek,'  flowing  through  the 
E.  part.  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  gravelly  and  clay  loam,  underlaid  by  limestone,  waterlime, 
and  gypsum.  Very  few  towns  in  the  State  surpass  this  in  all  the  elements  of  fertility.  A 
mineral  spring  is  found  a  mi.  N.  w.  of  Vernon  Center.  Ternon,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Skanandoa 
Creek,  n.  of  the  center,  was  inoorp.  April  6,  1827.  It  contains  2  churches,  the  Vernon  Academy, 
a  private  seminary,  bank,  newspaper  office,  and  tannery.  Pop.  330.  Ternon  Center  (p.  v.) 
contains  2  churches  and  30  dwellings.  Oneida.  Castle,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  w.  line,  contains  a 
church,  academy,  and  337  inhabitants,  of  whom  275  are  in  this  town.     Turltey  Street  is  a 


nearly  completed.  The  buildings  are  well  supplied  with  water 
and  guB,  and  have  ample  fixtures  for  the  extiuguishuient  of 
fires  in  future,  including  steam  force  pumps,  ample  reservoirs 
of  water,  and  pipes  for  filling  the  attic  and  upper  rooms  with 
steam.  The  asylum  has  shops  and  gardens  for  the  employment 
of  such  as  prefer  it,  and  various  amusements, — fairs,  festivals, 
musical  and  theatrical  entertainments,  books,  pictures,  inno- 
cent games,  ajid  such  other  modes  of  occupation  as  are  found 
to  exert  a  salutary  influence  upon  the ''mind  diseased."  The 
Opal,  a  monthly  magazine,  is  edited  and  printed  at  the  asylum 
by  its  inmates;  and  the  American  Journal  of  Insanity,  a  quar- 
terly journal,  is  conducted  by  its  otRcei  s.  The  aggregate  sta- 
tistics of  the  asylum  firom  Jan.  16,  1843,  to  Dec.  1,  1858,  have 
been  as  follows :— 


Perce.vtage 

Percentage 

Yes. 

^i 

1 

OF  RECOV'S. 

OF  Deaths. 

li 

■^1 
1? 

h 

•^ 

.53 

■s 

7 

267 

s5 

«^ 

1.S43 

109 

276 

48.62 

19.'20 

2.63 

6.44 

1844 

?.1(i 

?.75 

132 

16 

471 

65.93 

48.80 

3.39 

6.78 

1845 

2fi5 

W.1 

135 

21 

553 

60.94 

46.07 

3.79 

7.92 

1848 

WS 

?,'!7 

1,33 

22 

b'J2 

46.99 

39.46 

3.63 

7.77 

1847 

415 

4'2S 

187 

48 

802 

46.06 

43.69 

5.98 

11.66 

1848 

474 

4(15 

174 

86 

877 

36.70 

42.96 

9.80 

18.14 

1849 

454 

3(B 

503 

69 

S,57 

44.71 

56.07 

8.05 

15.19 

1850 

4.'?a 

.•i67 

171 

51 

816 

39.49 

46.59 

6.25 

11.77 

1S51 

440 

366 

11'.! 

48 

7U6 

23.46 

30.60 

6.03 

10.91 

186'2 

441 

.son 

1.56 

.39 

825 

36.37 

40.00 

4.72 

8.84 

1853 

4'?,3 

4?4 

169 

.39 

849 

39.95 

39.66 

4.59 

9.'22 

1854 

444 

3D0 

164 

65 

836 

37.16 

42.06 

7.75 

14.63 

1S55 

467 

■.'.75 

^?.H 

32 

726 

27..W 

46.64 

4.41 

6.85 

1856 

4.14 

'24'i 

100 

.30 

697 

22.24 

41.73 

4..30 

6.61 

ISii? 

463 

2.35 

95 

32 

696 

20.52 

40.42 

4.59 

6.88 

1858 

489 

333 

114 

31 

787 

23.31 

34.23 

3.96 

6.33 

Of  the  5,516  patients  received  up  to  Dec.  1. 1S58,  4,896  were  diR- 
charged,  of  wliom  2,226  recovered.  801  were  improved,  and  1.194 
Were  unimproved:  63ijiiad  died,  and  39  were  not  insane.  Great 
success  attends  the  treatment  in  most  cases  when  received  at  an 
eiirly  stage ;  but  when  the  disease  has  continued  a  year  or  inure 
thechancesof  recovery  rapidly  diminish,  and  in  a  few  years  cease 
altogether.  The  asylum  is  not  designed  as  a  hospital  for  in- 
curables; and  when  the  prospecta  of  recovery  or  improvement 
Cease,  it  ia  ife  peneral  custom  to  return  patients  to  their  friends 
or  to  JDL-al  institutions  of  support. 

Of  those  admitted  in  the  year  ending  Nov.  30, 1868,  172  were 
malus  and  161  females:  23  were  between  10  and  20;  91  between 
20  and  ,30;  lOS  between  30  and  40;  62  between  40  and  50;  3(i 
lielween  50  and  00;  and  11  between  60  find  70.  98  males  and 
87  females  were  married;  76  males  and  64  females  were  single; 
6  were  widowers  and  10  widows;  17  bad  received  academic  and 
23y  a  commnn  school  education;  43  could  only  read  and  wiite; 
12  could  read  but  not  write;  and  11  were  entirely  without  edu- 
cation. 396  had  labortou8,  and  25  professional  and  literary,  em- 


ployments; 8  were  in  trade,  and  4  had  no  occupation.  210 
weie  natives  of  New  York ;  44  of  Ireland ;  19  of  Eng. ;  16  of  (ier- 
many;  6  of  Conn.;  4  each  of  Canada,  Scotland,  France.  Penn., 
Vt.,  and  Mass.;  3  each  of  N.  H.  and  Wales;  2  each  of  Maine 
and  Switzerland;  and  1  each  of  R.  I.,  Ohio.  111.,  and  Sweden. 
The  principal  causes  were,  so  far  as  ascertained,  ill  health,  48; 
hereditary,  28;  predisposed,  22;  intemperance  and  vice,  20;  re- 
ligious excitement,  19;  excessive  labor  and  anxiety,  17;  vicioue 
indulgences  and  domestic  trouble,  each  15;  busiiie.ss  perplexi- 
ties, 12;  menstrual  irregularities,  11 ;  and  puerperal  fever,  and 
excessive  labor  and  exposure,  each  10. 

1  4  Bap.,  3  M.  E.,  3  Prot.  E.,  3  R.  C.  2  Presb.,  Evang..  Ev. 
Luth.,  Jewish,  Calv.  Metb.,  Kof.  Prot.  D.,  Germ.  Meth.,  Wes. 
Meth.,  0.  S.  Bap.,  and  Univ. 

*  Fort  Schuyler  at  this  place  was  bnilt  in  1758,  and  named 
from  Col.  Peter,  an  nncle  of  Gen.  Philip  Schuyler.  It  was  a 
stockaded  work,  and  stood  between  Main  and  Mohawk  Streets 
below  Second  Street.  A  blockhouse  was  bnilt  before  the 
close  of  the  Revolution  on  the  site  of  the  present  depot. 
Among  the  early  settlers  were  Uriah  Alverson,  Philip  Murey, 
Francis  Foster,  Stephen  Potter,  Joseph  Ballon,  Jason  Parkei_ 
John  Cunningham,  Jacob  Cbrestman,  and  Matthew  Hubbell. 
The  first  store  and  inn  were  kept  by  John  Post,  in  179i).  on  th« 
N.  corner  of  Genesee  and  M'hitesboro'  Sti'eets.  Post  had  been  a 
dealer  among  the  Indians,  and  purchased  large  quantities  of 
ginseng.  Some  years  after,  he  run  3  "stage  boats'  for  passen- 
gers to  Schenectady.  In  1804,  Parker  &  Stephens  received  a 
grant  of  the  sole  riglit  of  running  a  stage  to  Canandaigua 
twice  every  week  between  May  and  October.  Mails  were  ex- 
tended from  Canajoharie  to  this  place  in  1793.  the  iuhitbifants 
along  the  route  paying  the  expense.  Bryan  Johnson,  in  17'J7, 
commenced  purchasing  produce  for  cash,  and  began  a  business 
that  had  been  mostly  monopolized  by  the  Kanes  of  Canajoharie. 
The  latter  soon  removed  to  Utica;  and  the  spirited  rivalry  of 
these  men,  and  others  who  soon  joined  in  it,  gave  a  wide  repu- 
tation to  the  place  as  a  maiket  town.  John  C.  Devr-reux,  Watts 
Shearman,  John  Bissell.  and  Daniel  Thomas  were  also  c.irly 
merchants.  Nathan  Williams,  Erastus  Clark,  Francis  A.  Blood- 
good,  and  Joseph  Kirklaud  were  early  lawyers. 

3  The  population  of  the  town  and  city  of  Utica  has  boon  as 
follows : — 


1840 12,782 

1845 12.190 

1850 17.565 

18S5 22,169 


1813 1.700 

1820 2.972 

1«25 5,040 

la.-iO 8,323 

1835 .10,183 

*  The  territory  of  this  town  was  included  in  the  original 
Oneida  Reservation.  Among  the  patents  granted  in  town  were 
Bleecker'8  South  Patent,  Bas  Chard's  Patent  of  4,911  acies, 
Abraham  A'an  Eps  and  Rev.  John  Sargent's  Patent.  Thi.  prin- 
cipal Oneida  village  was  called  Kan-on-wall-o-hu-le.  A  Bmall 
remnant  of  this  once  powerful  nation  of  Indians  still  livo  in 
the  s.  w.  p.irt  of  the  town. 

6  Named  from  the  celebrated  Oneida  chief,  and  signifying 
Ilemkick,  or  stream  of  hemk-cks.  Alluding  to  this  iuterpreiar 
tion  of  his  name,  this  chief  once  made  this  striking  remark: 
— *'I  am  an  aged  hemlock.  An  huiulrcd  winters  have  wbistltd 
through  zny  branches.    1  am  dead  at  the  topi" 


470 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


thickly  populated  farming  neighborhood. 
religious  services  were  held  iu  1801.^ 


The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1794-97.^    The  first 


VERONA — was  formed  from  "Westmoreland,  Feb.  17,  1802.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the 
CO.,  near  the  center.  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  slightly  rolling  in  the  e.,  aud  marshy  in  the 
w.  Oneida  Lake  and  Creek  form  the  w.  boundary,  and  Wood  Creek^  the  n.  boundary.  Scverai 
small  streams  in  the  town  are  tributaries  to  these.  The  soil  is  a  deep,  rich,  alluvial  loam.  There 
is  a  mineral  spring  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town.*  Terona  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches,  a  tannery, 
and  oO  houses.  Durliamville,  (p-v-,)  on  the  w.  border,  partly  in  Madison  co.,  contains  2 
churches,  a  glass  factory,  foundery,  tannery,  and  1,034  inhabitants.  Yerona  Depot,  (p-o..) 
a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  contains  10  houses.  State  Bridge  (p.  v.)  contains  20  houses; 
Ui^^i^isville  (p.  v.)  25  houses  ;  ]Vew  London,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  30  houses ;  Scouon- 
doa,  (p.v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  on  the  line  of  Vernon,  20  houses;  Yerona  Mills  (p. v.)  20 
houses ;  Dunbarton  a  glass  factory  and  20  houses ;  aud  Staeeys  Basin  10  houses. 
Settlement  was  commenced  in  1792,  by  Geo.  A.  Smith  ;^  Rev.  Joseph  Avery  preached  the  first 
sermon.     There  are  now  10  churches  in  town.® 

VIE^M  A' — was  formed  from  Camden,  April  3,  1807,  as  *'  Orange."  Its  name  was  changed  to 
''Bengal,''  April  6,  1808,  and  to  Vienna,  April  12,  1816.  A  part  of  Annsville  was  taken  off  in 
1823.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.  Its  surface,  rising  from  Oneida  Lake 
on  the  s.  border  to  an  elevation  of  about  100  ft.,  spreads  out  into  a  rolling  plateau.  The  n.  w.  part 
is  hilly.  "Wood  Creek  and  Oneida  Lake  form  the  s.  boundary.  Fish  Creek  forms  most  of  the  e. 
boundary,  and  unites  with  Wood  Creek  before  it  enters  Oneida  Lake.  The  w.  branch  of  Fish 
Creek  forms  a  part  of  the  n.  boundary.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam,  underlaid  by  clay:  in 
the  s.  w.,  along  Fish  Creek,  it  is  alluvium.  Good  building  stone  is  quarried  in  the  E.  part,  and 
large  quantities  of  bog  ore  have  been  raised  from  the  marshes  near  the  lake.  Vienna,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  e.  part,  contains  a  church  and  110  inhabitants.  IVortli  Bay,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  near 
the  lake,  contains  2  churches,  3  sawmills,  a  shingle  mill,  and  25  houses.  ItlcConnellSVilley 
(p.  V.,)  in  the  n.  part,  on  the  line  of  Annsville,  contains  20  houses  ;  Elpis,  a  church  and  8  houses. 
Fish  Creek  Lauding  contains  20  houses  :  West  Tienna,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  lake,  20  houses. 
Pine  is  a  hamlet,  in  the  E.  part.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  near  the  close  of  the  last 
century.^     There  are  now  6  churches  in  town^ 

"WESTERIV— was  formed  from  Steuben,  March  10,  1797.  Lee  was  taken  off  in  1811.  It  lies 
in  the  interior,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  numerous  gul- 
lies worn  in  the  slate  by  the  streams.  Mohawk  River  and  Lansing  Kil  Creek  meet  near  the 
center  and  flow  s.  and  s.  w.  into  Rome.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  alluvium.  Stone  quarries  are 
worked  which  have  furnished  large  quantities  of  stone  for  the  Black  River  Canal.  Western- 
Ville  (p- V.)  contains  a  church,  a  tannery,  and  287  inhabitants.     IVortU  Western  (p.v.)  con- 


^  The  first  settler  was  Joaiah  Bushnell,  in  1794.  Upon  the 
reliiiquishniL'nt  of  the  Indian  title  iu  1797,  a  large  nuniher  of 
families  from  Mass.  snd  Conn,  came  in;  ami  within  2  years 
every  fiiim  in  town  was  taken  up.  Among  the  early  settlers 
were  fiimilies  named  Hills.  Bronson.  Wetniore,  Holmes,  Stone, 
Gridley,  Smith.  Bisnell,  Foot, Goodwin,  Kiishie,  I>e  Votie.  Austin, 
Stannard.  Griswold,  Alvord,  Thrall,  Wilcox,  Church,  Spencer. 
Carter,  Marshall.  Tuttle,  Bush,  MclOwen.  Wilcoxsun,  and  Web- 
ber, on  Bus  Churd's  location,  around  Vernon  Center;  Rev.  John 
Sargent,  aud  fimilies  niinied  Codner,  Marvin,  and  McKwen.  on 
Sargent's  Patent;  Skinner,  Lawrence,  Shedd,  Gratton.  Deland, 
Spauldin,i:,Gnint,  Kc-lli».rg,  Tryon.  Cirter.  Moore.  Simons,  Doane, 
May.  Maiian.  Page,  Ingmham.  Crocker,  Graves.  Soper,  Norton, 
Dix,  Vaughan,  Wright.  Cody.  Kebey,  Raymond,  Ailing.  Hasel- 
titie.  Carpenter,  Hungerford,  Burley,  and  Darling,  on  tlie  "Re- 
servatioo;"  Griffin-  Webster,  Stone,  Hotchkiss,  Wanen,  Youngs, 
"Willard,  tjangdon,  and  Neller,  in  the  g.  w.  part;  Brockway, 
Upham.  Cole.  Davis,  Blount,  Brookins,  Day,  Frink,  Neys,  Camp- 
hell,  Huntington,  and  Cook,  iu  the  n.;  and  Van  Ejis,  Hubbell, 
VViirner.  I'ierson,  Fatten,  and  Root  on  the  Van  Eps  Patent.  The 
first  deiith  was  that  of  a  daughter  of  Josiah  Bushnell,  in  179'>. 

Sessions  taught  the  first  school,  in  179S:  A.  Van  Eps  kept 

the  first  store,  in  1798;  and  Asahel  Giidley  built  the  first  grist- 
mill.   ■ 

2  There  are  now  8  churches  in  town;  3  Presb.,  2  M.  E.,  Bap., 
Cong.,  and  Unita. 

*  A  royal  blockhouse  was  built  at  the  mouth  of  this  creek 
^bout  1722.  It  was  about  8  rods  square,  on  a  slight  elevation, 
lud  Burrounded  by  a  ditch. 

*  A  hotel  and  water-cure  has  been  erected  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  visitors  and  patients.    The  water  is  nearly  saturated 


with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  and  yielded  to  Prof.  Noyes'a 
analysis  the  following  ingredients  to  the  gallon: — 

Muriate  of  soda .720  gr. 

Lime,  with  a  little  magnesia 6S  •' 

Sulphate  of  lime _.  CO  " 

The  water  resi-mbles  in  many  respects  that  of  the  Harrogate 
Springs  in  England. 

^  Smith  was  8  d;iys  working  his  way  through  snow,  ewamps, 
and  thickets  from  Westmoreland.  Among  the  early  ?ettiera 
were  Asahel  Jackson,  in  l?^^.  near  the  Mockhouse;  La  Whitten 
de  Wardenou,  at  Oak  Orchard,  on  Wood  Cr«ek.  in  1796  or  '97. 
Among  the  early  settlers  in  tlie  s.  part  iu  170S  were  Brooks, 
Langdun.  Avery,  Eamen,  Bosworth,  Pomeroy.  Day.  Ellis.  Fisher, 
Phelps,  Benedict,  Loomia,  Warren,  Tilden,  Todd,  Skinner,  Bil- 
lington,  Wheelan.  Bobbins,  Clark,  Bishop,  and  Brown.  The 
first  Itirth  was  that  of  Eva  Smith,  in  1795 ;  and  the  first  death 
vftLA  that  of  a  child  of  Wardenou.  in  1797.  who  was  buried  iu  its 
cradle  for  want  of  a  coffin. — Jonf:s's  Oueid/i  O).,  p.  fi71.  Asahel 
Jai  kson  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1796.  The  first  saw  and  grist 
mills  were  built  for  the  Indians, 
fi  3  M.  E.,  2  S.  D.  Bap..  Presh.,  Bap.,  Friends.  Union,  and  R.C. 

7  Gen.  A.  Hamilton.  John  Lawrence,  and  John  B.CIiurch,  under 
proceedings  in  chan-.-ery,  beGime  owners  of  this  t'^wn. 

8  Timothy  Halsted. Fisher, Jarvis,  Peter  Gibbons, 

Isaac  Babcock,  Alex,  and  Jonathan  Graves.  Eliakim  St_iddiird, 
Allen  Nichols,  and  David  Stone  were  early  settlers.  The  tirst 
birth  was  that  of  Polly  Bhtkesley.  in  1803;  and  the  first  dwith, 
that  of  Alex.  Graves,  by  an  accident  in  a  sawmill,  in  IStl. 
Lyman  Mathers  tauglit  the  first  school;  Wm.  Smith  kept  the 
first  inn,  in  ISol.  Ambrose  Junes  built  thi^  first  sawmill,  in 
18t)l ;  and  Wm.  Smith  the  first  gri^tmillj  about  1S04. 

»  3  M.  E.,  Cong.,  O.  S.  Bap.,  Bap. 


ONEIDA    COUNTY. 


471 


tains  a  church  and  15  houses.  Hillside  (p.  o.)  contains  8  houses.  Big  Brook  (p.  o.)  U  a 
hamlet,  near  the  e.  line.  Delta  (p- v.)  is  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  mostly  in  the  town  of  Lee.  The 
first  settlement  commenced  in  1789,  by  Asa  Beckwith  and  his  sons  Asa,  Reuben,  Wolcott,  and 
Lemuel,  and  Henry  Wager.*  The  tirst  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1798 ;  Rev.  Stephen  Parsons 
preached  occasionally.     There  are  now  6  churches  in  town.^ 

WESTMOREL.AIVB— was  formed  from  Whitestown,  April  10,  1792.  A  part  of  Whites- 
town  was  annexed  March  15,  1798.  Verona  and  part  of  Vernon  were  taken  off  in  1802.  It  is  au 
interior  town,  lying  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surf^ice  is  a  rolling  upland,  with  a  mean  eleva- 
tion of  150  to  250  ft.  above  the  Muhawk.  The  streams  are  mostly  small  brooks.  Iron  ore  has  been 
obtained  in  large  quantities  for  the  Westmoreland,  Lenox,  Onondaga,  and  Paris  furnaces.  Several 
quarries  of  fine  building  stone  have  been  wrought;  and  from  some  of  these  grindstones  were  for- 
merly manufactured.  The  soil  is  principally  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam,  adapted  to  grain  raising 
and  pasturage.  Hampton,  (Westmoreland  p.  o.,)  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town,  contains  3 
churches,  several  manufactories,^  and  400  inhabitants.  I^owell^  (P-^-O  in  tlie  n.  w.  part,  con- 
tains a  church  and  25  houses.  Hecla  Works,  (p.  v.,)  s.  w.  of  the  center,  contains  a  large  fur- 
nace* and  1(5  houses.  Lairdsville,^  (p.  V.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  a  church  and  15  houses. 
Spencer  Settlement,  on  the  n.  line,  and  Eureka,  2  mi.  s.,  each  contains  about  15  houses. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  by  James  Dean,  upon  a  patent  granted  to  him  under  an  act  of  Mav 
5,  1786.S     The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  Sept.  20,  1792.' 

lVUITESTOW]^8_^as  formed  March  7, 1788,  and  included  an  indefinite  amount  of  territory 
extending  westward.  Steuben,  Mexico,  Paris,  and  Westmoreland  were  taken  off  in  1792  ;  a  part 
of  Cazenovia  (Madison  co.)  in  1795 ;  Augusta  and  a  part  of  Westmoreland  in  1798  ;  Utica  in  1817  ; 
and  New  Hartford  in  1827.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  a  little  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the 
CO.  A  broad,  flat  intervale  extends  along  the  Mohawk ;  and  from  it  the  surface  rises  in  gentle  slo^pes 
about  100  ft.  and  from  the  summits  spreads  out  into  a  rolling  upland.  Oriskany  Creek^  flows 
N.  E.  through  near  the  center,  and  Sauquoit  Creek  through  the  e.  part.  The  soil  is  mostly  a  fine 
quality  of  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium,  well  adapted  to  grain  raising.  Wliitesboro',"* 
(Whitestown  p.  o.,)  in  the  Mohawk  Valley,  in  the  s.  e.  part  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  March  20. 
1813.  It  contains  4  churches,  the  Whitestown  Seminary,  a  bank,  and  several  small  manufoctories. 
It  is  a  canal  and  r.  r.  station.  Pop.  953.  Oriskany,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  mouth  of  Oriskany  Creek. 
is  a  canal  village  and  r.  r.  station.  It  contains  5  churches  and  several  extensive  manufactories.** 
Pop.  711.  Yorkville  and  Wew  York  Iflills,  in  the  s.  part,  are  manufacturing  villages,  upon 
Sauquoit  Creek,  the  former  containing  about  50  houses  and  the  latter  3  churches  and  00  houses." 
■Walesville,  (p.o.,)  Colemans  Mills,  and  Pleasant  Valley  are  hamlets  or  thickly 
settled  farming  neighborhoods.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Judge  Hugh  White  and  his  5 
sons,  Daniel  C,  Joseph,  Hugh,  jr.,  Ansel,  and  Philo,  in  May,  1784."  This  was  the  first  settlement 
in  the  co.,  and  became  the  nucleus  of  civilization  for  Central  N.  Y.  The  first  church  (Presb.)  waa 
formed  Aug.  20,  1794 ;  the  first  settled  pastor  was  Rev.  Bethuel  Dodd.^* 


1  These  settlers,  with  one  exception,  continued  to  reside  on 
their  flrat  locations  until  their  deaths.  Gen.  Wm.  Flnyd.  one  of 
the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  settled  here  in 
1S03.  and  continued  a  resident  until  his  death  in  1821.  The 
leasehold  tenure  long  retarded  settlement,  and  is  still  a  source 
of  dissatisfaction. 

2  3  M.  E..  Calv.  Meth..  Prpsh.,  and  Friends. 

8  The  Malleable  Iron  Works  of  Smith.  Parker,  Hallack  &  Co- 
at this  place,  employ  40  hands,  and  have  a  capital  of  S20.000. 
Buell's  Hardware  Manufactory  has  b  capital  of  $30,0U0,  and  gives 
employment  to  5fJ  hands. 

■•  These  works,  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  shelf  hardware, 
have  a  capital  of  $io.o6o.  and  employ  40  hands.  A  blnst  furnace 
established  here  near  the  commencement  of  the  century  was 
run  30  years. 

f'  Named  from  Samuel  Laird,  an  early  settler. 

*  This  patent  names  Dean's  Creek  03  Kanaghtarageara.  and  a 
small  branch  nf  Oriskany  Creek,  Kan-you-stot^ta.  Among  the 
other  early  settlers  were  .lonathan  Dean.  Silas  l'heli)9,  Kphraim 
Blackmer,  Neliemiah  .lones,  .Joseph  .Tones.  .Ii'seph  Blackiner.jr,, 
and  Samuel  I*;iird, — all  of  whom  located  on  Dean's  Patent.  In 
17R9.  settlements  spread  rapidly,  and  .John  and  Nathaniel  Town- 
send,  fienjamin  Blackmer.  John  Vaugban.  Josinh  i^tillman, 
Nathan  Loomis,  Joshua  Oreen.  Joseph  Blackmer.  sen..  Amos 
Smith,  John  Morse,  Daniel  Seely,  Klijah  Smith,  Samuel  Starr. 
Alexander  Parliman.  and  Stephen  Kri^ihinn  located  in  town. 
Mr.  Dean  was  an  Indian  trader,  acquired  the  language  of  the 
natives,  and  exercised  much  influence  over  them.  Ue  received 
this  grant  through  a  stipulation  made  by  the  Indians  ns  a 
reward  for  services  rendered  to  their  nation.  Althmi-ih  greatly 
ittucbed  to  him,  these  savages  upon  one  occasion  came  near 


taking  his  life  to  atone  for  the  deal  i  of  one  of  their  number  who 
waa  accidentally  killed  by  a  Dutchman  on  the  Mohawk.  Ho 
died  Sept.  10,  1S23,  aged  76  yetirs.— Jones's  Oneida,  p.  749.  A 
MSS.  account  of  Indian  mythology,  written  by  him,  is  in  the 
State  Library. 

?  The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town ;  3  M.  E.,  Ixip.,  0.  S. 
Bap.,  and  Friends. 

8  Named  from  Hugh  White,  the  pioneer  settler. 

^  Signifying  "  river  of  nettles." 

10  The  first  courthouse  of  Herkimer  co.  was  erected  here  in 
1793.  A  clerk's  office  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  was 
established  at  this  place  April  4,  1807. 

11  Oriskany  Manufacturing  Co.,  incorp.  Feb  16,  1811.  for  the 
manufacture  of  woolen  cloths,  was  the  oldest  lo.  of  ttie  kind  in 
the  State.  It  had  S  sets  of  machinery,  and  employed  130  hands. 
The  Dexter  Manufacturing  Co.  had  12  sets  of  machinery,  and 
employed  130  h^rids.    These  factories  are  not  now  in  operation. 

12  The  New  York  Mills,  an  extensive manufaitory  of  cutton, 
has  branches  at  Yorkville.  Now  York  Mills,  and  Upper  New 
York  Mills, — the  last  named  in  New  Hartford.  It  has  a  capital 
of  $200,000. 

13  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Amos  Wetmore,  Jonas 
Piatt,  Geo.  Dotjlittle,  Thomas  R.  Gold.  Ileiiben  Wilcox,  Arthur 
Breese.  Enoch  Story,  Elizur  Moseley.  Cal-'b  Douglass,  Wm.  <; 
Tracy,  fterrit  Y.  Lansing,  and  Henry  K.  Storrs.  The  first  child 
born  was  Esther  White;  and  the  flr^t  death,  that  of  Mrs. 
Blacksley,  soon  after  the  first  settlement  The  first  gristmill  in 
the  town  and  co.  was  built  in  178S,  by  Judge  White,  Amos  Wet- 
more,  and  John  Beardsley. 

"There  are  now  i;iciinrctn'8  in  town;  3  Prejb.,  3  M.  E., 'i 
Bap.,  'Z  Prot.  E,,  Cone.,  Calv.  Meth.,  and  Uuiou. 


472 


ONEIDA     COUNTY. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,    Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Oneida  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 

Acres  OF  Land.  1 

Valuation  of  1858. 

Population,  | 

1 

1 

1 

i 

Schools. 

■s 

1 

S 

•sa> 

1 

1 

K 

E 

1 

1 

14,1884 

1 

18.843 

1 

lii 

..J 
e 

1 

821 

2 
416 

v| 

•■l'5 

17 

.li 

Co 
1,172 

'    AniisvUle 

$256,260 

$6,960 

$263,210 

1.380 

1.335 

469 

Augusta 

14,247  i 

3,3214 

315.190 

53.200 

368,390 

1.183 

1,200 

428 

480 

378 

12 

983 

9.192 

13,295 

96.262 

4,800 

101,062 

670 

872 

219 

229 

207 

9 

601 

Boonville 

18,290J 

21,810i 

412.895 

12.400 

425,295 

2,365 

2.069 

748 

823 

560 

23 

1,650 

11,5761 

13,42U 

16.990 

13.131 

16.716# 

16,303i 

3,105J 
17,683 

4.616 
17.146 

5.S89 

3,706 

231,240 
294,849 
298,999 
137,985 
263,760 
688,760 

31,370 

9,300 

4.300 

2,660 

22,616 

104  700 

262,610 
304,149 
303.299 
140,636 
276,376 
693.4.50 

615 
1,431 
1,149 
1.461 

725 
1,866 

688 
1,469 
1,108 
1,361 

718 
1,944 

246 
604 
387 
490 
273 
636 

267 
606 
421 
639 
286 
728 

191 
622 
292 
417 
196 
522 

8 
14 
11 
17 
11 
17 

486 
1,169 

769 
1,204 

619 
1,268 

Deertield     

Kirkland — 

Lee 

18.059 

9.967 

287,430 

28,660 

316,980 

1,633 

1,487 

665 

695 

481 

17 

1,190 

Marcv 

16.161 

3,366 

279.410 

8.400 

287.810 

916 

861 

342 

355 

281 

12 

682 

16.374 

3,6214 

347.166 

28,760 

378.916 

1,096 

1,062 

391 

431 

325 

10 

636 

New  Hartford 

15,366} 

2,6304 

664,030 

34,900 

688,930 

2,132 

2,385 

707 

827 

418 

18 

1,536 

Paris 

16.769 

3,6094 

646,729 

81,450 

628.179 

1,825 

1,870 

679 

768 

481 

16 

1,281 

Rerosen 

14.056i 

67,687 

217,085 

13,400 

230,486 

1,423 

1,261 

478 

608 

366 

14 

1,028 

Kome 

22.942 

19,3264 

1,795,690 

620,931 

2,416.621 

6,449 

6,271 

1,660 

2,032 

84.8 

21 

3.531 

Sangerfield 

14.S10i 

3,803 

332,510 

180.560 

613,060 

1,216 

1,208 

449 

491 

340 

11 

927 

17,884i 
21.800i 

8.0414 
6.8434 

168,103 
348,160 

5,180 
56.760 

163,283 
404,920 

827 
2,078 

766 
1,909 

299 
626 

307 
734 

246 
627 

13 

1    1^ 

530 
1.183 

Ti-euton 

Utica 

2,.323 

292 

3,126,920 

1,347.511 

4,474.431 

10,548 

11,621 

3,193 

4,339 

2,173 

19 

8.000 

VernoD 

19,564} 

4.2824 

676,410 

24.170 

699,680 

1,624 

1,4,81 

638 

619 

329 

12 

1.090 

Verona 

26,325i 

15,3414 

19.3,360 

17.700 

211,050 

3.712 

3,211 

1,205 

1,350 

882 

27 

2.327 

13,595 
21,762t 
22,426} 

22.139 
9.2924 
4.242} 

278,900 
278.900 
422,600 

27,952 
27,952 
33,000 

306,862 
306,8.'i2 
455,600 

1,686 
1.286 
1,615 

1.863 
1,260 
1,664 

623 
462 
389 

662 
490 
675 

463 
326 
603 

19 
21 
17 

1,363 
1.027 
1.166 

Westmoreland 

Whitestown 

14,636i 

2,8134 

729,650 

231.218 
3,020,669 

960,868 

2,289 

2.649 

727 

1,106 

340 

13 

1,649 

TotaJ 

438,80Cii 

286.694J 

13,568,133 

16578,792 

63,977 

63.772 

17,782 

21.176 

13,016 

412 

38.616 

Live  St 

)CK.                           1 1 

Agricu 

-tubal 

PRODDcra.                           1 

• 

1 
to 

«.-= 

Bdsu. 

OF  Qraim. 

•?;■  . 

V, 

Daibv  Pboddcts. 

is 

II 

s" 

I=.i 

s 

& 

K 

v 

li 

It 

5  o'S 

■B     »: 

15 

6SS 

6 

§ 

1,076 

'^ 

Si 

e 

20,004 

!■? 

a,    ^5 

£  g 

■S.2 

Annsville 

,W7 

1,473 

i,25e 

1,360 

1.537 

73,370} 

3.7094 

8,341 

195.966 

3.585 

1,9964 

628 

1,0.60 

1,06 

2.178 

1.857 

2,33,4 

74.592 

2,401 

11,34! 

3,S,13S 

107.980 

34.830 

803 

287 
607 

642 
1.064 

1.21- 
2.61- 

922 
800 

470 
1.059 

92 
323 

28.945 
69.061} 

3,615 
6,586J 

13.182 
32.052 

3.775 

81.020      110.200 
223.625         5.:iO0 

1.124 
9734 

Boonville 

Brid^ewater 

459 

809 

1.13 

2,039 

863 

727 

68.789 

3.640 

16,84J 

22.15( 

66,705     146,670 

249 

620 

1.160 

1.10 

)    1,878 

881 

1,470 

39.484} 

3.233 

16,6U0 

23,60( 

108.645 

15.926 

1.694 

Deerfield 

,')06 

866 

2..37 

874 

1,268 

606 

82.206 

4.199 

30,211 

17,33( 

120,170 

482.900 

1.319 

299 
636 
697 
7.51 

749 

872 

1,131 

1,287 

1,00 
2,06 
1.26 
2.21 

3       807 
J    1.641 
I    2,041 
J    2.1  .M 

810 
1,086 

985 
1.095 

1,919 
1.608 
1.7644 
3,1.53 

36.9404 
73.8074 
91.642 
87,065 

4,001 
4.426 
3.991 
6.5614 

16.982 
19.888 
26.820 
21.675 

11,770 
18,201 
49.296 
22.812 

124,550 
120,310 
131,368 
206,869 

63-36U 
186.400 

37.508 
112.687 

46 

1,136 

413 

2.215 

Ue 

686 
635 

994 
1,652 

1.88 
1,28 

)    2.068 
1    1,9113 

1.134 

768 

1,716 
3,4564 

70.814 
98,374 

4.2824 
3.869} 

38.846 
20,380 

19,355 
37,309 

160,319 
103.260 

24,907 
31,372 

742 
657 

New  Hartford 

746 

936 

1,47 

1.362 

1.261 

786 

66.768 

4.988 

27.076 

62.328 

109.263 

67,426 

1,273 

Paris 

746 

1,129 

1,7,3- 

,    2,219 

1,129 

1.281) 

106,9444 

4.300 

34.186 

39,342 

148.775 

150.165 

660 

464 

1,090 

827 

626 

639 
1,339 
1,008 
1,020 

1.78 

2.62 

87 

2,76' 

5       862 
i    2,353 
3    6.974 
1    1,267 

716 

2,309 

722 

981 

9864 

9,008 

8S7 

30 

37,638 

133,412 

66. 894 

38,7744 

4.1534 
6.496 
4.006 
6.1164 

22.022 
43.767 
19,681 
17,789 

1,466 
22.534 
22,63b 
11.057 

184.969 
174.296 
71.609 
260.800 

116,000 
127.629 
15.080 
131.473 

1.250 

1,141 

385 

2,427 

San^orfield 

Steuben -. 

Trenton 

778 

1.246 

3,16 

;    1,148 

1.210 

466 

86,56^4 

7.453 

28,175 

28.819 

157,968 

639.529 

860 

493 
835 

106 

1.218 

49 
2.05 

r         84 
I    1.910 

831 
1.164 

2,634 

10,347 
104,1701 

1.1.56 
4.197 

6,715 
17,661 

1.242 
28.069 

7.712 
136.465 

400 
357.376 

636 

Vernon 

1,051 

678 
774 

2.482 
1.403 

1.2S9 

2,66. 
1.10 
2,98 

5    3,094 
)    2.263 
}    2,647 

2.091 

1.609 

127,36H 
61,2,=.7i 
86.288 

8.931 
3.229 
6.9954 

31.306 
16.876 
23,781 

37,962 

19,440 
22,713 

244.277 

82.715 

263.090 

176,566 
26.210 
247.900 

1.5624 
2.0064 
1,7364 

Vienna 

1.161 ;!  2,0S2 
1.366, 1  3.047 

Westmoreland. — 

852 

1..658 

2  41 

3,636 

1.569  1     621 

103  3971 

6.7921 

28,336 

46,696 

225,012 

99.474 

432 

Whitestown 

791 

958 

1.29 
47T79" 

J    1.386 

1,339  !     62 1 

69,0514 
lT62,869l 

4.7071 

27.606 
624,648 

26,244 

95.668 

11,766 

316 

Total 

17.398 

30 

.038 

t  60.841 

31. 

22H 

44.560} 

124.9334 

634,262 '3,912,176  3,311,11* 

27,989i 

ONONDAGA   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Herkimer,  March  5,  1794,  and  in- 
cluded the  original  Military  Tract.  Cayuga  was  taken  oiF  March 
8,  1799  ;  Cortland,  April  8,  1808  ;  and  a  part  of  Oswego,  March  1, 
1816.  It  was  named  from  the  Onondaga  tribe  of  Indians,  whose 
principal  residence  was  within  its  border.  It  lies  near  the  center 
of  the  State,  centrally  distant  127  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains 
812  sq.  mi. 

Its  surface  is  naturally  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  parts  by  an 
E.  and  w.  line,  the  N.  half  being  nearly  level,  and  the  s.  broken  by 
ridges  of  hills  and  gradually  sloping  upward  to  a  height  of  about 
1,000  feet  on  the  s.  border.  These  highlands  constitute  a  portion 
of  the  most  northerly  spurs  of  the  Central  Allegany  Mountains, 
where  they  sink  down  to  a  level  with  the  lowlands  which  surround  Lake  Ontario.  They  are  divided 
into  five  distinct  ridges,  all  having  a  general  N.  and  s.  direction  and  separated  by  narrow  and  deep 
valleys.  The  most  eastern  of  these  ridges  enters  the  town  of  JIanlius  from  the  E.,  and  extends 
northward  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Erie  Canal,  the  valley  of  Limestone  Creek  forming  its 
w.  boundary.  Its  highest  point  is  600  to  800  ft.  above  the  valley.  The  second  ridge  lies  between 
the  valleys  of  Limestone  and  Butternut  Creeks  and  embraces  the  highlands  of  Fabius  and  Pom- 
pey,  the  w.  part  of  Manlius,  and  the  E.  part  of  La  Fayette  and  De  Witt.  In  Pompey  this  range 
attains  an  elevation  of  1,743  ft.  above  tide.  The  lower  or  N.  part  of  this  ridge  is  subdivided  by 
the  deep  valley  of  the  w.  branch  of  Limestone  Creek.  The  third  range,  between  the  valleys  of 
Butternut  and  Onondaga  Creeks,  comprises  the  highlands  of  the  central  part  of  La  Fayette,  the  w. 
part  of  De  Witt,  and  the  E.  portions  of  Tully,  Onondaga,  and  Syracuse.  Its  highest  point,  in  La 
Fayette,  is  several  hundred  ft.  lower  than  the  hills  of  Pompey.  The  fourth  range,  between  Onon- 
daga and  Nine  Mile  Creeks,  comprises  the  highlands  of  Otisco,  the  w.  portions  of  TuIIy,  La  Fay- 
ette, Onondaga,  and  Geddes,  and  the  e.  portions  of  Marcellus  and  Camillus.  The  highest  point  of 
this  range,  in  Otisco,  is  but  a  few  ft.  lower  than  the  highest  point  of  Pompey.  The  fifth  range, 
lying  between  Nine  Mile  Creek  and  Skaneateles  Lake  and  Outlet,  comprises  the  highlands  of  Spaf- 
ford,  the  w.  parts  of  Marcellus  and  Camillus,  and  the  E.  parts  of  Skaneateles  and  Elbridge.  Its 
highest  point,  Ripley  Hill,  in  Spafibrd,  is  1,981  ft.  above  tide.  The  axis  of  this  whole  system  of 
highlands,  extending  through  Pompey,  Fabius,  and  Tully,  forms  a  part  of  the  watershed  between 
Susquehanna  River  and  Lake  Ontario.  The  declivities  of  these  hills  are  generally  steep  ;  but  their 
summits  are  rolling  and  crowned  with  forests  or  cultivated  fields. 

The  geological  formation  of  the  co.  consists  of  alternate  strata  of  shale  and  limestone,  overlying 
each  other  in  nearly  horizontal  layers.  The  lowest  of  these,  cropping  out  on  the  s.  shore  of  Oneida 
Lake,  is  the  Clinton  group  of  shale,  and  successively  above  these,  toward  the  s.,  the  Niagara  lime- 
stone, the  red  and  green  shales  and  gypsum  belonging  to  the  Onondaga  salt  group,  the  waterlime 
group,  Oriskany  sandstone,  Onondaga  limestone,  corniferous  limestone,  Seneca  limestone,  Mar- 
cellus shales,  Hamilton  shales,  Tully  limestone,  Genesee  slate,  and  Ithaca  shales.  The  last  four 
mentioned  are  found  upon  the  summits  of  the  southern  hills.  The  salt  group  occupies  the  very 
base  of  the  hills ;  and  the  limestones  crop  out  along  their  declivities  in  an  e.  and  w.  line  extending 
through  the  center  of  the  co.  The  celebrated  Onondaga  Salt  Springs  are  in  the  deep  valley  in  which 
Onondaga  Lake  is  situated,  and  the  salt  water  is  found  above  or  within  the  strata  of  red  shale. 
The  salt  wells  are  200  to  400  feet  deep.  The  green  shales,  embracing  the  hopper-formed  strata, 
the  magnesian  or  vermicular  lime,  and  large  quantities  of  gypsum  in  isolated  masses,  lie  imme- 
diately above  the  red  shales,  and  form  the  first  declivities  of  the  ranges  of  hills.  The  gypsum  is 
extensively  quarried,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  minerals  in  the  State.^  Next  above  these 
shales  is  the  waterlime  stone, — another  important  and  valuable  mineral.'  The  Onondaga  limestone 


>  Throughout  the  gypsum  regions  are  found  numerous  tunnel- 
sbaped  cavities  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  5  to  30  ft.  deep 
and  about  the  same  in  circumference.  These  are  supposed  to  bo 
caused  by  the  underlying  rociis  being  slowly  dissolved  by  the 
rains,  and  the  earth  above  falling  into  the  cavity  so  formed. 
From  year  to  year  new  cavities  are  continually  forming. 


*  This  stone  is  burned  and  ground,  and  used  for  cement.  II 
readily  baniens  under  water,  and  may  be  used  in  all  places  ev 
posed  to  continual  dampness.  It  was  used  in  constnicting  the 
locks  on  the  Krio  Canal,  and  is  used  on  rail  road  work  through- 
out the  Western  States  and  Canada.  It  forma  ono  of  the  most 
valuable  exports  of  the  co. 

473 


474 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


furnishes  a  Ijeautiful  and  valuable  building  stone;  and  nearly  all  of  the  limestone  strata  furnish 
quicklime  of  a  superior  quality. 

In  variety,  strength,  and  fertility,  and  in  all  the  elements  of  perpetual  productiveness,  the  soil 
of  this  CO.  is  not  surpassed  by  that  of  any  other  co.  in  the  State.  It  is  extensively  derived  from 
the  decomposition  of  the  underlying  rocks.^  But  the  northern  towns  are  nearly  all  covered  with 
drift,  and  their  soil  is  generally  a  light,  sandy  loam,  alternating  with  heavy  clay.  The  vast  d';- 
posits  of  lime  upon  the  hills  go  far  toward  enriching  the  soil  of  the  valleys. '■'  In  the  central  and 
N.  portions  the  marshes  are  covered  many  feet  thick  with  peat  and  muck  formation,  formed  by 
the  decaying  vegetation  of  centuries,  and  furnishing  the  elements  of  almost  boundless  future 
fertility.^     More  than  one-half  the  entire  tobacco  crop  of  the  State  is  raised  in  this  co. 

The  streams  of  the  co.  nearly  all  flow  in  a  northerly  direction  and  discharge  their  waters  tlirough 
Oswego  River  into  Lake  Ontario.  In  their  course  from  the  highlands  they  often  flow  over  perpen- 
dicular ledges  and  through  narrow  ravines,  forming  a  great  number  of  beautiful  cascades,  the 
principal  of  which  will  be  more  particularly  noticed  in  the  description  of  the  different  towns.  Os- 
wego River,  which  forms  a  part  of  the  E.  boundary  of  Lysander,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of 
Seneca  and  Oneida  Rivers.  Seneca  River*  enters  the  n.  part  of  the  co.  from  the  w.  and  pursues  a 
winding  course  until  it  unites  with  Oneida  River.  It  is  a  broad,  deep  stream,  and  has  upon  it  one 
series  of  rapids,  which  has  been  converted  into  a  valuable  water-power.  In  the  lower  part  of  its 
course  it  contains  a  broad  sweep  or  bend  from  a  s.  e.  to  a  n.  w.  direction  ;  and  at  its  extreme  s.  point 
it  receives  the  Onondaga  Outlet  from  the  s.  Oneida  River,  the  outlet  of  Oneida  Lake,  is  a  deep, 
sluggish,  crooked  stream,  18  mi.  in  length,  and  forms  a  link  in  the  chain  of  internal  navigable 
waters  of  the  State.  Limestone  and  Butternut  Creeks,  after  flowing  through  narrow  and  deep 
parallel  valleys  among  the  hills,  unite  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town  of  Manlius,  and  flow  into  Chit- 
tenango  Creek  a  few  mi,  above  its  entrance  into  Oneida  Lake,  Onondaga  and  Nine  Mile  Creeks — 
the  latter  being  the  outlet  of  Otisco  Lake — both  flow  into  Onondaga  Lake.  Otisco  Inlet,  a  small 
stream  entering  the  co.  from  the  s.,  may  be  considered  the  head  branch  of  Nine  Mile  Creek. 
Skaneateles  Outlet  discharges  its  waters  into  Seneca  River  just  beyond  the  w.  border  of  the  co. 
Several  small  streams  take  their  rise  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co„  and,  Sowings,,  form  the  head  branches 
of  Tiunghnioga  River.  The  principal  lakes  in  the  co.  are  Oneida,  Onondaga,  and  Cross  Lakes, 
upon  the  level  land  of  the  n,,  and  Skaneateles  and  Otisco  Lakes,  in  deep  valleys  among  the  hilU 
of  the  s.  Oneida  Lake,  extending  along  the  n.  e.  border  of  the  co.,  is  about  30  mi.  in  length  ;  and 
it  forms  a  portion  of  the  chain  of  the  internal  navigable  waters  of  the  State,*  Onondaga  Lake, 
celebrated  for  the  salt  springs  which  are  found  in  its  immediate  vicinity,  is  about  5  mi.  long.^  Cross 
Lake,  upon  the  n.  w,  border  of  the  co,,  is  a  shallow  body  of  water,  about  5  mi,  long,  and  may  be 
considered  as  simply  an  enlargement  of  Seneca  River,  Skaneateles  Lake,  16  mi,  long,  occupies  a 
deep  and  narrow  valley  among  the  hills,  and  is  considered  one  of  the  finest  sheets  of  water  in  the 
State.  The  banks  along  its  s,  part  rise  precipitously  to  a  height  of  several  hundred  ft.,  and  the 
«cenery  is  singularly  wild  and  rugged.  Toward  the  n.  the  summits  decline  in  height,  and  the 
land  gradually  and  smoothly  slopes  down  to  the  very  edge  of  the  water,  forming  a  rich  and  ex- 
ceedingly beautiful  landscape.  Otisco  Lake  is  about  4  mi.  long,  and  is  nearly  surrounded  by  steep 
hills,  400  to  800  ft.  above  its  surface.  In  the  region  occupied  by  the  waterlime  and  Onondaga  lime- 
stone formations  are  many  deep  rents  and  fissures,  from  50  to  200  ft.  below  the  surface,  some  of 
which  contain  little  sheets  of  water.     These  remarkable  depressions  are  evidently  the  result  of 


1  *'Thi'8e  systtms  of  rocks  constitute  the  basis  of  our  soils; 
tlieir  p;iiticles.  ffpiirateil  by  the  action  of  the  elements,  have 
bnen  decomposed  and  in  process  of  time  rendered  fruitful.  Be- 
wides  these  rocks,  we  have  beds  of  gravel  and  rounded  stones, 
tbftt  have  been  brnu<;ht  to  us  frnm  the  far  North  by  water;  and 
we  often  see  largi^  boulders  of  granitic  rocks  that  were  brought 
liiTO  on  islands  nf  ice  thnt  once  drifted  about  in  the  pea  that,  in 
H  period  far  back  in  the  world's  history,  subraerijpd  all  this  part 
of  the  continent.  The  springs  that  flow  from  the  lime  rocks 
deposit  tufa, — in  many  instances  in  sufficient  quantitieg  to  make 
farm  fences  and  to  burn  lime.  So  higlily  are  many  of  these 
springs  charged  with  carbonate  of  lime  that  hb  soon  as  the  water 
meets  the  air  it  parts  with  a  part  of  the  lime  and  incrusts 
leaves  and  twijrs  and  whatsoever  mfiy  be  encountered.  These 
substances,  perhaps,  then  decay,  leaving  perfect  forms  upon  the 
flolid  ritfk." — Ag.  Address  nf  Htm.  G'orgp.  Gtuides. 

2  '-There  are  large  deposits  of  marl  in  this  c<t. ;  one  just  E.  of 
Syracuse  is  finely  shown  by  the  rail  road  cut  tin;:;  thmugh  it.  The 
p'reat  Cicern  Swamp  is  rich  in  this  valual'Io  fertilizer.  Lake 
Sodom,  in  Manlius.  is  constantly  depositing  this  mineral;  the 
trees  that  fall  into  the  lake  are  whitened  wjtli  it.  <.)nondaga 
l^ake  is  surrounded  by  a  marl  bed.  The  lakes  of  Tully  are  also 
marl  lakes." — Aa.  Address  of  Hmi,  Gfn.  Gi'ddfs. 

8  "As  we  go  south,  the  ragged  front  of  the  limestone  gives  us  a 


hard  soil  to  work. — beiug  mixed  with  stones. — but  of  a  most 
fruitful  character.  On  still  farther  s.  a  grazing  district  takes 
the  place  of  a  wheat  growing  one.  This  change,  however,  may 
not  be  due  entirely  to  changes  in  the  composition  of  the  forma- 
tions. The  country  has  become  decidedly  hilly.  We  now  find 
steep  slopes,  inclined  surfaces,  deep  ravines,  rounded  hills, — in 
fine,  all  the  characteristics  of  good  fields  and  walks  for  sheep 
and  cows,  for  sweet  grass  and  pure  streams  of  water." — 
Emmons. 

<  This  stream  forms  the  drainage  of  nearly  all  of  the  small 
lakes  in  Central  N.  Y.  Large  sums  of  money  have  been  ex- 
pended in  deepening  its  channel  at  Jacks  Keefs.  upon  the  w. 
border  of  the  co..  for  the  purpose  of  draining  the  extensive 
marshes  near  the  outlet  of  Cayuga  Lake.  The  enterprise  has 
been  partially  successful,  and  a  large  amount  of  Tiiluable  land 
has  been  reclaimed. 

6  The  outlet  of  this  lake  is  navigable;  and  a  canal  7  mi.  in 
length  connects  Wood  Creek,  one  of  its  tributaries,  with  the 
Erie  Canal  at  Higginsville. 

*  A  low,  semi-marshy  piece  of  ground,  about  2  mi.  in  length 
and  1  in  width,  extends  southward  from  the  head  of  this  lake, 
and  is  bordered  by  steep  bluflfd  15  to  25  ft.  high, — prolmldy  the 
ancient  border  of  the  lake.  In  and  around  this  marsh  the  salt 
springs  are  found. 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


473 


subsidence,  as  the  faces  of  the  cliffs  arc  nearly  perpendicular,  and  the  surface  of  the  rocks  above 
is  much  cracked  and  broken.^ 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  the  city  of  Syracuse.  The  courthouse,  a  beautiful  structure,  Vmilt  of 
Ononda<5a  limestone  and  elaborately  finished,  is  situated  on  W.Genesee  St.,  near  the  center  of  the 
city.^  It  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  of  the  kind  in  the  State.^  The  Onondaga  Penitentiary,  a 
city  and  co.  prison  and  workhouse,  is  a  commodious  brick  edifice,  situated  upon  an  eminence  a  mi. 
N.  E.  of  the  courthouse.  It  contains  apartments  for  a  jail,  and  is  also  used  for  the  imprisonmfint 
of  criminals  sentenced  for  short  terms.  Prisoners  are  received  from  Oswego  and  M:»dison  cos. 
The  clerk's  office  is  a  fireproof  brick  buildinp;,  situated  at  the  corner  of  Church  and  North  Salina 
Sts.  It  contains  rooms  for  the  Surrogate  and  Supervisors.  The  poorhouse  is  located  u]^on  a  fiirm 
of  34  acres  on  Onondaga  Ilill,  4  mi.  s.  w.  of  Syracuse.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  200, 
supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  ^1.26  each.  The  building  is  commodious,  but  poorly  ventilated. 
Little  attention  is  paid  to  the  improvement  of  the  inmates  ;  and  in  accommodations,  cleanliness,  and 
attention  to  the  sick  and  insane,  the  institution  is  not  above  the  average  of  similar  institutions  in 
the  State. 

The  Erie  Canal  extends  e.  and  w.  through  near  the  center  of  the  co.  The  Oswego  Canal  ex- 
tends from  the  Erie  at  Syracuse,  n.  through  Salina  and  Clay,  to  Lake  Ontario  at  Oswego.  The 
N.  y.  Central  R.  R.  extends  through  Manlius.  De  Witt,  Syracuse,  Geddes,  Camillus,  A'^an  Buren,  and 
Elbridge.  From  Syracuse  two  divisions  of  this  r.  r.  extend  westwanl  to  Rochester,  one  via  Clyde 
and  Lyons,  called  the  New  Road,  and  the  other  via  Auburn  and  Geneva,  called  the  Old  Road. 
The  Oswego  &  Syracuse  R,  R.  extends  from  Syracuse  n.  through  Geddes,  Van  Buren,  and  Ly- 
sander  ;  and  the  Syracuse,  Binghamton  &  New  York  R.  R.  extends  from  Syracuse  s.  through  Onon- 
daga, Do  Witt,  La  Fayette,  Fabius,  and  Tully,  uniting  with  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  at  Binghamton. 
The  Union  R.  R,  is  a  short  road  extending  from  the  n,  terminus  of  the  Binghamton  road  to  the 
Erie  Canal,  in  Geddes. 
Sixteen  newspapers  are  published  in  theco. ;  4  daily,  10  weekly,  1  semi-monthly,  and  1  monthly.* 


I  These  lakes  are  sometimeB  called  "crater  lakes,''  from 
their  peculiar  form,  and  sometimeB  "green  lakes,"  from  the 
Color  of  their  waters. 

*  The  first  courts  were  held  in  barns  and  private  residences 
at  Onond^iga.  Levana.  on  the  shore  of  Ca.vun;a  Lake,  Cayuga 
CO.,  and  Ovid.  Seneca  co.  The  first  courthouse  was  erected  at 
Onondii^a  Hill,  In  180W)6.  The  coinmissioners  nppointed  to 
select  thrt  site  fi»r  the  courthouse  were  Asa  Datifnrth.  George 
Ballard,  and  Roswell  Tousley.  In  IH'29  an  act  was  passed  to 
remnvi?  the  co.  seat  to  tlie  vilhige  of  Syracuse,  and  John  Smith. 
Oren  Hutchinson,  and  l^amuel  Forman  were  commissioners  to 
Behxt  the  site.  The  courthouse  was  finally  built  on  a  lot  about 
midway  between  the  then  rival  villages  of  Syracuse  and  Salina. 
It  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1856.  and  the  present  structure  was 
erected  soon  after.  The  first  co.  officers  were  Seth  Phelps, 
J^irst  Ju'ige;  Benj.  Ledyard,  Clerk ;  John  Uarria,  Sheriff;  and 
Moses  De  Witt.  Surrogate, 

3  The  library  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  is  kept  in  the  court- 
house. 

*  The  Dti-ve  Gazette-,  established  at  Manlius  in  1806  by  Abra- 

hiuii  Ronieyn,  was  the  first  paper  published  in  the  co. 

At  that  time  nn  effort  was  made  to  change  the  name 

of  the  village  from  "Manlius"  to  *^Deme."    The  paper 

was  continued  about  1  year. 
2%e  Herald  of  the  Times  was  st.irted  at  Manlius  in  1808  by 

Lcnnard  Kellogg.    In  1813  its  name  was  changed  to 
T7ie  Manlius  Times,  and  it  was  successively  issued  by  James 

r-;irdsb  V.  Seneca  Hale,  and  Daniel  Clark.    October  28, 

isls.  Mr.  Clark  changed  its  name  to 
7V(»;  OrH'tidtiga  1  If  raid ;  soon  after.it  was  changed  to 
Tite  Tivt's,  and  continued  about  3  years.    June  27, 1821,  Thnr- 

low  Weed  became  editor,  and  the  name  was  changed  to 
The  Onnu'laga  Oninty  Republican.    Octflber  27, 1S24,  it  passed 

into  the  hands  of  Laurin  Dewey,  who  chau'^ed  it  to 
The  On'ti'laga  Jtfpublimn.   Soon  after,  tuman  A.  Miller  became 

proprietor,  and  the  name  was  changed  to 
The  Manlius  Ri'pnsitf/ry.    It  afterward  passed  into  the  hands 

of  L.  Sti!son.  and  was  continued  about  5  years. 
The  Onondaga  Flag  was  published  at  Manlius  a  short  time  in 

1831  by Fonda. 

The  hyni  was  started  at  Onondaga  Hollow  in  1811  by  Thomas 

C.  Fay,  and  was  continued  about  2  years.    Thurlow 

Weed  commenced  his  apprenticeship  in  this  offl-e. 
Tlve  Onondaga  liegistfr  was  established  at  Onondaga  Hullow  in 

1814  by  Lewis  H.  Redfield,  and  was  continufd  until 

1829.  when  it  was  removed  to  Syracuse  and  united  with 

the  Oazette.  under  the  name  of 
The  Onondaga  Iftgistfr  and  Sf/raciise  (Jmelte.   In  18.12  it  passed 

Into  the  hands  of  Sherman  k  Clark,  who  changed  it  to 
T^ie  Si/ranise  Argua,  and  continned  it  about  2  years. 
The  Onondaga  Gaselte  was  established  at  Onombiga  Hill  in  ISlfi 

by  ilvander  Morse.   Wm.  Bay,  author  of  "  The  Horrors 


of  Slavery,"  was  editor  at  one  time.  In  1821  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Cephas  S.  McConnell,  and  was 
changed  to 

The  Onondaga  Journal.  In  1827  Vitus  W.  Smith  became  proprie- 
tor, and  in  1829  he  removed  it  to  Synruse  and  united 
it  with  tlie  Syracuse  Advertiser, — the  combined  paper 
tiikint:  the  name  of 

The  Onondaga  Standard,  Sept.  10,  1S2X  pnbHsh.-d  by 
Wyinan  &  Smith.  S.  F.,  T.  A.,  and  A.  b.  >mith.  W.  L. 
Crandal,  and  Marcellus  Famier  were  snbsequenlh  in- 
terested in  its  publication  at  different  time-*  till  18iS, 
when  it  passed  into  the  handn  .>f  A'^an  &  Snnnners.  In 
1856  Agan  sold  his  int-r-'st  to  Wni.  Siinmiers:  and  the 
paper  is  now  pulilislu-d  tiy  Sniinn''r~  A  Bi  other. 

The  Syracuse  Daily  Standard  was  started  in  June, 
184ii.  by  S^inifh  &  Agan.  and  was  continued  o  months. 
It  was  revived  January  1,  1850,  and  is  now  publiwhed 
by  Summers  &  Brother. 

The  Onfmdaga  Gazi-ile  was  established  at  Syracuse  in  April, 
IS-i."!.  by  John  Durnford.  and  was  the  first  paper  started 
at  Syracuse.    In  about  a  year  it  was  clianged  to 

The  Syracuse  Gazette  and  General  Advertiser,  and  continued 
until  1829,  when  it  was  united  with  tho  Onondaga 
Register. 

The  Syracuse  Advertiser  was  started  in  1825  by  John  F.  Wy- 
man  &  Thos.  B.  Barnum ;  Norman  Kawson  was  after- 
ward connected  with  it,  but  John  F.  Wyni^n  sor^n  as- 
sumed the  entire  control,  and  continned  it  till  1829, 
when  it  was  united  with  the  Journal  and  its  name 
changed  to  the  StJ>ndard. 

The  Salina  Si^'dinel  was  started  in  October.  182(5.  in  what  is  now 
the  First  Ward  of  Syracuse,  by  Reuben  St.  John.  In 
1827  it  was  changed  to 

The  Silina  Ihrald,  and  it  was  issued  a  short  time  by  Josiah 
Buiice. 

The  Courier  was  published  at  Jordan  a  short  time  in  1831  by 
Fred.  Prince.  In  1832  it  was  removed  to  Salina  and 
changed  to 

Tlie  Salina  Cauner  and  Enquirer,  but  was  discontinued  after 
a  few  numbers. 

The  Ono7idaga  Jtepabliran  was  stnrted  at  Syrscusp  in  1830  by 
M".  S.  Campbell.  In  1834  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
.1.  B.  Clark  &  Co..  and  ils  name  was  changed  to 

The  Omxtituti'malist.  In  is;;t5  L.  A.  Miller  became  its  propiie- 
tor.  and  changed  it  to 

The  Onondaga  Chirf.  In  1837  it  was  sold  to  J.  M.  Patterson 
and  pnbliflhed  as 

The  Syracuse  Whig.  In  18.18  J.  K.  Barlow  became  proprietor, 
and  continued  it  abimt  1  year. 

The  Sgriirmf.  American  was  stai  ti-d  at  Syracuse  in  1836  by 
John  Adiiins,  and  wxi  continued  about  1  ynr. 

The  American  Patriot  was  starl'd  at  FranUliu  Village  ^now 


476 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY, 


This  CO.  was  the  chief  seat  of  the  Onondaga  Nation  of  Indians,  the  central  of  the  Five  Nations. 
Their  name  is  said  to  signify  "  sons  of  the  hills,"  or  '*  men  of  the  mountains."  To  this  nation  wa8 
intrusted  the  care  of  the  sacred  council  fire ;  and  upon  their  territory  were  held  the  great  councils 
of  the  Iroquois,  to  decide  upon  peace,  war,  and  matters  of  general  policy.  The  Onondagas  were 
regarded  as  particularly  a  sacred  nation ;  and  their  chiefs  were  more  influential  than  those  of  any 
other  nation.  The  most  authentic  accounts  of  these  Indians  seem  to  indicate  that  they  were  origin- 
ally a  subordinate  tribe,  living  upon  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Montreal,  and  were  held  in  subjection 
by  the  Adirondacks,  then  the  most  powerful  nation  of  the  North.  Several  hundred  years  before 
the  discovery  of  America,  they  rose  upon  their  oppressors,  but  were  defeated.    They  then  fled,  and, 


Fabius)  in  1836  by  J.  Tenney,  and  was  continued  for  3 
years. 

The  TTesOrii  Staff  Journal  was  started  March  20, 1S39.  by  V.  W. 
k  S.  F.  i^mitb.     In  ls44  its  name  was  clianged  to 

The  Syracuse  "Weekly  •FoMrnal.  In  1847  it  was 
publislied  by  Barnet;,  Smith  &  Cooper;  and  in  1849 
it  piissed  into  the  hands  of  V.  W.  Smith.  In  1852  Seth 
Uiiight  became  proprietor,  and  George  Terwilliger 
editor.  In  1853  Danfurth  Mtrrick  became  proprietor, 
and  in  1854  it  paeaed  iuto  the  hands  of  T.  S.  Truair, 
Andrew  Shuman  editor.  In  1855  J.  G.  K.  Truair, 
bought  the  establishment ;  and  Sept.  1,  1856,  Anson 
G.  Chester  assumed  the  editorial  charge.  It  is  now 
published  by  J.  G.  K.  Truair  k  Co.,  Koduey  L.  Adums, 
eilitur. 

The  Syracuse  Daily  Journal  was  established  July  4. 
1S44,  by  S.  F.  Sniitb.  It  is  now  issued  by  J.G.  K. 
Truair  &  Co.,  and  edited  by  R.  L,  Adama  and  T.  S. 
Truair. 

The  Empire  State  Democrat  and  United  States  Review  was 
started  in  1840  by  Hiram  Cummings,  and  continued 
about  3  years. 

The  Onontlaffa  AlV-ssf n^f r  was  Planted  in  1841  by  Joseph  Barber. 
In  1842  it  was  cbunged  to 

The  Si/raciiSia?i.  and  was  continued  about  1  year. 

The  Moiiiitiff  Senftnel  (first  daily  paper  in  Syracuse)  was  started 
in  Jan.  1843,  by  N.  M.  D.  Latlirop,  and  was  continued 
about  1  year,  when  it  was  changed  to 

The  Onondaga  Sentinel,  and  issued  weekly,  with  a  few  intervals, 
until  1850. 

The  Democratic  Freeman  was  staiied  in  1844  by  J.  N.  T.  Tucker, 
continued  a  short  time  thereafter  by  James  Kinney  as 
publisher  and  J.  N.  T.  Tucker  as  editor,  when  it  was 
chantred  to 

The  Si/racuxf  Star.  In  1846  it  was  published  bv  Kinnev.  Mari^h 
&  Uaiiies;  iu  1847-48  by  Kinney  &  Marsh;  in  1N40- 
50-51  by  Kinney  &  Masters.  It  soon  after  piissed  into 
tlie  hands  of  Geo.  F.  Comstock,  publisher,  and  Winslow 
M.Watson,  editor.  In  1852  S.  Coruing  Judd  became 
editrir  and  proprietor.  In  (Ictober,  185cJ.  it  passed  into 
tlie  hands  of  Edward  Iloogland.  who  changed  it  to 

The  Si/racase  Republican  and  continued  it  about  1  year. 

The  Syracu.Kc  Daili/  Star  was  established  in  1846,  and  issued 
with  tlie  W'eelty  Star  until  1853,  when  it  was  changed  to 

The  SyracuM  Daily  Republican,  and  discontinued  in  about  1 
year. 

The  Bugle  Blast,  a  campaien  paper,  was  published  3  months  in 
1844  by  S.  F.  Smith. 

Young  Hickory,  another  ca.mpaign  paper,  w;is  issued  about  the 
same  time  by  Smith  &  Farmer. 

The  Religious  Recm-dcr  (I'resb.^  was  started  in  May.  1844,  by 
terry  &.  I'latt.  In  1847  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Avery  k  Hulin,  who  continued  it  until  1853. 

The  Liberty  intelligencer  was  started  in  1845  by  Silas  Hawley, 
and  was  continued  about  1  year. 

The  Young  Ladies^  Miscellany  was  started  Nov.  7, 1845.  by  a 
committee  of  young  ladies  belonging  to  the  Syracuse 
Female  Seminary,  and  was  continued  12  weeks. 

TJte  Tcachem''  Advocate  was  commenced  in  1846  by  L.  W.  Hall, 
publisher,  and  Edward  Cooper  editor.  In  1847  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Barnes,  Smith  &  Cooper, 
and  was  continued  about  1  year,  when  it  was  sold  to 
Joseph  McKean  and  removed  to  New  York. 

The  Onomlaaa  Denuicrat  was  started  in  the  spring  of  1846  by 
Clark  &  West;  Wm.  L.  Crandal.  editor.  In  1847  it 
was  sold  to  John  Abtiott.  who  changed  it  to 

Tfie  Syracuse  Democrat.  At  the  end  of  1  year  it  was  sold  to 
M'm.  W.  Green,  and  in  1847  to  Agan  &  Summers  and 
merged  in  the  Onondaga  Standard. 

The  District  School  Journal,  organ  of  tlie  Stjite  School  Depart- 
ment, was  removed  to  Syracuse  from  Albany  in  1847. 
and  publiehed  2  years  by  L.  W.  Hall,  and  1  year  by 
Barnes.  Smith  &  Cooper,  when  it  went  back  to 
Albany. 

The  Syracuse  RrviHllf,  daily,  was  started  In  1848  by  Wm.  L. 
Palmer  k  W.  Summers,  aud  was  cuutinued  until  Jan.  1, 
18.50. 

The  Free  Soil  Campaigner,  a  campaign  paper,  was  published  3 
months  in  1848  by  Agan  k  Summers. 

The  Clay  Banner,  a  campaign  paper,  was  published  about  the 
game  time  from  the  Journal  office. 


The  Impartial  Citizen,  semi-mo.,  was  started  in  1848  by  Samuel 

K.  Ward,  an<l  was  continued  about  1  year. 
The  Crystal  Fmmtain  was  started  in  1648  by  A.  B.  F.  Ormsby, 

and  continued  3  months. 
T?ie  Adi'pntist  was   published  3  months   in  1849   by  L.  Delos 

Mansfield. 
The  Literary  Union  was  commenced  April  7,  1840,  by  W.  W. 

Newman,  J.  M.  Winchell.  and  James  Johonnot,  and 

was  continued  about  \\  years. 
The  Free  School  Clarion  was  published  a  few  months  in  the  fall 

of  1849  by  Wm.  L.  Craudal. 
Tlie  Liberty  Party  Paper  was  started  July  4,  1849,  by  John 

Thomas,  and  was  continued  2  years. 
The  Centnd  City.  d;nly,  was  published  a  short  time  in  1849  by 

Henry  Barnes. 
The  Syracuaean.  mo.,  was  established  in  1850  by  Wm.  H.  Mose- 

ley.     In  1851  it  was  changed  to 
The  Syracusean  and  United  States  Revieio,  and  in  1^56  to 
Tlie  Syracuseau  and  Ouondag;a  County  Re* 

view.     It  is  8tiU  issued  occasiunally. 
The  Syracuse  Jndepemient  was  published  about  3  months  in 

18.50. 
The  Evening  Transcript  was  started  in  1850  by  Washington 

A'an  Zaudt,  and  continut'd  about  2  months. 
The  Archimedian  was  commenced  in  1S50  ;  B.  F.  Sleeper,  pub- 
lisher, and  John  Abbott,  editor.     It  was  discontinued 

in  1851. 
The  Central  j.V''mj  Yorler  was  begun  in  1S50  by  L.  P.  Rising, 

and  was  continued  but  a  short  time. 
The  Family  Cuinpanion,  mo.,  was  published  a  short  time  in 

1«50. 
The  Temperance  Protector,  semi-mo.,  was  commenced  in  1S50  by 

Wm.  11.  Burleigh,  and  was  continued  aliout  2  years. 
The  Carson  League  was  started   in  1851 ;  Thomas  L.  Carson, 

publisher,  and  John  Thomas,  editor.    It  was  continued 

about  2  years,  when  it  was  removed  to  Albany. 
The  American  Medical  ami  Surgical  Journal,  mo.,  was  started 

Jan.  1. 1851,  by  Potter  &  Russell,  and  was  continued 

until  1856. 
The  Journal  of  Health  was  issued  about  6  months  by  S.  H. 

Potter  iul851. 
The  Onondaga  Deniohrai  (German)  was  started  in  September, 

1852,    by    George    Saul.    In    October,   1856,    it    waa 

changed  to 
The  Syracuse  Democrat^  and  is  still  continued  by  the 

original  proprietor. 
The  Deutsche  Repuhlican  (German)  was  issued  a  short  time  in 

1852. 
Tli£  Free  Democrat  was  started  in  1852  by  J.  E.  Masters,  pub- 
lisher, and  R.  It.  lUiymond,  editor.     In  February,  ^^53, 

it  was  changed  to 
The  Syracuse  Chnmicle.    The  paper  was  owned  by  a  joint  stock 

company,  and  edited  by  R.  R.  Raymond  about  1  year, 

when  George  Barnes  liecame  proprietor.   In  June.  1855, 

Samuel  H.  Clark  bought  the  concern,  and  S.  W.  Ar- 
nold assumed  the  editorship  of  the  paper.    In  February, 

1856.  the  office  was  burned,  and  the  paper  was  merged 

in  the  Journal. 
Tlie  Evening  Oironicle,  daily,  was  issued  from   the  Chronicle 

office  during  the  continuation  of  the  weekly  paper. 
The  Seraph's  Advocate,  mo.,  was  started  in  the  fall  of  1852  by 

Miss  Keziah  E.  Prescott,  and  was  continued  1  year. 
La  Ruche,  a  French  paper,  was  started  in  1852  by  A.  L.  Walliot. 

A  few  numbers  only  were  issued. 
The  "W^esleyan  was  removed  to  Syracuse  from  New  York, 

Jan.  1.  1858.  by  Rev.  L.  E.  Matlack.     In  October.  1856, 

Cyrus  Prindle   became  editor;  and  the  pajier  is  still 

issued  by  him. 
The  Juvenile  Instructor^  semi-mo.,  is  issued  from  the 

Wesleyan  office,  and  is  under  the  p;une  management. 
The  Reformer  was  published  a  short  time  in  1854  by  A.  Pryud. 
The  UJiionist,  mo.,  and 

The  Unioji  Herald,  mo.,  were  issued  from  the  Reformer  office. 
The  Evangdicul  Pulpit  was  stjirted  in  January,  1854,  by  Rev. 

Luther  Lee.  and  was  continued  about  2  years. 
The  Home  Circle  was  published  by  L.  W.  Hall  ubuut  1  year  in 

1855. 
Tlie  American  Organ,  daily,  was  commenced  in  1855  by  AVay  & 

Minier.    It  stwn  pa^^sed  into  the  hands  cf  II.P  Winsor 

and  continued  about  a  year. 
TIic  Ojiondaga  Hard  S/iell  waa  started  October  26, 1855,  and  WM 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


477 


embarking  in  canoes,  went  up  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Lake  Ontario,  coasted  along  the  lake  to  the 
mouth  of  Oswego  River,  and  went  up  tliat  river  and  settled  upon  the  Seneca,  near  Three  River 
Point.  The  nation  finally  divided  into  five  tribes,  and  the  central  or  Onondaga  tribe  went  up  the 
valley  and  settled  near  Onondaga  Lake.  Upon  first  entering  the  co.  they  fuund  it  inhabited  by 
the  AUeghans,  or  "Mound  Builders,"  a  tribe  supposed  to  be  akin  to  the  Aztec  tribes  of  Mexico, 
and  one  considerably  acquainted  with  agriculture.  The  Iroquois  gradually  drove  them  off  and 
took  possession  of  their  lands.  The  celebrated  League  of  the  Five  Nations  is  said  to  have  been 
made  about  100  years  before  the  first  Dutch  colony  was  planted  at  Manhattan, ^though  there  are 
many  reasons  for  believing  it  was  of  a  much  older  date.  The  principal  villages  of  the  Onondagas 
were  along  the  shore  of  Onondaga  Lake  and  Creek.  The  first  visit  ever  made  by  a  white  person 
to  the  Onondaga  country  of  which  any  record  has  been  preserved  was  that  of  Samuel  Champlain 
in  1615.^  In  the  summer  of  that  year  Champlain,  with  10  Frenchmen,  accompanied  a  party  of 
Hurons  in  an  attack  upon  the  Iroquois.  A  battle  was  fought  before  the  principal  fort  of  the  Onon- 
dagas ;  but  the  invaders  were  repulsed  with  loss  and  were  obliged  to  retreat.^  The  French  at  an 
early  period  saw  the  necessity  of  obtaining  the  friendship  of  the  Five  Nations,  the  most  powerful 
of  all  the  Indian  tribes.  To  this  end,  Jesuit  missions  were  established  at  an  early  period,  and  one 
of  the  principal  stations  was  at  the  seat  of  the  Onondagas.  The  first  missionary  that  ever  visited 
the  Onondaga  country  was  Father  Isaac  Jogues,  in  1042.  He  was  afterward  murdered  by  the 
Mohawks  at  Caughnawaga,  Montgomery  co.  In  the  course  of  the  next  hundred  years  more  than 
60  missionaries  were  sent  to  this  region,,  and  at  different  times  many  of  them  were  murdered.'  In 
1655  acolony  of  50  Frenchmen  under  the  guidance  of  the  priests,  and  with  the  consent  of  the  Onon- 
dagas, made  a  settlement  on  the  n.  shore  of  Onondaga  Lake,  near  the  principal  Indian  village.  For 
some  time  the  colony  flourished,  and  large  numbers  of  the  Indians  were  converted  and  baptized  ; 
but  at  length  the  Indians  became  jealous  of  their  neighbors,  and  in  March,  1658,  they  determined 
to  exterminate  them.     A  friendly  Indian  having  exposed  the  plan,  the  whites  managed  to  escape.* 


discontinued  after  the  publication  of  the  second  num- 
ber. Supposed  to  have  been  edited  by  J.  J.  Peck  and 
John  A.  Green,  jr. 

TVie  Si/Tacuse  Daily  N'ws  was  started  in  1856  by  C.  B.  Gould,  but 
was  discontinued  in  a  short  time. 

The  Syracuse  Zeitun/j  (German)  was  started  August  15,1855,  by 
Otto  Reventlow,  and  was  continued  a  short  time. 

The  Syracuse  Weekly  Courier  was  st;irted  October  1, 1S(56,  by 
F.  L.  Hasadorn.  In  November,  1858,  it  passed  into  the 
hands  nf  Halsted  &  Co.  and  was  changed  to 

The  Onondaga  Courier,  under  which  title  it  ia  still 
issued. 

The  Syracuse  Daily  Churier — started  at  the  same  time  as  the 
Weekly — was  changed  by  Halsted  &  Co.  to 

The  Central  City  Dally  Courier,  and  is  still  pub- 
lished; n.  S.  McCuUum.  editor. 

The  Syracuse  Central  Democrat  (German)  was 
started  ,!uly  2, 1858,  by  Joseph  A.  Hofman,  and  ia  still 
cnntinued. 

The  State  League  wfw  started  in  Aug.  1858  by  Thomas 
L.  (."arson,  and  is  still  continued. 

Th/"  Sfcattr^teh's  T<-kf/rap/t  was  started  in  1829  by  William  H. 
Child,  and  wiis  continued  several  years. 

Th-e  Criumhian  waa  commenced  in  18;U  by  John  flreves.  The 
paper  afterward  passed  into  the  hands  of  Milton  A.  and 
George  M.  Kinney,  and  wag  continued  until  1853. 

The  Pricndly  VisitanL  a  child's  paper,  was  commenced  in  1833 
by  Joseph  Talnott,  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 
In  18.37  it  was  changed  to 

Thf  CliHiVs  Oympamon.  and  was  continued  several  months. 

The  Acorn  was  established  by  Mr.  Talcott  in  18-11,  and  was  con- 
tinued 2  or  3  years. 

The  Skaneateles  Democrat  was  commenced  in  1840 
by  William  M.  Beauchamp.  It  w.'<  subsequently  is- 
sued by  W.  H.  Jewett,  Philo  Rust,  and  Jonathan  Keeney. 
About  1851  it  p.assed  into  the  hands  of  Harrison  B. 
Dodge,  by  whom  it  is  still  issued. 

The  Naval  Bulletin  was  issued  from  the  Democrat  office  a  short 
time  in  1843. 

The  Minfi-va  was  issued  a  short  time  in  1844  by  W.  H.  Bean- 
champ,  and  was  finally  merged  in  the  Democrat. 

The  Juvenile  Repn.vitory  svus  published  at  .Skaneatelesinl838by 
Luther  Pratt.  In  1840  it  was  removed  to  New  York, 
and  soon  after  discontinued. 

The  Citiznn''  Pr^'.^s  was  puhliaheil  H\  months  at  Onondaga  Hol- 
low in  1S32  by  Kussell  Webb  ami  James  9.  Castlo. 

The  FayeftevitU  Tim^ji  was  published  at  Fayetteville  in  1836  by 
Henry  W.  De  Puy. 

The  Oommtmatid  was  started  at  Mottville  Nov.27.1844,  by  John 
A.  Collins  as  th«  organ  of  the  Skaneatelea  community. 
It  was  continued  about  1  year. 

The  BaldwinsvilJe  Republican  was  started  in  1844  by  Samuel  B. 
West.  In  October,  1846.  it  pasaed  into  the  hands  of 
C.  M.  Hoemer  and  wa.s  changed  to 


The  Onondaga  Gazette.    In  1848  it  was  issued  by 
Sheppard  &  Hosmer,  and  is  now  published  by  S.  Van 
Allen. 
The  Jordan  Trihu7ie  was  established  in  1849  by  P.  J.  Becker. 

In  1853  it  was  changed  to 
The  Jordan  Transcript,  and  is  now  issued  by  Nathan 

Burrell.  jr. 
The  Daily  Record  was   established  in  February,  1858, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Franklin  Institute.  Syracuse. 
It   is   published  daily  during  the   session  of  "the  Me- 
chanics'  Fair   of   the  Franklin   Institute;    Anson  Q. 
Chester,  editor. 
1  Tt  is  possible  that  some  of  the  French  or  Spanish  adven- 
turers who  flixked  to  this  country  about  the  commencement  of 
the  sixteenth  century  may  have  penetrated  into  the  wilds  of 
Central  N.  Y.    In  1820  a  farmer  in  Pompey  found  a  stone,  mostly 
buried  in  the  earth,  upon  which  was  drawn  the  rude  form  of  a 
tree  with  a  serpent  twined  about  it,  and  the  inscription,  Leo  Do 
Lon,  VI,  1520.    It  is  supposed  that  it  was  placed  to  mark  the 
grave  of  some  early  adventurer. 

*  It  is  supposed  that  Champlain  and  his  party  came  in  byway 
of  Oswego,  and  across  the  country  to  where  Brewerton  now 
stands.  At  this  place  they  captured  a  party  of  Onondagas 
engaged  in  fishing.  They  then  proceeded  to  the  Onondaga  fort, 
supposed  to  have  been  situated  on  Green  Point,  about  1  mi.  N.  w. 
of  the  principal  salt  springs.  The  fort  was  assaultei! ;  but  it  was 
80  bravely  defended  that  the  Hurons  despaired  of  taking  it,  and 
retreated.  They  were  pursued  by  the  Onondagas  until  they 
embarked  in  their  canoes  upon  Lake  Ontario. 

*  The  principal  of  these  missionaries  who  have  left  records 
concerning  the  Onondaga  country  are  Fathers  Le  Mercier,  Da- 
blon.  Cholonec,  Le  Moyne.  Qnien,  Le  Jeune,  Raguencau,  and 
Lallemant.  Father  Lallemant  is  the  first  one  who  mentions  the 
salt  springs,  in  his  journal  bearing  date  of  1045-413.  At  times 
these  missionaries  seemed  to  meet  with  considerable  success; 
but  the  intrigues  of  the  rival  French  and  English  Governments, 
who  were  striving  t^)  secure  the  friendship  of  the  Indians,  con- 
tinually thwarted  their  work,  and  rendered  tlieir  lives  at  all 
times  insecure. 

*  Through  the  influence  of  the  Mohawks,  the  Onondagaa 
agreed  to  murder  the  French,  and  the  day  was  fixed  for  the  per- 
petration of  the  deed.  A  young  Frenchman,  who  had  obtained 
considerable  influence  with  the  chief,  persuaded  him  to  have  a 
general  feast  a  few  days  previous  to  the  proposed  massacre,  and, 
while  the  Indians  were  sleeping  off"  the  effects  of  the  debauch, 
the  French  launched  upon  the  lake  several  light  boats,  which 
they  had  secretly  constructed  in  the  granary  or  storeroom  of  thjB 
Jesuits'  house,  and  set  off  as  rapidly  as  possible.  The  next  day 
the  Indians  were  surprised  that  the  French  did  not  leave  their 
houses,  but  waited  until  near  nit;ht  before  they  broke  in.  They 
were  completely  astonished  to  find  that  the  French  had  disap- 
peared, and — entirely  ignorant  of  the  constnirtinn  of  the  boats 
— they  ascribed  the  escape  to  supernatural  means. 


478 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


tt  is  reported,  upon  the  authority  of  the  missionaries,  that  the  principal  chief  of  the  Onondagas 
invited  the  French  to  establish  another  colony  among  them,  for  the  purpose  of  instructing  the  In- 
dians in  the  arts  of  civilization.  Accordingly,  in  1G65,  a  number  of  French  families,  under  the 
guidance  of  the  missionaries,  came  into  the  country  and  located  near  the  Indian  fort  and  village 
which  stood  in  the  vicinity  of  the  present  village  of  Jamesville.  After  living  in  peace  for  about 
3  years,  they  were  visited  by  a  party  of  Spaniards  who  came  in  from  the  s.,  and  the  Indians  be- 
came jealous  of  both  and  murdered  them  all.^  It  is  supposed  that  several  other  attempts  were 
made  by  the  French  to  colonize  the  country,  as  numerous  remains  of  French  works  are  found  in 
several  places.^  In  the  wars  that  ensued  between  the  English  and  French  the  Onondagas  bore 
their  part,  and  were  generally  allies  of  the  English.  In  IG95,  Count  Frontenac,  the  French  Go- 
vernor of  Canada,  invaded  the  Onondaga  country ;  but  he  retired  after  burning  a  few  -villages  and 
murdering  one  old  man.  During  the  Revolution  the  Onondagas  espoused  the  English  cause,  and 
many  of  their  warriors,  under  the  leadership  of  Brant,  were  engaged  in  the  various  attacks  upon 
the  frontier  settlements.  On  the  19th  of  April,  1779,  Col.  Van  Schaick,  at  the  head  of  150  men, 
invaded  the  Onondaga  country  by  the  way  of  Oneida  Lake.  A  skirmish  was  fought  near  the  s.  w. 
limits  of  the  present  city  of  vSyracuse,  in  which  the  Indians  were  defeated.*  In  the  fall  of  the 
same  year,  Col.  Gansevoort,  at  the  head  of  100  men,  was  detached  from  Gen.  Sullivan's  army,  at 
Geneva,  and  sent  through  the  country  of  the  Cayugas  and  Onondagas  to  complete  the  work  of 
destruction  wliich  had  been  commenced.  The  villages  of  the  Onondagas  were  burned,  their  corn 
was  destroyed,  and  their  sacred  council  tire  was  put  out..  In  revenge,  small  bands  of  the  Indians 
attacked  the  defenseless  frontier  settlements  upon  the  Mohawk  and  committed  the  most  horrible 
atrocities. 

In  17>*8  a  treaty  was  made  with  the  Onondagas,  in  which  they  ceded  to  the  State  all  their  lands 
except  the  Onondaga  Reservation.*  The  land  thus  obtained,  and  another  tract  lying  w.  of  it,  were 
set  apiirt  for  bounty  lands  to  Revolutionary  soldiers,  and  became  known  as  the  Military  Tract.*  It 
included  all  the  lands  lying  within  the  original  limits  of  Onondaga  co.,  and  now  constituting  Onon- 
daga, Cayuga,  Cortland,  and  Seneca,  and  parts  of  Tompkins,  Oswego,  and  Wayne  cos. 


1  It  is  rcprtrted  that  23  Spnniards  came  up  the  Misaissippi,  Ohio, 
and  Allegany  Uivers  to  Olean,  and  tlionoe  across  tlie  country  to 
Ouoiid'iKit,  under  thf  gnidauce  of  an  Iroquois.  They  had  been 
informed  by  the  Indians  that  in  the  N.  there  was  a  lake  tlif 
banks  uf  which  were  covered  with  something  shining  and  white. 
which  t)iey  understood  to  be  silwr.  Their  disappointment  wjis 
great  wlien  they  found  that  the  Tmlians  meant  salt  instead.  A 
quarrel  arose  between  the  Krenrh  and  Spaniards,  which  resulted 
in  the  murder  of  both  by  th<'  Indian'^. 

*  In  mmy  i)f  the  old  for tificat ions  have  been  found  the  re- 
mains uf  French  arms  and  merchandise,  and  a  variety  of  re- 
mains evidently  of  much  older  date.  The  French  doubtless 
found  the  fortifications  partly  built,  and  took  possession  of  them. 
In  Pompi'v  were  found  seveml  of  these,  and  a  cnnsidcrable 
amount  of  lan'i  clep.red ;  and  it  is  supposed  that  quite  a  flourish- 
ing French  settlement  was  here  utterly  destroyed  at  a  period 
not  long  anteriur  to  ihe  Revolution. 

>  The  official  report  makes  the  Indian  loss  12  killed  and  34 
prisoners. 

*  The  original  Onondaga  Reservation  was  a  tract  of  land 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  military  townships  of  Manlius  and 
Potnpey,  s.  by  the  townships  of  Pnmpey  and  Marcellus,  w.  by 
the  townships  of  Marcellus  andCamiUus.  N.  by  the  townships  uf 
Camilliis  and  Manlius  and  the  public  Reservation  bordering 
upnn  OniMuIaga  Lake.  The  N.  E.  crirner  was  orij^inally  at  thi? 
former  n.  e.  corner  of  Syracuse.  The  Reservation  was  about 
11|  mi.  long  N.  and  s.  by  9^^  mi.  wide  e.  and  w..  and  inchided 
parts  of  tlie  present  towns  of  La  Fayette,  Camillus,  Geddcs, 
De  Witt,  and  the  city  of  Syracuse,  and  all  of  Onoudaga.  In 
1793  it  w;w  purchased  of  the  Indians,  reservinjr  a  tract  in  the 
8.  B.  corner  i^  mi.  n.  and  s.  by  nearly  4  e.  and  w..  and  subdi- 
vided into  221  lots,  mostly  of  2.',0  acres  each,  exchisive  of  the 
sq.  mi.  originally  granted  to  Wel)9ter  by  the  Indians  in  178S. 
The  Lots  8  to  19,  "^5  to  33,  39  to  47,  and  53  to  65.  inclusive,  were 
made  no  account  of,  having  been  converted  into  a  public  Salt 
Re.-<ervation.  The  remainder  were  sold  in  1796.  The  siamd  pur- 
chas.i  w;ia  that  of  Feb.  25, 1817.  bi-in'j  a  strip  1^  mi.  wide  from  tlie 
E.  Bide  of  the  tnict  reserved  in  the  first  purchase,  and  was  sub- 
divided into  27  squai-e  lots  of  160  acres  each.  The  third  pnrchaae 
was  that  of  Feb.  11,  1822,  being  a  strip  ^  mi.  wide  from  the  s, 
end  of  that  remaining  after  the  purcliasn  of  1817.  It  was  sub- 
divided into  7  lots.  The  present  reservation  is  4  mi.  N.  and  .s. 
by  a  littk'  less  than  2^  e.  and  w,,  contiiining — exclusive  of  300 
acres  in  the  N.  w.  portion,  gianted  by  the  Indians  to  Ephraiin 
\N'rliMt.M  ill  1S23 — about  6,100  acres.  It  is  situated  one-half  in 
Onoiid.igi  and  one-half  in  La  Fayette.  The  number  of  Indians 
reni;iinins  or  tlie  once  powerlnl  Onondaga  Nation,  as  reporti'd 
by  the  last  census,  is  349,  An  Indian  school  is  taught;  but  it 
naa  had  little  success.  The  condition  of  the  tribe  luis  visibly 
tmp'oved  within  the  hist  few  years,  and  they  appear  to  be 
ijov/ly  learning  the  arts  of  civilization.    The  Onoadjiga  Salt 


Springs  Reservation  was  subdivided  in  1821-24,  by  John  Ran 
dall.jr. 

^  The  Military  Tract  was  laiij  out  into  25  townships,  each  in- 
tended to  contain,  as  nearly  as  possible.  6o,i)iXl  acies;  and  each 
township  was  subdivided  into  10''  lots.  Three  more  tnwnships 
were  afterward  addei.  making  2S  in  all.  The  following  is  a 
complete  list  of  them  : — 


2 

T(rumship. 

Present  Tbvms. 

Oounty. 

1 

Lysander 

Xysander 

Onondaga. 

and  s.  part  of  Granby  ... 

Oswego. 

- 

Hannibal 

Town  and  w.  part  of  city  of 
Oswego,  Hannibal,   and 

N.  part  of  Granby 

Oswego. 

3 

Cato 

Victory  and    Ira,  and   N. 

parts  of  Conquest  &  Cato, 

Cayuga. 

4 

Brutus  

Mentz    and    Rrutns,   and 
parts  of  Conquest,  Cato. 
Montezuma,  Throop.  and 

Sennett 

Cayuga. 

b 

Camillus 

Van  Buren  and  Elbridge, 

and  part  of  Camillas 

Onondaga. 

6 

Cicero 

Onondaga. 

7 

Manlius 

Dewitt  and  Manlius,  and 

part  of  Salina 

Onondaga. 

8 

Aurelius 

Fleming,     Auburn    City. 
and    (.)wasco,    most    of 
ThroopandSennett.part 
of  Anrelins,  and  1  lot  in 

Cayuga. 

9 

Marcellus.... 

Skaneatelesand  Marcellus. 

parts    of   Spafford    and 

Onondaga. 

10 

Pompey 

Pomp?y,  most  of   La    Fa- 

y.tte.  3  lots  in  Otisco.... 

Onondaga. 

11 

Romulus 

Romulus,  w.  parts  of   Fa- 
yette and  Varick,  4  lots 

in  Seneca  Falls 

Seneca. 

12 

Scipio 

Scipio  and  Venice,  s.  part 
of   Ledyard,    5    lots    in 
^'iles.   and   small   point 

fis.w.  coi.)  of  Moravia... 

Ciiynga. 

13 

Sempronius 

Moravia.  Sempronius,  and 

Cayuga. 
Onondaga. 

and  part  of  Sp.ifford 

14 

Tully 

TuHv  y.  part  Spafford.  and 

Otisno 

Onondaga. 

Scott  and  Preble. 

Cortland. 

ONONDAGA    CO  U  N  T  Y. 


479 


The  first  white  person  that  took  up  his  resilience  withiu  the  limits  of  the  co.  after  the  Revolu- 
tion was  Ephraim  Webster,  an  Indian  trader,  who  located  his  trading  house  on  the  banks  of 
Onondaga  Creek,  near  its  mouth,  in  1780.  The  next  year  he  was  accompanied  by  another  trader 
named  Neukerck,  who  died  in  the  spring  of  1787  and  was  buried  near  the  trading  house.  In  1788, 
Asa  Danforth  and  his  son  Asa,  and  Comfort  Tyler,  from  Mass.,  came  in,  and  located  on  the  present 
site  of  Onondaga  Valley.  The  salt  springs  soon  became  generally  known,  and  attracted  many 
immigrants  to  this  region.  The  State  reserved  for  salt  purposes  the  territory  surrounding  the  lake 
and  known  as  the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs  Reservation,  embracing  the  greater  part  of  the  old  town 
of  Salina,  now  the  towns  of  Salina  and  Geddes,  and  the  city  of  Syracuse,  all  of  which,  except  the  land 
needed  for  the  manufacturing  establishments  alone,  has  since  been  sold.  In  the  treaty  with  the 
Indians,  the  salt  springs  were  to  be  jointly  used  by  the  whites  and  Indians  forever.  The  salt 
business  immediately  became  important,  and  has  since  kept  pace  with  the  growth  of  the  country. 
It  is  now  one  of  the  most  important  branches  of  business  carried  on  in  the  State,  and  is  constantly 
increasing.' 


Tbttmships  of  the  Military  7*ract,  continued. 


2 

Township. 

Present  Tuvm. 

15 

Fabius 

Pabiua „ 

and  N.  parts  of  Truxtou 
and  Ouyler 

16 

Ovid 

Ovid,  Lodi,  and  Covert 

n 

Milton 

Genoa. 

18 

Ix)cke 

Locke  and  Summer  UiH  ... 
and  Groton 

19 

Homer 

Homer  and  most  of  Cort- 
landville. 

20 

SoloD 

Solon.  Taylor,  and  8.  part 
Truxtou  and  Cuyler 

21 

Hector 

Hector 

22 

Ulysses  

Ulysses,  Enfield.  &  Ithaca, 

23 

Dryden 

nearly  the  whole  of  Dry- 

24 

VirgU 

Virgil,   most    of    Uarfird 
and  Lapeer,  and  2^  luts 
in  Cortlandville,  and  1 
lot  (2D)  in  Freetown 

25 

Cincinnatus. 

Freetown,  Ciiiciiinatua,  & 

Junius 

2fi 

Junius,  Tyre.  Waterhx).  N. 

part  of  Seneca  Falls 

27 

Galen 

Galen  and  Savannah 

28 

Sterling 

E.  part  Wolcott  and  Uutler, 
and  Sterling 

County. 


Onondaga. 

Cortland. 

Seneca. 

Cayuga. 

Tompkins. 

Cay  uga. 

Tompkins. 

Cortland. 

Cortland. 
Schuyler. 
Tompkins. 

Tompkins. 


Cortland. 

Seneca. 

Wayne. 
Wayne. 

Cayuga. 


Junius  was  added  to  compensate  those  who  drew  lots  after- 
ward fuund  to  belong  to  the  •'Boston  Ten  Towns;"  Galen,  to 
etipply  those  who  belonged  to  the  Hospital  Department,  and 
who  at  first  were  not  provided  for;  and  Sterling,  to  satisfy  all 
the  remaining 'claims.  The  U.  S.  granted  lOtJ  acres  to  each  of 
the  suldiers  in  Oliio;  and  it  was  leit  njitional  with  them  to  sur- 
render this  claim  and  receive  the  whole  GOO  acres  in  this  State, 
or  to  retain  the  claim  and  secure  hut  600  acres.  The  100  acres 
reservL'd  was  taken  from  the  s.  e.  corner  of  each  lot.  and  bo- 
cime  known  as  the  State's  Hundred.  A  charge  of  48  shillings 
was  m.ide  upon  ciich  for  the  survey;  and  in  default  of  pay- 
ment a  reserve  of  50  acres,  known  as  the  Survi/  Fi/ti/,  was 
made. 

1  The  first  mention  in  history  of  the  S;ilt  Springs  of  Onondaga 
Is  fuund  ill  the  journal  of  Father  Lalleniant,  who  visitt-d  this 
region  in  1645—16.  He  speaks  of  a  salt  spring,  and  of  h  fine 
spring  of  fresh  water,  coming  out  of  th"*  same  bank,  within  80 
or  InO  pac-iS  of  each  other,  on  the  margin  of  the  lake.  Father 
L>'  Mo.vne,  who  visited  the  country  in  1654.  speaks  of  a  spring 
which  the  Indians  told  him  was  fouled  by  an  evil  spirit.  He 
made  a  persoiiiil  examination  of  it,  and  made  some  salt  from 
the  water,  whlh  he  carried  to  Quebec.  Other  missionaries  of 
an  early  periiid  make  frequent  mention  of  the  salt  springs ;  and 
btfore  the  Knglish  occupied  the  country  the  Indians  had 
leameit  how  to  inaiiufucture  salt. 

At  thf  time  of  the  fir.-it  settlement  the  salt  spring  was  located 
upon  Ihu  inar>h.  immediately  in  the  rear  of  the  site  of  the 
present  S^ilina  puniphouse, and  the  salt  water  came  up  from  the 
bottom.  I'tiH  Iinli.tns  had  excav:itcd  a  hole,  which  was  con- 
Btantly  filled  with  water  to  the  surface  of  the  ground.  In  1789, 
Asa  Danforth  and  Comfort  T\ler  cam*  down  from  Onondaga, 
and  brought  with  them  a  kettle,  which  they  ani*pfn<led  from  a 
pole  supported  by  2  cmtched  sticks;  and  in  this  ih'-y  m!ide  thH 
first  silt  ever  manufactured  by  the  present  race  ol  scttl-TS.  In 
about  12  hours  they  made  l^  tiusln-lsof  silt ;  and,  sicii-ting  their 
kettle  in  th"  hushes  they  went  linme  «itli  tliL-  product  of  their 
day's  latmr. — feeling  richer  than  they  wouhi  had  they  discovered 
a  mine  of  gnld  For  several  yoiirs  it  was  customary  for  the 
settlers  from  all  tiin  surrounding  region  to  bring  kuttlus  with 


them  and  manufacture  sufficient  salt  for  their  own  use.  Tbu 
first  settlers  of  Salina  came  in  1790.  and  principally  located 
upon  the  summit  of  the  bluff  above  the  salt  springs.  Most  nf 
them  came  with  the  intention  of  eutering  into  the  manufacture 
of  salt.  At  first  kettles  suspended  fruni  pules  wi;re  used  exclu- 
sively ;  but  in  a  short  time  it  was  found  more  convenient  to  rest 
the  kettles  upon  a  pile  of  stones.  The  '-works''  were  afteiwald 
covered  to  protect  the  manufacturer  from  the  weatlier.  'IJie 
fi.r8t  caldron  kettle,  set  in  an  arch,  was  used  by  James  Vnn 
Vleck.  in  1793;  and  in  a  short  time  caldrons  were  exclusively 
used.  Two  kettles  were  afterward  used,  ami  additions  have  hei"  q 
made  from  time  to  time,  imtil  20  to  104  kettles  aie  now  put  in  a 
single  blijck.  The  tirst  salt  made  under  a  permanent  building 
was  manulactured  by  Elisha  Alvord,  as  agent  of  the  Federal 
Company,  organized  in  1798,  and  consisting  of  Asa  Danfi>rtb, 
Jedediah  Sanger,Datiiel  Keeler,  Thomas  Hart.  Ebenezer  Butlei, 
and  Hezekiah  Alcutt.  A  new  well,  about  30  feet  deep,  was  dug 
a  tittle  N.  w.  of  the  original  one;  and  a  building  was  erected 
large  tnoujih  to  contain  32  kettles,  set  in  8  arches  of  4  kettles 
each.  From  this  time  the  works  increased  rapidly  in  si7.e  and 
tiuinher.  The  manufacture  of  siilt  was  commenced  at  Geddes, 
in  1793,  by  James  (^Jeddes,  and  in  Liverpool  about  the  same  time, 
by  John  Danfortb.  The  brst  wells  at  the  old  village  of  .*yra- 
curte  weie  cpened  in  1830.  By  continuous  pumping,  the  water 
in  the  wells  becomes  less  and  less  salt, — the  shallow  wells 
failing  first.  This  rendera  the  constant  opening  of  new 
wells  a  matter  of  necessity.  The  first  solar  works  were  con- 
structed in  1821,  by  a  company  formed  for  that  purpose.  The 
introduction  of  the  s^ilarvats  produced  so  much  opposition  tliat 
the  Legislature  was  obliged  to  pass  special  laws  for  their  pro- 
tection. 

The  8;ilt  water  was  at  first  dipped  up  by  pails  and  carried  to 
the  places  for  boiling.  In  1790  this  method  was  superseded  by 
a  pump  placed  upon  a  platform  above  the  spring,  with  open 
trou:.'h8  leaUiog  to  each  block.  At  first  each  manufitcturer 
pumped  water  enough  for  his  own  use;  but  in  a  few  years 
thereafter  men  were  employed  to  pump  for  all.  As  the  works 
incre;Lsed  and  were  locnted  at  a  distance  from  the  spriu;;8,  lines 
of  pump  logs  Were  laid  from  the  springs  to  the  various  woiks, 
and  a  pump  was  used  for  each  block,  or  group  of  bpicks.  A 
horse-p*iwer  for  elevating  salt  water  was  used  by  Asa  Danforth, 
jr.,  in  1805 ;  and  a  water-power  was  obtained  from  several  spring;* 
in  the  vicinity  by  him  soon  after.  In  1807  or  '08.  a  water-power — 
obtained  by  conducting  Yellow  Brook  from  the  vieiniiy  of  the 
present  county  clerk's  office,  in  a  race,  to  Salina — was  used  by 
John  Itichardson.  All  the  works  in  which  machinery  was 
u^ed  elevated  the  water  by  means  of  a  wheel,  to  which  buckets 
wore  attached.  An  experiment  was  m.ide  at  an  early  period 
to  raise  salt  water  by  means  of  steam.  An  immense  tub.  placed 
over  the  spring  and  connected  with  it  by  tubes,  was  fdled  with 
steam,  which  was  suddenly  condensed  by  the  Hdmissiou  of  cold 
water,  a  vacuum  was  produced,  and  the  water  would  rvish  up 
with  great  violence  and  fill  the  tub.  This  expeiiment  was 
found  too  cosily  fur  general  application.  In  1821-22  the  (\jarse 
Salt  Company  ere-ted  a  large  pump,  worked  by  machinery 
driven  by  the  waste  water  from  the  canal,  for  the  pu'po.'^e  of 
supplying  themselves  with  salt  water.  They  also  made  arrange- 
ments to  supply  others,  at  certain  pri.-es.  Up  to  this  time,  the 
greater  part  of  the  water  had  continued  to  be  raised  by  hand- 
pump^.  In  1826  the  State  boui:;ht  out  the  pump  works  of  the 
Coarse  Salt  Company  and  enlarged  them  sufficiently  to  supply 
all  the  manufaeluiers  with  brine. 

The  Salina  pumphnuso  is  a  fine  stone  building,  completed 
in  1811,  at  a  cost  of  iibout  $30,000.  The  .Syracnse  pumphouse, 
also  of  stone,  was  erected  in  1858,  at  a  cost  of  $30,!t00.  A  large 
ground  reset  voir  has  lately  been  constructed  near  the  .'^yiacuso 
pumphouse,  of  HuHicieiit  Ciipacity  to  contain  water  enough  to 
manufieture  Goo.OiW  bushels  of  salt.  The  State  do.--ign8  to 
double  its  capa  ity  immediately. 

The  first  greit  improvement  made  in  the  manufacture  of 
salt  was  the  introduction  of  bittern  pans,  wbieh  t  loU  phice 
within  a  few  years  alter  the  eummencemoiit  of  the  business,  A 
great  nunibvT  of  uxpiu'iments  have  since  been  made;  hut  ttw 


480 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


CAMILiLlTS — -was  formed  from  Marcellus,  March  8,  1799.  Elbritlge  and  Van  Buren  -were 
taken  off  in  1829  ;  a  part  of  Onondaga  was  annexed  in  1834.  It  lies  a  little  n.  w.  of  the  center  of 
the  CO.  The  surface  is  generally  rolling,  the  ridges  extending  in  a  n.  and  s.  direction.  Nine 
Mile  Creek  flows  n.e.  through  near  the  center,  and  along  the  s.  line  it  is  bordered  by  steep 
banks  100  to  200  feet  high.     In  the  n.  w.  corner  is  a  large  swamp.     The  soil  is  a  rich,  clayey  and 


process  of  maoufactuie  remains  essentially  the  same  as  at  first. 
Many  experiments  have  been  made  to  completely  separate  the 
impurities  from  the  water  before  boiling, — but  so  far  without 
complete  success.  The  addition  of  alum  to  the  water  is  found 
to  harden  tho  salt  and  to  render  the  process  of  crystallization 
more  perfect,  'flie  immense  consumption  of  fuel  at  the  boiling 
works  has  almost  stripped  the  surrounding  country  of  wood, 
rendering  that  article  scarce  and  high.  Lute  experiments  in  the 
use  of  coal  have  been  completely  successful ;  and  by  the  con- 
struction of  the  Binghamton  K.  R.  an  avenue  is  opened  directly 
to  tlie  Pennsylvania  coal  mines. 

In  1797  the  Surveyor-General  laid  out  a  tract  of  15,000  acres, 
surrounding  the  lake,  known  as  the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs  Re- 
servation, which  waa  set  apart  for  the  location  of  salt  works. 
It  was  supposed  that  this  tract  was  more  extensive  than  would 
ever  be  needed:  and,  pursuant  to  acts  of  the  Legislature,  all, 
except  about  660  acres,  was  sold  in  1822  and  1827.  Since  that 
time,  however,  the  State  has  re-purchaned  several  tracts,  and 
largo  numbers  of  solar  works  have  been  erected  upon  private 
property.  The  amount  of  land  at  present  owned  by  the  State 
is  about  700  acres. 

The  salt  wells  are  all  located  in  the  low  lands  that  surround 
the  lake.  Their  existence  is  doubtless  owing  to  the  nature  and 
position  of  the  rocks  forming  the  basin  of  the  lake.  The  Niagara 
limestone — a  solid  and  almost  seamless  rock,  about  100  ft. 
thick — crops  out  8  miles  N.of  the  springs.  In  common  with  all 
the  rocks  in  the  vicinity,  it  has  a  dip  to  the  S.  of  about  26  ft. 
to  the  mile.  This  would  make  it  extend  under  the  lake,  form- 
ing a  floor  to  tho  whole  valley  completely  impervious  to  water. 
Above  this  formation  are  the  red  shales  of  the  Onondaga  salt 
group,  nearly  500  feet  in  thickness.  Observation  and  experi- 
ment have  shown  that  these  shales  have  been  removed,  by  some 
great  force  of  nature,  from  the  whole  valley  which  extends  from 
the  N.  extremity  of  the  lake  several  miles  up  the  valley  of  Onon- 
daga Creek  ;  and  the  excavation  has  been  filled  with  drift  depo- 
sits, consisting  chiefly  of  alternate  strata  of  sand,  clay,  and 
gravel.  The  salt  water  is  found  permeated  throui^h  this  drift 
in  all  parts  of  the  v;dley,  the  strongest  being  found  where  the 
old  valley  is  the  deepest.  The  salt  water  is  probably  derived 
from  the  dissolving  of  particles  of  salt  distributed  through  the 
whole  mass  of  the  green  shales  and  plaster  beds,  which  lie  next 
above  the  red  shales  and  which  extend  perhaps  many  miles 


under  the  hills.  In  evidence  of  the  truth  of  this  theory,  it  is 
shown  that  the  green  shales  which  have  been  exposed  are  lull 
of  small  hopper-shaped  cavities, — the  precise  shupe  assumed  by 
crystals  of  salt  when  left  to  form  by  themselves,  and  one  which 
no  other  crystal  ever  assumes.  The  water  collects  in  this  great 
basin,  and  is  prevented  from  overflowing  by  ihtt  impervious  floor 
of  Niagara  limestone.  The  waters  of  the  lake  are  probably 
prevented  from  mingling  with  the  salt  water  by  strata  of  im- 
per\iou3  clay  and  marl.  About  50  different  wells  have  been 
sunk  for  obtaining  salt  water,  and  a  great  number  of  experi- 
ments have  been  tried.  The  depth  of  the  borings  has  been  from 
50  to  600  ft. ;  and  in  every  case  where  the  tubing  has  been  snnk 
into  the  strata  below  the  drift  no  brine  has  been  obtained.  Up 
to  1825  the  water  was  obtained  from  square  holes  sunk  in  the 
marsh  to  the  depth  of  about  30  ft.  The  first  wells  that  were 
bored  were  50  to  80  ft.  deep.  Subsequent  experiment  showed 
that  by  boring  farther  out  on  the  marsh  the  wells  conld  be 
deeper  and  a  better  quality  of  water  could  be  obtained.  A  tube 
sunk  to  the  depth  of  414  ft.  penetrated  a  clay  bed  or  the 
Niagara  limestone,  and  d<'8troyeU  the  well,  although  at  a  depth 
of  392  to  397  ft.  a  bountiful  supply  of  excellent  water  was  ob- 
tained. A  boring  upon  the  hills,  to  the  depth  of  600  ft.,  pro- 
bably penetrated  through  the  limestone  and  entered  the  Clinton 
group  below.  This  htyt  boring  was  m;ide  with  the  hope  of 
finding  rock  salt ;  but  not  a  single  salt  crystal  has  ever  yet  been 
found  here  in  a  natural  state. 

Wells  have  been  sunk  at  4  points,  giving  to  the  salt  manufac- 
ture 4  distinct  centers.  These  are  situated  respectively  at 
Salina,  (now  First  Ward  of  Syracuse.)  Syracuse,  Liverpool,  and 
Geddes.  The  number  of  wells  now  in  use  upon  the  Salt  Springs 
Reservation  is  15,  of  which  6 — from  150  to  310  ft.  deep — are  at 
Salina.  6 — from  255  to  340  ft.  deep — are  at  Syracuse,  and  3 — 
from  80  to  100  ft.  deep — are  at  Liverpool.  The  Oeddes  wells 
have  been  abandoned,  as  the  water  was  not  sufficiently  strong 
to  make  the  manufacture  profitable.  The  Geddes  works  are 
now  supplied  from  the  wells  at  Syracuse. 

The  strength  of  the  water  is  tested  by  an  instrument  called  a 
salometer,  graduated  so  as  to  mark  pure  water  0°  and  water 
saturated  with  salt  100°.  The  water  from  the  wells  as  now 
drawn  ranges  from  60°  to  76°,  averaging  about  70°.  An  analy- 
sis of  the  various  springs  was  made  in  1837,  by  Dr.  Beck,  with 
the  following  result: — 


■5-1  . 

S 

1 

» 

"fe> 

_^ 

H 

|i 

LOCAUTIES. 

o  s-= 

»^ 

2" 

■fe. 

"^j; 

'•^. 

1 

6 

.a 

1 

if 

Is 

61 

11^ 

S5 

11 

8 

138.65 
139.53 
146.50 

0.06 
0.07 
0.09 

0.10 
0.14 
0.17 

0.04 
0.02 
0.04 

4.93 
6.69 
4.72 

0.79 
0.46 
0.51 

2.03 
0.S3 
1.04 

130.66 
132.39 
140.02 

861.39 
860.40 
863.41 

1 

1 

1,000 

Salina 

Liverpool 

149.64 

0.07 

0.13 

0.03 

4.04 

0.77 

1.72 

142.85 

860.39 

J 

An  analysis  from  a  well  yielding  stronger  water  was  after- 
ward made,  with  the  following  result: — 

Common  salt 173.50 

Sulphate  of  lime,  &c 8.60 

Water 818.00 


Total 1,000.00 

The  water  at  the  present  time  does  not  essentially  differ  from 
that  last  given,  a  hundred  pounds  of  brine  yielding  about  175 
lbs.  of  pure  salt.  A  bushel  of  s.ilt,  weighing  56  lbs.,  is  made 
from  36  gallons  of  water.  Tlie  temperature  of  the  water  as  it 
rises  from  the  ground  ranges  from  50°  to  52°  Fahrenheit.  An 
analysis  of  the  manufactured  salt  shows  that  96  to  99  per  cent. 
is  pure  salt,  and  the  remainder  is  principally  sulphate  of  lime 
and  water.  About  four-fifths  of  the  salt  is  made  by  boiling, 
and  the  remainder  by  sular  evaporation.  The  water  in  the 
wells  rises  to  the  surface  of  the  ground  ;  thence  it  is  raised  by 
combined  suction  and  force  pumps  into  hi^h  reservoirs,  from 
which  it  is  distributi?d  by  pump  logs  to  the  various  works.  The 
machinery  for  pumping  is  propelled  by  water  from  the  canals. 
The  boiling  works  consist  of  two  parallel  arches,  generally  set 
with  25  to  30  k*-ttles  each.  They  are  covered  with  a  roof,  par- 
tially open,  to  allow  the  egress  of  steam;  and  under  the  same 
covers  are  accommodations  for  storing  ami  puckiiig  the  salt. 
Each  of  these  works  is  technically  called  a  -'block."  A  "cis- 
tern" is  connected  with  each  block,  and  from  it  a  line  of  logs 
conducts  the  water  along  the  top  of  the  arch,  between  the  rows 
of  kottlcs.  with  a  spout  to  each  kettle.  The  greater  part  of  the 
impurities  are  precipitated  and  fall  to  the  bottom  of  the  kettle 
liefore   the  water  begins   to  boil.     A   shallow   pan,   called  a 


bittern  pan,  is  placed  in  each  kettle  when  first  filled,  to  receive 
these  bitterns  as  they  settle.  The  pan  is  removed  before  the 
water  boils,  and  thf:  salt  is  left  nearly  pure.  The  kettles 
usually  have  a  capacity  of  about  100  gallons,  and  average  in 
weight  about  900  lbs.  each.  The  ftiel  is  applied  at  one  end  of 
the  arch,  the  chimney  being  situated  at  the  other.  Within  the 
past  few  years  several  chimneys,  ranging  from  75  to  160  ft.  in 
height,  have  been  erected,  for  the  purpo.se  of  using  coal.  The 
blocks  are  all  situated  along  the  canals,  or  side  cuts  from  them, 
for  convenience  in  obtaining  fuel  and  in  shipping  the  salt. 
The  number  of  blocks  upon  the  Reservation  reported  in  1869 
was  312,  distributed  as  follows : — 


No.  (if  Slocks. 

No.  of  KdXlts. 

Syracuse 

52 

152 

62 

46 

2,998 
8,042 
3„304 

2,686 

Liverpool 

Geddes 

■1\,M 

312 

16,930 

The  solar  works  consist  of  shallow  vats,  constructed  of  wood, 
and  placed  upon  posts  2  to  3^  ft.  above  the  ground.  Each  rat 
is  16  ft.  square,  or  16  by  18.  and  9  inches  deep.  Movable  roofs 
are  so  constructed  that  the  vats  can  easily  be  covered  in  wet 
weather  and  exposed  in  dry.  An  aci-e  of  ground  contains 
about  60  vats  and  covers,  and  an  evaporating  surface  of  mora 


Ul 

en 


CO 


#  g 


^  tti 


< 


Z2 

<r 


c/5 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


481 


gravelly  loam.  Limestone  and  gypsum  are  both  found  in  abundance.'  A  largft  sulphur  spring  is 
found  in  the  N.  w.  corner.  Caitlillus,  (p.  v.,)  on  Nine  Mile  Creek,  near  the  center  of  the 
Ujvrn,  was  incorp.  in  1852 ;  it  contains  3  ehurclies,  2  flouring  mills,  and  552  inhabitants.  Aiuboy , 
in  the  n.  e.  part,  contains  a  church  and  170  inhabitants.  Belle  Isle,  (p.  v.,)  on  tlie  canal, 
1  mi.  E.  of  Amboy,  contains  1  church  and  140  inhabitants.  Falrmouilt  is  a  p.  o.  near  the  E. 
border.  Tlie  first  settler  was  Capt.  Isaac  Lindsay,  who  located  upon  Lot  80  in  1790.^  The  first 
church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1817.     There  are  6  churches  in  town.' 

CICERO— was  formed  from  Lysander,  Feb.  20,  1807.  Clay  was  taken  off  in  1827.  It  lies 
\ipou  Oneida  Lake,  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  or  very  slightly  undulating. 
An  extensive  swamp  in  the  s.  E  part  occupies  one-third  of  the  entire  surface,*  and  another  con- 
siderable swamp  extends  along  the  lake  shore  w,  of  South  Bay.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  sandy 
loam.  Cicero  Corners,  (Cicero  p.  o.,)  near  the  center  of  the  w.  line,  contains  2  churches 
and  242  inhabitants.  Bre'wertoii,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  outlet  of  Oneida  Lake,  contains  2  churches 
and  621  inhabitants,  of  whom  421  are  in  this  town.  South  Bay  and  Frenchmans  Island  arf  places 
of  resort  for  pleasure  seekers.'  Fort  Brewerton,'  one  of  the  line  of  English  fortifications  between 
Oswego  and  the  Mohawk  Valley,  was  situated  in  Oswego  co.,  on  the  shore  of  Oneida  Outlet,  oppo- 
site the  present  village  of  Brewerton.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by Dexter,  a  black- 
smith, who  located  on  the  river,  opposite  the  fort,  in  1790.'  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed 
at  Cicero  Corners,  in  1819;  Rev.  James  Shepard  was  the  first  preacher.  The  census  reports  6 
churches  in  town.' 

,CIiAT — was  formed  from  Cicero,  April  16,  1827.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  n.  border 
of  tlie  CO.  Its  surface  is  very  flat,  and  but  little  elevated  above  the  level  of  Oneida  Lake.  Seneca 
River  forms  the  w.  and  Oneida  River  the  n.  boundary.  These  streams  are  sluggish ;  and  along 
tlie  latter  is  an  extensive  swampy  region.  The  soil  is  in  part  clayey,  and  in  part  a  light  sandy 
loam.  Fruit  and  onions  are  largely  produced.  Belgium,  (Clay  p.  o.,)  upon  Seneca  River, 
contains  a  church  and  190  inhabitants;  Euclid  (p.  v.)  2  churches  and  140  inhabitants;  Cen- 
tervlllc,'  (Plank  Road  p.  o.,)  on  the  line  of  Cicero,  2  churches  and  111  inhabitants.  Tliree 
River  Point  (p.  v.)  lies  at  the  junction  of  Oneida  and  Seneca  Rivers,  in  the  n.  w.  corner." 
Pop.  90.  The  first  settler  was  Patrick  McGee,  who  located  at  Three  River  Point,  in  1793."  The  first 
church  (Evang.  Luth.)  was  located  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  town.   The  census  reports  4  churches.'- 

DEWITT" — was  formed  from  Manlius,  April  12,  1835.  A  portion  of  Syracuse  was  annexed 
in  1858.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  N.  half  is  level,  and  the 
s.  broken  and  hilly.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  usually  steep,  and  their  summits  are  500  to 
700  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Butternut  Creek,  flowing  n.,  divides  the  highlands  into  two  nearly  equal 
ridges.     Upon  this  stream  are  several  fine  mill  sites.     In  the  s.  w.  corner,  about  1  mi.  n.  w.  of 


than  15.000  sq.  ft.  The  vata  are  usually  arranged  in  threedifferent 
grades,  the  water  being  drawn  down  at  different  times,  and  the 
salt  Ijeinp  allnwed  to  cryRtallize  only  in  the  lowest  one.  In  this 
process  the  impurities  nearly  all  crystallize  before  the  brine  is 
drawn  into  the  last  series  of  vats,  leaving  pure  s.alt.  It  is  found 
th.1t,  on  an  average,  the  covers  can  be  taken  off  only  70  d.ay8  in 
a  se;ison.  More  than  500  acres  are  now  covered  by  solar  works; 
and  the  aggregate  number  of  covers  is  30.786,  and  the  amount 
of  evaporating  surface  8,403.840  sq.  ft.  The  solar  salt  is  much 
coarser  than  that  produced  by  boiling.  Large  quan  titles  of  both 
kinds  are  ground  for  dairy  and  table  purposes.  The  aggregate 
amount  of  bushels  of  salt  manutactured  in  1858  was  as 
follows : — 


Solar. 

Boiled. 

ntai. 

Syracuse 

Salina 

573.236 
469,483 
36,12S 
436,707 

943,0.37 

2.764,383 

956,807 

854.433 

1,516,273 
3,2.33.866 

Livei*pooI 

Geddes  

Total 

991.935 
1,291.145 

1,514,554 

5.518,665 

7,033,219 

The  State  levies  a  duty  of  one  cent  per  bushel  on  all  salt 
niauufartured ;  and  from  the  revenue  so  derived  the  State 
works  are  k^pt  np.    The  salt  is  usually  packed  in  bbls..  each 

containing  280  lbs.,  or  5  bushels.  The  ground  salt,  for  tiiblenntl     Simeon  Baker,  in  1799;  John  Lynn,  in  1800;  and  .Toahna  Kinne 
Hairy  u^e,  is  packed  in  sacks,  containing  14,  20,  or  2S  lbs.,  and    and  Klijali  Pinckney,  in  1807.  Hall  taught  th"-  lirst  schorrt, 


in  1809;  and  about  the  same  time  quarrying  wjis  »*omn>enced 
by  a  Joint  stock  company,  and  a  successful  business  was  carried 
on  for  many  years. 

2  James,  Wm.,  and  Elijah  Lindsay,  brothers  of  the  first  settler, 
came  soinn  after.  Among  the  other  early  settlors  weio  Nicholas 
Lamberson.  Moses  Carpenter,  Judge  Wm.  Stevens.  Dr.  J.  II. 
Frisbio,  Wm.  Reed.  Selden  Leonard,  and  David  Hinsdale.  Daniel 
Veal  taught  tlie  first  school,  in  1808;  Tsanc  Lindsay  kept  (he 
first  inn.  in  1793;  John  Tomlinson  the  first  store,  in  1808; 
David  Munro.  Wm.  Wheeler,  and  Samuel  Powers  built  the  first 
saw  and  grist  mills,  in  1806. 

8  2  M.  E..  2  Presb..  1  Bap.,  and  R.  C. 

*  The  Indian  name  of  this  swamp  is  Ka-nugh-wa-ka,  "where 
the  rabbits  run." 

6  See  p.  521. 

8  The  Indian  name  of  this  locality  is  OhBaha-u-ny-tah-se-Uf,-h- 
kah.  "  where  the  water  runs  out  of  Oneida  Lake." 

^  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Oliver  Stevens,  Ryal 
Bingbam.  Elnathan  Botchford,  John  Leach,  and  Patrick  McOee. 
The  rirst  child  born  was  John  L.  Stevens,  in  1S02.  rit-o.  Ramsav 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1792;  Patrick  McOeo  k'pt  the  first 
inn.  in  1791 ;  Isaac  Cody  the  first  store,  in  1818;  and  Moses  and 
Freeman  Ilotchkiss  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1823. 

8  2  .M.  E.,  2  Disciples,  Presb^  and  Union. 

*  Locally  known  as  "Podnnk." 
I*'  The  junction  of  these  two  rivers  forms  the  Oswego  Rivtl, 

and  from  this  is  derived  the  name  of  the  village. 

Among  the  other  early  settler^i  were  Adam  Coon,  in  1798; 


ifl  small  boxes.    The  barrels  are  principally  manufactured  in 
the  towns  lying  x.  of  the  city. 

I  It  is  said  that  the  first  gypsnm  in  the  U.  S.  was  found  in 
this  town  in  1792.  bv  Wm.  Lindsay.  De  Witt  Clinton,  Samuel 
Young,  and  other  distin^lehed  individuals  visited  the  locality 


in  180S;  A.  L.  Soule  kept  the  first  store;  aud  Abraham  Young 
built  the  first  sawmill. 

12  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Evang.  Luth. 

18  Named  from  Moses  De  Witt,  an  early  settler  and  prominent 
citizen. 


482 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


Jamesville,  is  a  small  lake,  occupying  a  deep  chasm  in  the  rocks.  It  ie  nearly  circular  in  form, 
about  80  rods  in  diameter,  and  is  almost  surrounded  by  perpendicular  banks  150  to  200  ft.  high.* 
Another  lake,  of  a  similar  character,  lies  2  mi,  n.  e.  of  Jamesville.^  Messina  Spring,  a  strong 
sulphur  spring,  n,  w.  of  the  center  of  the  town,  has  considerable  local  notoriety  for  medicinal 
qualities.  Gypsum  and  waterlime  are  both  extensively  quarried  along  the  banks  of  Butternut 
Creek.  The  soil  is  a  sand  and  clay  loam  in  the  n.,  and  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  in  the  s, 
Janiesville,^  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches  and  several  manufactories.*  Pop. 
-70.  Orville  (De  Witt  p.  o.)  contains  2  churches  and  158  inhabitants.  Collamer/  (p.  o.,) 
in  the  n.  part,  is  a  hamlet.  JUessina,  Springes  is  near  the  w.  line.  The  first  settler  was 
Beiij.  Murehouse,  from  Dutchess  co.,  who  came  in  April  2G,  1789.*  The  census  reports  7  churches 
in  tuwn.' 

E]LBRIDOE^ — was  formed  from  Camillus,  March  26,  1829.  It  is  the  central  town  upon 
the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  n.  and  rolling  in  the  s.  Seneca  River  and 
Cross  Lake  form  a  portion  of  the  n.  boundary.  Skaneateles  Outlet  flows  n.  w.  through  the  w. 
part.  Upon  tlie  banks  of  the  Outlet,  near  the  center,  are  found  the  peculiar  tunnel-shaped  cavities 
in  the  earth,  characteristic  of  regions  abounding  in  gypsum.  Several  weak  brine  springs  are 
found  along  Seneca  Kiver.^  The  soil  is  a  rich,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Elbrldge,  (p.  v.,) 
on  Skaueateles  Outlet,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  April  1,  1848;  it  contains  the 
Munro  Collegiate  Institute,^**  3  churches,  a  pail  factory,  and  several  mills.  About  1  mi.  down 
the  stream  is  a  mill  for  the  manufacture  of  pearl  barley.  Pop.  630.  Jordan,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the 
Outlet,  2  mi.  below  Elbridge,  was  incorp.  May  2,  1835.  It  contains  the  Jordan  Academy,  5 
churches,  2  flouring  mills,  and  a  wheelbarrow  factory.  It  is  a  station  upon  the  direct  branch  of 
the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.,  and  an  important  canal  village.  A  feeder  from  the  Outlet  connects  with 
the  canal  at  this  place.  Pop.  1,331.  Peru  (Jacks  Reefs  p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet,  on  the  canal,  near 
the  N.  E.  corner.  Junction  (Hart  Lot  p.  o.)  is  a  r.  r.  station  on  the  Auburn  Branch  of  the 
N.  y.  C.  R.  R.  Half  Way  is  a  station  on  the  same  r.  r.  California  is  a  hamlet,  on  the 
canal,  2  mi.  e.  of  Jordan.  The  first  settler  was  Josiah  Buck,"  who  looated  on  Lot  82,  in  1793 
The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  Dec.  30,  1816;  Elder  Craw  was  the  first  preacher.^^ 

FABirS^^—was  formed  from  Pompey,  March  9,  1798.  TuUy  was  taken  off  in  1803,  and  a 
part  of  Truxton  (Cortland  co.)  in  1808.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  in  the  co.  It  has  a  general 
elevation  of  1,000  to  1,200  ft.  above  the  Erie  Canal  at  Syracuse.  The  surface  of  the  s.  half  is 
broken  by  a  series  of  ridges  extending  in  a  n.  and  s.  direction  and  separated  by  narrow  valleys. 
Their  declivities  are  generally  st^ep,  and  the  summits  are  300  to  500  ft.  above  the  valleys.  South 
Hill,  in  the  s.  w,  corner,  is  the  principal  elevation.  The  central  and  northern  parts  are  level  or 
moderately  hilly.     The  streams  from  the  center  flow  s.  into  the  Tioughnioga,  and  those  upon  the 


*  Called  by  the  Indians  Kai-yah-KLX)h.  signifying  "satisfied 
with  tobacco."  Tradition  eaya  that  an  Indian  woman  once  lost 
her  cliild  here  in  a  marveloua  manner,  and  that  she  was  informed 
by  a  spirit  that  the  child  would  be  safe  if  she  wouM  annually 
cast  a  quantity  of  tobacco  upon  this  pond.  The  custom  con- 
tinued until  the  advent  of  the  white? ;  and  hence  the  name.  The 
water  of  the  lake  is  pure  upon  the  surface,  but  strongly  im- 
pregnated with  sulphur  below.  The  water  is  about  60  ft. 
deep. —  (lark's  Onmidaga. 

-  In  the  vicinity  of  this  latter  lake  two  caves  have  been  dis- 
covered Hud  explored  for  several  rods  under  ground.  The  caves 
and  sinks  in  which  the  lakes  are  situnted  are  evidently  formed 
by  the  dissolving  of  the  underlying  rocks  by  the  action  of 
water. 

3  Named  from  Jamea  De  Witt,  who  started  a  forge  here  at  an 
early  day. 

*  The  principdi  manufactures  are  waterlime  and  plaster. 
The  Orville  (navigable)  feeder  of  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  S.  B. 
&  N.  Y.  K.  R.  aflbrd  ample  facilities  for  transportation. 

6  lAXially  known  as  "Britton  Settlement."' 

*  Among  other  early  settlers  were  Daniel  Keeler.  Dr.  Hoi- 
brook,  Jeremiah  Jackson.  Stejiben  Antrel,  Stephen  Hungerford. 
John  Young.  Jeremiah  and  James  Oould,  M'illiam  Bends,  Roger 
Merrill,  Caleb  Northnip.  and  Benjamin  Sanford,— all  of  whom 
located  in  the  town  between  I79i>  and  1800.  The  first  child 
born  was  Sarah  Morehouse,  Feb,  IC.  1790;  and  the  first  death 
was  that  of  Egbert  De  Witt,  May  30. 1793.  Polly  Hibbard  taught 
the  first  school,  in  17!*5 ;  Benjamin  Morehouse  kept  the  first  inn. 
in  179U ;  and  Asa  Danforth  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1792,  and 
the  first  eristmill.in  1793. 

^  3  M.  E.,  2  Pre^b.,  Prot.  E..  and  Cong. 

Bin  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  at  the  time  of  the  first  settle- 
ment, were  found  the  remains  of  three  distinct  fitrtlfications: 
one  wa.s  s-juare,  one  quadrangular,  and  one  circular.  When 
ttrst  discovered,  the  embankments  were  3  feet  high ;  and  upon 


one  of  them  stood  an  oak  tree  4  ft.  in  diameter.  These  works 
were  each  situated  near  a  living  spring  of  water.  The  remains 
of  various  articles  found  here  seem  to  indicate  that  these  forti- 
ficatione  were  known  to  the  French. 

9  The  channel  of  this  river  at  Jacks  Reefe  has  been  deepened 
by  the  State,  for  the  purpose  of  draining  the  Cayuga  marshes. 
The  work  was  commenced  in  1854  and  finished  in  1S57.  under 
the  superintendence  of  Hon.  George  Geddes.  More  than  200.000 
yards  of  rock  cutting  were  removed,  and  the  marshes  were 
drained  as  far  west  as  Musquito  Point.  The  cost  was  $156,000. 
{ —  years  previous  tn  this  work  a  deep  channel  was  excavated 
for  a  distance  of —  mi.,  near  Oswego  River,  at  an  expense  of 
about  $100,000.) 

10  Founded  in  1839.  by  Nathan  Munro,  who  left  it  an  endow- 
ment of  $20,000.  The  building — among  the  finest  in  the  State 
— is  of  brick,  faced  with  brownstone,  and  has  accommodations 
for  300  pupils.    The  school  is  well  sustained. 

11  The  old  elm  tree  under  which  Mr.  Buck  and  family  took 
shelter  before  their  house  was  built  is  stiil  standing,  a  little  w. 
of  the  house  of  Col.  John  Munro.  Among  the  other  early 
settlers  were  Robert  Fulton,  James  Strong,  Col.  Chandler.  Dr. 

Pickard. Potter,  Jas.  Wiesuer.  Wm.  Stevens,  Dr.  John  Fris- 

bie,  Zenas  and  Aaron  Wright,  Martin  Tickner,  Reynolds  Corey, 
Isaac  Smith.  Jonathan  Rowley,  Jonathan  Babcock,  Moses  Car- 
penter, Squire  Munro.  Fzra  and  John  Brackett.  and  Josejih  and 
Aaron  Colm;in.  John  Healy  taught  the  first  school,  in  1801; 
Josiah  Buck  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1793;  Wm.  Stevens  kept  the 
first  store  and  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1797  ;  and  Isaac  Strong 
the  first  gristmill,  in  1798. 

12  The  census  reports  8  churches  in  town;  3  M.  E.,  2  Bap., 
Cong..  Presb.,  and  Prot.  E. 

13  The  town  at  first  embraced  the  military  townships  nf  F;tbius 
and  Tully,  each  10  mi.  square.  The  S.  half  of  the  township  (-f 
Fabius  was  erected  into  the  town  of  Truxton,  and  no\v  consti- 
tutes the  N.  part  of  Truxton  and  Cujler. 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY.  483 

E.  and  w.  borders  flow  n.  into  Limestone  and  Butternut  Creeks.  A  small  lake,  known  as  "  Labra- 
dor Pond,"  lies  at  the  w.  foot  of  South  Hill.  The  soil  is  generally  a  fine  quality  of  gravelly 
loam,  intermixed  in  places  with  clay  and  sand.  Along  the  stream  w.  of  Fabius  Village  is  con- 
siderable swamp  land.  From  its  elevation,  and  the  broken  character  of  its  surface,  this  town  in 
best  adapted  to  pasturage.  Dairying  is  the  principal  occupation  of  the  people ;  and  in  the  amount 
of  dairy  products  it  is  the  first  town  in  the  co.  and  among  the  first  in  the  State.'  FabiUN' 
(p.  V.)  ii  situated  on  a  small  stream,  n.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  town.  Pop.  472.  Apulia  (p.  v.) 
is  a  station  of  the  S.  B.  &  N.  Y.  R.  R.,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town.  Pop.  140.  Goo»teviIle  is 
a  hamlet,  in  the  N.  E.  corner.  The  first  settlers  were  Josiah  Moore  and  Timothy  Jerome,  from 
Stockbridge,  Mass.,  who  came  in  1794.'  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  at  Apulia,  in  1804; 
and  the  first  pastor  was  Rev.  Mr.  Osborne.  The  first  church  edifice  erected  was  a  Bap.,  at  Fabius 
Village,  in  1806.* 

(xEDDES^ — was  formed  from  Salina,  March  18,  1848  It  lies  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Onondaga 
Lake,  a  little  N.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  N.  and  rolling  in  the  s.  lu 
the  s.  E.  part  are  several  isolated,  rounded  drift  hills,  or  knolls.  Seneca  River  forms  the  n. 
boundary,  and  Onondaga  Creek  a  part  of  the  E.  Nine  Mile  Creek  flows  E.  through  near  the 
center.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  sandy  loam.  Near  the  s.  w.  extremity  of  the  lake  are  several 
salt  wells.'  The  New  York  State  Asylum  for  Idiots  is  in  the  E.  part,  near  the  line  of  Syracuse ; 
and  the  S.  B.  &  N.  Y.  R.  R.  coal  depot  is  on  the  canal.  In  the  s.  E.  part  are  extensive  stone  quarries. 
Geddes,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  e.  part,  was  incorp.  April  20,  1832.  It  contains  2  churches,  a  brewery 
and  distillery,  and  a  large  number  of  salt  works.  Pop.  950.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced 
by  James  Geddes,  in  1794.'    The  census  reports  2  churches;  Prot.  E.  and  M.  E. 

l,A  FAYETTE — was  formed  from  Pompey  and  the  Onondaga  Reservation,  April  15,  1825. 
It  lies  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  hilly  and  broken.  Butternut  Creek  flows  N. 
through  the  E.  part,  and  Onondaga  Creek  through  the  w.  The  high  ridge  between  the  valleys  of 
these  streams  has  steep  declivities,  and  its  summit  is  300  to  600  feet  high.  Conklings  Brook,  in 
the  s.  E.  part,  flows  from  the  E.,  and  within  the  space  of  1  mile  it  descends  500  ft.  The  soil  is 
generally  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam ;  and  a  portion  is  thickly  covered  with  large,  water-worn 
pebbles.  About  one-half  of  the  Onondaga  Indian  Reservation  lies  in  the  N.  w.  corner  of  this 
town.  liSL  Fayette,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  ridge  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  1  church  and 
35  houses;  and  Cardiff,  (p.  v.,)  on  Onondaga  Creek,  a  church  and  25  houses.  Lilnn  is  a  p.  o., 
in  the  s.  E.  part.  The  first  settler  was  John  Wilcox,  who  located  upon  Lot  14  in  1791.'  The  first 
church  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  Oct.  1809;  Rev.  Benj.  Bell  was  the  first  preacher.  There  are  2 
churches  in  town ;  Cong,  and  M.  E. 

I.YSAIVDER — was  formed  March  5,  1794.  Hannibal  (Oswego  co.)  was  taken  off  in  1806, 
and  Cicero  in  1807.  It  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  and  somewhat 
swampy  in  the  E.,  and  gently  rolling  in  the  w.  Seneca  River  forms  its  s.  and  e.  boundaries.  This 
stream  takes  the  name  of  Oswego  River,  below  the  mouth  of  the  outlet  of  Oneida  Lake.  In  the 
s.  w.  part  is  a  slight  fall  in  the  river,  known  as  Jacks  Rifts.  At  Baldwinsville  is  a  fall  of  7  ft., 
affording  a  valuable  water-power.  Mud  Lake,  a  large  pond  s.  w.  of  the  center,  covers  an  area  ot 
about  300  acres.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  with  occasional  patches  of  clay,  formed 
by  the  disintegration  of  the  red  shales.  Baldwinsville,  (p.  v.,)  on  Seneca  River,  was  incorp. 
in  1848.     It  contains  a  union  school,  a  scythe  factory,  ax  factory,  tannery,  several  extensive 


1  The  number  of  dairies  in  town  of  50  to  125  C0W8  each  is 
about  35,  and  the  njrgrpgate  number  of  cows  about  3,500. 

*  Formerly  called  "FrrmWrni-i/I**." 

8  Among  the  other  early  settlcra  were  Capt.  Ebenezer  Belden, 
Col.  Elijah  St.  John,  Thoma.s  Miles,  .Jonathan  Stanley.  Abel 
Webster,  James  Harris,  John  Wallace,  Thos.  and  Simeon 
Keeney.  Jacob  Penoyer,  and  Abel  Pi.xley.  The  first  child  bom 
was  Cliarlee  Moore,  in  179S ;  the  first  marriages,  those  of  Abel 
Webster  and  Lvdia  Keeney.  and  of  Luther  St.  John  and  Polly 
Joy,  in  1804;  and  the  first  death,  thiit  of  Josiah  Moore,  in  1802. 
A  colored  man  belonging  to  Simeon  Keeney  died  about  the 
Bame  time  from  drinking  too  much  maple  syrup.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Miss  Jerome,  (afterwsird  wife  of  .fudge 


&  Named  from  Hon.  James  Oeddes.  first  settler. 

*  The  first  salt  well  was  dug  by  James  Geddes.  in  1796.  The 
Indians  claimed  the  springs  w.  of  the  lake:  but  they  adopted 
Mr.  Geddes  into  their  tribe,  and  allowed  him  to  go  on  with  bis 
works.  There  are  now  in  town  46  fine  salt  works,  and  7,442 
coarse  salt  covers.    See  page  479. 

^  Among  the  other  e.arly  settlers  wore  Freeman  Hughs  and 
.Tames  Lamb.  Nancy  Root  taught  the  first  school,  in  1803; 
James  Lamb  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1803;  and  Noah  Smith  built 
the  first  sawmill,  in  1825. 

6  Comfort  Rounds  and  Wm.  Haskens  located  in  town  in  1792; 
Solomon  Owennnd  James  Sherman, in  1793;  John  Houghtaling, 
Amaziat  Branch,  James  Pearce.  Samuel  Hyatt.  Amaaa  Wiight, 


James  Geddes.)  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town;    Eunice   Fowlci  i  and   Reuben   Bryan,  in  1794;   and   Isajtc  and   Eliiis  Conklin, 
taught  the  first  school  nr-ar  Apulia,  in  1802-03,    The  first  inns    Zcnas  and  Ozias  Northway,  and   Isaac  Hull,  soou  after.    The 


were  kept  by  Josiah  Tubbs.  near  TuUy,  in  1797,  and  by  Capt. 
St.  John,  at  Apulia,  in  1802:  David  Caldwell  kept  the  first 
Btfire,  in  1804:  Thos  Miles  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1800;  and 
John  Meeker  the  first  grist  mill,  in  1S08.     ■ 

*  There  are  6  churches  in  town ;  M.  E.  and  Cong,  at  Apulia, 
and  Bap.,  M.  E.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  Univ.  at  Fabius. 


first  child  born  was  Amy  Wilcox,  in  1791;  the  fir^t  marriage, 
that  of  Solomon  <!twen  and  Lois  Rouniis,  in  1793;  and  the  firnt 
death,  that  of  Moses  Do  Witt,  in  1794.     Kev.  Amaziab  Brunch 

was  the  first  teacher; Cheney  kept  the  first  inn;  Stougb- 

ton  Morse  the  first  store;  and  James  Sherman  built  the  &nt 
sawmill,  in  1795. 


484 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


flouring  and  saw  mills,  a  newspaper  ofl&ce,  furnace,  machine  shop,  and  a  large  distillery.  Pop. 
1,675, — of  which  1,115  are  in  this  town  and  5G0  in  Van  Buren.  Betts  Corners  (Lysander 
p.  0.)  contains  3  churches  and  35  houses;  Ijittle  l^tica,  1  church  and  30  houses;  Plain- 
Tille  (p.  V.)  a  church  and  218  inhabitants;  and  Jacksonville  (Polkville  p.  o.)  a  church  and 
25  houses.  Lanisons  (p.  o)  is  a  r.  r.  station.  The  first  settler  within  the  present  limits  of  the 
town  was  Jonathan  Palmer,  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  who  drew  Lot  36,  and  located  upon  it  id 
1793.1     The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1813.'^ 

MAIVLIUS — was  formed  March  5,  1794.  A  part  of  Onondaga  was  taken  off  in  1798,  a  pari 
of  Salina  in  1809,  and  De  Witt  in  1835.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center. 
The  surface  of  the  n.  half  is  level,  and  that  of  the  s.  half  rolling  and  hilly.  Limestone  Creek 
flows  N.  through  near  the  center  of  the  town,  and  at  the  northern  extremity  it  receives  Butternut 
Creek  from  the  w.,  and  the  two  united  streams  flow  into  Chittenango  Creek,  which  latter  stream 
forms  the  n.  e.  boundary  of  the  town.  A  few  rods  s,  of  the  canal,  near  the  center,  are  two  small 
lakes,  similar  in  character  to  those  already  described  in  De  AYitt,  but  somewhat  larger.  They 
are  known  as  the  "Green  Lakes."  In  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  town  is  another  small  pond  of  the 
same  kind.^  The  e.  branch  of  Limestone  Creek,  near  the  s.  border  of  the  town,  falls  down  a 
limestone  precipice  100  ft.,  forming  a  beautiful  cascade.  Several  sulphur  and  other  mineral 
springs  are  found  in  town,  but  none  of  any  considerable  note.*  In  the  w.  part  are  extensive 
quarries,  from  which  are  obtained  immense  quantities  of  waterlime,  quicklime  and  gypsum.  The 
soil  is  a  deep,  fertile  alluvium  in  the  n.,  and  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam  in  the  s.  Manilas,  (p.  v.,) 
on  Limestone  Creek,  near  the  s.  line  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  March  12,  1813.  It  contains  the 
Manlius  Academy,  a  union  school,  4  churches,  2  carriage  factories,  2  flouring  mills,  an  ax  factory, 
2  founderies,  and  a  paper  mill.  Pop.  934.  FayettevUle,  (p.  v.,)  on  Limestone  Creek,  2  mi.  n.  w. 
from  Manlius,  and  1  mi.  from  the  Erie  Canal,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  navigable  feeder, 
was  incorp.  May  6,  1844,  It  is  finely  situated  on  a  gentle  elevation,  and  has  a  number  of  valuable 
water-privileges.^  It  contains  4  churches,  a  union  school,  a  bank,  2  large  flouring  mills,  3  sawmills, 
1  pearl  barley  mill,  1  paper  mill,  1  sash  blind  and  door  factory,  3  lime  and  plaster  mills,  1  tannery, 
1  foundery  and  machine  shop,  1  wheelbarrow  factory  and  1  cradle  factory,  5  carriage  factories,  and 
several  large  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  lime,  plaster,  and  waterlime.^  Pop.  in  1859, 
1,376.  manlius  Center  (p.  v.)  is  a  canal  village,  containing  40  houses.  Manlius  Station 
(p.  V.)  and  H-irkville  (p.  v.)  are  small  villages  and  stations  upon  the  Central  R.  P*-.  Ill^h 
Bridge,  in  the  s.  w.  part,  contains  a  church,  2  plaster  and  lime  mills,  a  sawmill,  gristmill,  -and 
20  houses.^  Matthews  Mills,  (North  Manlius  p.o.,)  Ea^le  Village,  and  Ilartsville 
are  hamlets.  The  first  settlers  were  David  Tripp,  who  located  1  mi.  n.  w.  of  the  present  site  of 
Manlius  Village,  and  James  Foster,  who  located  on  the  present  site  of  Eagle  Village,  in  1790.^  The 
first  church  (Prot.  E.)  was  formed  in  1798;  Rev.  Mr.  Nash  was  the  first  preacher.^ 

MARCELI^FS — was  formed  March  5,  1794.  A  part  of  Onondaga  was  taken  off  in  1798; 
Camillus  in  1799;  a  part  of  Otisco  in  180G;  and  Skaneateles  in  1830.     A  part  of  Sempronius 


1  Among  the  other  settlers  were  Benj.  De  Puy,  Reuben  Smith, 
Adam  Emerick.  Elijah  and  Solomon  Toll,  Thomas  Farrington, 
Elijah  Mann.  John  McHarrie,  Wm.  Lind9a.v,  Ehenezer  Wells, 
.James  Cowan,  Aimer  and  IVIanly  Vickery,  .7ob  Lomia,  and  Dr. 
.Jonas  C.  Baldwin.  Dr.  Baldwin  was  the  early  proprietor  and 
founder  of  Baldwinswille.  He  built  the  first  saw  and  grist 
mills,  in  1807  ;  and  opened  the  first  store,  during  the  same  year. 
By  his  energy,  the  place  soon  became  an  important  manfac- 
turing  village.  Daniel  Ayers  kept  the  first  inn.  The  first  child 
born  was  John  Toll. 

2  The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town ;  4  M.  E.,  2  Presb., 
Bap..  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and  Chriatiau. 

3  Among  the  hills  are  several  other  deep  chasms;  but  they 
do  not  contain  water.  Some  of  them  are  filled  with  ice  during 
the  winter,  and  thus  become  natural  icehouses  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  summer.  The  nature  and  origin  of  these  re- 
markable depressions  have  given  ripe  to  many  speculations  and 
theories  on  the  part  of  geologists  and  other  men  of  science. 

*  Deep  Spring,  called  by  the  Indians  Te-ungh-sat-a-yHgh.  l<i  a 
spring  60  ft.  in  diameter,  on  the  E.  line  of  the  town,  near  the 
eld  Seneca  Turnpike. 

6  These  are  formed  by  the  Ledyard  Canal — which  was  built 
by  the  citizens  at  a  cost  of  $35.000 — and  Bishop  Brook.  The 
l^edyard  Canal  is  formed  by  diverting  the  waters  of  Limestone 
Crcfk.  2  mi.  8.  of  the  village;  and  that,  in  connection  with 
Bif^hop  Brook,  which  rune  parallel  to  it  through  the  village, 
make  12  water-powers,  with  an  average  fall  of  20  ft.  each. 

"  During  the  year  ending  Jan.  1,  1R59,  l..'J94  tons  of  limestone 
for  the  manufacture  of  quicklime,  903  tons  of  building  stone, 
10,298  tons  of  stone  plaster,  3,2iC  tona  of  ground  plaster,  85,459 


barrels  of  waterlime,  and  50,410  bushels  of  quicklime  were  sold 
in  the  village  of  Fayetteville. 

7  An  extensive  water-power  is  formed  at  this  place  by  the  con- 
struction of  a  hydraulic  canal  from  Limestone  Creek  and  an- 
other from  a  brook  flowing  from  the  e.  This  power  is  used 
in  all  the  manufactories  in  the  village,  and  but  a  small  portion 
of  it  is  occupied. 

8  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Joshua  Knowlton  an<I 
Origen  Eaton,  on  the  site  of  Fayetteville,  in  1T91 ;  Conrad  Lour, 
Cyi-us  Kinnie,  and  John  A  Shaeffer.  in  1792:  and  Caleb  Pratt. 
Capt.  Joseph  Williams.  Wm.  Ward.  Col.  Elijah  Phillips.  Charles 
Mulholland.  Charles  Moseley,  Dr.  Sturtevant.  Alvan  Marsh,  and 
Dr.  Ward,  all  of  whom  came  previous  to  1800.  The  first  child 
born  was  Baron  Steuben  ShaefTer.  in  1794.  It  is  related  that 
on  the  night  of  his  birth  Baron  Steuben  and  a  party  ol  friends 
put  up  at  Mr.  Shaeffer's,  who  then  kept  an  inn  on  the  present 
site  of  Manlius.  The  baron  was  much  disturl-ed  during  the 
night,  and  in  the  morning  severely  reprimanded  Mr.  S.  for  al- 
lowing his  guests  to  be  so  annoyed  that  they  could  not  sleep. 
Upon  seeing  the  infant,  he  apologized  for  hi'?  ebullition  of  tem- 
per, bestowed  his  own  name  upon  the  child,  and  gave  him  a 
deed  of  250  acres  of  land.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of 
Nicholas  Phillips  and  Katv  Garlock.  Jan.  14, 1793;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  the  father  of  David  Tripp,  in  1792;  framu<.l  E.i- 
wards  taught  the  first  school,  in  James  Foster's  bain;  James 
Foster  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1790;  Charles  Moseley  the  first 
store,  in  1793;  Elijah  Phillips  and  three  others  built  the  first 
sawmill,  in  1792-93;  and  Wm.  Ward  the  first  gritstmill,  in  1794. 

BThe  census  reports  13  churches  in  town;  Z  M.  E.,  2  Bap., 
2  Prot.  E.,  2  Presb.,  Meth.  Prot.,  Wes.  Meth.,  R.  C,  and  Union. 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


485 


(Cayuga  co.)  was  annexed  in  1804,  and  a  part  of  Spafford  in  1840.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
s,  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  valley  of  Nine 
Mile  Creek,  which  extends  n.  and  s.  through  the  center.  The  declivities  which  border  upon  the 
creek  are  steep,  and  200  to  500  ft.  high.  Upon  the  creek  are  several  falls,  furnishing  a  large 
amount  of  water-power.  Lime  and  plaster  both  abound.  The  soil  is  generally  a  deep,  black 
loam,  formed  by  the  decomposition  of  the  Marcellus  shales,  intermixed  to  some  extent  with  clay. 
Manufacturing  is  carried  on  to  a  limited  extent  along  Nine  Mile  Creek.  lUarcellus,  (p.  v.,) 
on  the  creek,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  April  29,  1853 ;  it  contains  4  churches,  a 
woolen  factory,  and  grist  mill.  Pop.  380.  IHarcellus  Falls  (p.  v.)  contains  a  gristmill,  saw- 
mill, and  2  paper  mills.  Pop.  200.  ]IIariefta^  (p.  v.,)  upon  Nine  Mile  Creek,  in  the  s.  part, 
contains  30  houses.  ClintouTille  is  a  hamlet.  Tborn  llill  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  in  the 
S.  w.  part.  The  first  settler  was  Wm.  Cobb,  who  located  on  the  e.  hill  in  1794.*  The  first  church 
edifice  (Union)  was  built  in  1803;  Rev. Atwater  was  the  first  preacher,^ 

0]\'OWDAGA — was  formed  from  Marcellus,  Pompey,  and  Manlius,  March  9,  1798.  A  part 
of  Salina  was  taken  off  in  1809,  and  a  part  of  Camillus  in  1834.  The  surface  is  mostly  a  rolling 
and  hilly  upland,  separated  into  two  ridges  by  the  valley  of  Onondaga  Creek.  The  e.  ridge  is 
rocky  and  broken,  and  the  w.  is  generally  smooth  and  rolling.  A  fine,  wide  intervale  extends 
along  the  creek,  and  is  bordered  by  steep  hillsides,  the  summits  of  which  are  200  to  400  ft.  high. 
A  valley,  forming  a  natural  pass  between  Onondaga  and  Nine  Mile  Creeks,  extends  s.  w.  through 
the  town.  Along  the  n.  line  the  highlands  w.  of  the  valley  descend  abruptly  to  the  n.,  presenting 
in  some  places  the  face  of  a  neai-ly  perpendicular  precipice  100  to  150  ft.  high.  This  declivity  is 
known  as  Split  Rock.  Upon  these  cliffs  is  an  outcrop  of  Onondaga  limestone,  which  is  extensively 
quarried  for  building  purposes.*  The  Split  Rock  stone  quarry  is  near  the  n.  w.  corner.  The  soil 
in  the  valley  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  and  on  the  uplands  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  Lime 
and  waterlime  are  both  largely  manufactured.  About  one-half  of  the  Onondaga  Indian  Reservar 
tion  lies  in  the  s.  e.  part  of  this  town.  Ononda§^a  Hill,^  (Onondaga  p.  o.,)  on  the  hill  w.  of 
the  creek,  contains  a  church  and  53  dwellings.  Ouondaga  Valley  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches 
and  the  Onondaga  Academy.  Pop.  385.  iSoutli  Onondag^a  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches,  several 
mills,  and  a  population  of  290.  IVavartno^  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  near  the  line  of  Mar- 
cellus, contiiins  a  church  and  115  inhabitants.  Onondagra  Castle  is  a  p.  o.  near  the  Indian 
Reservation.  UO'Wlet  Hill  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  n.  w.  corner ;  and  "fVest  OBiondag'a  a  p.  o. 
near  the  w.  line.  The  first  white  man  who  lived  in  this  town  and  vicinity  was  Ephraim  Webster,^ 
an  Indian  trader.  The  nrst  permanent  settlers  were  Asa  Danforth,®  his  son  Asa,  from  Mass.,  and 
Comfort  Tyler,  a  young  man  who  accompanied  them, — all  of  whom  located  upon  a  lot  a  little  s.  of 
Onondaga  Hollow.     This  was  the  first  settlement  made  in  the  co.*'     Rev.  Samuel  Kirkland,  a 


1  .\moDg  the  other  early  settlers  were  Cyrus  Holcomb, 

Boweii, Cady,  Samuel  Tyler.  Dan  Bradley,  Samuel  Rice, 

Nathan  Kelaey,  Thomas  Miller.  Bigelow  Lawrence,  Martin  Cos- 
sitt,  and  Samuel  Wheadon, — all  of  whom  located  previous  to 
1600.  The  town  nipidly  filled  up  with  settlers,  principally  from 
Mass.  The  first  child  Corn  whs  a  daughter  of  Wm.  Cobb.  Miss 
Asenith  Lawrence  taught  the  first  school,  in  the  summer  of 
170tj;  Dea.  Samuel  Hice  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1796;  Elnathan 
Bench  the  first  store,  in  1796;  Dan  Bradley  and  Samufl  Hrcu 
built  the  first  sawmill,  in  179o-9ti;  and  Miiy  &  Sayles  the  firat 
gristmill,  in  1800. 

2  The  census  reports  5  churches;  2  Presb.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and 
Prot.  E. 

3  In  this  ledge  is  an  irregular  crack  or  chasm,  which  ie  said  to 
extend  downward  to  the  dejith  of  100  ft.  Ice  remains  in  it 
during  the  greater  part  of  summer.  The  stone  was  obtained 
from  these  quarries  for  building  the  locks  upon  the  canal  and 
the  aqueduct  across  Genesee  River;  and  it  is  justly  esteemed  a 
building  stone  of  superior  quality. 

*  For  many  years  after  the  organization  of  Onondaga  co.  the 
co.s-at  wail  located  at  this  village.  It  was  a  place  of  considerable 
business,  and  the  most  important  village  upon  the  Seneca  Turn- 
pike w.  of  Whitestown.  For  a  long  time  its  only  business  rivals 
were  Saliniu  or  "  Salt  Ptiijit,"  aud  Onondaga  Hollow ;  but,  on 
account  of  the  healthfulness  of  its  situation,  the  Hill  main- 
tainf  fl  its  superiority  until  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal, 
in  1825.     It  is  now  a  mere  hamlet. 

*  Mr.  Webster  was  a  native  of  N.  H.,  and  served  3  years  in  the 
army  during  the  Revolution.  After  the  war  he  beciime  an 
Indian  trader;  .nnd,  in  consequence  of  his  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  Iri<hjin  language,  bo  was  employed  as  an  interpreter  in 
several  of  the  councils  between  the  whites  and  Indians.  In 
1786  he  erected  a  trading  house  on  the  banks  of  Onondaga  Creek, 
nt-ar  its  mouth,  and  continued  his  traffic  there  for  several  years. 
He  married  an  Indian  woman  ;  and,  becoming  a  great  favorite, 
the  tribe  made  him  a  present  of  a  square  mile  of  laud  upon 


Onondaga  Creek,  a  little  s.  of  the  present  village  of  Onondaga 
Valley.  The  Indians  also  granted  him  300  acres  near  the  n.  w. 
corner  of  the  present  reservation.  He  afterward  married  a 
white  woman,  by  whom  he  had  a  large  family  of  children.  Ho 
was  employed  by  the  Government  as  a  spy,  interjireter,  nnd 
counselor  during  the  Indian  wars  that  followed  the  Revolution  : 
and  he  was  in  active  service  during  the  last  war  with  Gn'at 
Britain.  For  many  years  he  was  Indian  Agent,  and  probably 
had  more  influence  with  the  Onondaga  tribe  tlian  any  other 
white  man.  He  died  in  1825.  OneoflUs  Indian  children — Harry 
Webster — is  now  chief  of  the  Onondaga  Nation. 

•J  Mr.  Danforth  was  the  pioneer,  and  one  of  the  most  energetic 
and  prominent  of  the  early  settlers  of  the  co.  He  erected  the 
first  sawmill  and  gristmill  in  the  co.,  on  Butternut  Creek,  near 
Jamesville;  and  during  the  many  years  of  privation  which  fol- 
lowed the  first  settlement,  hia  cabin  was  always  the  welcome 
home  of  the  distressed  and  suffering  settlers.  He  held  at  differ- 
ent times  the  offices  of  Judge  of  Common  Pleas.  Superintendent 
of  the  Salt  Springs,  and  Major  General  in  the  State  Militia.  He 
died  in  181S. 

'  Among  the  other  settlers  who  came  soon  after  Mr.  Danforth 
were  Abyah  Earll,  Levi  Hiscock.  and  Roderick  Adams,  in  17S8 
or  '89;  Nicholas  Mickles,  John  C.  Brown,  Arthur  Patterson,  Job 

Tyler,  Peter  Tenbroeck. Lewis.  Cornelius  Longstreet,  Peter 

Young,  Joseph  Forman,  John  Adams.  Geo.  Kibbe,  Wm.  and 
Gordon  Needham,  Wm.  II.  Sabine,  Jasprr  Hopper,  Aaron  Bel- 
lows. George  Hall,  Joseph  Swan,  Thtddens  M.  Wood,  Jonas  C. 
Baldwin,  and  Daniel  and  Nehemiah  U.  Earll.  The  first  marriage 
Wiis  that  of  Ephraim  Webster  and  an  Indian  woman,  in  17s9. 
The  wife  soon  after  died,  and  Mr.  Webster  took  another  Indian 
wife,  agreeing  to  live  with  her  as  long  as  she  kept  sober.  He 
lived  with  her  nearly  20  years.  As  the  settlement  began  to 
advance,  he  was  desirous  of  obtaining  a  white  wife,  and  to  this 
end  endeavored  to  make  his  wife  drunk.  For  a  long  time  she 
resisted  every  attempt;  but  at  last,  with  the  aid  of  milk  punch, 
be  succeeded.    The  next  morning  Bho  left  without  speaking  a 


4>^ 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


missionary  from  Mass..  was  the  first   preacher.      The  first  church  (Presbyterian)  was  formed 
at  an  early  day,  at  the  Hill.^ 

OTISCO — was  formed  from  Pompey,  Marcellus,  and  Tully,  March  21, 1806.  It  is  an  interior 
town,  lying  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  principally  occupied  by  the  high  ridge 
between  the  valleys  of  Onondaga  Creek  and  Otisco  Lake.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  generally 
steep  and  the  summits  rolling,  and  elevated  800  to  1,000  ft.  above  the  valleys  and  1,600  to  1,700 
above  tide.  Otisco  Lake  is  772  ft.  above  tide.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  town,  in  a  valley 
1,000  ft.  below  the  summits  of  the  hills.  Bear  Mountain,^  in  the  n.  w.  part,  overhanging  the 
valley  of  Onondaga  Creek,  is  one  of  the  principal  elevations.  The  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  or 
gravelly  loam,  mixed  with  clay,  and  well  adapted  to  grazing.  Otisco,  (p.  v.,)  situated  upon  the 
high  ridge  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  30  houses;  and  Aniber,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  foot  of 
Otisco  Lake,  25.  Maple  Grove  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  n.e.  corner.  The  first  settler  was  Chauncey 
Rust,  from  Northampton,  Mass.,  who  moved  his  family  from  La  Fayette  in  April,  1801.  During 
this  year  and  the  following,  a  large  number  of  settlers  arrived,  principally  from  Mass.  and  Conn, 
and  the  whole  town  filled  up  rapidly.^     The  first  religious  service  was  a  prayer  meeting,  held  in 

Sept.  1801,  at  the  house  of Rust.     The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  May  9,  1803,  by  Rev. 

Hugh  AVallace.     There  are  now  two  churches  in  town  ;  Cong,  and  M,  E.     This  town  is  noted  for 
being  the  birthplace  and  residence  of  several  persons  of  distinguished  literary  reputation.* 

POMPEY^— was  formed  in  Jan.  1789.  Fabius  and  a  part  of  Onondaga  were  taken  off  in 
1798  ;  a  part  of  Otisco  in  1806  ;  and  La  Fayette  in  1825.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of 
the  center,  and  upon  the  high,  rolling  ridge  which  lies  between  the  e.  branch  of  Limestone  Creek 
and  Butternut  Creek,  The  highest  summit  is  906  feet  above  the  surface  of  Butternut  Creek, 
near  the  La  Fayette  r.  r.  station,  1,343  ft.  above  the  canal  at  Syracuse  and  1,743  ft.  above  tide. 
The  general  ridge  is  subdivided  into  3  ridges  by  the  valleys  of  the  2  w,  branches  of  Limestone 
Creek.  These  valleys  are  200  to  300  ft.  below  the  summits  and  are  bordered  by  steep  hillsides. 
The  streams  that  drain  the  s.  part  of  the  town  flow  in  a  southerly  direction.  Pratts  Falls,  upon 
the  w.  branch  of  Limestone  Creek,  are  137  ft.  high ;  and  within  a  few  rods  of  them  are  several 
other  fine  cascades.  Near  the  n.  line,  upon  the  same  creek,  is  a  cascade  of  70  ft.  Just  e.  of  the 
CO.  line,  near  Delphi,  on  the  e.  branch  of  the  same  stream,  are  2  other  fine  cascades.  Carpenters 
Pond,  in  the  s.  e,  part,  covers  an  area  of  about  30  acres.  The  soil  is  a  strong,  clayey  loam. 
Pompey  Hill,  (Pompey  p.  o.,)  on  the  summit  of  the  ridge,**  contains  5  churches  and  the  Pom- 
pey Academy.  Pop.  270.  Delplil,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Limestone  Creek,  in, the  s.  e.  corner,  contains 
3  churdies  and  219  inhabitants.  Watervale,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Limestone  Creek,  n.  of  the  center, 
contains  a  grist  and  saw  mill  and  20  houses.  Oran,  (p.  v,,)  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  contains  a  church 
and  82  inhabitants.  Pompey  Center^  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  In  the  s.  e.  corner,  above  Delphi, 
are  an  edge  tool  factory,  and  a  woolen  mill  not  in  operation.  The  first  settler  was  Ebenezer  Butler, 
who  located  on  Lot  65  in  1792.^     The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1794;  the  first  preacher 


word,  and  in  a  short  time  died  of  sxi^f-  The  first  child  born  was 
Amanda  Danforth,  daughter  of  Asa  DanfLirth.  jr.,  Oct.  14, 1789. 
Dr.  Gordon  Needham  taught  the  first  school,  in  1795;  Comfort 
Tyler  kept  the  first  inn;  George  Kihbe  the  first  store;  Gen. Dan- 
forth built  the  firet  gristmill,  in  1794;  and  Turner  Fenner  the 
first  sawmill,  in  1793. 

1  The  census  reports  11  churches;  5  M.  E.,  2  Presb.,  Cong., 
Bap.,  Wes.  Meth.,  and  Union. 

*  Named  from  the  great  number  of  bears  that  infested  it  when 
the  country  was  first  settled. 

3  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Jonathan  B.  Nichols,  Charles 
and  Benoni  Merriman.  Solomon  Judd,  and  Lemon  Gaylord.  in 
1801 ;  Otis  Baker.  Noah  Parsons.  Nathaniel  Loomis.  Amos  and 
Isaac  Cowles.  in  1S02 ;  and  Benjamin  Cowles.  Josiah  Clark,  Daniel 
Bennett  EHaa  and  Jared  Thayer,  Henry  Elethrop,  Samuel. 
Ebenezer,  and  Luther  French,  Jared  and  Noah  Parsons,  and 
Kufus  Clapp,  soon  after.  Lucv  Cowles  (afterward  wife  of  Rev. 
Geo.  Cfllton)  taught  the  first  school,  in  1802.  The  first  child 
born  was  Timothy  Rust,  March  22,  1802;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Nathaniel  Dadv.  jr.,  killed  by  the  fiill  of  a  tree.  July  19, 
1802.  Danl  Bennett  kept  the  first  inn.  inlS02:  and  Michael 
Johnson  the  first  store,  in  1808.  Charles  Merriman  built  the 
first  gristmill,  in  ISOfi. 

<  Willis  Gaylord.  widely  known  as  the  editor  of  the  Genesee 
Farmer  and  Albany  Cultivator,  and  as  a  refined  and  graceful 
Contributor  to  the  light  literature  of  the  day,  came  into  town 
with  his  father,  from  Bristol,  Conn.,  in  1801.  He  was  then  9 
years  of  age;  and  he  resided  here  until  a  few  years  before  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  1844.  Willis  and  Lewis  Gaylord  Clark, 
twin  brothers,  were  born  in  this  town  in  April,  1808.  The  ftjrmer 
IS  known  as  a  poet,  the  authorof  "Ollipodian.i,"  and  as  the  editor 
of  the  Philadelphia  GaEette:  and  thu  latter  has  obtained  a 
national  reputation  as  the  editor  of  the  Knickt-rbocker  Maga- 


zine, a  position  which  he  has  held  for  the  last  25  years.  Willis 
died  in  1841.  Their  fnther  was  Eliakim  Clark,  an  officer  in  the 
Revolntion.  and  their  mother  was  sister  to  Willis  Gaylord.  Rev. 
Geo.  Culton,  father  of  Owen  Colton,  author  of  a  series  of  Greek 
text  books,  and  of  Geo.  H.  Colton.  founder  and  editor  of  the 
American  Review,  was  many  years  a  resident  of  the  town. 

6  Named  by  the  Indiana  Ote-ge-ga-ja-ke,  "  a  place  of  mnch 
grass,  openings  or  prairies."  Another  name  given  to  this  locality, 
not  often  repeated,  and  about  which  there  is  mnch  superstitious 
reserve,  is  Ote-queh-sah-he-eh.  "the  field  of  blood,  or  bloody 
ground, — a  place  where  many  have  been  slain."  It  has  been  said 
that  no  Indian  ever  visits  this  neighborhood.  They  rertrtinly  dis- 
like to  converse  much  about  it. — Ckirk'sOnondag'j.Vol.  II.  p.  325. 

8  Water  from  one  side  of  the  roof  of  the  hotel  at  this  jdar-e 
finds  its  way  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  from  the  other  into 
Chesapeake  Bay. 

'  Locally  kno^vn  as  "Greens  Corners." 

8  Moses  Blower  and  Moses  Savage  came  in  the  same  year. 
Among  the  early  settlers  upon  the  hilln  were  Artemus  Bishop, 
Josiah  Holbrook.  Timothy  Sweet,  John  and  Samuel  Jerome, 
Joseph  Smith,  .Tesse  Butler,  Dr.  Deodatns  Clarke.  Jacob  Il'.ar, 
Jas.  Olcott,  Triieworthy  Cuok.  Selah  Cook.  Noadiah  and  Kpi- 
phas  Olcott.  Dr.  Samuel  Beach,  and  fiiniilies  nametl  Hinsdide, 
Hibbard,  Messenger,  Western,  and  Daniel  Allen.  The  e.irly 
settlers  in  the  e.  hollow  were  Samuel  Draper.  James  MrCIuie, 
Wm.  Cook,   Oziaa    Burr.   Elihu   Barber.  John   Lamb.   l>arjii| 

Thomas, Savage,  Danifl  Hubbard.  Wm.  Shankland,  and 

Dand  Sweet.  The  first  child  born  was  Sally  Hoar,  alwut  1794; 
the  first  male  child  born  was  Orange  Butler;  the  first  mnrriaga 
was  that  of  Zachariali  Kinne  and  Diadania  Barnes ;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  Mrs.  Jas.  Cravath.  Samuel  Clement  taught  the 
fir^t  school  in  the  town  and  co.,  on  Lot  28,  in  1794.  Ebenezer 
i  Butler  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1792;  Henry  Seymour  the  first  store; 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


487 


was  Rev.  Mr.  Robhins,  a  missionary  from  Conn.^  Several  eminent  personages,  distinguished  in  the 
fieUisof  politics,  literature,  and  art,  were  natives  of  this  town,  prominent  among  whom  are  Sara  J. 
Clarke,  (now  Mrs.  Sara  J.  Llppincott,  better  known  as  *' Grace  Greenwood,")  Kx-Gov.  Horatio 
Seymour,  Charles  Mason,  late  Commissioner  of  Patents,  and  Erastus  D,  Palmer,  the  sculptor, 

SAEiII¥A — was  formed  from  Manlius  and  Onondaga,  March  27,  1809.  Syracuse  was  taken  off 
in  1847,  and  Geddes  in  1848.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  bank  of  Onondaga  Lake,  x.  of  the  center  of  the 
CO,  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating.  Mud  Creek,  in  the  s.  e.  part,  and  its  tributary. 
Bear  Trap  Creek,  are  the  only  streams.  Along  their  course  is  a  considerable  amount  of  swamp 
land.  The  soil  is  principally  a  sandy  loam,  with  occasional  intervales  of  tough  clay.  The  people 
are  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  salt.  Tobacco  is  cultivated  to  some  extent.  Liiver- 
pOOl,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  e.  bank  of  Onondaga  Lake,  on  the  w.  line  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  April 
20,  1830.  It  contains  4  churches,  a  union  school,  a  steam  saw  and  stave  mill,  and  a  large  number 
of  salt  works.  Pop.  1,305.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Liverpool,  in  1795,  by  John  Dan- 
forth  and  3  sons,  from  Worcester  co.,  Mass.'^     There  are  4  churches  in  town.^ 

SRAIVEATEliES*— was  formed  from  Marcellus,  Feb.  26,  1830.  A  part  of  Spaffurd  was  an- 
nexed in  1840.  It  is  the  s.  town  on  the  w.  line  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  rolling  or  moderately  hilly. 
Skaneateles  Lake  divides  the  s.  half  of  the  town  into  two  nearly  equal  parts.  From  the  lake  the 
land  slopes  beautifully  upward  to  a  height  of  200  to  500  ft.  The  highlands  upon  both  borders 
overlooking  the  lake  furnish  a  great  number  of  sites  for  country  residences,  which,  in  beauty  of 
situation,  have  no  superiors  in  the  State,  Many  of  these  are  occupied  by  fine  cottages  and  villas. 
Skaneateles  Outlet,  flowing  n.,  is  the  principal  stream.  Upon  it  are  numerous  falls,  furnishing  an 
abundance  of  water-power.^  The  soil  is  principally  a  clay  loam.  Skaneateles/  (p- v.,)  beauti- 
fully located  at  the  foot  of  the  lake,  was  incorp.  April  19, 1833.  It  contains  6  churches,  a  union  school, 
and  3  carriage  manufactories.  Pop.  1,200.  Mottville,  (P-^-»)  ^^  Skaneateles  Outlet,  contains 
1  church,  2  machine  shops,  a  foundery,  chair  factory,  fork  factory,  and  gristmill.  Pop.  250. 
Mandana,,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  lake,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  contains  15  dwellings. 
liello^g^S  Mills,  a  hamlet  IJ  mi,  n.  of  Skaneateles,  contains  a  woolen  factory  which  employs 
125  hands.  The  first  settler  was  John  Thompson,  a  Scotchman,  who  located  upon  Lot  18  in  1703.*^ 
The  first  church  edifice  (Cong.)  was  erected  in  1807  ;  Rev.  Aaron  Bascom  was  the  first  pastor.^ 

SPAFFORD®— was  formed  from  Tully,  April  8,  1811.  Parts  of  Marcellus  and  Skaneateles 
were  taken  off  in  1840.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  bank  of  Skaneateles  Lake,  and  is  the  w,  town  on  the  s. 
line  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  principally  of  a  high  ridge  between  Skaneateles  and  Otisco 
Lakes,  abruptly  descending  to  the  valleys  on  each  side  and  gradually  declining  toward  the  n. 
The  highest  summit,  Ripley  Hill,  is  1,122  ft.  above  Skaneateles  Lake  and  1,982  ft,  above  tide, 
Otisco  Inlet  is  a  small  stream  flowing  through  the  valley  which  extends  s.  from  Otisco  Lake.  The  soil 
is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Borodino,  (p.  v., )  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  contains  a  population 
of  202.  SpaflTord,  (p-'^-O  near  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  30  houses.  Spallord  Hoi* 
lour  is  a  p.  0.  The  first  settlers  were  Gilbert  Palmer  and  his  son  John,  who  located  on  Lot  76  in 
1794.*^   The  first  church  (M.  E.)was  formed  at  an  early  day  ;  Elder  Harmon  was  the  first  preacher." 


Pratt  &  Smith  built  the  first  Bawmill.  in  1796,  and  the  first 
gristmill,  in  1798;  Dr.  Hezekiah  Clarke  was  the  first  settled 
phyaiciaa.  He  served  2  years  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  and  was  at  the  massacre  of  Fort  Griswold. 

1  The  census  reports  12  churches;  4  M.  E.,  3  Bap.,  Cong., 
Presb..  Prot.  E.,  Univ.,  and  Disciples. 

8  Abel  Hawley,  John  Eager,  and  Patrick  Riley  came  in  about 
the  same  time.  The  first  marriage  wixa  that  of  Abram  Shne- 
maker  and  Betsey  Danforth,  in  1809.  The  first  school  was 
taught  by  Capt.  Conner,  about  1797.  in  a  salt  block,  which  at 
that  time  contained  4  kettles;  and  the  school  was  tau^^ht  while 
the  block  was  in  operation.  John  Danforth  kept  the  first  inn, 
in  1796. 

3  2  M.  E.,  Evan.  Luth.,  and  Presb. 

*  Indian  name:  by  some  said  to  signify  "very  long  lake," 
and  by  others,  "the  beautiful  squaw."  The  outlet  is  called 
"  Hanauttoo."  or  "  Hanauto,"  meaning  *'  water  running  through 
thick  hemlocks." 

ft  A  rec^-nt  survey  makes  Skaneat<^les  Lake  860.25  feet  above 
tide.  Between  Skaneateles  and  Mottville  are  two  large  distil- 
leries), and  below  Mottville  a  woolen  factory,  a  grist  and  saw 
mill,  a  paper  mill,  and  a  distillery. 

•  The  beautiful  location  of  this  village  upon  one  of  the  fin<'8t 
lakes  in  the  State  renders  it  a  favorite  summer  resort  of  people 
from  the  cities  and  from  the  Snuth. 

'  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were Robinson,  James 

Watson,  Lovcl  Gibbs,  Jonathan  Hall,  and  Winston  Day.  who 
came  in  1796;  Warren  Hecox,  James  and  Samuel  Porter,  Dr. 


Munger,  Elnathan  Andrews.  John  Legg.  Moses  Loss,  John 
Brijrgs.  Nathan  Kelsey.  Wm.  J.  Vredenburgh,  Isaac  Sherwoud, 
Dr.  Benedict,  and  families  by  the  names  of  Kellogg  and  Earll, 
who  came  in  soon  after.  EUsha  Cole,  now  living,  (1S59,)  came 
in  with  his  father  in  1793.  Capt.  Wm.  Thomas  came  in  1796: 
Hezekiah  Earll  and  Samuel  Greenman  in  1797.  The  first  child 
born  was  Richard  P.  Watson,  June  1,  1796;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Nehemiah  Earll.  in  1^08,  James  Porter  kept  tlie  first 
inn.  and  Winston  Day  the  fii-st  store,  in  1797 ;  and  .ludge  Jede 
diah  Sanger  built  the  first  saw  and  grist  mill,  in  IT'jiV 

8  The  census  reports  8  churches;  2  M.  E.,  2  Friends,  Baji., 
Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  and  Univ. 

9  Named  from  Horatio  Gates  Spafford,  author  of  the  first 
Gazetteer  of  New  York. 

10  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Jonathan  Berry,  Archi- 
bald Farr.  Warren  Kneeland,  M.  Harvey.  Isaac  Hall,  Elish.'i 
Sabins,  John  Bahcock,  Peter  Knapp.  Samuel  Smith,  Otis  and 
Moses  Legg,  Jethro  Bailey,  Elias  Davis,  Abel  Amadou,  Job 
Lewis,  Daniel  TiukhHm.  John  Hidlihut,  Levi  Foster.  Benj. 
Horner,  James  and  Cornelius  Williamsttn.  Benjamin  Stanton. 
John  Woodward,  James  Hacon,  and  .\s;diel  Roundy.  The  first 
child  born  was  Alvah  Pnlmer;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Elisha 
Freeman  and  Phtebe  Smith;  and  the  fiist  death,  that  of  Bcnj. 
Chaffee,  in  Aug.  1801.  Sallv  Packard  taught  the  first  scho<d.  in 
180:i;  Jared  Balicock  kept  (he  first  store,  in  ISOO;  Arrbibald 
Farr  kept  the  first  inn  and  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1S08;  an^ 
Josiah  Walker  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1810. 

n  The  census  reports  0  churches;  3  M.  E.,  Presb., and  l-niot. 


488 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


SYRACUSE' — was  incorp.  as  a  village  in  the  town  of  Sallna, 
April  13,  1825,  and  as  a  city,  Dec.  14,  1847.  A  portion  was 
annexed  to  De  Witt  in  1858.  It  lies  in  a  basin  extending  s.  of 
the  head  of  Onondaga  Lake,  and  upon  the  ridges  immediately  e. 
A  low  portion,  partly  marshy,  containing  more  than  a  square 
mi.,  lies  upon  the  lake,'^  and  is  bordered  by  an  abrupt  declivity 
10  to  30  ft.  high.  From  the  summit  of  this  declivity  the  surface 
spreads  out  into  an  almost  perfect  flat,  on  which  is  built  the 
greater  part  of  the  more  thickly  settled  portions  of  the  city.  A 
ridge  100  to  200  ft.  high  extends  through  the  E.  part.'  Upon 
the  highlands  that  surround  the  city  are  some  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful sites  for  country  residences  to  be  found  in  the  State.  The 
city  is  located  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  agricultural  region,  and  near  the  center  of  the  State.*  The 
several  canals  and  railroads  that  terminate  at  or  pass  through  this  city  give  to  it  important  com- 
mercial advantages.  Its  local  trade  is  very  large.  It  is  also  largely  engaged  in  manufactures, 
the  principal  of  which  are  salt,*  machinery,  beer,  and  barrels.'  A  large  trade  is  carried  on  with 
the  surrounding  country  to  supply  the  salt  works  with  wood  and  barrels,  and  with  Penn.  to  furnish 
them  with  coal.  The  city  is  supplied  with  water  by  the  Syracuse  Water  Company,  from  springs 
and  brooks  which  have  their  sources  in  the  hills  s.  w.  of  the  city. 

The  Cif;/  Hall  is  a  commodious  edifice,  on  the  s.  side  of  the  canal,  fronting  Washington  St.,  and 
containing  rooms  for  the  officers  of  the  city  government. 

The  Public  Schools,  13  in  number,  are  under  the  charge  of  a  Board  of  Education,  consisting  of 
8  members,  of  whom  4  are  elected  annually.  In  1858,  61  teachers  were  employed, — 7  males  and  54 
females.  The  whole  number  of  children,  between  the  ages  of  4  and  21,  was  9,418,  of  whom  5,258, 
or  55  per  cent.,  attended  school  during  some  portion  of  the  year.  The  total  expenses  were 
§34,057.09.  The  number  of  volumes  in  the  district  libraries  was  5,131.'  The  schools  are  graded, 
and  have  a  classical  department  or  High  School.  Few  places  have  bestowed  more  attention  upon 
common  school  education ;  and  the  schools  now  rank  among  the  best  in  the  State  and  country. 

The  Onondaga  County  Oiyhan  Asylum,  a  city  and  county  institution  for  the  care  of  orphan  and 
destitute  children,  is  situated  upon  Fayette  St.,  in  the  e.  part  of  the  city.  It  was  incorp.  April  10, 
1845,  and  is  supported  by  public  appropriations  and  private  donations.  The  children  are  well 
treated,  and  are  amply  provided  with  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  A  school  is  taught  throughout  the 
year.     At  a  proper  age  the  children  are  bound  out  in  respectable  families. 

The  Syracjise  Some  Association,  incorp.  in  1853,  is  an  association  of  ladies  for  the  purpose  of 
systematically  visiting  the  poor,  and  of  furnishing  a  home  for  indigent  and  friendless  females.  It 
occupies  a  fine  building  upon  E.  Fayette  St.,  and  is  in  a  flourishing  condition. 

The  Kew  York  State  Asylum  for  Idiots  is  located  upon  a  beautiful  site  in  Geddes,  s.  w.  of  the 
city,  just  outside  of  the  city  corporation.  Its  grounds  contain  18  acres,  lying  upon  an  eminence 
overlooking  the  whole  city.  The  building  is  a  beautiful  brick  structure,  in  the  Italian  style  of 
architecture,  and  is  one  of  the  best  arranged  and  most. convenient  buildings  of  the  kind  ever  con- 
structed. It  is  under  the  superintendence  of  Dr.  Ilervey  B.  Wilbur.  The  average  number  of 
inmates  is  more  than  100.* 


1  This  city  wiis  known  from  1>*06  to  1S09  as  '*  Bogarihts  Cor- 
ners;" from  1800  to  1S12.  as  ■■Milan;"  from  1812  to  1814,  as 
•'  South  Sulina ;"  from  1814  to  1817,  as  "  0)Ssitts  Ormrrs ;''  from 
1817  to  1820.  as  ■■  Corinth  ,•'"  and  from  that  time  it  has  been 
known  as  Syracnee, — the  name  given  it  by  John  Wilkinson, 
the  first  postmaster.  ■■Salina,"  now  constituting  tlie  N.  part 
of  the  city,  was  incorp.  as  a  Tillage  March  12,  1824.  and  con- 
tinued as  an  independent  corporation  until  1847,  when  it  wa.s 
merged  in  Syracuse.  It  was  long  familiarly  known  as  ■■Salt 
Point."  The  eastern  part  of  the  city  was  formerly  known  as 
''  Lodi" 

~  The  salt  springs  are  situated  upon  this  marsh  and  its  bor- 
ders. Near  the  lake,  upon  the  Liverpool  road,  is  a  very  strong 
sulphur  spring. 

8  This  ridge  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  valley  through 
which  the  canal  extends.  Upon  it.  a  short  dist;mce  E.  of  the 
head  of  the  Like,  are  l.nrge  cavities  in  the  ground,  generiilly 
termed  "  salt  holes."  These  holes  are  continually  forming;  and 
it  not  unfr.  quently  happens  that  a  tract  of  20  ft.  in  diameter 
will  suddenly  fall  to  a  depth  of  10  to  30  ft.    See  p.  481. 

4  From  its  central  location,  the  city  is  a  iavorite  place  for 
holding  conventions,  political,  religious,  civil,  and  miscellaneous. 
From  this,  it  is  often  called  "ITie  City  of  Conventions,"  and 
sometimes  "The  City  of  isms."  It  is  also  called  -'The  Central 
City."  and  "  The  City  of  Salt." 

6  See  pages  4bO,  481. 


I  6  Several  founderies  and  m.achine  shops  give  employment  to 
j  about  200  hands.  Greenway's  Brewerv  manufactures  annually 
'  50,0011  bbls.  of  beer,  worth  $350,000.  there  are  8  other  brew- 
i  erios  in  the  city,  producing  500  to  5,000  bbls.  each.  Barrels  for 
the  salt  trade  are  also  uinnnfactnred  in  the  city,  giving  em- 
ployment to  a  large  number  of  hands.  The  Centr.al  R.  li.  re- 
pair shops  employ  150  hands,  and  about  150  more  are  engaged 
as  engineers,  brakemen,  and  track  hands,  belonging  to  this 
station.  The  city  also  contains  large  manulacturies  of  agrictll- 
tural  implements,  boots  .ind  shoes,  furniture,  saddlery  hard- 
ware, silver  ware,  cigars,  and  a  variety  of  other  articles. 

'  The  Central  Library,  kept  in  the  City  Hall,  is  a  consolidated 
library  for  the  use  of  the  central  schools  of  the  city,  .^t  was 
founded  in  1858,  and  contains  4.000  volumes. 

8  The  building  for  this  institution  was  erected  in  l,853-o4.  at 
a  cost  of  about  :?T0.000.  The  site  and  grounds  were  donated  by 
inhabitants  of  Syracuse.  The  enterprise  has  been  highly  stic- 
cessful.  and  hies  fully  demonstrated  the  utility  and  necessity  of 
schools  of  this  description.  The  institution  has  attained  a  wide 
reputation,  and  it  now  undoubtedly  ranks  among  the  first  of 
the  kind  in  the  world.  The  school  was  first  estibli.shed  at  Al- 
bany, in  1848,  by  its  present  supt..  as  a  private  institution.  It 
was  adopted  by  the  State,  and  was  continued  several  years  at 
Albany,  but  was  removed  to  this  place  on  completion  of  the 
buildings,  in  1854. 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


489 


The  Franklin  Institute,  a  literary  association,  was  incorp.  under  the  general  law,  Dec.  1849.  It 
has  a  fine  library  and  reading  room  in  Wicting  Block,  S.  Salina  St.,  and  it  supports  an  annual 
course  of  lectures  during  tlie  winter.     Tlie  number  of  volumes  in  the  library  is  about  3,000. 

Syracuse  Post  Office  is  situated  near  the  center  of  the  old  village  of  Syracuse,  s.  of  the  Erie 
Canal.     Salina  Post  Office  is  situated  in  the  old  village  of  Salina,  near  the  Oswego  Canal. 

The  Library  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  was  formed  by  act  of  Legislature,  April  9, 1849.  It  occu- 
pies rooms  in  the  courthouse,  and  contains  4,500  volumes. 

The  Office  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  Salt  Springs,  on  N.  Salina  St.,  is  a  fine  building  of  cut 
stone. 

The  State  Armory  is  a  fine  building,  m  Regimental  Park,  near  Onondaga  Creek.  It  was  built 
in  1858,  from  a  design  by  H.  N.  White. 

The  city  also  contains  a  Commercial  College,  2  private  seminaries,  a  classical  school,  a  boarding 
school  for  boys,  a  large  number  of  Masonic,  Odd  Fellows,  and  Sons  of  Malta  lodges,  a  City  Tract 
Society,  a  Bible  Society,  a  Fugitive  Aid  Society,  a  Musical  Institute,  a  German  Turnverein,  11 
banks  of  issue,  2  savings  banks,  28  churches,'  and  a  large  number  of  beautiful  and  costly  private 
residences.     Its  hotels  and  public  halls  rank  among  the  best  in  the  State. 

The  first  settlement  in  the  city  and  co.  was  made  by  Ephraim  Webster,  an  Indian  trader,  who 
located  near  the  mouth  of  Onondaga  Creek  in  1786.  In  1788  or  1789  John  Danforth,  who  came 
into  the  co.  soon  after  his  brother  Asa,  located  at  "  Salt  Point"  and  commenced  the  manufacture 
of  salt.^  The  settlement  at  this  place  increased  with  great  rapidity,  in  consequence  of  the  pros- 
pective value  of  the  salt  springs.  It  took  the  name  of  "  Salina,"  and  speedily  became  the  most 
important  place  in  the  co., — a  superiority  which  it  maintained  for  many  years.  The  first  settlers 
within  the  limits  of  the  old  village  of  Syracuse,  after  Webster,  the  Indian  trader,  were Hop- 
kins, in  1797,  and Butler,  in  1799.    Calvin  Jackson  settled  in  1800,  and  several  others  before 

1805.'  The  ground  being  low  and  marshy,  the  settlement  did  not  progress  rapidly  for  many  years. 
The  first  great  impulse  to  its  growth  was  given  by  the  location  of  the  canal  in  1817  and  its  com- 
pletion in  1825.  In  1829,  when  the  courthouse  was  removed  from  Onondaga  Hill,  Salina  and 
Syracuse  were  nearly  equal  in  population,  and  the  courthouse  was  placed  about  midway  between 
the  two  villages.  Since  that  time,  however,  the  growth  of  Syracuse  has  been  rapid  and  nearly 
uniform.  In  1847  it  completely  absorbed  its  old  rival,  Salina,  the  two  villages  and  Lodi  at  that 
time  being  incorp.  and  forming  the  city  of  Syracuse.  The  business  prosperity  of  the  place  has 
been  based  principally  upon  the  salt  interests  and  its  commercial  advantages.  The  most  notable 
incidents  of  the  later  history  of  the  city  are  the  great  gunpowder  explosion  of  Aug.  20, 1841  ;*  and 
the  rescue  of  the  slave  Jerry  from  the  custody  of  the  U.  S.  Marshal,  Oct.  1,  1851.^ 

Tiri.LiY — was  formed  from  Fabius,  April  4,  1803.  A  part  of  Otisco  was  taken  off  in  1806, 
and  Spafford  in  1811.  It  is  the  center  town  upon  the  s.  line  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  an  upland, 
level  in  the  center,  but  hilly  on  the  e.  and  w.  borders.  In  the  s.  part  of  the  central  valley  are 
several  small  lakes,  known  as  the  Tully  Lakes.  Two  of  these  lakes  lie  but  a  few  rods  apart.  The 
smaller,  just  800  ft.  above  the  canal  at  Syracuse,  gives  rise  to  Onondaga  Creek,  flowing  n.  ;  and  the 
larger,  4  ft.  lower,  gives  rise  to  Tioughnioga  River,  flowing  s.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  these 
lakes  is  considerable  swamp  land.  The  soil  is  a  .sandy  and  clayey  loam.  TuIIy,  (p.  v.,)  in  the 
s.  E.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches  and  216  inhabitants  ;  and  Vesper,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line 
of  Otisco,  2  churches  and  25  houses.     Tully  Valley  is  a  p.  o.     The  first  settler  was  David 


>  4  R.  C,  3  Prot.  E.,  3  M.  E.,  3  Presb.,  2  Cong..  2  Bap.,  2  Ger. 
Evan.  Asso..  2  .Jewish  Synagogues.  Ref.  Prot.  D..  Unit..  Ger. 
Luth..  Ger.  Prot.,  Af.  Meth.,  Wes.  Meth.,  and  Swedeuborgian. 

2  In  Aug.  171*0,  Col.  Jeremiah  Gould  and  family,  consisting 
of  a  wife,  three  sons,  and  a  daughter,  came  to  ^-Salt  Point,'"  and 
found  there  Deacon  and  Nathaniel  Loomis,  Hezeltiah  Olcott, 
John  Paufortli,  Asa  Danforth.  jr.,  and  Thomas  G.iston.  In  1791 
two  families  named  Wnodworth  and  Sturges  came  in.  and 
March  2.  1792,  Isaac  Van  Vleck  and  family.  Among  the  other 
early  settlers  were  Thoma.s  Osmon,  Simon  Phares,  Patrick  Riley, 
Wm.  Gilchrist,  James  Peat,  Aaron  Bellows,  Elislia  Alvord, 
Richard  Sawyer,  and  Dioclesian  Alvord.  The  first  child  born 
was  Abraham  Van  Aleck,  in  1792;  the  first  marriage  was  that 
of  Thomas  Osmon   and   Katharine  Van    Derwricher.  in  179.'>; 

and  tlte  first  deatli.  that  of  an  infant  child  of Thompson,  in 

179-1.  Dr.  Rurnef,  the  first  physician,  died  the  same'year.  The 
provisions  for  the  first  settlers  were  brought  from  Tioga,  liy 
way  of  Ciyuga  Lake,  and  from  Herkimer,  iiy  way  of  Oneida 
Laito.  In"l793,  30  of  the  33  inhabitants  of  tlie  village  were 
sick, — the  3  well  ones,  with  the  help  of  the  Indians,  taking  care 
of  the  sick  for  2  months.  In  179-4,  out  of  a  population  of  63 
persons  23  died.  The  first  regular  innkeeper  was  VVni.  Gil- 
duiat,  about  1795;  though  Isaac  Van  Yleck  bad  for  several 


years  previous  entertained  travelers.  Elisha  Alvord  kept  the 
first  store,  in  1795.  In  1793  5)r.  Van  Vleck  brought  from  Albany 
a  large  coffee  mill,  which  was  used  for  grinding  corn. 

8  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Wm.  Lee.  Aaron  Cole, 
Amos  Stanton.  Henry  Bogardus,  and  Jonathan  Fav-  The  first 
child  born  was  Alluon  Jackson.  Dec.  28,  ISOO.  A  "tract  of  260 
acres,  lying  near  the  center  of  the  city,  and  including  a  mill 
privilege  upon  Onondaga  Creek,  was  sold  by  the  State  to 
Abraham  Walton  and  became  known  as  the  *' Walton  Tract." 
It  afterward  p.Hs3od  into  the  bands  of  the  "  Syracuse  Company." 
Mr.  Bogardus  erected  a  log  house  for  an  inn.  on  the  site  of  tlie 
present  Voorhees  Block,  in  1S05 :  and  Mr.  Walton  erected  his 
"Old  Red  Mill"  the  same  year.  The  first  steamboat  ever  used 
upon  the  canal  was  built  a  mi.  s.  of  Oran,  and  launched  at 
'•Buellville,"  in  Porapey,  in  1823.  by  Wm.  Avery. 

*  Twenty-seven  kegs  of  powder,  secretly  stored  in  a  carpenter 
shop,  exploded,  and  25  men — principally  firemen — were  killed, 
and  more  than  GO  others  were  wounded. 

6  .ferry  was  arrested  as  a  fugitive  slave  and  confined  in  tho 
police  office;  hut  in  the  evening  a  large  number  of  citizens  as- 
sembled  and  forcibly  took  him  from  tho  custody  of  the  officers. 
Several  men  were  arrested  and  tried  for  participating  in  tb» 
rodcuo,  but  no  convictions  were  ever  procured. 


490 


ONONDAGA    COUNTY. 


Owen,  who  came  into  town  in  1795.'    The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1818;'  Rev.  Mr.  Hurd 
was  the  first  preacher. 

VAW  BUREIV — was  formed  from  Camillus,  March  26,  1829.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  unduhiting.  Seneca  River  forms  its  N. 
boundary ;  along  its  course  is  considerable  swamp  land.  The  soil  is  a  clayey,  sandy,  and  gra- 
velly loam.  Canton,  (Canal  p.  o.,)  on  the  Erie  Canal,  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  town,  contains 
a  church  and  188  inhabitants ;  Van  Buren  Center,  (p.  v. ;  Warners  Station  on  the 
N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,)  near  the  s.  line,  a  church  and  16  dwellings.  Tan  Buren  (p.o.)  and  Ionia 
are  hamlets.  BaldVFinsville,  (p.  v.,)  on  Seneca  River,  is  on  the  line  of  Lysander.  The  first 
settler  was  Joseph  Wilson,  who  located  in  town  in  1792.'  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in 
1803  ;  Rev.  S.  B.  Barns  was  the  first  preacher.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,   Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Ayricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Onondaga  Cminty. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Camillus 

Cicero 

Clay 

De  Witt 

Elbridge 

Fabius 

Geddes 

La  Fayette.. 

Lysander 

ManliuB. 

Marcellus.... 
Onondaga.-. 

Otisco 

Ponipey 

8alina 

Skaneateles . 

Spafford 

Syracuse.... 

TuIIy 

Van  Buren.. 

Total, 


AcEES  OP  Land.  | 

■? 

•8 

p 

g 

|, 

fc 

16,411 

3,57  4i 

14.S76i 

14.912J 

19.S35i 

10,681} 

15,643J 

6,294 

16,792i 

4.638 

19,784i 

6,994i 

4,786 

1,472} 

18,004 

6,982 

27.069t 

10,329 

21,640i 

7,646J 

15,658J 

3,319i 

33,001} 

7,846J 

14,803i 

3,803 

32,420J 

8,286 

6,669} 

2,219 

20,936J 

3,979 

16,643i 

4.429i 

1,992J 

293i 

12,2695 

3.996 

17,301 

4,104 

344,828 

114,701i 

Valuation  op  1858. 


$125,850 
42.200 
37,850 
41,100 

163,300 
62,900 
17,000 
69.925 

172,820 

266,500 
99.600 

223.050 
66,555 

100,500 
32.900 

224,400 

76,350 

1,765,463 

98.400 

104,400 


1.401 
1,780 
1,762 
1,562 
2,273 
1,128 
1,116 
1,214 
2,642 
3,116 
1,258 
2.793 

830 
1,867 
1,377 
2.005 

894 
12,611 

806 
1,598 


1,339 
1,608 
1,564 
1,423 
2,2S8 
1,128 

950 
1,126 
2,418 
3,112 
1,2S9 
2,607 

896 
1,903 
1.203 
1,971 

922 
12,496 

813 
1,467 


24.349.965    3,750.063    28,100.028    44.033   42.542     12,216    16,798     11,067 


489 
642 
638 
676 
803 
442 
366 
481 
963 

1,148 
488 
978 
362 
729 
417 
736 
3.S6 

3,691 
362 
691 


636 

689 

676 

699 

884 

438 

384 

473  ' 

997 

1,404 
617 
901 
361 
684 
497 
746 
369 

4,881 
352 
612 


828 
629 
611 
422 
446 
378 
167 
366 
664 
764 
394 
866 
298 
638 
274 
446 
271 
2,716 
289 
426 


g| 


1,023 

1.305 

1,536 

1,089 

1,626 

872 

638 

783 

1,838 

2,283 

1,868 

1.990 

641 

1,463 

1,484 
669 

9.334 
633 

1,174 


31,428 


NAiiES  OF  Towns. 


Camillus 

Cicero 

Clay 

DcWitt 

Elbridge. 

Fabius 

Gedd'<s 

La  Fayette,,, 
Lysander..., 

Manlius 

Marcpllua.,.. 
Onondtiga.... 

Otisco 

Pompey 

Salina 

Skaneateles. 

Spafford 

Svr.icu8e 

fully 

Van  Buren. . 

Total. 


s 


879 
901 

1,177 
831 
879 
735 
629 
811 

1,430 

1,109 
780 

1,621 
648 

1,427 
333 
886 
703 
87 
662 
902 


l25  = 


1,165 

1,274 

1,683 

1,168 

1.559 

1,273 

201 

994 

2,750 

1,548 

1,117 

2,051 

998 

2.041 

394 

1,628 

1,214 

109 

863 

1,497 


1,047 
1.324 
1.363 
1,170 
1,215 
2,637 

904 
1.088 
1,949 
1,366 

990 
2,034 

899 
1,894 

427 
1,081 

906 

144 
1,102 
1.262 


w 


6,649 
2,253 
4,292 
3.686 
5.325 
2,972 

863 
3,369 
7,494 
4,160 
7,079 
11,660 
5,064 
9,338 
1,66' 
8,937 
4,430 

756 
2,176 
3,162 


to 


1,933 
1.562 
1,992 
1,532 
2,093 

924 
1.116 
1,38: 
3,312 
2.041 
1.214 
3,277 
1,122 
2,029 

674 
1,391 
1,019 

13' 

763 
2,036 


Agricoltdral  Products. 


Bd9H.  of  G&ain. 

1 
1 

10,0064 
1.919i 
4,90Si 
3,647 

11,774 
1,239 
1.368 
4,862 

14,769i 
6,473i 
4,907  J 

13,290} 
2,271 
2,976 
1,062 
4,264 
1,362J 

737 
1,424} 

10,246 


152,0634 
113.649 
150,909 
104,5.37i 
138.119} 
72,9404 
38,099A 
1.33,968 
217,0464 
148,6864 
103,1334 
259,3854 
84,676} 
223,288 
44,288 
130,483 
100,3714 
14,176 
66,628 
169,6224 


17.330  25.427  24,801 '94,202  31,539  102,398}  2,465,967J  63.246J  380,1414  624,5464  2, 


2.566 

3,391 

4,6714 

3,344 

3309 

6,206 

969i 
2,5284 
6,6734 
3,423} 
2,7364 
6,6774 
1,8664 
6,238 
1,559 
3,756 
2,1594 

756 
1,797 
2,830} 


I  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  .Tamos  Cravath,  Wm, 
Trowbridge,  Phineas  Howell,  Phineas  Henderson,  and  Michael 
Christian.  The  first  child  born  was  Peter  Henderson,  in  1796; 
the  tirst  marriage  was  that  of  Timothy  M'.ilker  and  Esther 
Trowbridge;  and  the  fir.st  death,  lli.it  of  Timothy  Walker. 
Kuth  Thorp  taught  the  first  school,  in  1801 ;  Nicholas  Lewis 
kept  the  first  inn,  in  1802;  Moses  Nash  the  first  store;  and 
Peter  Van  Camp  built  the  first  grist  and  saw  mill,  in  1810, 

-  Thec*csns  reports  5  churches;  2  Bap.,  2  M.E..  and  Disciples. 

*  Among  tlie  other  early  settlers  were  Gabriel  Tappan,  David 
Uaynefl,  John  McHarrie,  Reuben  Smith,  James  Wells,  Amos 


and  Seth  Warner,  Eleazur  Dunham,  Benj.  Bolton,  Ira  and 
Phineas  Barnes,  Jonathan  Skinner,  Isaac  Earll,  VVm,  Lakin, 
and  Charles  F.  Hall,  The  first  child  bom  was  Elizabeth 
Haynes ;  the  first  marriage  was  that  of  James  Wilson  and 
Pioby  Tabor;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs,  Jonathan 
Tabor.  Augustus  Robinson  taught  the  first  school;  Charles 
TuU  kept  the  first  inn  and  store;  James  Paddock  built  the  first 
gristmill ;  and  Nathan  Skeels  and  Solomon  Paddock  built  the 
first  sawmill, 

^  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  2  Bap,,  M,  E.,  Christian,  and 
K,  C. 


ONTARIO   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Montgomery,  Jan.  27,  1789.  It  was 
named  from  Lake  Ontario,  which  originally  formed  its  n.  boundary. 
Steuben  co.  was  taken  off  in  1796,  Genesee  in  1802,  parts  of  Mon- 
roe and  Livingston  in  1821,  and  Yates  and  a  part  of  Wayne  in 
1823.  A  strip  was  annexed  from  Montgomery  co.,  w.  of  Seneca 
j  Lake,  Feb.  16,  1791,  and  a  small  tract  in  the  fork  of  Crooked  Lake, 
(from  Steuben,  Feb.  25,  1814.  It  is  centrally  distant  ISO.  mi.  from 
Albany,  and  contains  an  area  of  640.  sq.  mi.  It  lies  upon  the 
extreme  n.  declivities  of  the  central  Allegany  Mt.  Range,  and 
has  a  northerly  inclination,  the  summits  of  the  s.  hills  being  ele- 
vated about  1000  feet  above  the  general  level  of  the  n.  portions 
of  the  CO.  The  s.  portion,  lying  w.  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  is  a 
hilly  and  broken  region,  divided  into  ridges  with  steep  declivities  and  summits  1,500  to  1,700  feet 
above  tide.  The  ridges  all  have  a  general  n.  and  s.  direction,  declining  toward  the  N.,  and  termi- 
nating in  a  beautifully  rolling  region,  which  embraces  all  of  the  co.  e.  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  and 
that  portion  lying  w.  of  the  lake  and  N.  of  the  N.  line  of  Bristol.  The  ridges  in  this  section  gradu- 
ally rise  to  a  height  of  20  to  250  feet  above  the  valleys,  and  give  to  the  land  sufficient  inclina- 
tion for  thorough  drainage.  A  terrace  with  declivities  100  to  250  feet  high,  descending  toward 
the  N.,  extends  through  the  N.  portions  of  East  and  West  Bloomfield  and  the  s.  part  of  Victor,  at 
right  angles  to  the  general  range  of  the  ridges.  The  extreme  N.  parts  of  the  co.  are  occupied  by 
drift  ridges  similar  to  those  in  Wayne  and  Seneca  cos. 

The  geological  formation  of  this  co.  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  the  cos.  lying  e.  of  it  in  the 
same  latitude.  The  lowest  rocks,  occupying  the  N.  parts  of  Phelps,  Manchester,  Farmington,  and 
Victor,  belong  to  the  Onondaga  salt  group.  The  gypsum  of  this  group  crops  out  along  the  banks 
of  the  streams,  and  is  extensively  quarried  along  the  Canandaigua  Outlet,  in  Pheljis  and  Man- 
chester, and  upon  Mud  Creek,  in  Victor.  The  water  limestone,  next  above,  crops  out  in  Phelps, 
Manchester,  and  Victor,  and  is  quarried  for  waterlime  and  building  stone.  The  Onondaga  and 
corniferous  limestones  next  appear,  and  are  quarried  for  building  stone  in  Phelps.  The  Mar- 
cellus  and  Hamilton  shales  occupy  all  the  central  portions  of  the  co.  s.  of  the  foot  of  Canandaigua 
Lake ;  and  next  above  them  successively  appear  the  Tully  limestone,  Genesee  slate,  and  the 
Portage  group,  the  last  occupying  South  Bristol,  Canadice,  and  Naples.  This  last  group  furnishes 
a  sandstone  used  for  flagging  and  building.  Except  in  the  extreme  s.  parts  of  the  co.,  the  under- 
lying rocks  have  little  influence  upon  the  soil,  as  nearly  the  whole  surface  is  covered  deeply 
with  drift  deposits,  consisting  of  sand,  clay,  and  gravel,  intermixed  with  the  disintegrated  lime- 
stone and  gypsum  evidently  deposited  by  some  great  torrent  that  once  swept  across  the  co.  in  a  s. 
direction.  The  rocks  are  seen  at  some  points  along  the  banks  of  the  lakes  and  the  courses  of  the 
streams.  In  Bristol  are  several  springs  of  carburetted  hydrogen  gas  emanating  from  the  strata 
of  Genesee  slate.* 

The  CO.  is  drained  by  the  Honeoye  Outlet,  a  tributary  of  the  Genesee  River,  and  by  the  Canan- 
daigua Outlet  and  Mud  Creek,  tributaries  of  the  Clyde  River.  Iloneoye  Outlet  receives  as  tribu- 
taries Egypt  Brook  and  the  outlets  of  Hemlock  and  Canadice  Lakes  •'  Mud  Creek  receives  Beaver, 
Fish,  and  Hog  Hollow  Creeks ;  and  Canandaigua  Outlet  receives  Fall  and  Flint  Creeks.  Besides 
these,  Irondequoit  Creek  flows  through  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  Keshong  Creek  and  Burralls 
and  Castle  Brooks  flow  into  Seneca  Lake.  Several  of  the  beautiful  lakes  which  form  the  most 
peculiar  and  interesting  feature  of  the  landscape  for  which  Central  New  York  is  celebrated  lie 
partly  or  wholly  in  this  co.  Seneca,  forming  a  portion  of  the  E.  boundary,  is  described  under 
Seneca  co.'  Canandaigua  Lake  lies  almost  wholly  within  the  limits  of  the  co.  The  shores  are 
beautifully  sloping  down  to  the  very  edge  of  the  water,  except  near  the  head  of  the  lake,  where 
they  rise  in  steep  bluffs  to  a  height  of  300  to  800  feet.     Its  surface  is  668  feet  above  tide. 


The  principal  of  thenp  jras  spring  are  in  Bristol  Hollow,  on 
both  banks  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  within  3  mi.  of  the  village, 
and  in  East  Bloomfield  and  Richmond.  A  sulphur  sprine  is 
fbund  on  the  outlet  of  the  lake,  but  the  principal  one  is  at  Clifton. 


I     *  Hemlock  Outlet,  called  by  the  Indians  0-neh'da,  signifying 
hemlock. 
'  See  p.  613. 


492 


ONTARIO    COUNTY. 


Honeoye,*  Canadice,-  and  Hemlock  Lakes  are  smaller  bodies  of  water,  and  are  each  surrounded  by 
bluffs  and  hills  rising  to  a  height  of  500  to  700  feet  above  them. 

The  soil  for  the  most  part  consists  of  clayey,  sandy,  and  gravelly  loam,  formed  from  the  drift 
deposits.  In  the  valleys  and  the  rolling  region  which  extends  through  the  central  and  n.  part3 
of  the  CO.  the  loam  is  very  deep  and  rich,  forming  one  of  the  finest  agricultural  regions  in  the 
State.  Upon  the  hills  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  the  soil  is  made  up  principally  of  disintegrated 
shale  and  slate,  forming  a  fine,  fertile  grazing  region.  Upon  the  drift  hills  in  the  w.  are  some 
small  sections  covered  with  a  deep,  light  sand,  moderately  productive. 

The  geographical  and  geological  features  of  this  co.  render  it  eminently  adapted  to  the  various 
branches  of  agriculture ;  and  few  cos.  in  the  State  excel  this  in  the  progress  of  scientific  improve- 
ment as  applied  to  agricultural  operations.  Wheat  was  for  many  years  the  staple  crop ;  but  of  late 
more  attention  has  been  given  to  the  production  of  the  coarser  grains,  to  stock  growing,  and  the 
cultivation  of  fruits.  Wool  growing  has  also  received  considerable  attention,  and  the  fine  Merino 
sheep  were  introduced  at  an  early  period.  The  manufactures  are  mainly  of  a  domestic  character, 
such  as  pertain  to  agricultural  districts. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Canandaigua,  at  the  foot  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  A  courthouse,  jail, 
and  CO.  clerk's  office  were  erected  here  in  1793,  soon  after  the  organization  of  the  co.^  In  1825  a 
new  courthouse  was  built;  and  in  1858  a  splendid  edifice  was  erected  at  the  joint  expense  of  the 
CO.  and  of  the  U.  S.  Government,  containing  a  U,  S.  and  co.  courtroom,  jury  and  supervisors' 
rooms,  U.  S.  district  clerk's  and  co.  clerk's  offices,  surrogate's  office,  and  p.  office.  The  building  is 
of  brick,  with  iron  and  tile  floors,  and  is  entirely  fireproof.  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm 
of  212  acres  in  Hopewell,  4  mi.  e.  of  Canandaigua.  It  is  built  of  brick,  and  contains  ample 
accommodations.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  136,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  57  cts. 
each.  The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  $4,000.  A  school  is  taught  during  the  whole  year,*  The 
general  management  and  sanitary  arrangements  of  this  establishment  are  creditable  to  the  co. 

The  principal  works  of  internal  improvement  in  the  co.  are  the  Erie  Canal,  which  enters  the 
extreme  n.  e.  corner  of  Manchester,  the  N,  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  extending  through  the  n.  and  central  por- 
tions of  the  CO.,  the  Canandaigua  &  Niagara  Bridge  R.  R.,  a  branch  of  the  Central,  extending  w. 
from  Canandaigua  to  Tonawanda,  and  the  Elmira,  Jefferson  &  Canandaigua  R.  R.,  extending  s.  E. 
and  connecting  with  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  at  Elmira.  Besides  these,  there  are  several  lines  of 
plank  road  in  the  co. ;  but  most  of  them  have  been  abandoned. 

Nine  newspapers  were  published  in  the  co.  in  1858.* 


1  Indian  name  Ha/ne-a-yeh,  lying  lilie  a  finger, 

2  Indian  name  Ska'ne-a-dice,  long  lake. 

'  The  Urst  Cii'cuit  Court  was  held  at  the  inn  of  Mr.  Patterson, 
In  Geneva,  in  June,  1793;  and  the  first  court  of  Common  Pleas, 
at  the  house  of  Nathaniel  Sanbern,  in  Canandaigua,  in  Nov. 
1794.  The  first  co.  officers  were  Oliver  Phelps,  Fi7-st  Judf/e ; 
Nathl.  Gorham,  Co.  Clerk;  John  Cooper,  Surrogate;  and  Judah 
Coit,  Sheriff.  The  first  justices  of  peace  appointed  in  Western 
N.  Y.  were  Asa  Ransom  and  Wm.  Kumsey,  for  Ontario  co.,  in 
Dec.  1801.  By  an  act  passed  April  3.  179S,  deeds  were  required 
to  be  recorded  in  the  clerk's  office.  This  was  many  years  before 
the  general  act  for  recording  in  clerks'  offices. 

*  This  school  is  supported  by  the  interest  of  a  fund  given  by  a 
private  individual  for  this  purpose.     The  schoolhouse  is  situated 
in  a  fine  yard  and  is  surrounded  by  trees. 
I»  Tfie  Ontario  Gazette  a7id  Genesee  Advertiser,  the  first  paper 
in  the  present  co,  of  Ontario,  was  started  at  Geneva, 
April,  1797,  by  Lucius  Carey,  and  removed  to  Canan- 
daigua in  1799. 
The  Impartial  American,  or  t^neca  Museuviy  waa  published  at 

Geneva  in  1800,  by  Ebenezer  Eaton. 
The  Expofritor  was  started  at  Geneva.  Nov.  19,  1806,  by  James 

Bogert,  who  in  1S09  changed  it  to 
The  Geneva  Gazette,  and  continued  it  until  Dec,  4, 
ISIiS.  In  1827  it  bore  the  title  of  The  Gazette  and 
General  Advertiser.  It  was  published  by  John  Greves 
and  J.  C.  Merrill  until  1837  ;  by  J.  Taylor  Bradt  until 
1839;  and  by  Stone  &  Frazera  short  time  longer,  when 
it  was  discontinued.  It  was  revived  in  Jan.  1845  by 
.Ira  and  S.  U.  Parker.  Geo.  M.  Horton  was  at  one  time 
interested  in  its  publication,  and  it  is  now  published  by 
S.  U.  Parker. 
TJie  Geneva  PaVadium  was  commenced  in  1816  by  Young  & 
Crosby,  and  was  published  successively  by  S.  P.  Uull, 

John  T.  Wilson,  and  Connely,  until  iS2S,  when  it 

was  discontinued. 

ZA«  Geneva  Cfirrmicle  was  started  in  1828  by Jackson,  and 

continued  2  years. 
T?u  Independent  American  was  published  by  T.  C.  Strong  in 

1831. 
The  Geneva  American  was  published  by  Franklin  Cowdery  in 
1S30. 


The  Geneva  Courier  was  established  by  John  C.Mer- 
rill in  1830,  and  continued  until  1833.  Its  publication 
was  continued  by  Snow  &  Williams,  Ira  Merrill,  How- 
lett  &  Van  Talkenburgh,  Cleveland  &  Hook,  and  Win- 
throp  Atwell,  successively,  unfit  Oct.  1S54,  when  it 
piissed  into  the  bands  of  William  Johnson,  its  present 
publisher.  A  daily  paper  was  issued  from  this  office 
about  6  months  in  1845-46. 

The  Herald  of  Truth  (Univ.)  was  started  in  1834,  at  Geneva,  by 
Prescott  k  Chase,  and  continued  until  1837,  when  it  waa 
removed  to  Rochester. 

The  Geneva  Democrat  was  published  during  the  campaign  of 
1840,  by  Stone  &  Frazer. 

Tlie  District  School  Journal,  mo.,  was  started  at  Geneva  in  1840 
by  Francis  Dwight,  and  removed  to  Albany  in  1841, 

The  Geneva  Advertiser  and  Mechanics^  Advocate  was  started  in 
1841  by  S.  Merrill  A  Co.,  semi-w.,  and  continued  1  year. 

The  Genei'a  Budget  was  commenced  in  1852,  by  Sproul  k  Tan- 
ner, and  continued  2  years. 

The  New  York  State  Intelligencer  was  published  in  1848. 

The  Ontario  Whig,  semi-w..  was  started  at  Geneva  by  Wm.  C. 
Busted  in  1850.  and  continued  until  1852. 

The  Gene%'a  Independent  and  Freeman''s  Gazette  was  e.stablished 
in  1851,  by  "W.  K.  Fowle,  aud  continued  by  him  until 
lSfi5,  and  by  H.  G.  Moore  until  June,  1857.  Since  then 
it  liasi  been  published  by  W.  K.  Fowle  as 

The  Geneva  IJedeer. 

The  Geneva  Dally  Union  has  been  published  fiince 
May  10,  lSo8,  by  W.  K.  Fowle. 

The  Ontario  Gazette  and  Gt^nesee  Advn-tiser  was  brought  frora 
Genev.i  to  Canandaigua  in  1799.  and  published  by 
Lucius  Carey  nntii  1802.  Jolin  Keep  Gould,  who  then 
became  the  publisher,  changed  its  name  to 

The  Western  Repository  and  Genesee  Advertiser ;  and  in  1S03  it 
wa.<fl  again  changed  to 

The  Wci\tei"ti  liepositnry.  James  D.  Bemis  became  interested  in 
its  publication  in  1804,  and  in  180S  he  ifisned  it  iis 

The  Ontario  lii^poaitj^iry^  and  continued  it  iiniil  1S2S.  It  wna 
published  by  Morse  &  Ward,  Morse  k  Wilson,  and  Morso 
k  Harvey,  until  1835,  and  until  1840  by  Cbauncey 
Morse,  the  last  named  was  succeeded  by  Geo.  L.  \\'hit- 
uey,  who  in  Jan.  1856,  sold  it  to  H.  G.  Moore.    The  fol« 


ONTARIO    COUNTY. 


493 


The  territory  lying  within  the  limits  of  this  oo.  was  the  chief  seat  of  the  Senecas,  the  most 
numerous  and  powerful  tribe  of  the  "Six  Nations."  Their  chief  village  was  at  Kanadesaga,  upon 
and  just  w.  of  the  present  site  of  Geneva,  at  the  foot  of  Seneca  Lake.  In  all  the  wars  of  the 
Iroquois  League  the  Senecas  bore  a  conspicuous  part;  and  especially  did  they  incur  the  bitter 
enmity  of  the  French  occupants  of  Canada.  In  1687,  De  Nonville,  Governor  of  "New  France,'* 
at  the  head  of  1,600  French  soldiers  and  400  ludian  allies,  invaded  the  Seneca  country  by  way 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Lake  Ontario.  At  a  defile  near  the  site  of  the  present  village  of  Victor 
an  engagement  ensued,  resulting  in  the  defeat  of  the  Indians,  though  with  great  loss  to  the  French. 
De  Nonville  marched  forward,  burned  the  village  of  Gannagaro  and  several  others,  and  returned.* 
In  the  succeeding  year  the  Senecas  and  their  allies  in  turn  invaded  the  French  settlements  in 
Canada  and  took  bloody  revenge.^ 

In  the  progress  of  the  wars  that  ensued,  the  Six  Nations  were  sometimes  neutral  and  sometimes 
allies  of  the  English;  but  the  country  of  the  Senecas  was  never  afterward  invaded  by  the  French. 
During  the  Revolution  the  Senecas  espoused  the  English  cause ;  and  in  1779  Gen.  Sullivan  in- 
vaded their  country  from  the  s.,  burned  their  villages,  destroyed  their  corn  and  orchards,  and  left 
the  most  beautiful  region  in  the  Indian  domains  a  desolate  waste.  At  the  conclusion  of  peace,  the 
force  and  spirit  of  the  Indians  were  annihilated,  and  they  quietly  yielded  to  the  gradual  encroach- 
ments of  the  whites,  until  the  last  acre  of  their  hunting  grounds  within  the  limits  of  this  co.,  and 
the  very  graves  of  their  fathers,  passed  out  of  their  possession.' 


lowiDg  month  the  office  was  burned  and  the  paper 
suspended.     In  May  following  it  was  revired  as 

The  National  Ne%v  Yorker  and  Ontario  Re- 
pository, by  n.  G.  Moore  and  Dr.  B.  F.  TifTt:  and  in 
May,  1857,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Geo.  L.  Whitney 
&.  Son,  by  whom  it  is  now  published. 

The  Ontario  Freeman  was  established  at  Canandaigua  by  Isaac 
Tiffany  in  1803.  In  1806  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
John  A.  Stevens,  who  changed  its  name  to 

Tbe  Ontario  Itlesseuger.  It  was  successively  pub- 
lished by  Day  &  Morse,  L.  L.  Morae,  B.  W.  Jones,  and 
T.  B.  nohn.  The  latter  was  succeeded  in  Nov.  1845,  by 
Jacob  J.  Mattison,  the  present  publisher. 

The  Republican  was  started  at  Canandaigua  by  A.  N.  Phelps 
in  1824,  and  was  afterward  published  a  short  time  by 
T.  M.  Barnum. 

Tht  Ontario  Phmnix  was  issued  at  Canandaigua  in  1S27  by  W. 
W.  Phelps.  R.  Royce  became  its  publisher  soon  after, 
and  changed  its  name  to 

Tfie  Freeman.    In  1S36  it  was  united  with  The  Repository. 

The  eta]/  Club,  a  campaign  paper,  was  published  at  Canan- 
daigna  in  1S44. 

Tht  Seminarian,  a  literary  mo.,  wae  published  at  Canandaigua 
in  IS.'Jl. 

The  Ontario  Co.  Times  was  established  Jan.  1, 1852,  by  N.  J. 
Milliken,  and  in  1855  sold  to  Wilson  Miller,  who  changed 
it  to 

The  Ontario  Times.  In  Feb.  1856,  the  establishment  was  burned 
and  the  paper  suspended.  It  was  re-established  in  May 
following  bv  Mr.  Milliken.  and  is  still  published  by  him  as 

Tlie  Ontario  Republican  Times. 

The  Vu:7ina  Ifepuhtican  was  started  at  "  T7w7ia"  (now  Phelps) 
in  Jan.  1831.  by  C.  H.  Loutc  and  A.  Kilmer.  In  1832 
it  was  published  by  J.  0.  Balch  and  in  1834  changed  to 

The  Pfielps  Journal,  E.  N.  Phelps,  publisher,  and  soon  after  to 

The  Phdps  Jfturnal  and  Vienna  Advertiser ;  in  1838  to 

7'/w  Phdps  Di'vwcrat :  and  again  in  1S45  to 

The  Wt'stern  Atlas.  From  1845  until  1856  it  was  published  by 
Washington  Shaw,  Dillon  &  Phelps,  and  W.  W.  Red- 
field  ;  and  since  then  it  has  been  continued  as 

The  Ontario  Free  Press. 

The  Aaples  Free  Pre.i!t  was  established  at  Naples  in  1832  by 
Waterman  &  Coleman,  and  continued  2  years. 

The  Neapolitan  waa  started  in  1840  by  David  Fairchild.  In 
1845  it  was  sold  to Phelps,  who  changed  its  title  to 

The  Naples  Visitor.    It  was  discontinued  soon  after. 

The  Village  Record  was  published  at  Naples  in  1842. 

The  Naples  Joui'nal  was  published  in  1S51  by  R.  Denton. 

The  Phelps  Nevr  Democratic  Star  was  Btarted 
Sept.  y.  1858,  by  E.  N.  Phelps. 

*  The  commander  of  the  expedition  claimed  that  he  desolated 
the  whole  Soneca  country ;  hut  one  of  his  officers,  (La  Ilonton,) 
in  giving  the  history  of  the  expedition,  lays  no  claim  to  a  com- 
plete victory ;  and  the  Indian  traditions  state  that  only  a  small 
detachment  of  the  Senecas  were  engaged  in  the  battle,  and  that 
the  French  retreated  before  the  warriors  could  rally  from  the 
different  villages. 

*  In  this  e.xpMition  1000  French  were  killed  and  26  prisoners 
taken,  who  were  afterward  burned  at  the  stake. 

'  Numerous  traces  of  ancient  occupation — perhaps  by  a  people 
that  preceded  the  late  Indian  race — are  found  in  this  co.  Trench 
incloHiires  have  been  noticed  in  Canandaigua,  Seneca,  and  other 
towns. — Sqjiier's  Aboriginal  Monuments  of  N.  T.,  4to  ed.,  pp. 
•9.  61.  62.  CC. 


Seaver,  in  his  Life  of  Mary  Jemison^  gires  the  following: — 
"The  tradition  of  the  Seneca  Indians  in  regard  to  their  origin 
is  that  they  broke  out  of  the  earth  from  a  large  mountain  at 
the  head  of  Canandaigua  Lake;  and  that  mountain  they  still 
venerate  as  the  place  of  their  birth.  Thence  they  derive  their 
name,  ' Ge-nun-de-wah,*  or  'Great  Hill,'  and  are  called  'The 
Great  Hill  People,'  which  is  the  true  definition  of  the  word 
Seneca.  The  great  hill  at  the  head  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  from 
whence  they  sprung,  is  called  Genundewah,  and  has  for  a  long 
time  past  been  the  place  where  the  Indians  of  that  nation  have 
met  in  council,  to  hold  great  talks  and  to  offer  up  prayers  to 
the  Great  Spirit,  on  account  of  its  having  been  their  birthplace ; 
and  also  in  consequence  of  the  destruction  of  &  serpent  at  that 
place,  in  ancient  time,  in  a  most  miraculous  manner,  which 
threatened  the  destruction  of  the  whole  of  the  Senecas  and 
barely  spared  enough  to  commence  replenishing  the  earth. 
The  Indians  say  that  the  fort  on  the  big  hill,  or  Genundewah, 
near  the  head  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  was  surrounded  by  a  moa- 
fltrous  serpent,  whose  head  and  tail  c^me  together  at  the  gate. 
A  long  time  it  lay  there,  confounding  the  people  with  its  breath. 
At  length  they  attempted  to  make  their  escape. — some  with 
their  hominy  blocks,  and  others  with  different  implements  of 
household  furniture, — and  in  marching  out  of  the  fort  walked 
down  the  throat  of  the  serpent.  Two  orphan  children,  who  had 
escaped  this  general  destruction  hy  being  left  on  this  side  of  the 
fort,  were  informed  by  an  oracle  of  the  means  by  wliich  they 
could  get  rid  of  their  formidable  enemy. — which  waa  to  take  a 
smnll  bow,  and  a  poisoned  arrow  made  of  a  kind  of  willow,  and 
with  that  shoot  the  serpent  under  its  scales.  This  they  did,  and 
the  arrow  proved  effectual ;  for.  on  its  penetrating  the  skin,  tho 
serpent  became  sick,  and,  extending  itself,  rolled  down  the  hill, 
destroying  all  the  timber  that  was  in  its  way,  disgorging  itself 
and  breaking  wind  greatly  as  it  went.  At  every  motion  a  hu- 
man head  was  discharged  and  rolled  down  the  hill  into  the 
lake,  where  they  lie  at  this  day  in  a  petrified  state,  having  the 
hardness  and  appearance  of  stones:  and  the  pagan  Indians  of 
the  Senecas  believe  that  all  the  little  snakes  were  made  of  the 
blood  of  the  great  serpent  after  it  rolled  into  the  lake.  To  this 
day  the  Indians  visit  that  sacred  place,  to  mourn  the  loss  of 
their  friends  and  to  celebrate  some  rites  that  are  peciiliar  to 
themselves.  To  the  knowledge  of  white  people,  there  has  been 
no  timber  on  the  great  hill  since  it  was  first  discovered  by  them, 
though  it  lay  apparently  in  a  state  of  nature  for  a  great  number 
of  years,  without  cultivation.  Stones  in  the  shape  of  Indians* 
heads  may  be  seen  lying  in  the  lake  in  great  plenty,  which  are 
said  to  he  the  same  that  were  deposited  there  at  the  death  of 
the  serpent.  The  Senecas  have  a  tradition  that  previous  to  and 
for  some  time  after  their  origin  at  Genundewnh  the  country, 
especially  about  the  lakes,  waa  thickly  inhabited  by  a  race  of 
civil,  enterprising,  and  industrious  people,  who  were  totally 
destroyed  by  the  great  serpent  that  afterT\'ard  surrounded  the 
great  hill  fort,  with  the  assistance  of  others  of  tho  same  species; 
and  that  they  (the  Senecas)  went  into  possession  of  the  improve- 
ments that  were  loft.  In  those  days  the  Indians  throughout 
the  whole  country — as  the  Senecas  say — spoke  one  language; 
but,  having  become  considerably  numerous,  the  before  men- 
tioned great  serpent,  by  an  unknown  influence,  confounded 
their  language,  so  that  they  could  not  understand  each  other, 
which  wna  tho  cause  of  their  division  into  nations, — as  t!ie  Mo- 
hawks, Oneidnfl.  Ac.  At  that  time,  however,  the  Senecas  re- 
tained tho  original  language,  and  continued  to  occupy  their 
mother  hill,  on  which  they  fortified  themselves  against  their 
enemies  and  lived  peaceably,  until,  having  offended  the  serpent, 
they  were  cut  off,  as  I  have  before  remarked." 


494 


ONTARIO    COUNTY. 


By  the  terms  of  the  chai-ter  of  the  colony  of  Mass.,  the  region  between  its  n.  and  s.  boundaries, 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  was  embraced ;  and  the  title  to  this  territory  was  claimed  by  Mass. 
after  the  Revolution.  The  subsequent  charter  of  the  State  of  New  York  intervened  and  conflicted 
with  this  claim, — from  which  difficulties  arose,  which  were  finally  settled  by  commissioners  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  on  the  16th  of  December,  1786.  It  was  there  agreed  that  Mass.  should  cede  to  N.  Y. 
the  sovereignty  of  all  the  territory  claimed  by  the  former  lying  within  the  limits  of  the  latter,  and 
that  N.  Y.  should  cede  to  Mass.  the  property  of  the  soil,  or  the  right  of  the  pre-emption  of  the  soil 
from  the  Indians.  This  agreement  covered  all  that  part  of  the  State  lying  w,  of  a  line  running  n, 
from  the  '*82d  milestone,"  on  the  line  between  N.  Y.  and  Penn.,  througa  Seneca  Lake  to  Sodus 
Bay.  This  line  is  knovna  as  the  "Old  Pre-emption  Line."^  In  1787  Mass.  sold  the  whole  of  this 
tract,  containing  6,000,000  of  acres,  to  Oliver  Phelps  and  Nathaniel  Gorham,  for  one  million  dollars. 
In  the  following  spring  Mr.  Phelps  left  his  home  in  Granville,  Mass.,  with  men  and  means  to 
explore  the  country  thus  acquired.  lie  collected  the  sachems,  chiefs,  and  warriors  of  the  Six 
Nations  at  Kanadesaga,  and  in  July,  1788,  concluded  with  them  a  treaty  of  purchase  of  a  tract 
containing  2,250,000  acres,  bounded  e.  by  the  pre-emption  line,  w.  by  a  line  12  mi.  w.  of,  and  run- 
ning parallel  with,  the  Genesee  River,  s.  by  the  Penn.  line,  and  n.  by  Lake  Ontario.* 

The  portion  of  the  tract  to  which  the  Indian  title  had  not  been  extinguished,  constituting  about 
two-thirds  of  the  original  purchase,  was  abandoned  by  Messrs.  Phelps  and  Gorham  and  reverted  to 
Mass.  It  was  re-sold  by  that  State  to  Robert  Morris,  in  1796,  and  subsequently  formed  what  is 
known  as  the  Holland  Land  Purchase.  In  1789,  Mr.  Phelps,  at  Canandaigua,  opened  the  first 
regular  land  office  for  the  sale  of  land  to  settlers  ever  established  in  America.  The  system  he 
adopted  for  the  survey  of  his  lands  by  townships  and  ranges,  with  slight  modifications,  was  adopted 
by  the  Government  for  the  survey  of  all  the  new  lands  in  the  U.  S.  When  organized  in  1789, 
Ontario  was  the  first  co.  set  off  from  Montgomery,  and  embraced  all  that  part  of  the  State  lying 
w.  of  the  E.  line  of  Phelps  and  Gorham's  Purchase,  including  what  was  called  "The  Genesee 
Country." 

The  first  settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of  the  Indian  village  of  Kanadesaga,  (now  Geneva,)  in 
1787.  Soon  after  the  land  office  at  Canandaigua  was  opened,  and  several  settlements  were  com- 
menced in  different  parts  of  the  co.  From  this  period  the  progress  of  settlement  was  rapid,  immi- 
grants being  attracted  by  the  beautifully  rolling  character  of  the  surface  and  the  unsurpassed 
fertility  of  the  soil.  Few  incidents  of  general  interest  have  occurred  to  interrupt  the  steady  and 
continued  progress  of  peaceful  industry.  The  most  notable  of  its  later  historical  events  is  its  being 
the  scene  of  the  birth  of  Mormonism.  Joe  Smith  resided  for  many  years  in  Manchester;  and  his 
pretended  discovery  of  the  golden  plates  of  the  Book  of  Mormon  was  made  on  the  22d  of  September, 


I  The  history  of  this  Pre-emption  Line  is  interestine;.  Of 
course,  it  was  mere  conjecture  where  the  line  would  fall  as  far 
K.  aa  Seneca  Lake,  and  parties  were  interested  to  have  the  line 
fall  w.  of  Geneva.  leaving  that  place  and  a  consideraI)le  tract  of 
land  between  the  Military  Tract  and  the  Mass.  lands.  Seth 
Reed  and  Peter  Ryckman,  both  of  whom  had  been  Indian  tra- 
ders, applied  to  the  State  of  New  York  for  a  remuneration  for 
services  rendered  in  some  previous  negotiations  with  the  eastern 
jwrtion  of  the  Six  Nations,  and  proposed  to  take  a  patent  fnr  a 
tract  the  boundaries  of  which  should  I)egin  at  a  tree  on  the  bank 
of  the  Seneca  Lake  and  run  along  the  bank  of  the  lake  to  the  8. 
until  they  should  have  16.000  acres  between  the  lake  and  the  E. 
bounds  of  the  land  ceded  to  Massachusetts.  Their  request  was 
acceded  to  and  a  patent  issued.  Thus  sitnatod,  they  proposed 
to  Messrs.  Phelps  and  Gorham  to  join  them  in  running  the  Pre- 
emption Line,  each  party  furnishing  a  surveyor.  The  line  was 
run  which  is  known  as  the  "Old  Pre-emption  Line.'*  Messrs. 
Phelps  and  Gorham  were  much  disappointed  in  the  result. — sus- 
pected error  or  fraud,  but  made  no  movement  for  a  re-survey 
beti>re  they  had  sold  to  the  English  Association.  Their  suspi- 
cions had  at  first  been  excited  by  an  offer  from  a  promioeut 
member  of  the  Lessee  Company  for  "all  the  lands  they  owned 
east  of  the  line  that  had  been  run."'  They  were  so  well  assured 
of  the  fact  that  in  their  deed  to  Mr.  Morris  they  specified  a  tract 
in  a  gore  between  the  line  then  run  and  the  w.  bounds  of  the 
counties  of  Montgomery  and  Tiop;a.  those  counties  then  embracing 
all  of  the  Military  Tract.  Being  fully  convinced  of  the  inaccu- 
racy of  the  first  survey.  Morris,  in  his  sale  to  the  English  Com- 
pany, agreed  to  run  it  anew.  The  new  survey  was  performed 
under  the  superintendence  of  Maj,  Hoops,  who  employed  Andrew 
Ellicott  and  Angustus  Porter  to  perform  the  labor.  A  corps  of 
ax-men  were  employed,  and  a  vista  30  feet  wide  opened  before 
the  transit  instrument  until  the  line  had  reached  the  head  of 
Seneca  Lake,  when  night  signals  were  employed  to  run  down 
and  over  the  lake.  So  much  pains  were  taken  to  insure  correct- 
ness that  the  survey  was  never  disputed;  and  thus  the  "New 
Pre-emption  Line"  was  established  as  the  true  division  line  be- 
tween the  lands  of  the  State  of  New  York  and  those  that  had 
been  ceded  to  Maasachusetts.    In  examining  the  old  survey, 


Major  Hoops  had  discovered  the  precise  points  of  deviation  to 
tlif"  westward.  It  had  commenced  sonn  aft^r  leaving  the  Penn- 
sylvania line,  gradually  bearing  off  until  it  crossed  the  outlet  of 
the  Crooked  Lake,  where  an  abrupt  offset  was  made,  and  then 
an  inctination  for  a  few  miles  almost  in  a  N.  w.  course;  then,  as 
if  fearful  that  it  was  running  w.  farther  than  was  necessiiry  to 
secure  a  given  object,  the  line  was  made  to  incline  to  the  E. 
until  it  passed  the  foot  of  Seneca  Lake,  when  it  was  run  nearly 
N.  and  s.  to  Lake  Ontario.  All  this  will  be  observed  upon  anjr 
of  the  old  maps.  It  will  at  once  be  perceived  that  the  site  of 
Geneva — the  16.000  acres  of  Reed  and  Ryckman — had  caused 
more  than  a  usual  variation  of  the  surveyor's  compass.  Judge 
Porter's  explanation  is  as  follows; — "Geneva  was  then  a  small 
settlement,  beautifully  situated  on  the  Seneca  Lake,  rendered 
quite  attractive  by  its  lying  beside  an  old  Indian  settlement  in 
which  there  was  an  orchard." 

The  Old  Pre-emption  Line  terminated  on  Lake  Ontario,  3 
mi.  w.  of  Sodus  Bay,  and  the  new  line  very  near  the  center 
of  the  head  of  the  bay.  With  the  exception  of  the  abrupt  varia- 
tions that  h-ive  been  noticed,  the  old  line,  parting  from  the  true 
meridian  about  5  mi.  S.  of  the  Chemung  River,  bears  off  gradu- 
ally until  it  reaches  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  The  strip  of 
land  between  the  two  lines  was  called  "  Thi^  Gfire."  In  addition 
to  the  patent  granted  to  Reed  and  Ryckman.  the  State  had  pre- 
sumed the  original  survey  to  be  correct,  and  made  other  grants, 
and  allowed  the  location  of  military  land  warrants  upon  what 
had  been  made  disputed  territory.  As  an  equivalent  to  tho  pur- 
chasers of  this  tract,  compensation  lands  were  granted  by  the 
State  in  the  present  towns  of  Wolcott  and  Galen,  Wayne  co. 

2  The  w.  boundary  of  this  tract  was  a  line  '*  beginning  In  the 
northern  line  of  Penn..  due  south  of  the  corner  or  point  of  land 
made  by  the  confluence  of  the  Genesee  River  and  the  Ciinaseraga 
Creek;  thence  north  on  said  meridian  line  to  the  corner  or 
point,  at  tho  confluence  aforesaid;  thence  northwardly  along 
the  waters  of  the  Genesee  River  to  a  point  two  miles  north  of 
Cauawagus  Village;  thence  running  due  west  twelve  miles; 
thence  runtiing  northwardly,  so  as  to  be  twelve  miles  distant 
from  the  western  bounds  of  said  river,  to  tho  shore  of  Lake  Oi*» 
tario." — Turner's  Phdps  and  Gorham  Purchase, 


ONTARIO    COUNTY.  495 

1827.     Brigham  Young  was  also  a  long  time  a  resident  of  Oanandaigua;  and  the  first  Mormon 
society  was  formed  at  Fayette,  in  the  adjoining  co.  of  Seneca,  in  1830. 


BRISTOL^ — was  formed  in  Jan.  1789.  South  Bristol  was  taken  off  in  1838,  and  a  part  was 
annexed  to  Richmond,  March  23,  1848,  and  restored  Feb.  25,  1852.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  series  of  ridges,  gradually  declining  to  the  n. 
The  highest  points  are  about  500  feet  above  the  valleys.  These  ridges  are  divided  by  the  deep 
valleys  of  Mud  Creek  and  Egypt  Brook.  The  declivities  that  border  upon  these  streams  in  the  s. 
part  are  usually  very  steep.  The  soil  is  a  rich  alluvial  upon  the  intervales  and  disintegrated  slate 
and  shale  among  the  hills.  Bristol  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  30  houses ;  Baptist  IlilP 
(Bristol  p.  0.)  25;  and  Muttonville^  15.  Eg-ypt  is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  e.  part.  Gamaliel 
Wilder  and  Joseph  Gilbert  settled  in  1788,  at  what  was  called  the  "  Old  Indian  Orchard."*  The 
first  relij^iuus  services  were  performed  by  Rev.  Zadock  Ilunn,  iu  1793.  Thei*e  are  now  4  churches 
in  town.* 

CAIVADICE* — was  formed  from  Richmond,  April  15,  1829,  and  a  part  was  annexed  to  Rich- 
mond in  1836.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  high,  broken  upland 
separated  into  two  ridges  by  Canadice  Lake.  The  w.  ridge,  known  as  Bald  Hill,  is  bordered  by 
steep  declivities,  and  the  e.  by  more  gradual  slopes.  The  highest  summits  are  about  700  feet  above 
Honeoye  Lake.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Canadice  Inlet  and  Outlet  and  the  Iloneoye  Inlet. 
The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  clayey  loam ;  upon  the  declivities  of  the  hills  it  is  mostly  disintegrated 
shale  and  slate,  and  upon  the  summits  in  the  s.  part  it  consists  of  gravelly  loam  and  black  muck. 
Canadice  Corners  (p.o.)  is  a  hamlet,  forming  the  business  center  of  the  town.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  by Kimball,  in  1807.'     There  are  now  3  churches  in  town.® 

CAIVAIVBAIGIJA^— was  formed  Jan.  27,  1789,  and  a  part  annexed  to  Gorham,  March  16, 
1824.  It  is  the  central  town  of  the  co.,  lying  upon  the  w.  and  n.  shores  of  Canandaigua  Lake. 
The  surface  is  hilly  in  the  s.,  but  level  or  gently  rolling  in  the  n.  The  highest  summits  are  about 
600  feet  above  the  lake.  Canandaigua  Outlet,  Beaver  Creek,  and  Stevens  Brook  are  the  principal 
streams.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam  in  the  n.  and  a  deep,  gravelly  loam  in  the  s.,  and  in  fertility 
this  town  ranks  among  the  first  in  the  State.  Canandaigua^  (P*'^-0  situated  at  the  outlet 
of  Canandaigua  Lake,  is  an  important  station  on  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  and  a  terminus  of  the  N.  F. 
ifc  C.  Branch  and  of  the  E.  J.  &  C.  R.  R.  A  daily  steamer  connects  it  with  Naples,  at  the  head 
of  the  lake.  It  contains  the  co.  buildings,^^  a  State  Arsenal, ^^  5  churches,  an  academy,^^  a  female 
seminary,"  a  private  lunatic  asylum,"  3  newspaper  offices,  and  a  bank.  It  was  incorp.  April 
18,  1815,  and  has  a  pop.  of  4,154.^^  Cliesliire,  (p-v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  20  dwellings. 
Centerfield  (p.o.)  is  a  hamlet,  and  Academy^  near  the  s.  line,  is  a  p.o.  Wm.  Morgan,  of 
masonic  notoriety,  was  imprisoned  at  Canandaigua  previous  to  his  disappearance.^^  Settlement 
was  commenced  in  1788,  by  Phelps  and  Gorham  and  their  associates,  and  considerable  accessions 
were  made  in  1789  and  '90."     The  first  religious  service  at  Canandaigua  was  held  in  1789,  by 


1  Named  from  Bristol  co.,  Mass.,  from  which  the  first  settlers 
camo. 

2  So  named  because  a  Baptist  charch  was  erected  there  at  an 
early  date. 

*  Derives  its  name  from  the  establishment  of  a  tallow  chandlery 
there  some  years  since.  30,000  sheep  have  been  slaughtered 
therp  in  a  ye^r. 

*  William  Gooding  and  George  Codding  spttled  in  17^9,  James, 
Blnathan,  and  George  Gooding  iu  1790,  and  AlJeu  Sears  and 
John,  George,  Farmer,  Burt,  and  William  Codding  in  1792.  The 
first  store  and  tavern  Wore  opened  by  Steph«u  Sifson.  in  1793 ; 
Gamal.  Wilder  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1790.  Thomas  Hunn 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1790.  Cornelius  McCrum  waa  tho 
first  child  born. 

6  Bap..  Cong.,  M.  E.,  and  Univ. 

*  This  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  Indian  name  of  Canadice 
Lake. 

7  Soon  after,  John  Wilson  settled  at  the  head  of  Canadice 
Lake,  and  John  Richardson,  John  Wheeler,  Samuel  Spencer, 
and  And.  Ward  near  Canadice  Corners.  The  first  tavern  was 
kept  by  Llewelyn  Davis  •,  and  Severance  &  Ford  opened  the 
firat  store.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  at  the  head  of  Canadice 
Lake,  by  John  Algur. 


Phelps.  Gen.  Peter  B.  Porter.  Augustus  Porter,  Philip  Church, 
Wm.  Wadsworth.  James  Wademorth,  Abner  Barlnw,  Moses  At- 
water,  Micah  Brooks,  Vincent  Mathews.  Walter  Hubbell,  JohnC. 
Spencer.  John  Greig,  Natbl.  Rochester,  Jos.  Parish,  Red  Jacket, 
Judge  Fitzhugh,  Ambrose  Spencer.  Wm.  Williams,  M.D.,  N.  W. 
Howell,  Wm.  Wood.  Stephen  A.DougJiiS,  Danl.  Barnard,  and  11. 
Welles.  Among  other  distinguished  residents  of  Canandaigua 
were  Hon. Gideon  Granger,  P.M.  Gen.  under  Jefferson's  adminis- 
tration, his  son,  Francis  Granger,  P.  M.  Gen.  under  Harrison's  ad- 
ministration, the  late  Hon.  M.  II.  Sibley,  and  Hon.  J.  R.  Giddings. 

11  This  arsenal  was  authorized  beffTe  the  war.  and  1,000  stand 
of  arms  were  ordered  to  be  deposited  there,  Feb.  12,  1808. 

12  This  academy  was  founded  in  1795,  by  Gorham  and  Phelps. 
It  is  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

13  The  Ontario  Female  Seminary  was  founded  in  1S25.  Its 
buildings  are  commodious,  and  pleasantly  situated  upon  grounda 
containing  7  acres.    The  number  of  studenta  in  1857  was  311. 

1*  Bhghain  Hall,  incorp.  in  1859,  is  about  1  mi.  8.  w.  of  the 
courthouse.  The  grounds  consist  of  70  acres,  and  the  buildinga, 
with  accommodations  for  80  patients,  are  located  iu  a  bsautifni 
grove  of  1(3  acres. 

i&  The  CO.  Agricultural  Society  has  a  lot  containing  10  acres 
within  the  village  limits,  with  suitable  buildings.      lo  See  p.  .323. 


iKe,  UV  iiniiu  Algur.  nibiiiu  luu  viiii^;e  iiuuuj,  Willi  buiiuuit.*  uuiiuin(^s.        *"  i^eti  u.  •>.». 

«  M.  E.  ^leth.  Prot.,  and  Wea.  Meth.  it  Among   the  settlers   in   1789   were  Joseph  Smith,   Israel 


•  This  name  was  derived  from  Gan-a^ar-que,  a  village  built 
by  the  Sen-'ca  Indians  on  the  present  site  of  the  village  of  Canan- 
daigu.a.     Tt  pignifies  a  chosen  spot. 

10  In  one  of  the  courtrooms  is  a  collection  of  portraits  of  the 
promineat  first  settlers  and  residents  of  the  co.:  viz.,  of  Oliver 


Chapin.  Nathaniel  Gorham,  jr..  Frederick  Saxton,  Benjamin 
Gardner,  Daniel  Gates.  Daniel  Brainnrd,  Martin  Dudley,  and 
James  D.  Fish.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Oliver  Phelps  Rice; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  Cjdcb  Walker,  both  in  1790.  Samuel 
Gardner  opened  the  first  store;  and  the  first  school  was  taught 


406 


ONTARIO    COUNTY. 


Rev.  John  Smith.     The  first  church  (St.  Matthew's,  Epis.,  now  St.  John's)  was  organized  Feb.  4, 
1799  ;  the  Cong,  church  was  formed  Feb.  25,  1799.     The  census  reports  10  churches  in  town.' 

EAST  Bl,OOMFIEl.»— was  formed  Jan.  27,  1789,  as  "  BloomfieU."  Mendon  and  Victor 
were  taken  off  in  1812:  its  name  was  changed  and  West  Bloomfield  was  taken  off  in  1833.  It  is 
an  interior  town,  lying  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  with  a  gentle  inclina- 
tion toward  the  n.  The  ridges  are  50  to  600  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  principal  streams 
are  the  Mud,  Fish,  and  Hog  Hollow  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  deep,  fertile,  gravelly  loam,  in  places 
Mixed  with  clay.  Ciriflitlis  Mills  in  the  e.  and  Brag  Village  in  the  s.  e.  part  are  hamlets. 
<':a<«t  Blootilficld,  (p.  V.,)  J  of  a  mi.  from  East  Bloomfield  Station,  on  the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R., 
CDUtiiins  3  churches,  an  academy,''  manufactories  of  agricultural  implements  and  carriages.  Pup.  590. 
This  township  having  been  purchased  of  Phelps  and  Gorham  by  a  company  from  Berkshire  CO., 
Mass.,  its  settlement  was  commenced  in  the  spring  of  1789.'  There  are  4  churches  in  town  ;*  the 
first  (Cong.)  was  formed  Sept.  8,  and  organized  Nov.  15,  1795,  by  Rev.  Zadock  Hunn.  The  first 
church  edifice  in  all  Western  N.  Y.  was  erected  in  this  town  in  1801. 

FARMIjVGTOBI*— was  formed  Jan.  27,  1789.  Manchester  was  taken  off  in  1821.  It  lies  on 
the  N.  border  of  the  co.,  w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  nearly  level  in  the  s.,  but  in  the  N.  it  is 
broken  by  drift  ridges  which  rise  to  a  height  of  50  to  100  feet  above  the  general  surface.  The  declivi- 
ties of  these  ridges  toward  the  n.,e.,  and  w.  are  generally  steep,  but  toward  the  s.  they  become 
gradual  slopes.  The  streams  are  Mud  and  Beaver  Creeks  and  Black  Brook.  A  strip  of  land 
iicrass  the  s.  part,  embracing  about  3  tiers  of  lots,  has  a  clay  soil.  North  of  this  is  a  marshy 
region ;  and  farther  n.  the  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  and  very  productive,  with  good  proportions  of 
arable,  meadow,  and  grazing  lands  throughout  the  town.  IVe'W  Salem,  (Farmington  p.  o.,)  a 
villaga  in  the  N.  part,  contains  200  inhabitants.  Brownville  (Nortons  Mills  p.  o.)  is  a  liamlet. 
East  Farmington  and  TVest  Farmington  are  p.  offices.  The  settlement  was  com- 
menced in  1789,  by  Friends  from  Berkshire,  Mass.,  among  whom  were  Nathan  Comstock,  his  sons 
Otis  and  Darius,  and  Robert  Hathaway.^  The  first  house  of  worship  was  erected  by  the  Friends, 
in  1804.     There  are  now  2  churches  in  town ;  Friends  and  Wes.  Meth. 

GORIIAIU'— was  formed  Jan.  27,  1789,  as  " Easion."  Its  name  was  changed  to  "Lincoln," 
April  17,  1806,  and  to  Gorham,  April  6,  1807.  Hopewell  was  taken  off  in  1822.  A  part  of  Canan- 
daigua  was  annexed  in  1824.  It  lies  upon  the  E.  shore  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  s.  E.  of  the  center  of 
the  CO.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  the  ridges  rising  in  gradual  slopes  to  a  height  of  25  to  200  feet  above 
the  valleys.  Flint  Creek  is  the  principal  stream.  The  soil  in  the  E.  part  is  principally  a  gravelly 
loam,  and  in  the  w.  it  consists  of  clay,  and  is  generally  fertile  and  productive.  Gorham,'  (p- v.,) 
3  mi.  from  the  Gorham  Station,  on  the  C.  &  E.  R.  R.,  contains  3  churches  and  310  inhabitants. 
Reeds  Corners  (p.  v.)  contains  3  churches  and  about  20  houses.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  at  Reeds  Corners,  in  1789,  by  James  Wood.'    There  are  now  6  churches  in  town.'" 

HOPEWEELi — was  formed  from  Gorham,  March  29,  1822.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  e. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating,  with  a  northerly  inclination. 
Canandaigua  Outlet,  Fall  Creek,  and  Fall  Brook  are  its  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  a  sandy 
and  gravelly  loam  in  the  w.,  and  the  same  mixed  with  clay  in  the  center  and  E.  It  is  very  fertile 
and  highly  cultivated.  Cbapinville,  (p. v.,)  a  station  on  tlie  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  contains  a 
church  and  about  30  dwellings ;  Uopen^ell  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  I  church  and  16  dwellings. 


by  Major  Wallis,  in  1792.  There  were  in  that  year  30  families 
in  town.  The  Legislature  granted.  March  31,  1804.  to  Levi  Ste- 
phens and  Jason  Parlver  the  sole  right  of  mnning  stages  from 
Utica  to  this  place  for  a  term  of  7  years.  The  trip  was  to  be 
perffjrmed  twice  a  week,  from  Jnne  to  October,  within  4S  hours, 
ftnd  at  the  rate  of  4  cts.  a  mi.  if  with  fi  or  more  pa.ssengera.  A 
similar  monopoly  waa  granted,  April  6, 1807,  for  7  years,  to  John 
Metc.ilf,  between  this  place  and  Butfalo. 

1  The  censns  reports  2  Bap.,  2  Prot.  E.,  2  M.  E.,  Cong.,  Free 
Will  Bap..  Christian,  and  R.  C. 

3  Incorp.  AprilO,  183S.    The  average  nnmber  of  students  is  100. 

3  Deacon  John  Adams  and  his  sons,  .Tohn.  William.  Abner, 
Jonathan,  and  .Joseph,  his  sons-inlaw,  Ephraira  Rue  and  Loren 
Hull,  and  Elijah  Rose,  Hoses  Gunn.  Lot  Hue,  John  Barnes, 
Roger  Spragne,  and  Asa  Hickox  moved  in  with  their  families 
in  17S9.  The  first  death  was  that  of  Lot  Rue,  in  1793;  the  first 
niarriage — and  the  first  upon  the  Phelps  and  Gorham  Purchase 
^wfifl  that  of  Benj.  Goss  and  a  daughter  of  George  Codding. 
The  first  6a%vmill  was  erected  on  Mud  Creek,  in  1790,  by  Gen. 
Fellows;  and  the  first  store  was  opened  in  ISOO,  by  Norton  & 
Beach.    Laura  Adams  taught  the  first  school,  in  1794. 


<  Cong.,  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

6  Named  from  Farmington,  Conn.  It  was  formed  by  the  Court 
of  General  Sessions. 

6  Early  in  1790,  Nathan  Aldrich,  Isaac  Hathaway,  Nathan 
Herendun,  Welcome  Herendeen,  John  McCumber,  and  Josbaa 
Herington,  from  the  same  place,  joined  the  infant  settlement, 
and  were  followed  by  18  others  the  same  year.  Jacob  and  Jo- 
seph Smith  built  a  gristmill  in  1793,  and  the  first  sawmill,  in 
179.0.  Tlie  first  birth  was  that  of  Welcome  Uerendeen,  inl790; 
the  first  marriage,  that  of  Otis  Comstock  and  Huldah  Freeman, 
in  1792 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Elijah  Smith,  in  1793. 

'  Named  in  honor  of  Nathaniel  Gorham. 

6  Formerly  called  ^'IMhel." 

B  Parley  Gates,  from  Mass.,  settled  on  Lot  49  in  1796 ;  and  soon 
after,  Oliver  Howard  and  Henry  Greene,  from  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y., 
and  Samuel  and  Silas  Reed,  Elijah  Huni.  and  others,  came  in. 
The  first  tavern  was  kept  by  William  Sherwood,  at  Keeda  Cor- 
ners, in  1800  ;  the  first  gristmill  was  built  by  Levi  Benton;  and 
the  first  sawmill,  by  Buckley  Sc  Craft,  in  1807.  Timothy  Mooro 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1802. 

w  2  Bap.,  Cong.,  Prot.  E.,  Presb.,  and  M.  E. 


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ONTARIO    COUNTY. 


497 


Hopevrell  is  a  p.  o.   Liittleville  is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  town.  Settlements  were 
made  in  1789-90.'    There  are  5  churches  in  town  ■'  the  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1808. 

MANCHESTER— was  formed  from  Farmington,  March  31,  1821,  as  "Burf,"  and  its  name 
was  changed  April  16,  1822.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co.,  E.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is 
nearly  level  in  the  s.,  but  is  occupied  by  irregular  sand  and  gravel  ridges  of  the  drift  formation  in 
Ihe  N.  Canandaigua  Outlet,  Fall  Creek,  and  Black  Brook  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is 
a  gravelly  loam  and  is  very  productive.  Hydraulic  limestone  is  quarried  on  "the  Outlet."  There 
are  3  flouring  mills  in  town.  Clifton  Springes,  (p.  v.,)  incorporated  in  1859,  a  station  on  the 
N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  is  situated  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town.  Pop.  340.  At  this  place  are  the  celebrated 
Clifton  Mineral  Springs  and  an  extensive  water  cure  establishment.'  Manchester  (p.  v.) 
contains  374  inhabitants ;  Sliortsville  (p.  v.)  contains  35  dwellings  and  a  large  distillery  ;  and 
Port  Ctibson,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Erie  Canal,  50  dwellings ;  Manchester  Center  (p.  v.)  con- 
tains 18  dwellings.  Plaiusville  (Gypsum  p.  o.)  contains  12  houses.  Coonsville  contains 
a  flouring  mill,  plaster  mill,  and  12  houses.  The  first  settlement  vfas  made  in  1793,  by  Stephen 
Jared,  Joel  Phelps,  and  Joab  Gillett.*  Rev.  David  Irish  preached  in  Manchester  in  Jan.  1797, 
and  in  Feb.  following  a  Bap.  society  was  organized.  There  are  now  8  churches  in  town.'  Joe 
Smith,  tlie  Mormon  prophet,  resided  in  this  town  with  his  father ;  and  Mormon  Hill,  the  place 
wliere  the  gold  Bible  was  found,  is  situated  a  little  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  town.* 

WAPIiES' — was  formed  Jan.  27,  1789,  as  " 3[iddletown."  The  name  was  changed  April  6, 
1808.  Italy  was  taken  off  in  1815,  and  a  part  of  Springwater  in  1816.  It  is  the  extreme  s.  town 
of  the  CO.  The  surface  consists  of  a  hilly  and  elevated  upland,  broken  by  the  narrow  and  deep 
valleys  of  Canandaigua  and  Honeoye  Inlets  and  Grindstone  Creek.  The  summits  of  the  hills 
are  600  to  1000  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake  and  1300  to  1700  feet  above  tide.  Their  declivi- 
ties bordering  on  the  streams  are  generally  very  steep.  High  Point  and  Hatch  Hill  are  the 
highest  summits.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  consists  of  clay  and  gravel  mixed  with  disintegrated 
slate  and  shale ;  and  in  the  valleys  it  is  a  rich,  gravelly  loam  mixed  with  alluvium.  Fruit  grow- 
ing is  receiving  much  attention.  Peaches  are  produced  in  great  abundance ;  and  an  experiment 
is  being  made  in  the  cultivation  of  grapes,  which  promises  to  be  successful.  Over  30  acres  are 
now  devoted  to  this  object,  and  very  satisfactory  results  have  been  realized.  IVapleS,  (p.  v.,) 
on  the  Canandaigua  Inlet,  4  mi.  from  the  lake,  contains  5  churches  and  3  flouring  mills. 
Pop.  700.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1790,  by  a  company  from  Berkshire  co.,  Mass., 
by  whom  the  town  was  purchased  from  Phelps  and  Gorham.*  The  first  sermon  was  preached  by 
Rev.  Zadock  Ilunn,  in  June,  1792.» 

PHEl.PS"'— was  formed  in  1796,  under  the  act  of  Jan.  27,  1789.  A  part  v\  as  annexed  to 
Lyons,  (Wayne  co.,)  April  11,  1823.  It  is  the  n.e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling, 
the  ridges  rising  in  gentle  slopes  20  to  100  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  highest  point  is  300  feet 
above  Canandaigua  Lake.  The  soil  in  the  e.  is  a  sandy  loam  with  a  clay  subsoil,  in  the  N.  a 
mixed  sandy  and  clayey  loam,  and  in  the  w.  a  sandy  and  coarse  gravelly  loam,  all  highly  produc- 
tive. Canandaigua  Outlet,  the  principal  stream,  flows  E.  and  N.  through  the  center.  Along  its 
course  are  extensive  quarries  of  gypsum  and  water  limestone.    In  the  town  are  quarries  of  Ouon 


1  Among  the  first  pettlers  were  Daniel  flatca,  Daniel  Warner, 

Sweet.  Ezra  Piatt,  Samuel  Day,  George  and  Israel  Chapin, 

jr..  Frederick  Follett,  Benj.  Wells,  and  Thomas  Sawyer,  mostly 
from  Maas.,  and  William  Wyckoff,  from  Penn.  The  first  child — 
Benj.  Wells,  jr. — was  born  Feb.  4,  1791.  CaWin  Bacon  taught 
the  first  school,  in  1792.  The  first  tavern  was  kept  by  Ezra 
IMatt ;  and  the  first  mill  was  built  by  Oliver  Phelps  and  Israel 
Chapin,  in  1789. 
!  3  M.  E.,  Wcs.  Meth.,  and  Presb. 

'  A  hotel  was  erected  in  1806,  as  a  dispensary ;  and  the  water 
cure  was  established  in  1850,  by  a  company  organized  for  that 
purpo.se,  with  a  capital  of  $45,000.  It  has  accommodations  for 
1 50  patients,  and  is  largely  patronized.  The  water  of  the  spring 
was  analyzed  in  1852,  by  Dr.  Chilton,  of  N.  Y.,  with  the  following 
result  in  grains  to  1  quart: — 

Sulphate  of  lime 17.30  grs. 

"        "  magnesia 4.12    " 

"        "  Boda. 1.94    " 

Carbonate  of  lime 2.42   " 

"  "  magnesia 3.28    " 

Chloride  of  sodium 2.32    " 

"      "   calcium 1.02   " 

"      "  magnesia 1.02   " 

Organic  matter trace. 

Total 83.42 


HydroBulphuric  and  carbonic  acida  are  also  found  in  smal) 
quantities.  • 

*  Nathan  Pierce  and  John  McLonth,  from  Berkshire.  Mass.. 
settled  in  the  town  in  1795;  and  John  Van  Fleet.  Jedediab 
Dewey,  Benjamin  Barney,  William  Mitchell,  and  Peleg  Kedfield 
soon  after.  Sharon  Boothe  and  a  daughter  of  Joab  (iillett  were 
married  in  1793.  Theophilus  Short  erected  the  first  mill,  at 
Shortsville,  in  1804 ;  and  the  first  store  waa  opened  by  Nathan 
Burton.    Elam  Crane  taught  the  first  school,  in  1800. 

'  2  Bap.,  3  M.  E.,  2  Prot.  Meth.,  and  a  Univ. 

«  See  p.  494. 

'Originally  called  "WaVcin&tmtm,*'  from  Wm.  Watkins,  of 
Berkshire,  Mass.,  one  of  the  purchasers  under  Pbelps  and  Qor 
ham.  and  called  by  the  Indians  Nnn'da-wa-o,  great  hill. 

*  In  Feb.  1790.  Samuel.  Reuben,  and  Levi  Parish,  with  their 
families,  came  in;  and  in  April  following.  Nathan  and  Wm. 
Watkins,  John  Johnson,  Jonathan  Lee.  and  William  Clark. 
with  their  families,  30  persons  in  all.  The  first  birth  wa.s  that 
of  Phineas  P.  Lee ;  and  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Benj.  Clark 
and  Thankful  Watkins.  in  1795.  The  first  safrmill  was  erected 
in  1792.  by  Benj.  Clark  and  Jabez  Metcalf  Susannah  Parish 
tanght  the  first  school,  in  1792.  Myron  H.  Clark,  late  Governor 
of  the  State,  was  born  in  this  town,  Oct.  23,  1S06. 

*  Ther«  are  5  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Presb.,  Wee. 
Meth.,  and  Christian. 

10  Named  from  Oliver  Phelps,  one  of  the  original  proprietors  vt 
the  town. 


498 


ONTARIO  COUNTY. 


da^^a  and  corniferous  limestone.  Plielps,^  (p.  t.,)  on  Flint  Creek,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Canandaigua  Outlet,  was  incorp.  Jan.  2,  1855.  It  contains  a  union  school,  newspaper  office,  and 
0  churches.  Pop.  1,278.  Orlcan^i  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  Flint  Creek.  Pop.  218.  Oaks 
Corners  (p.  o.)  contains  15  houses.'^  J.  D.  Robinson,  from  Claverack,  Columbia  co.,  settled  at 
Phelps  in  1789.'  Rev.  S.  Goodale  was  the  first  resident  preacher ;  he  held  services  in  schoolhouses 
and  dwellings  before  any  church  edifice  was  erected.  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  built  in  1804.* 
Rirai:>IO:¥D— was  formed  in  1796,  as  *'Pittstow?i."  Its  name  was  changed  to  ''ffoneoy^' 
April  0,  1808,  and  to  Richmond  April  11,  1815.  Canadice  was  taken  off  in  1829.  A  part  of  Cana- 
dice  was  annexed  April  30,  1836,  and  parts  of  Bristol  and  South  Bristol  in  1848 ;  but  these  last 
were  restored  in  1852.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  It  consists  of  a 
nearly  square  portion  of  land  lying  near  the  foot  of  Honeoye  Lake,  and  a  narrow  strip  extending 
along  tlie  e.  shore  of  that  lake  and  its  inlet  to  the  s.  border  of  the  co.*  A  wide  valley  occupies  the 
center,  opening  toward  the  n.,  and  surrounded  by  hills  from  50  to  200  feet  high  on  the  3  remaining 
aides.  The  southern  strip  is  very  hilly,  the  summits  rising  500  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake. 
Honeoye  and  Hemlock  Outlets  and  Egypt  Brook  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  upon  the 
lowlands  is  clay,  upon  the  hills  a  sandy  loam  mixed  with  clay.  Much  attention  is  given  to  im- 
proving the  breeds  of  cattle  and  sheep,  and  it  is  the  largest  wool  growing  town  in  the  co.,  and  sec- 
ond in  the  State.  Honeoye,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  foot  of  Honeoye  Lake,  is  the  business  center  of  the 
town.  Pop.  244.  Ricbmond  mills  {p.  o.)  and  Aliens  Ilill^  (p-o.)  are  hamlets.  This 
town  was  purchased  of  Phelps  and  Gorham  by  a  company;  and  the  first  settlement  was  made  by 
Capt.  Peter  Pitts  and  Ms  sons  "William  and  Gideon,  in  1789.''    There  are  5  churches  in  town.® 

SEIVECA — was  formed  in  1793,  under  the  act  of  Jan.  27,  1789.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of 
the  CO.,  lying  upon  the  w.  shore  of  Seneca  Lake.  The  surface  is  beautifully  rolling,  the  ridges 
rising  20  to  200  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  shores  of  the  lake  are  bluff's  about  100  feet  above 
the  surface  of  the  water.  The  streams  are  Flint  and  Keshong  Creeks  and  Burralls  and  Castle 
Brooks.  The  soil  is  a  deep,  rich  loam,  consisting  of  sand,  gravel,  and  clay  mixed  together,  the 
gravel  predominating  upon  the  ridges.  The  soil  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  production  of 
fruit  trees,  and  the  business  of  the  nursery  has  become  one  of  the  leading  pursuits  in  the  town. 
Two  large  nursery  establishments  are  located  within  the  limits  of  the  village  of  Geneva.  Com 
merce  and  manufactures  receive  considerable  attention.  Oeneva^*  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  4,  1800, 
is  beautifully  situated  at  the  foot  of  Seneca  Lake.  It  contains  a  flourishing  union  school,*"  a  large 
private  boarding  school,"  3  newspaper  offices,  and  9  churches.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  Hobart  Free 
College.*-  The  Geneva  Water  Cure  and  Hygienic  Institute  is  finely  situated  near  the  center  of  the 
village.  A  daily  line  of  steamers  connects  this  place  with  the  upper  ports  upon  Seneca  Lake. 
Pop.  5,057.  Castleton^  (Seneca  Castle  p.o.,)  on  Flint  Creek,  in  the  n.w.  part,  contains  2 
churches  and  35  dwellings.    Flint  Creek,  (p.o.,)  Halls  Corners,  (p.o.,)  and  Stanleys 


I  Formerly  called  "  Vienna.'* 

•  The  culture  of  raspberries  has  recently  been  introduced  in 
this  vicinity,  and  promises  to  be  successful. 

•  N.  Saiiburu.  Gould,  Pierce.  Philetus  Swift,  and 

Elihu  Granjrer,  from  Coon.,  settled  in  town  in  1789;  Thaddcus 
OftltB.  Seth  Dean,  Oliver  and  Charles  Humphrey,  John  Salisbury, 
NichoIa.s  Pulleti,  Walter  Chase,  and  Klias  Dickinson  in  1791 ; 
John  Patten  and  David  Boyd  in  1792;  Jonathan  Melvin  in  1793; 
and  John  Shf-rmao,  Joseph  and  Lodowick  Vandemark,  and  John 
and  I'atrick  Burnett  in  1794.  Henry  H.  Robinson  was  the  first 
diild  born  in  town;  and  the  first  marriage  was  that  of  Phib^tua 
Swift  and  Snliy  Dean,  in  1793.  Thaddeus  Oaks  opened  the  first 
tavern,  in  1793  ;  and  the  first  saw  and  griat  mills  were  built  by 
Seth  Dean. 

•  There  are  10  churches  in  town ;  4  Bap.,  3  Presb.,  2  M.  E., 
and  a  Prot.  Epis. 

6  This  strip  was  added  to  the  town  in  consequence  of  its  posi- 
tion, hi^h  mountain  ridfres  Beparnting  it  from  the  business  cen- 
ters of  bdth  Canadice  and  South  Bristol. 

<  Named  in  honor  of  Nathaniel  Allen.  Mr.  Allen  was  amon^ 
the  first  settlers,  and  established  the  first  blarksmith's  shop  at 
Aliens  Hill.  Subsequently  he  was  sheriff  of  Ontario  co.;  in  1812 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Assembly  :  durin?  the  War  of  1812  he 
waa  army  p;iymaster;  and  in  1819  he  was  elected  member  of 
Congrews  from  the  2lBt  district. 

T  In  1795,  i^emuel  and  Cyrus  Chipman,  Philip  T^eed,  Levi 
Blackmcr.  Nathaniel  Harmon.  Pierce  Chamberlain,  Asa  Deni- 
son,  and  Isaac  Adams,  from  Vermont,  settled  in  town.  Capt. 
Pitts  opened  tlie  first  tavern;  and  the  first  saw  and  giist 
mills  were  built  by  Thomas  Morris,  in  1795.  Upon  the  divi- 
aion  of  the  lands,  Capt.  Pitts  secured  3,000  acres  at  the  foot  of 
Honeoye  Lake,  eirtbracinK  the  flats  and  a  cleared  field  which 
haji  been  tin- <ite  of  an  Indian  village  destroyed  by  Sullivan's 
army.  I^iuis  I'bilippe,  during  his  travels  in  tiiis  country,  spent 
•  id^Ut  iu  the  log  Louse  of  Capt  Pitts;  and  auteequently  the 


Duke  de  Liancourt  and  suite  went  from  Canandaigua  to  make 
him  a  visit. 

8  2  Cong.,  Prot.  Epis.,  Prot.  Meth.,  and  Wes.  Moth. 

8  This  village  is  justly  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  situflp 
tion;  and  perhaps  no  village  in  the  co.  in  this  respect  has  been 
so  generally  and  enthusiastically  praised  by  tourists.  For  many 
years  it  was  one  of  the  leading  business  places  in  Central  N.  Y  ; 
but  the  completion  of  the  r.  r.  lines  has  turned  a  large  share  of 
the  business  into  other  channels. 

If  This  union  school  was  one  of  the  first  established  in  the 
State,  and  for  a  long  time  was  taken  as  a  model  in  establishing 
others.  It  early  contained  an  academic  department  that  enjoyed 
an  excellent  reputation.  The  schoolBoftlievillageare  now  graded, 
and  embrace  a  complete  common  school  and  acadenn'c  course. 

11  The  Walnut  Hill  Seminary,  for  boys,  is  a  flourishing  iustito- 
tion  of  its  kind.     For  particulars  see  j).  741. 

12  Formerly  Geneva  College.  It  was  incorp.  in  1825.  and  was 
established  mainly  through  the  influence  of  Bishop  Hobart, 
whose  name  it  bears.  A  medical  department  was  organized  in 
1836.  The  trustees  and  members  of  the  College  Faculty  are 
generally  members  of  the  Prot.  Epis.  church.  From  the  be- 
ginning, however,  the  college  has  been  equally  open  to  all;  and 
it  is  now  free  U)  all.  no  charge  being  made  for  tuition  and  room 
rent.  It  has  now  two  large  buildings  for  the  use  of  students — 
one  for  libraries  and  lecture  rooms,  one  for  a  chapel — and  a 
spacious  building  for  the  use  of  the  medical  department.  The 
college  has  a  president.  4  professors,  an  assistant  professor,  and 
a  resident  ffllow.  who  takes  part  In  the  business  of  instruction; 
and  the  medical  department  has  a  Faculty  of  6  professors.  In 
IS^'J  the  number  of  students  in  the  free  classes  was  85.  The 
agsregate  value  of  the  college  property  is  about  $160,000.  Th» 
college  buildings  are  beautifully  situated  in  the  s.  part  of  the 
village,  on  a  bluff  which  overlooks  Seneca  Lake.  The  college 
groundfl  contain  above  12  acres.  In  1858  the  whole  number  of 
graduates  in  arts  was  246  and  in  medicine  520. 


ONTARIO    COUNTY. 


499 


Corners'  (p.o.)  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1787,  upon  the  site  of  tho 
Indian  village  of  Kanadesaga,  by  immigrants  from  New  England.'  This  village  was  situated  at 
the  foot  of  Seneca  Lake,  where  Geneva  now  is ;  and  for  several  years  after  Geneva  had  become  a 
place  of  considerable  importance  it  was  called  "Kanadesaga."  An  ancient  fortification,  known 
as  Fort  Hill,  is  located  on  lot  58.  It  was  covered  with  large  forest  trees  upon  the  lirst  settlement 
of  the  town.  Another  beautiful  ground,  called  the  "Old  Castle,"  is  about  li  mi.  N.  w.  of  Genev;i. 
It  is  covered  by  an  Indian  orchard,  and  the  ground  has  never  been  plowed,  because  of  a  stipuhi- 
tion  to  that  effect  made  with  the  Indians  iu  the  treaty  of  purchase.'  It  contains  an  Indian  buri:il 
ground ;  and  in  one  corner  may  be  traced  a  trench  of  an  ancient  stockaded  fortification.  Hero 
was  the  largest  Indian  settlement  in  Western  New  York,  and  it  is  still  a  place  of  much  interest  to 
the  few  remaining  descendants  of  the  once  powerful  Five  Nations.  Many  relics — as  stone  hatchets, 
arrow  heads,  pipes,  &c. — are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  "Old  Castle."  As  early  as  1705,  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Kirkland  came  on  a  mission  to  the  Indians  at  Kanadesaga.*  The  first  church  (Presb.)  wa-i 
organized  in  1798 ;  and  the  first  settled  minister  was  Rev.  Jedediah  Chapman.' 

SOrXH  BRISTOl.— was  formed  from  Bristol,  March  8,  1838.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  shore 
of  Canandaigua  Lake,  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  consists  of  an  elevated  upland, 
divided  into  4  ranges  by  the  valleys  of  Grindstone  and  Mud  Creeks  and  Egypt  Brook.  The  sum- 
mits of  the  ridges  are  about  1000  feet  above  the  lake,  and  the  declivities  are  very  steep.  The 
bluffs  upon  the  lake  shore  are  300  to  400  feet  high.  The  soil  is  a  mixture  of  clay  and  disintegrated 
slate.  Although  the  soil  is  rich  and  productive,  the  hilly  character  of  the  town  has  tended  to  retard 
its  settlement.  Cold  Spring' (South  Bristol  p.o.)  is  a  hamlet  about  a  mi.  from  Canandaigua 
Lake.  Frost  Uill  is  a  hamlet  in  the  w.  part.  Gamaliel  Wilder,  from  Mass.,  purchased  this 
township  from  Phelps  and  Gorham,  and  settled  at  Wilburs  Point,  on  Canandaigua  Lake,  in  1789." 
An  Indian  orchard  on  the  lake  shore  at  this  point  induced  him  to  settle  here.  Rev.  Mr.  Rolph 
was  the  first  settled  minister.     There  is  now  but  1  church  (Presb.)  in  town. 

TICTOR — was  formed  from  Bloomfield,  May  26,  1812.  It  is  the  N.  w.  ci  xner  town  of  the  co. 
The  N.  part  is  occupied  by  the  drift  ridges,  which  rise  50  to  150  feet  above  the  general  surface. 
A  ridge  of  100  to  280  feet  in  height  extends  across  the  s.  part  in  a  general  e.  and  w.  direction. 
The  principal  streams  are  Irondequoit,  Mud,  Hog  Hollow,  and  Fish  Creeks,  and  Trout  Brook. 
The  soil  in  the  center  and  N.  is  a  light,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  but  in  the  s.  e.  it  is  principally 
clay.  It  is  particularly  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  potatoes  and  root  crops.  Victor,'  (p.  v.,) 
near  the  center,  contains  about  75  dwellings.  Tho  Indian  village  of  Gannagaro,  which  -nas  de- 
stroyed by  the  Marquis  de  Nonville,  was  situated  near  this  place.*  Fishers  (p.  o.)  is  a  station 
on  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  in  the  w.  part;  and  East  Victor  is  a  hamlet,  on  Mud  Creek  The 
first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1789,  by  immigrants  from  Stockbridge,  Mass.  Among  the  first 
were  Enos  and  Jared  Boughton,  and  Jacob  Lobdell.'  Rev.  Reuben  Parmelee,  from  Goshen,  the 
first  settled  minister,  came  to  the  town  in  1798.'° 

fVEST  BI.OOBIFIE1.D— was  formed  from  Bloomfield,  Feb.  11,  1833.  It  lies  upon  the  w. 
border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.  A  ridge  200  to  300  feet  high,  forming  the  declivity  of  a  southern 
terrace,  extends  across  the  n.  part.  The  surface  is  gently  undulating.  The  soil  is  a  deep,  rich, 
gravelly  loam  mixed  with  clay.  In  the  s.  part  there  is  a  spring  of  inflammable  or  carburetted 
hydrogen  gas.  Tile  and  earthenware  are  manufactured  to  some  extent  in  town.  fVest  Bloom- 
field (p.  V.)  is  a  village  of  350  inhabitants,"  situated  \\  mi.  s.  of  the  W.  Bloomfield  Station,  on 


•  Gorhnm  Station  on  the  E.  J.  &  C.  R.  R. 

'  Anions  the  first  settlers  were  Horatio  Jones,  Asa  Ransom, 
Lnrk  .Tennings,  Dr.  Benton.  Peter  Ryckman,  Peter  Portte,  Col. 
Seth  Peed,  nrul  Dolninick  Debartzch.  an  Indian  trader.  .Tona- 
than  Wtiitney,  Jonathan  Oaks,  Benjamin  Tnttle.  Pliineaa  Stone, 
and  Jotin  Reed  settled  in  1V8S  and  '89;  Solomon  and  William 
Gates.  Thomas  Densmore,  Solomon  Weaver,  and  Oliver  Wliit- 
more  in  179tl,  and  Adam,  Christian,  Christopher,  and  Georj^e 
Fisher  in  1791.  Lark  Jennings  kept  the  first  tavern,  in  17SS; 
the  first  gristmill  was  erected  by  Cornelins  Roberts;  and  the 
first  sawmill,  by  1*.  B.  Wisner,  in  1798.  The  first  marriage  was 
that  of  Dr.  Joel  Prescott  and  Miss  Phila  Reed;  and  the  first 
ecliiad  was  tanght  by  Samuel  Wheaton.  in  1792. 

8  For  many  years  after  this  purchase  the  Indians  came  regn- 
hlrly  at  plowing  time  and  watched  this  orchard,  to  see  that  the 
Btipnlation  was  not  broken. 

*  Subseiiuently  .Mr.  Kirkland  was  commissioned  by  the  State 
of  Mass.  to  treat  with  the  Indians;  and  he  conducted  the  treaty 
of  purchase  between  them  and  PhelpsandOorbam,  in  1788;  and 
afterward  he  actod  as  Indian  agent  for  30  years  at  Canan- 
daigua. 


ft  There  are  12  churches  in  town;  2  Prot.  E.,  2  Presb..  2  AaftK 
R.-r.  I'lesb.,  2  M.  E.,  Bap..  Ref.  Prot.  D..  Univ.,  and  R.  0. 

*  Ainiiiig  the  other  early  settlers  who  c;iino  in  snon  after  Mr. 
Wilder,  between  17S9  and  1796.  were  Thenphilus  and  Matthew 
Allen,  Joseph  Oitbert.  Jared  Tuttle.  Pet.'r  );;iniard.  I.evi  Austin, 
Nathiiniel  Hatch,  and  their  families.  .Mr.  Wihier  buill  the  first 
sflwmill.  the  first  gristmill,  and  distillery,  at  Wilburs  Point,  in 
179,'>.  He  also  erected  the  first  public  bouse,  in  ISns,  which  h« 
conducted  for  9  years.  Dr.  Hewitt  and  George  Wilder  opened 
the  first  store,  in  1828,  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Joaun  t 
Forbes.    Eli  .\llon  was  the  first  chiid  born,  in  1793. 

t  Called  by  the  Indians  GaKysa-ga^o,  in  the  basswood  country. 

8  t^ee  page  4!t.'t. 

"Levi  Boughton  and  Rnfus  Drver  settled  at  Boughton  HiU, 
In  1790.  The  first  birth  w.os  tha't  of  Frederick  Bougbtcm,  in 
June,  1791 ;  and  the  first  marriage,  that  of  /.(dtulon  Ncrton  ami 
Miss  Boughton.  The  first  tavern  was  opened  at  Houghton  Hill, 
by  Hezekiah  Boughton,  in  1792;  and  the  first  uawmill  was  built 
the  same  year,  by  Enos  and  Jared  Boughton. 

10  There  are  .1  churches  in  town  :  Cong..  M.  E.,  and  Univ. 

n  Called  by  the  Indians  QauuuMa-uk,  village  on  a  hilltop. 


500 


ONTARIO  COUNTY. 


the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  Worth  Bloomlield,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Hnneoye  Outlet,  and  Millers 
Corners,  (Taylorsville  p.  o.,)  in  the  E.  part,  are  R,  R.  stations.  The  territory  forming  this  town 
■was  purchased  by  Amos  Hall,"  Robert  Taft,  Nathan  Marvin,  and  Ebenezer  Curtis ;  and  the  first 
settlement  was  made  by  them  in  1789.*    The  first  religious  services  were  held  in  1793.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Papulation,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    ScJiools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Ontario  County. 


Najus  or  T0WH3. 

Acres  OF  Lakd.  || 

Taidation  of  1858. 

POPCLATION. 

s, 

.8 

1 

Scnoou. 

•?; 

1 

■ss 

1 

a 

^ 

1 

1 
1 

1 

II 

1 

1 

e 

> 

1 

4 

1 
316 

3 

si 

Bristol 

17,023 

6,9461 

$462,67 

5      $72,249 

$524,925 

862 

853 

334 

397 

12 

671 

10,799 
34,846, 

4,969S 
8,433 

195,69 
2,422,92( 

}        36,101 
)      678,074 

230,800 
3,100,994 

491 
3,166 

486 
3,314 

185 
1,108 

185 
1,184 

163 
767 

9 
20 

449 
2,213 

Canandaigoa 

East  Bloomfield 

13,277 

2,906 

717,60 

121,050 

838,651 

1,117 

1,051 

397 

406 

339 

11 

701 

Farmington 

19,676, 

i       6,419 

761,84 

J      161,806 

913,654 

998 

952 

364 

368 

309 

16 

669 

Gorham 

22,294j 

7,621» 

966,79. 

121,670 

1,077,464 

1.186 

1,196 

496 

455 

388 

16 

932 

Hopewell 

16,685 

4,043 

767,92 

71,490 

839,417 

910 

873 

306 

321 

237 

13 

634 

Manchester 

18,085 

3,17.6i 

930,70- 

I      111,679 

1,042,383 

1.541 

1,468 

633 

669 

349 

lb 

1,232 

Naples 

13,958 

10,117 

267,58 

9        66,814 

314,403 

1,088 

1,030 

408 

409 

346 

17 

911 

Phelps 

33,409 

6,675 

1,660,47 

5      182,125 

1,832,600 

2,694 

2,599 

1,005 

1,014 

761 

19 

1,905 

Richmond 

18,827 

6,979 

656,16 

2      240,600 

896,762 

767 

728 

285 

291 

206 

11 

643 

Seneca 

32,802 

10,324 

8,087,6* 

t   1,354,265 

4,441,769 

4,053 

4,266 

1,4S0 

1,559 

909 

19 

2,S22 

South  Bristol 

10,180 

13,695 

207,86 

12,948 

220,799 

614 

666 

226 

241 

202 

12 

477 

Victor 

16,051 

3,969 

787,08 

3      106,430 

892,613 

1,1.63 

1,055 

415 

426 

295 

11 

782 

West  Bloomfield 

12,726 

2,946J 

486,96 

6        82,436 
0  3,397,735 

669,401 

820 

801 

298 

325 
8,180 

288 

9 

694 

Total 

290,639 

(     97,108} 

14,338,69 

17,736,425 

21,439 

21,236 

7,828 

6.845 

209     16,435  1 

Namm  of  Towhs. 

Live  Stock.                 | 

AGRICUI-TnRAL   PRODUCTS. 

BtraB.  OP  Okaim. 

■s-  • 

> 

Daisy  Pboducxs. 

1 

III 

i5 

1 

1 

ll 

03  ft. 

11 

to-,] 

1i 

II 

1| 

Is 

?1 

Bristol 

736 

926 

683 

6,949 

1,427 

28,440 

68,949 

2,7951 

6,454 

47,339 

60,226 

22.724 

6514 

Canadice 

459 

670 

42; 

2,770 

603 

17,264 

20,344J 

1,2634 

3,119 

6,643 

36,625 

4,262 

130 

Canandaigna 

1,606 

2,381 

1,616 

16,988 

3,618 

60,744 

169,425 

5,3444 

10,836 

34.331 

146,897 

22,901 

6704 

East  Bloomfield 

666 

.S73 

ma 

7,956 

1,18a 

41,446 

91,109 

2.0674 

9,511 

19,062 

63.939 

8,83* 

10 

Farmiogton 

823 

1,600 

1,1 3( 

10,264 

1,741- 

31,322 

110,3654 

2,875 

11,696 

30,848 

93.268 

27,407 

325 

Gorham 

1,318 

1,433 

m 

10,279 

1,649 

27,604i 

97,796 

2,9724 

6,034 

22,318 

90.069 

10,063 

170 

Hopewell 

737 

1,072 

73 

6,625 

1,603 

21,401 

96,619 

2,394 

9,201 

31,881 

66,170 

12,622 

247 

Manchester 

882 

1,315 

961; 

7,419 

1,77S 

29,8274 

121,048 

2,4644 

14,838 

22,729 

79,671 

15,29; 

189 

643 
1,710 
719 
1,666 
400 
902 
603 

13,660 

1,089 
2,200 
1,485 
1,969 

691 
1,212 

845 

70t 
2,04.' 

65f 
1,79J 

m 

821 
67< 

6,602 
13,141 

884 

667 

392 

1,038 

1,121 
3,576 
1,413 
2,892 
787 
1,776 
1,252 

16,867 
66,184 
38,050 
32,044 
10,776 
84,823 
37,698 

27,3484 
267,571 

64,936 
206,446 

11,663 
102,950 

70,924 

1,821 

6,0854 

3,224 

4,863 

1,297 

2,224 

1,767 

6,472 
48,284 

4.172 
12,614 

1,904 
33,892 
10,973 

17.173 
43.164 
19,773 
47.763 
6,232 
29,960 
18,022 

75,160 
174,832 
64,236 
149,581 
65,648 
72,049 
14,947 

7,210 
33,096 
12,716 
11,806 
3,040 
6,370 
8,686 

1,076 
367 
61 
673 
430 
105 

South  Bristol 

West  Bloomfield 

19,760 

14,20 

10,086 

W419 

544,490 

1,627 ,484J  142,4481 

188  900 

397.098 

1,223.097  205.921 

4,855 

1  Mr.  Hall  was  from  Guilford,  Conn.  He  took  the  first 
census  of  Ontario  co.,  id  1790;  represented  the  co.  in  Assembly, 
in  1798;  and  was  Major  General  of  militia  in  the  War  of  1K12. 

•  John  P.  Sears,  Peregrine  Gardner,  Clark  Peck,  Jaaper  Mar- 
Tin,  Samuel  Miller,  John  Algur,  and  S.  Thayer  settled  in  the 
town  In  1789-90.    Beujamin  Gardner,  with  hia  sods  John  and 


Peregrine,  are  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  settlors.  The 
first  birth  was  that  of  Lucinda  Gardner,  in  Sept.  1791.  Jasper 
P.  Sears  kept  the  first  inn,  and  Royal  Hendee  the  first  store. 
The  first  sawmill  waa  built  by  £benezer  Curtis;  and  the  first 
gristmill,  by  Reuben  Thayer. 
8  There  are  now  3  churches  in  town;  Cong.,  M.  E.,  and  Chris. 


ORANGE  COUNTY. 

Tnis  county  was  formed  Nov.  1,  1683.  Rockland  was  taken  off  in 
1798,  and  a  portion  was  annexed  from  Ulster  the  same  year.  It  lies 
upon  the  w.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  State.  It 
is  centrally  distant  90  miles  from  Albany,  and  contains  838  sq.  mi. 
The  surface  is  mountainous  upon  the  s.  E.  and  n.  w.  borders,  and  a 
1  rolling  upland  through  the  center.  The  Matteawan  or  South  Mts. 
I  extend  in  several  parallel  ranges  from  the  N.  J.  line  N.  E.  to  the 
Hudson,  ending  in  the  rocky  and  precipitous  bluffs  known  as  "  The 
Highlands."  The  highest  summits  attain  an  elevation  of  1,000  to 
1,500  ft.  above  tide.  The  ranges  and  peaks  of  these  mountains  are 
known  by  several  distinct  names.'  The  whole  region  included 
between  these  ranges  consists  of  steep  and  precipitous  rocky  peaks 
and  narrow  winding  ravines,  a  small  portion  only  being  susceptible  of  cultivation.  The  Shawan- 
gunk  Mt.  Range  extends  from  Delaware  River  N.  E.  through  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  It  is  a 
high,  unbroken  range,  precipitous  upon  the  w.,  but  with  more  gradual  slopes  upon  the  E.  The 
highest  summits  are  1,500  to  1,900  ft.  above  tide.  The  extreme  n.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  is  occupied 
by  the  series  of  highlands  extending  from  the  Delaware  into  Sullivan  co.  The  central  portion  of 
the  CO.,  lying  between  the  two  mountain  systems,  is  a  rolling  upland,  broken  in  many  places  by 
abrupt  and  isolated  hills  and  the  deep  valleys  of  streams.  This  whole  region,  comprising  more 
than  one-half  of  the  entire  surface  of  the  CO.,  is  susceptible  of  cultivation,  and  forms  a  line  agricul- 
tural district. 

Along  the  s.  w.  border,  extending  through  several  towns  and  into  N.  J.,  is  a  low,  flat  region,  lying 
upon  the  streams,  and  known  as  the  "  Drowned  Lands."  This  tract,  consisting  of  about  17,000 
acres,  was  originally  covered  with  water  and  a  dense  growth  of  cedars ;  but  a  large  portion  of  it  has 
been  drained  and  reclaimed  ;  and  it  now  forms  one  of  the  finest  agrtcultural  portions  of  the  co. 

Neversink  River  flows  s.  along  the  w.  foot  of  the  Shawanguuk  Mts.  and  forms  a  tributary  of 
the  Delaware.  Shawangunk  River  flows  N.  along  the  E.  foot  of  the  same  mountains  and  forms  a 
tributary  of  the  Hudson.  The  Walkill  flows  n.  through  near  the  center  of  the  co.  and  unites  A-ith 
the  Shawangunk  in  Ulster  co.  Murderers  Kil,'  and  its  principal  tributary,  Otter  Creek,  flov/  e. 
through  near  the  center  of  the  co.  and  discharge  their  waters  into  the  Hudson.  Wawayanda 
Creek  flows  s.  into  N.  J.  and,  re-entering  the  State  as  Potuck  Creek,  unites  with  the  Wall  Kil. 
Bamapo  River  rises  in  the  s.  part  of  the  oo.  and  flows  s.  into  Rockland.  In  the  s.  are  several 
small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are  Greenwood  Lake  and  Thompsons  and  Mt.  Basha  Ponds. 
The  rocks  of  the  southern  highlands  are  principally  granite,  gneiss,  and  sienite,  with  occasional 
injected  veins  of  trap.  The  rocks  which  compose  the  Shawangunk  Mts.  are  the  shales  an^J 
sandstones  of  the  Chemung  group.  The  central  portions  of  the  co.  are  occupied  by  parallel  strata 
of  the  Hamilton  shales,  Helderbergh  limestones  and  grit,  Medina  sandstone,  and  the  gray  sand- 
stones, all  extending  n.  e.  and  s.  w.,  respectively,  from  the  E.  foot  of  the  Shawangunk  Mts.  An 
abundance  of  iron,  consisting  of  magnetic  ores  and  red  and  brown  hematite,  is  found  among  the 
southern  mountains ;  and  several  veins  have  been  extensively  worked.'  The  soil  is  as  various  as 
tlie  surface.  Among  the  primitive  mountains  it  is  light,  sandy,  and  unproductive.  In  the  N.  w 
part  it  is  a  tough  clay,  generally  underlaid  by  hardpan.  Through  the  center  it  is  a  clay,  sandy, 
and  gravelly  loam  upon  the  hills,  and  a  fine  quality  of  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium  in  the  valleys, 
— all  very  productive.  The  Drowned  Lands  are  covered  with  alluvium  and  vegetable  mold,  and  aro 
among  the  most  fertile  lands  in  the  State.  The  various  branches  of  agriculture  form  the  leading 
pursuit  of  the  people.  The  most  important  interest  is  the  sending  of  milk  to  the  N.  Y.  market. 
Butter,  spring  grains,  and  fruits  are  also  largely  produced.  Market  gardening  is  a  large  and 
increasing  source  of  public  wealth.  The  manufacturing  interests  of  the  co.  are  considerable, 
though  they  are  mostly  confined  to  a  few  places.     The  manufacture  of  iron  has  formed  an  exten- 

l  AraotiK  the  principal  ridges  are  tlie  W.Hrwick.  Bellvalo,  I  "  The  skeletons  of  severiil  mastodoux  have  Iieen  found  in  tins 
RourIi,  and  Sterling  Itanges.  near  the  s.  border  of  th"  Co.,  ami  co,. — mostly  in  Montgomery  and  viiinity.  One  of  these  wh5  ex- 
the  Schuneraunk  Ilange.  b^tweeD  the  towns  of  Monroe  aiid  hibited  many  years  in  I'eale's  Museum,  rhiladelphirt.  One 
Ulooniing  (irove.  I  found  in  1844  by  Nathaniel  Brewster.  20  ft.  below  the  surface, 

*  Named  from  the  murder  of  a  family  of  whites  who  lived  was  .3^1  ft.  lorg  The  whole  nunilfr  "f  bones  was  2"20,  and  tbo 
upon  its  bfuiks,  by  the  Indians,  in  early  times.  ;  aggregate  weight  nearly  1,995  pounds. 

601 


502 


ORAXGE    COUNTY. 


sive  business  from  an  early  period  until  within  a  few  years  ;  but  at  the  present  time  only  two  fur- 
naces are  in  operation  in  the  co.  The  proximity  to  New  York  renders  the  lands  of  the  co.  ex- 
ceedingly valuable;  and,  with  proper  care,  almost  any  crop  adapted  to  the  climate  can  be  success- 
fully and  profitably  cultivated.  Considerable  commerce  is  carried  on  by  means  of  the  Hudson,  the 
principal  export  being  lumber  brought  from  the  West  upon  the  r.  r.  and  trans-shipped  at  New- 
burgh. 

The  county  is  a  half-shire,  the  courts  being  held  respectively  at  Goshen  and  Newburgh.*  The 
courthouse  at  Goshen  is  a  brick  building,  situated  upon  a  fine  lot  in  the  e.  part  of  the  village.  The 
jail  is  a  stone  building,  in  rear  of  the  courthouse.  The  co.  clerk's  office  is  a  fireproof  brick  build- 
ing, upon  the  street  opposite  the  courthouse.  The  courthouse  at  Newburgh  is  located  upon  the 
high  land  in  the  w,  part  of  the  village.  It  is  a  fine  brick  building,  fronting  s.  upon  Second  St. 
The  jail  at  Newburgh  is  connected  with  the  police  establishment  of  the  village.  The  poorhouse 
is  located  upon  a  farm  of  2G7  acres  in  Goshen,  3J  mi.  s.  w,  of  the  village.  The  average  number 
of  inmates  is  200,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  $1.04  each.  The  building  is  of  stone,  and  has 
accommodations  for  300.  A  school  is  taught  during  the  entire  year.  The  accommodations  are 
reported  by  the  Senate  Committee  of  1857  as  good,  and  the  general  management  of  the  institution 
as  much  above  the  average.  The  income  from  the  farm  is  about  §2,00(1.  The  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R. 
extends  through  Monroe,  Blooming  Grove,  Chester,  Goshen,  Wawayanda,  Wallkill,  Mount  Hope, 
and  Deerpark.  The  Newburgh  branch  of  this  road  extends  s.  w.  from  Newburgh,  through  New 
Windsor  and  Blooming  Grove,  to  Chester.^  The  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  extends  from  the 
Delaware  River  n.  along  the  valley  of  the  Neversink,  through  Deerpark.'  In  the  central  part  of 
the  CO.  a  wide  ditch  has  been  dug,  for  the  purpose  of  draining  the  Drowned  Lands,  which  has  been 
of  immense  value  to  the  county. 

Thirteen  newspapers — 1  daily,  9  weekly,  2  semi-monthly,  and  1  monthly — are  published  in 
this  CO.* 


1  The  first  courts  were  held  at  Tappantown.  in  the  present 
town  of  Ornngetown,  Rockland  co.,  March  8,  1702.  Courts  were 
first  held  at  iio«:hen  in  1727.  The  first  co.  officers  under  State 
authority  were  John  M&r'mg,  FirstJudge ;  Thoa.  Moffat,  Co.  Clerk; 
Jsiiac  NJcoU,  Sheriff;  and  James  Everett,  Surrogate.  Jesse 
M'otirthull  was  appointed  sheriff  M;iy  8.  1777,  a  lew  months 
previtius  to  Nicnl!.  but  was  not  commissioned.  A  courthouse 
WHS  built  at  Goshen  in  1773.  by  James  Webster,  a  Scotch  High- 
landtT,  who  serveii  under  Wolfe  at  the  battle  before  Quebec  in 
1750.  This  building  was  afterward  converted  into  a  jail.  The 
CO.  clerk's  office  now  occupies  its  site. 

3  The  immense  quantities  of  lumber  brought  from  the  pine 
ftirests  of  Allegany.  Cattaraugu*!,  and  .Steuben,  over  the  N.  Y.  & 
K.  R.  K.,  are  principally  carried  to  Newburgh  and  transhipped. 
Milk  trains  run  daily  upon  this  road  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
the  immense  quantities  of  milk  produced  here  to  the  N.Y.  mar- 
ket. The  milk  business  is  the  most  important  of  all  the  local 
bnsiness  of  the  a.R. 

»  This  canal  extf  nds  through  the  valley  lying  at  the  w.  foot 
of  the  Shawanguuk  Mts.  to  Port  Jervis.  gnd  thence  up  the 
valley  of  the  Delaware  to  the  w.  buunds  of  the  co. 

*  The  Ooshen  Repn;ritftry,  the  first  paper  published  in  Orar^ge 
CO.,  was  commenced  at  Goshen  in  17S8  by  Pavid  Mande- 
ville.  A  few  years  after,  it  was  issued  by  Mandeville  & 
W'estcott;  and  in  ISUO  it  was  sold  to  J.  G.  Ilurton  and 
Gabriel  Denton,  who  changed  the  name  to 
The  Orange  Omnty  Patriot.    In  ISUl  or  '02  it  passed  into  the 

hands  of  Wm.  A.  Carpenter,  who  changed  it  to 
The  Friend  of  Truth.    In  1S04  Ward  M.  Gazeley  became  pro- 
prietor, and  chanced  its  name  to 
The  Orange.  E<igle ;  and  soon  after  the  oflBce  was  burned  and 

the  paper  discontinued. 
The  Newburgh  Packet  was  started  at  Newburgh  in  2795  by 

Lucius  Carey,  and  was  continued  a  few  years. 
The  Mirrnr  was  commenced  at  Newburgh  Sept  22.  1796,  by 

Philip  Van  Horne.     In  1803  it  was  merged  in 
The  Recm-der  nfthe  Times,  publishi-d  by  Dennis  CoWs.    In  1S06 
Ward  M.  Gazeley  became  proprietor,  and   the  name 
was  changed  to 
The  J^)litic^l  Index.    In  1829  Charles  M.  Cushman  became  pub- 
lisher, and  the  name  was  changed  to 
The  Orange.  TeJ^graph.     Within  a  few  years  it  was  changed 

again  to 
The  Newtmrgh  Telegraph,  and  has  since  been  issned 
respectively  by  H.  H.  Van  Dyck,  Elias  Pitts,  and  K.  M. 
Ruttenber.  until  1857,  when  it  passed  into  the  handa  of 
Joseph  Lawson.  by  whom  it  is  now  publi-jhed. 
The  New  Windsor  GazetU  was  commenced  at  New  Windsor  in 
171*7   by  Jacob  Schultz.     In  171*9  it  was  removed  to 
Newburgh,  and  its  name  was  changed  to 
The  Orange  0>unty  Gazette.    John  W.  Rarber  and  David  Den- 
niston  afterward  became  interested  in  its  publication. 
About  18u3  It  was  changed  to 
The  Citizen,  and  soon  afl.er  it  was  merged  la 


Tfie  Sights  cf  Mav,  which  was  commenced  at  Newburgh  in 
1799  by  Elias  Winfield,  and  was  continued  until  1809 
or  *10. 

The  Orange  County  Gazette  was  commenced  at  Goshen  in  1805 
by  John  G.  Ilurton  and  Gabriel  Denton.  It  was  suc- 
cessively issued  by  Gabriel  Denton,  Elliott  Hopkins, 
F.  T.  &  A.  0.  Houghton,  until  1813,  when  Luther  Pratt 
bec.ime  the  proprietnr.  and  changed  it  to  the 

Independent  Republican,  nnd  removed  it  to  Mont- 
guniery,  wherf  it  was  published  some  years.  It  after- 
ward passed  into  tlie  hands  of  James  A.  Cheevy,  who 
removed  it  back  to  Goshen.  In  1S31  H.  H.  Van  Dyck 
became  proprietor.  It  was  subsequently  issued  by  V, 
M.  Drake.  Moses  Sweezey.  Clark  and  Montanye,  James 
McNally.  an<l  Montanye  &  Green.  It  is  now  published 
by  J.V.  Montanye  &.  Co. 

The  Orange  County  Kepublican  was  published  at  Wards  Bridge 
in  1806. 

The  Orange  County  Patriot  and  Spirit  of  '76  was  commenced  at 
Goshen  in  1808  by  Gabriel  Denton.  In  1818  it  wa« 
changed  to 

The  Orange  Omnty  Patriot,  and  was  issued  by  Timothy  B. 
Crowell.  R.  C.  S.  Hendries  afterward  became  proprie- 
tor, and  continued  it  until  1832.  when  it  came  into  the 
hands  of  F.  T.  Parsons,  who  changed  it  to 

The  Goshen  Democrat.  It  was  sonn  after  published  by  Mead  A 
Webb;  and  in  1845  it  was  united  with  the  True  Whig, 
as 

The  Goshrn  Democrat  and  Whig.  In  a  few  years  the  name 
MTiitr.  w;i8  dropped,  and  the  paper  again  appeared  as 

The  Goshen  Democrat,  under-which  title  it  is  noir 
publi-^hed  lty('harle3  Mead. 

The  Neivbnrgh  Gazette  was  commenced  in  1822  by 
J.  D.  Spauliling.  It  was  sui-cesaively  issued  by  Spauld- 
ing  &  Pitrmetiter,  Spaulding  &  Kiaevels,  Risevela  & 
Leslie.  Wallace  &  Street,  S.  T.  Callahan,  and  Wm.  L. 
Allison,  until  1Sd6,  when  it  passed  into  the  hands  of 
E.W.  Gray,  its  present  publisher. 

The  Evangdiad  Witnesi,  mo.,  wsis  published  a  short  time  at 
Newburgh  in  1824  by  Rev.  Jas.  R.  Wilson. 

The  Orange  Omnty  Former  was  commenced  in  1826  at  Goshen 
by  Saniui-1  Williams.  It  afterward  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Luther  Pratt,  who  removed  it  to  Montgomery, 
where  it  was  continued  bnt  a  short  time. 

The  Beacon  vr^\s  published  at  Newburgh  in  1828  by Beebe. 

The  Iron  Age,  Middletown,  mo.,  John  Williams,  commenced 
April,  1S69. 

Journal  nf  the  American  A xsociat ion.  mo.,  wnapnhUshednt  West 
Point  in  IS30.  It  was  the  organ  of  an  association  of  cadets 
for  the  promotion  of  science,  literature,  and  the  arts. 

The  Orange  Herald  was  published  at  Slate  Hill,  in  Wawayanda, 
by  John  G.  Wallace  in  1S31. 

The  Republican  Banner  was  commenced  at  Walden,  in  Mont- 
gomery, in  June,  ld3l,  and  was  continued  several  years. 


ORANGE     COUNTY. 


503 


The  first  settlements  in  the  co.  are  supposed  to  have  been  made  by  the  Dutch,  soon  after  the  first 
occupation  of  Manhattan  Island.  Traces  of  an  early  occupation  -were  found  upon  the  first  advent 
of  the  progenitors  of  the  present  race,  among  which  was  a  road  known  as  the  *'  Old  Mine  Road," 
extending  from  the  s.  line  of  the  co.  along  the  valley  of  the  Shawangunk  to  Esopus,  on  the  Ilud- 
Bon.  These  settlements  were  broken  up;  and  no  record  is  left  of  them.  The  nest  race  of  settlers 
came  in  about  the  commencement  of  the  18th  century  and  located  in  various  parts  of  the  co. 
They  were  Dutch,  French  Huguenots,  and  J^nglish,  nearly  all  seeking  liberty  in  the  wilderness. 
The  first  patent  issued  was  the  Minisink  Patent,  in  1704,  embracing  the  greater  part  of  the  co. 
lying  upon  the  Shawangunk  Mts.,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  Sullivan  co.  The  remaining 
portions  of  the  co.  were  embraced  in  Cheesecock's  Patent,*  issued  in  1707,  embracing  the  s.  e.  part ; 
the  Wawayanda  Patent,^  issued  in  1703,  embracing  the  w.  and  n.  parts ;  and  the  John  Evans 
J'dtent,*  the  precise  date  of  which  is  not  known.  The  boundaries  of  these  various  patents  were 
so  vague  that  it  was  found  impossible  to  locate  them  without  conflicting  with  others;  and  serious 
difiiculties  arose  between  the  different  claimants.* 

The  policy  of  granting  large  pateuts  was  soon  abandoned,  and  the  remaining  parts  of  the  co. 
were  patented  in  small  tracts  to  actual  settlers,  from  about  1718  to  1750.  The  settlements  pro- 
gressed but  slowly,  in  consequence  of  the  fear  of  Indian  hostilities.  During  the  French  War  of 
1755  the  frontier  settlements  were  often  attacked  by  small  parties  of  hostile  Indians  and  the  de- 
fenseless inhabitants  were  murdered  and  carried  into  captivity.  The  principal  weight  of  these 
attacks  fell  upon  the  settlements  in  the  Neversink  Valley.  During  the  Revolution  the  frontiers 
were  again  constantly  in  a  state  of  alarm.  In  July,  1778,  Brant,  at  the  head  of  a  large  Indian 
force,  laid  waste  the  whole  Minisink  settlement ;  and  on  his  retreat  the  disastrous  battle  of  Mini- 
sink  was  fought,  in  which  nearly  the  whole  force  of  the  Americans  was  destroyed.^ 

The  eastern  part  of  tJie  co.  was  also  the  scene  of  stirring  military  events.  The  importance  of  the 
passes  through  the  Highlands  was  early  appreciated  by  "Washington,  and  strong  fortifications  were 
tlirown  up  at  various  points  to  protect  them.  Fort  Montgomery  was  erected  on  the  river,  at  the  s. 
line  of  the  co.,  and  Fort  Clinton  on  the  opposite  side  of  a  small  creek  in  Rockland  co.     Several 


Tlie  Signs  of  tlie  TlmeSf  seml-mo..  wa^^  commenced  at 

>ew  Vernon,   in    Mount    Hope,  in  1832,   by  Gilbert 

Beebe.    In  1847  it  was  removed  to  Middletown,  where 

it  is  now  published  by  G.  J.  Beebe. 
The  Tahhtx  of  Rural  Ecrmomy  was  published  at  Newborgh  in 

lS32'by  J.W.  Risevels. 
The  Simtinel  was  published  nt  Minisink,  now  TVawayanda,  in 

1S33.  by  Peter  K.  Allen. 
The  S^e.ii'hurfjk  Jmirual   was    commenced    in   1S3.1   by   J.  D. 

Spaulding.    Its  name  was  afterward  changi'd  to 
Tlie   Hlglftland   Courier.     It  was   issued   in  1855  by 

^\  m.  E.  Liiidey,  and  in  1858  passed  into  the  hands  of 

Edward  Mixen.  the  present  publishi^r. 
The  H'lfonneU  Preshi/terian  was  coDinicnced  at  Newburgh  in 

1S36  by  Rev.  Moses  Roney.    In  a  short  time  it  waa  re- 
moved to  Pittsburgh,  Penu. 
Tfie  Familv  Vrsiim-  was  published  a  short  time  at  Newburgh 

in'l>;r.9  by  D.  L.  Proudfit. 
The  MMn>t,»rn.  'Cburirr  was  started  in  April.  IS-tO,  by  A.  A. 

Ben-^el.      In   lS4fi   it  was  removed   to  Kingston   and 

clianged  to  the  Ulster  Democrat. 
The  Tnip  Whuj  was  started  at  Goshen  Aug.  5, 1^42.  by  R.  C.  S. 

Hpndriep.     In  1S45    it  was    merged    in   the  Goshen 

Df  nine  rat. 
The  Dtmocratic  Standard  was  commenced  at  Goshen  in  the  fall 

of  1^43  by  Vnit  &  Donovan.    In  1844  it  wat  changed  to 
The  Goshen  Clarion,  and  it  was  continued  until  1849. 
Tlie  Christum  Insirnctar  waa  started  at  Newburgh  in  1845  by 

D.  li.  Proudfit,  and  in  a  short  time  it  was  removed  to 

Philadelphia. 
The  Oravg'j  County  jXews  was  started  at  Goshen  in  July.  1846, 

by  .Tohn  L.  Brown,  and  was  discontinued  in  1849. 
Tlie  Bauuer  of  Ijltoerty  was  coninunced  at  Middli-town 

in  Aug.  1848,  by  Gilbert  A.  Beeb*".  oh  a  mmithlv.     In 

1849  it  was  issued  semi-monthly ;  and  it  is  now  published 

as  a  weekly. 
Freedom's  Guard  waa  published  at  Middletown  in  Aug.  1840,  by 

W.L.  BeeI.e. 
The  Newhurfjh  ExclMor  was  started  in  1849  by  Thnma'?  George. 

In  1^51  it  was  purchas-d  by  E,  M.Ruttenber  and  merged 

in  the  Newburgh  Telegraph. 
Tri  States  I'nlon  was  commenced  at  Port  Jervis.  Xov.  7. 

IS.^1.  by  -'"bn   .7.  Minford.     In   1854  L.  F.  Barnes  he- 

cAm*.'  j.rt'prii-tur:  and  in  1855  it  passed  into  the  hands 

of  .James  \\.  Norton,  by  whom  it  is  still  liubli-shed. 
The  Minurr  nf  Tcmpfmnce  was  started  at  Port  .Jervis  in  1851 

by  y.  Tj.  Barlow.     In  1852  John  Dow  assumed  the  pub- 

licnlinn.  and  continued  it  until  1855. 
The  Whig  Press  was  commenced  at  Middletown,  Nov.  26. 

1851,  by  i>j\itx  W.  llaabrouck,  by  wbum  it  is  still  pub- 

liBbed.  I 


The  Separate  ATnerican,  a  quarterly  pnblicatioD  printed  for  the 
colored  people  of  the  Separate  Ameiican  Methodist 
Church,  was  commenced  at  Middletown  in  1852  or 
'53.  Rev.  David  James,  editor.  It  was  discontinued  ia 
185G. 

The  Sentinel  was  commenced  at  Port  Jervis  io  Jan.  1855,  by 
John  Williams.  In  June  of  the  same  year  it  was  re- 
moved to  Susquehanna.  Penn. 

The  Literary  Scrap  Bonk,  mo.,  was  published  at  Newburgh  in 
1855  by  R.  Denton. 

The  Hardivare  Man's  Newspaper,  mo.,  was  com- 
menced Aug.  1S55.  at  Middletown.  Iiy  Jolin  Williams, 
by  whom  it  is  still  published.  It  is  issued  from  the 
office  of  the  Whig  Press. 

The  K'wbiirffh  American  was  commenced  nt  Newburgh  in  1855 
by  K.  P.  L.  Sb^ifer  &  Cu.;  it  was  soon  diseoutmued. 

The  Catholic  Library,  octavo,  nio.,  was  commenced  at 
Nf-wliiir-h  in  IX'^h  by  .John  A^hurst. 

The  Nevrburgh  Times  was  commenced  at  Newburgh 
in  lS.jii  by  R.  B.  Hancock.  It  soon  passed  into  the 
hands  of  H.  II.  Bloomer,  its  present  piiblislier. 

The  Dally  Nevra  was  commeueed  at  Newburgii  in  1856  by 
E.  W.Gray,  It  wa'<  subsequently  di>!continoed,  and  its 
publication  resumed  in  ls57  by  E.  M.  Kuitenber  A  E.  W. 
Gray.  E.  W.Gray  &  Joseph  Lawson.  present  publisln-rs. 

Tlie  Catholic  Literary  Magaziiie  was  published  at  Newburgh  in 
1850. 

The  Sibyl,   semi-mo.,   was  commenced  at   Middletown  in 
July.  185r>,  by  Mrs.  Dr.  Lydia  Sayer  Ilasbrouck.    It  ib 
issued  from  the  office  of  the  Vih'\\f  Press. 
1  (7/ifftscrocA-.*.— March  27, 1707,  to  Anna  Bi  idgea  and  6  nthere, 

a  tract  of  upland  and  meadow  calhd  Cliee!>ec"i(ks.  buundid  .N.  by 

Capt.  J.  E\ans  and  Dr.  Bridges  k  Co.,  w.  by  Bridg^r"-  &  To.  and 

w.  side  of  Highlands.  S.  by  patent  of  Daniel  Ilonan  and  Michael 

Handon.  and  K.  by  the  Cliristian  patented  lands  (if  llaverstraw 

and  llndson  R.    (Act  March  17,  1783.) 

-  Wtiic'iyinida. — Queen  Anne,  on  29th  of  April.  1703,  grantey 

to  Dr.  John  Bridges  and  11  others   certain  tracts    known  aa 

Wawayanda  and  other  tracts,  bounded  e.  by  (lie  High  Ililla  of 
I  the  Highlands  and  patent  of  Capt.  John  Evans,  n.  by  line  of  O. 

and  U.eoB.,and  w.  by  Minisink  llills,  and  s.  by  N.J.  (Act  March 

17.  1783.) 
3  This  patent  was  afterward  set  asiiie.  as  it  was  described  in 

80  vague  and  unsatisfactory  a  manner  that  it  wils  impossible  to 

locate  it.     Tlie  others  were  but  littlp  butter. 

*  A  portion  of  the  territory  was  claimed  by  N.  J.,  and  several 
collisions  occurred  between  the  settlers  and  the  offlcers  nf  the 
Plate,  and  numerous  outrages  werp  pi>rpetrati-4l  under  the  color 
of  law.    The  controversy  was  finally  settled  about  1767. 

*  See  page  642. 


504 


ORANGE    COUNTY. 


other  forts  were  built  both  above  and  below  these,  and  chains  were  stretched  across  the  river  and 
various  impediments  were  sunk  in  the  channel,  to  prevent  the  passage  of  vessels.  Gen.  Putnam 
was  left  in  command  of  these  positions  in  1777,  when  Gen.  Howe  marched  to  attack  Philadelphia, 
but  with  an  entirely  inadequate  force.  About  the  1st  of  October,  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  in  command 
at  New  York,  sent  a  force  up  the  river  to  aid  Gen.  Burgoyne,  who  was  then  hard  pressed  by  the 
American  army.  This  force  first  landed  at  Verplancks  Point  on  the  5th,  but  in  the  night  following 
re-embarked,  landed  on  the  opposite  shore,  and  on  the  6th  surprised  and  captured  both  Forts 
Montgomery  and  Clinton. 

The  official  reports  make  the  loss  of  the  British  and  Americans  about  equal ;  but,  as  the  former 
were  fully  exposed  to  a  galling  fire  while  approaching  the  works,  and  the  latter  mostly  escaped, 
it  is  supposed  that  the  British  loss  was  much  greater.  The  other  American  works  were  abandoned, 
and  Gen.  Putnam  retreated  to  Fishkill.  The  British  spent  some  time  in  removing  the  various  ob- 
structions from  the  river,  and  advanced  slowly  northward,  plundering  and  destroying  on  their  way. 
They  reached  Esopus  on  the  15th,  and  at  the  same  time  Gen.  Putnam,  whose  force  had  been 
augmented  to  6,000  men  by  Conn.,  N.  Y.  and  N.J.  militia,  sent  a  detachment  of  2,000  to  take  pos- 
session of  Peekskill.  The  British,  afraid  to  go  farther  N.  with  such  a  force  in  their  rear,  remained 
at  Esopus  until  they  received  news  of  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne ;  and  then  they  returned  to  New 
York. 

The  result  of  this  expedition  demonstrated  the  necessity  of  stronger  fortifications  among  the 
Highlands,  and  during  the  following  winter  the  site  of  West  Point  was  fixed  upon,  as  the 
strongest  and  most  eligible  on  the  river.  Earthworks  were  thrown  up  early  in  the  spring,  and 
from  time  to  time  more  formidable  works  were  added,  until,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  it  was  the 
most  strongly  fortified  of  any  place  in  the  country.' 

It  was  afterward  the  center  of  the  American  operations  in  the  North.  In  the  spring  of  1780,  Gen. 
Arnold,  who  had  not  entirely  recovered  from  the  efiects  of  a  wound  received  at  Saratoga,  solicited 
and  received  the  command  of  this  post.  The  instruction  which  gave  him  this  command  was  dated 
Aug.  3,  1780.  Arnold  had  been  in  correspondence  with  the  British  for  more  than  a  j'ear ;  and  he 
soon  negotiated  with  Sir  Henry  Clinton  to  deliver  up  West  Point,  for  the  sum  of  £10,000  in  gold 
and  a  commission  of  Maj.  Gen.  in  the  British  army.  The  final  consummation  of  the  compact  on 
the  part  of  the  British  was  intrusted  to  Maj.  Andre,  who  crossed  the  American  lines  in  disguise 
and  held  an  interview  with  Arnold  on  the  '22d  of  Sept.  Upon  his  attempting  to  return  to  New 
York,  he  was  arrested  as  a  spy,  and  the  whole  scheme  was  discovered.  Arnold  escaped  to  New 
York,  and  Andre  was  subsequently  executed.^ 

The  headqu.arters  of  the  American  army  of  the  North  was  for  a  long  time  at  Newburgh  ;  and  it 
was  at  this  place  that  Washington  finally  took  leave  of  his  army,'  Aug.  18,  1783. 


BLOOMIIVG  GROVE— w.as  formed  from  Cornwall,  March  23,  1799.  A  part  of  Hampton- 
burgh  was  taken  off  in  1830,  and  a  part  of  Chester  in  1845.  It  lies  a  little  E.  of  the  center  of  the 
CO.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  s.  and  E.,  and  rolling  and  moderately  hilly  in  the  n.  and  w. 
Schunemunk  Mts.,  upon  the  line  of  Monroe,  are  1,300  to  1,500  ft.  above  tide.  The  other  principal 
elevations  are  Lazy  Hill,  on  the  line  of  Chester,  Toms  Rocks,  Peddlers,  Rainer,  Round,  Musquito, 
and  Woodcock  Hills,  and  Red  Ridge.  These  hills  are  generally  too  steep  arid  rocky  to  be  ever 
susceptible  of  cultivation.  The  hills  in  the  N.  have  more  gradual  slopes,  and  are  arable  to  their 
summits.  Otter  Kil  flows  £.  through  the  n.  part,  and  receives  as  tributaries  Cromlin,*  Slatter- 
leys,  and  several  smaller  creeks.  The  extensive  bog  meadows  along  Cromlin  Creek,  in  the  s. 
part,  have  been  drained,  and  are  now  the  most  valuable  agricultural  lands  in  the  town.  The  soil 
is  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam.  Washillgtonville,  (Blooming  Grove  p.  o.,)  upon  Otter  Kil,  in 
the  N'.  part,  contains  3  churches  and  369  inhabitants;  Salisbury  Mills,  (p. v.,)  upon  the  line 
of  Monroe,  a  church,  paper  mill,  gristmill,  and  241  inhabitants;  and  Craigsville,  (p. v.,)  in 
the  w.  part,  a  church,  cotton  factory,  and  20  dwellings.*  These  places  are  all  stations  upon  the 
Newburgh  Branch  of  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.    Blooming  Grove,  near  the  center,  contains  1 


1  The  erection  of  these  works  was  intrusted  to  Koscinsko,  the 
Polish  iiiilriot.  then  serving  as  a  volunteer  in  the  American 
army  in  the  eapacity  of  a  military  engineer.  The  works  con- 
sisted of  a  formiiiahle  battery  upon  the  bluff  imnieiiiately  upon 
the  shore,  named  Fort  Clinton,  a  strong  fort  upon  Mt.  Inde- 
pendence, in  the  rear,  named  Fort  Putnam,  and  several  redoubts 
and  outposts. 

2  Andre  was  executed  at  Tappantown,  Rockland  co.,  Oct.  2, 
1780. 


8  In  the  spring  of  1782.  while  the  array  was  stationed  at  New- 
burgh, a  feeling  of  discontent  arose  among  the  officers  and  men, 
iu  consequence  of  the  arrearages  in  their  pay  and  the  hardships 
they  were  called  upon  to  endure.  This  was  prc'niptly  checked 
by  Washington,  and  a  formidable  conspiracy  was  broken  up. 

*  This  creek  is  called  Gray  Court  Creek  in  Chester. 

6  During  the  Revolution  a  forge  and  powder  mill  were  In 
operation  at  Craigsville.  In  1790  James  Craig  erected  a  papei 
mill,— the  first  in  the  co. 


ORANGE    COUNTY. 


505 


church  and  18  dwellings;  Oxrord  Depot  (p.o.)  is  a  hamlet  and  station  upon  the  Erie  R.  R. 
The  first  settlements  are  supposed  to  have  been  made  about  1735.'  The  first  church  was  erected 
at  Blooming  Grove,  in  1759 ;  Rev.  Enos  Ayres  was  the  first  pastor.' 

CIIE.STER — was  formed  from  Goshen,  Warwick,  Blooming  Grove,  and  Monroe,  March  22, 
1845.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  rolling 
in  the  n.  w.,  hilly  in  the  center,  and  mountainous  in  the  s.  w.  The  principal  elevations  are  Goose 
Pond  Mt.,  Lazy  Hill,  Snake  Hill,  and  Sugar  Loaf  Mt., — all  steep,  rocky  peaks,  unfit  for  cultiva- 
tion. The  highest  summits  are  500  to  600  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  principal  streams  are  Gray 
Court,  Black  Meadow,  and  Ditch  Creeks.  Along  Gray  Court  Creek,  near  the  N.  boundary,  are 
extensive  peat  meadows,  thoroughly  drained,  and  forming  the  most  productive  tract  in  town. 
The  soil  is  a  light,  yellow  loam,  underlaid  by  clay.  Limestone  and  slate  are  both  found  in  town. 
East  Chester,  (Chester  p.o.,)  Chester,  and  West  Chester  are  three  villages,  situated 
at  the  three  angles  of  an  equilateral  triangle,  1  mi.  apart.  They  contain  the  Chester  Academy, 
a  bank,  2  churches,  and  about  1,500  inhabitants.  Sug'ar  liOaf,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  con- 
tains a  church  and  36  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1716,  at  Gray  Court,  in  the 
N.  E.  corner  of  the  town,  by  Daniel  Crommeline,  from  Long  Island.'  There  are  3  churches  in 
town ;  2  M.  E.  and  Presb. 

CORWW  Alili — was  formed  March  7, 1788,  as  "New  ComivaU."  Its  name  was  changed  March 
3, 1797.  "  Cheesecocks,"  now  Monroe,  and  Blooming  Grove  were  taken  ofi"  in  1799.  It  lies  upon  the 
Hudson,  in  the  e.  part  of  the  co.  The  surface  consists  mainly  of  rocky  peaks  and  ridges  of  "  The 
Highlands."  Their  declivities  are  steep,  and  their  summits  masses  of  rocks,  in  some  cases  covered 
with  a  scanty  growth  of  dwarfed  forest  trees.  The  highest  peaks  are  Butter  Hill,  Crows  Nest,  and  Bear 
Mountain, — respectively  1,529,  1,418,  and  1,350  ft.  above  the  river.*  The  valleys  among  the  mountains 
are  deep,  narrow,  and  rocky.  A  small  portion  of  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  town  is  rolling  or  moderately 
hilly.  The  principal  streams  are  Murderers  Creek  and  its  principal  tributary,  Otter  Kil,  flowing 
through  broad,  beautiful  valleys  in  the  N.  part,  and  Bog  Meadow  Creek,  emptying  into  the  Hudson 
below  West  Point.  Upon  the  latter,  near  its  mouth,  is  a  series  of  cascades,  known  as  Buttermilk 
Falls.  Cranberry,  Long,  Sutherlands,  and  Bog  Meadow  Ponds  are  small  bodies  of  water  among 
the  mountains.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  sandy,  clayey,  and  gravelly  loam.  The  hills  are  too 
steep  and  rocky  for  cultivation.  Canterbury,  (Cornwall  p.o.,)  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  town, 
contains  8  churches,  a  woolen  yarn  factory,  and  tannery.  Pop.  428.  Corn'n'all  Liandiug', 
on  the  Hudson,  in  the  N.  E.  part,  is  the  center  of  extensive  brick  manufactories.  Pop.  615. 
West  Point,  (p.  o.,)  on  the  Hudson,  is  the  seat  of  the  U.  S,  Military  Academy.  It  contains 
extensive  barracks  for  the  cadets  and  soldiers,  20  oflicefs'  quarters,  a  philosophical  building,  con- 
taining the  library,  apparatus,  and  observatory,  a  laboratory  for  ordnance  and  ammunition,  a 
chapel,  hospital,  riding  hall,  stable,  equipment  shed.  Catholic  church,  and  150  dwellings  for 
employees.^  Buttermilk  Falls,  (p.  v.,)  2  mi.  below  West  Point,  contains  3  churches  and 
307  inhabitants.  Fort  Itlontgoniery,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  e.  part,  contains  1  church  and  16 
dwellings;  Bethlehem,  in  the  n.  w.,  a  church  and  12  dwellings.  Ketchamto^vn,  in  the 
w.,  and  Townsville,  in  the  n.,  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlements  are  supposed  to  have  been 
made  about  1720.'  Tlie  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1730,  at  Bethlehem  ;  Rev.  Mr.  Chalker 
was  the  first  pastor,  and  Rev.  Enos  Ayres  the  second.'  Fort  Putnam,  of  the  Revolution,  was 
situated  immediately  in  the  rear  of  West  Point,  and  Fort  Montgomery  on  the  s.  E.  border  of  the 
town.*     Idlewild,  the  residence  of  N.  P.  Willis,  is  near  the  Hudson,  in  the  N.  e.  part  of  the  town. 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  the  families  of  Strong,  Brew- 
ster, Howell.  Dubois.  Coleman,  Moflfatt,  Seely,  Gilbert,  Woodhull, 
Tuthill,  Goldsmith.  Brooks,  and  Mathews. 

a  There  are  8  churches  in  town ;  4  SI.  E.,  2  Cong.,  Presb.,  and 
Friends. 

a  In  company  with  others,  Mr.  Cromlino  purchased  the  Wa- 
wayanda  Patent  of  Philip  Rockby  and  Uendrick  Ten  Eyck.  He 
was  accompanied  by  Wm.  Bull,  an  Englishman,  whom  he  had 
hired  from  an  emigrant  ship.  During  the  first  year  of  settlement 
he  erected  a  house  long  afterward  kept  as  a  tavern  and  known 
as  the  "  Crommeline  House."  Crommeline  was  a  French  refugee, 
and  he  named  his  adopted  home  "Gray  Court."  after  a  village  in 
Upper  Saone.  France.  I  none  of  the  stones  of  the  building,  erected 
in  1716,  was  cut  the  inscription,  "D.C.  1716,  G.C;''  {i.t.  Daniel 
Crommeline,  1716,  Gray  Court.)  Tha  name  of  tlie  stream, 
meadows,  and  hamlet  was  derived  from  this. 

*  The  other  principal  elevations  are  Black  Rock  and  Deer  Hills, 
near  the  center;  Aut  Hill.  Lawyers  Hill,  and  Mount  Kascal,  in 
the  8.  w. ;  and  Peat,  Pine,  Cold,  and  Round  Hills,  in  the  n.  part. 

6  In  the  yard  at  West  Point  is  a  large  number  of  canuon 


taken  during  the  several  wars  of  the  XT.  S.;  and  .tmong  them 
are  89  brass  pieces  captured  in  the  several  battles  of  the  Mexi- 
can War,  each  marked  when,  where,  and  by  whom  cap- 
tured. 

*  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  and  near  the  village  of 
Canterbury.  The  tradition  is  that  the  first  settlement  was 
made  there  by  Germans,  who  made  some  clearings  and  planted 
an  orchard,  but,  becoming  dissatisfied,  sold  out  and  left.  The 
next  settlers  were  English,  some  of  whom  had  first  settled  in 
Conn,  and  Mass.  Among  the  early  settlers  were  the  Suther- 
lands, Sacketts,  Sherods,  Brewsters.  Woods,  Chirks,  Smiths, 
Towosends.  Van  Duzens,  Mandevilies,  Bartons,  Sands,  and 
Thorns.  The  first  town  meeting  upon  record  in  the  precinct  of 
Cornwall  was  held  in  April,  1766. 

t  There  are  11  churches  in  town ;  2  Presb.,  2  rt"ot.  E.,  2  Friends, 
2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  R.  C.  and  Free. 

8  A  chain  was  stretched  acro.ss  the  river  fit>m  Fort  Mont- 
gomery, but  the  fort  was  taken  by  the  British  and  the  chain 
broken  in  Oct.  1777.  A  chain  was  afterward  put  acroas  the 
river  at  West  Point,  and  remained  there  during  the  war. 


506 


ORANGE    COUNTY. 


CRAWFORD — was  formed  from  Montgomery,  March  4,  1823.  It  lies  in  the  extreme  N. 
angle  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  liilly  upland,  broken  by  several  high  ridges  extending  n.  e.  and 
s.  w.  Cidlaberg  and  Comfort  Hills,  along  the  e.  border,  are  300  to  4(10  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The 
principal  streams  are  the  Shawangunk,  forming  the  n.  w.  boundary,  Dwaars  Kil,  Paughcaughnaugh- 
sink  and  Little  Paughcaughnaughsink  Creeks.  These  streams  all  ilow  in  a  general  n.  e.  direction. 
Upon  the  Shawangunk  is  a  large  amount  of  water-power.  The  soil  is  a  slaty  and  clayey  loam 
upon  the  hills  and  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  Pine  Busll,'  (p  v.,)  on  the 
Shawangunk,  in  the  N.  part,  contains  a  sawmill,  gristmill,  and  120  inhabitants;  Scarsi  ille, 
(p.  V.,)  on  Dwaars  Kil,  near  the  center,  a  gristmill.  2  sawmills,  and  10  dwellings;  and  Bull  title, 
(p.  V.,)  in  the  s.  part,  12  dwellings.  Hopewell  is  a  hamlet,  in  the  s.  w.  CoIIaburgli  is  a 
p.  0.,  2  mi.  E.  of  BuUville.  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  at  Hopewell,  in  1779.  The  census 
reports  2  churches ;  Presb.  and  Asso.  Ref.  Presb.^ 

OEERPVRK'— was  formed  from  Mamakating,  (Sullivan  co.,)  March  16,  1798.  A  part  of 
Mount  Hope  was  taken  off  in  1825.  It  lies  in  the  exti-eme  w.  angle  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a 
mountainous  highland,  broken  by  the  valley  of  Neversink  River  and  numerous  deep,  rocky  ravines 
of  small  streams.  The  Shawangunk  Mts.  extend  along  the  E.  border,  and  form  a  high,  rocky 
ridge  1,800  ft.  above  the  valleys,  with  steep  declivities  on  the  w.  The  Neversink*  River  flows  in 
a  deep  valley  at  the  w.  foot  of  the  mountains.  The  central  and  w.  parts  are  covered  witli  a  rocky 
and  mountainous  upland,  ending  in  abrupt  declivities  on  Delaware  River  in  the  s.  The  other  prin- 
cipal streams  are  Mongaup  River,  forming  the  w.  boundary,  Bashers*  Kil,  Old  Dam  Fall  Creek,' 
Shingle,  and  Grassy  Swamp'  Brooks.  Big  and  Little  Ponds  are  two  small  lakes  in  the  interior. 
Port  Jervis,*  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Delaware,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Neversink,  was  incorp.  May  11, 
1853.     It  is  an  important  station  upon  the  Erie  R.  R.  and  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal.     It  contains 

5  churches,  a  saw  factory,  foundcry,  machine  shop,  planing  mill,  newspaper  office,  and  bank.  Pop. 
3,023.  Ilonesville,  (Sparrow  Bush  p.  o..)  upon  the  Delaware,  2  mi.  w.  of  Port  Jervis,  contains 
a  large  tannery  and  26  dwellings  ;  Huguenot,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  canal,  4  mi.  n.  e.  of  Port  Jervis, 
25  dwellings;  and  Cuddebackville,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  canal,  in  the  n.  e.  part,  1  church  and 
12  dwellings.  Carpenters  Point  is  a  hamlet,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Neversink.  The  first 
BOttlements  were  made  about  li'iOO.'  There  are  7  churches  in  town.'"  De  Witt  Clinton  was  born 
at  Fort  De  Witt,  in  this  town,  March  2,  1769,  while  his  parents  were  on  a  visit  at  the  residence 
of  his  mother's  brother.     Lead  ore  has  recently  been  found  in  this  town. 

GOSIIEW— was  formed  March  7,  1788.  A  part  of  Hamptonburgh  was  taken  off  in  1830,  and 
a  part  of  Chester  in  1845.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its 
surface  is  rolling  or  moder.ately  hilly.  The  hills  are  bordered  by  long  and  gradual  slopes,  and  are 
arable  to  their  summits.  The  s.  w.  corner  is  occupied  by  a  portion  of  the  "  Drowned  Lands,"  most  of 
which  have  been  reclaimed."  The  principal  streams  are  WalkiU,  forming  the  w.,  and  Quaker  Creek, 
the  s.  boundary,  and  Otter  Kil,  in  the  e.  part.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  underlaid  by  clay,  slate, 
and  limestone.  Goshen,  (p.  v.,)  n.  e.  of  the  center,  was  incorp.  March  28,  1809.  Besides  the  co. 
buildings,  it  contains  4  churches,  a  female  seminary,''^  several  classical  schools,  2  newspaper  offices, 
2  banks,  and  about  1,800  inhabitants.     It  is  the  w.  terminus  of  the  Newburgh  Branch  of  the  N.  Y. 

6  E.  R.  R.,  and  is  an  important  freight  and  milk  station  upon  the  Erie  R.  11.  The  first  settlements 
were  made  from  1703  to  1714.  The  first  deeds  of  village  lots  in  Goshen  bear  the  date  of  1714. 
The  original  Wawayanda  Patent,"  covering  the  greater  part  of  this  town,  was  granted  by  Queen 


1  ForiHPrly  called  "  Crawford." 

2  Nothing  definite  could  be  obtaioed  in  regard  to  the  early 
bistory  of  this  town. 

s  A  man  named  McDonald,  in  early  time,  inrlosed  a  larsre 
tract  by  a  brush  fence,  and  the  inclusure  became  known  as  Mc- 
Donald's "  Deer  Park.'"  This  name  was  afterward  given  to  the 
town. 

*  Called  by  the  Indians  Ma-hsck-e-meck. 

^  Xamed  from  Bashe.  an  Indian  woman  who  lived  upon  its 
banks, 

*  'Ihis  stream  falls  600  ft.  in  I  mi.,  and  hence  its  name. 

'  Named  from  a  series  of  low  natural  meadows  through  which 
the  stream  flows. 

8  Named  from  J.B.Jervis,  the  engineer  who  built  the  Delaware 
&  Hudson  Canfil. 

9  Peter  Gummaer.  .Tacob  Cuddeback,  Thomas  and  Gerardiis 
Swartout,  John  Tys.  and  David  .Temison  located  in  town  in  1690. 
The  fir.st  two  were  Huguenot  exiles.  The  first  general  surveys 
were  made  in   1713.     Jacob   Cuddeback  built   the  first   mill. 

Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Cuykendall,  John 

l>ecker.  Wm.  Cole,  and  Solomon  Davis. 

1»  2  Kef.  Prot.  D.,  Bap.,  Presb.,  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  and  R.  C. 


1^  Pome  25  years  ago  a  ditch  of  small  size  was  dug  about  3  mL_ 
in  length  across  a  bend  in  \\'all  Kil,  through  the  Drowned  Lands, 
for  the  purpose  of  drainiU'.:  them.  The  action  of  the  water  upon 
the  light  soil  through  which  it  was  dug  has  so  enlarged  it  that 
in  many  places  it  is  wider  than  Wall  Kil.  and  much  difficulty  is 
experienced  in  maintaining  bridges  over  the  ditch. 

12  The  Goshen  Female  Seminary  is  a  flourishing  institution. 
Several  small  family  classical  schools  are  located  in  (he  village. 

'3  Christopher  Denn.  one  of  the  proprietor.s  of  the  Wawayanda 
Patent,  located  N.  E.  of  Goshen  Village  in  1712.  After  visiting 
the  place  and  deciding  upon  a  Iwation.  he  returned  to  bis  reei- 
dehce  on  Staten  Island,  and  sent  a  comp;iny  of  carpenters,  his 
household  goods,  and  bis  adopted  daughter,  Sarah  Wells,  then 
16  years  of  age,  to  his  new  home,  under  the  guidance  of  3 
friendly  Indians.  The  carpenters  erected  a  cabin,  and  Iienn  and 
his  wife  came  on  the  next  day  after  th"  cabin  was  built.  Mr. 
Bull,  a  young  Englishman  just  arrived  in  an  emigrant  ship, 
came  in  soon  after.  Among  the  other  e.nrly  settlers  who  rama 
previous  to  1721  were  John  Everett,  John  C:irp.  liter,  .lohn  Gale, 
William  Ludlum,  James  .lack.son.  Isaac  Fini  h.  Mjiliael  liunning, 
Solomon  Carpenter,  William  Jackson,  Samuel  .^eely.  Samuel 
Webb,  John  Yelverton,  Samuel  Clowes,  John  Bradner,  and  John 


ORANGE    COUNTY.  507 

Anne,  March  5,  1703.      The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1721  ;    Rev.  John  BniJner  waa 
the  first  pastor.' 

GREE1VVH.L,E— was  formed  from  Minisink,  Deo.  2,  1853.  It  lies  on  the  s.  w.  border  of  the 
CO.,  w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hill^'  and  broken  upland.  The  Shawangunk  Mts.,  extending 
along  the  w.  border,  are  400  to  600  ft.  above  the  valleys  and  1,400  to  l.GOO  ft.  above  tide.  The  E. 
slopes  of  the  mountains  are  generally  gradual,  and  the  hills  are  arable  to  their  summits.  The 
principal  stream  is  Shawangunk  River,  which  takes  its  rise  near  the  center  and  flows  N.  E.  Benin 
Water  Pond  is  a  small  body  of  water  in  the  N.  part.  The  soil  is  a  sandy,  gravelly,  and  clayey  loam. 
C.reenville,  (Minisluk  p.  o.,)  in  the  w.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  12 houses;  and  !«>niilllis 
t'oruers,  n.  of  Greenville,  contains  1.5  houses.  Center  Point,  IJ  mi.  s.  e.  of  Greenville,  is 
a  p.  o.  Woodsville  is  a  hamlet  in  the  E.  part.  The  first  settlements  were  probably  made  from 
1720  to  1730.^     There  are  2  churches  in  town  ;  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

IIAMPTOXBirRGW' — was  formed  from  Goshen,  Blooming  Grove,  Montgomery,  New 
Windsor,  and  Wallkill,  April  5,  1830.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  N.  of  the  center  of  the 
CO.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  moderately  hilly.  The  principal  streams  are  Wall  Kil,  forming  the 
N.  w.  boundary,  and  Otter  Kil,  flowing  N.  E.  through  near  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and 
slaty  loam.  Otterville,  (p.  o.,)  on  Otter  Kil,  near  the  E.  boundary,  is  a  hamlet.  Ottcrkill, 
s.  of  Otterville,  contains  12  dwellings.  Campbell  llall,  near  the  center,  and  Ilauipton- 
burgll,  1  mi.  s.,  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Wm.  Bull,  in  1711)  or  '20.  In 
1727  he  erected  a  stone  house,  which  is  still  standing.  There  are  2  churches  in  town  ;  Presb.  and 
Asso.  Reformed. 

MI!\ISI1VK' — was  formed  March  7,  1788.  A  part  of  "  Calhoun"  (now  Mount  Hope)  was 
taken  ofl''  in  1825,  Wawayanda  in  1849,  and  Greenville  in  1853.  It  lies  upon  the  N.  -J.  line,  s.  w. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  billy.  The  slopes  are  generally  gradual,  and  the 
hills  are  arable  to  their  summits.  The  principal  streams  are  Wall  Kil  and  Rutgers  Creek, 
each  of  which  forms  some  portion  of  the  N.  and  E.  boundaries.  The  Drowned  Lands  oc- 
cupy a  small  portion  of  the  E.  angle.  The  soil  is  principally  a  gravelly  loam.  Unionville, 
(p.v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  25  dwellings;  and  West  Town,  (p. v.,)  3  mi.  n. 
of  Unionville,  2  churches  and  15  dwellings.  Waterloo  I>Iills  (p.  o.)  is  a  h.amlet,  containing 
1  church  and  6  dwellings.  No  records  of  the  early  settlement  have  been  preserved.  There  are 
5  churches  in  town.' 

MOXROE^ — was  formed  from  Cornwall,  March  23,  1799,  as  "  Chesecocks."  Its  name  was 
changed  to  "  Soulhjield,"  April  3,  1801,  and  to  Monroe,  April  6,  1808.  A  part  of  Chester  was 
taken  off  in  1845.  It  is  the  s.  E.  corner  town  in  the  co.  It  lies  mostly  among  the  Highlands ;  and 
its  surface  is  a  hilly  and  mountainous  upland.  The  principal  ranges  are  Schunemuuk  Mts.,  in  the 
N.,  Black  and  Bear  Mts.,  in  the  e.,  and  the  Southfield  Mts.,  near  the  center, — all  extending  n.  e.  and 
s.  w.'  Their  declivities  are  steep  and  in  many  places  precipitous,  and  their  summits  are  rough, 
rocky,  and  broken.  A  large  share  of  the  whole  town  is  unfit  for  cultivation.  In  the  n.  w.  part 
are  several  valleys  containing  arable  land.  The  principal  streams  are  Ramapo  River,  flowing  s., 
and  Murderers  Creek,  flowing  .v.  The  Forest-of-Dean  Creek  drains  the  E.  part  and  discharges  its 
waters  into  the  Hudson.  Among  the  mountains  are  a  groat  number  of  fine,  small  lakes  and  ponds.' 
The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  The  mountains  are  too  rough  for  cultivation. 
Monroe,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches  and  266  inhabitants.  It  is  a 
station  upon  the  Erie  R.  R.  Turners,'  (p.  v.,)  a  station  upon  the  r.  r.,  near  the  center,  contains 
18  dwellings.     Greenwood  Works  (p.  v.)  is  a  station  upon  the  r.  r.,  3  mi.  s.  of  Turners 

DeDton,  many  of  whose  descendants  still  reside  in  the  town.  I  settled  upon  these  lands  from  which  the  w.itera  had  retired. 
Th»  tirat  marriage  was  thai  of  Wiii.  Bull  and  Sarah  Wells,  in  |  The  lands  were  called  •■Minsies,"  sii^iiifyiiig  "  lanils  fiom  which 
1718.  The  first  inn  wits  kept  by  Birdseve  Yarrington.  Noah  the  waters  had  gone,"'  and  the  name  was  afterwaid  appliftl  to 
Webster,  author  of  Webster's   Dictionaries,  lauglit   the   first  |  the  Indians  livin^upon  it.   From  this  name  the  tiTm  "Minisink"' 


academic  school,  in  the  village  of  Goshen,  in  1782.  De  Witt 
Clinton  was  a  pupil  at  the  academy  at  one  time.  William  li. 
Seward  sruiUed  law  at  the  office  of  .Tudge  Duer,  in  this  village. 

1  There  are  now  4  churches  in  town ;  M.  E.,  l*rot.  E.,  Presb.i 
and  R.  C. 

2  Fa-^tB  relating  to  the  early  history  of  this  town  could  not  be 
accurately  ascertained. 

3  N'aniid  fmm  Wolverh.ampton,  the  birthplace  of  Wm.  Bull, 
the  first  settler. 

<  Tradition  says  that  long  ago.  before  the  Delaware  River  broke 
thr-'Utih  the  mountain  at  the  Water  (Jap.  the  lands  f  .r  oO  or  40 
mi.  bordering  upon  it  were  covered  by  a  lake,  hut  ln^came 
d'  lined  by  the  breaking  down  of  that  part  of  the  dam  which 
Cuulined  it,  and  that  apart  of  a  tribe  of  Indians  from  New  Jersey 


is  derived. — Eag'-r's  llixi.  Orantje.  Co.,  p.  408. 

6  .3  I'resb..  liap,.  and  Christian. 

*  Named  in  honor  of  James  Monroe,  afterward  President  of 
the  U.  S. 

t  Among  the  principal  mountain  peaks  are  Black  Top,  Black 
Cup.  and  Long  Hills,  in  the  N.;  Torn  Mt.  and  Cape  Hill,  in  the 
E.;  Tom  .Tones  Mt.  and  Hemlock  IMII.  in  the  s.  E.;  Pine  and 
I'rii-kly  Ash  Hills,  in  the  s. ;  and  Hogback.  Ilall.  Tiger,  Cedar, 
Burned.  Iteclsy.  and  Macanniin  Hills,  in  the  center. 

8  .\niong  the  principal  p.mds  are  Hazard  Fond,  in  the  N., 
Slaugliteis.  Two  I'ond,  BtiU.  I'oplMpcns.  and  Cedar  Bonds,  in  the 
E.;  Little,  Long,  and  Duck  Cedar  I'onds.  in  the  6.;  and  Littlo 
liong.  Round,  and  Mt.  Basha  I'onds,  in  the  w. 

^  i'ornierly  called  "  (XnUrviUt*^ 


508 


ORANGE    COUNTY. 


Station.  A  blast  furnace  is  situated  near  the  r.  r.,  and  another  about  1  mi.  e.  There  are  about 
15  houses  in  the  vicinity.  Mouroe  Worfes,  (p.  o.,)  3  mi,  s.  of  Greenwood  Works,  was  the  seat 
of  extensive  iron  works,  which  have  been  abandoned.  It  is  Southfield  Station  on  the  N,  Y.  &  E. 
R.  R.  lll^lilancl  Mills,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  15  dwellings.  Lo^rer 
Sniitli  Clove,  1  mi.  s.,  and  Woodbury  Clove,  1  mi.  n.,  of  Highland  Mills,  are  hamlets. 
The  first  settlements  were  probably  made  about  1742.^  The  Cheesecocks  Patent,  granted  iu  1707. 
embraced  a  portion  of  the  Ramapo  Valley  in  this  town.     There  are  5  churches  in  town.^ 

MOXTGOMERY-^— was  formed  March  7,  1788.  Crawford  was  taken  off  in  1823,  and  a  part 
of  Hamptonburgh  in  1830.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co.,  e.  of  the  center.  Hi  surface  is 
generally  a  hilly  upland.  The  Comfort  Hills,*  600  to  800  ft.  above  tide,  extend  along  the  w.  border. 
Walkill  Creek  flows  n.  e.  through  near  the  center ;  its  principal  tributary,  Tin  Brook,*  flows  through 
the  E.  part.  In  the  "Walkill,  in  the  n.  part,  is  a  fall  of  40  ft.,  affording  an  excellent  water-power. 
Along  the  same  stream,  in  the  s.  part,  is  considerable  swamp  land.  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of 
gravelly  loam.  ]>lont^oinery,  (p.  v..)  upon  Walkill  Creek,  s.  of  the  center,  was  incorp.  Feb.  17, 
1810.  It  contains  2  churches,  the  Montgomery  Academy,  3  gristmills,  and  a  sawmill.  Pup.  760. 
Walden,  (p.  V.,)  on  Wall  Kil,  3Jr  mi.  n.  of  Montgomery,  was  incorp.  April  9,  1855.  It  contains 
3  churches,  a  shawl  factory,  satinet  factory,  and  a  manufactory  of  cutlery.  Pop.  641.  St.  An- 
UreiVS,  (p.  0.,)  in  the  n.  e.  part,  contains  10  dwellings.  Coldenliaiil,^  near  the  e.  line,  is  a 
hamlet.  The  earliest  patent  comprising  land  in  this  town  was  granted  in  1700,  to  Henry  Hile- 
man.  It  was  located  at  the  mouth  of  Tin  Brook,  below  Walden,  It  was  settled  by  the  proprietor 
and  divided  into  lots  in  1712.  Lieut.  Gov.  Cadwallader  Golden,  the  owner  of  a  patent  in  this  town, 
located  at  Coldenham  in  1728.''  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  at  Montgomery  Vil- 
lage in  1732.« 

MOUIfT  IEOP£ — was  formed  from  Wallkill,  Miuisluk,  and  Deerpark,  as  "  Calhoun^'"  Feb. 
15,  1825.  Its  name  was  changed  March  14,  1833.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  w.  of 
the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  and  broken  upland.  The  Shawangunk  Mts.  extend  through  the 
w.  part;  the  highest  summits  are  1,400  to  1,800  ft.  above  tide.  Shawangunk  River  flows  n.e. 
through  the  center,  and  the  Little  Shawangunk  along  the  e.  border.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and 
gravelly  loam.  Otlsville,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  w.  border,  contains  2  churches  and  309  inhabitants. 
It  is  a  station  upon  ihQ  Erie  R,  R.  Mount  Elope,  (p.  v.,)2  mi.  s.  e.  of  Otisville,  cuntaius  2 
churches  and  120  inhabitants ;  He^v  Vernon,  iu  the  n.  part,  a  church  and  20  dwellings. 
Fincliville  is  a  hamlet,  in  the  s.  w.part.  Tlie  precise  date  of  the  settlement  of  this  town  is 
unknown.  James  Finch  settled  some  time  previous  to  the  Revolution.*  There  are  6  churches  in 
town.io 

jVEWBURGH" — was  formed  March  7,  1788.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  and  is  the  n.  e.  corner 
town  of  the  co.     Its  surface  is  a  hilly  and  broken  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  600  to  900  ft. 


1  A  fiiniily  of  Smiths  settled  very  early  in  the  town,  and  from 
them  the  town  was  called  '^Smiths  C'hivc."  Among  the  early 
settlers  were  families  of  Millers.  Galloways.  Carpeutere,  Bulls, 
Dobbins,  Wytrants.  Wards,  CoUons,  Nobles,  Cunninghams, 
Slaughters,  and  Lamoreaux, — mostly  English  families  from  the 
Eastern  States.  The  first  iron  works  was  that  of  Ward  &  Colton, 
erected  in  1751  for  the  manufacture  of  anchors.  It  was  situated 
in  Warwick,  just  over  the  line  from  Monroe.  In  1752  AK'l 
Noble,  from  Penn.,  erected  a  forge  in  this  town,  near  the  Ward 
&  Colton  furnace.  Here  the  first  anchor  was  made,  in  1753. 
Steel  was  made  in  1776;  and  during  the  Revolution  one  of  the 
chains  tlirown  across  the  Hudsun  was  manufactured  here.  It 
weighed  186  tons.  During  the  Revolution,  Chtudius  Smith,  a 
noted  torv,  resided  in  this  town.  He  waa  hung  at  Goshen, 
Jau.  22,  1779. 

2  3  M.  E.,  Presb.,  and  Friends. 

2  Named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Richard  Montgomery.  In  17C7  the 
town  was  called  the '*^ Walk-ill  Precinct"  and  in  1772  it  was 
known  as  the  "  Hanover  Precinct.''*  In  1782  its  name  was 
changed  to  the  Montgomery  Precinct. 

*  Named  from  a  family  of  Comforts  who  were  early  settlers  in 
that  region. 

^  Name  derived  from  Tinn  and  Broc.  moaning  small  river. 

6  Named  from  the  family  of  Cadwallader  Golden,  who  waa  an 
early  proprietor. 

T  jdhaunes  Miller  settled  on  IT  all  Kil,  2  mi.  e.  of  Montgomery, 
in  1727.  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  John  Neely, 
Charles  Booth.  Wra.  Eager.  Fred.  Sinsabaugh,  and  Johannes 
Touugblood, — all  of  whom  settled  between  1730  and  1741.  The 
E.  part  of  the  town  was  originally  settled  by  Irish,  and  the 
valley  of  Wall  Kil  by  Hollanders.  The  first  store  was  kept  by 
Alexander  Colden.  in  17-42;  and  the  first  gristmill  w;is  built  at 
Walden,  b^'  James  Kidd.    In  the  fall  of  1775  the  people  of  Bos- 


ton, by  reason  of  the  great  scarcity  of  su|)plies  and  provisions, 
applied  to  this  ?tate  for  aid;  and  accordingly  a  public  meeting 
was  called,  which  convened  in  the  town  of  "  Hawn'er"  (now 
Montgomery.)  In  the  mean  time  the  friends  of  the  mother 
country,  always  on  the  alert,  liad  procured  the  services  of  a 
talented  orator  for  the  purpose  of  defeating  the  objects  of  the 
meeting.  As  no  one  could  be  found  among  the  adherents  of 
the  cause  of  liberty  who  was  able  to  speak  in  public,  recourse 
was  had  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Annan,  of  Neelytown,  who  at  first 
declined,  but  at  length  consented.  A  multitude  were  assembled 
on  the  occasion  to  hear  a  discussion  upon  a  subject  which  waa 
theo  the  absorbing  topic  of  the  day.  The  discussion  was  con- 
tinued for  some  time  with  fairness  and  ability  on  either  side, 
until  at  length,  to  check  a  strife  of  angry  words  and  to  test  the 
disposition  uf  the  assembly,  Mr.  Annan  suddenly  said.  "  As  many 
as  are  in  favor  of  assisting  the  people  of  Boston  and  the  cause 
of  Liberty,  follow  me."  The  cflFect  was  electric.  Immediately 
upon  his  leaving  the  house  he  beheld,  to  bis  utter  astonishment, 
the  whole  multitude  at  his  heels. — ^ger's  Hid.  Orange  0'.,p. 
036. 

8  There  are  7  churches  in  town ;  2  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  2  M.  E.,  Prot. 
E.,  Presb.,  and  Covenanter.  The  Ref.  Prot.  D.  church,  near 
Montgomery,  has  connected  with  it  a  farm  of  75  acres,  valuwi 
at  $7,000,  find  a  parsonage. 

9  Mr.  Finch  was  a  soldier  in  the  French  War,  and  amiuute-niao 
during  the  Revolution. 

10  2  Presb.,  2  M.  K.,  Cong.,  and  Bap. 

"  Until  1763,  the  present  towns  of  Newburgh  and  New  Wind 
eor  were  included  iu  the  "Precinct  of  the  Highlands.'*  During 
that  year  this  precinct  was  dividi-d  into  the  javcincts  of  .New- 
burgh and  New  Windsor,  and  continued  as  such  until  they  were 
organized  as  towns  iul78S. 


ORANGE    COUNTY. 


509 


above  tlie  river.  A  series  of  bluffs  100  to  300  ft.  in  height  extends  along  the  river.  The  greater 
part  of  the  hilly  region  is  arable.  The  principal  stream  is  Quassaic  Creek/  forming  a  part  of  the 
boundary  of  New  Windsor.  It  receives  from  the  n.  Fostertown  and  Gidneys  Creeks  and  Orange 
Lake  Outlet.  Orange  Lake,^  in  the  w.  part,  covers  an  area  of  about  400  acres.  Along  its  inlet  is 
considerable  marshy  land.  The  soil  is  principally  a  clay  and  sandy  loam.  IVewburg^li,  (p.  v.,) 
on  the  Hudson,  near  the  s.  e.  corner  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  March  25,  1800.  It  lies  upon  a  steep 
slope  which  rises  from  the  river  to  the  height  of  about  150  ft.  and  thence  spreads  out  into  a  rolling 
region.  Besides  the  co.  buildings,  it  contains  14  churches,'  5  banks,  and  several  pi*ivate  schools 
and  academies.*  It  is  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  printed  cotton  cloths,  castings,  beer, 
and  a  variety  of  other  articles.*  The  commercial  interests  of  the  place  are  also  large  and  import- 
ant.^ The  village  is  supplied  with  water  brought  from  Little  Pond,  3  mi.  s.w.,  by  the  Newbnrgh 
Waterworks  Co.  These  works  were  erected  in  1853,  at  a  cost  of  $96,000.  In  the  lower  part  of 
the  village  the  water  has  a  head  of  230  ft.  A  steam  ferry  connects  this  place  with  Fishkill  Land- 
ing. Pop.  9,256.  Overlooking  the  Hudson,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  village,  stands  an  old  stone  man- 
sion known  as  "Washington's  Head  Quarters."  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fine  lawn  of  several  acres; 
and  the  whole  premises  are  owned  and  kept  in  order  by  the  State.'  Savil  is  a  p.  o.,  about  5  mi. 
N.  w.  of  Newburgh.  Middle  Hope,  (p-"^-')  ^^  t^^^  n.  e.  part  of  the  town,  contains  1  church 
and  12  houses ;  Fostertown,  4  mi.  n.  w.  of  Newburgh,  a  church  and  10  houses ;  and  Gard- 
nertovrn,  e.  of  Orange  Lake,  a  church  and  14  houses.  Coldenbam  is  a  p.  o.,  in  the  w.  part. 
Baluiville,  2  mi.  n.  of  Newburgh,  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on  the  present 
site  of  the  village  of  Newburgh,  by  Palatinates,  in  1708.^  The  first  church  (St,  George's  Prot.  E.) 
was  formed  about  1728 ;  and  the  first  minister  was  Rev.  Mr.  Charlton,  sent  out  by  the  *'  London 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel."^  An  almshouse,  for  the  support  of  the  town  poor,  is 
situated  upon  a  farm  of  75  acres  on  the  s.  w.  line  of  the  village  corporation  of  Newburgh.  The 
))uildings  are  of  brick  ;  and  the  cost  of  the  whole  establishment  was  about  $30,000.^** 

IVEW  ■Wi:^'DSOU"— was  formed  March  7,  1788.  A  part  of  Hamptonburgh  was  taken  off  in 
1830.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  and  hilly  up- 
land. The  slopes  and  the  sunlmits  of  the  hills  are  usually  smooth  and  arable.  Snake  Hill  is  a 
rough,  rocky  eminence  in  the  n.e.  part,  500  to  600  ft.  above  tide.  The  principal  stream  is  Mur- 
derers Creek,  flowing  through  the  s.  e.  corner.  Tin  Brook  flows  n.  along  the  w,  border.  Little 
Pond,  in  the  n.  e.  part,  supplies  the  Newburgh  Waterworks.  It  is  230  ft.  above  tide.  The  soil  is 
a  gravelly  and  slaty  loam.  IVew  Windsor,  upon  the  Hudson,  2  mi.  s.  of  Newburgh,  contains 
2  churches  and  about  75  dwellings.     It  is  a  steamboat  landing,  and  the  center  of  a  large  brick 


1  Named  from  a  tribe  of  Indians  who  formerly  lived  in  this 
Ticinity.     Sometimes  called  '  Chumbers  Creek." 

*  Formerly  called  *' Moose  Pond."  It  was  afterward  called 
^'- Mac  hi  lis  Pond"  from  Capt.  Macliin,  who  erected  upon  its 
outlet  a  manufactory  of  copper  coin. 

s  4  Presb.,  3  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  2  Asso.  Ref.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Prot.  E., 
and  R.  0. 

*  The  Highland  Academy,  a  private  boarding  school,  was  com- 
menced Sept.  1, 1851S.  iSee  p.  Tol.)  The  Newburgh  Collegiate  In- 
stitute was  commeuced  May  1,  1857.  Tb«re  aie  several  other 
select  schouls  in  the  village. 

5  Amony;  the  manufacturing  efitablishmente  are  3  founderiea, 
giving  employment  to  117  men.  and  turning  out  work  to  the 
amount  of  $11S.IH>0  annually ;  the  Newburgh  iSteam  Printing 
('loth  Manufictory,  employing  325  hands,  and  producing 
$,2'>ri,00il  worth  of  goods  per  annum ;  a  brewery,  employing  35 
men.  and  producing  35,000  bbls,  of  beer;  and  an  agricultural 
implenu-nt  factory,  a  car  factory,  a  car  wheel  factory,  a  piano 
forte  fiictory.  a  8oap  factory,  a  machine  shop,  boiler  works,  and 
a  barrel  manufactory, — in  the  aggregate  giving  employment  to 
2IMJ  hands,  and  producing  anouully  goods  to  the  amount  of 
$240,000. 

6  Shipping  to  the  amount  of  about  4,000  tons  burden  ip  owned 
at  this  place.  The  receipts  of  lumber  brought  by  the  R.  R.  to 
this  place  in  1858  amounted  to  about  21,000,000  ft.,  and  20,000 
bunches  of  shingles. 

7  The  main  body  of  this  house  was  erected  by  Jonathan  Tlas- 
brouck  in  1750,  and  from  this  circumstance  it  was  formerly 
known  as  '-The  i.Hd  Haahrouck  House."  The  kitchen  on  the  s. 
was  addi.-d  in  1760,  making  it  a  loug.  narrow  building.  In  1770 
au  addition  was  made  upon  the  whole  length  of  the  w.  side,  and 
a  new  roof  was  thrown  over  the  whole.  There  are  8  rooms 
OQ  the  fir»t  floor,  and  from  the  principal  room  8  doors  npen 
loading  to  every  part  of  the  house,  including  the  chambers  and 
cellar.  This  building  was  used  by  Washingtnn  for  his  head- 
quarters while  the  American  army  occupied  this  position  upon 
the  Hudson.  It  was  purchaaed  by  the  State  in  1860,  and  is 
kept  as  nearly  as  possible  in  ita  original  condition.  The  rooms 
aad  the  grouuda  are  tilled  with  relics  of  the  Revolution  and 


mementos  of  the  War  of  1812  and  the  Mexican  War.  The  walla 
of  the  bedroom  occupied  by  Washington  are  covered  by  original 
letters  of  Waahin'j;tnn,  La  Fayette,  and  other  distinguished  men 
of  the  Revolution,  framed  and  glazed.  Among  the  curiosities 
are  the  tables  used  by  Washington  and  La  Fayette,  links  from 
the  chain  which  was  stretched  across  the  Hudson,  and  a  great 
variety  of  warlike  implements.  Near  the  n.  e.  corner  of  the 
house  is  the  grave  of  Uzal  Knapp,  the  last  of  Washington's  Life 
Guards;  he  di>/d  in  Jan.  1850. 

8  The  "  Newburgh  Patent''  was  granted  to  George  Larkstead, 

Michael  Wiegard,  Heman  Shoreman,  Christian  Uenreich. 

Cockertnl,  Burgher  Myndus,  Jacob  Webber,  Johannes  Fisher, 
and  Andreas  Valch. — all  from  Palatine,  on  the  Rhine.  They  made 
a  settlement,  designated  a  site  for  a  village,  and  called  it  New- 
burgh. How  long  they  remained  is  not  known :  but  previous 
to  1752  they  sold  out  their  grant,  as  at  that  date  the  patent  was 
renewed  by  Gov.  Clinton  to  Alexander  Golden.  Richard  Albert- 
son.  Edmund  Conklin,  jr..  William  Ward,  Thomas  Ward,  Nathan 
Truman.  Jacob  Wandell.  Johannes  Wandell,  Daniel  Thurston, 
James  Denton,  Cahless  Leveridge,  Michael  Demott,  Wm.  Smith, 
Henry  Smith.  Duncan  Alexander,  and  William  Mitchell.  It  is 
8uppo.sed  that  those  last  named  were  from  Kngland.  ::-ome  of 
the  early  settlors  were  of  Dutch  descent;  and  a  few  were  Hugue- 
nots originally  from  France.  Of  this  last  class  were  the  Has- 
broucks,  Demotts,  Slutta,  Devines.  Devolls.  Degroves,  Duhoises, 
Hardenburghs,  Snydera,  Terwilligers.  and  Benscotens.  The 
Hasbroucks  came  as  early  as  1750.  The  old  Glebe  School  House 
was  erected  in  17.^2.  Jonathan  Ha.sbrouck  erected  the  first  mill, 
in  1753.  A  tract  of  500  acres,  called  the  -'Glebe."  near  the  N. 
line  of  Newburgh  Village,  was  originally  granted  for  the  support 
of  the  gospel  and  schools. 

*  Outside  of  Newburgh  Village  there  are  3  churches  in  town : 
all  M.  K. 

^^  This  building  will  accommodate  200  inmates.  It  is  amply 
supplied  with  bath  rooms  and  water,  and  is  one  of  the  best  fiip* 
nished  and  man.igi-d  inntituticins  of  its  kind  in  the  country.  A 
school  is  maintJiincd  throughout  the  year. 

u  The  Precinct  of  New  Windsor  was  formed  from  the  "  JW 
cinct  oftht  HightaTids,"  in  1763. 


510 


ORANGE    COUNTY. 


manufacture.  Moodna'  (p.  o.)  contains  a  cotton  factory,  paper  mill,  and  10  dwellings.  Mor- 
tonvllle,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  e.  part  contains  1  church,  a  gristmill,  and  6  dwellings.  Little 
Britain,  near  the  center,  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1731,  by  several  emi- 
grants from  Ireland,  prominent  among  whom  was  Col.  Charles  Clinton,  grandfather  of  De  Witt 
Clinton.*  The  first  church  (Asso.  Ref.)  was  formed  at  Little  Britain,  in  1760;  Rev.  Robert  Aunan 
was  the  fir.st  pastor.' 

'tVALLKIL.l. — was  formed  March  7, 1788.  Part  of  "  Calhoun,"  now  Mount  Hope,  was  taken 
olF  in  1825,  and  a  part  of  Ilamptonburgh  in  1830.  It  lies  upon  the  N.  w.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  E. 
of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  and  broken  upland.  The  principal  streams  are  Shawangunk 
River,  forming  the  n.  w.  boundary,  and  Wall  Kil,  forming  a  part  of  the  s.  E.  boundary.  Monhagan 
Creek  and  several  other  streams  are  tributaries  of  these  two.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly 
loam.  Middletown,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  was  incorp.  Feb.  10,  1848.  Next  to  Newburgh,  it 
is  the  largest  village  in  the  co.  It  contains  7  churches,  the  Wallkill  Academy,  several  private 
seminaries,  2  banks,  2  newspaper  ofiices,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.*  It  is  an 
important  freight  and  milk  station  upon  the  Erie  R.  R.^  Pop.  1,873.  Circleville,  (p.  v.,)  5 
mi.  N.  of  Middletown,  contains  2  churches  and  16  dwellings.  Scotcll  Town,  (p.  v.,)  4  mi. 
N.  E.  of  Middletown,  contains  1  church  and  20  dwellings.  Hovrells  Depot,  (p.  v.,)  a  station 
upon  the  R.  R.,  4  mi.  N.  w.  of  Middletown,  contains  a  church  and  15  dwellings.  Meclianic 
ToTFn,  2  mi.  E.  of  Middletown,  contains  a  woolen  factory  and  20  dwellings.  Pliilipiliburgll 
and  Rockville  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Wm.  and  Thomas  Bull,  sons 
of  Wm.  Bull,  of  Goshen,  who  located  upon  Wall  Kil  in  1767.*     There  are  12  churches  in  town.' 

■WARWICK— was  formed  March  7,  1788.  A  part  of  Chester  was  taken  off  in  1845.  It  lies 
upon  the  line  of  N.  J.,  in  the  extreme  s.  angle  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  s. 
and  E.  and  broken  and  hilly  in  the  n.  and  w.  The  principal  mountain  ranges  are  the  Sterling, 
Rough,  and  Warwick  Mts.  in  the  s.  E.,  and  the  Bellvale  Mts.  in  the  e.'  They  are  high,  steep,  and 
rocfty,  and  have  all  the  characteristics  peculiar  to  a  wild,  mountain  region.  In  the  extreme  w.  part 
is  a  nearly  level  region,  occupied  by  the  Drowned  Lands.'  Several  eminences  in  the  midst  of  these 
lands  are  denominated  islands.'"  The  principal  streams  are  Wall  Kil,  forming  the  w.  boundary, 
Quaker  Creek,  forming  the  N.  w.  boundary,  and  the  Wawayanda,  or  Warwick,  and  Pochuck 
Creeks.  Greenwood  Lake,  upon  the  s.  line,  extends  about  4  mi.  into  this  town.  The  other  prin- 
cipal bodies  of  water  are  Sterling,  Wickhams,  and  Thompsons  Ponds,  near  the  e.  border.  The 
soil  is  light  and  unproductive  upon  the  hills,  and  a  gravelly  and  sandy  loam  in  the  valleys. 
War^riclt,  (p.  v.,)  on  Wawayanda  Creek,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches,  the 
Warwick  Institute,  and  358  inhabitants.  Florida,  {p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  part,  contains  3  churches, 
the  S.  S.  Seward  Seminary,"  and  45  dwellings ;  Amity,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  w.  part,  1  church  and  3fl 
dwellings;  Edenville,  (p.  v.,)  2  mi.  n.  e.  of  Amity,  a  church  and  24  dwellings;  Kew 
niilford,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  a  church  and  26  dwellings;  Bellvale,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  e.,  a 
church  and  192  inhabitants ;  and  Dutcll  OollOW,  2  mi.  s.  e.  of  Bellvale,  a  church  and  15 
dwellings.  Sterlings  Worfcs,  in  the  extreme  s.  part,  is  a  hamlet."  The  precise  date  of  the 
first  settlement  is  unknovrn.  Daniel  Burt,  from  Conn.,  came  into  town  in  1746."  The  first  church 
(Presb.)  was  formed  in  1764,  and  the  second  (Bap.)  in  1766.'*  Hon.  Wm.  H.  Seward  was  born  at 
the  village  of  Florida. 


1  Name  derived  from  Murderers  Creek,  and  bestowed  by  N.  P. 
Willis.     Formerly  knnwTi  as  (traii'„'eville. 

2  In  1732  or  '3:S,  families  named  AIsup,  Ellison.  Cbamhers.  and 
Lawrence  settled  upon  the  present  site  of  New  Windsor  Village. 
The  headquarters  of  the  American  army  were  at  this  place  at 
one  time  during  the  Kevolution. 

8  There  are  b  churcbea  in  town;  3  M.  E.,  Presb.,  Prot.  E..  and 
Asso.  Ilef. 

*  The  principal  establishments  are  a  carpet  bag  factory,  lile 
Cictury,  grain  cradle  factory.  h:it  factoi-y.  2  sa.'^h  and  blind  fac- 
tories, and  a  foundery  and  machine  shop.  In  the  aggregate  these 
f  ictories  employ  about  300  hands,  and  manulacture  goods  to  the 
amiiunt  of  ^50,000  annually. 

*  L*,.^00  gall,  of  milk  are  sent  daily  to  N.  Y.  from  the  R.  B. 
stations  in  this  town. 

6  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  families  named  McCord, 
IMcN'eal,  Borlind,  Rogers,  Butterfield.  Wisuer.  Murray, McCarter. 
McVey.  McWhorter,  McDeunis,  McLauglilin.  Campbell,  Wat- 
kins,  and  Faulkner,  the  most  of  wliom  were  Scotch  emigrsints. 

I  I  I'resb.,  3  Bap.,  2  Cong.,  2  M.  E,,  and  K.  C. 

'  The  piincijjal  elevations  in  town  are  Hogback,  Decker,  One 
Pine,  and  Hulls  Hills,  in  the  E. ;  Bill  .and  Coxci>mb  Hills,  in  the 
center;  Lo&^.  Cedai-.  Poud,  and  Bill  Wliites  Uills,  in  the  s.  £.; 


Round.  Rocky,  and  Chucks  Hills,  in  the  a.;  Ponchuck  Mt.  and 
Green  and  .\dneys  Hills,  in  thew.;  and  Mts.  Adiim  and  Eve, 
and  Round  Hill,  in  the  x.  w. 

•  These  lands  have  mostly  been  drained  and  converted  into  the 
most  valuable  meadows. 

to  .^mong  these  eoiinences  are  Pine,  Merritt,  Gardners.  Black 
Walnut,  Cranberry,  and  Fox  Islands. 

it  This  seminary  w.is  founded  about  1S4.'J,  by  .Judge  S.  S.  Seward, 
father  of  Wm.  H.  Seward,  who  endowed  it  with  a  fund  of  $2>','H10. 

12  Sterling  Works  receives  its  name  frum  the  ir  n  W' rks 
located  upon  the  outlet  of  Sterling  Pond.  The  manufacture  of 
iron  has  been  carried  on  at  this  place  for  100  years  "r  more. 
Gen.  W  m.  Alexander.  L<ird  .Stertinir.  is  said  to  have  been  int.- 
rested  in  them  at  one  time;  and  hence  their  name.  Anthors  and 
steel  were  manufactured  here  during  the  Revolution.  12  to  15 
tons  of  pig  iron  are  now  made  here  per  day. 

J3  Among  the  other  e;trly  settlers  were  Thos.  Willing  Panie! 
Whitney,  iJenj.  Burt.  John  Vance.  ;ind  Diivid  McCauiey.  1  he  tirst 
mill  was  built  by  Daviil  Burt,  at  Bellvale.  in  176t».  Mjiny  of  the 
early  settlers  were  Dutch,  and  others  English,  from  Mass.  and 
Conn. 

i*  There  are  11  chnrchea  in  town ;  6  M JE.,  3  Presb.,  Bap.,  and 
Ref.  Prot.  D. 


ORANGE    COUNTY. 


511 


WAWAYAWDA' — was  formed  from  Minisink,  Nov.  15,  1849.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  hilly.  The  highe.st  summit  is  Joe  Geo 
Hill,''  in  the  N.  w.  part.  The  Drowned  Lands  occupy  a  portion  of  the  s.  E.  corner.  The  prinoipal 
streams  are  Wall  Kil,  forming  the  s.  E.  boundary,  Rutgers  Creek,  forming  the  s.  w.  boundary, 
Wawayanda  Creek,  in  the  w.  part,  and  Monhagan  Creek,  in  the  n.  e.  corner.  The  soil  is  chiefly 
a  clay  and  sandy  loam,  and  is  best  adapted  to  pasturage.'  WeM-'  Hampton,  (p.  v.,)  on  Wall 
Kil,  in  the  N.  B.  corner,  contains  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  25  dwellings  ;  Denton,  1  mi.  s.  w.  of 
New  Hampton,  1  church  and  25  dwellings  ;  Ridgebury,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  2  churches 
and  30  dwellings;  Slate  llill,  (p.  v.,)  1  mi.  w.  of  Ridgebury,  1  church  and  25  dwellings; 
CenterviHe,in  the  w.  part,  1  cliurch  and  15  dwellings;  JM.illsbui'g'll,  (Wells  Corner  p.  o.,) 
1  mi.  s.  of  Centerville,  on  the  line  of  Minisink,  a  grist  and  saw  mill  and  15  dwellings ;  and 
Gardnerville,  in  the  s.  part,  on  the  line  of  Minisink,  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  15  dwellings. 
The  first  settlements  are  supposed  to  have  been  made  previous  to  1700.*  There  are  5  churches  iu 
town ;  3  Presb.,  M.  E.,  and  Bap. 


Acres  of  Land,   Valuation,    Population,   Dwellinys,   Families,   Freeholders,   Schools,   Live 
Stock,  Ayricullural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Orange  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Itlooming  Grove... 

Chester 

Cornwall 

Crawford 

Deerpark 

Goellea 

Greenville 

Haniptonljurgb.... 

Minisink 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Mount  Hope 

Newburgh 

New  Windsor 

Wallkill 

Warwick 

W;iwayanda 


IMtal.. 


Acres  of  Land. 


.i21} 

,87H 

.575 

.99.SJ 

,853i 

,675 

,519i 

,590 

,959} 

186i 

,0705 

SHi 

600 

,391 J 

,003} 

,1« 


308,599j 


6,5491 
2.908 

15,894 
4.6,«S 

22.473 
3,676i 
4,736 
2,184 
2,497 

77,666J 
6,703 
3,890 
4.078i 
3.371 
7.386, 

20,326i 
2,866 


Valuatiom  of  1858. 


$989,921 

689,132 

650,729 

692.445 

1,342,945 

1,288,175 

414,703 

693,287 

621,863 

1,034.800, 

l,4:i4,S41 

660,195 

3,039,876 

977,825 

1,816.860 

1,704.901 

724.934 


$320,109 
311,850 
107.050 
125,97.5 
210,090 
4:iS,4,-iO 

41,100 
131,607 

97,450 
149,662 
460,135 

87,060 
2.383.716 
301,687 
669.800 
208,476 
139,S94 


189,615     19.483,43116,116.900 


$1.310,0.30 

1,000,982 

764,379 

818,420 

1,653,635 

1,726.625 

455,803 

824,894 

619,313 

1,184,462 

1,894.976 

617,845 

6,323,691 

1.279.512 

2,386,660 

1,973,376 

864,828 


1.094 

841 

2,420 

959 

2,946 

1.600 

606 

662 

035 

2,380 

1,820 

867 

6.122 

1,278 

2,630 

2,488 

1,007 


26,599,331    30.317   30,551 


1,090 

865 

2,158 

1.041 

2,558 

1,647 

612 

641 

660 

2,171 

1.972 

878 

6,061 

1,277 

2,779 

2,499 

1,062 


364 
277 
648 
338 
851 
482 
217 
212 
231 
737 
642 
318 
1,729 
3S6 
915 
875 
360 


389 
310 
808 
350 
972 
629 
233 
223 
242 
812 
715 
303 

2,443 
441 

1.040 
930 
377 


9,582  11,186 


211 
189 
401 
221 
449 
226 
140 
141 
101 
290 
8J50 
220 
630 
216 
622 
477 
172 


Scuoois. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Blooming  Grove. 

Chester 

Cornwall 

Crawfoid 

Deerpark 

Goshen 

(Jreenville 

Hiimptonbnrgb. 

Minisink 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Mount  Hope 

Newhmgh 

New  Windsor.... 

WallUill 

Warwick 

Wawayanda 

Totiil 


JLiTB  Stock. 


SO;.) 


499 

735 

798 

738 

1,127 

922 

662 

894 

1,340 

1,025 

639 

1,113 

951 

1,475 

2,936 

823 


2,358 
1,920 
1,274 
2.395 
728 
3,213 
1.918 
1.979 
1,83; 
2.409 
2,859 
1,6,81 
2,456 
2,169 
3.085 
6,119 
2.789 


17,415  40,187 


to 


2,467 
354 
846 

1,000 
270 

2,474 
499 

2,403 
331 
810 

2,856 
416 
973 

1,199 

1,580 

2,44; 
4.53 

•JHs?; 


« 


1,644 
726 
1,445 
3.500 
779 
2.028 
1.505 
2.200 
1,774 
1,672 
5,097 
986 
3,691 
3,000 
3,778 
5,1':0 
1.779 


40,084 


Agricultural  Products. 


BUBH.  OP  Okain. 


24j,e64i '  672,4144 


103,211i 


na. 


4,363 

14,582 

2,fi49S 

6.617 

12,304 

10,188 

2,706 

1,965 

2,828 

8,162 

13.262 

3,379i 

10,768i 

6,467 

10,369 

8,932 

4,030 


II: 


Dairv  Prodcct*. 


Is     Q 


95,060 
21.175 
77,844 
252.020 
46.194 
129,918 
249.248 
177,820 
24.-!,749 
98,270 
312,406 
141,146 
218.963} 
218,832 
305.843 
416.494 
220.545 


^■S'? 


80,000 


123,5614 '80,1805  3,286,587}  80,660 


•I-? 


747 
142 


138 
130 
179 
171 
249 

461! 

34,',} 

86 


2,9)Si 


1  The  name  is  eaid  by  some  lo  bo  an  Indian  corruption  of  the 
English  phrase  "away  over  yonder." — Eagar^s  IIUL  Orange  Co., 
pp.  4:i2,  43:i. 

3  Named  fi'oin  the  last  Indian  who  bad  his  cabin  on  the  hill. 


8  1.500  gallons  of  milk  are  sent  daily  from  this  town  to  th« 
N.Y.  market. 

'  .Aninnj;  the  early  settlers  were  John  I>enton.  Itichard  Car- 
pent'-r,  l>^aar  Dulson.and  Daniel  and  David  C^ioley.  Isaac  DolBon 
bmlt  a  blockhouse  Aa  a  protL'Ction  against  the  Indians,  ia  1750. 


ORLEANS   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Genesee,  Nov.  11,  1824;  Shelby  wan 
annexed  from  Genesee  April  5,  1825.  It  lies  on  Lake  Ontario, 
between  Monroe  and  Niagara  cos.,  centrally  distant  232  mi.  from 
Albany,  and  contains  405  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  level  or  undu- 
lating, and,  except  in  the  extreme  s.  part,  it  has  a  gradual  inclina- 
tion toward  tlie  lake.  It  is  divided  into  three  distinct  plateaus  by 
the  lake  and  mountain  ridges,'  which  extend  e.  and  w.  through  the 
CO.  nearly  parallel  to  the  lake  shore.  The  lower  plateau  slopes 
slightly  and  uniformly  upward  from  the  lake  shore  to  the  lake 
ridge,  a  distance  of  6  to  8  mi.,  where  it  attains  an  elevation  of  about 
165  feet.  This  ridge  is  composed  of  sand  and  gravel,  and  its  sea- 
ward side  is  covered  with  coarse  gravel  and  water-worn  pebbles, 
resembling  the  present  lake  beach.^  It  is  elevated  20  to  30  feet  above  the  lower  plateau,  to  which 
it  descends  with  a  gentle  inclination  uniform  in  its  whole  extent.  There  is  generally  a  similar 
slope  upon  its  inland  .side;  but  in  many  places  the  level  of  the  country  is  nearly  and  sometimes 
quite  as  high  as  that  of  the  ridge.  The  ridge  is  100  to  300  feet  wide  at  the  top,  and  nearly  level. 
From  the  earliest  settlement  of  the  co.  its  summit  has  been  used  for  a  road.  The  second  plateau 
is  gently  undulating,  and  4  to  6  mi.  wide,  attaining  an  altitude  of  about  300  feet  at  the  base  of  the 
mountain  ridge.  This  ridge,  entering  from  Niagara  CO.,  runs  nearly  E.  through  the  towns  of  Shelby 
and  Barre,  and  s.  and  E.  through  Clarendon.  It  preserves  the  character  of  a  steep  declivity  in 
Clarendon  and  Shelby,  but  in  Barre  its  ascent  is  gradual.  The  upper  plateau  is  undulating,  and 
from  the  mountain  ridge  southerly  it  gently  rises  for  about  2  mi.  to  the  culminating  ridge,  which 
is  the  highest  land  in  the  co.  and  nearly  450  feet  above  the  lake.  For  about  2  mi.  further  the 
surface  is  quite  level;  and  thence  it  gradually  descends  to  the  Tonawanda  Swamp,  on  the  s.  border 
of  the  CO.  The  principal  streams  are  Oak  Orchard,'  Johnsons,*  and  Sandy  Creeks,  which  take  their 
rise  in  or  near  the  Tonawanda  Swamp  and  flow  n.  and  e.  to  the  lake.  Their  channels  are  deeply 
excavated  ;  and  upon  them  are  numerous  waterfalls  and  rapids. 

The  underlying  rock  of  the  N.  part  is  the  Medina  sandstone ;  while  the  upper  plateau  rests  upon 
a  base  of  Niagara  limestone.  Along  the  ridge  in  Clarendon  and  on  the  banks  of  Oak  Orchard 
Creek  in  Shelby  are  outcrops  of  this  limestone.  Hydraulic  limestone  has  been  obtained  from  both 
these  localities,  and  quicklime  is  burned  at  various  places  along  the  ridge.  The  upper  layers  of 
the  Medina  sandstone  afford  an  excellent  material  for  building  and  flagging  purposes,  and  several 
quarries  have  been  opened  at  Medina  and  other  places  on  the  line  of  the  canal.  Elsewhere  in  the 
CO.  this  rock  is  friable,  and  readily  disintegrates  upon  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  It  separates 
at  first  into  small,  angular  fragments,  and  then  decomposes  into  a  dark  red,  loamy  clay.  Nume- 
rous salt  springs  originate  in  this  formation,  from  which  salt  was  manufactured  until,  by  the 
completion  of  the  Erie  Canal,  they  were  brought  into  competition  with  the  salines  of  Onondaga.' 
The  soil  in  the  N.  part  of  the  co.  is  generally  sandy ;  but  it  is  everywhere  modified  by  the  under- 
lying formation ;  and  near  the  lake  are  several  tracts  in  which  clay  predominates.  In  the  s.  it  is 
a  mixture  of  clay,  sand,  and  lime,  and  the  whole  is  well  adapted  to  grain  raising.  The  various 
branches  of  agriculture  form  the  leading  pursuits.  Barley,  oats,  corn,  beans,  and  potatoes  are  the 
principal  crops,'  and  considerable  quantities  of  apples  and  other  fruits  are  raised.  A  limited 
amount  of  manufactures  is  carried  on  within  the  co. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Albion,'  on  the  Erie  Canal,  in  the  central  part  of  the  co.     The 


1  The  lake  ridge  has  been  at  some  time  the  lake  shore;  the 
mountain  ritlge  is  a  continuation  of  the  mountain  ridge  of  Niapara 
CO.,  and  is  formed  by  the  outcropping  of  the  Niagara  limestone. 

-  The  primitive  cliaracter  of  this  slope  has  become  somewhat 
obliterated  by  cultivation. 

3  So  named  from  a  fine  grove  of  oaks  formerly  at  its  mouth. 

♦  Named  after  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  who.  with  his  forces,  en- 
camped at  its  mouth  one  night  when  on  his  way  to  Fort  Niagara 
ill  1759. 

■»  Salt  works  were  erected  at  a  spring  near  Oak  Orchard  Creek, 
about  H  mi.  N.  of  Medina,  at  HoUey,  and  at  Oak  Orchard:  and 
salt  was  made  by  the  early  settlers  in  nearly  every  town  N.  of 
the  canal.  A  boring  of  140  feet  at  Oak  Orchard  resulted  in 
Rliglitty  increasing  the  strength  of  the  brine,  but  not  ltd  quan- 
612 


tity;  and  at  other  places,  by  blasting  and  boring,  the  springs 
were  destroyed. 

*  Whejit  was  formerly  the  principal  crop  of  this  CO. :  but  of 
late  the  ravages  of  the  midge  have  been  so  extensive  that  its 
cultivation  has  been  nearly  abandoned. 

I  Previous  to  the  erection  of  the  co.  buildings  at  Albion,  the 
courts  were  held  at  the  house  of  Selah  Bronson,  in  the  village 
of  Gaines.  The  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Legislature  to 
locate  the  county  seat  were  Philetus  Swift,  of  Phelps,  Ontario 
CO..  Victory  Birdseye,  of  Onondaga  Co.,  and  J.  Hathaway,  of 
Cortland  CO.  The  site  of  the  Co.  buildings  was  deeded  to  the 
supervisors  by  Nehemiah  Ingersoll;  and  the  courthouse  was 
built  in  1827.  Gilbert  Howell,  of  Kidgeway,  Elihu  Mather,  of 
Gaines,  and  Calvin  Smith,  of  Bari«,  were  the  commissioners 


ORLEANS    COUNTY. 


513 


courthouse  is  a  fine  buildiug,  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  park,  near  the  center  of  the  village.  It 
is  built  of  brick,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  dome  110  feet  above  the  ground.  It  contains  the  court, 
jury,  supervisors',  and  surrogate's  rooms.*  The  jail,  situated  just  e.  of  the  courthouse,  is  a  com- 
modious edifice,  built  of  Medina  sandstone.  The  county  clerk's  office  is  a  small,  one  story  brick 
building,  adjoining  the  courthouse.  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  107  acres  in  the 
town  of  Barre,  3  mi.  s.  of  Albion.  Its  average  number  of  inmates  is  50,  supported  at  a  weekly 
cost  of  80  cts.  each.     The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  about  $700. 

The  works  of  internal  improvement  in  the  co.  are  the  Erie  Canal,  extending  through  near  the 
center;  the  Tonawanda  Swamp  Feeder,  conducting  the  waters  of  the  swamp  into  Oak  Orchard 
Creek  and  the  canal ;  and  the  Rochester  &  Niagara  Falls  R.  R.,  a  branch  of  the  N.  Y.  Central.^ 

Three  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.^ 

Long  before  the  advent  of  the  whites  this  co.  was  the  hunting  ground  and  probable  residence 
of  the  Iroquois;  and  there  are  traces  of  an  occupation  long  anterior  to  them  and  by  an  entirely 
distinct  race.*  The  3  eastern  towns  of  the  co.  belonged  to  the  Conn.  Tract  and  the  Pulteney 
Estate,  and  the  remaining  part  of  the  co.  to  the  Holland  Purchase.  There  is  a  tradition  that  a 
Canadian,  with  his  family,  settled  at  the  mouth  of  Oak  Orchard  Creek  as  early  as  1702-93 ;  but 
his  stay  was  of  short  duration,  and  by  some  he  is  now  regarded  as  a  myth.  The  first  permanent 
settlers  were  James  and  Wm.  AValsworth,  two  brothers,  who  came  from  Canada  by  the  way  of  the 
lake,  and  who  located  respectively  at  the  mouths  of  Oak  Orchard  and  Johnsons  Creeks^  in  the 
present  town  of  Carlton.  A  few  settlers  came  in  each  year  until  1809,  when  the  great  natural 
thoroughfare,  the  ridge  road,  was  opened,  inducing  a  much  more  rapid  influx  of  settlers.  Immi- 
grants continued  to  pour  in  rapidly  and  settle  near  the  ridge  road,  until  settlement  was  checked 
by  the  War  of  1812.  Upon  the  capture  of  Fort  Niagara  by  the  British,  in  1813,  many  of  the  people 
fled  from  their  homes,  but  soon  retui*ned.^  After  the  return  of  peace,  the  tide  of  immigration  again 
set  in  toward  this  region,  and  continued  to  flow  steadily  and  uninterruptedly  for  several  years. 
The  settlers  generally  chose  locations  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  ridge  road,  and  continued 
to  do  so  until  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal,  when  thei  regions  further  s.  began  rapidly  to  fill 
up.  Since  that  time  steady  progress  has  been  made  in  every  element  of  material  prosperity,  until 
the  CO.  has  taken  front  rank  among  the  best  agricultural  regions  of  the  State. 


BARRE^ — was  formed  from  Gaines,  March  6,  1818.  It  is  the  most  southerly  of  the  middle 
tier  of  towns,  and  is  the  largest  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  undulating,  and  its  soil  a  rich  loam 
underlaid  by  the  Niagara  limestone.     The  Tonawanda  Swamp  occupies  the  s.  part.     Albion^^ 


appointed  to  Puperintend  its  erection.    The  first  officers  of  the 

CO.  wore  Elijah  Foot,  First  Judge;  S.  M.  Moody,  Cyrus  Harwood. 

Eldridge   Farwell,   and  William   Penuiraan.  Judges;    Wiliiam 

Lewis,  Sheriff;  and  Orson  Nicholson,  Co.  Clerk. 
1  The  courthouse  waa  erected  in  ISST-ftS,  at  a  coat  of  $20,000. 

The  courtroom  is  a  large  and  spacious  apartment,  56  feet  lung 

by  55  feet  wide,  and  2fi  feet  hitih. 
s  The  Medina  &  Darien  R.  R.  Co.  was  organized  in  1835,  and 

the  road  waa  opened  as  far  as  Akron.    Stages  drawn  by  horses 

were  put  upon  the  road ;  but  the  whole  was  abandoned  in  2  or  3 

years. 
8  The  Gazette.,  the  first  paper  published  in  the  co.,  was  started 
at  Gaines  in  IS'Z'Z  by  Seymour  Tracy,  and  was  continued 
4  years. 

The  Ifewport  Patriot  was  started  at  '*  Newport,"  now  Albion, 
Feb.  9, 1824,  by  Franklin  Cowdrey.  In  Feb.  1825,  Timo- 
thy  C.  Strong  became  proprietor,  and  changed  it  to 

The  Orleans  Advocate.  In  Feb.  1828,  in  the  midst  of  the  excite^ 
ment  following  the  abduction  of  Morgan,  Mr.  Strong 
changed  it  to 

The  Orleans  Advocate  and  Anti  Masonic  Telegraph;  and  in  Feb. 
1S29,  it  took  the  name  of 

The  Orleans  Anti  Masonic  TeUgraph.  In  June  of  the  same 
year  it  was  changed  to 

The  Orleans  Telegraph ;  and  soon  after  to 

The  Amenran  Standard.  It  was  issued  2  yeara  by  J.  Kemp- 
shall,  when  it  passed  back  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Strong, 
who  chanced  it  to 

The  Orleans  American.  In  April,  1844,  it  passed  into 
the  bands  of  ^.  &  J.  H.  Denio.  and  was  continued  by 
them  until  185.3,  when  it  was  bought  byS.  A.  Andrews, 
by  whom  it  is  now  published. 

The  Orleans  Republican  was  commenced  at  Albion 
in  Oct.  1829,  by  C.  S.  McConnell.  It  was  published  by 
him  until  1S41;  by  H.  W.  Dupuy  a  few  months;  by  an 
association  until  1845;  by  H.  E.  Purdy  until  1S46 ;  and 
by  C.  S.  McConnell  until  1848.  when  it  was  sold  to  Wil- 
son &  Beach,  its  present  publishers. 
The  Albion  Times  was  established  Oct.  23. 1853,  by  J.  0.  Nicker- 
Bon.    Jan.  11, 1855,  it  was  changed  to 


It 


In 


The  Spirit  of  Sevent;/-Six,  and  continued  until  May  27,  1858. 
The  Orhafis  Whig  was  commenced  at  Gaines  in  July,  1827,  by 

John  Fisk,  and  continued  several  years. 
The  Medina  Herald  was  issued  in  1832  by  Daniel  P.  Adams,  and 

continued  2  or  3  years. 
The  Medina  Sentinel  was  started  in  Ang.  1837,  by  J.  &  J.  FI. 

Denio.  The  following  year  it  was  changed  to 
The  Orleans  Sfnfind,  and  continued  until  May.  1842. 
The  Bucldail  was  commenced  in  1840  by  S.  M.  Burrougtio. 

was  subsequently  changed  to 
The  Medina  Democrat,  and  continued  2  or  3  years. 
The  Medina  Citizen  was  started  in  1850  by  H.  A.  Smith 

1852  it  was  changed  to 
The  Medina  Tribune,  Hud  in  1859  sold  to  Sam'l  11. Clark. 
The  People's  Journjil  was  published  at  Medina  a  short  time  in 

1858  by  J.  W.  Swan. 
*  About  li  mi.  w.  of  Shelby  Center  are  the  remains  of  an  an- 
cient fortification,  nearly  circular  in  form,  enclosing  an  area  of 
about  3  acres.  A  broad  ditch  encircled  the  whole.  Flint  arrow 
heads,  stone  axes,  several  piles  of  small  atones,  and  pieces  of 
earthenware  have  been  found  within  the  enclosure.  Trees  uf 
400  years'  growth  stand  upon  the  embankment.  Larse  numbers 
of  human  skeletons,  many  of  them  of  giant  size,  have  been  ex- 
humed near  the  fort.  Many  of  these  seem  to  have  been  thrown 
promiscuously  into  one  common  grave;  and  it  is  generally  supn 
posed  that  this  has  been  the  scene  of  a  great  battle. 

6  As  soon  as  the  news  of  the  capture  of  Fort  Niagara  reached 
the  village  of  Gaines,  Capt.  Eleazur  McCourty,  with  a  company 
of  volunteers,  started  for  the  Niagara  frontier.  On  their  way 
they  surprised  and  captured,  after  a  short  conflict,  a  body  of 
marauding  British  and  Indians  at  Muleneux's  tavern,  in  the 
town  of  Cambria.  Niagara  co.  They  subsequently  captured 
another  party  near  Youngstown,  and  compelled  them  to  carry 
back  their  booty  to  "  Hardscrable,"  (DicktTsonville.)  They  re- 
mained upon  the  lines  about  20  days,  until  the  arrival  of  the 
militia  drafted  fiom  Cayuga  and  the  adjoining  cos. 

8  Named  from  Barre,  Mass. 

7  Originally  called  ''^ Newport,'"  but  changed  at  the  time  of  it« 
incorporation. 


33 


514 


ORLEANS    COUNTY. 


(p.  V.,)  the  county  seat,  was  incorp.  April  21,  1828.  It  is  situated  on  the  Erie  Canal,  in  the  k. 
part  of  the  town,  and  is  the  principal  station  upon  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  between  Rochester  and 
Lockport.  It  contains  5  churches,  the  Phipps  Union  Female  Seminary,^  the  Albion  Academy, 
a  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  several  manufactories.^  Pop.  3,776.  Bar  re  Center,  (p.  o.,) 
4  mi.  s.  of  Albion,  contains  30  dwellings.  £ag'le  Harbor  lies  partly  in  this  town.  Soutli 
Barre  (p.  0.)  and  JacU§ons  Corners  (West  Barre  p.  0.)  are  hamleta.  Ricli's  Corners 
ia  in  the  n.  e,  part.  Settlement  was  commenced  by  Wm.  McAllister,  in  1811.'  The  first  church 
(Cong.)  was  organized  Nov.  5,  181G,  by  Revs.  Eleazur  Fairbanks  and  Comfort  Williams.* 

CARCTOJV — was  formed  from  Gaines  and  Ridgeway,  April  13,  1822,  as  '^Oak  Orchard.'^  Its 
name  was  changed  in  1825.  It  lies  on  the  lake  shore,  between  Kendall  and  Yates,  and  is  crossed  in  a 
N.  E.  direction  by  Oak  Orchard  and  Johnsons  Creeks.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil  generally  sandy. 
Salt  water  has  been  discovered  near  West  Carlton.^  Carlton/  (p.  o.,)  East  Carlton,  (p.o,,) 
"West  Carlton,  (p.  o.,)^Vaterport,  (po.,)  Henyonville,  Oak  Orchard  Harbor, 
and  Bald  vrin  Corners  are  hamlets.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  1803,  by  two  brothers,  Jas. 
andWm.  Walsworth, — the  former  at  the  mouth  of  Oak  Orchard  Creek,  the  latter  on  Johnsons  Creek. 
Matthew  Dunham  and  his  sons  Matthew,  Jas.,  and  Charles,  from  N.  Y.  City,  settled  near  Johnsons 
Creek  in  the  fall  of  1803.'     The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  organized  at  West  Carlton,  about  1816.^ 

CLAREIVDOJV — was  formed  from  Sweden,  Monroe  co,,  Feb.  23, 1821.  It  is  the  s.e.  corner  town 
of  the  CO.  The  e.  branch  of  Sandy  Creek  rises  in  the  Tonawanda  Swamp  and  flows  n.  Upon  this 
stream  are  two  waterfalls, — one  at  the  village  of  Clarendon  and  the  other  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town. 
Along  the  line  of  the  mountain  ridge  the  surface  is  broken,  and  elsewhere  it  is  gently  rolling  or 
level.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam;  in  the  n.  stony.  Limestone  for  building  purposes  and  hydraulic 
limestone  have  been  obtained  at  Clarendon.  Clarendon^  (p-v.)  contains  2  churches,  a  limited 
number  of  manufactories,^*'  and  about  30  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1811,  at 
the  village  of  Clarendon,  by  Eldridge  Farwell."     There  are  now  3  churches  in  town.^^ 

GAIIVES^' — was  formed  from  Ridgeway,  Feb.  14,  1816.  Barre  was  taken  off  in  1818,  and  a 
part  of  Carlton  in  1822.  It  is  the  central  town  in  the  co.  It  is  crossed  by  Otter  and  Marsh 
Creeks,  branches  of  the  Oak  Orchard,  and  by  the  w.  branch  of  Sandy  Creek.  The  lake  ridge 
extends  e.  and  w.  through  the  center.  The  surface  is  level  and  the  soil  sandy.  Eagle 
Harbor,  (P-^v)  on  the  Erie  Canal,  contains  2  churches,  2  flouring  mills,  and  a  large  stave 
factory  and  cooperage.  Pop.  639, — 509  in  Gaines  and  130  in  Barre.  Gaines"  (p.  v.)  contains  2 
churches  and  342  inhabitants.  £ast  Gaines  and  West  Gaines  are  p.  offices  ;  and  Gaines 
Basin,  on  the  canal,  and  Fairliaven,  are  hamlets.     The  first  settlement  was  made  prior  to 

1809,  by Gilbert.     Noah  Burgess,  Samuel  Crippen, Elliott,  and  Elijah  Downer  came  in 

1809.'5     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1816.i« 


1  The  Phipps  Union  Female  Seminary  was  eatablished  in  1833. 
The  main  buMding  was  erected  in  1836,  and  additions  have  been 
since  made,  until  the  whole  outlays  have  reached  $20,000.  The 
average  number  of  pupils  is  about  250. 

*  Flouring  mills,  furnaces,  a  woolen  factory,  a  tannery,  a 
cabinet  ware  manufactory,  and  a  planing  mill. 

8  McAllister  settled  on  the  present  nite  of  the  Phipps  Female 
Seminary,  near  the  courthouse.  Among  the  earliest  settlera 
were  Joseph  Stoddart,  Reuben  Clark,  Joseph  Hart,  and  Elgah 
Darrow,  who  located  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town  in  1812.  The 
first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  McAllister,  occurred  in  Sept.  1811.  The 
first  sawmill  was  built  by  Wm.  White  in  1^16,  on  Sandy  Creek,  a 
little  E.  of  Albion  ;  the  first  gristmill,  in  1S19.  by  Wm.  Bradner, 
near  the  same  place;  and  the  first  tavern  was  kept  by  Abraham 
Mattison,  in  1815,  at  Bentons  Corners,  about  2  mi.  s.  of  Albion. 
The  first  school  was  taught  by  Mrs.  Cyrus  Ilentou. 

*  There  are  7  churches  in  town;  Presb.,  Bap.,  Prot.  E.,  M.  E., 
and  R.  C.  at  Albion,  Cong,  at  Barre  Center,  and  M.  E.  at  Jack- 
Bons  Corners. 

6  Lyman  Fuller,  in  digging  a  well,  bored  through  a  stratum 
of  rock,  and  obtained  salt  water  of  such  strength  that  2  galls, 
yielded  a  pint  of  fialt.  The  hole  through  the  rock  was  plugged 
op,  and  fresh  water  came  in  from  above. 

6  Locally  known  as  "Two  Bridges." 

^  In  1804,  Elijah  Hunt,  Henry  Lovell,  Moses  Root,  Ehjah 
Brown,  and  Job  Shipman  settled  in  this  town.  The  first  death 
in  town,  unless  it  was  that  of  a  member  of  the  Canadian  family 
mentioned  on  page ,  was  that  of  a  deserter  from  Fort  Nia- 
gara, who  was  drowned  in  attempting  to  cross  Johnsons  Creek, 
about  1800.  The  first  death  of  an  actual  settler  was  that  of 
Elijah  Brown,  May  7, 1805.  The  first  births  were  those  of  a  pair 
of  twins,  children  of  James  Walsworth,  in  1806;  and  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  Wm.  Carter  and  Amy  Hunt,  in  1804.  The  first 
crlstmill  was  built  on  Johnsons  Creek,  by  Matthew  Dunham,  in 
TfiOOj  and  the  first  etore  waa  opened  in  1816,  at  West  Carlton, 


by  Geo.  Kuck.  The  first  school  waa  taught  by  Peleg  Helms,  in 
the  winter  of  1810-11. 

8  There  are  now  5  churches  in  town;  Bap.  and  Preeb.  at 
Carlton.  M.  E.  at  West  Carlton,  Bap.  at  East  Carlton,  and  M.  E. 
at  Kenyonvilte.  The  first  religious  services  in  town  were  con- 
ducted by  '■  Old  Mr.  Steele.*'  a  M.  E.  preacher  from  Canada,  some 
time  prior  to  1810.         ^  Formerly  known  as  **  I'^Tivdls  AIUls." 

10  2  sawmills,  a  gristmill,  and  a  furnace. 

11  Benj.  Thomas,  Benajah  Worden.  Klisha  Huntly,  John  Cone, 
John  Stephens,  David  Church,  and  Chauncey  Kobinson  were 
among  the  earliest  settlers.  Eldridge  Farwell  built  the  first 
sawmill,  on  Sandy  Creek,  in  1811,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1813. 
The  first  store  was  kept  by  Hiram  Frisbee,  in  1821;  and  the 
first  school  was  taught  by  Mrs.  Amanda  Bills. 

12  M.  E.  and  Univ.  at  Clarendon,  and  a  Christian  church  about 
1^  mi.  w.  of  Clarendon. 

1'  Named  in  honor  of  Gen.  E.  P.  Galnea,  through  the  instra- 
mentality  of  Wm.  J.  Babbitt. 

1*  Incorp.  by  the  Legistatare  in  1832,  but  never  organized 
under  the  act. 

16  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Reuben  Rowley,  Harry  Wil- 
cox, Joseph  and  Aaron  Adams,  Robert  and  Cotton  Leach,  New- 
bury Chafey.  Dyer  Sprague,  Samuel  Rosier,  Wm.  Burlingame, 
Walter   Fairfield,   Lansing   Bailey,  John   Proctor,  and  Jamea 

Mather.    The  first  death  was  that  of Gilbert,  who  died  in 

or  before  1809.  His  wife  and  niece.  Amy  Scott,  remained,  and 
vrintered  a  yoke  of  osen  and  several  cows  upon  bn^iwse  cut  by 
themselves.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Samuel  Crippen,  jr..  in 
1810;  andthefirst  marriage,  that  of  CjTus  Daniels  and  Elizabeth 
Freeman,  July  4.  1812.  The  first  inn  was  kept  by  Wm.  Sibley, 
in  1811;  and  the  first  store,  by  Wm.  Perry,  in  1815.  OrinGleason 
tiught  the  first  school,  in  the  winter  of  1813-14.  Henry  Drake 
built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1813 ;  and  the  fii-st  gristmill  was  built 
by  Jonathan  Gates,  io  1822. 

u There  are  6  cburchea  in  town;  M.E.  and  Wee.  Math,  at 


ORLEANS    COUNTY. 


515 


RE]VDAIj1<^ — was  taken  from  Murray,  April  7,  1837.  It  lies  on  the  lake  shore,*  in  the  e. 
part  of  the  co.,  and  is  crossed  by  Bald  Eagle  Creek  near  the  center,  and  Sandy  Creek  in  the  s. 
part.  Its  surface  is  level;  and  the  soil,  with  the  exception  of  a  belt  of  clay  across  the  s.  part,  is 
a  sandy  loam.  There  are  several  small  salt  springs  in  the  town.  Kendall  (p.  v.)  contains  4 
churches  and  about  25  dwellings.  "West  Kendall  (p.  o.)  and  Kendall  Mills  (p.o.)  are 
hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1812,  by  Samuel  Bates,  from  (liittenden  co.,  Vt.' 
The  first  religious  service,  conducted  by  Elder  Stephen  Randall,  was  held  in  the  spring  of  1816.* 

MURRAY — was  formed  from  ''Northampton"  (nowGates,  Monroe  co.,)  April  8, 1808.  Sweden 
was  taken  ofi"  in  1813,  Clarkson  in  1819,  and  Kendall  in  1837.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co., 
between  Clarendon  and  Kendall,  and  is  crossed  by  Sandy  Creek,  the  two  branches  of  which  unite 
at  Murray,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town.  This  stream  has  worn  a  deep  channel ;  at  Holley  it  is 
about  75  feet  below  the  level  of  the  land.  The  embankment  over  which  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  crosses 
the  gulf  is  one  of  the  largest  on  the  line  of  that  road.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  except  in 
the  s.  w.  part,  where  it  is  rolling.  The  soil  is  mostly  a  sandy  loam;  in  some  parts,  however,  it  is 
clayey.  Near  Holley  are  two  sulphur  and  several  salt  springs,  at  the  latter  of  which  salt  was  manu- 
factured previous  to  the  opening  of  the  canal.  The  Medina  sandstone  approaches  near  the  sur- 
face ;  and  quarries  have  been  opened  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hulberton.^  Holley/  (p.  v.,)  incorp. 
Sept.  3,  1850,  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  is  situated  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  on  the  Erie 
Canal.  It  contains  2  churches,  the  Holley  Academy,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments."' 
Pop.  614.  Uulberton  (p. v.)  contains  278  inhabitants;  and  Hindsburgli  (p. v.)  167. 
Murray^  (p-o-)  and  Brockvllle  are  hamlets.  Murray  Depot  is  a  r.  r.  station.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  by  Kpaphras  Mattison,  prior  to  1809.®  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was 
formed  Jan.  5,  1819,  by  Rev.  John  F.  BUss.^o 

RIDGE"WAY" — was  formed  from  Batavia,  (Genesee  co.,)  June  8,  1812.  Gaines  was  taken 
off  in  1816,  Shelby  in  1818,  and  Yates  and  a  part  of  Carlton  in  1822.  It  lies  on  the  w,  border 
of  the  CO.,  between  Shelby  and  Yates,  and  is  crossed  by  Johnsons  and  Oak  Orchard  Creeks.  Upon 
the  latter,  at  Medina,  is  a  waterfall  about  30  feet  high ;  and  at  Jeddo  and  Oak  Orchard,  where 
ihe  streams  cross  the  lake  ridge,  are  low  waterfalls.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  the  soil  a 
eandy  loam.  Some  of  the  most  important  of  the  salt  springs  of  this  co.  are  in  this  town." 
Within  and  near  the  village  of  Medina  are  extensive  quarries;  and  large  quantities  of  building, 
flagging,  and  paving  stone  are  sent  to  Rochester,  Buffalo,  and  other  places  on  the  canal.''  Me- 
dina, (p-v-0  incorp.  March  30,  1832,  lies  on  the  Erie  Canal,  mostly  within  this  town.  It  is  an 
important  station  on  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  and  is  connected  with  Ridgeway  on  the  n.  and  Shelby 
Center  on  the  s.  by  the  Medina  &  Alabama  Plank  Road.  It  contains  5  churches,  an  academy,"  a 
newspaper  office,  and  several  manufactories.*^  Pop.  in  1855,  2,104, — in  Ridgeway  1,915,  in  Shelby 
189.  Rnowlesville,'^  (P-v-,)  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  situated  in  the  e.  part  of  the 
town,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  contains  3  churches  and  several  manufactories.^'  Pop.  400.  Oak  Or- 
chard^^  (p-"^-)  lias  a  pop.  of  136;  Jeddo  (p. v.)  of  124;  and  Rldg-ei^'aj^  (p-^O  of  64. 
IVortb  Rld^enray  is  a  p.  o.     The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Ezra  D.  Barnes,  from  De  Ruyter, 


Eagle  Harbor.  Cong,  and  Presb.  at  Gaines,  Cniv.  at  Fairhaven, 
and  Free  Will  Bap.  at  East  Gaines. 

1  Named  in  honor  of  Amos  Kendall.  P.  M.  Gen. 

2  Near  the  mouth  of  Bald  Eagle  Creek  the  lake  makes  rapid 
encroachmeute  upon  the  land,  and  whole  fields  have  been  swept 
away. 

8  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Amos  RaBdall,  David  Jones, 
Benj.  Morse,  and  Nathaniel  Brown,  who  came  in  1815.  The 
first  birth  was  that  of  Bartlett  Morse,  in  1816;  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  James  Aiken  and  Esther  A.  Bates.  March  2, 1817; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  son  of  Geo.  Balcom,  in  1816.  The 
first  store  was  kept  by  Iliram  Thompson,  in  1823;  the  first  inn, 
by  Lyman  Spicer,  in  1823;  and  the  first  sawmill  was  built  by 
Amnion  Auger  &  Kbenezer  Boyden,  in  1819.  The  first  school 
was  tiught  by  Gerdon  Balcom,  in  1S19. 

*  There  are  5  churches  in  town ;  Univ.,  Bap.,  Presb.,  and 
M.  E.  at  Kendall,  and  M.  K.  at  West  Kendall. 

6  St.  Paul's  Church  in  Buffalo  is  built  of  material  obtained  at 
one  of  these  quarries. 

*  Named  io  honor  of  Myron  Holley,  one  of  the  first  canal 
commissioners. 

'  A  gristmill,  a  tannery,  a  furnace  and  plow  factory,  and  a 
cabinet  ware  manufactory. 

8  Locally  known  aa  "Sandy  Creek." 

9  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Daniel  Wait,  Joshua  Rock- 
wood,  and  Peleg  Sisson.  The  first  birth  in  town  wis  that  of 
Betsey  Mattison,  in  iMll ;  the  first  mrtrriage,  that  of  Zimri  Per- 
rigo  and  Lucetta  Spafford,  Jan.  17,  1S15;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Mrs.  D-miel  Reed,  in  1S14.  The  first  inn  was  kept  by 
Epaphras    Mattison,  in  1809;  the  first  store,  by  Isaac  Leach,  in 


1S15;  and  the  first  gristmill  was  built  by  Perry  &  Luce,  in  1816, 
Fftnny  Furguson  taught  the  first  school,  in  the  summer  nf  1814. 

i<*  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  Bap.  and  Presb.  at  Holley, 
M.  K.  at  Hulberton,  and  Bap.  in  w.  part  of  town. 

'I  So  named  from  the  ridge  way  or  road  formed  by  the  lake 
ridge  running  E,  and  w.  through  the  town. 

•2  Salt  works  were  erected  at  a  spring  N.  of  Medina  by  the  Hol- 
land Land  Co.  as  early  as  1805,  and  thrown  open  for  the  use  of 
the  settlers.  Two  roads  opened  by  the  Co.  :^t  the  same  time — 
one  from  the  works  a.  to  the  "Old  Buffalo  Road,"  and  the  other 
E.  to  the  "  Oak  Orchard  Road"— were  widely  known  as  the  ^-SaU 
Works  Roads."' 

18  The  principal  quarries  are  owned  by  Isaac  Hathaway  and 
John  Ryan.  The  upper  layers  cleave  ofl"  in  smooth  slabs  from 
2  to  6  inches  thick.  The  succeeding  layers  are  thicker, — Rome 
of  the  lower  ones  several  feet.  Besides  what  has  been  sent  to 
the  larger  places  for  buildiOR.  flagging,  and  pavine,  large  quanti- 
ties  have  been  quarried  for  building  bridge  abutments  and  canal 
walla. 

1*  The  Medina  Academy  wafi  incorp.  in  1849,  and  is  both  an 
academy  and  a  common  school,  particijjating  in  both  the  litnra- 
ture  and  common  school  funds.  The  average  number  of  pupiU 
is  400. 

^  5  flouring  and  grist  miWn,  with  an  aggregate  of  22  run  of 
stone,  2  oil  mills,  2  iron  founderies,  2  sa»h  and  blind  factories,  a 
tannery,  and  a  machine  shop. 

i*"  Named  after  Dea. Knowles,  one  of  the  earliejrt  settlers 

IT  A  steam  sawmill,  stejun  gristmill,  tannery,  and  plaflter  mill 

18  At  Oak  Orchard  is  a  distillery. 


516 


ORLEANS    COUNTY. 


Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  in  1809.'    The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  at  Oak  Orchard  in  1817,  by 
Rev.  Jedediah  Fairbanks.^ 

SIIELiBT^ — was  formed  from  Ridgeway,  March  6,  1818.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the 
CO.  Johnsons  Creek  and  a  branch  of  the  Oak  Orchard  take  their  rise  in  this  town,  and  the  Oak 
Orchard  crosses  it  through  the  center.  Upon  the  latter  stream,  at  Shelby  Center,  is  a  fall,  affording 
a  valuable  water-power.  The  surface  is  undulating ;  and  the  soil  a  mixture  of  sand,  clay,  ar  d  lime. 
The  Tonawanda  Swamp  occupies  the  s.  part.  SUelby*  (Shelby  Center  p.  o.)  contains  1  church 
and  several  manufactories  ;*  l>lillville  (p.  v.)  contains  3  churches,  the  MiUville  Academy,  and 
about  45  dwellings.  East  Shelby  (p.  o.)  and  Slielby  Basin  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets;  and  IFest 
Shelby  is  a  p.  oiEce.  Medina  is  partly  in  this  town.  The  remains  of  Indian  fortifications 
have  been  discovered  in  this  town.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Alex.  Coon,  from  Rensselaer 
CO.,  in  1810.«    The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  July  25,  1818.' 

TAXES' — was  formed  from  Ridgeway,  April  17,  1822,  as  "Northton;"  its  name  was  changed 
the  following  year.  It  is  the  most  westerly  town  upon  the  lake  shore.  It  is  crossed  by  Johnsons 
Creek  and  two  smaller  streams.  Marsh  Creek  and  Four  Mile  Creek  have  their  whole  course  in  the 
town.  The  surface  is  level,  except  along  Johnsons  Creek,  where  it  is  undulating;  the  soil  in  the 
s.  is  a  sandy  loam,  and  along  the  lake  clayey.  Eyndonville  (p.  v.)  contains  3  churches  and 
several  manufactories.  Pop.  242.  Tates  Center  (Yates  p.  o.)  contains  1  church  and  the  Yates 
Academy.  Pop.  191.  County  Eine  (p.o.)  is  on  the  w.  line  of  the  town.  George  Houseman, 
from  Adams,  Jefi"erson  co.,  settled  in  this  town  in  1809,  and  John  Eaton,  from  Penn.,  in  1810.' 
There  are  now  6  churches  in  town.'" 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Orleans  County. 


Namis  op  Towns. 


Barre 

Carlton 

Clarendon. . 

Gaines 

Eeadall 

Murray 

Ridgeway... 

Shelby. 

Yates 


Total.. 


AcKES  OF  Land. 


34,76l)i 

21,330 

IS.OSOJ 

14,082 

16,297 

16,387 

24,3S6 

20,673J 

19,052 


181,94Si 


13.893 
5.623i 

11,350 
3,845 
4.940 
4,7865 
6,798J 
6,913 
4,177 


62,326} 


Valuation  of  1858. 


>2,417,118 
888,673 
711,961 
741,834 
661,947 
740.509 
1,641.397 
1,043,007 
729,387 


9,466,823 


II 
0.0. 


$2,727,811 
916,393 
809,620 
819,134 
622,234 
930,300 
1.842,937 
1,114,907 
808,98' 


3.428 
1,233 

918 
1,339 

976 
1,470 
2,793 
1,693 
1,023 


10,592,223  14,772  13,603 


3,369 
1,090 

S31 
1,193 

909 
1,406 
2,433 
1,463 

973 


8 
=1 

_i_ 

1,223 
460 
336 
461 
376 
619 
933 
693 
399 


6,299 


E 

g 

1,142 
466 
350 
493 
381 
652 
977 
206 
427 


4,993 


364 
268 
322 
306 
391 
779 
396 


55 

26 
17 
10 

12 
10 
12 
18 
15 
13 


4,026  132  10,514 


.Vames  op  Towns. 


Barre 

Carlton 

Clarendon.. 

Games 

Kendall 

Murray 

Ridgeway. . 

Shelby 

Yates 


Total.. 


Lite  Stock. 


1,937 

1,063 

870 

639 

798 

807 

l,ii38 

1,058 

930 


POO 


2,655 
1,673 
1,172 
1,119 
1,633 
1,318 
1,923 
1,483 
1,515 


1,845 
907 
872 
638 
871 
731 

1,246 
96; 
844 


9,640 '14,491    8,921  91,286 '15,692 


16,579 
12,462 
4,806 
6,842 
10,577 
5,703 
11,402 
10,M8 
12J27' 


Agricultural  Products. 


BasH.  OF  Grain. 


g 


6,696} 

3.632J 

2.926 

3,2705 

3.391 

3.1765 

4,879 

3,79S5 

2,9495 


379,726       763,642J  34,620^  171,867 


66.000 

31.092 

26,966 

29,372 

16,216 

19,697 

32,417 

40,8244 

20,197 


DaIBY  PBOCUCT0. 


S  3 
O.CI 

184.996 
93.261 
86,251 
90.317 
77 .035 
66,851 
115,124 
112.,570 
86,608 


31,116 
8,730 

10,68' 
6,555 
6,376 
8,942 

17,719 

11,404 
9,770 


281,7814'    912,013  110,298    6,324 


1,1424 
1,1074 
383 
79 
886 
786 
2705 
8234 
846 


1  Eli  More,  Israel  Douglas,  Dyer  Sprapue,  Otis  Turner,  Dr. 
Wm.  White,  David  Hooker,  and  S.  B.  Murdock  were  among  the 
first  settlers.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  the  Holland  Land 
Co..  as  early  as  1805,  to  encourage  settlement.  The  first  prist- 
mill  was  built  by  Otis  Turner  and  Dr.  White,  in  1812:  and  the 
first  tavern  was  opened  in  1810,  by  Eli  More.  Lucy  Judson 
taught  the  fir^t  school. 

2  There  are  now  9  churches  in  town ;  Prot.  E.,  Bap.,  M.  E., 
Presb.,  and  R.  C.  at  Medina,  Preeb.,  M.  E.,  and  Bap.  at  Knowles- 
ville,  and  Univ.  at  Ridgeway.      8  Named  in  hunor  of  Gov.  Shelby. 

*  Generally  known  aa  ''Shelby  Center,"'  and  at  an  early  day 
called  ^Barriegat." 

^  2  flouring  and  grist  mills,  1  paper  mill,  1  tannery,  1  carding 
mill,  and  2  sawmills. 

0  Eleazur  Frary,  Ilenry  and  Robert  Garter,  David  Demara, 
Joseph  Ellicott,  and  Wm.  Bennett  were  among  the  eiirliest  set- 
tlers.   The  first  birth  was  that  of  Asa  Coon,  i'eb.  14, 1811;  and 


the  first  death,  that  of  Wm.  Bennett,  Oct.  4,  1812.  The  first 
sawmill  was  built  by  Joseph  Ellicott,  on  Oak  Orchard  Creek, 
in  1812,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1S13.  The  first  inn  was  kept 
by  David  Timmcrman.  in  1816:  and  the  first  store,  by  Christian 
Groff,  in  1818.  C^irnelius  Ashton  taught  the  first  school,  in  th« 
winter  of  1815-16. 

'There  are  9  churches  in  town;  4  M.E.,  1  Presb.,  1  Quaker, 
1  Clirlstian,  1  Bap.,  and  1  F.  W.  Bap. 

8  Named  in  honor  of  Gov.  Yates. 

8  The  first  marriage  in  town  was  that  of  Geo.  Houseman,  jr. 
and  Sally  Covert,  in  1817 :  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  Geo. 
Housem-TH,  sr.,  in  Dec.  1813.  The  first  inn  was  kept  by  Samnel 
Tappen,  at  Yates  Center,  in  1825;  and  the  first  store,  by  Moore 
&  Hough,  in  1824.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Josiah  Perry, 
in  1819. 

10  Preftb.,  M.  E.,  and  Christian  at  Lyndonville,  Bap.  at  Yatea 
Center,  Wes.  Meth.  on  E.  town  line,  and  M.  E.  on  co.  line. 


OSWEGO   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Oneida  and  Onondaga,  March  1, 
1816.'  It  is  situated  upon  the  s.  E.  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario, 
centrally  distant  135  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  an  area  of 
1,038  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  generally  level  or  gently  undulating.  A 
series  of  bluffs  20  to  40  feet  high  border  immediately  upon  the  lake ; 
and  from  their  tops  the  land  stretches  out  in  long  and  gradual 
slopes,  occasionally  broken  by  the  valleys  of  the  river  courses.  The 
general  inclination  is  northerly,  as  indicated  by  the  drainage, 
though  the  summits  of  the  ridges  within  half  a  mi.  of  the  lake  have 
about  the  same  altitude  as  those  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  A 
low  ridge  extending  in  an  easterly  and  westerly  direction,  from  3 
to  5  mi.  N.  of  Oneida  Lake,  forms  the  watershed  between  Lakes 
Ontario  and  Oneida  In  the  e.  part  of  the  co.  this  ridge  turns  northward  and  unites  with  the 
system  of  highlands  which  separates  Lake  Ontario  and  the  valley  of  Black  River.  The  highest 
point  of  this  range,  in  the  town  of  Rcdfield,  is  1,200  to  1,500  feet  above  tide. 

The  rocks  of  this  co.  consist  of  the  Lorraine  shales,  in  the  extreme  N.  part,  on  the  lake;  the  gray 
sandstone,''  extending  from  the  N.  e.  corner  to  near  the  center,  its  southern  limits  being  marked  by 
a  line  drawn  due  E.  from  Oswego  River  about  1  mi.  from  its  mouth ;  the  Medina  or  red  sand- 
stone, bordering  on  the  last,  and  comprising  more  than  one-third  of  the  area  of  the  co. ;  and  the 
Clinton  group  of  shales,  slate,  and  sandstone,  occupying  the  extreme  s.  border.  These  rocks  are 
exposed  only  in  the  N.  E.  part  and  along  the  river  courses,  being  generally  covered  with  a  thick 
mass  of  drift  and  alluvial  deposits,  consisting  of  sand,  gravel,  and  clay.  The  gray  sandstone  is 
hard  and  compact,  and  is  little  affected  by  the  action  of  the  elements ;  hence  the  disintegration  is 
slight,  and  the  soil  upon  it  is  thin  and  poor.  The  Lorraine  shales  are  easily  disintegrated,  and  form 
the  basis  of  the  strongest  and  richest  soils  in  the  co.  The  red  sandstone  crops  out  on  the  banks  of 
all  the  streams  which  flow  through  the  region  which  it  occupies.  It  is  extensively  quarried  for 
building  stone,  though  it  is  more  easily  acted  upon  by  the  elements  than  the  gray  sandstone. 
Weak  brine  springs  are  found  associated  with  this  red  sandstone  throughout  the  co.  The  Clinton 
group,  occupying  the  entire  s.  border,  consists  of  parallel  layers  or  beds  of  shale  and  red  and  gray 
sandstone.  This  is  the  same  geological  formation  in  which  is  found  the  principal  iron  ore  beds  of 
Penn.  and  Oneida  co. ;  and  throughout  the  formation  in  this  co.  iron  ore  is  found. 

The  drainage  of  the  w.  and  s.  parts  of  the  co.  is  principally  through  Oswego  River,  and  of  the  N. 
and.  E.  portions  through  Salmon  River  and  a  great  number  of  smaller  streams  that  flow  directly  into 
the  lake.  Oswego  River  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  Seneca  and  Oneida  Rivers  at  Three  River 
Point.  It  is  23  mi.  in  length,  and  falls  128  feet  in  its  course,  in  several  distinct  falls,  each  of  which 
furnishes  an  excellent  water-power.  Oneida  River,  forming  the  outlet  of  Oneida  Lake,  is  18  mi.  in 
length,  and  falls  about  12J  feet  in  its  course.  Salmon  River  and  other  streams  flowing  into  the  E. 
extremity  of  the  lake  all  have  successions  of  rapids  and  cascades,  which  furnish  to  that  portion  of  the 
CO.  an  abundance  of  water-power.  The  principal  bodies  of  water  are  Lakes  Ontario  and  Oneida. 
The  former,  constituting  the  N.  w.  boundary,  presents  an  almost  unbroken  coast  line  for  a  distance 
of  40  mi.  within  the  limits  of  the  co.  Little  Sandy  Pond,  in  the  town  of  Sandy  Creek,  is  the  only 
considerable  indentation.  The  mouth  of  Oswego  River  furnishes  a  valuable  harbor,  the  only  one  of 
importance  in  the  co.  Oneida  Lake,  constituting  a  portion  of  the  s.  boundary,  is  141i  feet  above 
Lake  Ontario.'  It  is  one  link  in  the  chain  of  the  internal  water  communication  of  the  State.  A 
considerable  portion  of  the  land  in  its  immediate  vicinity  is  marshy.  Iron  ore  beds  and  a  fine  quartz 
sand,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass,  are  found  upon  its  N.  shores.  The  soil  found  in  the  shale  and 
sandstone  region  has  already  been  noticed.  The  drift  and  alluvial  deposits  which  cover  the  greater 
portion  of  the  co.  furnish  a  great  variety  of  soil.  The  sandy  portions  are  light  and  weak,  while  the 
clayey  portions  are  hard,  tough,  and  unyielding  in  many  places.  Where  these  are  mixed,  a  rich,  deep 
soil  is  the  result.   Alcjng  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  are  great  quantities  of  limestone  boulders,  which  essen- 


1  Itp  name  wafl  derived  from  the  Tnrtian  On-ti-ah-nn-tiqiio.  ITio 
early  French  explorers  called  it  ^^fhrmaqtc^n."  The  portion  lyinc 
E.  of  Oswego  River  wiiH  taken  Ironi  Oiieiila,  find  that  lyin;;  w.  i'roni 
Onondaga.  TbeOnondjl^  portinn  end -raced  the  towh'^liip'if  ilan- 
nibal  and  33  lots  of  Lysander,  belonging  to  tho  Military  Ti'act. 


2  Thia  gray  Handstone  has  been  used  for  grindstones. 

8  Ttiia  height  is  that  given  by  the  State  Geologists,  Joseph  E. 
liloiinifield.  Civil  Engineer  of  Oswego  CO.,  who  has  made  several 
surveys  through  this  region,  makes  the  height  of  Oneidu  La&a 
124  feet  above  Lake  Outiu-io. 

617 


518 


OSWEGO    COUNTY, 


tially  modify  the  soil  of  that  region.  The  marshes  are  generally  composed  of  beds  of  black  muck  and 
other  vegetable  matter,  and  form  the  richest  kind  of  natural  meadow  when  drained  and  cultivated. 

Agriculture,  manufactures,  and  commerce  about  equally  engage  the  attention  of  the  people. 
Stock  raising  and  dairying  are  the  principal  branches  of  agriculture ;  spring  grains  and  wool  are  also 
extensively  produced.^  The  commerce  is  mostly  concentrated  at  Oswego  City,  and  is  carried  on  by 
means  of  the  lake,  the  Oswego  Canal,  and  the  r.  r.  The  manufactures  consist  of  flour,  lumber, 
barrels,^  starch,  and  a  variety  of  other  articles.  The  amount  of  flour  annually  manufactured  is  greater 
than  in  any  other  co.  in  the  State,     The  principal  mills  are  at  Oswego  City,  Fulton,  and  vicinity. 

The  Oswego  Canal,  connecting  Lake  Ontario  with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Syracuse,  is  38  mi.  long,  and 
for  most  of  the  distance  is  formed  by  the  slackwater  navigation  of  Oswego  River.  Oneida  Lake  and 
River  also  form  a  part  of  the  internal  navigable  waters  of  the  State,  connecting  with  the  Oswego  Canal 
at  Tliree  River  Point  and  with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Higginsville.  The  Oswego  &  Syracuse  R.  R.  con- 
nects with  the  New  York  Central  R.  R.  at  Syracuse.  The  AVatertown  &  Rome  R.  R.  enters  the 
CO.  in  the  N.  e.  corner,  and  passes  through  WilHamstown,  Albion,  Richland,  and  Sandy  Creek. 

This  CO.  is  divided  into  two  jury  districts,'  the  courts  being  held  respectively  at  Pulaski  Village 
and  Oswego  City.*  At  the  former  place  a  brick  building,  including  a  courthouse  and  jail,  was 
erected  in  1820,  and  at  the  latter  a  wood  courthouse  about  the  same  time.*  A  stone  jail  was 
erected  in  the  city  in  1850,  and  a  fireproof  co.  clerk's  office  in  1851,®  The  co.  poorhouse  is  located 
upon  a  farm  of  60  acres  in  the  town  of  Mexico.  It  is  an  old  building,  and  is  poorly  adapted  to  its 
purpose.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  about  50.  An  asylum  for  insane  paupers  is  in  process 
of  erection  adjacent  to  the  poorhouse.  The  Oswego  Orphan  Asylum,  located  at  Oswego  City,  is  in 
part  a  co.  institution.  All  the  children  of  the  inmates  of  the  poorhouse  between  the  ages  of  4  and 
6  years  are  supported  at  the  Orphan  Asylum  at  the  co.  expense.'^ 

Two  daily  and  5  weekly  papers  are  published  in  the  co.® 


1  The  first  settlers  of  the  co.  were  principally  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  lumber  and  potash.  Wheat  waa  once  a  staple 
prodtiction;  but  since  the  commencement  of  the  ravages  of  the 
midfie  it  lias  given  place  to  the  coarser  grains. 

3  Barrels  to  the  amount  of  1,500,000  are  annually  manufac- 
tured for  the  Oswego  flour  mills  and  the  Syracuse  salt  works. 

3  The  eastern  district  comprises  the  towns  of  Albion,  Amboy, 
Constantia,  Hastings,  Mexico,  New  Haven,  Orwell,  Parish,  Red- 
field.  Richland.  Sandy  Creek,  West  Monroe,  and  Williamstown; 
and  the  western,  the  towns  of  Granby,  Hannibal,  Oswego,  Pa- 
lermo, Pchroeppd.  Scriltn,  Volney,  and  the  city  of  Oswego. 

*  Perley  Keyea  and  Ethel  Bronson,  of  Jefferson  co.,  and  Ste- 
phen Bates,  of  Ontario,  were  appointed  commissioners  to  locate 
the  county  seats  and  select  the  sites  for  the  county  buildings. 
The  first  co.  officers,  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  council, 
were  Barnet  Mooney,  First  Jitdgf ;  Henry  Williams,  Smith  Dun- 
lap,  Peter  D.  Hugunin.  David  Easton,  and  Daniel  Hawks,  jr., 
Juhqe-^  and  Juatices:  Edmund  Hawks,  Judgp.;  Elias  Brewster, 
SiiTTngote;  James  Adams,  Co.  Clerk;  and  John  S.  Davis,  SItcrijf. 
The  first  courts  were  held  in  echoolhousos  from  the  first  organ- 
ization of  the  CO.,  in  1S16,  to  the  completion  of  the  courthouses, 
in  lR'20-21. 

6  The  city  soon  outgrew  the  first  courthouse,  and  the  courts 
for  many  years  were  held  in  the  city  hall.  They  are  now  held 
In  Mead's  Hall,  on  E.  Bridge  St.  The  old  courthouse  for  several 
years  was  used  as  a  schoolhonse ;  but  recently  it  has  been  re- 
moved, and  converted  into  a  Sunday  school  chapel  for  the  Church 
of  the  Evangelists,  where  500  children  receive  religious  instnic- 
lion.  At  their  last  annual  meeting  the  Board  of  Supervisors 
authorized  the  raising  and  appropriated  $30,000  for  the  erection 
jf  a  newcourthou.se  in  the  city,  on  the  e.  public  square;  and  the 
building  is  now  being  constructed  of  Onondaga  limestone. 

*  Previous  to  this  time  the  clerk's  office  was  kept  alternately 
in  private  houses  at  each  of  the  shire  towns  for  periods  of  3 
years,  the  books  being  carried  back  and  forth  at  the  end  of  each 
period.  "^  See  page  524. 

8  The  American  Partner,  the  first  newspaper  of  the  co.,  was 

issued  at  Oswego  some  time  before  1807. 
The  Oswego  Gaztttp  w.is  started  at  Oswego  in  1S17  by  A.  Bnckin- 

ham.  and  continued  2  years. 
The  Oswego  PaJ  J  ad  i  inn  was  commenced  by  John  H.  Lord  and 

Doreplnis  Abbey  in  1S19.    It  subsequently  passed  into 

the  hands  of  Mr.  Lord,  and  waa  continued  by  him  until 

1S30.    John  Carpenter  then  became  the  proprietor,  and 

changed  its  name  to 
The  Oswego  Pulladuim  and  Republican  Chronicle,  and  continued 

it  until  1845,  when  it  was  sold  to  B.  Brockway,  who 

again  changed  it  to 
rile  Oswego  Palladium.     In  1S51  he  transferred  it  to 

a  company,  by  whom  it  was  sold  in  1853  to  Dudley 

Farlins.  the  present  editor,  who  sold  his  interest,  in  July. 

185t.  to  T.  P.  Ottowav,  the  present  publisher. 
The  Oswego  Dally  Palladium  has  been  issued  in 

connection  with  the  weekly  sinro  1850. 
T^ie  Osuv^/o  Repiihlican  waa  established  March  22. 1825,  by  Wni. 

W.  Abbey.     In  1827  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Samuel 

Osgood,  and  was  issued  a  short  time  as 


The  Oswego  Gazette  arid  AdreHiser.  In  1828  it  was  sold  toWm. 
C.  Shope,  who  published  it  as 

TJie  Oswego  Advertiser  until  lfi2Q.  It  then  passed  into  thehanda 
of  the  late  Dr.  Burdell,  of  Cunningham  notoriety,  who 
changed  its  name  to 

The  Preeman's  Herald,  and  continued  it  1  year.  It  waa  thei* 
suspended  for  2  years,  and  revived  in  1832  by  John  Q> 
Adams,  by  whom  it  was  published  as 

The  National  Bepiiblican  1  year,  and  waa  then  discontinued. 

The  Oswego  Democratic  Ginett-:  waa  published  a  short  time  in 
1830  by  James  Cochran. 

The  OsweQo  Fre^  Press  was  published  by  Richard  Oliphant  from 
1830  until  1834.  and  by  Geo.  G.  Foster  as 

The  Oswego  Democrat  until  1835,  when  it  was  discontinued. 

The  Oswego  Observer  was  st.irted  in  Feb  1835,  by  Bailey  & 
Hawks,  and  continued  until  the  latter  part  of  1836. 

The  Commercial  Herald  was  published  at  Oswego  by  Hull  & 
Henry  from  1837  to  1843. 

Tfie  Oswego  Patriot  was  published  at  Oswego  during  the  Patriot 
War  of  1838-39  by  John  Bonner  and  John  Cochrane, 
member  of  the  35th  and  36th  Congress  firom  the  6th 
district.     (City  of  New  York.) 

The  Oswego  County  Whig  was  founded  in  1838  by  Richard  Oli- 
phant, and  sold  to  Daniel  Ayer  in  1844.  In  1847  C.  D. 
Brigham  became  proprietor,  and  changed  its  name  to 

The  Oswego  Commercial  Times.  In  Nov.  1848,  James  N.  Brown 
became  the  publisher;  and  in  Feb.  1854.  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Winchester  A  Fergerson,  by  whom  the  Os- 
wego Journal  was  purchased  and  united  with  it,  and 
the  combined  paper  was  issued  as 

The  WeeJdi/  Times  and  Journal.    In  1857  it  waa  changed  to 

The  Osfvego  Times,  under  which  name  it  is  still  pub- 
lished by  J.  Tarbell. 

The  Oswego  Daily  Advertiser,  the  first  daily  in  the  co^  was 
issued  in  1845  in  connection  with  The  Whig,  and  was 
continued  until  1847,  when  its  name  was  changed  to 

The  Oswego  Daily  Commercial  Times.  It  was  publL-^hed  in  con- 
nection with  The  Commercial  Times  until  IS54,  when  it 
was  changed  to 

The  Oswego  Times  and  Journal.  In  1S57  it  was  changed  again 
to 

The  Os-vrego  Dally  Times,  and  is  still  issued  by  J. 
Tarbell. 

The  Pcople''s  Journal  was  started  at  Oswego  in  March.  1849,  by 
O'Loary  &  Dean,  and  the  next  year  it  was  sold  to  L.  A. 
Winchester.  In  1851  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Sum- 
ner &  Poucher,  who  started 

The  Oswego  Daily  News  in  connection  with  it.  The  following 
year  L.  A.  Winchester  again  became  proprietor,  and 
changed  the  name  of  the  daily  to 

The  Oswego  Doily  Journal.  In  1854  the  two  papers  were  united 
with  the  Daily  and  Weekly  Times. 

T?ie  Pulaski  Banner  was  commenced  in  April,  1830.  at  Pulaski, 
and  pnbli,«hed  by  Nathan  Randall  until  1832;  by  A.  A. 
Mathewson  and  6.  G.  Foster  until  1833;  and  by  Jamea 
Gedd  until  1834,  when  it  was  suspended.  In  1836  it 
again  appeared,  as 


OSWEGO    COUNTY. 


519 


The  portion  of  the  co.  of  Oswego  lying  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  was  discovered  in  1654  by- 
French  Jesuits,  who  established  missions  here  for  the  conversion  of  the  Iroquois.'  The  French  had 
previously  explored  the  St.  Lawrence;  and  in  1615  Champlain,  in  an  expedition  against  the  Onon- 
dagas,  passed  through  the  e.  part  of  the  co.  In  1700  the  English  explored  the  country  occupied  by 
the  Five  Nations  as  far  w.  as  Oswego;  and  in  1722  a  trading  house  was  built  here  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  N.  Y.  colonial  government.  From  that  period  considerable  trade  was  carried  on  by 
the  English  between  Oswego  and  Albany  through  Oswego  River,  Oneida  River  and  Lake,  Wood 
Creek,  and  the  Mohawk.^  In  1727  the  English  built  a  fort  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  river,  near 
its  mouth.*  The  French,  claiming  this  whole  territory,  remonstrated  against  the  action  of  the 
English,  and  several  times  planned  expeditions  to  destroy  the  fortifications,  but  did  not  carry  them 
into  eifect.  Upon  the  commencement  of  the  "Old  French  War"  of  1753,  Fort  Ontario  was  erected 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  river;  and  another  fort  was  built  upon  the  summit  of  the  w.  ridge  in  1755.* 
In  the  summer  of  1756,  5,000  French  under  Montcalm,  with  a  heavy  train  of  artillery,  consisting 
of  30  guns  of  large  caliber,  crossed  the  lake  from  Fort  Frontenac  (now  Kingston)  and  appeared 
before  this  place.  The  forts  were  invested  Aug.  11,  and,  after  3  days'  hard  fighting,  they  were 
surrendered  on  the  14th.^  The  victors  demolished  the  forts,  burned  the  English  vessels,  and  retired. 
In  1758,  Col.  Bradstreet,  with  3,350  men,  crossed  the  lake  from  this  place  and  reduced  Fort  Fronte- 
nac, After  destroying  the  fortifications  and  securing  the  military  stores  and  vessels,  he  returned  to 
Oswego  and  rebuilt  the  forts  there.  Fort  Ontario  was  greatly  enlarged,  and  built  in  the  most  sub- 
stantial manner.  In  the  summer  of  17G0,  the  powerful  army  of  Lord  Amherst  embarked  here  oa 
an  expedition  down  the  St.  Lawrence.  From  this  time  Oswego  became  the  most  important  military 
station  upon  the  western  frontier.  During  the  Revolution  it  was  strongly  garrisoned,  and  formed  the 
headquarters  of  many  of  the  marauding  parties  that  desolated  the  frontier  settlements.  It  continued 
in  possession  of  the  British  until  1796,  when  it  was  surrendered  under  the  provisions  of  Jay's  treaty. 

In  1790,  George  Scriba,  a  merchant  of  N.  Y.  City,  and  a  German  by  birth,  purchased  500,000 
acres  of  land  lying  between  Lakes  Oneida  and  Ontario,  for  the  sum  of  !^80,000.^  This  purchase, 
known  as  "  Scriba's  Patent,"  was  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Fish  Creek  and  on  the  w.  by  Oswego  River, 
and  embraced  14  towns  in  Oswego  co.  and  4  in  Oneida.  In  1794,  Mr.  Scriba  caused  a  settlement 
ixj  be  made  and  a  sawmill  built  on  the  shore  of  Oneida  Lake,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  ^^Rot- 
terdam,*'— now  Constantia.  In  1795  he  built  a  gristmill — the  first  in  the  co. — and  several  other 
buildings  at  the  same  place.  During  the  same  year  his  patent  was  surveyed  and  divided  into 
townships  and  subdivided  into  lots.'  About  the  same  time  he  commenced  a  settlement  at  the 
mouth  of  Little  Salmon  Creek,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  12  mi.  n.  e.  of  Oswego,  which  he  called 


The  PuIasJn  Advocafe^and  was  published  by  Daniel  Ayer  until 

18SS.    It  waa  then  sold  to Dickinson  and  united 

with  the  port  Ontario  Aurora,  the  united  papers  taking 
the  name  of 

The  Advocate  and  Aurora.  The  name,  Aurora,  was  dropped  in 
1840,  when  the  Advocate  again  passed  into  the  hands 
of  Daniel  Ayer,  and  was  discontinued  in  1842. 

The  Pulaski  Conrifr  waa  started  in  1843  by  W.  Winans.  In 
1B47  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  A.  A.  Mathewaon,  and 
was  changed  to 

The  Kichlmui  Omrier.  In  1850  it  was  sold  to  Joseph  Hatch, 
who  chanpod  its  title  to 

The  Pulaski  Democrat.  In  1S56  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of Miller,  its  present  publisher. 

The  Fulton  Chronicle  was  started  in  Nov.  1837,  by  Thomas 
Johnson.  In  1840  it  was  sold  to  Isaac  S.  Clark  and 
Edwin  Thompson,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  the 

Ben  Franklin.  It  was  discontinued  the  following  year,  and  suc- 
ceeded by 

The  WtrlJy  Dfspatch,  published  by  E.  C.  Hatten  about  1  year. 

The  Fulton  Sun  waa  started  in  1S41  by  N.  B.  Northrop.  In 
1S42  it  was  united  with  the  Mirror. 

The  Fultnn  Mirr(rr  was  established  Aug.  20,  1842,  by  Daniel 
Ayer.  It  waa  soon  after  united  with  the  Sun  and  issued 
as 

The  Fulton  Sun  and  Mirror.  In  Sept.  1S44,  it  was  sold  to 
Spencer  Munroe,  and  soon  after  discontinued.  It  was 
succeeded  bv 

The  Pulton  Patriot.  M.  C.  Hough.  John  A.  Place,  and 
T.  S.  Brigham  were  successively  interested  in  its  publi- 
cation. The  latter  was  succeeded  by  R.  K.  Sandford, 
its  present  publisher. 

Tfie  Oswgn  Counti/  Gazette,  commenced  at  Fulton  in  1853  by 
Geo.  E.  Williams,  was  merged  in  The  Fulton  Patriot  in 
18ft8. 

The  I^rt  Ontario  Aurora  wn»  published  by Van  Cleve  and 

subsequently  by Dickinson  from  1837  to  1839,  when 

it  w.ia  united  with  The  Pulaski  Advocate. 

T?ie  Osweffo  CouJilr/  Demncrai  was  started  at  Mexico  in  1838  by 
Thomas  Messenger.    It  was  aftenvard  styled 

T&<  Messenger,  and  was  discontinued  in  1839. 


The  Phcenix  Gazette,  started  at  Phoenix  in  1851,  was  publiphed 
by  Jerome  Duke,  and  afterward  by  Geo.  E,  WiUiams 
until  1853,  when  it  was  removed  to  Fulton. 

The  Phcenix  Democrat  was  established  in  1852  by  an  nssociatinn. 
In  1854  it  was  sold  to  James  H.  Field,  and  the  nest  year 
ho  gave  it  the  name  of 

The  PheBuix  Banner.    In  1855  it  was  published  a  short  time  as 

The  American  Banner  and  Oawego  County  Times.  It  waa  sufr 
pended  in  1855,  and  in  1856  it  was  revived  by  Mary 
Frances  Tucker,  and  called 

The  American  Banner  and  Literary  Gem.  Eight  months  after- 
ward it  was  sold  to  Levi  Murrill,  by  whom  it  was  pul> 
lished  as 

T?ie  American  Banner  tintil  1857.  After  being  suspended  two 
months,  it  was  revived,  under  the  title  of 

The  Phcenix  Reporter,  by  Joshua  Williams,  by  whom 
it  is  still  published. 

1  There  is  a  tradition  that  the  French  established  a  military 
post  here  at  a  very  early  period;  but  research  anioog  the  papers 
of  that  period  does  not  corroborate  the  statement. 

2  There  were  several  portages  on  this  route, — around  the  falls 
in  the  streams,  and  across  from  Wood  Creek  to  the  Mohawk. 

'  Not  a  single  trace  of  this  fortification  now  remains. 

**  This  fort  stood  at  the  junction  of  West  6th  and  Van  Buren 
Sts. 

6  The  French  landed  50  mi.  e.  of  Oswego,  and  marched  along 
the  lake  shore  under  cover  of  their  naval  force.  The  English 
gaiTison  numbered  2,000  strong.  Col.  Mercer,  the  English  com- 
mander, was  killed  by  a  cannon  shot  on  the  2d  day  of  the  siege 

*  In  this  grant  the  State  made  reservations  of  the  territory  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  within  the  limit.s  of  the  city  of  Oswego, 
and  also  at  the  falls  in  the  village  of  Fulton.  Most  of  these 
reser\'ations  were  disposed  of  at  public  sale  in  1827.  At  an 
earlier  date,  considerable  tracts  iu  Scriba's  Patent,  on  Oswego 
Kiver,  were  jointly  purchased  by  Gen.  Alexander  Hamilton, 
Johu  Laurence,  and  John  B.  Church.  Several  other  grants  were 
also  made  along  the  river.  Other  tracts  of  connidfrabje  magni- 
tude were  purchased  by  Schroeppel,  Kosevelt.  and  others. 

'  This  Bun'ey  and  subdivision  was  made  by  Benjamin  Wright, 
who  in  1793-94  ran  the  base  line  from  Itome  to  Fort  OntArio, 
00  which  the  towns  of  Scriba's  Patent  were  laid  out.    The  town- 


520 


OSWEGO    COUNTY. 


"  Vera  Criiz/*^  (now  Texas.)  He  here  built  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  store,  and  other  buildings,  and 
commenced  an  active  trade  on  the  lake;  and  for  some  years  the  place  bid  fair  to  become  a  formid- 
able rival  of  Oswego,  and  the  most  important  commercial  station  upon  the  lake.  A  few  other 
settlements  were  made  at  other  points  in  the  co.,  principally  under  the  auspices  of  Mr.  Scriba,  pre- 
vious to  1800;  but  immigration  did  not  begin  to  flow  in  rapidly  until  a  few  years  later.  The  lands 
of  Mr.  Scriba  were  divided  and  sold  to  a  great  number  of  different  parties;  and  while  his  exertions 
and  expenditures  were  of  great  service  to  the  first  settlers,  they  proved  extremely  unprofitable  to  him- 
eelf.^  In  common  with  all  the  frontier  settlements,  the  growth  of  this  region  was  seriously  retarded 
by  the  War  of  1812.  Oswego  Village  became  the  theater  of  stirring  military  events ;  and  on  the  5th 
of  May,  18 14,  it  was  taken  by  the  British.^  At  the  return  of  peace,  immigration  again  flowed  in,  and 
the  subsequent  history  has  been  one  of  steady  and  continuous  progress.  The  opening  of  the  Erie  and 
Oswego  Canals,  in  this  State,  and  of  the  Welland  Canal,  in  Canada,  greatly  increased  the  commercial 
importance  of  the  city  and  stimulated  the  manufacturing  interests  throughout  the  co. 


AIjBIOIV — was  taken  from  Richland,  March  24,  1825.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  e.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating.  The  summits  of  the  ridges  are  50  to 
100  feet  above  the  valleys,  and  the  highest  point  in  town  is  392  feet  above  Lake  Ontario.  The  low- 
lands are  wet  and  in  some  places  marshy.  Salmon  River  flows  through  the  n.  part.*  In  the  n.e. 
part  are  2  or  3  small  ponds.  Thesoilconsistsof  deposits  of  sand  and  gravel,  and  is  of  medium  quality. 
Drift  deposits  cover  the  whole  surface,  except  along  the  river  courses,  where  the  underlying  rocks 
crop  out.  Much  of  the  s.  part  of  the  town  is  yet  unsettled.  Considerable  manufacturing  is  carried 
on.^  Sand  Bank.,  (P-"^-')  on  Salmon  River,  is  a  station  on  theWatertown  &  Rome  R.  R.,  midway 
between  the  two  places.  It  contains  1  church,  a  hotel,  4  stores,  2  tanneries,  5  sawmills,  and  a  flour- 
ing mill.  Pop.  313.  Pineville,  (Salmon  River  p.o.,)  a  station  on  the  W.  &  R.  R.  R.,  situated  on 
Salmon  River,  contains  1  church,  an  inn,  a  store,  a  sawmill,  and  a  large  tannery.  Pop,  144.  IVe^W 
Centerville,  (p.  o.,)  a  station  on  the  W.  &  R.  R.  R.,  Dug-  "Way,  (p.  o.,)  and  Soufb 
Albion  (p.  0.)  are  hamlets.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  18L2,  by  Gary  Burdic,  of  Williams- 
town,  on  Lot  29,  and  Peter  Henderson,  at  Sand  Bank.^     There  are  4  churches  in  town.' 

AMBOY — was  formed  from  AVilliamstown,  March  25,  1830.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the 
CO.,  s.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  has  a  general  southerly  inclination.  Its  highest 
point  is  about  450  feet  above  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  drained  principally  by  Fish  Creek  and  other 
small  tributaries  of  Oneida  Lake.  In  the  s.  and  w.  parts  are  numerous  small  lakes  and  ponds,  the 
principal  of  which  are  Painter  Lake,  North  and  South  Ponds.  The  n.  half  of  the  town  is  in  the 
region  of  the  gray  sandstone,  and  the  s,  half  in  that  of  tlie  red  or  Medina  sandstone.  The  soil  ig 
principally  a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam.     Aniboy  Center   (p. v.)  contains  13  houses;  West 


ehipa  of  Scriba's  Patent,  like  tbose  of  Manomb'a  Purcbasp,  re- 
ceived names  from  the  proprietors  that  are  known  only  in  deeds ; 
viz.,— 

1.  Fulda Ava,  Lee.  and  Annsville. 

2.  Munden Lee  and  Rome. 

3.  Sulingen Anusvillo 

4.  Florence Florence. 

5.  Franklin Williamstown. 

6.  Middleburgh Amboy. 

7.  Linley Camden. 

8.  Bloomfield Lee  and  Annsville. 

9.  Embden Vienna. 

10.  Edam Vienna. 

11.  Rotterdam Ctmstantia. 

12.  Delft West  Monroe. 

13.  Breda. Hasting^s. 

14.  BmgeiL. Palermo. 

15.  Mentz Volney. 

16.  Georgia Schroeppel. 

17.  Fredericksburgh Scriba  and  Oswego  City. 

18.  Oswego. Scriba  and  Oswego. 

19.  Vera  Cruz New  Haven. 

20.  Mexico Mexico. 

21.  Richland Richland. 

22.  Alkmaer Albion 

23.  Strasburgh Parish. 

24.  Erlang Schroeppel. 

The  townships  of  the  Boylston  Tract  in  this  co.  are, — 

6.  Campania Boylston. 

y        7.  Arcadia Redfield,  (once  Greeuboro'.) 

10.  Pacbland Sandy  Creek  and  Richland. 

11.  Longinus Orwell. 

12.  Redfield Redfield. 

Richland  appears  to  be  ancertain,  or  this  name  has  been 
ft|iplied  to  two  Burveya, 


1  Vera  Cruz  was  laid  out  into  city  lots  by  Mr.  Wright,  who 
was  an  agent  of  Scriba,  and  considerable  improvements  were 
made,  A  4  rod  highway  was  cut  from  Rotterdam  to  Vera  Cnjz, 
a  distance  of  20  mi.,  from  lake  to  lake.  In  1798  a  schooner  waa 
built  there  by  Mr.  Scriba's  agent,  which  was  engaged  in  Hie 
trade  between  Vera  Cruz  and  the  Canadian  port  of  Kingston. 
It  is  said  that  in  1804  more  merchandise  was  sold  there  than  at 
Oswego  or  Utica;  and  in  the  imagioation  of  many  persons  Vera 
Cruz  was  destined  to  command  the  trade  of  Canada  and  the 
West.  But,  by  a  series  of  disasters  on  the  lake,  a  large  portion 
of  the  male  residents  were  lost  to  the  infant  settlement ;  and  the 
restrictive  p<"iUcy  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  administration,  followed  by 
the  War  of  1812.  extinguished  the  tiattering  prospects  of  Vera 
Cruz.  The  events  and  the  action  of  half  a  century  have  nearly 
obliterated  all  traces  of  the  once  promising  city. 

2  At  the  time  of  the  purchase  Mr.  Scriba's  fortune  wa3  esti- 
mated at  $1,500,000;  but  the  whole  of  it  became  swullowed  up 
in  bis  efforts  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  infant  settlements; 
and  he  died  Aug.  14,  1836,  at  the  age  of  84.  a  poor  man. 

^  See  page  625. 

*  Before  the  dams  were  bnilt  npon  this  river,  great  numbers 
of  salmon  were  annually  taken. 

6  Large  quantities  of  lumber,  leather,  and  barrels  are  manu- 
factured, the  latter  for  the  Onondaga  salt  and  Oswego  flour 
markets.  There  are  38  sawmills,  3  tanneries,  and  2  gristmills 
in  town. 

6  In  1813  David,  Luther,  and  Benj.  Lilly  and  Allen  McClam 
settled  in  the  town.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  a  son  of  Luther 
Lilly,  in  1813 :  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Heniy  Baker  and  I.ncy 
Burdic,  in  1819;  nni\  the  first  death,  th.it  of  a  son  of  Luther 
Lilly,  in  1813.  The  first  inn  was  kept  by  Dr.  Brace,  at  Sand 
Bank,  in  1814;  and  the  first  store,  by  Ammi  Hinkley.  in  1828. 
The  Lilly  brothers  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1813.  and  Ezekiel 
Smith  tlie  first  gristmill,  in  1818.  The  first  school  was  taught 
by  Sylvia  Breed,  in  the  summer  of  1817.      '  2  Union,  Bap.,  M.  E, 


OSWEGO    COUNTY. 


521 


Aniboy  (p.  v.)  20;  and  Carterville  (p.  v.)  12.    Joseph  Perkins,  from  Conn,,  was  the  first 
settler,  in  1805.^     There  are  2  churches  in  town ;  M.  E.  and  Bap.,  both  located  at  Amboy  Center. 

BOYI^STO^^— was  formed  from  Orwell,  Feb.  7,  1828.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co., 
E.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  rolling  in  the  center  and  e.,  and  moderately  hilly  in  the  w.  It  haa 
a  westerly  inclination,  and  its  highest  points  are  700  to  800  feet  above  tide.  The  soil  in  the  n.  and 
w.  parts  is  a  productive,  gravelly  loam,  the  underlying  rock  being  the  Lorraine  shale.  The  s.e. 
corner  of  the  town  extends  into  the  gray  limestone  region,  and  the  soil  is  light  and  thin. 
Boylston  (p.o.)  is  in  the  n.  w.  part.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1810,  on  Lots  2  and  3,  by 
John  Wort  and  Michael  Sweetman,  both  from  Canajoharie.'  Meetings  for  religious  worship  are 
held  in  the  tovm  by  the  Episcopal  Methodists  and  the  Wesleyan  Methodists. 

CO^STAKTIA*— was  formed  from  Mexico,  April  8,  1808.  Hastings  was  taken  off  in  1825, 
and  West  Monroe  in  1839.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  shore  of  Oneida  Lake,  in  the  s.e.  corner  of  the  co. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  is  slightly  inclined  toward  the  s.  The  principal  streams  are  Scriba 
and  Black  Creeks,  flowing  into  Oneida  Lake.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  Clinton  group  of  rocks, 
which  extend  through  the  s.  part.  The  soil  consists  of  clay,  gravel,  sand,  and  vegetable  mold,  and 
in  general  is  fertile.  Most  of  the  interior  is  yet  unsettled.  Frenchmans  Island,  in  Oneida  Lake, 
about  4  mi.  from  Constantia,  belongs  to  this  town ;  it  contains  about  28  acres.^  Lumber,  leather, 
glass,  and  iron  are  extensively  manufactured.^  Cleveland,'  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  15,  1857,  is 
located  on  Oneida  Lake,  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town.  It  contains  2  churches,  2  glass  factories,  and 
several  other  manufactories.  Pop.  1,005.  Constaulia,  (p.  v..)  in  the  w.  part,  on  Oneida  Lake, 
contains  2  churches  and  has  a  pop,  of  600.  Bernhards  Bay,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  lake,  contains  2 
churches,  a  glass  factory,  and  360  inhabitants.  Constantia  Center  is  a  p.  o.  Soon  after  the 
purchase  of  Scriba's  Patent,  in  1790,  Mr.  Scriba  commenced  the  first  settlement  of  his  lands  at  Con- 
stantia, and  established  agents  and  laborers  there  in  1793.^    There  are  7  churches  in  town.® 

GRAIVBT — was  formed  from  Hannibal,  April  20, 1818.  A  part  of  Oswego  was  taken  off  in  1836. 
It  lies  on  the  w.  bank  of  Oswego  River,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  gently  rolling,  with 
a  slight  inclination  to  the  n.e.  Oswego  River  flows  through  a  valley  from  30  to  60  feet  below  the 
general  level  of  the  town ;  within  this  town  it  has  a  fall  of  40  feet.  Lake  Nea-tah-wan-ta,  near  the 
center  of  the  e.  part,  is  about  1  mi.  in  diameter.  It  lies  about  25  feet  above  the  river  at  the  head  of 
the  fails.  The  streams  are  Os  Creek,  Six  Mile  Creek,  and  the  outlet  of  Nea-tah-wan-ta  Lake.  The 
soil  is  generally  a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam.  Bradstreets^^  or  Battle  Island  is  in  Oswego  River,  about 
4  mi.  below  the  Oswego  Falls.  Starch,  leather,  lumber,  and  the  products  of  wood  are  extensively 
manufactured.^^  Os'vreg'O  Falls^  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  Oct.  12,  1853,  a  station  on  the  S.  &  0.  R.  R.,  ia 
situated  on  Oswego  River,  opposite  the  village  of  Fulton.  Pop.  703.  Oranby  Center  and 
South  Oranby  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  the  falls,  in  1792,  by  Laurence 
Van  Valkinberg,  from  Rensselaer  co.,  N.Y.^^     There  are  now  2  churches  in  town.'^  521 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  David  ?mith,  in  1815;  Wm. 
and  Teaac  Chixton  and  John  Drought,  in  1818  ;  and  Ssifje  Park, 
in  18:^1 .  Tlie  first  inn  wne  kept  by  Joseph  Perkins,  in  1S05 ;  the 
first  sawniill  was  built  by  Joseph  Murphy,  in  1822.  and  the 
first  gristmill  by  Page  Park,  in  1828.  The  first  school  was 
taught  by  Cynthia  Stoddard,  in  the  summer  of  11^23. 

2  Named  from  Thos.  Boylston,  who  held,  for  a  few  hours,  the 
title  of  a  tract  since  known  as  the  Boylaton  Purchase.  He  never 
owned  the  tract;  the  conveyance  wassimplya  trust,  and  quickly 
passed  into  other  hands. 

'Among  the  first  settlers  were  David  Webb,  in  1810;  R. 
Streeter,  in  1814;  and  Peter  and  gamuel  Wells,  in  1815.  The 
first  birth  was  that  of  Phebe  Ann  Wood;  the  first  marriage, 
that  of  Samuel  Wells  and  Elizabeth  Gordon ;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  an  infant  child  of  Mr.  Ward.  Reuben  Snyder  built  the 
first  sawmill,  in  1822.  The  first  school  was  tauglit  by  Polly 
Allport,  in  1817.  *  Named  by  the  proprietor.  Geo.  Scriba. 

6  "During  the  French  Revolution  of  1793.  when  the  French 
nobility  were  compelled  to  seek  safety  in  flight,  and  the  trains 
of  exiles  to  this  country  were  crowded  with  dukes  and  princes 
of  the  blood,  the  Count  St.  Hilary,  a  ynung  Frenchman,  and  his 
beautiful  and  accomplished  wife,  a  daughter  of  the  nnble  house 
of  Clermont,  landed  upon  our  shores.  Following  tho  trail  of 
emigration  westward,  they  reached  Oneida  Lake,  then  on  the 
great  thoroughfare  of  travel;  and,  attracted  by  the  beautiful 
Island  and  its  primitive  forests,  they  landed  upon  it,  and  con- 
cluded to  make  it  their  future  home.  Here,  in  the  deep  soli- 
tude of  nature,  they  enjoyed  for  mauy  monthu  ptfi  feci  pence  and 
uutr-ludc.  Thcii  plftcc  of  rcrfdoncc  xvae  at  length  discovered  by 
Chancellor  Lirinirston,  who  had  formerly  enjoyed  the  elegant 
hospitalities  of  the  hidy's  family  at  Paris.  He  visited  them  in 
their  rural  home,  and,  after  spending  some  time  with  them,  he 
prevailed  upon  them  to  return  with  him  to  bis  mansion  upon 
the  Hudson.    There  they  continued  to  reside  until  Bonaparto 


had  put  an  end  to  the  reign  of  terror  and  restored  much  of  the 
confiscated  property  to  the  exiles  of  the  Revolution,  when  tlicy 
returned  to  France.  Several  years  after,  as  Livingston  stood 
upon  the  bank  of  the  Seine,  amidst  a  crowd  of  distingiiished 
Parisians,  to  witness  the  first  experiment  of  Robert  Fulton  in 
steam  navigation,  he  was  recognized  by  tho  Count,  who  at  once 
took  him  tohisresidence,  and  treated  him  during  his  stay  at  Paris 
as  a  generous  benefactorand  an  honored  guest.  Livingston's  man- 
sion upon  the  Hudson  and  the  first  steamlDoat  of  Fulton  and  Living- 
ston were  both  named,  in  honor  of  the  lady's  family, '  Clermont."* 

*  There  are  34  sawmills,  2  flouring  mills,  3  glass  factories,  2 
tanneries,  an  iron  foundery,  and  other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments in  town. 

7  Named  from  James  CJevel.ind.  who  settled  here  in  1828. 

8  Solomon  Waring.  Joshua  Lynch,  and  Dr.  Tandercamp  settled 
in  town  in  1793;  and  John  Bernhard  in  1795.  The  first  hirth 
was  that  of  George  Waring.  April  11,  1796.  The  first  store  was 
opened  in  1793,  by  Mr.  Scriba.  and  the  first  inn  the  same  year, 
by  Major  Solomon  Waring.  In  1794-96,  Mr.  Scriba  erected  in 
this  town  the  first  sawmill  and  gristmill  built  in  the  co.  The 
first  school  was  opened  in  1797,  at  Constantia. 

•  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  M.E.,  Asso.  Presb.,  Friends.  Ref.  Prot. D..  B.C. 
W  So  named  from  the  circumstance  of  a  battle  having  been 

fought  upon  it  between  the  Knglish,  under  Col.  Bradstreet,  and 
the  French,  with  their  Indian  allies,  in  175fi- 

u  There  are  15  sawmills,  1  gristmill,  2  tanneries,  and  a  starch 
factory  in  town. 

12  Henry  Bush  settled  in  t^wn  in  1793;  ■ Penoyer  in  1704* 

Pet^r  Hiipninin  in  ls03:  Barnet  Mooney  in  1804  ;  and  John  Hut> 
chinson  in  1808.  The  first  store  was  cpened  in  1792.  by  an  liidlau 
trader  by  the  name  of  Fowler;  and  the  first  inn  w;is  kept  by.!,  din 
J.  Walrad.  in  1807.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  .^.  lun.k  A 
TFilson.  in  1814,  and  the  first  gristmill  in  1S22.  Beiij.  Kohinnor 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1812.  "  Prot.  Kpibc.  and  M.  K 


b22 


OSWEGO    COUNTY. 


IIAWlVIBAIi — ^was  formed  from  Lysander,  as  a  part  of  Onondaga  co.,  Feb.  28,  1806,  and  em- 
braced all  that  part  of  Oswego  co.  lying  w.  of  the  river.  Oswego  and  Granby  were  taken  ofiF  ia 
1818.  It  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  gently  undulating,  the  ridges  being 
30  to  50  feet  above  the  valleys.  In  the  e.  part  are  several  swamps,  one  of  which  covers  500  acres. 
The  soil  is  a  rich,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  A  salt  spring,  from  which  salt  has  been  manufactured, 
is  found  in  the  N.  w.  corner.  Springs  of  brine,  characteristic  of  the  Medina  sandstone  strata,  have 
been  discovered  in  several  other  localities,  but  none  of  sufficient  strength  to  render  their  working 
profitable.  The  principal  manufacturing  establishments  are  those  uf  leather,  lumber,  and  the  pro- 
ducts of  wood.'  Ilannibal,  (p.  v.,)  on  Nine  Mile  Creek,  a  little  w.  of  the  center  of  the  town, 
contains  3  churches  and  about  60  houses;  Hannibal  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  20  houses;  and 
Hulls  Corners  (South  Hannibal  p.o.)  18.  Wlieelers  Corners  is  a  hamlet  in  the  x.  part, 
and  HJnneys  Four  Corners  is  a  p.  o.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  1802,  by  Thomas 
Sprague  and  his  sons,  from  Milton,  Saratoga  co.'    The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1815.* 

HASTIIVGS — was  formed  from  Constantia,  April  20, 1825.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  shore  of  Oneida 
Eiver,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating,  its  northern  boundary 
being  about  75  feet  above  Oneida  Lake.  The  soil  is  clay,  sand,  and  gravelly  loam.  In  some  parta 
of  the  town  it  is  difficult  to  find  fresh  water  by  digging.  Brine  springs  are  found  in  several  parts 
in  the  red  Medina  sandstone  formation.  In  the  n.e.  part  is  a  tamarack  swamp,  of  about  5  acres,  in 
the  center  of  which  is  an  immense  spring  10  feet  in  diameter.  This  spring  is  on  a  level  with  tho 
surrounding  summit ;  and  it  is  surrounded  by  a  deep,  loose  muck  which  extends  downward  to  an 
unknown  depth.  There  are  18  sawmills,  several  gristmills,  and  2  tanneries  in  town.  Central 
Sqnare  (p.  v.)  contains  about  50  houses;  Hastings,  (p.  v.,)  in  thcN.  part,  30;  Cauglidenoy, 
(Cod-e-noy,)  (p.  v.,)  on  Oneida  River,  in  the  s.  w.  part,  30 ;  and  Hastings  Center  (p.  v.)  15. 
Smiths  Mills  and  Fort  Bre'tTerton  are  villages  of  about  20  houses  each.  The  latter  ia 
situated  at  the  foot  of  Oneida  Lake,  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Brewerton.*  The  first  settlement  was 
made  at  Fort  Brewerton,  by  Oliver  Stevens,  in  1789.*     There  are  4  churches  in  town. 

MEXICO — was  formed  from  Whitestown,  April  10,  1792,  as  part  of  Herkimer  co.  Parts  of 
Richland  and  New  Haven  were  annexed  May  9,  1830.  It  included  the  northerly  towns  of  Oneida 
CO.,  nearly  all  of  Lewis  and  Jefiferson  cos.  w.  of  Black  River,  and  all  of  Oswego  co.  E.  of  Oswego  River. 
Camden  was  taken  oflT  in  1799,  Champion,  Redfield,  Turin,  Watertown,  and  Lowville  in  1800, 
Adams  in  1802,  Lorraine  and  Williamstown  in  1804,  Volney  in  1806,  Constantia  in  1808,  New  Haven 
in  1813,  and  Parish  in  1828.  Its  surface  is  gently  rolling.  It  is  well  watered  by  numerous  small 
streams,  the  principal  of  which  are  Little  Salmon  and  Sage  Creeks.  There  is  scarcely  a  foot  of  waste 
or  broken  land  in  the  town.  The  underlying  rock  is  gray  sandstone,  covered  deep  with  alluvial 
deposits.  The  soil  consists  of  clay,  sand,  and  gravelly  loam,  and  is  very  productive.  Considerable 
attention  is  given  to  stock  raising  and  dairying;  the  manufacture  of  lumber,  barrels,  and  leather  is 
carried  on  to  some  extent.*  Mexico,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  was  incorp.  Jan.  15,  1851,  and  con- 
tains 3  churches,  an  academy,'  12  stores,  2  banks,  3  hotels,  3  flouring  and  grist  mills,  a  sawmill,  a 
furnace  and  machine  shop,  3  coach  factories,  4  carriage  shops,  and  3  cabinet  shops.  Pop.  948. 
Colosse,  (p.v.,)  in  the  s.e.  part,  contains  1  church,  2  inns,  a  store,  2  sawmills,  and  2  gristmills. 
Pop.  119.  Texas,'  (p.v.,)  located  near  the  mouth  of  Little  Salmon  Creek,  contains  30  houses; 
Union  Square,  (p.  o.)  in  the  E.,is  a  hamlet.  The  names  of  the  earliest  settlers  within  the  pre- 
sent limits  of  this  town  are  lost.  There  were  about  25  who  had  already  located  in  1798 ;  Jonathan 
Parkhurst  and  Nathaniel  Rood,  from  Oneida  co.,  came  that  year.'  By  the  upsetting  of  a  boat  upon 
the  lake,  in  1799,  Capt.  Geerman  and  0  others  were  lost,  and  in  1804,  by  a  similar  disaster,  9  others, 


1  Tliere  are  19  Bawmills,  a  Btave  factory,  2  gi-istmills,  and  2 
tanneries  in  to\vn. 

*  Watson  Earle, Samuel  Baron,  Joseph  Weed,  Sterling  Moore, 
David  Wilson,  and  Israel  Messetij;;er  settled  at  Hannibal  Center 
In  1S06.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Carr  SpraRue,  in  1806  ;  tho 
first  marriage,  that  of  Daniel  Thomas  and  Prndence  Sprague,  in 
1S03;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Sprague, 
in  1806.  The  first  gristmill  was  built  by  Earl  &  Colton,  in  1S05; 
and  the  first  sawmill,  by  Silaa  CrandeU,  in  ISll.  The  first  inn 
was  kept  by  Ilenry  Jennings,  in  1S08;  the  first  store,  by  Bepj. 
Plielps,  in  1815 ;  and  the  fil-st  school  was  taught  in  1810. 

*  The  census  reports  4  churches ;  2  Bap.,  Cong-  and  M,  E. 

*  A  little  E.  of  tho  fort  grouod  ia  a  BaodhnDli,  in  which  bones 
are  found  belonging  to  men  over  7  feet  high.  A  mound  at  the 
E.  extrL'iuity  of  the  hank  is  full  of  human  bones,  indicating  the 
place  of  sepulture  for  thousands. — Ciark^s  Onondaga,  tW.  2.  p.  182. 

^  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Timothy  Tickery,  Chester 
Loomis,  Solomon  Allen,  and  Jacob  Rice.  The  first  birth  was 
that  of  John  L.  Stevens,  in  1802 ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Silas 


Bellows  and  Betsey  Tickery,  in  1808;  and  the  first  death,  that 
of  Horatio  Stevens,  in  1792.  Chester  Loomis  kept  the  first  inn, 
in  1816;  and  Hustings  Curtis,  the  first  store,  in  1820.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  I'Htrick  Tickery,  at  Caoghdenoy. 

*  There  are  19  sawmills,  5  gristmills,  a  fulling  and  cloth  dres*. 
ing  mill,  a  woolen  factory,  and  3  tanneries. 

*  The  Mexico  Academy  was  organized  in  1826.  as  the  "  If^nssel- 
aer  Onvt^go  Academy.'^     Its  name  was  changed  May  19, 1846. 

8  Formerly  called  'Tpra  Cruz,"     See  p..')20. 

8  Phineas  Davis  and  Calvin  TifTany,  from  Conn.,  settled  in 
1799 ;  John  Morton  and  Asa  Davis  in  1.801 ;  Peleg  Brown.  Daniel 
Eames,  and  T.eonnrd  Ames  in  18tt4;  and  Solomon  Peck  in  1806. 
The  first  birth  was  that  of  Trnman  Tlr,.^A,  Aug.  10,  1799;  and 
the  first  marriage,  that  of  Richard  Gafford  and  ^Irs.  Rood,  widow 
of  N.  Kood.  The  first  grist  and  saw  mill  were  built  by  Mr. 
Scriba's  agent ;  and  the  first  store  was  kept  by  Benj.  Wright. 
The  first  school  was  taught  by  Sanford  Douglass,  at  Colosse,  in 
1806. 


OSWEGO    COUNTY. 


523 


leaving  but  1  male  adult  inhabitant  in  the  settlement.'    There  are  10  religious  societies  and  9 
church  edifices  in  town.'' 

KEW  HAVEHf— was  formed  from  Mexico,  April  2,  1813.  A  part  was  annexed  to  Mexico 
May  9,  1836.  It  lies  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is 
rolling  and  generally  smooth.  It  is  watered  by  Spring  Brook,  Catfish  and  Butterfly  Creeks,  3  small 
streams  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario.  There  is  quite  an  extensive  marsh  near  the  mouth  of  Butterfly 
Creek,  in  the  n.e.  part  of  the  town,  and  another  in  the  s.w.  part.  The  underlying  rock  is  gray 
sandstone,  and  the  soil  is  principally  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Stock  raising  receives  more  atten 
tion  in  this  than  in  the  other  towns  of  the  co.,  and  a  limited  amount  of  manufacturing  is  done.' 
New  Haven,  (p.  v.,)  situated  near  the  center  of  the  town,  on  Catfish  Creek,  contains  2  churches, 
2  inns,  a  store,  a  sawmill,  a  gristmill,  and  about  50  houses.     Butterfly  is  a  p.  o.  near  the  e.  line 

of  the  town.     The  first  settlement  was  made  by Rood  and Doolittle,  at  New  Haven,  in 

1798.*     The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  organized  at  New  Haven  Village,  in  1817 ;  and  Rev.  AVilliam 
Williams  was  the  first  minister.     There  are  now  2  churches  in  town ;  Cong,  and  M.  E. 

ORWEM.— was  formed  from  Richland,  Feb.  28,  1817,  and  Boylston  was  taken  off  in  1828.  A 
part  of  Richland  was  annexed  March  27,  1844.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  N.  E.  of  the  center  of 
the  CO.  The  surface  has  a  s.  w.  inclination,  its  e.  border  being  elevated  300  to  500  feet  above  its  w. 
and  700  to  1,000  feet  above  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  moderately  hilly,  and  is  considerably  broken  in  places 
by  the  deep  ravines  of  the  streams.  Upon  Salmon  River  is  a  fall  worthy  of  note.  The  stream  flows 
over  a  rocky  bed  in  a  series  of  rapids  for  2  mi.  and  then  falls  over  a  precipice  110  feet  perpendicular. 
The  banks  of  the  stream  below  the  fall  are  200  feet  high.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  loam. 
The  E.  half  of  the  town  is  yet  uncultivated.  Lumber  and  other  products  of  wood  form  the  leading 
articles  manufactured ;  and  considerable  attention  is  given  to  stock  raising  and  dairying.^  Or^vell 
Corners,  (Orwell  p.o.,)  in  the  w.  part,  contains  1  church,  3  stores,  an  inn,  a  sawmill,  a  gristmill, 
a  tannery,  a  steam  cabinet  factory,  and  about  40  houses.  Slaline  is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  part.  The 
first  settlers  were  Nathaniel  Bennett  and  his  son  Nathaniel,  from  Rensselaer  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Lots  82 
and  83,  and  Capt.  Noyes,  on  Lot  29,  in  1800."    There  are  3  religious  societies  in  town.' 

OS"WEGO  CITY— formed  from  Oswego  and  Scriba,  was 
incorp.  as  a  village  March  14,  1828,  and  was  enlarged  and 
organized  as  a  city  March  24,  1848.'  It  is  situated  on  Lake 
Ontario,  at  the  mouth  of  Oswego  River,'  that  stream  dividing  the 
city  into  two  nearly  equal  parts.  The  river  is  bordered  upon 
each  side  by  a  ridge,  which  rises  in  gradual  slopes  to  a  height 
of  about  100  feet,  and  ends  in  bluffs  on  the  lake  shore  40  to  60 
feet  high.  The  summits  of  these  ridges  are  about  1  mi.  apart, 
and  descend  from  the  river  in  the  same  gradual  slopes  as  toward 
it.  One  mi.  w.  is  a  valley  opening  through  the  ridge  into  the 
river  above  the  falls,  through  which  the  Oswego  must  have  once 
flowed  into  the  lake.  The  s.  border  of  the  city  is  skirted  by  u 
bluff  or  escarpment  about  160  feet  above  the  lake,  indicating  an  ancient  lake  or  sea  beach.  Hero 
commences  the  deep  ravine  excavated  by  the  river  through  strata  of  red  sandstone  of  the  Medina 
group  and  underlying  shale.  From  this  the  geological  induction  is  made  that,  at  the  last  great 
physical  change  which  elevated  the  country  from  the  bed  of  an  ancient  ocean  and  brought  tho 
river  into  existence,  it  fell  directly  into  Lake  Ontario,  at  the  escarpment,  by  a  fall  of  moderate 


1  Capt.  Geerman,  Nathaniel  Rood, Spencer  and  eon, 

■Wlie,iton, Clark,  and Di  Hjlittle  were  those  who  were 

lust  by  the  first  acci'lent.     HenJ.  Winch  was  the  male  survivor. 

»  2  i)»p.,  2  M.  E.,  Cong.,  Presb.,  Free  and  Union  Uethels,  K.  C, 
Prot.  Fren..  and  Union.  The  Union  Society  holds  its  meetings 
in  the  Town  Ilall  at  Mexico. 

*  There  are  9  sawmills,  2  gristmills,  and  other  manufacturing 
estaliiishmenta  in  town. 

*  Mr.  Wriglit  settled  in  the  town  in  1798;  Solomon  Smith  in 
1800 ;  C.  Drake  and  Capt.  Gardner  in  1804 ;  David  Enos,  Joseph 
Bailev.  and  .lames  Jerret  in  1805:  and  Warner  Drake  in  1808. 
The  lirst  birtli  was  that  of  John  D.  Smith,  in  Feb.  1806.  The 
flr^t  sawmill  was  erected  by  Ira  Foot,  in  1805,  and  tlie  first 
gristmill  by  Wuldo  Prayton,  in  1809.  Harriet  Eason  biught  the 
first  schotjl,  in  the  summer  of  1806. 

6  There  are  16  sawmills,  16  shingle  mills,  a  gristmill,  and  a 
tannery  in  t4»wn- 

^  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Benj.  Reynolds.  Joshua  Hol- 
lis,  Alden,  Gilbert,  and  Timothy  Balch.  The  first  marriage  was 
that  of  Robert  Wooley  and  a  daughter  of  Nathaniol  Bennett, 


sen.,  in  1807;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  the  mother  of  Timothy 
Balch,  in  1810.  The  first  school  was  tanght  by  Jesse  Aiken,  in 
1810.  Joseph  Watson  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  ISIO,  and 
Jonah  Thompson  the  first  gristmill,  in  1816. 

7  M.  E..  Presb.,  end  Bap.  A  Union  church  at  Orwell  Corners 
is  occupied  by  the  Presb.  and  Bap.  societies. 

8  At  tho  first  village  meeting,  held  May  13. 1828,  Hon.  Alvan 
Bronson  was  elected  President,  and  Daniel  nugnnin,  jr.,  George 
Fisher,  Nathaniel  Vilas,  jr.,  David  P.  Brewster,  Theopliilns  8. 
Morgan,  Joseph  Turner,  and  Orlo  Steele,  Trustees.  The  first 
city  officers,  elected  in  April,  1818,  were  as  follows :  Mai/or^ 
James  Platt;  Aldermf.n,  Hunter  Crane.  Gilbert  Mollisou,  i*te- 
|)hen  H.  Lathrop,  Robert  Oliver,  Geo.  S.  Alvord.  John  Boigi-ol, 
Samuel  S.  Taylor,  and  William  S.  Malcolm.    The  council  a[>. 

I  pointed  J.  M.  Casey  CiOj  Ci*rk. 

»  By  the  river  and  canal  it  is  38  mi.,  by  B,  n.  36  mi.,  N.  N.  w.  of 
Syracuse;  by  the  Oswego  and  Erie  Canals  208  mi.,  by  the  Oswe^ 
and  Central  line  of  r.e.  183  mi.,  and  by  the  surveyed  route  of 
tho  Oswego  &  Troy  K,  B.  170  mi.,  w.  H.  w.  of  Albany. 


524 


OSWEGO    COUNTY. 


height,  the  upward  movement  being  gradual  and  intermittent.  The  pauses  by  which  it  was  inter- 
rupted are  marked  by  ancient  beach  lines,  ridges,  and  terraces  found  at  different  heights  above  the 
lakes.  The  Oswego  Falls  are  now  11  feet  high;  and,  as  they  have  receded  s.  12  mi.,  to  the  village 
of  Fulton,  with  an  ascending  average  grade  of  about  9  feet  per  mi.  in  the  excavated  bed  of  the  river, 
they  must  have  diminished  in  height  and  grandeur  from  age  to  age  during  the  whole  period  of  re- 
cession. This  hypothesis  is  sustained  by  geographical  and  geological  analogy  with  the  Falls  of  the 
Genesee  and  the  Niagara.  The  aggregate  fall  of  the  river  within  the  12  mi.  is  110  feet,  of  which 
34  feet  are  within  the  limits  of  the  city;  and  the  whole  fall  is  so  distributed  by  G  successive  dams, 
built  by  the  State  for  canal  and  slackwater  navigation,  that  the  water  of  the  river  may  be  used  by 
raceways  nearly  the  whole  distance,  affording  one  of  the  finest  water-powers  in  the  world.  The 
river  forms  the  outlet  to  the  11  lakes  which  cluster  in  the  basin  of  Central  New  York,  and  drains 
a  wide  extent  of  teri-itory.  These  lakes  form  natural  reservoirs  wliieh  prevent  floods  or  undue  ex- 
haustion, the  extreme  elevation  and  depression  of  the  river  not  exceeding  3  feet,  so  that  destructive 
freshets,  so  common  to  great  water-power  rivers,  never  occur.  The  mouth  of  the  river  admits  vessels 
of  the  largest  class  navigating  the  lakes ;  and  the  erection  of  piers  and  a  lighthouse  by  the  U.  S. 
Government  renders  it  one  of  the  safest  and  most  accessible  harbors  on  the  lakes,  susceptible  of  inde- 
finite enlargement,  and  combining  canal  and  R.  R.  transportation  with  the  advantages  of  position 
as  the  nearest  lake  port  to  tidewater.  A  hydraulic  canal  extending  along  both  sides  of  the  river  is 
studded  with  mills,  elevating  warehouses,  and  other  manufacturing  establishments. 

The  city  is  handsomely  laid  out,  with  streets  100  feet  wide,  intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles. 
The  E.  and  w.  banks  of  the  river  are  connected  by  two  bridges,  built  by  the  city, — the  lower  one, 
an  iron  bridge  with  a  draw  for  the  passage  of  vessels,  on  Bridge  St.,  the  upper  on  Utica  St.,  at  the 
terminus  of  the  Oswego  &  Syracuse  R.  R.  The  principal  public  buildings  are  an  edifice  recently 
erected  by  the  TJ.  S.  Government,  containing  a  custom  house,  post-office,  and  U.  S.  courtroom,'  a 
city  hall,^  jail,  orphan  asylum,  city  hospital,  city  library,  and  12  churches.' 

The  Orphan  Asylum  is  situated  upon  the  elevated  ground  in  the  southern  part  of  the  city,  com- 
manding a  fine  view  of  the  city,  harbor,  and  lake.  It  was  founded  in  1853,  mainly  through  the 
influence  of  the  ladies  of  Oswego,  and  continues  to  be  principally  supported  by  them.  Orphans 
and  children  of  destitute  parents,  from  earliest  infancy  to  8  years  of  age,  are  admitted  and  cared 
for  and  afterward  placed  out  in  respectable  families.  A  primary  and  Sabbath  school  are  connected 
with  the  institution.     The  number  of  inmates  ranges  from  .50  to  100. 

The  Citri  Library  was  founded  by  a  donation  of  $25,000  from  Hon.  Gerrett  Smith.  The  edifice  is 
finely  located  upon  the  E.  side  of  the  river;  and  the  library  at  present  contains  9,000  volumes.* 

The  Public  Schools  are  graded  and  free ;  they  are  under  the  care  of  a  Board  of  Education  and 
Superintendent.  The  system  embraces  the  primary,  junior,  senior,  and  high  school  departments ;  and 
pupils  can  receive  instruction  from  the  primary  branches  to  an  extended  academic  course.  In  1857 
there  were  in  the  city  23  school  districts,  in  which  were  employed  47  teachers, — 8  males  and  39 
females.  The  number  of  children  between  4  and  21  was  5,516,  of  which  4,175,  or  75  per  cent., 
attended  school  during  some  portion  of  the  year.  The  total  receipts  and  expenses  during  the  year 
was  S26,341  14;  the  number  of  volumes  in  the  district  libraries,  about  3,000. 

The  commerce  of  Oswego  is  very  extensive,  and  is  increasing  much  more  rapidly  than  the  popu- 
lation.' Being  situated  near  the  foot  of  lake  navigation,  and  nearer  to  N.  Y.  than  any  other  lake  port, 
it  has  commercial  facilities  superior  to  those  of  most  of  the  Western  cities.  A  considerable  share  of 
the  produce  of  the  West  flows  through  this  port  on  its  way  to  the  seaboard  markets ;  and  it  is  the 
principal  entrep5t  of  the  agricultural  products  of  Canada  West.  The  salt  of  Onondaga  is  mostly 
disti'ibuted  through  the  Great  West  from  this  place  ;  and  vast  quantities  of  the  manufactured  goods 
of  the  East  are  sent  through  the  same  channel.  The  official  report  of  the  value  of  the  lake  and 
canal  trade,  derived  from  the  Custom  House  and  Canal  Collector's  Office,  for  1845,  was  §7,951,409, 
and  for  1856  was  $50,612,603,  showing  an  annual  average  increase  of  nearly  20  per  cent.  The 
amount  of  registered  tonnage  in  1846  was  15,513  tons,  and  in  1856  it  was  46,467  tons.^ 

The  manufacturing  interests  of  the  city  have  attained  to  considerable  magnitude,  although  the 
vast  water-power  of  Oswego  River  is  occupied  but  to  a  limited  extent.     Flour  made  from  the  wheat 


J  This  edifice  is  constructed  of  Cleveland  sandstone  and  iron, 
and  is  entirely  fireproof.    Its  cost  was  about  $120,000. 

s  This  buildini;  contains  the  rooms  of  the  Common  Council 
and  Board  of  Kilucation,  and  the  offices  of  the  City  Clerk,  Re- 
corder, and  other  city  officers. 

»  2  Prot.  E.,  2  Presb.,  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  2  R.  C,  Univ.,  and 
Af.  Meth. 

*  This  edifice,  erected  in  1856,  is  built  of  brick,  and  is  92  by 
62  feet,  with  a  vestibule  15  by  16  feet,  a  basement  9  feet  high, 


with  2  stories  above,  having  an  aggregate  height  of  wall  of  36 
feet  above  the  basement. 

6  Pop.  in  1S5.').  15.S16.    Estimated  in  1858,  18,000. 

8  The  operation  of  the  late  Reciprocity  Treaty  with  England 
has  proved,  as  was  anticipated,  most  favorable  to  Oswego.  The 
importation  of  (Train  at  the  port  in  1856  was  13.504.074  Iiushels  ; 
and  the  peculiar  manufacturing  and  commercial  advantages  of 
the  place  have  made  it  the  great  flour  and  grii.'j  market  of  Cen- 
tral New  York  and  Northern  New  England, 


OSWEGO    COUNTY. 


525 


of  Canada  and  the  Western  States  forms  the  leading  article  manufactured.  The  Oswego  mills,  18 
in  number,  with  an  aggregate  of  100  run  of  stone,  are  capable  of  grinding  and  packing  10,000 
barrels  of  flour  per  day, — a  greater  amount  than  is  manufactured  at  any  other  place  on  the  continent.* 

Shipyards  and  2  marine  railways  rank  among  the  important  manufacturing  establishments  of 
the  city,  and  give  large  employment  to  labor.  The  Oswego  Starch  Factory,  erected  in  1848,  upon 
the  hydraulic  canal,  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  river,  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  and  extensive  esta- 
blishments of  the  kind  in  the  world.^  Lumber  is  extensively  dressed  in  the  city  for  the 
Western  markets,  from  Canadian  sawed  lumber  entered  free  under  the  Reciprocity  Treaty.  The 
Oswego  Cotton  Mills  is  a  well  managed  and  productive  establishment,  operating  83  looms,  2,664 
spindles,  and  giving  employment  to  65  operators.  A  little  above,  on  the  same  canal,  is  an  exten- 
sive tannery.  The  Ontario  Foundery,  Steam  Engine  and  Machine  Works,  is  one  of  the  most 
extensi;e  and  prosperous  establishments  of  the  kind  in  the  State.  Many  other  branches  of  manu- 
factures are  carried  on  in  the  city. 

The  early  history  of  Oswego  has  already  been  noticed  in  the  general  history  of  the  co.'  Its 
distinctive  and  modern  history  dates  from  its  surrender  by  the  British  in  1796.  The  withdrawal 
of  the  British  garrison  took  away  from  the  place  all  that  had  ever  been  established  of  civilized 
society,  and  left  it  as  new  as  though  man  had  never  resided  there.  During  the  year  following  the 
evacuation,  Neil  McMullin,  a  merchant  of  Kingston,  moved  thither,  bringing  with  him  a  house 
framed  at  Kingston.*  In  1802  but  2  or  3  vessels  were  owned  on  the  American  side  of  the  lake, 
trade  being  principally  carried  on  by  vessels  belonging  to  the  Northwest  Fur  Company.  During 
this  year  Benaj  ah  Boyington  built  a  warehouse  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  and  Arch.  Fairfield  liecame 
a  forwarding  merchant.  Salt  from  the  Onondaga  Springs  was  at  that  time  the  most  important 
item  in  the  commerce  of  Oswego.  In  1803,  Matthew  McNair  engaged  in  the  forwarding  business 
and  purchased  a  schooner.  In  1804  he  built  anotlier,  and,  in  connection  with  other  gentlemen, 
purchased  a  number  of  Canadian  vessels.*  From  this  period  shipbuilding  was  carried  on  briskly, 
and  it  formed  a  leading  interest  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  War  of  1812. 

The  war  put  an  end  to  commercial  transactions ;  but  the  place  became  the  scene  of  stirring  mili- 
tary events.  The  fort  was  garrisoned  and  commanded  by  Col.  Mitchell.  On  the  5th  of  May,  1814, 
the  British  fleet  under  Sir  James  Yeo  appeared  oif  the  harbor  and  opened  a  heavy  fire  upon  the 
place.  The  fire  was  returned  by  the  4  small  guns  which  constituted  the  only  armament  of  Fort 
Ontario,  and  by  a  small  battery  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river.  The  next  morning  the  British  took 
position  still  nearer  the  shore,  and  under  the  cover  of  a  heavy  fire  2  columns  of  the  enemy  eflfected 
a  landing.  After  a  gallant  but  vain  defense.  Col.  Mitchell  retreated,  leaving  the  fort  and  town  in 
possession  of  the  enemy.*  The  principal  object  of  the  attack  was  to  secure  the  naval  stores  destined 
for  the  new  vessels  building  at  Sackets  Harbor ;  but  a  large  share  of  tliese  were  at  Oswego  Falls, 
12  mi.  above,  and  were  not  taken.  Several  cannon  and  other  heavy  articles  lying  upon  the  wharf 
were  sunk  in  the  river,  at  the  command  of  Col.  Mitchell ;  these  were  afterward  recovered.  On  the 
morning  of  the  7th  the  British  retired,  and  the  fleet  proceeded  N.  to  blockade  Sackets  Harbor.  Lieut. 
Woolsey,  who  had  charge  of  the  stores,  immediately  dropped  down  the  river,  and,  with  19  boats 
laden  with  stores,  set  out  on  the  lake  under  cover  of  night,  and  supported  by  a  body  of  riflemen 
and  Indians,  under  Maj.  Appling,  on  shore.  The  boats  were  pursued,  and  took  refuge  in  Sandy 
Creek,  where  an  action  took  place,  resulting  in  the  capture  of  the  entire  attacking  party.' 

Oswego  recovered  slowly  from  the  efiects  of  the  war,  and  its  commercial  transactions  were  com- 
paratively unimportant  until  the  opening  of  the  Oswego  and  Welland  Canals.'    In  the  mean  time 


1  Five  of  these  mills  are  located  on  the  harbor,  and  elevate 
their  grain  from  lake  vessels  and  discharge  flour  and  grain  into 
canal  boats.  Six  grain  warehouses  on  the  harbor  elevate  and 
discharge  in  the  same  way.  The  other  mills,  located  above, 
elevate  from  and  discharge  into  canal  boats.  The  elevating 
capacity  on  the  harbor  is  37.500  bushels  per  hour,  and  the 
storage  room  over  2,000,000  bushels  of  grain, — rendering  Oswego 
the  best  receiving  port  on  the  lakes. 

8  This  factory  was  founded  by  a  stock  company,  with  a  capital  of 
$50,000;  and,  under  the  supervision  of  Thns.  kingsford  &  Sons, 
its  capital  has  been  increased  to  ^50,000.  and  its  main  block 
of  buildings  have  grown  to  the  enormous  dimensions  of  510  feet 
front  by  250  feet  deep,  with  numerous  det^iched  buildings  and 
an  extensive  box  factory.  Th«  main  establishment  works  up 
500,01)0  bushels  of  grain  (mostly  corn)  and  makes  12,000.000 
pounds  of  st.areh  per  annum.  Large  quantities  of  the  article 
Bre  sold  and  used  in  London,  Liverpool,  and  the  principal  cities 
on  the  continent  of  Europe.    It  gives  employment  to  200  men. 

'  See  page  619. 

*  When  Mr.  McMullin  and  his  family  landed  at  Oswego  they 
found  two  American*resident3,^Tohn  Love  and  Zil»a  Phillips. 
They  were  traders,  and  left  soon  after.  Capt.  Edward  O'Conner, 
of  the  Eevolutionary  Army,  came  in  during  the  same  year. 


Matthew  McNair  and  Bradner  Burt  and  his  father  came  in  1802; 
Henry  Eagle  in  ISOS;  Alvin  Bronsou  in  ISIO;  and  Wm.  Dollo- 
way  in  1811.  In  ISIO  the  population  numbered  300.  Rankin 
McMullin,  son  of  Neil  McMullin,  born  in  1800,  was  the  first 
child  born  within  the  present  limits  of  the  city. 

6  In  1804  all  commercial  transactions  were  carried  on  with 
unrestricted  freedom.  No  ship  papers,  licenses,  reports,  oroatha 
were  required,  the  keen-scented  custom  house  officers  not  having 
yet  smelt  out  the  commerce  of  the  lakes. 

«  The  British  loss  in  the  action  was  about  200.  and  the  Ame- 
rican 00.  The  Briti.sh  carried  off  several  of  the  prominent  citi- 
zens, and  kept  them  prisoners  until  they  were  duly  discharged. 
Among  the  prisoners  were  Alvan  Bronson,  Abraham  Uugunin, 
and  Eli  Stevens. 

I  See  page  358. 

6  In  1818, 10  years  before  the  Oswego  Canal  wag  completed, 
36.000  b;u-rels  of  Onondaga  salt  were  received  at  Oswego,  of 
which  26.000  barrels  went  to  Western  States  by  the  portage* 
round  Niagara  Falls.  At  that  perioti  the  price  of  salt  at  Oswego 
was  $2.50  per  barrel,  and  the  coat  of  transportation  from  Salina, 
by  Oswego,  to  Black  Rock  $1.41  per  barrel.  In  IS.^iO  there  were 
received  at  Oswego  700,000  barrels,  of  which  over  600,000  went 
to  upper  lake  ports  through  the  Welland  Canal,  at  a  cost  of 


S26  OSWEGO    COUNTY. 

shipbuilding  became  a  leading  pursuit  of  the  people.  In  1816,  steam  navigation  was  first  intro- 
duced on  Lake  Ontario,  and  its  great  progress  since  has  been  of  immense  importance  to  Oswego. 
In  1829-30,  Alvin  Bronson  and  T.  S.  Morgan  erected  the  first  flouring  mill.  In  1828  the  Oswego 
Canal  was  finished,  and  in  1830  the  Welland  Canal  was  opened,  giving  a  new  impulse  to  trade 
and  opening  to  the  place  an  almost  boundless  commerce  in  the  future.  With  the  advantages  of 
natural  position  and  the  stimulus  of  the  lines  of  internal  improvement,  both  the  commerce  and 
manufactures  of  Oswego  have  increased  in  an  almost  unprecedented  manner ;  and  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  this  increase  is  to  continue  for  many  years  to  come. 

OSWEGO  (town) — was  formed  from  Hannibal,  April  20,  1818.  A  part  of  Granby  was 
annexed  May  20,  1836.  It  lies  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river.  Its 
surface  is  generally  rolling,  ending  in  a  blufi"  shore  upon  the  lake.  The  streams  are  the  Eight  Mile, 
Rice,  Snake,  and  Minetto  Creeks.  A  fall  in  Oswego  River  within  the  limits  of  this  town  affords  an 
abundance  of  water-power.  The  underlying  rock  is  principally  red  sandstone,  and  the  soil  a  gravelly 
loam.  Boulders  and  water-worn  pebbles  are  scattered  over  the  surface,  making  it  very  stony  in  places. 
Minetto,'  (p.  v.,)  situated  on  Oswego  River,  4  mi.  from  the  city,  contains  150  inhabitants.  .South 
West  Oswego  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1797,  by  Asa  Rice,  from  Conn.  Reuben 
Pixley  came  in  1800,  and  Daniel  Burt  in  1802.^   There  are  now  in  the  town  2  churches ;  M.  E.andBap. 

PAliERKIO — was  formed  from  Volney,  April  4, 1832.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  just  s.  w. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  undulating.  The  large  swamp  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town  is 
57  feet  above  Oneida  Lake,  and  the  ridges  are  about  25  feet  above  the  swamp.  The  streams  are 
Scotts  and  Fish  Creeks.  The  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  loam.  Lumber  and  the  products  of  wood 
are  the  principal  manufactured  products  of  the  town.'  Palermo,  (p. v.,)  situated  near  ths 
center  of  the  town,  and  Terniillion  (p.v.)  each  contains  1  church  and  about  15  dwellings. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1806,  by  David  Jennings,  Simeon  Crandall,  and  Sylvanus  Hop- 
kins.*    The  first  settled  preacher  was  Rev.  Asaph  Graves.     There  are  now  4  churches  in  town.' 

PARISH" — was  formed  from  Mexico,  March  20,  1828.  It  is  an  interior  town,  a  little  s.  E. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  undulating,  but  considerably  broken  by  ravines,  and  in 
some  parts  rough  and  stony.  The  streams  are  Salmon  Creek  and  its  branches.  The  valley  in  the 
w.  part  is  246  feet  above  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  E.  summits  are  25  to  50  feet  higher.  The  soil  con- 
sists of  clay,  sand,  and  gravel,  and  is  moderately  fertile.  Less  than  half  of  the  town  is  under  culti- 
vation. There  are  12  sawmills,  4  shingle  fiictories,  and  other  manufacturing  establishments  in  town. 
Parisbville,  (Parish  p.o.,)  on  Salmon  Creek,  in  the  w.  part,  contains  1  church  and  34  houses. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1804,  by  Thomas  Nutting,  Eliada  Orton,  Jonathan  Bedell,  Amos 
Williams,  and  Rev.  Gamaliel  Barnes.'    There  are  2  churches  in  town ;  M.  E.  and  Bap. 

REDFIEl<D — was  taken  from  Mexico,  as  part  of  Oneida  co.,  March  14,  1800.'    It  is  the  N.  E. 

corner  tovm  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  hilly  in  the  s.,  but  in  the  N.  it  spreads  out  into  a  high,  roll- 
ing plateau  800  to  1,000  feet  above  tide.  A  wide  intervale  extends  along  the  course  of  Salmon 
River,  which  stream  drains  nearly  the  whole  town.  The  underlying  rock  is  gray  limestone,  and 
the  soil  upon  it  is  generally  a  thin  and  moderately  fertile  gravelly  loam.  The  soil  of  the  intervale 
is  a  deep,  sandy  loam  of  good  quality.  The  greater  part  of  the  town  is  still  unsettled,  and  the 
uplands  are  frosty  and  forbidding  regions.  Center  Square,  (Redfield  p.  o.,)  situated  on  Salmon 
River,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches  and  about  30  houses.  Greenborougrll 
isap.  o.  in  the  n.w.  part.  The  settlement  of  the  town  was  commenced  in  1798,  by  immigrants 
mostly  from  Conn.'  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  organized  with  19  members  in  1802,  by  Rev. 
Joshua  Johnson.     There  are  now  2  churches  in  the  tovim;  Cong,  and  M.  E. 


transportation  ranging  from  10  to  20  cents  per  barrel  from 
Salina  to  Chicago.  This  price  for  freight  is  much  less  than  it  13 
from  St.  Clair  River  to  Chicago,  less  than  half  the  distance. 
Illustrating  the  fact  that  the  ilemanil  for  up  freights  iB  at  the 
great  receiving  point  of  down  freights. 

1  A  sawmill  nt  this  place  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  State,  and 
is  capaljle  of  sawing  20,000  feet  per  24  hours. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Nathan   Nelson  and  

Beckwith.  in  1S04;  Eleazur  Perry,  in  1805;  Jonathan  Buel  and 
Jacob  Thorpe,  in  1806 ;  and  Daniel  Robinson,  in  1809.    The  first 


The  first  inn  was  opened  in  1816,  by  Stephen  Blake;  and  the 
first  sawmill  was  built  by  Phineas  Chapin,  in  1812.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Harriet  Eason,  in  the  summer  of  1812. 

s  2  M.  E.  and  2  Bap. 

9  Named  from  David  Parish,  who  purchased  the  town  before 
its  settlement. 

'  Paul  .Allen  settled  in  town  in  1805.  The  first  birth  was  that 
of  Ransom  Orton.  in  180.5;  the  first  death,  that  of  Jonathan 
Bedell,  killed  by  the  fall  of  a  tree;  and  the  first  marriage,  that 
of  Nathan  Parkhurst  and  the  widow  Bedell.    John  Miller  kept 


hirth  wai  that  of  ThnmjLS  Jefferson  Rice,  in  1801 :  the  first  mar-    the  first  inn,  in  1807;  and  Martin  Way  and  Paul  Allen  built  the 


liage,  that  of  Augustus  Ford  and  Miss  Rice,  in  1800;  and  the 
fir.st  de.ath,  th.it  of  an  infant  child  of  Asa  Rice,  in  1798. 

8  There  are  in  the  town  8  sawmills,  3  shingle  and  stave  fac- 
tories. 2  gri.stmills.  and  2  tanneries. 

*  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Alvin  Walker.  Stephen  Blake, 
and  Zadock  Hopkins.  The  first  birth  w.ts  that  of  Alvin  Walker, 
jr.;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Joseph  Jennings  and  Sally  Cha- 
pin; and  the  first  death,  that  of  Zadock  Hopkins, — all  in  1811. 


first  sawmill,  in  1808.  The  first  school  was  taught  at  I'arish- 
ville,  in  the  summer  of  1807. 

8  The  town  of -Arcadia'^  eo  called,  was  annexed  Feb.  20, 1807- 
The  town  of  "  Grffuboro"  was  erected  Feb.  21.  1843,  and  re-an 
nexed  March  1.  1848.  in  consequence  of  fraudulent  practices 
with  regard  to  assessments  upon  the  lands  of  non-residents. 

•  Among  those  who  settled  in  the  town  in  1798  were  Amos 
Kent,  Josiah  Tryon,  Nathan  Sage,  Jonathan  Harmon,  James 


OSWEGO    COUNTY. 


527 


RICniiAlVD — was  formed  from  Williamstown,  as  part  of  Oneida  co.,  Feb.  20, 1807.  Orwell 
was  taken  off  in  1817,  Sandy  Creek  and  Albion  in  1825,  a  part  of  Mexico  in  1836,  and  a  part  of 
Orwell  in  1844.  It  lies  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  N.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is 
generally  level  or  gently  rolling,  broken  by  the  deep  ravines  of  the  streams.  The  E.  part  is  250 
feet  above  Lake  Ontario,  and  Pulaski  Village  is  131  feet  above, — giving  to  the  town  a  decided 
westerly  inclination.  The  principal  streams  are  Salmon  River,'  Deer  and  Sandstone  Creeks;  and 
upon  each  of  them  are  falls,  furnishing  a  large  amount  of  water-power.'  Spring  Brook  is  a  small 
stream  flowing  from  several  large  springs  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  and  in  the  course  of  3  mi.  falls 
150  feet.  The  springs  are  perpetual,  and  rather  increase  than  diminish  in  summer ;  so  that  the 
power  furnished  is  abundant  and  constant.  The  mouth  of  Salmon  River  furnishes  a  good  harbor. 
The  underlying  rock  is  the  Lorraine  shales ;  the  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  with  some  clay  in  the  s.  w. 
part,  and  is  generally  fertile.  Pulaski,  (p.  v.,)  on  Salmon  River,  about  3  mi.  from  its  mouth, 
is  the  half  shire  of  the  CO.  and  was  incorp.  April  26,  1832.  It  contains  4  churches,  a  courthouse, 
an  academy,'  a  newspaper  office,  a  bank,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.*  Pop.  1,168. 
Port  Ontario,  (p-v.,)  on  Salmon  River,  near  its  mouth,  contains  about  50  houses;  and 
Bolmesville  (South  Richland  p.o.)  1  church  and  20  houses;  Selkirk,  at  the  mouth  of 
Salmon  River,  contains  a  church,  a  U.  S.  lighthouse,  and  30  dwellings.  Rlcllland  Station, 
on  the  W.  &  R.  R.  R.,  is  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town.  The  first  settlement  was  made  near  the  mouth 
of  Salmon  River,  in  1801,  by  Nathan  Tuttle,  of  Canada,  and  Nathan  Wilcox  and  Albert  Bohannan, 
from  Rome.'  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  organized  Jan.  22,  1811;  and  the  Rev.  Oliver  Leavitt 
was  the  first  settled  pastor.     There  are  7  churches  in  town.' 

S  ANDT  CREEK— was  formed  from  Richland,  March  24, 1825.  It  lies  on  the  shore  of  Lake 
Ontario,  upon  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  has  a  westerly  inclination,  its  E. 
border  being  elevated  about  500  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake.  It  is  drained  by  Little  Sandy 
Creek  and  many  smaller  streams,  all  of  which  have  rapid  currents  and  are  frequently  interrupted 
by  falls,  which  furnish  a  good  supply  of  water-power.  Little  Sandy  Pond,  a  portion  of  Lake  Ontario, 
nearly  landlocked,  lies  principally  within  the  limits  of  this  town.  The  soil  consists  of  gravelly  loam 
and  disintegrated  shale,  and  is  generally  productive.  Lumber  is  the  principal  manufactured  pro- 
duct.' fVasblllirton'Ville,  (Sandy  Creek  p.  o.,)  situated  on  Little  Sandy  Creek,  4  mi.  from 
its  mouth,  is  a  station  on  the  W.  &  R.  R.  R.  Pop.  423.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1804, 
by  Joseph  Hurd  and  Elias  Howe,  from  Oneida  co.'  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in 
1817,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Dunlap.     There  are  now  3  churches  in  town.' 

SCHROEPPELi'O— was  ta^]^^^  from  Volney,  April  4,  1832.  It  lies  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co., 
in  the  n.  e.  angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  Oneida  and  Oswego  Rivers.  The  surface  is  level  or 
gently  rolling.  It  is  watered  by  Scotts  and  Fish  Creeks  and  many  smaller  streams.  A  swamp 
extends  northward  from  the  mouth  of  Fish  Creek  to  the  n.  border  of  the  town,  and  is  a  half  mile 
to  a  mile  in  width.  The  soil  is  a  rich  sandy  loam  and  clay.  The  underlying  rocks,  which  belong 
to  the  Clinton  group,  nowhere  crop  out  in  the  town.  There  are  10  sawmills,  4  shingle  mills,  and 
other  manufactories  in  town.  Phoenix,"  (p.  v.,)  on  Oswego  River,  2  mi.  below  Three  River 
Point,  was  incorp.  in  1848.  It  contains  3  churches  and  a  newspaper  office.  Pop.  1,164  Gll- 
bertsvllle,  (Gilberts  Mills  p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  2  churches.  Pop.  442.  Ilinnians- 
vllle,  (p.  V.,)  in  the  extreme  w.  part,  on  Oswego  River,  contains  25  houses;  and  Pennelville, 


I>rflke,  Eli  Strong,  Benj.  Austin,  Samnel  Brooks,  Eliakim  Si- 
mouds.  Nathan  Cook.  Ebcnezer  Chatnbprlain,  David  Harmon. 
ftnd  Elihu  Insraham.  The  tirst  birth  was  that  of  Ezra  L.  H.  Cham- 
berlain; and  tlic  first  death,  that  of  an  infant  son  of  Dr.  Alden. 
in  1801.  The  first  saw  and  grist  mills  were  built  in  1801;  and 
the  first  inn  was  opened  the  same  year,  by  David  Bntler.  The 
first  school  was  tanpht  in  1802.  by  Rev.  .Toshua  .Tnhnson. 

1  At  the  month  of  Salmon  River  is  a  harbor  admitting  vessels 
of  lipht  dmught. 

'  There  are  19  sawmills,  8  shingle  mills,  6  flonrinp:  and  rist 
mills.  2  paper  mills,  a  tool  factory,  and  several  other  manutao- 
turing  estal'lislim'ints  in  the  town. 

*  The  Pulaski  Academy  was  organized  .Tune  4, 1853. 

*  2  paper  mills.  4  flouring  and  grist  mills,  3  sawmills,  3  tan- 
Deries,  and  a  f.iundery  and  machine  shop. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Hugh  Montgomery,  in  1801 ; 
John  Ingersoll,  Benj.  Bull.  Israel  .Tnnes.  .John  Farnham,  and 

Johnson,  in  1804 ;    Jeremiah  Matthcwson.  in  1807 :  and 

Ephraim  and  Justns  Fox,  in  1808.  The  first  birth  was  that  of 
Benj.  Ingersoll,  Aug.  28,  1804;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Saml. 
Orippen  and  Ruth  Tuttle,  the  same  year;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  a  child  of  Nathan  Tuttle.    The  first  inn  was  kept  by 


Benj.  Winch,  in  1806 ;  and  the  first  store,  by  John  Meacham,  in 
1810.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  John  Hoar,  in  1806;  and 
the  first  gristmill,  by  Jeremiah  Matthewson.  in  1808.  Milly 
Ellis  taught  the  first  school,  in  the  summer  of  1808. 

«  3  Bap.,  2  M.  E..  Cong.,  and  Prot.  B. 

'  There  are  11  sawmills,  2  shingle  mills,  2  gristmills,  and  2 
tanneries  in  town. 

8  In  1805  Asel  Hurd  and  5  families  front  Vt.,  by  the  name  of 
Meacham.  settled  in  town.  The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  Wm. 
Skinner  and  Joseph  Hurd,  in  1804;  and  the  first  gristmill,  by 
James  Hinman,  in  1806.  Simeon  Meacham  kept  the  first  store 
and  tavern,  in  1806 ;  and  the  first  school  was  taught  at  the 
house  of  George  Harding,  by  his  daughter,  in  1807-08.  The  first 
birth  was  that  of  Laura  Hurd;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Henry 
Patterson  and  Lucy  Meacham,  in  1806 ;  and  the  first  death,  that 
of  Mrs.  Elias  Howe,  in  1807. 

•  Presb..  M.  E.,  and  Bap, — all  at  Washingtonville. 

l*>  Pronounced  scni'ple ;  named  from  Henry  W.  Schroeppel. 
His  father.  Geo.  C.  .'^rhroepprl,  purchased  the  whole  of  Township 
24  and  a  large  part  of  16,  of  (ieorge  Scriba.  Uenr^*  W.  settled 
in  the  town  in  1810.  and  is  still  a  resident. 

u  Named  in  honor  of  Alex.  Phoenix. 


528  OSWEGO    COUNTY. 

(p.v.,)  near  the  center,  15.     Settlement  was  commenced  by  Abram  Paddock,  in  1800.^     The  first 
church  I'M.  E.)  was  organized  in  1826.     There  are  now  5  churches  in  town.^ 

SCRIOA^ — wastakenfrom  ^'Frederickshurgh"  (nowVolney)  as  part  of  Oneida  co.,  April5,1811. 
It  lies  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  and  the  e.  bank  of  Oswego  River.  Its  surface  is  rolling, 
the  ridges  extending  n.  and  s.,  and  elevated  100  to  180  feet  above  the  lake.  It  is  drained  by 
Black  Creek,  flowing  s.,  and  Nine  Mile,  Four  Mile,  and  Wine  Creeks,  flowing  n.  Upon  several 
of  these  streams  are  valuable  mill  privileges.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  sandy  loam,  stony  in 
places,  and  only  moderately  fertile.  Scriba  Corners,  (Scriba  p.  o.,)  near  the  center  of  the 
town,  contains  1  church  and  about  40  houses.  IVorth  Scriba,  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  by  Henry  Everts,  in  1798.*     There  are  3  churches  in  town.^ 

VOIjIVEY^ — was  formed — by  the  name  of  ^'Fredericksburgh" — from  Mexico  as  part  of  Oneida 
CO.,  March  21,  1806.  Its  name  was  changed  April  5,  1811.  Scriba  was  taken  ofi*  in  ISll,  and 
Schroeppel  and  Palermo  in  1832.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  bank  of  Oswego  River,  s.  w.  of  the  center 
of  the  CO.  Its  surface  is  undulating,  with  high,  steep  banks  bordering  upon  the  river.  The 
ridges  are  50  to  100  feet  above  the  valleys  and  100  to  200  feet  above  Oswego  River.  The  red 
sandstone  crops  out  on  the  bank  of  the  river  and  is  extensively  quarried  for  building  stone.  The 
falls  upon  the  river  furnish  an  immense  water-power.'  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam. 
Fulton,^  (P'"^-*)  on  Oswego  River,  at  the  Oswego  Falls,*was  incorp.  April  29, 1835.  It  contains 
6  churches,  the  Falley  Seminary,^**  a  newspaper  office,  and  a  large  number  of  manufacturing 
establishments.  Pop.  3,192.  Seneca,  Hill,  (p*v.,)  on  Oswego  River,  in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the 
town,  contains  50  dwellings  and  the  largest  flouring  establishment  in  the  State."  Tolney  Cor- 
ners^  (Volney  p.o.,)  near  the  center,  contains  18  houses.  The  present  village  of  Fulton  became 
the  seat  of  a  floating  population  in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century ;  but  permanent  settle- 
ment was  not  commenced  until  1793.^^  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in  1814;  and  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Leavitt  was  the  first  settled  minister.     There  are  9  churches  in  town.*^ 

"WEST  MOIVROE— was  formed  from  Constantia,  March  21, 1839.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  shore 
of  Oneida  Lake,  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  and  marshy  in  the  s.,  and  rolling, 
broken,  and  stony  in  the  N,  A  marsh  on  the  bank  of  the  lake  covers  an  area  of  more  than  1,000 
acres,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  it  produces  cranberries.  In  the  valleys  between  the  ridges, 
in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  are  several  smaller  marshes.  Red  sandstone,  the  underlying  rock,  crops 
out  in  this  town  and  furnishes  a  plentiful  supply  of  valuable  building  stone.  Bog  iron  ore  is 
found  in  the  n.  part;  and  it  is  said  that  traces  of  lead  and  silver  have  also  been  found.  The  soil 
is  a  medium  quality  of  clay,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  West  J>Ionroe  and  Union  Settle- 
ment  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1806,  by  Martin  Owens,  Abel  and  Joseph 
B.  Ames,  Ebenezer  Loomis,  and  Sylvanus  AUen.^*   The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in  1843.** 

'WII.L.IAMSTOWX— was  formed  from  Mexico,  as  part  of  Oneida  co.,  March  24,  1804. 
Richland  was  taken  ofi"  in  1807,  and  Amboy  in  1830.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  e.  border  of 
the  CO.  The  surface  is  undulating  in  the  s.,  but  broken  and  stony  in  the  w.,  and  moderately  hilly 
in  the  e.    It  is  drained  by  Fish  Creek,  flowing  into  Oneida  Lake,  and  the  head  branches  of  Salmon 


1  Thomas  Vicfcery  and La  Hommedieu  settled  in  1807; 

and  Wm.  Miles  in  ISOS.  Tbe  first  birth  was  that  of  Joseph 
Vickery.  Sept.  11,  1^07;  and  the  first  marriage,  that  of  John 
Lemanier  and  Sally  Winter.  The  first  sawmill  was  erected  by 
H.  W.  Schroeppel,  in  1819;  and  the  first  frristmill,  by  A.  &  H. 
Gilbert,  the  same  year.  The  first  store  was  kept  by  Andrus 
Gilbert,  in  1821;  and  the  first  inn,  by  Alex.  Pho>nix,  in  1828. 
Horatio  Sweet  taught  the  first  school,  at  Three  River  Point,  in 
1813.  2  2  M.  E.,  Cong.,  Bap.,  and  F.  W.  Bap. 

8  Named  in  honor  of  George  Scriba,  the  original  proprietor  of 
this  and  several  of  the  adjoining  towns. 

*  Asahel  Bush  and  Samuel  Tiffany  settled  in  town  in  1801; 
Wm.  Burt  and  Hiel  Stone  in  ISO.S;  and  Dr.  Deodatus  Clark  in 
1807.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Henry  Everts,  jr. ;  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  John  Masters  ami  Eliza  Baldwin,  in  1806;  and 
the  first  death,  that  of  a  child  of  Hiram  Warner.    The  first  inn 


internal  water  communication  between  Schenectady  and  the 
ports  upon  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  after  the 
construction  of  the  c^nal  connecting  Wood  Creek  with  the  Mo- 
hawk River,  by  the  Western  Navigation  Co.,  in  179(5. 

10  The  Fulton  Female  Seminary  was  incorp.  in  1S36,  and  in 
1842  it  was  changed  to  the  Fulton  Academy.  In  1849  it  received 
a  donation  of  $.3,000  from  Mrs.  M.  E.  Falley  and  assumed  the 
name  of  the  Falley  Seminary.  At  the  same  time  it  came  under 
the  charge  of  the  Black  River  Conference  of  the  M.  E.  Church. 
It  is  a  prosperous  institution. 

n  This  flouring  mill  has  15  mn  of  stone,  with  a  separate  wheel 
to  each  run,  and  a  capacity  of  grinding  and  packing  1,200  bar- 
rels of  flour  per  day. 

13  Daniel  Masters  settled  at  Oswego  Falls  in  1793;  Laurence 
Tan  Valkenburph.  below  the  falls.  JQ  179.^;  and  John  Tan  Buren 
in  1796.    John  Waterhouse  settled  in  the  town  in  1797;  and 


was  kept  by  Hiel  Stone,  in  1806;  and  the  flr.st  store,  by  Orrin  I  Ebenezer  Wright  in  1800.    The  first  birth  after  the  permanent 


Stone  and  Aaron  Parkhurst,  in  1819.    Benj.  Robinson,   from 
Manlius,  taught  the  first  school,  in  1804. 

5  Bap..  M.  E..  and  a  Bethel  Free  and  Union. 

6  Named  in  honor  of  Tolney,  the  French  author,  who  visited 
tbe  town  in  1808,  while  on  a  tonr  through  the  U.  S. 

'  There  are  7  flouring  mills  in  town,  havicg  an  aggregate  of 
42  run  of  stone;  also  a  large  number  of  sawmills  and  other 
manufacturing  establishments. 

8  Named  in  honor  of  Robert  Fulton.  It  was  originally  called 
'*Osu'figo  Falls." 

•  The  portage  at  this  place  was  the  only  interruption  In  the 


settlement  was  in  1795 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  John  Water- 
house,  in  Aug.  1799.    Daniel  Masters  kept  the  first  inn,  at  the 

falls,  in  1794;  and  he  and Goodell  erected  the  first  sawmill, 

in  1796.    Miss  A.  Waterhouse  taught  the  first  school,  in  1800. 

18  2  M.  E.,  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Cong.,  Bap.,  Prot.  Meth.,  Wea.  Meth., 
and  Union. 

1*  Deacon  Smith,  from  Maae.,  settled  in  the  town  in  ISOS,  and 
Hiram  Nickerson  in  1810.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Azariah 
Ames.  The  first  inn  was  kept  by  Deacon  Smith,  in  1812;  and 
the  first  school  was  taught  by  Caroline  Barnes,  in  1810. 

IS  The  census  reports  2  churches;  Presb.  and  F.  W.  Bap. 


o 

en 

DC 

< 

o 
o 


o 


OSWEGO    COUNTY. 


529 


River.  The  surface  of  Fish  Creek  at  Williamstown  Mills,  in  the  s.  e.  part,  is  354  feet  above  Lake 
Ontario,  and  the  hills  in  the  n.  e.  are  200  to  300  feet  higher.  The  greater  part  of  the  town  is  yet 
unsettled.  The  soil  is  a  moderately  fertile  sandy  or  gravelly  loam.  Lumber  and  leather  are  the 
principal  manufactured  products.  'Willianisto^vn,  (p.  v.,)  on  Fish  Creek,  in  the  s.  part,  is  a 
station  on  the  W.  &  R.  R.  R.  Pop.  240.  Kasoag,  (p.  v.,)  a  little  w.  of  the  center,  is  a  station 
on  the  W.  &  R.  R.  R.  and  contains  about  25  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1801,  by 
Gilbert  Taylor,  Solomon  Goodwin,  Ichabod  Comstock,  Dennis  Orton,  Henry  Williams,  and  Henry 
Filkins.'     The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  founded  in  1805,  by  Rev.  Wm.  Stone.^ 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,    Dicellings,  families,  Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Oswego  County. 


Nau£S  op  Towns. 


Albion 

Amboy 

Boylston 

CoDStantia. 

Granby 

Hannibal 

Hastings 

Mexico. 

New  Haven.... 

Orwell 

Oswego  City... 
Oswego-TowB. 

Palermo 

Parish. 

Redfleld. 

Richland 

Sandy  Creek... 

Schroeppe! 

Scriba. 

Volney 

West  Monroe.. 
Williamstown 

Total 


AoRxs  op  Land. 


.S 


9.196} 

6.327  i 

.'>.4S6 

6,161 

16,4.58 

16,094  J 

13,252i 

20,206i 

ll,410i 

8,.'i37S 

2,042 

12.242i 

12,238i 

9,010J 

6,9885 

19,632 

16.738 

13,0.55i 

14,39SJ 

16,141 

6,237  i 

5,271J 


244,126 


16,109 

lS,070i 

17,379 

28,660 

13,574} 

12,035 

14,010 

8,011 

7,603 

17,345 

783i 

7.4941 
12,777 
16,921 
61,835 
11,869 

6,5691 
11,619 

8,936 
12.621i 
14,6631 
20,281  i 


Valuation  op  1858. 


$262,340 
105,160 
70,117 
324,299 
608,863 
410,170 
045,900 
633,030 
283,880 
170,581 

4,262,,372 
669,736 
347,670 
241,014 
181,547 
709,161 
410,995 
603,290 

1,417,675 
674,963 
120.390 
140,161 


328,047J  12,983,314 


Ml, 


$7,750 

6,650 

1,300 

16,100 

20,270 

13,650 

44,300 

95,400 

41,195 

7,000 

1,401,410 

26,900 

18,100 

16.975 

7,455 

881,950 

34,300 

24,100 

30,800 

44,250 

6,700 

3,100 


$270,090 
110,710 
71.417 
339,399 
629,133 
423,820 
690,200 
628.430 
325,075 
177.581 

5,663,782 
686,636 
366,770 
257,989 
189,002 
791,111 
445,295 
627,390 

1,448,475 
619,213 
126,000 
143,261 


Population. 

1 

is 

5 

Q 

•s- 

•& 

^ 

1,065 

^ 

^ 

1,147 

413 

435 

636 

636 

216 

222 

424 

301 

144 

146 

1,691 

1,764 

692 

632 

1,963 

1,784 

694 

767 

1,566 

1,473 

690 

639 

1,610 

1,459 

681 

608 

2,016 

2,007 

782 

831 

1,011 

1,001 

396 

433 

669 

689 

241 

260 

8,022 

7,794 

2,618 

2,962 

1,428 

1,332 

623 

546 

1,048 

976 

424 

457 

875 

800 

323 

337 

432 

346 

144 

168 

2,079 

1,933 

735 

677 

1,176 

1,098 

41 S 

488 

1.937 

1,810 

686 

766 

1,539 

1,419 

658 

687 

3,365 

3,111 

1,166 

1,343 

631 

686 

224 

241 

490 

463 

182 

187 

135.662 

33.736 

12,649 

13,711 

376 
190 
1.15 
442 
468 
611 
605 
743 
344 
S32 
1,7V  ■ 
293 
277 
295 
139 
620 
337 
443 
632 
865 
204 
170 


Schools. 


VS 


9,781 


926 
446 

278 

1,306 

1,620 

1,117 

1,399 

1,375 

730 

517 

6,987 

1,1.54 

784 

7.52 

393 

1,660 

1,019 

1,459 

1.293 

2,310 

613 

312 


Names  of  Towns. 


Albion 

Amboy 

Boylston» 

Constantia 

Granby 

HannibaL 

Hastings 

Mexico 

New  Haven...., 

Orwell 

Oswego  City... 
Oswego -Town. 

Palermo.. 

Parish 

Redfleld. 

Richland 

Sandy  Creek... 

Schroeppel 

Scriba. 

Volney 

West  Monroe- 
Williams  town 

Total 


Lite  Stock. 


429 
220 
169 
392 
903 

1,097 
669 

1,007 
631 
278 
696 
748 
591 
403 
162 
866 
657 
760 
691 
904 
249 
176 


III 


813 

622 

314 

640 

1.391 

1,490 

1,180 

1,656 

1,250 

580 

53 

884 

1,146 

835 

420 

1,678 

1,134 

1,275 

931 

1,096 

619 


769 

464 

670 

4.57 

1,120 

1,317 

956 

2,290 

1,048 

909 

594 

936 

1,006 

822 

757 

2,244 

1,583 

1,054 

1,174 

1,124 

465 

325 


12,398  20,189  21,983  36,088  21,836 


3- 

1,296 

854 

460 

996 

3,025 

2,215 

2,692 

3,170 

1,878 

682 

194 

1.934 

2,331 

1,263 

451 

3,042 

2,126 

2,768 

1.302 

2,186 

907 

417 


eo 


705 

404 

308 

654 

1,600 

1,887 

1.243 

1,994 

886 

470 

1,204 

1,060 

1,074 

900 

176 

1.613 

1,139 

1,166 

1.080 

1,606 

465 

313 


AQRICDLTtJRAL  PRODUCTS. 


BcsH.  OF  Gbain. 


g 

4,349 
1,251 

881 
2,767 
2.900J 
3,2S9J 
6,238 
4,714J 
l,55Si 
3,572 

292i 
1,720 
5,037J 
2,264 

180 
2,259 
5,786 
2,243 
2,727 
1,686 
1,1 83i 
1,234 


58,153J  1,158,647 


1,7.55J 

l,273i 

1,063 

1,208 

3,409 

3,570 

2,527J 

6,376 

2,665S 

1,766 

492 
4,054 
2,8745 
l,SI)Si 
2.352 
5,077 
3,3465 
3,3135 
4,7565 
4,367 
1,403} 

689} 


68,138 


*5  ^ 
So 
iq», 

20,454 

7,184 

6,871 

9,000 

36,796 

31,255 

18,041 

61,244 

18,716 

9,631 

1,9101 

19,928 

24,640 

14,350 

5,786 

30,962 

14,370 

14,689 

21,6.52 

23,235 

7,142 

5,057 


DuRT  Products. 


10,5.50 

1,314 

70,622 

l,050i 

3,201 1 

13,756] 

6,641 

130,916 

15,804 

122,780 

3,530 
12,050 
15,100 
161,900 
123,970 
107„575 
44,555 
11,490 
58,451 
8,357 
2,950 

391,912}  426,916  2,038,174  973,461 


1,821 
1.432 
1,264 
837 
1,893 
1,2955 
2,649 
2,070} 
1,027 
1,062 

363 
1,444 
2,242 

284 
1,931 
2,220 
1.0.87 

906 
1,.361 

916 

632 


28,617 


1  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Joel  Rathbm-n  and  Miss  P.  1  gristmill,  in  1804.    The  first  store  was  opened  in  1806,  by  Danl. 
Alden,  in  Sept.  1802:  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  S.irah    Furman.    The  first  school  was  taught  by  Philander  Alden,  io 
Orton,  in  the  spring  of  1804,    Isaac  Alden  opened  the  fii-st  inn.    1803. 
in  1803,  boilt  the  first  sawmill,  the  same  year,  and  the  first  |     ^  There  are  now  2  churches  in  town ;  Cong,  and  M.  £. 


S4 


OTSEGO   COUNTY. 


.'^f\a^^^ 


This  county  was  erected  from  Montgomery,  Feb.  16,  1791,  and  em- 
braced the  2  original  towns  of  Otsego  and  Cherry  Valley.  A  part 
of  Schoharie  was  taken  off  in  1795,  and  a  part  of  Delaware  in  1797. 
It  lies  upon  the  highlands  at  the  head  of  Susquehanna  River,  s.  E. 
of  the  center  of  the  State.  It  is  centrally  distant  66  miles  from 
Albany,  and  contains  1,038  sq.mi.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland, 
divided  into  several  ridges  separated  by  deep,  broad  valleys.  The 
declivities  are  generally  gradual ;  and  the  highest  summits  are  400 
to  700  ft.  above  the  valleys  and  1,700  to  2,000  ft.  above  tide.  The 
ridges  have  a  general  n.  e.  and  s.  w.  direction.  A  high  and  rocky 
upland  extends  into  the  s.  E.  corner  from  Delaware,  terminating 
upon  Schenevas  Creek  in  an  abrupt  and  wall-like  declivity  300  to 
500  ft.  high.  The  other  ridges  of  the  co.  have  a  nearly  uniform  elevation,  and  generally  terminate 
in  steep  declivities  upon  the  valleys  of  the  streams.  The  principal  streams  are  Unadilla  River, 
forming  the  w.  boundary,  Wharton  and  Butternut,  Oak,  and  Otego  Creeks,  Susquehanna  River, 
Cherry  Valley  and  Schenevas  Creeks.  Charlotte  River  forms  a  small  portion  of  the  s.  boundary. 
Besides  these,  there  are  a  large  number  of  smaller  creeks  and  brooks,  tributaries  to  the  above.  A 
few  small  streams  rise  in  the  n.  e.  corner  and  flow  into  the  Mohawk.  Otsego  Lake,  in  the  n.  e.  part, 
is  a  fine  sheet  of  water  8  mi.  long  and  about  1  mi.  broad.  It  is  1,193  ft.  above  tide,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  hills  400  to  500  ft.  high.  Its  outlet  forms  the  principal  head  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna. Schuyler  Lake,  n.  w.  of  Otsego,  is  a  similar  sheet  of  water,  3J  mi.  long.  The  other  bodies 
of  water  in  the  co.  are  small  ponds.  The  rocks  in  the  n.e.  corner  consist  of  the  limestones  of  the 
Helderbergh  division.  The  hills  in  the  s.  part  are  composed  of  the  shales  of  the  Hamilton  group 
and  the  shales  and  sandstones  of  the  Portage  and  Chemung  groups.  The  summits  iu  the  extreme 
s.  part  and  s.  E.  corner  are  crowned  by  the  red  sandstone  and  shales  of  the  Catskill  group.  Al- 
most all  the  valuable  quarries  of  the  co.  are  found  in  the  limestone  region  of  the  n.  e.  The  soil  in 
the  N.  E.  is  a  good  quality  of  gravelly  and  calcareous  loam  ;  but  further  south  it  is  a  clay  and  shaly 
loam  upon  the  hills,  and  a  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium  in  the  valleys.  The  uplands  are  best  adapted 
to  grazing ;  and  the  river  intervales  are  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  grain.  The  people  are 
principally  engaged  in  stock  raising  and  dairying.  More  than  three-sevenths  of  all  the  hops  pro- 
duced in  the  State  are  grown  in  this  co.  The  manufacturing  interests  are  limited,  though  the 
available  water-power  is  very  great. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Cooperstown,  in  the  town  of  Otsego,  at  the  foot  of  Otsego  Lake.' 
The  courthouse  is  a  brick  edifice  in  the  w.  part  of  the  village.'  The  jail,  near  by,  is  built  of 
stone,  but  has  few  of  the  modern  improvements  or  conveniences.  The  average  number  of  inmates 
ia  8,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  $3.00  each.  The  clerk's  oflice  is  a  fireproof  brick  build- 
ing, contiguous  to  the  courthouse.  The  co.  poorhouse  is  situated  upon  a  farm  of  153  acres  in 
Middlefield,  4  mi.  s.  of  Cooperstown.  Its  average  number  of  inmates  is  90.  The  children  attend 
the  district  school.  The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  $1,400.  The  general  arrangement  and  manage- 
ment of  this  institution  are  far  better  than  the  average.  The  only  work  of  internal  improvement  in 
the  CO.  is  the  Albany  &  Susquehanna  II.  R.,  now  in  process  of  construction.  It  extends  along 
Susquehanna  River  and  Schenevas  Creek,  through  Unadilla  Otego,  Oneonta,  Milford,  Maryland, 
and  Worcester. 

Five  weekly  newspapers  are  published  in  the  co.' 


1  Tliomas  Farrington.  of  Tioga,  Alvin  Bronson,  of  Oswego, 
and  ArchibiiUl  CaniitbeU,  of  Dutcheea,  were  the  commiHsioners 
appointed  to  locate  the  CO.  seat. 

*  The  first  county  officers  were  Wm.  Cooper,  First  Judge ; 
Jacob  Morris,  Countrj  CUrk;  Richard  B.  Smith,  .SAcnjf;  and 
James  Cannon,  Surrogate. 

•  The  Ots' go  Herald  and  Wv'Sfem  j4rft"Th>*T,thefir8tpaperpub- 

liflhi'd  in  the  Co.,  and   the  second   in  the   Stite  w.  of 
(  Albany,  was  commenced  at  Cooperstown,  April  3,  1795, 

by  l^libu  Pbinney.  a  native  of  Conn.  Mr.  Phinney  con- 
tiiuK'd  its  pulilication  until  18U3.  when  he  died.  It  was 
then  [uibli-lied  by  his  sons,  E.  &  H.  phinney,  until 
1S21,  when  it  was  discontinued. 
The  Impartial  Observer  was  establihhed  at  Cooperstown  in  1S08 
630 


by  William  Andrews.    It  soon  after  p.HSsed  to  John  H. 

Prentiss,  who  changed  its  name  to 
The  Coopsryt"Vjn  Federalist,  under  which  title  it  was  published 

until  \h'2'<,  when  the  name  was  ajain  changed  to 
Tlie  Preenian^s  Journal.    In  1850  it  passed  into  the 

hands  of  Samuel  M.  Shaw,  by  whom  it  is  now  pub. 

lished. 
The  Otsego  If'pubHcan  w.as  published  at  Cherry  Talley  in  1812 

by  Cl;irk  Si  Crandal. 
The  Waii'htowrr  was  established  at  Cherry  Valley  in  1813.    In 

1814  it  was   removed  to  Co()perstoW(i.  where   it   was 

published  by  Israel  W.  Clark  until  May.  1S17.  when 

Kdward  B.  Crandal  became  proprietor,  and  continued 

the  publication  until  1831. 


OTSEGO    COUNTY. 


531 


The  first  settlement  in  this  co.  was  made  at  Cherry  Valley,  in  1740,  by  John  Lindesay,  who,  with 
3  others,  held  a  patent  for  a  tract  of  8,000  acres  lying  in  that  town.*  Mr.  Lindesay  was  a  Scotch 
gentleman  of  some  fortune  and  distinction,  and,  by  his  influence,  induced  a  settlement  on  his  lands 
of  several  families,  comprising  about  30  persons,  originally  from  Scotland  and  Ireland.  A  few 
years  later,  small  settlements  were  made  in  the  present  towns  of  Springfield,  Middlefield,  Laurens, 
Otego,  and  at  other  points  in  the  valley  of  the  Susquehanna.  These  settlements  then  formed  the 
extreme  outposts  in  the  advance  of  civilization  west.  They  increased  very  slowly,  in  consequence 
of  the  fear  of  Indian  hostilities.  In  1765,  25  years  after  the  first  settlement,  but  40  families  had 
located  at  Cherry  Valley.  At  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution  it  was  still  a  frontier  settle- 
ment. On  the  11th  of  Oct.  1778,  it  was  attacked  by  the  tories  and  Indians,  under  the  lead  of 
Butler  and  Brant,  and  a  horrible  massacre  ensued.  The  family  of  Robert  Wells,  father  of  the  late 
John  Wells  of  New  York,  consisting  of  12  persons,  were  brutally  murdered ;  and  one  of  the  tones 
boasted  that  he  killed  Mr.  Wells  while  at  prayer.  John  Wells,  the  only  member  of  the  family  who 
escaped,  was  at  school  in  Schenectady  at  the  time.  The  wife  and  daughter  of  Mr.  Dunlop,  Mrs. 
Dickson,  and  the  wife  and  4  children  of  Mr.  Mitchell  were  murdered  in  cold  blood.  Thirty-two  of 
the  inhabitants,  mostly  women  and  children,  and  16  Continental  officers  and  soldiers,  were  killed; 
the  residue  of  the  inhabitants  were  taken  prisoners  and  carried  off,  and  all  the  buildings  in  the 
place  were  burned.  All  the  frontier  settlements  were  ravaged,  and  nearly  evei'y  building,  except 
those  belonging  to  tories,  was  burned.  These  horrible  outrages  aroused  the  whole  country,  and  in 
1779  Gen.  Sullivan,  at  the  head  of  a  large  body  of  troops,  was  sent  against  the  AVestern  tribes.  In 
Feb.  Gen.  Clinton,  with  a  force  of  1,200  men,  marched  up  the  Mohawk,  and  thence  opened  a  road 
to  Otsego  Lake,  a  distance  of  20  mi.  At  the  foot  of  the  lake  he  halted  and  built  a  dam  across  the 
outlet,  and  prepared  boats  to  descend  the  stream.  AVhen  the  lake  was  sufliciently  high,  the  boats 
were  launched,  the  dam  was  broken  down,  and  the  army  descended  the  river  on  the  flood  thus  pro- 
duced. The  Indians  upon  the  banks,  witnessing  the  extraordinary  rise  of  the  river  at  midsummer 
without  any  apparent  cause,  were  struck  with  superstitious  dread,  and  in  the  very  outset  were 
disheartened  at  the  apparent  interposition  of  the  Great  Spirit  in  favor  of  their  foes.  Gen.  Clinton's 
forces  joined  Sullivan  on  the  Chemung.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  settlements  progressed  with 
great  rapidity ;  and  much  of  the  best  land  in  the  co.  was  taken  up  before  the  fertile  lands  in  the 
western  part  of  the  State  were  opened  to  immigration. 


BITRI.IXGTOIV— was  formed  from  Otsego,  April  10,  1792.  Pittsfield  was  taken  off  in  1797, 
and  Edmeston  in  1808.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is 
a  hilly  upland,  divided  into  3  general  ridges  extending  N.  and  s.  These  ridges  are  about  400  ft. 
above  the  valleys,  and  are  arable  to  their  summits.  The  streams  are  Butternut  Creek,  flowing  s. 
through  the  center,  and  Wharton  Creek,  flowing  s.  w.  through  the  w.  part.  The  soil  upon  the 
hills  is  a  slaty  loam,  in  many  places  underlaid  by  hardpan,  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly  loam 


Th€  Thcsni  was  eBtablished  at  Cooperstown  in  June,  ]8"29,  by 
Uuttcn  &  Hews,  and  was  published  by  them  until  1831, 
when  it  took  the  name  of 

The  Ols'Oo  It'.pnhh'-can.  It  was  issued  by  Button  &  Hopkins  for 
about  1  year;  by  Ikipkins  alone.  1  year;  Hopkins  & 
Clark,  a  year;  hy  A.  W.  Clark,  about  I  year;  and  by 
Amlrew  M.  Barber.  4  or  5  years.  In  1845  it  was  issued 
by  I.  K.  W  illi.ims  &  Co.  Soon  after  it  again  came  Into 
the  posHessiori  of  A.  M.  Barber,  and  was  continued  by 
hi-u  until  his  death,  in  Aug.  1S55.  In  Oct.  1S55,  the 
paper  was  united  with  The  Otsego  Democrat,  and 
issued  ns 

Tbe  Republican  and  Democrat,  nnder  which  title 
it  IS  now  (ulili  hed  by  James  1.  Ileudrix. 

The  Oljieao*  Democrat  was  commenced  at  Cooperstown  in  1846 
by  James  I.  Hendrix  and  was  published  by  him  until 
it  was  nier-^c-d  with  the  Republican  in  I'-fto. 

The  Otsego  JCxnyniTwr  was  commenced  at  Cooperstown  in  1854 
by  Itobt.  Shankland.  wlio  soon  after  withdrew,  and  the 
puhlii'ation  was  continued  by  B.  W.  Burdilt  until  1857. 

TfU  dierry  Valley  Gazelle  was  .-tarted  in  Oct.  1S18.  by  Wni.  Mc- 
Lean, who  continued  its  publication  until  1832.  It  Ihcn 
passed  into  the  handn  ofchae.  McLean,  who  continued 
it  until  Jan.  1,  1847,  when  A.  S.  Bottsford  became  pro- 
prietor and  continued  it  until  \yt\.  It  then  reverted 
to  Charles  McLean;  and  in  If-'SS  it  was  sold  to  John  B. 
Kin;r,  who  publislied  it  1  year  under  tlie  name  of 

TTie  Amerion  lianmr,  wlun  lie  sold  it  to  A.  S.  Bottsford,  who 
changed  the  name  back  to 

Tbc  Cherry  Valley  Gazette,  under  which  title  it  is 
Btdl  pubbslit-d. 

Th"  Otsrgo  thriU'T  was  published  atChprry  Valley  in  1841. 

The  Otsego  Count!/  Courier  was  commenced  at  the  village  of 


Louisville,  in  the  town  of  Morris,  by  Wm.  H.  8.  Wy- 

nans.  in  1845.    This  paper  was  succeeded  by 
The  Village  Advrdser.  commenced  at  the  same  place  in  1851. 

It  was  a  quarterly  publication,  conducted,  in  1S65,  by 

TI.  8.  Av.ry. 
Tlie  Oneonta  Herald  was  commenced  Feb.  9, 1853.  at  Ono. 

onta  Village,  hy  L.  P.  Carpenter,  the  present  publisher. 
The  Susquehanna  Nexus  was  commenced  at  Unadilla  in  Sopt. 

1840.  by   Edward  A.  Graves.    In  1841  or  '42   it  was 

cliHUged  to  the 
UnadiUa  JVfw.<,  Geo.  H.  Noble,  publisher,  and  was  soon  after 

BUBpended. 
The  Weekh/  Courier  waacnmmenced  at  Unadilla  in  March,  1843, 

by  Edson  S.  Jennings. 
The  Unadilla  Wcekh/  Herald  was  commenced  in  March,  1845, 

by  Wm.  S.  Ilawley.    It  was  soon  after  changed  to 
The  Otsrgo  County  I{eraJd.a.nd  was  removed  to  Delhi,  IVIawar© 

CO.,  the  Bame  year,  and  its  name  changed  to  Voice  of 

the  Ppopli-. 
The  Unadilla  Times  was  commenced  in  June.  1856,  by 

John  Brown,  who  sold  it  in  the  fall  of  ihe  same  ycnr  to 

E.  S.  Watson.    In  June,  1857.  it  passed  into  the  hands 

of  Geo.  B.  Fellows,  its  present  publisher. 
1  During  the  first  winter  the  snow  fell  to  so  groat  a  d^plh 
that  it  wjia  impossible  for  Mr.  Lindesiiy  to  go  to  the  nearest 
settlement,  which  whs  15  mi.  distant.  His  provisions  gave  nut, 
and  liis  family  were  in  danger  of  perishing  by  stnrvation.  in 
this  extremity  they  were  visited  by  mi  Indian,  who  came  on 
sni'W  shoes,  and  who.  on  leiirning  their  situation,  undertook  to 
snppty  thom  witli  find.  He  went  to  the  Mohawk,  and  returned 
With  a  loa<l  of  provisions,  and  continued  his  visits  of  mercy 
unlil  tho  close  of  the  winter.  Mr.  Lindesay  afterward  left  tho 
Settlement,  Joined  the  army,  and  served  for  several  years. 


532 


OTSEGO    COUNTY. 


Burlington  Green,  (Burlington  p.  o.,)  on  Butternut  Creek,  near  the  center,  contains  3 
churches  and  118  inhabitants;  Burlington  Flats,  (p.  v.,)  on  Wharton  Creek,  n.  w.  of  the 
center,  2  churches,  a  tannery,  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  about  30 dwellings;  and  West  Burling' 
ton,  (p'V.,)  on  Wharton  Creek,  a  church  and  143  inhabitants.  The  first  settlement  was  com- 
menced near  West  Burlington,  in  1799,  by  Robert  Garrat  and  Eber  and  Benjamin  Harrington.^ 
The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  fi)rmed  at  Burlington  Green,  in  1793 ;  Rev.  James  Southworth  was 
the  first  minister.^ 

BIITTERIVIJTS— was  formed  from  Unadilla,  Feb.  5,  1796.  Morris  was  taken  off  in  1849 
and  a  part  of  Unadilla  was  annexed  in  1857.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  w.  of  the 
center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  divided  into  several  ridges  extending  n.  and  s.  Unadilla 
River,  forming  its  w.  boundary,  is  bordered  by  a  narrow  intervale,  from  which  the  highlands  rise  in 
a  series  of  steep  bluffs  to  a  height  of  500  to  600  ft.  Butternut  Creek  flows  s.  w.  in  a  deep  valley 
through  near  the  center  of  the  town.  A  large  number  of  smaller  streams,  tributaries  to  these, 
flow  in  deep  valleys  among  the  hills,  dividing  the  ridges  and  giving  to  the  region  a  peculiar  broken 
character.  The  hills  are  arable  to  their  summits,  and  the  soil  is  a  good  quality  of  red  shale  and 
gravelly  loam.  Gilbertsville,  (Butternuts  p.  o.,)  near  the  center,  contains  4  churches,  the 
Gilbertsville  Academy  and  Collegiate  Institute,  3  carriage  factories,  tannery,  and  various  other 
manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  442.  Settlements  were  commenced  in  1788-89,  at  Gilberts- 
ville, by  Gordon  and  Wyatt  Chamberlin  and  Abijah  Gilbert,^  The  first  church  (Cong-.)  was  formed 
Sept.  3,  1797;  Rev.  Wm.  Stone  was  the  first  preacher.* 

CHERRY  VAl.l,EY— was  formed  from  Canajoharie,  (Montgomery  co.,)  Feb.  16,  1791. 

Middlefield,  Springfield,  and  Worcester  were  taken  off  in  1797,  and  Roseboom  in  1854.  It  is  the 
K.  E.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  and  mountainous  upland ;  and  much  of  it  is  too 
rough  and  rocky  for  cultivation.  Mount  Independence,  s.  e.  of  the  center,  is  a  rocky  eminence 
1,000  ft.  above  the  valleys  and  2,000  ft.  above  tide.  It  is  the  highest  summit  in  the  co,  A  range 
of  highlands  extends  along  the  N.  w.  boundary.  The  central  and  s.  parts  of  the  town  are  drained 
by  the  head  branches  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  the  n.  part  by  tributaries  of  the  Mohawk.  The 
soil  upon  the  uplands  is  a  slaty  and  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  fine  quality  of  calcareous 
loam.  Upon  a  small  creek  in  the  n.  part  are  the  Tekaharawa  Falls,  100  feet  in  height.  In  the 
vicinity  are  several  sulphur  springs  and  quarries  of  limestone.  In  the  n.  w.  corner  are  several 
springs  of  weak  brine,  from  which  salt  was  formerly  manufactured.  Cherry  Valley,*  (p-^-O 
at  the  head  of  the  valley  of  Cherry  Valley  Creek,  was  incorp.  June  8,  1812.  It  contains  3  churches, 
the  Cherry  Valley  Academy,®  a  bank,  newspaper  office,  gristmill,  2  melodeon  factories,  and  1 
furnace.  Pop.  1,000.  Salt  SpringTille^  (p-o.)  is  a  hamlet  in  the  n.  w.  corner.  The  first  set- 
tlement was  made  on  the  present  site  of  the  village,  in  1739,  by  John  Lindesay,  an  emigrant  from 
the  Londonderry  Colony  of  Scotch-Irish  in  N.  H.^  The  first  religious  services  were  held  in  1743, 
by  Rev.  Samuel  Dunlop,  a  native  of  Ireland.* 

DECATUR^"— was  f.)rmed  from  Worcester,  March  25,  1808.     It  lies  upon  the  e.  line  of  the 
CO.,  s.  of  the  center.     The  surface  is  hilly,  and  broken  by  the  narrow  valleys  of  several  small 


1  Paul  Gardner  settled  in  17^2.  and  Benj.  Card.  Willis  Potter, 
Caleb  Gardner.  Alexarnler  Parkfr.  Ira  Johnson.  John  Jubnson. 
Lemuel  Hubbell,  and  ,S'ini"I  Hubbard,  abfut  tlie  same  time  or 
§ooa  after,  in  the  vicinity  of  Biuiiuston  Flats.  The  first  school 
waa  taught  by  Jos.  Wright,  at  Burlington  Green.  Paris  Briggs 
and  WUlardCburch  kei)t  the  fcrst  inns.  andWalbridge  &  Co.  the 
first  store,  at  Burlington  Flats.  Augustus  and  Adolpbus  Wal- 
bridge  erected  the  first  mill,  at  the  same  place. 

3  There  are  7  churches  in  town ;  4  Bap.,  Presb.,  Scotch  Presb., 
and  Friends. 

3  Daniel  and  John  Eastwood  were  among  the  first  settlors  in 
thew.  part  of  the  town,  and  Joseph  T.  Gilbert,  Wm.  Musson, 
Dr.  John  Burgess,  John  Marsli,and  Joseph  Cox  near  the  center. 
The  first  child  born  was  Jacolt  M.  Houck,  about  1790,  and  the 
first  death  of  an  adult  was  that  of  Saml.  ?haw,  in  1799 ;  the  first 
mjirriage  was  that  of  Jos.  Cox  and  Betsey  Nichols.  The  first  school 
waa  taught  by  Levi  Halbert,  at  the  house  of  Jos.  Cox.  Abijah 
Gilbert  kept  the  first  inn,  at  Gilbertsville,  and  Timothy  Dimmick 
the  first  store  in  town,  about  179D.  The  first  mill  was  erected 
by  Joseph  Shaw  and  Abijah  Gilbert. 

*  The cens.  reports 5  churches ;  Cong.,  Presb.,  Prot. B.,  Bap.,  M.E. 

6  Thia  place  has  been  the  re^idcuci' of  .several  of  the  distiu- 
gnished  political  and  professional  men  In  the  State,  among  whom 
were  John  Wells,  Esq.,  the  distinguislied  lawyer  of  N.  Y.  City; 
Hon.  Wm.  W.  Campbell,  author  of  the  "Annals  of  Tryon  Co.;" 
Rev.  KliphaletNott;  Jabez  D.  Hammond,  Esq.,  author  of  "Poli- 
tical History  of  New  York;"  Hon.  Levi  Beardsley,  author  of 
''Reminiscences  of  Otsego ;-'AWan  Stewart,  Esu.;  and  Jamea  0. 
Uorae,  Esq. 


6  This  institution  was  iccorp.  Feb.  8, 1706,  and  is  the  oldest 
academy  w.  of  Schenectady.  Its  first  principal  was  Rev.  Solo- 
mon SpauMing,  the  reputed  author  of  the  Book  of  Mormon; 
bis  successor  waa  Kev.  ELiphalet  Nott,  the  venerable  President 
of  Union  College.  Tlie  institution  has  maintained  a  high  repu- 
tation for  more  than  half  a  century ;  and  the  female  department 
under  its  present  organization  has  att.niued  a  wide  celebrity. 

'  Named  from  the  brine  springs  m  the  vicinity. 

8  Mr.  Lindesay  was  one  of  the  original  proprietors  of  Cherry 
Valley,  under  a  patent  granted  in  17^8.  by  George  Clarke,  then 
Lieut.  Governor  Of  New  York,  to  John  Lindesay,  Jacob  Rose- 
boom,  and  other.s.  David  Ramsey  and  James  Campbell,  from 
Londonderry,  N.  H.,  and  Wm.  Gait  and  Wm.  Dickson,  from  Ir^ 
land,  settled  on  the  patent,  in  1742.  at  and  near  the  village, 
John  Wells,  from  Ireland,  settled  at  the  village.  In  1744.  From 
the  fear  of  Indian  hostilities,  the  settlement  of  Cherry  Valley 
proceeded  slowly,  there  being  in  1752,  12  years  after  the  tlrat 
settlement,  but  8  families  in  the  town;  and  at  the  breaking  out 
of  the  Revolution.  In  1775,  the  number  of  families  did  not  exc««d 
60.  James  Ritchie  kept  the  first  stnre  and  inn,  anterior  to  tho 
war;  and  James  Campbell  erected  the  first  gristmill,  in  1743-44. 
John  M'ells  erected  the  second  gristmill.  Rev.  Snmuel  Dunlop 
taught  a  classical  school  at  his  own  house,  in  1743-44. — the  first 
probably,  of  the  kiud  w.  of  the  Hudson.  The  whole  settlement 
was  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  in- 
habitants were  murdered  and  taken  prisoners,  on  the  evening  of 
Oct.  11,  1778.    See  page  531. 

8  The  census  reports  4 churches;  2  M.  E.,  Presb.,  and  Prot.  £. 

^°  Named  in  honor  of  Commodore  Stephen  Decatur. 


OTSEGO    COUNTY. 


533 


streams.  The  hills  generally  have  gradual  elopes  and  rounded  summits,  and  are  elevated  250  to 
300  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  tovrn  is  drained  s.  by  Oak  and  Parker  Creeks,  flowing  into  the 
Schenevas.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Decatur,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  s.  w.  corner, 
contains  a  church  and  120  inhabitants.  The  first  settlements  vrere  commenced  in  or  about  1790, 
by  Jacob  Kinney,  originally  from  New  Milford,  Conn.,  at  or  near  the  village  of  Decatur.'  The 
first  religious  association  (M.  K.)  was  formed  at  an  early  period.^ 

EDMESTOIV — was  formed  from  Burlington,  April  1, 1808.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border  of  the 
CO.,  N.  of  the  center.  The  surfece  is  an  elevated  upland,  broken  by  numerous  irregular  valleys. 
The  highest  elevations  are  400  to  500  ft.  above  Una<lilla  River,  which  forms  the  w.  boundary. 
Wharton  Creek  flows  across  the  s.  E.  corner.  Mill  Creek  and  several  other  small  streams  take  their 
rise  in  the  town.  Smiths  Pond  is  a  small  sheet  of  water  in  the  N.  E.  corner.  The  soil  is  a  sandy 
and  clayey  loam.  Ediucstou  Center  (Edmeston  p.  o.)  contains  3  churches,  a  grist  and  saw 
mill,  and  tannery.  Pop.  275.  'West  Edmeston,  (p.  v.,)  on  Unadilla  River,  and  partly  in 
Brookfield,  (Madison  co.,)  contains  a  church  and  35  houses.  Soutii  Edineston  (p.  v.)  con- 
tains a  population  of  about  300  inhabitants.  Of  the  first  settlement  in  town,  authentic  data 
of  the  precise  date  are  wanting.  It  was  made,  however,  on  Unadilla  River,  during  tl»c  interval 
between  the  close  of  the  French  War,  in  1763,  and  the  commencement  of  that  of  the  Revolution, 
in  1775,  by  Col.  Edmeston,  an  officer  of  the  French  War,  and  Pcrcifer  Carr,  a  faithful  soldier  who 
had  served  under  him.'  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  at  Taylor  Hill,  March  8,  1794 ;  Rev. 
Stephen  Taylor  was  the  first  preacher.* 

EXETER — was  formed  from  Richfield,  March  25,  1799.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  N.  w. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken,  consisting  mainly  of  elevated  uplands. 
Angel  and  Tunnicliff  Hills,  lying  in  this  town,  are  400  to  500  feet  above  the  valleys.  The  town 
is  drained  E.  by  several  small  streams  flowing  into  Schuyler  Lake,  and  s.  by  Butternut  and 
Wharton  Creeks,  both  of  which  are  in  this  town.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam,  well 
adapted  to  grazing.  Exeter  Center  (Exeter  p.  o.)  contains  2  churches  and  106  inhabitants. 
Sc'llU3'ler8  Eake,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  outlet  of  Schuyler  Lake,  on  the  e.  border  of  the  town,  contains 
2  churches  and  280  inhabitants.  West  Exeter  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church  and  100  inhabitants. 
The  first  settlements  were  made  by  John  Tunnicliff  and  Ilendrick  Herkimer,  before  the  Revolu- 
tion, near  Schuyler  Lake,  and  William  Angel,  on  Angel  Hill,  in  1789.'  The  first  church  was  Prot. 
Epis.;  Rev.  Daniel  Nash  first  pastor,  in  1797." 

II ARTWICK.'— was  formed  from  Otsego,  March  30, 1802.  Its  n.  line  was  changed  in  1803.  It 
is  the  central  town  in  the  co.  It  is  a  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  200  to  350  ft.  above 
the  valleys.  Its  e.  part  is  drained  by  the  Susquehanna,  and  its  w.  part  by  Otego  Creek.  The  soil 
is  chiefly  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  with  an  occasional  mixture  of  clay.  HarttTick,  (p.  v.,) 
on  Otego  Creek,  in  the  w.  part,  contains  4  churches,  2  iron  founderies,  several  mills,  and  other 
manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  about  400.  Ilartwlck  Seminary,  (p.  v.,)  in  the 
valley  of  the  Susquehanna,  contains  the  "  Ilartwick  Theological  and  Classical  Seminary,'"  a 
church,  and  20  dwellings.  South  Ilartirick  (p.  v.)  contains  a  church  and  17  houses. 
Toddsville,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  line  of  Otsego,  in  the  n.  e.  corner  of  the  town,  contains  the  ITnion 
Cotton  Factory'  and  about  a  dozen  dwellings.  Cliutonville,  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  e.  corner,  is 
the  seat  of  the  Clinton  Cotton  Factory.'"  Tlie  Ilartwick  Patent,  including  the  greater  part  of  the 
area  of  this  town,  was  granted  April  22,  1761 ;  and  settlements  were  made  in  the  town  before  the 


1  Jacob  Brown,  John  and  Calvin  Seward,  anil  Oliver  Mclntyre 

Bettlod  soon  after:  and  Sloan,  from  Columbia  co.,  settled 

near  the  villaKo,  in  1"'.I7.  Mr.  Sloan  opened  the  first  taveiu 
and  the  first  store,  N.  of  the  village.  John  Chani|iion  erected  the 
first  gristmill,  and  James  Stewart  the  first  carding  an<l  fulling 
mill,  about  1810.  The  first  school  was  taught  b.y  Samuel  Thur- 
ber,  in  1798.  The  first  death  is  supposed  to  have  been  that  of 
Mr.  King,  about  1797. 

2  The  census  reports  2  churches ;  M.  E.  and  Bap. 

8  At  the  close  of  the  war,  Col.  Edmeston.  for  his  military  ser- 
vices, received  the  gi'ant  of  a  tract  of  land  covering  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  town  on  which  he  mtldo  the  first  settlement.  At  his 
death  the  lands  fell  to  heirs  and  minor  children  residing  In 
Kngland.  from  whom  no  safe  title  could  be  obtained  for  many 
years. — which  greatly  retarded  thi>  settlement  of  the  town. 
During  the  Kevolution,  the  hired  men  of  Mr.  Carr  were  killed 
while  at  work,  his  barn  was  burned,  his  property  d<-«troyed.  and 
himself  and  f.imily  were  takeir  prisoners  by  the  British  and  In- 
dians and  detained  to  the  close  of  the  war.  Abel  I)e  Forest  and 
(lideoD  De  Forest  were  among  the  early  settlers  on  tliel'nadilla; 
Aden  Deming  and  James  Ketiada,  at  Edmeston;  and  Stephen 
Taylor,  on  Taylor  Uill,  where  the  first  school  was  taught.  KufuB 


Graves  kept  the  first  inn;  and  James  Kcnada  erected  the  first 
gristmill,  both  at  Edmeston  Center. 

*  The  census  reports  5  churches;  2  Bap.,  7th  da.  Bap.,  M.  E., 
and  Univ. 

6  About  the  same  time,  or  Boon  after,  Asahel  Williams  and 
Ilagur  Curtis  settled  in  the  s.  piirt  of  the  town;  Joshua  and 
Caleb  Angel,  on  Angel  Uill;  Seth  Tubbs  and  Bethel  Martin,  at 
West  Kxeter;  T.  Brooks  and  M.  Cushman,  on  the  Kockdunga, 
Jolin  Tunnicliff  kept  the  first  store  and  tavern.  John  Ilurt4- 
horne  erected  the  first  gristmill,  on  Herkimer  Creek. 

•  The  census  reports  6  churches ;  2  QI.  E.,  Cong.,  Bap.,  Prot.  E., 
and  Union. 

'  Named  from  Clurisian  John  Hartwick,  the  patentee  of  the 
Ilartwick  Patent. 

6  This  institution,  established  in  T^l,5,  wa.s  originally  endowed 
by  .John  I  luiMC.plier  Ilartwick  with  a  fond  of  JSO,OoO. 

0  The  Iniwo  f'litlon  Factory  w:is  erected  in  1809,  and  burned 
down  and  rebuilt  in  18-18,  it  gives  employment  to  about  40 
hands. 

"J  The  Clinton  Factory,  erected  in  1847,  gives  employment  to 
.35  hands,  and  turns  out  024,000  yards  of  printed  cottons  par 
annum. 


534  OTSEGO    COUNTY. 

Kevolution.'  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  Aug.  19,  1795;  Rev.  John  Bostwick  was  the 
first  settled  preacher.* 

li.irREIVS — was  formed  from  Otsego,  April  2, 1810.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  w.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  With  the  exception  of  the  broad  valley  of  Otego  Creek,  the  surface  is  high  and 
hilly.  It  is  drained  s.  by  Otego  Creek  and  several  tributaries,  among  which  are  Uarrisons  and 
Camps  Creeks.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  in  some  parts  slaty,  and  generally  produc- 
tive. One  and  a  half  mi.  n.  of  Laurens  is  a  sulphur  spring.  Lsiureus,  (p.  v.,)  on  Otego  Creek, 
in  the  e.  part,  was  incorp.  April  22,  1834,  It  contains  3  churches,  1  flouring  mill,  the  Otsego 
Cotton  Mills,^  an  iron  foundery,  sawmill,  and  tannery.  Pop.  726.  Jacksonville^  (Mount 
Vision  p.  0.,)  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  contains  2  churches,  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  and  about  30  houses. 
West  Laureiis  (p.  v.)  contains  about  15  houses.  Settlements  were  made  in  this  town  prior 
to  the  llevolution,  by  Joseph  Mayall  and  Richard  Smith,  a  little  n.  of  Laurens  Village;  by  John 
Sleeper,  at  the  village ;  and  by  William  Ferguson,  a  little  s.  of  it.*  The  first  religious  association 
was  formed  by  the  Friends,  who  erected  a  meetinghouse  in  1800.' 

M  ARYI^AWD — was  formed  from  "Worcester,  March  25, 1808.     It  lies  on  the  s.  line  of  the  Co., 

E.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  ravines  of  the  streams.  Sche- 
nevas  Creek  flows  s.  w.  through  near  the  center  and  receives  several  tributaries  from  the  n.  South 
Hill,  a  steep,  unbroken  ridge  350  to  500  ft.  above  the  valleys,  extends  along  the  s.  bank  of  the 
creek  through  the  town;  and  from  its  summit  the  surface  spreads  out  into  a  rocky  and  broken 
upland,  extending  into  the  s.  border.  The  soil  is  principally  a  sandy  loam,  and  is  best  adapted  to 
grazing.  JUaryland,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  a  church  and  20  houses ; 
Scbenevus,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  e.  border,  a  church,  tannery,  and  383  inhabitants.  Cbaseville 
is  a  p.  0.  Thomas  Thompson  and  his  son  John,  from  Columbia  co.,  settled  in  1793.^  The  first 
church  (Presb.)  was  formed  at  an  early  period;  Rev.  Mr.  Ralph  was  the  first  preacher.^ 

MlDDLiEFIELiD — was  formed  from  Cherry  Valley,  March  3,  1797.  It  is  an  interior  town, 
lying  N.  E.  of  the  center  Cff  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  abruptly  descending  to  Otsego 
Lake  and  Outlet,  which  form  its  w.  boundary.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  400  to  600  ft.  above 
the  valleys.  Cherry  Valley  Creek  flows  s.  w.  through  the  E.  part  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  a 
gravelly  and  sandy  loam.  Mtddlefield  Center,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  contains 
a  church,  last  factory,  and  15  dwellings.  Clarksville,®  (Middlefield  p.  o.,)  on  Cherry  Valley 
Creek,  contains  2  churches,  a  tannery,  and  260  inhabitants.  The  first  settlement  was  made  about 
1755,  by  emigrants  originally  from  Ireland  and  Scotland.^  The  first  religious  association  (Presb.) 
was  formed  by  Rev.  Andrew  Oliver,  in  1805;  the  first  church  edifice  was  erected  in  1808.^'* 

MILFORD— was  formed  from  Unadilla,  Feb.  5, 1796,  as  "Suffrage."  Its  name  was  changed 
April  S,  1800.  A  part  of  Otego  was  taken  ofi*  in  1830.  It  is  an  interior  town,  s.  of  the  center  of  the 
CO.  The  Susquehanna  flows  s.  w.  through  the  town,  in  a  deep  valley  bordered  by  steep  hillsides, 
and  divides  the  surface  into  two  distinct  ridges.  Crumhorn  Mt.,  on  the  E.  border,  is  500  to  600  ft. 
above  the  valleys ;  and  the  w.  hills  are  300  to  400  ft.  high.  Crumhorn  Lake,  a  body  of  water  3 
mi.  in  circumference,  lies  upon  the  summitof  Crumhorn  Mt.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam. 
Milford  Center  (Milford  p.  o.)  contains  2  churches;  pop.  250.^^    CoIIierville  is  a  p.  o. 


1  Lot  Crosby  and  Stephen  Skiff  were  among  the  first  aettlers 
at  llartwick  Villa,'e,  and  EIij:ih  and  Kufus  Ilu.wk-in.'i  and  N. 
Lyon  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  town.  Jamea  Butter  fie  Id  kept  the 
first  inn.  and  Daniel  Laurens  the  first  store,  at  what  is  called 


and  cloth  dressing  mill.    The  first  death  was  that  of  John  Rice, 
killed  by  the  tall  of  a  tree. 

1  The  census  reports  i  churches  ;  3  M.  E.,  and  Bap. 

8  About  2  mi.  n.  of  Clarksville  is  a  rock  called  by  the  Indians 


White  House.    Th«  first  mill  was  erected  by  Samuel  Mudge,  at    Nis-ka-vu-na.  (probably  meaning  Council  Rock.)  wh»re  various 


Hartwick  Village, 

2  The  census  reports  6  churches;  2  Christian,  Bap.,  Luth., 
Presb..  and  iM.  E. 

8  This  factory  was  erected  in  1846,  by  aninvestnient  of  *;40,000. 
It  employs  40  persons,  and  oiakes  sheetings  exclusively,  to  the 
value  of  $oO,000  per  annum. 

<  Griffin  Crafts  kept  the  first  inn,  about  1S]2;  and  Erastns 
and  .John  Cully,  the  first  store.  John  Sleeper  erected  tlie  first 
gristmill,  and  BaniL-l  Johnson  the  first  factory.  The  first  birth 
was  that  of  Nehemiah  Sleeper;  the  first  mariiage,  that  of  Thos. 
Ferguson  and  Polly  Myers ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Hannah 
Sleeper.    John  llardgrove  taught  the  first  school. 

fi  The  census  reports  6  churches ;  2  M.  E.,  Friends,  Bap.,  Chris- 
tian, and  Presb. 

6  In  1794,  Josiah  Ch.iso,  Col.  J.  Houghton,  Ezekiel  Kice.  and 
Caleb  llvington,  from  Vt..  and  Daniel  Houghton  and  Wilder 
Rice,  settled  near  Schenevus,  Daniel  Stever,  from  Mass.,  settled 
at  Schenevus.  and  .Joseph  Hmve  on  KMc  Creek.  Th.-  first  prist- 
luill  wiis  built  by  lsr;iel  Spencer, and  the  fi^st  sawmill  by  Jotham 


tribes  from  the  s.  were  accustomed  to  meet  the  Mohawks  in 
council.  In  former  day-s  the  ro^-k  was  covered  with  hierogly- 
phics, but  from  its  shaly  nature  all  are  now  obliterated. 

8  Among  those  who  settled  prior  to  the  Rpvolutionary  Wat 
went  Wm.  Cook,  Daniel,  Bei^amin.  and  Reuben  McColIum, 
Samuel  and  Andrew  Wilson,  Andrew  Cochran,  Andrew  Cameron, 

and Hall,  all  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town.    They  came  from 

the  N.  of  Ireland,  but  were  mostly  of  Scotch  descent.  Among 
those  who  settled  near  the  close  of  and  after  the  war  were  Ben- 
jamin Gilbert,  in  the  N.  part,  in  1780;  ReOben  Beals.  in  the  s. 
part,  inlTSti;  Wm.  Compton,  Bernard  Temple, "Wm.  Rice.  Step'a 
and  Thomas  Pratt,  Whitney  Jenel.  and  Moses  Rich,  all  from 
Mass.,  and  William  Cook,  from  England,  in  1797;  Obadiah  Dun- 
ham, Wm.  Temple,  and  Daniel  Moore,  from  New  England,  in  the 
8.  part  of  the  town,  soon  after.  Hannah  Hubbell  taught  the 
first  school,  about  1790.  Alexander  McCollum  and  Andrew 
Cannon  kepT,  :he  first  inns,  and  Benjamin  Johnson  the  first 
store,  in  17'>0  Mr.  McCollum  also  built  the  first  sawmill,  before 
the  war;  and  Mosea  Rich  the  first  gristmill,  in  1795. 


Houghton,  in  1795,  on  Schenevus  Crenk.    Josiih  Ch;is()  kept  the  |      lo  The  census  reports  4  churches;  2  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  M.E. 
first  iua,  near  RoaeviUe;  and  Stephen  G.  Viigtl  the  ftr.st  fulling  ,      ii  Milford  contains  2  tanneries  and  several  manufactories. 


1 


OTSEGO    COUNTY.  535 

Portlaiidville  (p.  v.)  contains  a  tannery,  other  factories,  and  2  churches,     milford  (p.  v.) 

contains  2  churclios,  2  tanneries,  and  other  factories.  Pop.  250.  The  first  settlement  was  made  on 
the  Susqnehanna.  about  1770,  bj  a  squatter  named  Carr.  As  the  settlements  made  at  that  period 
were  broken  up  by  the  border  wars  which  followed,  little  or  no  progress  was  made  until  the  close 
of  the  Revolution.*  The  first  religious  services  (Cong.)  were  held  near  Milford  Village,  in  1793, 
by  Rev. Reed,  the  first  preacher.     The  census  reports  6  churches.'^ 

MORRIS — was  formed  from  Butternuts,  April  6,  1849.  A  part  of  Pittsfield  was  annexed  in 
1859.  It  lies  upon  the  w,  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  divided 
into  two  principal  ridges  by  Butternut  Creek,  which  flows  s.  w.  through  near  the  center.  The 
w.  ridge  terminates  in  a  series  of  steep  bluffs  bordering  upon  Unadilla  River,  which  forms  the  w. 
boundary  of  the  town.  The  soil  upon  the  uplands  is  composed  of  clay,  gravel,  and  disintegrated 
slate,  and  in  the  valleys  of  gravelly  loam.  Louliliville,  (Morris  p.  o.,)on  Butternut  Creek, 
contains  4  churches,  a  cotton  factory,  2  tanneries,  a  gristmill,  and  several  other  manufacturing 
establishments.*  Pop.  about  500,  Iflaple  Grove  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
about  1770,  by  Andre  Renouard,  at  Elm  Grove.*  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  Aug.  28, 
1793 ;  Rev,  John  Lawton  was  the  first  preacher.* 

WEW  MSBOjV— was  formed  from  Pittsfield,  April  7,  1806,  as  *' Lisbon."  Its  name  was 
changed  April  6,  1808.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a 
hilly  upland,  divided  into  several  ridges  by  the  deep  ravines  of  the  streams.  The  highest  sum- 
mits are  300  to  500  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  principal  streams  are  Butternut  Creek,  flowing  s. 
through  the  w.  part,  and  Otego  Creek,  in  the  e.  Gilberts  Lake  is  a  small  sheet  of  water  on  the 
s.  border.  The  soil  upon  the  uplands  is  a  clay  and  slaty  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly 
loam.  Crarrattsville^  (p.  v.,)  on  Butternut  Creek,  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  sawmill,  and 
tannery.  Pop,  192.  IVoblesville  (New  Lisbon  p.  o.)  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  and  25 
dwellings.  IVew  I^isbon  Center  and  Stetsonville  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  in  1775,  by  William  Lull  and  Increase  Thurston.*  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed 
on  West  Otego  Creek,  in  1804,  by  Elder  Micah  French.  A  Cong,  church  was  formed  near 
Noblesville,  April  21,  1805,  by  Rev.  Wm.  Stone.' 

OUTEO^TA — was  formed  from  Milford,  Otego,  and  Huntsville.  Its  name  was  changed 
April  17,  1830.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland, 
broken  by  the  deep  valley  of  the  Susquehanna,  which  extends  n.  e.  and  s.  w.  through  the  s.  part. 
Otego  Creek  and  several  small  streams  flow  into  the  Susquehanna  from  the  n.  A  range  of  hilU 
500  ft.  high  extends  along  the  s.e.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna.  The  center  and  n.  part  are  hilly, 
and  broken  by  narrow  and  irregular  valleys.  The  summits  are  150  to  300  ft.  above  the  valleys. 
The  soil  is  gravel,  slate,  and  clay  on  the  uplands,  and  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium  upon  the  river 
bottoms.  Oueonta,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  on  the  Susquehanna,  was  incorp.Oct.  14, 1848.  It  con- 
tains 4  churchee,  a  newspaper  office,  carriage  factory,  2  iron  founderies,  a  tannery,  gristmill  and  saw- 
mill. Pop.  G78.  West  Oneonta  (p.v,)  contains  an  iron  foundery  and  15  dwellings;  Oneonta 
Plains,  (p.  v.,)  2  churches,  a  distillery,  and  12  houses.  Henry  Scramling  andJohnYoungs  settled 
in  town  previous  to  the  Revolution.^  The  first  religious  association  (Presb.)  was  formed  at  Oneonta 
Village,  in  1786;  Rev.  Alex.  Conkeywas  the  first  settled  preacher;  the  church  was  built  in  1810.^ 


1  Matthew  Cully,  from  Cherry  Valley,  and  George  Mumfortl 
eettled  near  Milford  Center  in  1783.  Abraham  and  Jacob  Boala, 
and  a  family  named  Kurd,  all  from  Mass..  settled  at  and  near 
Milford  Villiigo  in  17S4.  Henry  Scott,  from  htland.  settled  a 
little  N.  of  the  Tillage  in  1786.  The  first  child  born  was  David 
Beal-s,  in  Sept.  1786;  the  first  marriage,  tiiat  of  .Tamos  Hrown 
and  Rhoda  Marvin,  in  17S8;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mra. 
Beals,  abowt  the  same  time.  Increase  Niles  taught  the  first 
school.  In  I'W.     IMatthew  Cully  and  Isaac  Collier  kept  the  first 


6  Among  the  othpr  early  settlers  were  S.  W.  Park,   MoneB 

Thurston,  Ilughey  Marks.  0.  Park,  William  Pierce. Bnxik, 

John  Johnson,  William  and  John  Garratt,  all  in  the  vicinity  of 
Garrattsville.  Klnnthan  Nobles  was  among  the  first  settlers  at 
Noblesville ;  from  him  the  place  derives  its  name.  Jo.seph 
Balcom  and  John  Stewart  were  among  the  first  sfttlers  at 
Stetaonville.  In  1778  the  first  Fettlers  wore  driven  off  by  the 
Indiana  and  tories.  Their  buildiD'zs  were  burned  and  their 
crops  destroyed.   After  the  close  of  the  war,  nil  th.'  fiist  Hettlers 


inn.  below  Milford  Village,  and  Isaac  Edson  tln^  first  store,  at  the    returned  to  their  improvements.     Sally  Thui-:^t(in  wils  the  first 
village  in  1794.    The  first  gristmill  was  erected  by  Daviil  Cully,    child  bom  in  town;  James  McCollum  tau;;:ht  the  first  school; 


ia  178S.  and  tlie  first  sawmill  by  Matthew  Cully,  in  1792-it3, 
2  2  M.  K..  I'resb..  Bap.,  Christian,  and  Friends. 
'  The  Butternuts  Cotton  and  Woolen  Factory  was  erected  at 
the  village  of  Luuisville  in  1812.    It  employs  constantly  over 
50  hands. 

*  Benjamin,  Joseph,  Caleb,  Benjamin,  jr..  and  Nathan  Lull 
and  Jonathan  Moore,  from  Dutchess  CO.,  settled  in  town  in 
1773.  Kbenezer  Knapp.  Jacob  Morris,  and  Andrew  Cathcart 
were  n\m  among  tlu'  early  settlers.  The  first  marriiige  was 
that  of  Josejih  Lull  and  Martha  Knapp,  in  1776.  The  first  inn 
was  kept  by  Sturgess  Bra<lley,  and  the  first  storo  by  Louis  and 


Charles  Eldredge  kept  the  first  inn,  in  the  s,  part  of  the  town; 
and  William  (Jarratt  the  first  store,  at  Garrattsville.  Louis  De 
Villier,  a  Frenchm;in,  erected  the  first  mill. 

'  Tlie  census  reports  3  churches  in  town;  Bap.,  Cong.,  and 
M.  K. 

8  Aaron  Brink,  Frederick  Brown,  and  James  McDonald  were 
among  the  e^rly  settlers  at  Oneunta  Village.  James  Youngs 
settled  at  the  mouth  of  Charlotte  Kiver;  Baltus  Kinibell.  n.  of 
the  village;  Abraham  Houghtnling,  also  Eliius  Bn-wer  and 
I'etLT  Swartz.  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  in  17S6;  and  Jusiuh 
r.ft.  on  (imnnla  Creek.    The  first  birth  was  that  of  Abraham 


Paschal  Fr;inchot,  at  Louisville.     Louis  De  Vitlier  erected  the     llnUKht^iliitg  2(i,  in  1786.     Aaron  Brink  kept  the  first  inn,  and 


first  griBtniUl,  on  Aldrich  Creek,  and  Paschal  Franchot,  John  0. 
Morris,  and  A.  G.  Washburn  the  first  factory. 

6  The  census  reports  5  churcliea ;  Bap.,  Friends,  Prot.  E.,  M.E. 
and  Uuiv.    A  part  of  Pittsfield  was  taken  off  in  1859. 


I'ctiT  l)inin*-y  the  first  store.    John  Vanderwurkor  erected  the 
first  gri.stmill. 

»  There  are  7  churches  in  town;  3  M.  E.,  2  F.  W.  Bap.,  Bap., 
and  Presb. 


536  OTSEGO    COUNTY. 

0T£€(0 — was  formed  from  Franklin  (Delaware  co.)  and  Unadilla,  April  12,  1822,  as  ''Hunts- 
ville"  ApartofMilford  was  annexed  and  its  name  changed  April  17, 1830.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border 
of  the  CO.,  w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  divided  by  the  Susquehanna,  which  flows 
8.  w.  through  the  s.  part.  The  n.  part  is  separated  into  ridges  200  to  400  ft.  high,  all  extending 
N.  and  s.  The  streams  are  Mill  Creek,  east  and  west  branches  of  Otsdawa  Creek,  Flax  Id.  Cr. 
and  Center  Brook.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  sandy  loam.  OtegO,  (p-^-O  on  the  Susquehanna, 
contains  4  churches  and  331  inhabitants;  Otscla^va,  (p. v.,)  on  Otsdawa  Creek,  contains  a 
church,  one  mill,  and  20  dwellings.  Center  BrooU  is  a  p.  o.  on  the  stream  of  the  same 
name.  Settlements  were  made  in  this  town,  along  the  Susquehanna,  soon  after  the  close  of  the 
Revolution  ;  but  the  precise  date  of  the  lirst  settlement  is  not  known.^  The  first  church  (Presb.) 
was  organized  at  Otego  Vilkige,  Sept.  17,  1805  ;  Kev.  Abuer  Benedict  was  the  first  preacher.^ 

OTSEGO— was  formed  as  a  part  of  Montgomery  co.,  March  7,  1788,  and  originally  included 
the  greater  part  of  Otsego  co.  Burlington,  Richfield,  and  Unadilla  were  taken  ott'  in  17U2,  Hart- 
wick  in  1802,  and  Laurens  in  1810.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Otsego 
Lake,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  lying  between  Otsego  and  Schuy- 
ler Lakes  and  descending  abruptly  toward  each.  The  summits  are  300  to  500  ft.  above  the 
water,  the  uplands  being  divided  into  two  ridges  by  Fly  Creek,  which  flows  s.  through  the  center. 
Oak  Creek,  the  outlet  of  Schuyler  Lake,  flows  s.  through  the  w.  part.  The  soil  is  clay,  gravel,  and 
Bandy  loam.  Cooperstown,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  foot  of  Otsego  Lake,  was  incorp.  April  3,  1S07,  by 
the  name  of  "  Otsego."  Its  name  was  changed  to  Cooperstown  June  12,  1812.  Besides  the  co. 
buildings,  it  contains  0  churches,  3  banks,  2  newspaper  uffices,  an  academy,^  the  buildings  of  tho 
Cooperstown  Seminai'y  and  Female  Collegiate  Institute,'*  a  flouring  mill,  and  various  manu- 
facturing establishments.^  The  location  of  the  village  is  pleasant  and  attractive  from  its  many 
elegant  private  residences  and  historic  associations.  Pop.  about  1,500.^  Fly  Ci'eeli,  (p>v.,) 
upon  the  stream  of  the  same  name,  contains  3  churches,  several  manufactories,'  and  30  houses. 
Oaksville,  (p-v.,)  s.  of  the  center,  contains  a  church,  factory,  and  15  houses.  Otsego 
liake  is  a  p.  0.  Toddsville  (p.  v.)  ia  on  the  line  of  Ilartwick.  Settlements  were  made  at 
Cooperstown  and  Fly  Creek,  in  1784-88,  by  Judge  Wm.  Cooper,  Wm.  Jarvis,  William  Ellison, 
Israel  Guild,  John  Howard,  Elihu  Phinney,  John  Miller,  Widow  Johnson,  Wm.  Abbott,  and  Jas. 
Averell.  The  first  religious  association  (Presb.  and  Cong.)  was  formed  Dec.  29,  1798  :  Rev.  Isaac 
Lewis  was  the  first  preacher.^ 

PITTSFIEI.D— was  formed  from  Burlington,  March  24,  1797.  New  Lisbon  was  taken  off 
in  1800,  and  a  part  of  Morris  in  1859.  It  is  centrally  situated  upon  the  w.  line  of  the  co.  Its 
surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  terminating  in  abrupt  declivities  upon  Unadilla  River,  which  forms  its 
w.  boundary.  Wharton  Creek  flows  across  the  n.  w.  corner,  and  several  small  tributaries  of  But- 
ternut Creek  flow  through  the  s.  part.  The  soil  is  generally  a  slaty  and  gravelly  loam.  Pitts- 
field,  (p.  o.,)  on  Wharton  Creek,  contains  10  houses.  Aaron  Nobles,  Hubbard  Goodrich,  and 
Matthew  Bennett  settled  in  the  valley  of  the  Unadilla,  about  1793.*°  The  first  church  now  in 
town  was  organized  in  the  e.  part  in  1849."     A  part  of  Morris  was  annexed  in  1859. 

1  Ransom  Hunt,  Abraham  Blakesley,  John  Birdsall.  Benjamin  j  implements  and  machinery,  employing  a  capital  of  $25,000;  and 
Cummings,  Jacob  Yates,  Josi'ph  Pierce,  mid  Bamitrd  Overhu^ser,  1  a  luniulery  and  machiue  shop,  employing  25  men. 

were  among  the  fii-st  settlers  at  Otego  Village  and  along  tlie  I  8  The  first  child  born  was  William  Jarvis,  at  Fly  Creek,  in 
river.  Phiueas  Cook  settled  on  the  e.  branch  of  the  Otsdawa  !  1787.  The  firs.t  deaths  in  town  were  those  of  two  deserting 
in  1800,  and  built  there  the  first  cloth  dressin     mill,  in  ItiUl.        '  "  '  "    '  "  "    "    * 

Ransom  Hunt  kept  the  first  inn,  and  Neh.  Sleeper  erected  the 

first  gristmill  in  tnuii.     Smith  &,  Morey  opened  the  first  store. 

2  The  census  reports  6  churches ;  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Bap.,  F.  W. 
Bap.,  Christian,  and  M.  E. 

3  The  first  academy  was  formed  in  1705,  and  the  building 
burned  down  March  31.  1809.  and  has  not  been  rebuilt.  A 
classical  school  has  been  sustained,  and  bus  prospered  for 
most  of  the  time,  for  half  a  century. 

4  This  institution  was  established  and  opened  in  1S54,  and 
extensive  and  commodious  buildings  were  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$30,000.     It  started  with  J.  L.  G.  McKown  as    I'rincipal.    It 

suspended  operations  in  1857,  was  purchased  by  R.  C.  Hack  in    to  serve  as  a  bridge.    Judge  Cooper  removed  hie  family  from" 
1859,  and  the  school  is  again  in  operation,  with  indications  of  |  N.  J.  in  1790. 
permanent  prosperity.   See  p.  749.  j      d  fbe  census  reports  10  churcheB:  3  M.  E.,  2  Presb.,  2  Univ 


soldiers,  who  were  shot  by  order  of  Gen,  Clinton,  in  1779.  before 
the  settlements  were  commenced.  The  first  school  was  taught 
at  Cooperstown,  by  Joshua  Dewey,  in  1788.  Wjllinm  Ellison 
opened  the  first  inn.  in  1786;  and  Judge  Wm.  Cooper  the  first 
store,  in  17Sfl-90.  The  first  mill  was  erected  by  Samuel  Tubbs, 
at  Toddtiville.  in  1790.  In  1779,  General  Clinton,  on  his  way  to 
join  Sullivan's  expedition,  built  a  dam  across  the  outlet  of  the 
lake  to  raise  the  waters  eufticiently  to  float  down  the  Susque- 
hanna  the  boat,  containing  his  men  and  military  stores.  Tho 
remains  of  this  dam  are  still  visible.  In  1784.  Gen.  Wa.'*hin<^ 
ton,  on  a  juurney  of  observation,  visited  the  foot  of  Otse^.-o 
Lake.    In  1766.  John  Miller  felled  a  large  tree  across  the  outlet 


&  The  Hope  Cotton  Factory,  erected  in  1813.  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of  about  $100,000,  has  through  a  long  series  of  years 
given  employment  to  80  persons.  After  undergoing  various 
.changes  in  construction,  machinery,  and  proprietorship,  the 
eatablishment  is  still  continued,  with  reduced  operations. 

*  J.  Fenimore  Cooper,  the  novelist,  resided  heie;  and  his  man- 
sion and  grounds  wore  near  the  centre  of  the  village. 

'  At  this  place  is  a  fork  factory,  with  a  capital  of  $75,000,  em- 
ploying 30  men ;  a  pail  factory  J  a  maaufactury  of  agricultural 


Prot.  E..  Bap  ,  and  R.  C. 

10  Sell)  Harrington  and  BenJ.  Eddy  settled  in  the  e.  part  of  th« 
town  soon  aller  the  settlements  "on  the  Unadilla.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Benjamin  Pendleton,  at  I'ittsfield  P.  O. 
Matthew  Bennett  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1797. and  Henry  Randall 
the  first  st'-re.  in  l>lu.  at  the  1'.  (1.  Benj.  Atwcll  built  the  first 
mill,  and  the  Ark  Wright  Manufacturing  Company  the  first  cotton 
factory,  both  on  the  Unadilla. 

n  Iheie  are  2  Union  churches  in  town. 


OTSEGO    COUNTY. 


537 


PLiAIXFIEliD — was  formed  from  Richfield,  March  25, 1799.  It  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  of 
the  CO.  Its  surface  is  a  broken  and  hilly  upland.  Unadilla  River,  forming  the  w.  boundary,  is 
bordered  by  steep  blufis  rising  to  the  height  of  400  to  600  ft.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and  sandy  loam. 
Unadilla  Forks,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  junction  of  the  e.  and  w.  branches  of  Unadilla  River,  con- 
tains 2  olmrohes,  a  hoe  factory,  flouring  mill,  sawmill,  and  machine  shop.  Pop.  253.  Plain- 
field  Center  contains  a  church  and  15  houses ;  Spooners  Corners  is  a  p.  o. ;  lieon- 
ardsvllle,  (p.v.,)  on  the  Unadilla,  in  the  s.  part,  is  mostly  in  Madison  co.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  at  and  near  Plainfield  Center,  in  1793,  by  Ruggles  Spooner,  Elias  Wright,  and  John 
Kilbourne.'  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  and  the  church  erected  in  1800;  Rev.  John 
Wait  the  first  preacher.' 

RICtlFIELiD — was  formed  from  Otsego,  April  10,  1792.  Exeter  and  Plainfield  were  taken 
ofi"  in  1799.  It  is  the  extreme  northern  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  moderately 
hilly,  with  a  mean  elevation  of  150  to  200  ft.  above  Schuyler  Lake, — Pray  and  Nine  Hills,  on  either 
side  of  the  head  of  the  lake,  rising  about  200  ft.  higher.  Schuyler  Lake,  in  the  s.  E.  corner,  occu- 
pies a  deep  valley  ;  and  into  it  flow  several  small  streams  from  the  N.  and  w.  The  soil  is  of  a  diver- 
Bified  character,  consisting  of  gravel,  slate,  clay,  and  sandy  loam,  well  cultivated  and  productive. 
About  500,000  pounds  of  cheese  are  made  in  the  town  annually, — being  more  than  double  that  made 
in  any  other  town  in  the  co.  Ricllfield  Springes,  (p.v.,)  near  the  head  of  Schuyler  Lake,  in 
the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches,  a  flouring  mill,  and  500  inhabitants.'  Monti- 
cello,  (Richfield  p.  o.,)  near  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  200  inhabitants.  Bri^liton 
contains  a  church  and  about  15  houses.  Settlements  were  made  prior  to  the  Revolution;  but 
they  were  broken  up  during  the  war.  The  first  settlers  after  the  war  were  Seth  Allen,  Richard 
and  William  Pray,  John  Beardsley,  Joseph  Coats,  and  John  Kimball,  in  1787.*  The  first  church 
(Prot.  E.)  was  formed  at  Monticello,  May  20,  1799;  Rev.  Daniel  Nash  was  the  first  pastor.' 

ROSEBOOM'— was  formed  from  Cherry  Valley,  Nov.  23,  1854.  It  lies  on  the  E.  border  of 
the  CO.,  N.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  valleys  of  several  streams. 
The  hills  are  generally  rounded,  and  their  summits  elevated  300  to  350  ft.  above  Schoharie  Kil. 
The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam.  RosebooiU,  (p.v.,)  in  the  n.  w.  part,  on  the  line  of  Middlefield, 
contains  a  church  and  111  inhabitants;  and  Soutll  Valley,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  E.  part,  2  churches 
and  175  inhabitants.  Pleasant  Brook  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.'  The  settlements  in  this  town 
were  commenced  about  1800.     There  are  5  churches  in  town.' 

SPRIi\GFIELiD— was  formed  from  Cherry  Valley,  March  3,  1797.  It  lies  upon  the  N.  line 
of  the  CO.,  E.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  rolling  and  moderately  hilly  upland,  the  hills  gene- 
rally rising  about  200  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Mt.  Wellington,  e.  of  the  head  of  Otsego  Lake,  in  the 
S.  part  of  the  town,  is  300  to  400  ft.  high.  Summit  Lake,  in  the  N.  part,  in  high  water  discharges 
its  waters  both  N.  and  s.  The  streams  are  small  brooks.  In  the  N.  part  is  a  deep  sink,  called  "  The 
Chyle,"  into  which  a  considerable  stream  of  water  runs  and  flows  through  a  subterranean  passage 
to  Braman's  Factory,  where  it  again  appears  on  the  surface.  The  sink  is  tunnel-shaped,  240  feet 
in  circumference  and  15  ft.  deep.  After  heavy  rains  it  is  .sometimes  filled  with  water,  which,  while 
discharging  through  the  orifice  below,  often  moves  round  in  rapid  gyrations.  The  soil  is  a  black 
and  yellow  loam,  resting  upon  limestone  and  slate.  More  hops  are  grown  in  this  town  than  in  any 
other  town  in  the  co.    Sprin^iield  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches,  a  tannery,  and  15 


1  SamM  Williams  settled  on  the  Unadilla.  in  the  n.  part,  and 
Benj.  and  Abel  Clark,  at  the  Forks,  about  the  same  time.  The 
first  school  was  taught  at  Spooners  Corners,  by  .las.  HobinsoD, 
in  1797-98.  Wm.  Lincoln  kept  the  first  inn.  at  Lloydville,  and 
Luce  &  Woodward  the  first  store.  Capt.  Caleb  Brown  built  the 
first  mill,  in  1805,  on  the  Unadilla. 

2  The  census  reports  4  churches ;  2  F.  W.  Bap..  Presb.,  Bap. 

*  Richfield  Springs — frum  which  the  villat^e  derives  its  name- 
are  celebrated  for  their  medicinal  properties  in  the  cure  of  cuta- 
neous disorders,  liver  complaint,  scroiula,  and  similar  diseases, 
and  larice  numbers  of  invalids  are  annually  attracted  here. 
Prof,  iteid  haft  given  the  following  as  the  result  of  an  analysis 
of  tt  wine-gallon  of  the  water  of  these  springs : —       Grnlne. 

Bicarbonate  of  nm^nesia 20 

Bicarbonate  of  lime 10 

Chloride  of  sodium  and  magnesia 1-06 

Sulphate  of  magnesia 30 

Uydrosulphate  of  magnesia  and  lime 2 

Sulphate  of  lime 20 

Solid  matter 153.05 

236.10 
Sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  26.9  inches. 


*  Wm.  Tunnicliff.  Dan'l  Hawka.  John  Hatch,  Ebenezer  Eaton, 
and  Jos.  Rockwell  settled  at  or  near  Richfield  Springs  in  1789; 
Obadiah  Beardsley  and  his  son  Obadiah,  jr.,  the  lather  and 
grandfather  of  the  late  Levi  Beardsley,  and  Hon.  Samuel 
Beardsley,  of  Utica,  settled  in  this  county  in  17i'u.  Tlie  first 
birth  was  that  of  Orange  Allen;  and  the  first  marriage,  that 
of  Ebenezer  Russell  and  Miss  More.  James  S.  Palmer  taught 
the  first  school,  at  Richfield  Springs ;  Israel  Itawson  kept 
the  first  inn,  and  Cyrus  Robinson  the  first  store,  at  the 
Springs :  William  TunniclifT  erected  the  first  mill,  at  the  same 
place. 

'  The  census  reports  7  churohes;  3  M.  E.,  2  Prot.  E.,  Presb., 
and  Univ. 

*  Named  from  Abram  Roseboom,  who  was  one  of  the  earliest 
settlers. 

T  Abram  Roseboom  erected  tne  first  sawmill  and  carding  and 
fulling  mill,  in  1806.  at  Lodi;  Dan'l  Antisdale  kept  the  first  inn 
anil  the  first  store,  at  tliesame  place  in  18;i2.  The  first  gristmill 
was  erected  at  Ludi,  by  Brice  A  P.ru..  in  1790. 

8  The  census  reportsti  cliurcuea  ;  ~  il.  K.,  Evan.  Luth..  thris 
tian,  and  Bup. 


538  OTSEGO    COUNTY. 

houses;  and  East  Springfield  (p.  v.)  a  cimrch  and  20  houses.  Springfield  is  a  p.  o.  near 
the  fenter.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1762,  by  John  Kelly,  Richard  Ferguson,  and 
James  Young,  from  Ireland,  at  East  Springfield ;  and  Gustavua  Klumph  and  Jacob  Tygart,  at  the 
head  of  Otsego  Lake.  Most  of  these  settlers  were  driven  ofl'  during  the  war.'  The  first  church 
(Bap.)  was  formed  at  an  early  period ;  K.ev. Fairman  was  the  first  preacher.' 

UIV ADIliLiA — was  formed  from  Otsego,  April  10,  1792.  Butternuts,  "  Suffrage,"  (now  Mil- 
ford,)  and  "  Otego"  (now  Oneonta)  were  taken  oif  in  1796,  a  part  of  " Hunlsville"  (now  Otego) 
in  1822,  and  a  part  of  Butternuts  in  1857.  It  lies  at  the  junction  of  Unadilla  and  Susquehanna 
Rivers,  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland,  the  highest  sum- 
raits  being  400  to  500  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Unadilla  River,  forming  the  w.  boundary,  Susque- 
hanna River,  the  E.,  and  Sandy  Hill  Creek,  in  the  E.  part,  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  on 
the  river  bottoms  is  an  alluvial  loam,  and  on  the  uplands  a  slaty  and  gravelly  loam.  Unadilla, 
(p.  V.,)  on  the  Susquehanna,  was  incorp.  April  2,  1827.  It  contains  4  churches,  the  Unadilla  Aca- 
demy, a  bank,  newspaper  ofBce,  woolen  factory,  furnace,  2  tanneries,  a  flouring  mill,  sawmill,  paper 
mill,  and  various  other  manufactories.  Pop.  795.  ITnadilla  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  a  church 
and  15  houses ;  Sand  Hill,  on  Sand  Hill  Creek,  in  the  E.  part,  contains  2  churches,  a  tannery, 
and  a  dozen  houses.  Settlements  were  made  at  Unadilla,  along  the  valley  of  the  Susquehanna, 
prior  to  the  Revolution ;  of  the  precise  date,  and  by  whom,  no  records  or  tradition  inform  us.  A 
conference  took  place  between  Gen.  Herkimer  and  Brant,  the  Indian  warrior,  at  Unadilla,  in 
July,  1777.  The  first  church  (Prot.  E.)  was  formed  Nov.  1,  1809 ;  Rev.  RusseU  Wheeler  was  the 
first  pastor.* 

WESTFORD— was  formed  from  'Woroester,  March  25,  1808.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  hilly,  the  highest  summits  being  400  to  500  ft.  above 
the  valleys.  It  is  drained  s.  by  Elk  Creek  and  w.  by  tributaries  of  Cherry  Valley  Creek.  The 
soil  is  a  sandy  loam  of  good  quality.  fVestford,  (p.  v.,)  a  little  E.  of  the  center  of  the  tovm, 
contains  4  churches  and  40  houses.  Westville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  w.,  on  the  line  of  Middlefield, 
contains  2  churches  and  15  houses.  The  first  settlements  were  made  about  1790,  in  the  s.  e.  part, 
by  Thomas  Sawyer,  Benjamin  Chase,  Oliver  Salisbury,  Alpheus  Earl  and  father,  Artemas,  Moses, 
and  David  Howe,  and  Ephraim  Smith, — all  from  Yt.°  The  first  religious  association  (M.  E.)  was 
formed  in  1791.' 

■WORCESTER — was  formed  from  Cherry  Valley,  March  3,  1797.  Decatur,  Maryland,  and 
Westford  were  taken  oflT  in  1808.  It  is  the  s.E.  corner  town  in  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  and 
broken  upland.  The  highlands  which  occupy  the  s.  part  of  the  town  descend  toward  the  N.  by 
an  abrupt  declivity  350  to  400  ft.  high.  This  declivity  forms  a  continuous  ridge  extending  n.  e. 
find  s.  w.  through  near  the  center  of  the  town.  The  principal  streams  are  Charlotte  River  and 
its  tributaries  and  Schenevas  Creek.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam.  Worcester,  (p.  v.,)  in  the 
N.  w.  part,  contains  2  churches,  2  gristmills,  a  tannery,  and  40  dwellings;  East  Worcester 
(p.  V.)  2  churches,  a  gristmill  and  sawmill,  and  25  dwellings  ;  and  Soutll  Worcester,  (p.  v.,) 
on  Charlotte  River,  a  church,  a  bank,  and  20  dwellings.  The  first  settlements  were  made  on 
Charlotte  River,  in  1740,  by  Christopher  Servis  and  Jacob  Becker.  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was 
formed  at  an  early  period ;'  Rev. Bushnell  was  the  first  preacher.' 

1  Mr.  TvKart  had  two  sons,  John  nnd  Jacoli,  who  were  taken  I  '  Among  the  other  early  setllei-e  were  Luther  Sparer  and 
prisoners  and  carried  to  Canada  during  the  war.  Soon  alter  Samuel  nalicock.  from  Mass.;  the  latter  in  March.  1V93.  Wm. 
the  war.  Klisha  Dodge,  Col.  Uerrick,  and  .iaron  lligelow,  from  I  Chase  was  the  first  child  born  in  town.    Nath'l  OiigRs  kept  the 


Conn.,  and  Kli  Parsons,  Ejiakim  Sheldon,  and  Isaac  White,  from 
Mass.,  settled  in  the  central  part  of  the  town.  The  first  inu 
was  kept  by  Eli  Parsons,  at  P'.ast  Sprinpfield.  and  the  first  store 
by  Thomas  and  Stacy  Horner.  Garrat  SUiats  erected  the  first 
gristmill  and  sawmill,  before  the  war. 

2  The  census  reports  4  churches;  Bap.,  M. E.,  Presb.,  and 
Afiso.  Presb. 

3  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Dan'l  Bissell,  Abijuh  Beach. 

and  Solomon  Martin,  at  UnadiUa,Uen. D.Bates, Morefield, 

and  Peter  Rogers,  at  Unadilla  Center,  Abel  De  Forest  and  Wm. 
Buckley,  in  thi-  e.  part  of  the  town.  Solomon  Martin  kept  the 
first  store,  in  1*^00.  and  Sampson  Crooker  the  first  gristmill. 

*  The  census  reports  7  churches;  3  M.  E.,  2  Bsip..  Prot.  E., 
and  Presb. 

6  Westford  also  contains  a  sash  aud  blind  factory  and  flax 
mill. 


first  inn.  at  Weslf-ird  Village,  in  1V95;  he  also  commenced  the 
first  store,  about  the  same  time.  Capt.  Artemus  Howe  built  the 
first  gristmill,  in  1794,  and  also  erected  the  fiiet  sawmill. 

7  The  census  reports  5  churches;  2  M.E.,  Cong.,  Prot.  E.,  and 
Prot.  .Meth. 

8  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Silas  Crippon  and  Henry  Stever, 
from  Columbia  CO.,  Solomon  Ilart^fll.  lii.ili  lligelow,  and  Nath'l 
Todd,  troin  Mass.,  and  Clwis.  Wilihr  anil  Jns.  Tainter.  from  Vt. 
Philip  Crippen.  son  of  Silas  Crippeu,  was  the  first  child  born  in 
town.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Joseph  Tainter,  In  1798. 
ls.Tac  Pofler  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1793;  and  Aaron  Kinney,  the 
first  store,  in  179S.  Jacob  Becker  built  the  first  gristmill,  in 
1740.  and  the  first  sawmill,  about  the  same  time.  The  first 
clolhing  and  carding  woiks  were  erected  by  Kufus  Draper. 

8  The  census  reports  6  churches;  3  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Evan. 
Luth. 


OTSEGO    COUNTY. 


539 


Acres  of  Land,   Yalualion,  Population,  Dioellings,   Families,   Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Ayricidtural  Products,  and  Domestic  llainc/actures,  of  Otsego  Couiiljj. 


Naates  op  Towns. 


Burlingfon  .... 

Butternuts 

Cherry  Valley 

Decatur 

Kdmeston 

Exeter 

Hartwick 

Laurens. 

Maryland 

Widdlefield  .... 

Milford 

Morris 

New  Lisbon..., 

Ooeonta 

Otego 

Otsego 

Pittsfleld 

I'lainfield 

Ricbfleld 

Rosebooni 

Springfield 

Unadilla 

Westford 

Worcester 

Totain;^ 


Acres  of  Land. 


20,61.H 
21,173 
18,012 
9,SB5 
18.09  li 
14,135 
19,848 
19,9144 
18,819 
26,062 
18.773J 
17,312 
20,025 
16,238 
19,3931 
20.374} 
13,201} 
12,857} 
15.6S1 
13.366} 
22.23Bi 
20,543 
14,831} 
19,862 


7,2-29i 
8,7i6 
6.097  i 
3,617 
8,232 
4,916 
6,583 
6,974 
13,541  i 
11,4214 
9.466} 
6,766 
6,481 
7,303 
8,164 
9.619 
7,072 
4.103 
4,213 
6.7.30 
7.1144 
10.7074 
5,S04 
9.6884 


428,932i  179,5a9i 


Valuation  of  1868. 


$339,808 
632.240 
461,930 
185,566 
419,478 
295,615 
434,464 
420,820 
371,350 
612,195 
484,830 
382,295 
3S7.966 
373,107 
373,705 
790,649 
297,720 
264,780 
407,365 
204,353 
636,045 
482,337 
298,000 
406,245 


CO. 


$41,400 
110.625 
292.886 
1.3,200 
68,830 
39,116 
71.931 
60,600 
39,900 
98,348 
122,418 
77,650 
39,026 
46,668 
36,650 
663,270 
27,860 
21,366 
84.236 
62.921 
161,776 
136,906 
30,650 
43,900 


9,731,741  2,281,812 


$381,208 
642,765 
764,816 
168,766 
478,308 
334,731 
606,386 
481,320 
411,260 
710,643 
607.248 
459,946 
420.990 
419.676 
410,365 

1,353,819 
326,!)70 
286,130 
491,591 
207,274 
697,821 
619,243 
32S,650 
449.145 


12.013.553 


896 

1,006 

1,367 

475 

888 

767 

1,038 

1,029 

1,102 

1,658 

1,166 

1,001 

882 

1,105 

914 

2,116 

806 

641 

791 

949 

1,233 

1,393 

678 

1,055 


912 

1.023 

1,173 

438 

896 

7,'i3 

1,182 

1,077 

1,075 

1,613 

1,173 

1,037 

910 

1,062 

936 

2,219 

851 

640 

752 

938 

1,228 

1,329 

603 

1,060 


24,K36  24,.S99 


=1 


342 
427 
427 
168 
368 
2S4 
449 
412 
39S 
661 
449 
375 
339 
407 
388 
738 
317 
294 
252 
346 
426 
616 
275 
387 


'I 
•s. 


370 
435 
2S5 
181 
384 
305 
601 
446 
432 
671 
483 
434 
373 
440 
394 
825 
346 
280 
312 
373 
611 
533 
314 
411 


292 
262 
332 
169 
2'Jl 
238 
245 
346 
339 
446 
372 
312 
300 
327 
336 
629 
268 
230 
259 
295 
361 
453 
293 
322 


7,897 


sl 

668 
695 

1,042 
346 
601 
622 
947 
692 
835 

1,158 
689 
837 
695 
875 
667 

1,382 
814 
496 
849 
714 
865 
927 
415 
797 


18,131 


Names  of  Towns. 


Burlington.... 

Butternuts 

Cherry  Valley. 

llecatur 

EdniestoD 

ICtcter  

Hartwick 

Laurens 

Maryland 

MiddleHeld 

Milford 

Moms 

New  Lisbon... 
Oneonta...^... 

Otogo .".... 

Otsego 

Pittsfleld 

Plainfleld 

liichflfld 

Koseboom 

•Springfield.... 

Unadilhi, 

Westford 

Worcester 

Total 


l!] 


566 
605 
820 
338 
664 
478 
886 
681 
599 
933 
662 
614 
845 
612 
594 

1,009 
438 
410 
4S7 
528 

1.019 
658 
634 
6r3 


1.829 
2,003 
1,250 
865 
1,618 
1,167 
1.256 
1,757 
1.168 
1,844 
1,414 
1,531 
1,379 
1,335 
1,591 
1,854 
1,160 
1,223 
1,745 
1,107 
1,073 
1,650 
1,118 
1,587 
114,652  29,086  34,713 


1,163 

1,658 
1,200 

766 
1,407 

906 
1,086 
1,163 
1,413 
1,667 
1,138 
1,459 
1,132 

884 
1,68.S 
1,395 
1,13^ 

535 

81' 
1,005 
1,26S 
2,064 

909 
1,355 


6,704 
5,733 
2.480 
2,651 
6,356 
8,239 
3,728 
6.007 
4,105 
3,430 
3,242 
3,719 
7,035 
3,956 
8,4.53 
8,220 
4,576 
3,347 
2,414 
1,875 
3,425 
7,867 
3,703 
2,773 


109,937 


« 


840 

1,152 

968 

710 

1,028 

619 

850 

1.108 

799 

1,284 

967 

669 

758 

850 

1,026 

1,469 

730 

605 

660 

776 

1,083 

1,212 

880 

1,265 


22,368 


AaRicin.TuiiAL  Products. 


Bosh,  or  Gbaut. 


238 
1,3264 
1,298 
1,0644 
587 
190 
9254 
847 
3,869 
4,736 
3,1384 
9374 
64 
2,6374 
3,5944 
9014 
1,218 
196 
138 
1,268 
580 
3,911} 
2,044 
4,239 


39,8964 


t^ 


63,6194 
60,320 

101.398 
39,236} 
54,6574 
81,2494 
81,4854 
66,501 
77,198 

116,9944 
75,389} 
43.125 
51,178 
32,3094 
67,920 
86,7094 
43,5344 
41.3664 
41,353, 
77,6824 

119,8434 
69.880} 
57.864 
66,9194 


1,486,6324108,069}  412,7034 


ttl-^ 


38,896 
46,420 
21,107 
12.3+4 
33,133 
30.911 
26.946 
30.460 
16,899 
36,608 
20,823 
27.252 
26,779 
19.990 
24,822 
36,860 
11,780 
19,756 
26,176 
11,236 
23.292 
23.741 
18,310 1 
13.965 


DaISV  PaODUCTS. 


6.05 


122.572 
173.046 
105,160 

81.985 
106,826 

85,235 
108,280 
195,763 
122,045 
163,130 
148,017 
134.468 
144,600 
140.935 
179,195 
134,801 
104.705 

87,755 

70,376 
118,160 
167,430 
143.1S4 
109,780 
183,759 


0.3 


123,086 

100.S97 

22.21S 

12.435 

157,640 

166.366 

22,390 

10,530 

3.150 

96,415 

12,820 

63,625 

21.022 

6,720 

14,840 

94.807 

22  600 

25.710 

451.700 

4,010 

173,479 

31,749 

19,660 

1,925 


601,196 '3,078,206  1,638,493 


a.S 


1,6784 
792 
1,1764 
8824 
3.146} 
9824 
8114 
1,798 
1,755 
725 
23 
682 
7574 
1,110 
2,671} 
1.411 
6.30 
6904 
239 
994 
6,2374 
1,099 
662 
3,034 


32,779J 


PUTNAM   COUNTY. 


This  countj^  was  formed  from  Dutchess,  June  12,  1812*  It  lies 
upon  the  Hudson,  between  Dutchess  and  Westchester  cos.,  and 
extends  e.  to  the  Conn.  line.  It  ia  centrally  distant  85  mi.  from 
Albany,  and  contains  234  sq.  mi.  It  embraces  nearly  all  of  The 
Highlands  e.  of  the  Hudson.  The  mountains  consist  of  several 
steep,  rocky  ranges,  extending  in  a  n.  e,  and  s.  w.  direction  and 
separated  by  deep,  narrow  valleys,  the  principal  of  which  are 
Peekskill  Hollow,  and  Canopus  and  Pleasant  A^'alleys.  The  co, 
is  watered  by  the  upper  branches  of  Croton  River  and  several 
smaller  streams.  Among  the  mountain  valleys  are  numerous 
picturesque  lakes,  the  largest  of  which  are  Lakes  Mahopac,^  Cano- 
pus,^ and  Gleneida.*  In  the  valleys  the  soil  is  a  productive,  sandy 
loam,  but  the  mountains  are  bare  and  rocky,  and  only  valuable  for  their  mines^  and  quarries.* 
Iron  ore  abounds;  and  serpentine,  magnesian  limestone,  and  several  other  minerals  are  also  found.' 
The  rocks  belong  chiefly  to  the  primitive  and  lower  sedimentary  or  metamorphic  series,  consisting 
of  granite,  gneiss,  granular  quartz,  talcose  slate,  metamorphic  limestone,  serpentine,  greenstone,  and 
hornblende.  Peat  and  marl  are  fonnd  in  various  localities.^  In  the  farming  districts  the  people 
are  principally  engaged  in  dairying  and  furnishing  milk  for  the  New  York  market.  Manufacturing 
is  extensively  carried  on  at  Cold  Spring.  The  principal  works  of  internal  improvement  are  the  Hud- 
son River  R.  R.,  extending  through  Philipstown,  and  the  Harlem  R.  R.,  through  Patterson  and  South- 
east. The  county  seat  is  located  at  Carmel.^  The  co.  buildings  consist  of  a  courthouse,^"  jail," 
and  CO.  clerk's  office.^^  The  poorhouse  is  located  on  a  farm  of  196  acres  in  Kent,  about  2i  mi. 
from  Carmel."  Two  newspapers  are  published  in  the  co."  A  strip  580  rods  wide  along  the  e. 
border  of  the  co.  constitutes  a  part  of  the  "  Oblong'^  Tract,  and  was  patented  by  Thomas  Hawley 
and  his  associates,  June  8,  1731.^^  The  remaining  part  of  the  co.,  and  a  small  part  of  Dutchess, 
are  included  in  the  great  Highland  Patent  of  Adolph  Philipse.  At  the  time  of  the  Revolution  this 
patent  was  owned  by  Philip  Philipse,  and  INlary  and  Susannah,  wives  of  Col.  Roger  Morris  and 
Beverly  Robinson,  of  the  British  army.  Morris  and  Robinson,  together  with  their  wives,  were 
attainted,  and  their  property  was  confiscated  and  sold  by  the  Commissioners  of  Forfeiture.  It  was 
subsequently  shown  in  court  that  one-third  of  the  patent  was  vested  in  the  children  of  Col.  Morris 
and  his  wife,  and  was  not  reached  by  the  bill  of  attainder.     The  State  was  therefore  obliged  to 


1  Named  from  Maj.  Gen.  Israel  Putnam,  who  was  stationed 
In  the  CO.  a  part  of  the  time  during  the  Revolutionary  War.  In 
the  act  of  Dec.  16,  1737,  the  co.  was  styled  ^^ SoiUh  Precinct;" 
Harcfa  24, 1772.  it  was  subdivided  into  "  Southeast."  "  Fredericks- 
burgh,"  and '•' Philips"  Precincts.  The  first  of  these  precincts 
included  the  present  towns  of  Southeast  and  Patterson,  the 
Becond  Carmel  and  Kent,  and  the  third  Putnam  Valley  and 
Philipsburgh. 

2  On  Sauthier's  map  of  1779  this  word  is  written  "  Macnokpacl:" 

*  This  lake  was  formerly  called  '■  Hnrtons  Puyid."  It  is  now  fre- 
quently called  "  Oskaivano"  from  an  Indian  chief  said  to  have 
resided  in  this  locality. 

*  Formerly  called  Shaw's  Lake. 

6  Magnetic  oxyd  of  iron  is  the  most  important  of  the  ores 
found,  although  limonite  and  other  varieties  are  obtained.  A 
bed  of  magnetic  ore  was  opened  several  years  since  on  Break- 
neck Mt.;  but  it  has  not  been  extensively  worked.  Another  bed 
has  been  opened  on  Constitution  Island,  opposite  West  Point 
Foundery.  The  Simewogvein  was  formerly  worked  at  the  Town- 
send  Mine  on  Simewog  Hill.  The  Philips  vein  has  been  traced 
at  shon,  intervals  a  distance  of  8  mi.,  and  several  mines  have 
been  opened  along  its  course.  The  Stewart  Mine  is  the  principal 
of  these.  Large  quantities  of  ore  obtained  from  theDenny  Mine, 
in  the  N.  part  of  Putnam  Valley,  were  formerly  used  at  the  Cold 
Spring  Furnace.  Coal  Grove  and  Gouverneur  Mines  are  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Denny  Mine.  The  "  Harvey  Steel  and  Iron 
Co."  have  opened  several  mines  in  Southeaat,  from  which  an  ex- 
cellent quality  of  ore  for  the  manufacture  of  steel  was  obtained ; 
but  they  are  not  now  worked. 

*  Blunt's  Quarry,  on  the  s.  side  of  Breakneck  Point,  near  the 
line  of  Dutchess  co.,  affords  a  bluish  gray  granite,  which  has 
been  extensively  used  for  the  Delaware  Breakwater,  Fort  Cal- 
houn, and  Fortri?ss  Monroe.  The  Highland  Granite  Co.*8  quarry, 
principally  owned  by  Howard  &  Holdaue,  is  near  the  Hudson 
River,  a  short  distance  from  Blunt's  Quarry.  It  is  elevated  about 
200  ft.  above  the  river.    Stony  Point  Quarry,  on  a  rocky  penin- 

610 


Bula  extending  into  the  Hudson,  Philip.s  Quarry,  on  an  estate 
of  the  same  name,  and  other  quarries  in  the  co.,  have  been 
worked.    Marble  is  found  in  the  n.  part  of  Patterson. 

7  Among  the  minerals  of  the  co.  are  arsenical  and  common 
iron  pyrites,  arsenite  and  chromate  of  iron,  pyroxene,  tremolite, 
arragonite.  graphite,  kerolite,  brucite.  actynolite  hornblende, 
albite.  laurounite  Btilbite,  chabasite,  epidote  mica,  zircon,  sphene, 
and  diallage. 

8  The  principal  localities  where  peat  is  found  are  near  Patter- 
son and  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake  Mahopac. 

8  The  first  courts  were  held  at  the  Baptist  Oiurch.  The  first 
CO.  officers  were  Stephen  Barnum,  First  Judge;  John  Jewett, 
Co.  Cl^rk ;  Wni.  H.  Johnston.  Sheriff';  and  Joel  Frost,  Surrogate. 

W  The  courthouse  is  a  wooden  building,  erected  in  1S1.3.  at  a 
cost  of  $2,500.  Joseph  Crane,  Stephen  Barnum,  Joel  Frost,  Jona- 
than Fenis,  and  John  Jewett  were  appointed  to  superintend  its 
erection. 

11  The  jail  is  a  stone  building,  erected  in  1844.  It  adjoins  the 
courthouse  on  the  B. 

12  The  clerk's  office  is  a  stone  fireproof  building,  located  a  few 
rods  s.  of  the  courthouse. 

13  The  average  number  of  inmates  in  the  poorhouse  is  52.  sup- 
ported at  a  weekly  cost  of  43  cts.  each.  The  income  from  the  farm 
is  $600  per  aunum.    A  school  is  taught  throughout  the  year, 

1*  The  Putnam  Ch.  Omrier  was  established  at  Carmel  in  1S14. 
It  was  successively  issued  as 

The  Putnam  Republican,  published  by  Thos.  Smith;  and 

The  Putnam  Democrat,  published  by  W.  H.  Sloat,  and  after- 
ward by  Elijah  Yerks.  James  D.  Little  succeeded  Yerks, 
and  changed  the  paper  to 

The  Democratic  Courier ;  and  again,  in  1852,  to 

Tlie  Putnam  Co.  Courier.  By  this  name  it  is  now 
published. 

The  Putnam  Free  Press  was  commenced  at  Carmel, 
June  12.  1858,  by  Wm.  J.  Blake,  by  whom  It  is  still 
published,  i^  See  page  18 


PUTNAM    COUNTY. 


541 


protect  the  purchasers  by  settling  the  claims  of  these  children.*  During  the  Revolution  the  passes 
through  the  mountains  in  this  co.  were  carefully  guarded,  and  at  different  times  large  bodies  of 
troops  were  stationed  there.  It  was  the  principal  scene  of  the  consummation  of  Arnold's  treason, 
and  of  many  events  of  minor  interest,  though  no  battle  took  place  within  its  limits.  Gen.  Putnam 
had  command  of  the  army  stationed  here  most  of  the  time. 


CARMEIj — was  formed  from  *^  Fredericksiown"  March  17,  1795.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border 
of  the  CO.,  between  Putnam  Valley  and  Southeast.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  hilly,  with  inter- 
vening valleys  extending  in  a  n.  and  s.  direction.  Peekskill  Hollow  Range  and  Big  Hill  are  the 
highest  summits.^  The  w.  branch  of  Croton  River  and  Michaels  Brook  flow  through  the  e.  part 
of  the  town,  and  Peekskill  Hollow  Creek  through  the  n.  w.  In  the  town  are  several  beautiful  lakes 
and  ponds,  the  principal  of  which  are  Lakes  Mahopac,^  Gleneida,*  and  Gilead,  and  Kirk  and  Long 
Ponds.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  intermixed  in  some  places  with  clay. 
Carinel,  (p.  v,,)  the  co.  seat,  is  situated  on  Lake  Gleneida.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Raymond  Col- 
legiate Institute,^  and  contains  3  churches,  a  bank,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  Pop.  391.  Ma.- 
bopac  (p.  V.)  contains  1  church,  and  about  40  houses;  and  Red  Mills,®  (p. v.,)  con- 
tains 2  churches  and  about  20  houses.  Settlement  was  commenced  about  1740."^  Enoch  Crosby,  the 
*'  Harvey  BircW^  of  Cooper's  Spy,  lived  in  this  town  till  after  the  Revolution,  when  he  removed  to 
Southeast.  A  church  was  organized,  and  an  edifice  erected  near  Gilead  Lake,  a  short  time  before 
the  commencement  of  the  Revolution.     There  are  now  7  churches  in  town.® 

K.EWT'— was  formed  as  ^^Frederickstown,"  March  7,  1788.  Its  name  was  changed  to  "Frede* 
rick^'  March  17,  1795,  and  to  Kent  April  15,  1817.  Carmel  and  a  part  of  Patterson  were  taken 
off  in  1795.  It  is  the  central  town  on  the  n.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  in  tlie  e.  part  is  broken 
by  hills,  and  in  the  w.  by  steep,  rocky  mountain  peaks  separated  by  deep  ravines.  Smally  Hill 
is  the  highest  peak.  The  w.  and  middle  branches  of  Croton  River,  and  Horse  Pound  and 
Pine  Pond  Brooks,  are  the  principal  streams.  In  the  town  are  several  ponds  and  small  lakes, 
the  principal  of  which  are  White  and  Pine  Ponds.^**  Farmers  Mills  (p-v.)  contains  1 
church  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.^^  Coles  Mills  (Kent  p.  o.)  and  I^udiiig- 
tonville  (p-o.)  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  about  1750,  by  Zachariah  Mer- 
ritt.*'^     The  census  reports  3  churches  in  town, — 2  Bap,  and  1  Union. 

P  ATTERSO]^^^— was  formed  from  "  Frederickst(ywn"  and  Southeast,  as  "  Franklin,"  March  17, 
1795,  and  its  name  was  changed  April  6,  1808.     It  is  the  N,  e.  comer  tovrn  of  the  oo.     Its  surface 


1  The  Philipse  Patent  was  g:rantcd  June  17, 1697,  to  Adolph 
Philipse,  a  merchant  of  New  York,  who  died,  in  1749,  without 
issue,  leaving  his  estate  to  his  nephew,  Frederick  Philipse.  The 
latter  had  &  children, — Frederick,  Philip,  Susannah,  Mary,  and 
Margaret.  By  his  will,  dated  June  6,  1751,  Frederick  was  dis- 
inherited, and,  Margaret  dying  young,  the  property  was  equally 
divided  among  the  remaining  three.  Philip  left  a  widow,  who 
married  one  Ogilvie;  Susannah  married  Beverly  Robineon,  and 
Mary  mairied  Col.  Roger  Morris.  On  the  7th  of  Feb.  1754,  the 
patent  was  divided  into  9  lots :  3,  each  4  mi.  square,  bordering 
upon  the  Hudson  and  denominated  "  water  lota  ;'*  3,  each  4  mi- 
wide  by  12  long,  extending  N.  and  S.  across  the  patent,  and  de- 
noraioatetl  "  long  lots  ;'*  and  3,  each  4  mi.  sq.,  upon  the  e.  border, 
denominated  "back  lots."  Philip,  Susannah,  and  Mary  Philipse 
each  owned  one  of  each  kind  of  lots.  On  the  14th  of  Jan.,  1758, 
previous  to  the  marriage  of  Mary,  a  deed  of  marriage  settlement 
was  executed,  by  which  her  estate  was  vested  in  such  children  as 
might  be  born  under  the  marriage,  reserving  only  to  herself  and 
husband  a  life  interest  in  the  property.  When  Robinson  and 
Morris  and  their  wivea  were  attaiiitpd,  their  property  was  sold, 
chiefly  to  the  former  tenants.  In  1809.Joho  Jacob  Astor  bought 
the  interest  of  the  heirs  of  Morris  in  this  property  for  £20,000. 
The  State,  to'  protect  those  who  held  title  from  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Forfeiture,  passed  a  law,  April  16,  1827,  directing  6 
8Uts  to  be  prosecuted  to  judgment  in  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  S. 
Dist.  of  N.  Y.,  and  presented  by  writs  of  error  to  the  .Supreme 
Conrt  of  the  U.  S.  for  review  and  final  decision.  If  against  the 
defendants,  the  State  a^eed  to  pay  $450,000  in  5  per  cent,  stock, 
redeemable  at  pleasure;  and  if  the  decision  included  the  im- 
provement'i  that  had  been  made  by  occupants,  $250,000  more. 
Three  suits  were  tri''d,  each  resulting  in  favor  of  Astor;  upon 
which  the  Comptroller  was,  by  act  of  April  5, 1832,  directed  to 
lesue  stock  for  the  full  amount,  with  costs.  The  amount  issued 
waa  $561,500.  Few  suits  have  been  tried  in  the  State  involving 
larger  interests  to  greater  numbers,  or  which  were  argued  with 
more  ability,  than  tbis.  In  the  suit  against  James  Carver  the 
coanBel  for  the  plaintiff  were  Messrs.  Oakley,  J.  0.  Iloffman,  Em- 
met, Ptalt,  and  Ogden ;  and  for  the  defendant,  Talcott,  (Attorney 
Qeo.)  Webster,  Vao  Baren,  Ogden  Hoffman,  and  Cowlea.    See 


Jteport  of  Trial,  by  E.  V.  SparhawJc;  Lepis.  Doc.  1830,  r.,347; 
&n.  Doc.  1S31,  7/.,24,  28;  Assfm.  Doc.  1832,  149,  205;  Futen' 
Reports  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  I F.,  I. 

-  Among  the  principal  peaks  in  town  are  Round,  Tnrkey,  and 
Comus  Mts.,  and  Goose,  Barrett.  Burned,  sitod  Prospect  Hills,  in 
the  N.  part;  Pisgah,  Watts,  Pond,  and  Drew  Hills,  in  the  e.;  Ball, 
Watermelon,  ludian.  and  Round  Hills,  in  the  s. ;  Austin.  Golden 
Root,  and  Hemlock  Hills,  in  thew.;  and  Rattle  and  Hazens  Hills, 
and  Adams  Kidgo.  in  the  central  part. 

3  Lake  Mahopac  is  9  mi.  in  circumference,  and  in  it  are  3  beau- 
tiful islands, — Big,  Petre,  and  Goose  Islands.  Around  the  lake 
are  several  large  hotels  and  boarding  houses,  which  are  thronged 
during  the  summer  season  by  visitors  from  New  York  and  Brot^c- 
lyn.  A  number  of  beautiful  summer  residences  have  been  erected 
on  the  surrounding  heights. 

*  Lake  Gleneida  covers  an  area  of  170  acres,  and  is  130  feet 
deep. 

6  The  Raymond  Collegiate  Institute  was  built  in  1851,  at  a 
cost  of  about  $40,000,  by  Jamofl  RajTnond.  It  is  now  owned  by 
the  Presbyterian  Synod. 

0  A  gristmill  at  this  place  was  filled  with  Government  grain 
at  one  time  during  the  Revolution,  and  soldiers  were  stationed 
to  guard  it.  Wlien  on  his  way  to  West  Point,  Andrfi  lodged  one 
night  at  the  house  of  Jas.  Cox  at  this  p\ax:e. 

'  George  HughtJon  settled  near  Lake  Mahopac,  and  Wm.  and 
Uriah  Hill  at  Bed  Mills.  The  first  mill  w{i.»»  erected  at  the  latter 
place. 

8  3  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  and  2  Presb. 

9  ^'^  Frederickstoum  Precinct"  was  formed  March  24. 1772,  and 
was  named  from  Frederick  Philipse.  The  town  received  ita 
present  name  from  the  Kent  family,  who  were  early  settlers. 

10  The  other  ponds  and  lakes  are  Barretts,  China  Forge,  and 
Drews  Ponds,  and  Lake  Sagamore. 

n  A  fulling  mill,  sawmill,  gristmill,  and  tannery. 

13  Families  named  Boyd,  Wixon,  Farrington,  Burton,  Carter, 
Barrett,  Ludington,  and  others,  from  Mass.  and  Westchester, 
were  early  settlers. 

"  The  town  was  first  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Franklin.  Ito 
present  name  wae  derived  from  a  family  of  early  settlers, 


542 


PUTNAM    COUNTY. 


is  hilly;  but,  with  a  few  exceptions,  the  hills  are  arable  to  their  summits.  The  principal  streams 
are  the  e.  branch  of  Croton  River  and  its  tributaries,  Quaker,  Birch,  and  Muddy  Brooks.  Croton 
Lake  is  in  the  w.  and  Little  Pond  in  the  e.  part.  "  The  Great  Swaynp"  extends  along  the  e. 
branch  of  Croton  River.^  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam.  Patterson,  (p.  v.,)  a  station  on  the  Ilarlcm 
R.  R.,  contains  2  churches  and  37  houses.  Towners  Station  (Towners  p.  o.)  and  Ilaviland 
Uollo^'  (p.  0.)  are  hamlets.  The  Prot.  E.  Church  at  Patterson  -was  built  in  1770.  There  are 
4  churches  in  town.^ 

PHILIPSTOWH*'— was  formed  March  7,  1788.  A  part  of  Fishkill  (Dutchess  co.)  was  taken 
off  in  1800,  and  Putnam  Valley  in  1839.  It  is  the  most  westerly  town  of  the  co,,  and  extends  about 
10  mi.  along  the  Hudson.  Its  surface  is  broken  by  numerous  steep  and  rocky  mountain  ridges 
separated  by  deep  and  narrow  valleys.*  These  mountains  constitute  the  most  elevated  portion 
of  The  Highlands.^  The  ranges  have  a  general  n.  and  s.  or  n.  e.  and  8.  w.  direction.  Clove 
Creek  flows  through  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  and  Canopus  Creek  through  the  n.  e.  corner. 
Foundry,  Breakneck,  Andreas,  Indian,  and  other  brooks  flow  through  narrow  valleys  and  rocky 
ravines  into  the  Hudson.  The  greater  part  of  the  surface  is  unfit  for  agricultural  purposes. 
Constitution  Island^  is  a  promontory  opposite  West  Point,  connected  with  the  mainland  by  a 
marshy  meadow.  The  "Sunk  Lot"  is  a  tract  of  1300  acres  of  low  and  apparently  sunken  ground. 
Several  mines  of  magnetic  iron  ore  had  been  opened  in  town;  but  none  are  now  wrought.  Granite 
is  extensively  quarried,  and  brick  are  made  at  several  points  along  the  river.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly, 
sandy,  and  clayey  loam.  Coldspring*,  (p.  v.,)  situated  on  the  Hudson,  was  incorp.  April  22, 
1846,  and  includes  the  suburban  villages  of  Nelsonville  and  Marysville.  ,It  is  a  station  on  the 
Hudson  River  R.  R.,  and  contains  6  churches  and  an  extensive  foundery.'  Pop.  2,237.  Break- 
neck, and  Oriffins  Corners  contain  each  about  a  dozen  houses.  Davenport  Corners 
contains  1  church  and  10  houses.  Continental  Village^  has  1  church  and  about  12  houses, 
Garrisons^  (p.  o.,)  on  the  Hudson,  is  a  station  on  the  Hudson  River  R.  R.  The  first  settlement 
■was  made  about  1715,  by  Thos.  Davenport.^  This  town  was  principally  settled  under  Col.  Beverly 
Robinson,***  who  acquired  title  by  marriage  with  Susannah,  daughter  of  Frederick  Phllipse. 
Undercliff,  the  residence  of  Gen.  Geo.  P.  Morris,  is  situated  on  a  high  bluff  in  the  n.  part  of  Cold 
Spring.     The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town." 

PlITTVAUI  VAI.I.ET— was  formed  from  Philipstown,  as  "  Qtdncy,''  March  14,  1839.     It« 


>  Pine  Island  is  a  rocky  ledge  200  ft.  high,  containing  about 
SO  acres,  in  the  middle  of  Great  Swamp. 

5  Prot.  E.,  Bap.,  Friends,  and  Presb. 

«  Named  from  Adolph  Philipse,  patentee  of  the  Philipse  Manor. 
The  Philips  Precinct  was  formed  March  24. 1772. 

4  "  Martkiers  Rack"  or  the  Martyrs  Reach,  was  a  short  stretch 
of  the  Hudson  just  above  West  Point,  where  early  navigators 
were  often  retarded  by  baflaing  winds.  There  were  13  racks,  or 
reaches,  on  the  Hudson,  known  to  sailors  as  "Hrn-sf,"  "  &iil- 
makers,"  *'  Cboks"  "  High^*' "  Fox"  "  Bookers"  ^'■John  Pleasures" 
"ffarts,"  ^^ Stiirgetms,"  ^* Fishers,"  "Fast,"  ** Martlaprs,"  and 
"  Long"  Reaches,  the  last  named  extending  from  PoUepels  Island 
to  Krom  Elleboogh. — Bensoji's  Memoir,  p.  42. 

6  Among  the  peaks  of  The  Highlands  in  this  town  are  An- 
thonys Nose,  Siisar  Loaf,  Breakneck  Mt.,  and  Bull,  IIog-Back, 
Vinegar,  Cot.  Pine,  and  Fort  Hills.  Anthonys  Nose  is  122S  feet 
above  the  Hudson,  and  Sugar  Loaf  800  ft. 

*This  promontory  was  called  "  J/aW?a<?r5  Island"  before  the 
Revolution.  In  July.  1775,  a  fort  was  built  upon  it,  under  the 
direction  of  Bernard  Komaine;  and  in  1778  a  heavy  chain  was 
stretched  across  the  Hudson  from  this  fort  to  West  Point.  Col. 
Timothy  Pickering,  appointed  to  have  charge  of  this  work,  in 
March, 1778,  contracted  with  Peter  Townsend  (at  the  Sterling 
Iron  Works  at  Warwick.  Orange  co.)  for  the  construction  of  the 
chain.  The  task  was  done  in  6  weeks,  and  the  huge  chain  carted 
in  wctions  to  West  Point.  The  links  weighed  from  100  to  150 
pounds  each ;  and  the  entire  weight  was  186  tons,  and  its  length 
1,500  ft.  It  was  biioyed  up  by  large  spars,  a  few  feet  apart, 
secured  by  strong  timbers  framed  into  them  and  firmly  at- 
tached to  the  rock  on  both  shores.  In  winter  it  was  drawn  on 
shore  by  a  windlasa,  and  replaced  in  the  spring.  It  was  never 
disturbed  by  the  enemy,  and  continued  in  use  until  the  peace. 
A  similar  chain,  of  half  its  diameter  and  1,800  ft.  in  length, 
(made  at  the  Ririgwood  Iron  Woiks,  N.J.,)  was  stretched  across 
the  channel  finm  Anthonys  Nose  to  Fort  Montgomery,  in  Nov. 
1776.  7t  parted  twice,  and  the  enemy  broke  and  passed  it  in 
the  fall  (tf  1778.  Another,  stretched  fi-om  PoUepels  Island  to 
the  w.  shore,  consisted  of  spars,  pointed,  and  their  ends  united 
by  iron  links.  There  were  also  chei'anx  de  frise  sunk  at  the 
same  place  to  prevent  the  passage  of  vessels.  Most  of  these 
works  were  cnn^tnictpd  and  placed  under  the  immediate  direc- 
tion of  C;ipt.  Tlionias  Machin,  an  engineer  in  the  service. 
Traces  of  Fort  Constitution  and  the  outworks  are  still  visible. 


T  The  West  Point  Foundery  is  one  of  the  largest  establishmenta 
of  the  kind  in  the  country.  It  was  established  in  1817,  by  an 
association  organized  for  that  purpose.  A  tract  of  150  acres 
was  purchased  of  Frederick  Philipse,  and  a  moulding  house, 
boring  mill,  blacksmith  and  pattern  shops,  and  drafting  and 
business  offices,  were  erected.  An  act  of  incorporation  was  ob- 
tained, April  15,  1818;  and  in  1839  the  finishing  or  machine, 
smiths'  and  boiler  departments  of  the  establishment  were  brought 
from  New  York.  The  works  now  consist  of  a  moulding  house, 
with  3  cupola  furnaces;  a  gun  foundery,  witli  3  air  furniices;  2 
boring  mills, — one  driven  by  an  overshot  waterwheel  and  the 
other  by  a  steam  engine;  3  blacksmith  shops;  a  turning  shop; 
a  finishing  shop,  with  a  pattern  shop  on  the  second  floor;  a  boiler 
shop,  a  punching  machine  house,  5  pattern  houses,  a  fire  engine 
house,  an  office,  and  several  smaller  buildings.  A  dock  on  the 
river  belongs  to  these  works,  and  a  branch  from  the  R.  R.  extends 
to  them.  From  400  to  600  men  are  employed.  Shafts  2  ft.  in 
diameter,  and  of  15  tons'  weight,  have  been  forged  here. 

8  This  village,  together  with  barracks  for  2000  men,  was  burned 
in  Oct.  1777,  by  a  detachment  of  the  enemy  on  their  way  up  the 
Hudson  to  co-operate  with  Gen.  Burgoyne.  Two  small  forts  were 
erected  here  during  the  Revolution,  and  traces  of  them  are  yet 
visible. 

*  Davenport  built  the  first  house  at  Coldspring,  in  1715.  David 
Ilurtis,  and  several  families  named  Haight.  Bloomer,  and  Wilson, 
settled  in  the  town  in  1730.  John  Meeks  was  the  first  settler  at 
Continental  Tillage,  and  John  Rogers  settled  a  little  n.  of  the 
same  place  about  1730.  Jaa.  Stanley  settled  in  the  town  in  1760, 
and  Thos.  Sarles  in  1756.  The  first  gristmill  was  built  about  1762, 
by  Beverly  Robinson,  at  Continental  Village. 

10  Col.  Robinson's  house,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Sugar  Loaf  Mt., 
was  the  headquarters  of  Gens.  Putnam  and  Parsons  in  1778-79, 
and  of  Gen.  Arnold  at  the  time  of  his  treason.  The  building  is 
still  standing,  and  is  owned  by  Richard  D.  Arden,  by  whom  it  is 
carefully  preserved  in  its  original  character.  Col.  Robinson 
granted  a  glebe  to  St.  Philip's  Church  in  The  Highlands.  1  mi. 
E.  of  Garrisons,  which  was  confirmed  by  the  act  of  March  27, 
1794.  The  church  was  used  as  a  barrack  during  the  Revo- 
lution.—B/oAe's  ifi5(.  Piiinam  Cb.  jTp.  180-209 ;  Sabine's  Loyah 
ists,  p.  562. 

"  4  M.  E.,  2  Prot.  E.,  Bap.,  Presh.  and  R.  C. 


PUTNAM    COUNTY. 


543 


name  was  changed  Feb.  13,  1840.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  between  Philipstown  and 
Carmel.  Its  surface  is  broken  by  steep  and  rocky  mountain  ridges  extending  in  nearly  a  N.  and 
E.  direction,  and  separated  by  narrow  valleys.  These  mountain  ranges  constitute  a  part  of  The 
Higldands.  The  principal  streams  are  Canopus  Creek,  Canopus  Lake  Creek,  and  Peekskill  Hollow 
Brook.  Canopus  Lake  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  near  the  center  of  the  town.'  The  soil  in  the 
valleys  is  a  moderately  fertile,  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Iron  ore  has  been  found  in  several  locali- 
ties, but  in  places  so  difficult  of  access  that  it  is  not  mined  to  any  considerable  extent.  Oregon, 
at  the  confluence  of  Peekskill  Hollow  Brook  and  Canopus  Lake  Creek,  contains  17  houses,  and 
Crofts  Corners  contains  2  churches  and  10  houses.  Tompkins  Corners  is  a  hamlet. 
Among  the  early  settlers  were  families  named  Dusenbury  and  Adams.''  The  census  reports  4 
churches  in  town ;  3  M.  E.  and  1  Bap. 

SOUTHEAST— was  formed  from  Frederickstown  and  "  SouUieasiiown,"'  March  7,  1788.  A 
part  of  Patterson  was  taken  off,  as  "  Franklin,"  in  1795.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its 
surface  is  rolling  and  hilly.  The  streams  are  the  E.  and  middle  branches  of  Croton  River  and 
their  tributaries.  Several  small  lakes  and  ponds  lie  among  the  hills.*  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and 
gravelly  loam.  Iron  ore  abounds,  but  no  mines  are  wrought  at  the  present  time.  About  4,000 
gals,  of  milk  are  sent  daily  from  this  town  to  the  New  York  market.  Breivsters  Station, 
(p.  V.,)  on  the  Harlem  R.  R.,  contains  1  church  and  a  bank,  and  has  a  pop.  of  176.  Iledding- 
VtUe  and  Brusb  Hollow  are  hamlets.  Southeast  Center  has  144  inhabitants,  and 
Milltoirn  (p.  v.)  1G7.  De  Forest  Corners,  I>oanesbur§rta,  Foggingtown,  and 
Dykemans  Station  (Dykemans  p.  o.)  are  hamlets.  This  was  one  of  the  first  settled  towns  in 
the  CO.'  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Rev.  Elisha  Kent,  grandfather  of  the  late 
Chancellor,  about  the  year  1730.* 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Peculation,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Putnam  County. 


NiuEs  or  T0TII9. 


Carmel 

Kent 

PattereoD 

Philips  town 

Putnam  Valley... 
Southeast 


Total.. 


1  Acres  OF  Land. 

Valuation  op 

1858. 

Population. 

s 

1 
> 

1 

o 

SCB 

Improved. 

Unimproved. 

Seat  Estate. 

Personal 
Property. 

Total. 

1 

i 

19,300 

6,271i 

941.8B4 

362,690 

1,304,654 

1.169 

1,237 

470 

483 

345 

11 

16,241} 

6,617 

426,020 

161,175 

676,196 

756 

784 

275 

308 

226 

s 

1.3,7S9i 

6,623 

609,825 

100,6.50 

710,476 

702 

720 

266 

302 

204 

9 

11.605 

15,236 

761,793 

131,300 

893,093 

2,427 

2,382 

722 

932 

433 

14 

16,313 

7,637 

366,440 

88,500 

463,940 

826 

747 

298 

312 

2li4 

7 

18.056J 

3,163i 

990,179 

227,286 

1,217,464 
6,165,7211 

1,091 

1,094 

374 
2,405 

409 

268 

10 
69 

94,205} 

44,44-» 

4,094,121 

1,061,600 

6,970 

6,964 

2,746 

1,739 

St 

Ss 


Names  op  Towns. 


Carmel , 

Kent 

Patterson , 

Philipstown 

Putnam  Valley.. 
Southeast 


Total.. 


Live  Stock. 


208 
268 
357 
313 
334 


1,120 
1,168 
2,179 
1,145 
1,081 


2,113 
1,493 

853 

936 

2.457 


1,938    7,656    7,861      6,804 


1,847 
766 
971 
1,194 
1,144 
1,076 
6,997 


Agricultural  Products. 


Bd8h.  op  Grain. 


fe 


6,326 

.3,886} 

3.148  J 

6,39:lJ 

4,606 

4,181J 


67.941J 

26,2S8J 

22,2.51J 

23,7.53 

28.072 

40,511} 


6,040 

4,261 

4,060J 

3.370 

3.443 

6,5S2S 


tqn. 


14,088 
6,866 
9,854 
6,976 
17,649 
10,071 


26,441i     197,818^  27,756}      64,504      27,168     493, 


8,616 
4,091 
3,321 
S,S90 
5.159 
2,081 


DjLisr  PaoDtrcTa. 


0,0) 


121.479 
76.866 
61,400 
65,691 
73.070 
90,300 


3,376 
100 


3,475 


ci.£ 
560 


646 
26 


1  Canopus  Lake  Is  2  mi.  long  by  1  wide.  Clear,  Muddy,  Pel- 
tons,  Sal peu,  Owens.  Cranberry.  Bargers, and  Wickopee  Ponds  are 
amailer  bodies  of  water  in  the  town. 

*  On  the  farm  of  Harry  Gillet  are  the  ruins  of  the  Hempstead 
Huts,  built  in  1780  by  a  det'ichment  of  the  Mass.  Line,  and  one 
or  two  companies  from  Hempstead,  L.  I. — Blake^s  Hist. 

■  ^■S'mthea^ttoion^^  was  formed  as  a  precinct  Dec.  17, 1737,  and 
confirmed  March  24, 1772.  The  word  *'  toum"  in  the  name  was 
dropped  March  17, 1795. 


*  Tonetta  and  Kishewana  Lakes,  and  CoTils  and  Peach  Ponds. 
6  Among  the  early  settlers  were  faniiiies  nanieil  Crane,  Crosby, 

Hall,  Howes,  Paddock.  Haines,  Howe,  Cnrpemer,  and  Dickin. 
eon,  from  Mass.  and  Conn.  .Toseph  Ciano  built  tbo  first  mill, 
at  Milltnwn.  about  1730.  Chancellor  Kent  was  burn  in  this 
town.  July  31,  1703. 

•  The   census   reports  4  churches   in   town ;    M.  E.,  P.'-ejfb., 
Union,  and  Friends. 


QUEENS  COUNTY. 


This  county  was  organized  Nov.  1,  1683,*  having  previously  been 
included  in  the  North  and  West  Ridings  of  Yorkshire.^  Its  original 
bounds  have  not  been  changed.  It  lies  upon  Long  Island,  near  the 
w.  extremity,  is  centrally  distant  133  mi.  from  Albany,  and  con- 
tains 410  sq.  mi.  It  extends  across  the  island,  bordering  both  upon 
Long  Island  Sound  and  the  ocean.  Its  coasts  are  deeply  indented 
by  irregular  inlets,  bays,  and  harbors.  The  principal  of  these  upon 
the  sound  are  Oyster  Bay,  Cold  Spring  and  Oyster  Harbors,  Mill 
Neck  Creek,  Hempstead  Harbor,  Manhasset  Bay,  Little  Neck  Bay, 
Little  Bay,  Powells  Cove,  Flushing  Bay,  and  Buwery  Bay.  Upon 
the  East  River  are  Ilalletts  Cove  and  the  narrow  passage  of  Hell 
Gate,  and  upon  the  s.  shore,  Jamaica,  Hempstead,  and  South  Oyster 
Bays.  Along  these  bays  and  the  creeks  that  flow  into  them  are  wide  salt  meadows,  the  most  ex- 
tensive being  upon  the  s.  shore.  Outside  of  the  bays  on  the  ocean  side  is  a  series  of  beaches  and 
shifting  sand-ridges,  affording  a  complete  protection  from  the  storms  of  the  ocean.  These  beaches 
are  divided  into  distinct  parts  by  several  inlets  opening  into  the  bays.® 

Inclosed  in  the  bays  within  the  beaches  is  a  great  number  of  low,  marshy  islands  separated  by 
narrow  tidal  streams  and  covered  with  sedges.*  A  wide  strip  bordering  immediately  upon  the 
bays  is  of  the  same  marshy  character.  Along  the  deep  bays  upon  the  n.  coast  are  small  patches 
of  salt  meadow ;  but  the  greater  part  of  the  land  upon  the  capes,  necks,  and  promontories  is  of  a 
most  excellent  character.^  A  range  of  hills  100  to  300  feet  high  extends  in  a  general  e.  and  w. 
direction  through  the  co.,  a  little  n,  of  the  center,  and  irregular  spurs  extend  northward  to  the 
sound.  From  the  base  of  the  ridge  a  wide,  unbroken  plain  extends  to  the  s.  to  the  salt  marshes 
which  surround  the  bays.® 

The  streams  of  the  co.  are  mostly  small,  and  afford  but  a  limited  amount  of  water-power.  At  the 
mouth  of  several  of  the  creeks  on  both  the  n.  and  s.  shores  the  ebbing  tide  is  used  for  hydraulic 
purposes.  At  the  head  of  several  of  the  streams  are  little,  fresh  water  ponds,^  the  principal  of 
which  is  Success  Pond,^  near  the  top  of  the  high  ridge  in  the  s.e.  corner  of  Flushing.  The  soQ 
upon  the  n.  side  is  a  productive,  sandy  loam,  in  some  places  mixed  with  clay.  The  plains  have  a 
coarse,  sandy  soil,  which  is  rendered  productive  only  at  considerable  cost.  Along  the  borders 
of  the  salt  meadows  is  a  strip  of  light,  sandy  soil,  easily  cultivated  and  of  moderate  fertility.® 

The  people  are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture  and  market  gardening.  Fishing  and  the 
taking  of  oysters  afford  occupation  to  a  large  number  of  people.  An  extensive  coasting  trade  is 
carried  on,  and  the  co.  each  year  furnishes  a  large  quota  of  sailors.  Manufactures  are  extensive 
and  various,  and  are  confined  principally  to  the  n.  shore. 

The  CO.  courthouse  is  situated  upon  the  plains  of  North  Hempstead,  a  little  N.w.of  Mineola  sta- 
tion and  p.o.,  and  near  the  geographical  center  of  the  co.*** 


I  Named  in  compliment  to  the  wife  of  Charles  II. 

3  By  a  convention  held  at  Hempstead  in  1665,  Long  Island, 
Staten  Island,  and  a  part  of  Westchester  co.  were  erected  into  a 
Bhire  called  "  I'orkshire,'^  for  the  purpose  of  holding  courts  and 
administering  justice.  This  was  subdivided  into  "Ridinga," 
known  as  "  East  Ruling"  (Suffolk  co.;)  "  R^i  Riding,^''  (Kings 
CO.,  Staten  Island,  and  Newtown;)  and  ^^ North  Riding" 
(Queens  co.  except  Newtown.) — Thompson's  Hist.  L.  Z,  JJ.  137. 

*  The  principal  of  the  inlets  are  Ilog  Island,  New  and  Gilgo 
Inlets,  and  the  entrance  into  Jamaica  Bay;  and  the  principal 
lifiicheB  are  Jones,  Long,  and  Kockaway  Beaches.  The  last 
named  is  a  favorite  resort  for  summer  residences  and  sea-bathing. 

*  These  islands  are  mostly  the  common  property  of  the  towns, 
and  are  valued  chiefly  for  their  hunting  and  fishing  grounds. 
Immense  numbers  of  waterfowl  fruiiuent  them ;  and  a  consider- 
jvble  number  of  persons  gain  a  livelihood  by  fishing  here  in 
summer  and  hunting  in  winter.  The  U.S.  Government  has 
erected  5  lifeboat  stations  upon  the  8.  shore,  and  the  Governor 
appoints  1'2  wreck  masters  for  the  co. 

6  A  considerable  portion  of  this  coast  ia  high,  affording  beau- 
tiful sites  for  country  residences. 

6  The  R.  R.  at  Jamaica  is  45  feet  above  sea  level.  The  ascent 
from  Jamaica  to  Hempstead  Junction  is  59  feet,  and  from 
thence  to  the  Syosset  Branch  50  feet,  making  the  latter  154  feet, 
which  is  the  highest  point  on  the  road.  The  descent  of  these 
plains  southward  is  so  gradual  as  scarcely  to  be  apparent. 
544 


The  Hempstead  Branch  of  the  R.R.  descends  40  feet  in  2^  mi., 
and  the  Syosset  Branch  rises  66  feet  in  less  than  4  mi.  The 
highest  point  on  the  island  is  Harbor  Hill,  at  the  head  of 
Hempstead  Harbor.  319  feet  above  tide. 

7  Several  of  these  ponds  have  recently  been  parchased  to 
supply  the  Brooklyn  Waterworks. 

8  Called  by  the  Indians  "  SacuV  from  which  the  present 
name  is  supposed  to  be  derived.  The  water  is  clear  and  cold, 
with  an  average  depth  of  40  feet.  The  pond  is  about  500  rods  in 
circumference,  is  surrounded  by  a  high  bank,  and  has  an  outlet, 
but  does  not  usually  overflow.  It  is  said  to  be  100  to  150 
feet  above  tide. — Prime''s  Hist.  L.  /.,  Jp.  27  ;  Thompson's  L.  /., 
II,  V.  60. 

9  Extensive  tracts  in  the  southern  section  are  devoted  to  gar- 
dening for  the  city  m;irket8.  The  n.  side,  originally  covered 
with  a  heavy  growth  of  timber,  is  under  fine  cultivation,  and  is 
largely  devoted  to  the  raising  of  fruit.  Flushing  excels  in 
nurseries  of  fruit  and  ornamental  trees,  for  which  this  co.  is 
second  only  to  Monroe.  Locust-timber  is  raised  along  the  n. 
shore  eastward  from  Little  Neck,  in  considerable  quantities,  for 
treenails  and  posts.  In  Oyster  Bay  large  quantities  of  asparagus 
are  raised  for  market;  and  the  soil  appears  to  be  finely  adapted 
to  this  crop.  Milk  is  sent  to  market  in  large  quantities  by 
R.  R.,  especially  from  near  Jericho,  Weatbury,  and  Hempste^. 

10  The  court  of  sessions  of  the  ^'North  Riding  of  TorJcshire"  was 
located  at  Jamaica  in  1683 ;  and  a  building  called  the  "-  Count/ 


QUEENS    COUNTY. 


545 


The  jail  occupies  a  portion  of  the  courthouse  building.*  The  county  records  are  kept  in  a 
spacious  brick  building  in  the  village  of  Jamaica ;  and  in  the  same  building  are  oflBces  for  the 
Surrogate  and  Board  of  Supervisors.^  The  co.  has  no  poorhouse  ;  but  each  tovrn  provides  for  the 
accommodation  of  its  own  paupers. 

The  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica  R.  R.,  extending  w.  from  Jamaica  to  the  co.  line,  is  leased  by  tlie 
Long  Island  R.  R.,  -which  extends  e.  from  Jamaica  through  Hempstead,  North  Hempstead,  and 
Oyster  Bay.  The  Flushing  R.  R.  extends  w.  from  Flushing  Village  through  Newtown  to  the 
mouth  of  Newtown  Creek.  The  Syosset  Branch  R.  R.  connects  Ilicksville,  upon  the  L.  I.  R.  R., 
with  the  village  of  Syosset,  3J  mi.  n. 

There  are  7  newspapers  published  in  the  co.;  2  at  Jamaica,  2  at  Hempstead,  2  at  Flushing,  and 
1  at  Glen  Cove.' 

The  CO.  was  mostly  settled  by  English  immigrants,  under  the  authority  of  the  Dutch  Govern- 
ment during  the  last  20  years  of  its  existence.  The  e.  extremity  of  Long  Island  was  claimed  by 
the  English  colonies  of  New  England ;  and  the  boundary  line  was  the  subject  of  a  long  and  angry 
dispute,  which  was  never  entirely  settled  until  the  final  subjugation  of  New  York  by  the  British  in 
1664.*  The  whole  of  this  co.  was  under  the  Dutch,  except  Oyster  Bay,  which  was  a  disputed  terri- 
tory. The  first  planters  came  on  in  considerable  numbers,  and  were  associated  in  the  purchase 
of  the  lands  from  the  Indians.  They  were  mostly  united  by  a  common  religious  faith;  and  they 
were  invested  with  certain  civil  rights,  which  were  afterward  confirmed  by  the  English  Govern- 
ment of  New  York,  and  some  of  which  continue  to  the  present  time.  The  people  chose  a  dupli- 
cate set  of  magistrates  and  municipal  officers,  from  which  the  Dutch  Governor  selected  such  as 
he  pleased. 

The  people  employed  their  ovm  minister,  and  enjoyed  comparative  religious  freedom.  The 
Dutch,  however,  did  not  faithfully  carry  out  the  agreement  which  they  had  entered  into  with  the 
settlers,  and,  in  1653,  delegates  were  sent  to  the  city  to  remonstrate  against  certain  abuses.  This 
was  not  heeded,  and  when  the  people  again  met  for  a  like  purpose  they  were  ordered  to  disperse. 
The  inhabitants  rejoiced  when  the  Dutch  rule  was  finally  broken  and  they  came  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  English.  Gov.  Nicoll,  the  first  English  Governor,  convened  deputies  from  the  several 
towns  upon  Long  Island,  who  met  at  Hempstead  in  the  spring  of  1665.  A  code  of  laws  and  ordi- 
nances was  adopted,  a  shire  was  erected,  the  names  of  towns  were  changed,  boundaries  were 
settled,  and  afiairs  were  regulated  to  meet  the  views  of  the  new  government.  From  this  time  no 
land  could  be  taken  without  purchase  from  the  Indians  and  patent  from  the  Governor. 

During  the  Revolution  considerable  numbers  of  the  people  joined  the  loyalists,  and  the  co.  was 
mostly  in  quiet  possession  of  the  enemy.  Robberies  were  common,  especially  along  the  n.  shore. 
Presbyterian  churches  were  everywhere  used  for  military  purposes.  A  petty  warfare  was  carried 
on  in  whaleboats,  and  daring  exploits  were  performed  by  partisans  of  both  sides. 


Hall"  waa  erected  in  1684.  From  1700  to  1708  the  courts  were 
held  in  the  Preab.  church,  when  a  new  co.  haU  was  built,  which 
continued  in  use  until  the  Revolution,  when  it  was  burned.  By 
an  act  of  March  1, 1785,  the  sum  of  £.2,000  waa  raised  to  erect 
new  buildings  on  the  present  location  under  the  direction  of  the 
CO.  judge.  The  building  is  a  half  lui.  N.  of  the  r.  r.,  and  trains 
8top  opposite  when  courts  are  in  eession.  Efforts  have  been 
made  to  remove  the  site  to  Jamaica,  but  thus  far  without  suc- 
cess, although  most  persons  will  admit  that  the  present  site  is 
inconvenient  to  a  majority  of  the  inhabitants. 

1  In  tbo  absence  of  sufficient  accommodations  in  tho  vicinity, 
this  building  is  also  used  as  a  hotel  during  the  session  of  the 
court.  The  Bheriff,  who  lives  upon  tho  premises,  usually  makes 
provision  for  dining  a  large  number,  and  for  furnishing  lodgings 
to  ft  limited  extent. 

2  The  surrogate's  and  clerk's  offices  were  kept  at  the  houses 
of  the  incumbents  until  1833.  when  they  were  located  at  Ja- 
maica.   The  present  clerk's  office  was  erected  in  1857. 

3  The  Lon^  Island.  Farmer  was  commenced  at  Ja- 

maica in  ISIO  by  Ift-nry  C.  Sleight.  It  is  nowpublished 
by  Charles  Welling. 

T!i>:  Uninn  IhiU.  fiazette,  semi-mo.,  was  published  at  Jamaica  in 
is;r2  by  li.  Booth. 

The  LiOJig  Island  Democrat  was  established  at  Ja- 
maica May  1, 1835,  by  Jas.  J.  Brcnton.  present  publisher. 

The  Journal  and  Messenger  was  published  about  1843,  by  S.  V. 
Berry. 

Thf  Long  I.tland  Telegraph  and  General  Advertiser  was  Htarted 
at  Hempstead  in  M.tv.  18.30,  by  Wm.  nutcliinson  and 
O.  F.  Le  Fevre.     In  Nov.  1831  it  was  changed  to 

The  Hempstead  Inquirer.  It  is  now  published  by 
Mtirris  SnedekT. 

The  Queens  County  Sentinel  was  established  at 
nemp^-tead  in  May,  1858,  by  John  H.  Hentz,  its  present 
publisher.  3j 


The  Church  Record  was  started  at  Flushing:  in  1840,  and  con* 

tinned  SJ  years.  It  was  edited  by  Rev.  Dr.  F.  L.  Hawks, 

and  published  by  C.  U.  Lincoln. 
The  Flushing  Journal  was  commenced  March  19,1842, 

by  Chas.  R.  Lincoln,  its  present  publisher. 
The  Flushing  Pomologist  Wiia  published  In  1848,  by  William  R. 

Prince. 
The  Public  Voici  was  started  at  Flushing  in  1852 ;  and  in  1855 

it  was  changed  to 
The  lioug  Island  Times.    It  is  now  published  by  W. 

R.  Burling. 
The  North  Hempstead  Gazette  was  started  in  Dec.  1S46,  at  Man- 

hasset  Valley.    In  1850  it  was  removed  to  Roslyn  and 

changed  to 
Tlu  Plain  Dealer.    It  waa  subsequently  removed  to  Glen  Cove, 

and  waa  continued  until  1855;  Jas.  L.  Crowley  was  its 

last  publisher. 
The  Glen  O-jve  Sentinel  was  published  a  short  time  in  1854  by 

Bright  &  Perry. 
The  Gleii  Cove  Gazette  was  started  in  May,  1857,  by 

E.  M.  Lincoln,  its  present  publisher. 
The  Wivxlhaven  Advertiser  waa  published  a  short  time  in  1853. 
Tfie  Astoria  Gazette  was  started  in  1853  by  Wm.  L.  S.  Harrison, 

and  continued  about  18  months. 
The  Journal  of  the  Imtitute  was  published  at  FlushiDg  for 

about  3  years. 
*  Commissioners  were  appointed  to  settle  these  claims  in  1650. 
They  were  Simon  Bradstreet  and  Thos.  Prince  on  the  part  of  the 
NewKupland  colonies,  and  Thos.  WilU-tt  ao'l  Geo.  B;i.xter  on  the 
j)iirt  of  the  Dutch.  The  boundary  was  fixed  along  the  W.  line 
of  Oyster  Bay;  but  the  States  General  did  not  ratify  tho  agree- 
ment, and  the  Dutch  Governor  neglected  to  carry  it  into  effect 
The  Dutch  subsequently  planted  a  colony  at  BrookviUe,(Wolver 
Hollow,)  E.  of  the  line,  to  assert  their  claims. 


546 


QUEENS    COUNTY. 


FL<USIII]VG^ — was  first  granted  hy  letters  patent^issued  by  the  Dutch  Governor  Keift,  Oct, 
10,  16-15 — to  a  company  of  English  immigrants.'-^     This  grant  was  confirmed  by  Gov.  Nicoll,  Feb. 
1606,  and  by  Gov.  Dongan,  March  23,  16S5.^     Under  the  provisions  of  these  charters  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  land  was  held  in  common,  to  be  under  the  charge  of  5  ti'ustees,  elected 
annually.'*    It  was  recognized  as  a  town  under  the  State  Government,  March  7, 1788,^    It  lies  upoi 
the  N.  border  of  the  co,,  w.  of  the  center.     Its  surface  is  moderately  uneven  and  has  a  gentL 
inclination  to  the  n.     A  low  range  of  hills  extends  along  its  s.  border  and  separates  it  fi*OD 
Jamaica.     Flushing  Creek,  the  principal  stream,  forms  a  portion  of  the  w.  boundary.     The  princi 
pal  indentations  upon  the  coast  are  Flushing  Bay,  Powells  Cove,  Little  Bay,  and  Little  Neck  Bay 
An  extensive  salt  marsh  extends  along  Flushing  Creek  and  the  head  of  Flushing  Bay.^     The  soil 
is  a  fine  quality  of  productive  sandy  loam.     Gardening,  fruit  growing,'  and  the  nursery  business^ 
constitute  the  leading  pui'suits  of  the  people.    The  town  supports  its  own  poor,  and  has  a  house  and 
farm  for  their  accommodation.     Flushlu^^  (p-^.,)  at  the  head  of  Flushing  Bay,  was  incorp. 
April  9,  1813.     It  contains  8  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  several  private  seminaries,®  and  has 
a  limited  amouut  of  manufactures.^*'    It  is  connected  with  New  York  by  the  Flushing  R.  K.  and  by  a 
steam  ferry  from  Hunters  Point.     From  its  proximity  to  New  York,  it  has  become  the  residence 
of  many  wealthy  persons  doing  business  in  the  city.  Pop.  3,488.     Co]le§^e  Point,^^  (p.  v.,)  on 
the  sound,  e.  of  Flushing  Bay,  is  a  modern  village,  settled  mostly  by  Germans.     It  contains  2 
churches,  and  an  immense  manufactory  of  whalebone,  India  rubber,  and  ratan,  giving  employment 
to  500  to  700  hands.  Pop.  1,150,     "Whitestone^^  (p-v.)  is  located  on  the  sound,  in  the  extreme 
N.  part  of  the  town.     It  contains  2  churches,  and  an  extensive  tin  and  sheet  ironware  manufac- 
tory." Pop.  630.     ]>Iaratbou,  at  the  head  of  Little  Neck  Bay,  is  a  small,  straggling  village 
■with  one  church.     Several  of  the  neighborhoods  in  this  town  are  known  by  distinct  local  names.^* 
Wilkins  Point  has  recently  been  purchased  by  the  U.  S.  Government  for  the  site  of  a  fort.'^ 
There  are  now  13  churches  in  town.^^     The  first  settlements  were  made  by  English,  who  probably 
had  first  settled  in  Holland.    They  arrived  at  **  Kcio  Amsterdam"  in  1G45.    They  were  Non-conform- 
ists in  religion,  and  settled  on  the  Dutch  dominions  under  the  promise  of  entire  religious  free- 
dom.^'    But  the  Dutch  soon  commenced  a  series  of  persecutions  that  continued  until  the  time 
of  the  British  conquest  in  1604.     Several  French  Protestant  families  found  their  way  into  this 
town  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes;  but  few  of  their  descendants  are  now  found. 
The  fruits  introduced  by  these  people  are  said  to  have  given  tJie  first  direction  to  the  nursery 
business  for  which  this  town  is  so  celebrated.     During  the  Revolution  a  British  force  was  sta- 
tioned here. 

HE:»IPSTEAD— was  granted   by  Gov.  Keift  to  several  English  families,  Nov.  14,  1644. 

This  patent  was  confirmed  by  Gov.  Nicoll,  March  6,  1666,  and  by  Gov.  Dongan,  April  17,  1685.'^ 


1  NRmed  by  the  Dutch  •'F/iVsfn.vfn."  from  a  place  in  Holland. 

-  The  first  pjiteutees  were  Thos.  Fai'rington,  John  Liiwrence, 
John  Hicks,  Juhn  Tow  scud,  Tbos.  fcftiles,  Hubert  Field.  Thos. 
i^aul.  John  Marston.  Thos.  Applegate,  La'\nence  Dutch,  Wni. 
Lawieuce,  Henry  Sawtc-U,  Wm.  Thurne.  Michael  Willard,  Kobt. 
Firman,  and  Wm.  Widgeon,  for  tliem-'^elves  and  associates. 

3  The  piitentees  numed  in  the  patent  of  Got.  Nicoll  were 
John  Lawrence,  (alderman  of  New  York  City.)  Kichard  Corn- 
well.  Chius.  liridges,  Wm.  Lawrence,  Kobert  ferry,  Wm.  Noble, 
John  Forbu^h,  LUas  Doughty,  Robt.  Field,  Philip  Udall.  Thoe. 
Stiles,  Benj.  Field,  Wm.  Pidgeon,  John  Adams,  John  Hinchman. 
Nicholas  Parcell,  Tobias  Feaks,  aud  John  Bowue;  and  those  in 
the  patent  of  Gov.  Doogan  were  Elias  Doughty,  Thoe.  Willett, 
John  Bowne,  Matthias  Harvey,  Thos.  Hicks,  Kichard  Cornwell, 
John  Hinchman,  Jonathan  Wright,  and  Sam'l  llo\t— Patents. 
I,  frl,  V,  •2-22,  325.  Sec.  Office. 

*  These  lands  have  since  been  mostly  taken  up  by  individuals, 
though  the  ti-ustees  are  still  elected  to  take  charge  of  the  re- 
mainder. The  town  records  were  burned,  Oct.  31,  1797,  by  a 
eervaut  girl,  who  was  afterward  hung  for  the  deed. 

0  By  the  General  Act,  establishing  towns. 

6  A  chalybeate  spring  was  discovered  near  the  head  of  this 
marsh  in  1S16.  It  was  named  '•Cheltenham  Spri7igs,"  and  for  a 
time  attracted  much  attention. 

J  Tlie  principal  fruit  grown  are  cherries,  of  which  large  quan- 
tities are  annually  sent  to  the  New  York  market. 

8  Flushing  has  a  wide  reputation  for  its  nurseries,  of  which 
there  are  six,  occupying  246  acres  and  valued  at  $124,000.  The 
first  nursery  was  commenced  about  1750.  They  now  furnish 
every  species  of  fruit  tree,  ornamental  shrub,  and  esotic  plant 
cultivated  In  the  country. 

9  The  principal  of  these  schools  are  the  Flushing  Institute, 
the  Flushing  Female  College,  and  the  Linnean  Hill  Seminary. 

I'J  The  principal  manuiactoriea  are  the  Excelsior  Emery  and 
Fand  Paper  Manufactory,  a  steam  planing  and  saw  mill,  and  a 
tide  gristmill. 


n  This  placewas  formerly  known  as  "X^iHT^nccsiVect."  Seve- 
ral farms  have  been  laid  out  into  village  plats,  each  one  taking 
a  distinct  name.  An  Episcopal  college  was  incorp.  here  in 
1S40 :  but  it  has  since  been  abandoned.  The  location  of  this  in- 
stitution gave  the  name  to  the  vill;ige. 

1-  Named  from  a  large  boulder  ne.ir  the  landing.  The  place 
was  first  called  ^'Cbokie  HiW  and  afterward  "Clintonvillcy 

13  This  establishment  gives  emplojTnent  to  430  hands. 

»  Bay  Side— the  seat  of  A.  G.  Mickle,  Ex-Mayor  of  New 
York — and  Sprlngville  are  near  Little  Neck  Bay.  Fre§h 
Meadows,  Ireland,  and  Springs  HUl  are  locdities 
e.E.of  Flushing  Viilage.  Rocky  Hill  and  Union  Place 
are  farming  neighborhoods.  Spring  Hill  was  the  residence  of 
Cadwallader  Colden,  who  died  here  Sept.  20,  1776.  His  son 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Eoyalists,  and  his  estate  was  con.- 
fiscated.— Ow?€rrfOTi^-'5  Rev.  Inc. 

15  When  fortified,  this  point  will  completely  command  the 
channel  on  the  n.,  and  render  the  approach  of  ships  of  war 
toward  New  York  impossible  from  that  direction. 

IG  Of  these  there  are  at  Flushing,  2  Friends.  Prot.  E.,  M.  E.,  Ref. 
Prot.  D..  R.  C,  Cong.,  aud  Bap. ;  at  Coll-^ge  Point,  R.  0.  and  Lnth. ; 
at  Whitestone.  Prot.  E.  and  M.  E.;  and  at  Marathon,  a  Prot.  E. 

"  The  religious  faith  of  these  people  was  much  the  same  .aa 
that  afterward  professed  by  the  Quakers,  who  had  not  become 
at  that  period  a  distinct  sect  in  England.  Their  first  religions 
teacher  was  Francis  Doughty,  from  Taunton.  Mass.,  a  Baptist, 
who  became  a  Quaker  in  1657,  as  did  many  of  the  inhal'itant*. 
The  celebrated  Geo.  Fox  visited  America  in  1672  and  preached 
in  this  town.  He  was  entertained  at  the  house  of  John  Bowne. 
who  had  particularly  suflFered  from  the  persecutions  of  the 
Dutch ;  but,  his  dwelling  not  being  sufficiently  large  to  accom- 
modate the  audience,  his  hearers  assembled  under  the  shade  of 
the  venerable  oats,  one  of  which  is  still  standing.  The  Bowne 
House  stands  in  Parsons  &  Co."s  Commercial  Garden  and  Nursery, 
and  is  in  a  fine  state  of  preservation. 

18  The  grantees  named  in  the  firat  patent  were  Robert  Ford- 


QUEENS    COUNTY. 


547 


Upon  the  erection  of  North  Hempstead,  in  1784,  its  name  was  changed  to  South  Hempstead ;  and 
its  present  name  was  re-adopted  Feb.  5,  1796.  It  was  recognized  as  a  town  March  7,  1788.  It 
lies  upon  the  s.  side  of  the  island,  extending  20  mi.  along  the  ocean,  and  embracing  about  100 
eq.  mi.  The  shore  is  bordered  by  a  line  of  beaches  and  sand  hills ;  and  within  them  are  Hempstead 
and  South  Oyster  Bays,  inclosing  a  large  number  of  low,  sedgy  islands.  West  of  the  bay  a  long, 
narrow  sandbar,  known  as  Rockaway  Beach,^  extends  to  the  s.  w.,  forming  the  E.  boundary  of 
Jamaica  Bay.  Wide  salt  meadows  border  upon  the  bays,  and  from  them  the  land  spreads  out 
into  an  almost  perfectly  level  plain.^  The  soil  along  the  borders  of  the  marshes  is  moderately 
fertile,  and  upon  the  plain  it  consists  of  sand  and  fine  gravel,  which  is  naturally  barren, 
although  it  may  be  made  productive  by  the  proper  application  of  manures.  A  considerable 
portion  of  the  marshes  and  plain  belongs  to  the  town  and  is  used  as  common  property.'  The 
people  are  largely  engaged  in  market  gardening.  There  is  no  poorhouse ;  but  the  paupers  are 
annually  put  up  at  auction  and  struck  off  to  the  lowest  bidder.  Hempstead,  (p.  v.,)  near  the 
center  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  June  20,  1853.  It  contains  3  churches,  the  Hempstead  Seminary,* 
and  1,486  inhabitants.  Along  the  s.  shore  are  several  villages,  generally  scattered  and  extended 
over  a  large  territory.  They  are  mostly  surrounded  by  gardens  and  orchards.  Jerussileiu 
South,  (p.  V.,)  in  the  s.  E.  corner,  contains  a  gristmill  and  Friends'  meetinghouse;  next  w. 
are  respectively  Bridge  Haven,  containing  a  gristmill  and  church,  Merrick.,^  (p-O.,)  and 
Oreenivicb  Poiut,  two  farming  neighborhoods;  Freeport,^  (p-"^-')  a  fishing  village, 
containing  2  churches;  Iflilburii,  Baldwinville,  and  Christian  Hook,  hamlets; 
Rockville  Center,  (p. v.,)  containing  1  church;  Xear  Rockairay,  a  hamlet,  and  Far 
Rocka-ivay,  (Rockaway  p.o.,)  a  noted  seabathing  place.'  Valley  Stream  and  Fosters 
MeadoiT  are  two  scattered  settlements  along  the  e.  border,  ^ew  Bridge,  (formerly 
''Little  Neck")  Washin^on  Square,  and  Brookfield  are  farming  neighborhoods.  The 
first  settlements  were  made  in  1643,  by  a  colony  of  English,  who  had  previously  settled  at 
"Weathersfield  and  Stamford,  in  Conn.  They  founded  the  first  English  settlement  within  the 
co.^  The  town  early  acquired  a  prominent  rank,  and  its  records  (preserved  at  North  Hemp- 
stead) contain  a  large  amount  of  valuable  historical  information.  Horse  races  were  established 
here  by  the  Governor  in  1G90.  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  started  in  1G48.  There  are  18 
churches  in  town.® 

JAJUAICA^** — was  first  granted  for  settlement  by  Gov.  Stuveysant,  March  21,  1656 ;  and  a 
more  ample  patent  was  granted  in  1660.  The  rights  of  the  town  were  confirmed  by  Gov.  Nicoll, 
Feb.  15,  1666,  and  by  Gov.  Dongan,  March  17,  1G8C."     It  was  recognized  as  a  town  March  7, 


bam,  John  Strickland,  Jobn  Ogden,  John  Karman,  John  Law- 
rence, and  Jonas  Wood:  those  in  the  second  patent  were  John 
Hicks,  J.  P.,  Capt.  John  Seaman.  Hichard  Gildersleeve,  Robert 
Jackson.  John  Karman,  John  Smith,  sr.  and  jr.;  and  those  in 
the  third  were  Capt.  John  Seaman.  Simon  Searing.  John  Jackson, 
James  Pine,  er.,  Richard  Gildeisleeve,  sr.,  and  Xath'l  Pearsall. 
^Tho7tipsotV$.Hist.  L.I.,  II,  14 ;  PoientSy  IV,  55.  V.  182 ;  Sec. Office. 

1  The  CO.  seal  presents  a  view  of  Bea  and  shore  from  this 
beach.  The  name  is  of  Indian  origin.  This  point  was  formerly 
inclosed  by  a  fence  from  Hempstead  to  Jamaica  Bays,  and  was 
used  for  pasturing  cattle,  horees,  and  sheep. 

2  This  plain  is  15  mi.  Ions  and  4  broad.  When  first  known  to 
the  Europeans,  it  was  destitute  of  timber  and  covered  with  grass. 
The  annual  burning  of  this  grass  was  prohibited  by  statute  in 
1726.    It  is  mostly  uninclcsed.  and  used  as  pasture, 

8  About  16.000  acres  of  the  plain  and  the  salt  meadows  are 
common  property.  The  time  for  cutting  the  hay  is  fised  at  the 
annual  town  meetings,  and  the  first  one  on  the  ground  has  the 
choice  of  location.  This  leads  the  farmers  to  the  meadows  at  an 
early  hour  on  the  appointed  day.  and  snuietimes  during  the  night 
previous,  where  they  stand  8c>-thc  in  hand,  ready  at  the  first 
glance  of  sunrise  to  strike  into  the  grass  before  them  and  mow 
iirouBd  as  large  a  piece  as  they  may  be  able.  Several  hundred 
men  are  often  thus  employed .  Kacli  inhabitant  may  hire  as  many 
laborers  as  he  chooses,  and  may  cut  for  sale.  Nortli  Hempstead 
formerly  enjoyed  the  right  of  cutting  grass  upon  these  meadows, 
but  has  been  practically  deprived  of  it  for  many  years.  See 
page  545. 

*  This  is  a  private  seminary,  owned  by  a  joint  stock  company. 

6  On  old  dociiments  variously  spelled" "J/cn'c,"  "Marokc,"  and 
"JA'r(7.'o/'e."  The  name  was  derived  from  a  tribe  of  Indians  that 
lived  in  the  vicinity. 

6  First  settled  by  Edward  Raynor,  and  formerly  known  as 
*'Rai/noftoion" 

7  This  place  contains  the  Pavilion, — an  immense  hotel, — and 
several  large  summer  boarding  houses. 

8  Among  the  early  settlors  were  Uev.  Richard  Denton,  Jonas 
Wood,  Wm.  Raynof.  Robert  Ccm>,  Richard  Gilderplecve,  Robert 
Jackson,  John  Ogden,  John  Karman,  Capt.  John  Underbill, 
Andrew  Ward,  Thurston  and  Robt.  Raynor,  Matthew  Mitchell, 


and  Robert  Fordham.  In  1647  the  first  eight,  with  Itobt.  Ash- 
man. Jeremy,  Kdmmid,  and  Terry  Mood,  lienj.  and  John  Coe, 
Sam'l  Strickland,  John  Topping.  John  Fordbam.  Wm.  and  John 
Lawi-ence,  Henry  Hudson,  Thomas  Ireland,  Richard  Valentine, 
Wm.  Thickstone,  ^'ichoIa3  Tanner.  Wm.,  John.  sr.  and  jr.,  Jae., 
and  Alvin  Smith,  Richard,  jr.,  Sam'l.  Dan'l.  and  Nath'l  Denton, 
Thos.  Armitage,  Simon  Searing.  Ibomas  Wilson,  Henry  Piers  m. 
Jos.  and  Wm.  Scott,  Henry  Wbiston,  Richard  and  John  Lewis, 
Thos.  Stevenson,  John  Storge,  John  and  Robert  Williams,  Wm. 
Rogers,  Richard  Ogden.  John  Foucks,  Wm.  Waehbnrne.  Thos. 
Sherman,  Francis  Yates,  John  Ellison.  Wm.  Shadding.  Thomas 
and  Chas.  Foster.  Roger  Lines,  Sam'l  Clark,  John  Hndrl,  Thos. 
Pope,  Daniel  \\  hitehead,  Edward  Kaynor.  John  Smith,  ?amnel 
Baccns.and  .Tolm  Strickland  were  freeholders,  and  shiiredin  the 
division  of  the  lands.  A  part  of  the  above  location^i  are  now 
included  in  North  Hempstead.  The  first  child  born  of  white 
parents  in  town  was  Caleb  Karman.  son  of  John  Karman,  Jan. 
9, 1645.  An  order  was  made  at  their  General  Court,  Sept.  16, 
16-00,  requiring  all  persons  to  "  repaire  to  the  puMir|iio  Meotings 
and  AssemblieB  on  the  Lords  daycs,  and  on  piiMiijue  daycs  of 
fastings  and  thanksgivings,  appointed  by  pii'iliijue  imtbority, 
bothe  on  the  f  trfuoons  and  afternoons,"  under  n  iwMiJilty  of  5 
guilders  fi>r  the  first,  10  for  the  second,  and  2*'  fiT  llie  third  of- 
fense. The  Kev.  Richard  Denton,  a  prominent  founder.  wu.s  their 
first  pastor.  He  returned  to  England  in  1650.  His  eldest  son, 
Daniel  Denton,  wrote  the  first  historical  account  of  New  York 
ever  published.     It  was  printed  in  Lonilon  in  ICTC. 

*  10  M.  E.,  3  Prot.  E..  2  Presb..  2  R.  C.  and  one  Friends.  Near 
the  M.E.  Church  in  South  Hempstead  is  a  monument,  erected  to 
the  memory  of  i:;^t  English  and  Irish  immigrants  who  peri-Jhed 
on  the  ships  Bristol  and  M«xico,  wrecked  Nov.  21, 1836,  and 
Jan.  2. 1837. 

10  It  was  first  proposed  to  name  this  place  "OtjJftr'?.*.'!*';."  Many 
of  the  first  settlers  preferred  the  name  of''Crnirfor>!r  and  the 
Dutch  named  it  " Rusdorp,"  signifying  "county  town."  The 
present  name  is  by  some  considered  as  from  the  Indian  ^-Jamtco." 

11  The  fir?t  patent  of  confirmation  cont-iined  the  names  of 
Daniel  Denton,  J.P.,  Robt.  Coe,  Capt.  Brj-an  Nwwton.  Wm.  Hal- 
let,  Andrew  Me.«8enger,  and  Nathaniel  Denton :  and  the  second 
named  24  persons.— /^i/eji(*,  I,  66,  M,  T,  433;  Sec.  Office, 


548 


QUEENS    COUNTY. 


1788.  It  is  the  s.w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  A  range  of  low  wooded  hills  forms  its  n.  boundary; 
but  the  remainder  of  the  town  consists  of  an  extensive  sand  plain,  and  a  series  of  wide  salt 
marshes  along  the  shore.  Jamaica  Bay,  forming  its  s.  boundary,  incloses  a  large  number  of  low, 
marshy  islands.  Several  small  streams  take  their  rise  in  springs  and  small  ponds  among  the 
hills  and  flow  s.  to  the  bay.^  The  soil  is  light  and  sandy.  A  considerable  tract  immediately 
bordering  upon  the  marshes  is  kept  in  a  high  state  of  fertility  by  artificial  means,  and  is  devoted 
to  market  gardening.  This  town  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  race  courses.^  The  town  poor 
are  annually  let  to  the  lowest  bidder.^  Jamaica,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  n.  border  of  the  town,  was 
incorp.  April  14,  1814,  It  contains  7  churches,  the  Union  Hall  Academy,*  several  private  semi- 
naries, a  union  school,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  several  manufactories.^  Pop.  2,817.  "Wood- 
havcn  was  organized  in  1850  by  a  number  of  capitalists  for  the  manufacture  of  shoes. 
Cypress  Avenue  is  a  r.  r.  station  near  the  line  in  Kings  co.  The  country  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  is  laid  out  in  a  village  plat,  and  named  Unioiiville,  from  the  Union  Race  Course ; 
Clarenceville  is  a  village  plat  on  the  r.r.,w. of  Jamaica;  Centerville,  a  plat  adjacent 
to  the  trotting  course;  Hopedale  and  Jaiuaica  lleig'lils,  two  prospective  villages  in 
the  N.  part;  "^Villcw  Tree,  a  r.  r.  station,  e,  of  Jamaica;  Queens/  (p.  o.,)  a  r.  r.  station 
near  the  e.  line,  and  Springfield,  a  vicinage  3  mi.  long,  in  the  e.  part,  extending  to  the 
bay.  The  first  settlement  was  made  about  1656,  by  people  from  Hempstead,  who  in  that  year 
obtained  leave  of  the  Dutch  Government  to  purchase  lands  and  erect  a  town,  *'  according  unto 
their  place  limited,  named  Canarise,  about  midway  from  Hempstead."  In  1702  the  civil  officers 
of  government  removed  to  this  place,  on  account  of  prevailing  sickness.  An  attempt  was 
made  soon  after  to  appropriate  the  church  to  the  use  of  the  Episcopalians, — which  was  resisted, 
and  a  controversy  commenced,  which  was  not  settled  until  1728.  In  1753  the  General  Assembly 
again  convened  at  this  place.  During  the  Revolution  the  town  was  occupied  by  the  Britisli,  and, 
especially  in  winter,  large  bodies  of  troops  were  stationed  here.  The  Dutch  Church  was  used  as 
a  storehouse.  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1663.  The  Ref.  Prot.  D.  Church  was 
formed  in  1702;  and  the  first  Pi-ot.  E.  services  were  held  during  the  same  year.  The  Chapel  of  the 
Sisters — a  neat  edifice,  built  of  hewn  granite — was  erected  in  the  Presb.  Cemetery,  by  Nicholas 
Ludlum,  of  New  York.^ 

IVEWTOW]^* — was  first  conveyed  by  patent,  by  Gov,  Stuyvesant,  in  1652.  The  grant  wag 
confirmed  by  Gov.  Nicoll,  March  6,  1666,  and  by  Gov.  Dongan,  Nov.  25,  1683.®  It  was  recog- 
nized as  a  town  March  7,  1788.  It  lies  upon  the  East  River  and  Long  Island  Sound,  in  the  n.w. 
corner  of  the  co.,  and  includes  North  and  South  Brother,  Rikers,  and  Berrieus  Islands.***  A  range 
of  hills  extends  along  the  s.  border;  but  the  remaining  part  of  its  surface  is  level  or  moderately 
uneven.  Flushing  Creek  forms  a  portion  of  the  e.  boundary,  and  Newtown  Creek  a  portion  of  the 
w.  boundary.  Extensive  salt  meadows  border  upon  these  creeks  and  the  bays.  Hell  Gate  is  a  nar- 
row, tortuous  passage  between  Wards  Island  and  Hallets  Point,  near  the  n.  extremity  of  the  town." 
The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  sandy  loam.  Market  gardening  and  the  cultivation  of  flowers  are  the 
most  important  business.  The  town  poor  ai*e  let  out  by  contract.  Astoria,^-  (p*^-))  upon  East 
River,  near  Hell  Gate,  was  incorp.  April  12, 1836.  It  contains  5  churches,  a  female  seminary,  union 
school,  and  several  extensive  manufactories.*^     It  is  particularly  distinguished  for  its  floral  gardens 


I  Several  of  theae  ponds  have  been  purchased  by  the  Brookljii 
Water  Works  Conipany.  The  remains  of  a  mastodon  were  found 
in  excavatiog  at  Baisloys  Vond.  in  tbia  town,  March  27, 1858. 
They  consisted  of  six  molar  teeth  and  some  tsmall  fragments  of 
bones,  blackened,  but  not  mineralized. 

"  A  course  was  laid  ont,  in  colonial  times,  around  the  border 
of  Beaver  I'ond, — a  sheet  of  water  adjacent  to  the  village,  since 
drained.  Union  Course  was  laid  out  soon  after  thv  passage  of  the 
act  of  1S21.  and  continued  under  that  of  1834.  It  is  now  owned 
by  thfj  "Union  Association."  formed  under  general  act,  Aug.  2, 
1S58,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  It  is  a  few  feet  over  a  mile  in 
circuit.    There  is  a  trotting  course  s.  e.  of  the  former. 

3  The  town  electa  trustees  annually  to  manage  its  property. 
It  has  a  fund— given  by  Henry  Tuwnsend  nearly  two  centuries 
since — *'  for  the  relief  of  poor  widows  and  children,  persons 
blind,  lamed,  or  aged,  and  Buch  as  should  be  uuable  to  got  a 
living,  or  any  that  should  suffer  by  fire  and  whose  necessities 
might  call  for  relief" 

*  This  institution  was  incorp.  Feb.  29, 1792. 

6  Three  Citrriage  factories  and  the  repair  shops  of  the  L.I.  R.R. 

6  Formerly  called  "ifruMvi'Ue."  The  name  was  changed  at  a 
public  meeting,  .Ian.  1, 1857. 

I  There  are  now  8  churches  in  town;  2  M.  E.,  2  Ref.  Prot.  D., 
Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Af.  Meth.,  and  B.C. 

s  Named  "Middlehurg"  under  the  Dutch. 
The  first  deed  of  confirmation  contained  the  names  of  Capt. 


Richard  Betta,  J.  P.,  Capt.  Thoa.  Lawrence,  Capt.  John  Coe,  John 
Burroughs,  Ralph  Hunt,  Dan'MVhitehead, and  Joost  Burger: 
and  the  second  the  names  of  108  freeholders.  The  annual  quit- 
rent  was  3£  is. — Patents,  II,  78 ;  Sec.  OJjice:  Thompson's  Hist.  L. 
/..  II,  142. 

10  These  islands  are  cultivated  as  gardens.  Berriana.  near 
Lawrence  Point,  has  an  area  of  12  acres.  Bikers  is  the  largest 
and  most  valuable,  and  was  formerly  called  "Hewletts  hiatid,** 
from  its  having  been  tlie  residence  of  Geo.  Hewlett.  It  is  1  mi. 
from  the  mainland,  and  contains  over  50  acres.  It  wiis  con- 
firmed to  Guisbert  Kiker  by  Stuyvesant,  Dec.  24, 1667,  and  is 
still  owned  by  the  family. — Thompsfn's  Hist.,  II,  154. 

11  This  name  was  probably  derived  from  the  Dutch  *'Hellig," 
angry,  and  "Gaf  a  gate.  It  is  often  softened  down  to  "^url 
Gate."  From  the  earliest  time  this  has  been  a  diflBcult  strait  to 
navigate,  owing  to  sunken  rocks  and  the  strong  current  of  the 
tide.  In  1852  the  rocks  were  mostly  removed  by  a  system  of 
submarine  blasting  and  the  navigation  greatly  improved. 

12  This  place  was  formerly  known  as  -'Hallets  Orve,"  and  was 
settled  by  Stephen  A.  and  John  C.  Halsey.  At  the  time  of  its 
incorporation  it  was  proposed  to  call  it  "-Sunswick"  from  the 
Indian  name  of  a  stream  near  by;  but  the  name  Astoria  was 
adopted,  in  hope  of  securing  a  gratuity  from  John  Jacob  Astor. 
In  this,  however,  the  people  were  disappointed,  as  he  gave  only 
$100  to  the  seminary. 

"  The  principal  manufactoriea  are  the,  chemical  works  for 


QUEENS    COUNTY. 


549 


and  greenhouses.*  It  ie  connected  with  New  York  by  ferries,  and  is  inhabited  by  many  persons  doing 
business  in  the  city.  Pop.  about  3,200.  Ravenswood,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  East  River,  is  a  suburban 
village,  and  the  houses  consist  mostly  of  costly  residences.  The  poorhouse  farms  of  New  York  City 
were  located  at  this  place  previous  to  tlie  purchase  of  the  islands  in  the  river  for  that  purpose.^  A 
rifle  cartrid;j;e  factory  exploded  here  about  1850,  occasioning  a  great  destruction  of  life.  Uun- 
ters  Poinl^  is  a  newly  surveyed  and  thinly  settled  village,  immediately  n.  of  the  mouth  uf  New- 
town Creek.  It  has  several  manufactories,*  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  business  and  population. 
l^eirtoim,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  and  Penny  Bridge  are  stations  upon  the  Flushing  R.  R.; 
and  Vf' insfield  and  West  Flushing  are  village  plats  upon  the  same  roads.  Maspetli^  (p.  o.) 
lies  near  the  head  of  Newtowu  Creek ;  and  MelVJna,  ColumbusviUe,  and  TVinants- 
Tille  are  village  plats  in  the  same  vicinity.  I^aw^renceville,  n.  w.  of  AVinfield,  and  Mid- 
dletown,  s.  e.  of  Astoria,  are  village  plats.  l.ocust  Grove,  Linden  Hills,  IVew^  As- 
toria, Middle  Villag"e,  and  8outli  Williamsburg'li  are  localities  and  prospective 
villages.  Dutch  Kills  is  a  gardening  neighborhood.  St.  Ronans  Well,  a  wooded  island 
near  the  head  of  Flushing  Bay,  contains  7  acres,  and  is  a  favorite  resort  for  picnic  parties.  Cal- 
vary Cemetery,  on  the  Laurel  Hills,  n.  of  Newtown  Creek,  contains  59  acres,  and  is  owned 
by  the  R.  C.  denomination.  The  Cemetery  of  the  Everg^reens,  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  is 
partly  in  Brooklyn  and  partly  in  New  Lots,  Kings  co.  It  is  beautifully  situated  upon  the  Cypress 
Hills,  and  contains  115  acres,  with  the  privilege  of  extending  its  area  to  500  acres.  Cypress 
Hills  Cemetery,  e.  of  the  latter,  is  also  situated  upon  the  highlands,  and  contains  400  acres.® 
Mount  Olivet  Cemetery  lies  near  Maspeth,  and  the  liutheran  Cemetery  near 
Middle  Village.  The  National  Race  Course,  incorp.  May  31,  1854,  is  located  near  the  Flushing 
R.  R.'^  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1651,  by  English  immigrants,  who  had  first  located  in 
New  England.  The  first  grant  of  privileges  obtained  from  the  Dutch  in  1652  was  followed  by 
another  more  liberal  in  its  character  in  1665.  The  early  records  of  the  town  were  lost  duimg  the 
British  occupation  in  the  Revolution.  A  blockhouse  was  built  at  Hell  Gate  during  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  a  water-battery,  named  Fort  Stevens,®  during  the  War  of  1812,  The  first  church  edifice 
(Presb.)  of  which  there  is  any  record  was  erected,  in  1670,  at  Newtown  Village;  and  the  first 
preacher  was  Rev.  John  Moore,  who  was  employed  from  the  first  settlement  until  his  death,  in 
1661.     The  census  reports  15  churches  in  town.^ 

IVORTH  HEMPSTEAD^**— was  formed  from  Hempstead,  April  6,  1784.  It  lies  upon 
Long  Island  Sound,  between  Hempstead  Harbor  and  Little  Neck  Bay,  and  on  the  s.  extends  to 
near  the  center  of  Hempstead  Plains.  A  range  of  hills  extends  e.  and  w.  through  near  the  center ; 
and  from  them  spurs  extend  to  the  Sound,  giving  to  the  n.  part  a  moderately  hilly  character.  Ilemp- 
Btead  Harbor  and  Manhasset  Bay  are  irregular  bays  extending  far  inland,  dividing  the  coast  into 
''necks"  and  points, — the  principal  of  which  are  Cow  and  Great  Necks,  Motts,  Prospect,  Sande, 


making  dry  alkaliea,  the  U.  S.  Vulcanized  Gutta  Pc rcba  Belting 
and  Packing  Works,  and  an  extensive  carpet  factniy. 

1  Grant  Thorburu,  the  celebrated  seedsman  and  Jiorist,  had  a 
nursery  here  from  1832  to  IS5I.  There  aro  now  6  tloral  estab- 
lishments for  supplying  the  city  market,  besides  many  gentle- 
men's greenhouses,  graperies,  &c. 

2  About  1834-05,  the  corporation  of  New  York  City  erected  ex- 
tensive buildings,  about  1^  mi.  a.  from  Astoria,  for  a  pauper 
establishment,  which  were  sold  at  public  auction,  April  l.i,lS47, 
upon  the  removal  of  these  institutions  tothe  islands  in  the  river. 
Three  largo  buildings— called  the  "Btiys'  Nursery,"'  '-School 
House,"'  and  ''  Infant  Nursery,"  the  property  of  W'm.  W.  Miles 
— were  leased  (May  25)  to  the  Commissioners  of  Emigration  for  a 
ship  fever  hospital,  and  other  purposes.  A  public  meeting  was 
held  immediately  after  at  Astoria,  to  express  indignation  at  the 
application  of  the  property  to  these  uses  aud  to  remonstrate 
against  it.  The  people  failing  to  obtain  their  object,  the  pre- 
mises were  assailed  and  destroyed  on  the  night  of  May  :2ti-27, 
1847,  by  a  largo  mob  in  disguise.  An  attempt  was  made  to 
fasten  the  expense  of  these  losses  upon  the  town:  and.  after 
repeated  efforts,  the  owner  recovered  $3,000  from  the  ?t.ite  by 
act  of  -March  17, 1855.— yl.fsem.  Doc.  1848,  Nos.  19.  161,  1&4,  186; 
Smafe  line.  1S49,  No.  31,  aud  1850,  Nos.  62  and  82. 

8  Originally  called  "A»Hmi>.t  Hook."  The  place  was  after- 
ward owned  by  Geo.  Hunter,  who  died  before  1826.  It  is  desig- 
nated in  deeds  as  ••  Long  Island  City."  Much  of  the  property 
given  to  Union  College  by  Rev.  Dr.  Nott  as  an  endowment  is 
located  here,  aud  consists  of  graded  lots. 

*  The  princip.il  manofactnrif « ;ire  a  flint  glass  f  ictory.  chemical 
works,  paint  aud  varnish  factory,  founderyfor  the  manufacture 
of  iron  pipes,  and  an  oil  ami  locomotive  grease  factory.  Con- 
siderable ship-building  is  ilso  done  here. 

6  Sometimes  written  " Mt^spat  "  ^^ML'^pat,'"  &c.  It  was  settled 
by  English,  and  often  designated  ''£nfflish  KUlSj"  to  distinguish 


it  from  Dutch  Kills.  De  Witt  Clinton  formerly  resided  beie. 
A  foundery  for  casting  metallic  burial  cases  was  established 
hero  several  years  since. 

0  The  general  act  forbids  cemeteries  to  hold  more  than  250 
acres  in  one  co.;  and  hence  this  was  located  in  two.  A  special 
act  allows  this  cemetery  to  hold  100  acres  more  iu  Queeua  co. 
The  highest  point  is  219  ft.  above  tide. 

7  The  company  that  owns  this  course  is  incorp.,  with  a  capital 
of  S25O,OO0. 

8  Named  from  Maj.  Gen.  Ebenezer  Stevens,  who  in  b-is  youth 
was  a  member  of  the  "  Boston  Tea  Party"  and  subsequently  an 
officer  in  the  Revolution  and  the  War  of  1812. 

0  4  Prot.  E.,  3  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  3  M.  E.,  2  Presb.,  2  R.  C,  and  1 
Bap.  The  Ref.  Prot.  D.  Church  at  Newtown  was  formed  in  1704, 
and  a  Prot.  E.  church  at  the  same  place  iu  1731.  A  M.  E.  church 
was  erected  near  Middle  Village  in  1836.  chiefly  through  the 
liberality  of  Jos.  Ilarper,  father  of  the  Harper  Brothers,  pub- 
lishers in  New  York. 

w  Under  the  act  of  organization  each  town  was  to  enjoy  the 
right  of  oystering,  clamming,  and  fishing  in  the  other:  and  both 
continued  to  cut  grass  upon  the  South  Meadows  until  1815. 
ThfV  each  assumed  the  sole  care  of  the  common  lauds  that  fell 
within  their  several  bounds.  At  the  town  meeting  in  Hemp- 
stead, April,  1797,  a  resolution  was  p;issed.  givhig  to  the  people 
of  that  town  10  days'  precedence  of  right  in  cutting  grass.  A 
suit  was  instituted,  and  was  appealed  to  the  Court  of  Errors, 
which  decided,  in  Dec.  182S,  that  Nnrth  Hempstead  had  no  power 
to  interfere  in  the  regulations  of  Hempstead. — Opinion  of  Chan- 
cellor Kent,  Johnson's,  II.  320-3:i8 :  of  Chancellor  Sauford./f^p- 
k-ins,  I.  289-300;  Decision  of  Court  of  Ert'ors,  WerulrM,  II,  109- 
137.  The  public  lands  of  the  town  were  sold  under  an  act 
passed  March  25,  1S30.  Obadiah  Townsend.  Singleton  Mitchell, 
Beiy.  Albertson,  and  Jos.  Dodge  were  appointed  commissioner* 
fur  this  purpose. 


f'-SO 


QUEENS    COUNTY. 


Barker,  and  Ilewletts  Points,  and  Plum  Beach.*  The  soil  upon  the  plains  is  light  and  sandy, 
and  in  the  n.  part  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam,  very  productive.  The  town  poor  are  supported  by 
the  Jones  Fund,-  at  an  institution  situated  at  B^ook^'ille,  in  the  tuwn  of  Oyster  Bay;  and  2  trus- 
tees are  annually  elected  to  the  board  having  this  fund  in  charge.  3Ianlia$set/  (p.  v.,)  near 
the  center,  a  straggling  village,  contains  4  churches.  The  neck  of  land  extending  eastward  of 
Manhasset  Bay  is  called  Manhasset.*  RosByn,  (p-"^-*)  at  the  head  of  Hempstead  Harbor,  2  mi. 
above  the  steamboat  landing,  contains  2  churches  and  several  manufactories.^  Pop.  592.  ^'orth 
Hempstead  (p. o.)  is  2  mi.  e.  of  the  courthouse;  Mineola  (p. v.)  is  a  scattered  villaga 
at  the  junction  of  the  L.  I.  &  Hempstead  Branch  R.  Koads ;  Flo^ver  SIlll  is  a  farming  neigh- 
borhood near  the  center  of  Manhasset  Neck ;  !^Iontrose^  a  village  plat  near  the  country  seafc 
of  Wm.  C.  Bryant.  Westbury^  is  a  farming  neighborhood,  extending  from  near  the  courthouse 
to  the  E.  line  of  the  town.  Carl  Place,  near  We^^tbury,  and  ClO'Wesville,  near  Mineola,  are 
village  plat^.  Hyde  Park,'  near  the  r.  r.,  Liakeville^^  near  the  line  of  Flushing,  and 
Farmers  Village,  on  the  edge  of  the  plains,  are  farming  localities.  Port  TTasliiugloii 
(p.  0.)  is  a  small  village  on  the  w.  side  of  Manhasset  Bay.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  the 
spring  of  1G40,  by  a  small  company  of  English  immigrants  from  Lynn,  Mass.,  under  the  lead 
of  Capt.  Daniel  Howe,  who  took  possession  of  the  head  of  Cow  Bay,  under  the  authority  of  Farrett, 
agent  of  the  Earl  of  Stirling.  The  Dutch  sent  a  party  of  soldiers,  who  captured  several  of  the  in- 
truders; but  they  were  released  upon  promising  to  quit  the  place.  These  persons  afterward  made  the 
fh-st  settlement  at  Southampton.  The  necks  of  land  of  this  town  were  first  used  for  pasturage  in  com- 
mons. During  the  Revolution  marauding  parties  committed  various  depredations  upon  the  people 
of  this  town,  rendering  both  property  and  life  insecure.    The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town.* 

OYSTER  BAi:^°— was  patented  by  Gov.  Nicoll,  Nov.  29,  1667,  and  confirmed  by  Gov. 


Andross,  Sept.  29,  167 


It  was  recognized  as  a  town  March  7,  1788.     It  occupies  the  E.  ex- 


tremity of  the  CO.,  and  extends  across  the  island  from  the  sound  to  the  ocean.  The  n.  shore  is 
deeply  indented  by  irregular  bays,  the  principal  of  which  are  Oyster  Bay,  Cold  Spring,  and  Oyster 
Bay  Harbors,  Mill  Neck  Creek,  and  Mosquito  Cove.  Cove  Neck,  Center  Island,*^  and  Mosquito 
Neck  are  long  peninsulas  formed  by  these  bays;*^  Lloyds  Neck  is  a  peninsula  extending  e.  of  Cold 
Spring  Harbor.  The  great  indentation  of  South  Oyster  Bay,  separated  from  the  ocean  by  Jones 
Beach,  forms  the  s.  boundary.  This  bay  is  bordered  by  salt  meadows,  and  incloses  several  marshy 
islands  belonging  to  the  town.  A  range  of  hills  extends  through  the  n.  part;  and  the  remainder 
of  the  surface  is  level.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  clayey  loam,  and  with  proper  care  is  very  pro- 
ductive. The  town  poor  are  supported  by  the  Jones  Fund.^*  Oyster  fiay,  (p-^-,)  on  Oyster 
Bay  Harbor,  contains  6  churches  and  900  inhabitants;^^  Gleu  Cove,^®  (p.  v.,)  near  Hempstead 
Harbor,  in  the  n.  w.  part,  contains  3  churches,  a  printing  office,  fire  insurance  office,  and  a  large 
starch  factory.^^  Soutli  Oyster  Bay  (p.o.)  is  a  scattered  village  on  the  s.  shore.  Farm- 
ingdale  (p.o.)  is  a  hamlet  and  r.  r.  station  near  the  E.  line;  Hich-SVille^^  (P-O.)  is  a  r.  r. 
station  near  the  w.  line.    Syosset'^  (p.  o.)  is  t^ie  present  terminus  of  a  r.  r.  extending  n.  e.  from 


1  A  lighthouse  has  been  erected  upon  Sands  Point,  and  a  life- 
boat station  is  maintained  here. 

2  See  note  14.  ^  Formerly  called  '^Sead  of  Cow  JN'ecA-." 
*  Formerly  called  "  Chtv  Neck"  and  by  the    Indians  'KSint 

jSYnAr."  It  was  originally  inclosed  from  Hempstead  Harbor  to 
the  ci'eek  by  a  fence  separatiug  it  from  Great  Neck;  aud  every 
I>erson  was  entitled  to  put  as  many  cattle  upon  it  as  he  built 
standing  gates  or  panels  of  fence.  When  afterward  distributed, 
in  1674.  these  rights  were  called  gate-rights.  The  number  of  con- 
tributors in  1658  was  60.  and  the  number  of  panels  offence  526. 

6  Formerly  called  ^'■Hnnpstcdd  Harbor"  Harbor  Hill,  in  the 
rear  of  the  village,  is  319  feet  high.  The  first  paper  mill  in  the 
State  is  said  to  have  been  built  here  inl773,byHendrickOnder- 
douk.  (grandfather  of  two  bishops  of  this  name,)  Hugh  Gaiue, 
and  Henry  Rcnisen.  There  are  2  paper  mills,  2  gristmills, 
and  a  sawmill  at  this  place. 

6  The  people  in  this  vicinity  are  chiefly  employed  in  furnishing 
milk  for  the  New  Vork  market. 

T  Upr.n  the  open  grounds  s.  of  this  place,  anciently  called 
'^SdUshury  PlainSy"  a  race  course  was  established  by  Gov.  NicoU 
In  1665.  It  was  called  •'JVeiv  Markd,"  and  continued  devoted  to 
the  sports  of  tho  turf  more  than  one  hundred  years. 

8  Formerly  called  'sS'wccess."  from  Success  Pond  in  the  vicinity. 
The  name  was  changed  to  Lakeville  in  1835.  The  towns  of 
Flushing  and  Hempstead  gave  618  acres,  between  the  lake  and 
Hyde  Park,  to  Gov.  Dongan.  who  had  a  country  residence  here. 

9  3  Friends.  2  M.  E.,Af  Meth.,  Prot.  E.,  Ref  Prot.  D.,  and  R.C. 

10  The  lands  and  commons  of  this  town  are  under  the  charge 
of  the  supervisor.  The  South  Meadows  are  sold  annually  at 
ttuction.  for  about  ?1.2i)0.  Townsmen  only  have  the  right  of  fish- 
ing and  oysteriiig  in  the  waters  of  the  town. 


n  Henry  Townsend,  sr.,  Nicholas  and  Gideon  Wright,  Richard 
Harrison,  Joseph  Carpenter,  and  Joslah  Latting  were  named  in 
both  patents.— Pa(''?(^^  1, 104, 162:  Sec.  Office. 

12  Formerly  called  ^•Ilog  Island.'*  It  is  connected  with  the 
main  island  by  a  beach,  includes  600  acres  of  excellent  soil,  and 
has  a  brickyard,  with  steam  power,  that  makes  3,000,000  bricfca 
annually. 

13  The  principal  capes  or  points  upon  the  N.  shore  are  Olivers, 
Sopers.  Moses,  Plum,  Center  Lsland,  Old  Neck,  Fox  Island,  Pea- 
cock. Matinecock,  and  Red  Spring  Points. 

1*  In  1IS36.  Sam']  Jones  gave  $30,000 — known  ns  the  "Jones 
Fund" — for  the  sujiport  of  the  poor  of  this  town  and  North  Hemp- 
stead ;  and  if  the  income  of  this  fund  was  more  than  sufficient  for 
this  purpose,  the  overplus  waste  belongto  Flushing.  Alarm  was 
purchased  at  Brookville,  upon  which  suitable  buildings  have 
been  erected  for  the  support  of  the  poor.  Walter  K.  Jones,  the 
distinguished  financier,  also  a  citizen  of  this  town,  gave  $5,000 
more  for  the  same  purpose.  The  fund  is  managed  by  3  trustees, 
chosen  by  this  town,  aud  2  by  North  Hempstead.  The  institu- 
tion is  known  as  the  "  Jones  Institute ;"  and  it  supports  60  to  70 
indigent  persons  annually. 

15  P.  0.  changed  to  ^'Syossei'"  Jan.  20. 1846,  and  old  name  re- 
stored one  week  after.  Jas.ColwelJ,  appointed  P.  M.  by  Jeffer- 
son, held  the  ofBce  till  hie  death,  in  1854,  when  his  granddaughter 
was  appointed.  i^  Formerly  called  ^'3fosquito  Cave." 

"  Glen  Cove  Starch  Manufac'g  Com.,  under  the  supervision  of 
Messrs. Duryea.  Incorp.  Nov.  13, 1855;  capital,  $100,000.  Pro- 
duces 20  tons  per  day.  Works  destroyed  by  fire  Feb.  9, 1S5S :  rebuill 
same  year,  covering  over  2  acres,  and  capital  increased  to  $200;000. 

i«  Named  from  EHas  Hicks,  the  Quaker  reformer. 

i^J  Formerly  known  as  *'-£ast  IVoodsJ" 


QUEENS    COUNTY. 


551 


HioksTille,  projected  to  Cold  Spring.  IVortvich  (East  Norwich  p.  o.)  is  a  farming  settle- 
ment 3  mi.  s.E.  of  Oyster  Bay.'  Cedar  Swaiup,  (p. o.,)  s.  E.  of  Glen  Cove,  and  L.ocust 
Valley,-  n.  e.  of  the  same  place,  are  farming  settlements.  JericIlO  (p.  o.)  is  a  settlement,  N. 
of  llicksville  ;'  Woodbury  (p.  o.)  is  a  small  village,  near  the  e.  border;  Lloydiii  IVeck  is  a 
farming  vicinage,  in  the  extreme  N.  e.  part;'  Betlipliage  is  a  farming  locality,  and  Brook.- 
vllle  is  a  hamlet*  Fort  IVecU  was  named  from  tvro  ancient  Indian  forts.^  Dosoris,' 
liattlngtOTrn,  and  Slatinicock^  are  localities  n.  e.  of  Glen  Cove.  An  attempt  was  made 
by  a  party  of  English  to  make  a  settlement  in  this  town  in  1640 ;  but  the  settlers  were  driven  off 
by  the  Dutch.  In  1G42  other  English  parties,  who  had  purchased  lands  of  the  Indians,  were  also 
driven  off.  The  question  of  jurisdiction  was  a  matter  of  debate  until  1C50,  when  commissioners 
were  appointed  on  both  sides  to  settle  Jt.  The  w.  boundary  of  Oyster  Bay  was  fixed  upon  as  the 
line  of  separation  of  the  two  colonies ;  and  in  1053  the  first  permanent  English  settlement  was 
made,  upon  land  previously  purchased  of  the  Indians.'  In  1GG2  the  town  formed  a  close  alliance 
with  Conn.  De  Lancey's  corps  of  royalists  built  a  small  fort  on  the  hill,  s.  of  the  village  of  Oyster 
Bay,  in  1776 ;  and  it  was  occupied  by  Simcoe's  Queen's  Kangers  in  1778  and  '79.  The  census 
reports  16  churches  in  town.'" 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricrdtural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Queens  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Flushing 

Hempstead 

Jnm:tic:i 

Newtown 

Nortti  Hempatead. 
Oyster  Bay 

Total 


AcRss  OF  Land. 


11,083 

25,4(W 

14.0421 

10,2881 

23,160J 

35.522 


119,649 


3,813 
14,888 
5,555 
2,009 
7,089 
22,960 


67.204 


Valcation  of  1858. 


$3,184, 
2,650, 
2,180, 
3,146, 
2,.034, 
3.36S, 


$267,110 
349,667 
190,166 
253,290 
2.88,760 
420,769 


17,071,845    1,765,742  18.837.587 


$3,442,070 
3,000,427 
2,382.686 
3.399,890 
2,823.160 
3,789,404 


3.969 
6.264 
2.796 
2,331 
4,683 
4,109 


23.142 


4,011 
6,213 
2.836 
2,363 
4,763 
3.938 


s.iai 


•J. 

_i_ 

1,113 
2,022 

866 
1,518 

867 
1.510 


667 
1.409 
640 
434 
914 
994 


ea 


J_ 

1,500 
2.051 
1.006 
904 
1,766 
1,466 
8,682    6.048     74   117,366 


Schools, 


2,953 
4,068 
2,216 
1,733 
3.190 
31187 


Nau£S  of  Towns. 


Flushing 

Hempstead :. 

Jamaica 

Newtown 

North  Hempstead. 
Oyster  Bay 

Total 


Live  Stock. 

AOBICULTOKAL   PROBUCTS. 

Ij 

1 

Ill 

<2 

878 
2,642 

852 
1,163 
1,611 
2,194 

9,240 

s 
1 

B0SU.  OP  Oaii.v. 

1 

CQO, 

II 

Daiby  Products.    , 

■1 
18,386 
45,844 
23,103 
7,422 
28,670j 
49,7624 

173,1S8J 

&) 

1^ 

ft.  =5 

■a  « 

11 

a.3 

989 
1,651 

797 
1,397 
1,230 
1,884 

554 
1,383 
326 
169 
889 
1,776 

862 
648 

2,777 
6,527 

\sr2i 
2,919 
926 
1,209 
2,997 
4,263 

06.771 
146,050J 
60,516 
86,677 
111,309 
167,64SJ 

616,971 

7,105 
0,179 
7,060 
2,656i 
11,101-1 
14,294 

36,489 
63,082 
64,494 
63,983 
34,433 
38,649 

965 
100 
61 

448 

1,205 

687 

42,793 
1.55,048 
46,285 
17.416 
61 .494  S 
118,947 

240 
625 

7,964 

6,080 

9,714 

14,228 

51,396 

291,136 

3,346 

441,9834 

766 

^■S 


1  The  town  records  are  usually  kept  at  this  place, 

2  The  p.o.  at  this  place  was  called  ^'Buckravi,"  until  recently. 

5  Klias  Hicks  formerly  resided  here.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  by  Kobert  Williams,  in  1650;  called  by  tho  Indians 
'•Lusum.''^ 

*  Thi.s  neck,  containing  2.S49  acres,  is  eeparated  from  the  re- 
mainder of  the  tuwn  by  Cold  Spring  Harbor.  It  is  connected 
with  Huntington,  Suffolk  co.,  bya  narrow  isthmus.  It  is  j.rinci- 
pally  devoted  to  the  raising  of  stock.  Tho  Indians  called  it 
^•Cauiii-setty"  and  it  is  called  '■'■Horse-Neclc^'  on  old  documents. 
It  was  patented,  in  1G85,  to  Jaa.  Lloyd,  of  Boston,  and  erected 
Into  a  manor.  The  British  maintained  a  post  hero  during  the 
Revolution ;  and  one  of  tht<  officers  stationed  there  was  the 
Dnke  of  Clarence,  afterward  AVilliam  IV.  Daily  steitmers  touch 
at  Lloyd's  Dock,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  neck. 

6  This  place  waa  settled  by  the  Dutch,  to  assert  tbcir  claim  to 


lands  claimed  by  the  English.    The  Jones  Institute  is  located 
here. 

8  In  1775,  Daniel  Jones,  of  this  place,  gave  £300  sterling  for 
a  charity  sichool  at  Oyster  Bay. 

7  Sometimes  written  Desoris.  It  is  an  abbreviation  of  dos 
iij:oris,  or  "dowry  of  a  wife," — the  property  having  come  to  the 
first  settler,  Coles,  by  his  wife. 

8  A  Friends"  meetinghouse  was  erected  here  in  1GS2. 

0  Peter  Wrig)it,  \Vm.  Leveridge,  Samuel  Mayo,  Wm.  and  John 
Washburue.  Tbow.  Armitage,  Anthony  Wright,  Kobt.  Williams, 
and  Kichard  Huldbrook  were  joint  purchasers.  Hfnry  Town- 
send  obtained  a  grant  for  a  mill  Sept.  1601.  and  erected  the  firet 
mill,  in  1CG3.    There  were  53  freeholders  in  town. 

w  4  M.  E.,  4  Prot.  E.,  4  Friends,  Bap.,  Kef.  Prot.  D.,  Presb., 
and  Af.  Meth. 


RENSSELAER   COUNTY. 


Tuis  county  vras  formed  from  Albany,  Feb.  7,  1701,  and  named  from 
the  Rensselaer  family.^  It  is  centrally  distant  12  mi.  from  Albany, 
and  contains  an  area  of  690  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  very  broken  and 
hilly.  T\YO  distinct  ranges  of  mountains  extend  through  it  M.  and  s., 
known  as  the  Taghkanick  and  Petersburgh  Mts.  The  Taghkauick 
Range  occupies  the  extreme  E.  borders  of  the  co.,  and  is  divided  from 
the  Petersburgh  Mts.  by  the  long,  deep  valley  through  which  flow 
Kinderhook  Creek  and  Little  Iloosick  and  Hoosick  Rivers.  These 
mountains  are  wild,  rugged,  and  rocky,  rising  to  a  height  of  1000 
to  2000  feet  above  tide,  and  affording  wild  and  picturesque  scenery. 
Their  declivities  are  usually  precipitous,  and  their  summits  are 
crowned  with  forests  or  masses  of  naked  rocks.  These  mountains 
are  composed  of  the  slate,  quartz,  sandstone,  and  limestone  which  constitute  the  Taconic  rocks 
of  Prof.  Emmons.  The  quartz  exists  in  the  form  of  injected  veins,  and  in  many  places  the  slate 
has  been  decomposed  and  washed  away,  leaving  the  quartz  veins  in  the  form  of  sharp  pointed 
rocks,  or  of  isolated  masses.  Upon  the  summits  and  sides  of  the  mountains  the  soil  is  thin  and 
poor ;  but  in  the  valleys  it  consists  of  gravelly  loam,  and  is  moderately  fertile.  The  Petersburgh 
Mts.  occupy  the  whole  central  part  of  the  co.  They  are  wild,  irregular,  and  broken  mountain 
masses,  with  precipitous  sides  on  the  e.,  but  with  more  gradual  declivities  on  the  w.  In  some 
places  the  summits  spread  out  over  a  wide  surface,  constituting  a  high,  sterile  plateau  broken  by 
hills  and  rocks.  They  are  composed  of  the  graywacke  slates  and  limestone  belonging  to  the 
Hudson  River  group.  An  extensive  tract  among  these  mountains,  comprising  a  portion  of  Stephen- 
town,  Berlin,  Sand  Lake,  and  Poestenkill,  is  still  covered  with  forests.  The  soil  is  generally  hard 
and  sterile,  consisting  of  a  stiff  clay  and  disintegrated  slate,  largely  underlaid  by  a  retentive  hardpan. 
Hudson  River  is  on  the  w.  boundary  of  the  co. ;  and  along  its  bank  extends  an  intervale  varying 
from  a  few  rods  to  a  half  mile  in  width,  and  bounded  by  a  series  of  bluffs  100  to  200  feet  in  height. 
From  the  summits  of  the  bluffs  to  the  foot  of  Petersburgh  Mts.  the  country  assumes  the  character 
of  a  broken,  hilly  upland.  This  region  is  composed  of  the  drift  deposits  mixed  with  disintegrated 
slates,  in  some  places  the  clay,  and  in  others  the  sand,  predominating. 

The  valley  of  Kinderhook  Creek,  Little  Hoosick  and  Iloosick  Rivers  extends  through  the  e.  part 
of  the  CO.  The  summit  level  in  this  valley  at  S.  Berlin,  between  the  waters  flowing  s.  and  those 
flowing  N.,  is  600  feet  above  tide.  The  numerous  streams  that  flow  from  the  Petersburgh  Mts. 
westward  to  the  Hudson  have  worn  deep  ravines  through  the  clay  bluffs,  forming  lateral  valleys, 
which  extend  eastward  from  the  valley  of  the  Hudson.  Among  the  wild  and  rocky  regions  of  the 
Petersburgh  Mts.  are  numerous  small  lakes  and  ponds,  forming  a  peculiar  and  beautiful  feature 
of  the  landscape.     Several  interesting  mineral  springs  are  found  within  the  county. 

The  narrow  intervales,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  uplands,  are  adapted  to  grain,  and  produce 
liberal  crops,  chiefly  of  corn,  oats,  spring  wheat,  potatoes,  and  flax ;  but  the  soil  is  generally  best 
adapted  to  grazing  and  dairying,  especially  along  the  E.  towns,  where  these  occupations  form  the 
leading  pursuits.  Manufactures  are  extensively  carried  on  at  Troy  and  in  the  Iloosick  Valley,  and 
commerce  has  received  much  attention  at  Troy,  and,  at  an  earlier  day,  at  Lansingburgh. 

The  principal  works  of  internal  improvement  in  the  co.  are  the  Troy  &  Greenbush  R.  R.,  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  Hudson  River  R.  R.  to  Troy ;  the  Albany  &  West  Stockbridge  R.  R.,  extending 
from  Greenbush  in  a  s.  e.  direction,  through  East  Greenbush  and  Schodaek,  to  the  s.  bounds  of  the 
CO  ,  7  mi.  from  the  river;  the  Troy  &  Boston  R.  R.,  extending  from  Troy  n.  e.  through  Lansing- 
Iiurgh,  Schaghticoke,  Pittstown,  Hoosick,  and  a  corner  of  Petersburgh,  to  the  Tt.  line ;  the  Troy  & 
Bennington  R.  R.,  forming  a  branch  (S/i/j  mi.  long)  of  the  Troy  &  Boston  R.  R.,  from  Hoosick 
Fall  Junction  to  the  State  Line  toward  Bennington,  Vt. ;  and  the  Albany,  Vt.  &  Canada 
R.  R.,  extending  through  Schaghticoke  across  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  co.,  terminating  at  Eagle 
Bridge,  where  it  connects  with  the  Vt.  roads.  Besides  these  lines,  which  are  within  the  co., 
several  others  communicate  with  Troy  from  the  w.  side  of  the  river.     Among  these  are  the  A.  V.  & 

1  This  CO.  incluiied  a  large  share  of  the  Rensselaer  Manor  E.  of  the  i-iver,  and  the  present  towns  of  Hoosick,  Pittstown,  fchach- 
ticoke,  and  a  part  of  Lansingborgh. 
562 


RENSSELAER    COUNTY. 


553 


C.  R.  R.,  which  sends  a  branch  to  West  Troy;  a  branch  of  the  N.  Y.  Central  R.  R.,  extending  to 
Schenectady;^  and  the  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  R.  R.,  extending  from  Troy  to  Saratoga.  The 
Northern  and  Erie  Canals  also  both  connect  with  the  Hudson  at  Troy,  and  there  is  an  uninter- 
rupted steamboat  navigation  to  New  York.^ 

The  first  newspaper  in  the  county  was  established  at  Lansingburgh,  in  1787.' 
The  county  seat  is  the  city  of  Troy,  situated  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation  on  the  Hudson.* 
The  courthouse — built  at  the  joint  expense  of  city  and  co.,  and  containing  the  courtroom  and  co. 
and  city  offices^ — is  situated  on  the  corner  of  Congress  and  Second  Sts.^  The  jail  is  on  Ferry, 
corner  of  Fifth  St.  A  house  of  industry,  for  the  support  of  paupers,  located  on  a  farm  of  140  acres 
2  mi.  s.  E.  of  the  city,  was  founded  in  1821,  on  the  plan  of  Cuunt  Runiford.  In  1857  the  co.  poor- 
house  was  reported  as  being  located  upon  a  farm  of  152  acres.  The  co.  poor  were  let,  by  contract, 
at  $1  per  week,  the  contractor  having  free  use  of  the  farm,  and  the  services  of  the  paupers  as  far 
as  they  were  able  to  labor.^ 

The  greater  part  of  the  co.  was  included  in  the  patent  of  Killian  Van  Rensselaer,  in  1630; 
and  the  first  settlement  was  made  by  tenants  under  him  the  same  year.^  The  lands  were  held  by 
the  same  tenure  as  those  in  Albany  co.,  and  similar  difficulties  have  frequently  occurred  in 
endeavoring  to  enforce  the  collection  of  rents.  Upon  the  death  of  the  late  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer 
the  manor  was  divided,  the  portion  e.  of  the  river  passing  into  the  hands  of  his  eon  William  P. ; 
and  since  that  time  a  considerable  portion  of  the  leased  land  has  been  conveyed  .n  fee.^    During 


1  A  R.  B.  bridge  1600  feet  long,  upun  this  road,  crossea  the 
Hudson  at  Troy.    Connected  with  it  is  a  common  road  bridge. 

2  These  ample  facilities  for  travel  are  in  striking  contrast  to 
the  condition  of  things  60  years  ago.  By  an  act  of  March  30, 
179S,  Alexander  J.  Turner  and  Adonijah  Skinner,  for  a  period  of 
5  years,  obtained  the  exclusive  right  of  running  a  stage  wagon, 
drawn  by  at  least  two  good  horses,  at  intervals  of  one  week,  (unless 
prevented  by  badness  of  roads,)  from  Troy  to  Hampton,  on  the 
border  of  Vermont.  They  were  allowed  to  charge  6  cts.  per  mi. 
for  passengers,  and  a  like  sum  for  every  150  lbs.  of  baggage  over 
14  lbs. 

8  Tkc  Northern  (knfind  and  Lansingbtirgh  Advertiser  was 

started  at  Lansingburgh,  May  15, 1787,  by  Claxton  & 

Babcnck;  it  was  subsequently  removed  to  Albauy. 
The  Iiansli»s'*"'*S'*^C»azette,  started  in  1798,  was  sub- 

sequL'Utly  I'lT  uKuiy  years  published  as 
TM  Rensselaer  (.'<niiit>j  (^iztit-^.,  but  it  is  now  published  under  its 

first  title  by  Alexander  Kirkpatrick. 
The  Farmer!^  RegUtcr  was  stai-ted  in  1798  at  Lansingburgh  by 

Francis  Adancourt ;  it  was  removed  to  Troy  a  few  yetirs 

after,  where  it  was  published  until  1832. 
Tbe  Lanslngbnrgh.  Democrat  was  commenced  in 

Dec.  1S3S,  by  Wm.  J.  Lamb,  by  whom  it  is  still  published. 
The  Golden  Ride,  was  established  at  Lansingburgh  in  1841  by 

the  Rev.  It.  W.  Smith,  and  was  published  several  years. 
The  Juvenile  Pearl,  of  the  same  place,  was  started  Sept.  1, 1845, 

by  Rev.  J.  A.  Pitman. 
The  Farmers'  Oracle,  started  at  Troy  by  Luther  Pratt  in  1796, 

was  of  short  duration. 
The  Nortliern  Budget  was  started  at  Troy  in  1798  by 

Robert  Moftitt  and   Col.   Welts,  and    has   been   con- 
tinued to  the  present  time,   with  slight  changes  of 

name.    It  is  now  issued  as  a  daily  and  weekly  by  F.  L. 

Hagadorn. 
The  Troy  Gazette  was  founded  in  1802  by  Thomas  Collier,  and 

was  discontinued  before  1818. 
Tht  Troy  Pi>st  was  commenced  Sept.  1, 1812,  by  Parker  &  Bliss, 

and  was  changed  July  15, 1823,  to 
The  2Voy  &7ili>"'7,  semi-w.,  and  continued  until  Jan.  1,  1833. 

From   May  1, 1830,  to  Aug.  1831,  a  daily  edition  was 

issued. 
Tfie  Evangelical  Restorationist,  aemi-mo.,  was  commenced  in  1825 

by  Adolphus  Skinner. 
The  Troy  Review,  or  Religious  and  Musical  Repository,  began 

Jan.  4,  1826,  and  continued  2  years. 
The  Evangelical  RrposUmy  (Univ.)  was  puUlished  in  1828. 
The  Troy  Republican  (Anti-Masonic)  was  started  in  1828  by 

Austin  &  Wellington,  and  was  continued  about  a  year. 
The  Northfrn   Witrhman  (Anti-Masonic)  was  commenced  in 

18:U  by  E.  Wellington.    In  1832  it  was  stylod 
Tlie  Troy  Watchman,  and  was  continued  one  or  two  years. 
Tlte  Gospel  Anchor,  (Univ.,)  started  in  1831,  was  published  by 

John  M.  Austin,  and  afterward  by  H.  J.  Green;  it  was 

continued  until  1S34. 
Tlie  Troy   Press  was   started  in  1832  by  Wm.  Yates  and  Steth 

Richards,  and  was  continued  until  July  1,  1834.    From 

1833  a  daily  edition  was  issued. 
The  Troy  "Whig,  da.  and  w.,  was  founded  in  July,  1834,  by 

James  M.  Stevenson,  and  is  still  continued.    The  weekly 

since  Sept.  l^.io,  has  been  published  as 
The  Troy  American,  by  George  Abbott. 
The  Troy  .Statesmari  wiis  commenced  in  1834,  by  T.  J.  Suther- 
land. 
The  Botanic  Advocate  was  published  in  1834  by  Russell  Bnckley. 


The  Trojan,  da.,  was  started  in  1835,  and  continued  a  few 

months. 
The  State  Journal  vfas  issued  in  1886  by  Richards  &  Mastin, 

and  continued  1  year. 
The  I^eto  Tork  State  Journal  was  published  in  1837  by  T.  Has- 

tun. 
The  Troy  Daily  Mail  was  started  in  1837  by  Wellington  &  Nafew, 

and  was  continued  until  1841. 
T?te  Troy  Daily  Bulletin  was  started  in  Dec.  1841,  by  R.  Thomp- 
son. 
The  Troy  Daily  Herald  was  published  in  1843  by  Isaac  D.  Ayrea. 
The  Troy  Temperance  Mirror  was  issued  in  1S43  by  Bardwell  & 

Kneeland. 
The  Family  Jour^ial  was  started  in  1844  by  Fisk  &  Co.   In  Sept. 

1848,  it  ap]ieared  as 
The   New  Yorh   Family  Jonrnalf  and  it  is  still 

continued. 
The  Troy  Post  was  commenced  by  Alexander  McCall,  and  in 

1S45  it  was  superseded  by 
The  Troy  Traveler,  d.i.  and  w.     Fisk  &  Avery  were  the  pub- 
lishers, and  Wm.  L.  Avery  editor. 
The  Trojan  was  started  in  1845,  and  continued  severa]  years. 
T/ie  Rensselaer  Omnty  Temperance  Advocate  was  begun  in  184(5 

by  S.  Spicer. 
The  DaUy  Telegraph  was  published  at  Troy  in  1846. 
The  Journal  of  Temperance  was  stai-ted  in  1846  by  Wm.  Hagei. 
The  Natioiial  'Watchman  was  commemed  in  1847 

by  Alien  &  Garnet,  and  is  still  published. 
The  Troy  Dally  Times  was  fouuiled  in  1851  by  J.  M. 

Francis,  by  whom  it  is  still  published. 
La  Ruclie  Qinadienne  was  established  at  Troy  in  1851  by  Do- 

rLin  &  Mathiot. 
The  Nassau  Gazette  was  started  in  Dec.  1850  by  J.  M  Geer. 
The  Lutheran   ILrald,   semi-mo.,   was  started  at  West  Sand 

Lake  by  It.  L.  Dox,  in  18W. 
The  Greenijusli,  Guardian  was  commenced  in  Ang. 

1850  by  A.  J.  Goodrich.    It  is  now  published  by  J.  D. 

Comstock. 

*  By  an  act  of  Jan.  11,1793,  the  sum  of  £600  was  appropriated 
for  the  erection  of  a  courthouse  and  jail,  to  be  built  under  (he 
direction  of  Cornelius  Lansing,  Jacob  C.  Schermerhorn,  Abraham 
Ten  Eyck,  Mahlon  Taylor,  and  Jacob  Tanderheyden.  who,  with 
others,  had  pledged  £1000  for  that  purpose.  In  1794  a  tiirther 
sum  of  £800  was  granted ;  in  1797,  $5500 ;  and  in  1798.  $,^00. 

6  The  first  co.  officers  were  Anthony  Ten  Eyck,  Judge;  Mops 
Kent,  Surrogate;  Nicholas  Schuyler,  Clerk;  and  Albert  Paw- 
ling, Sheriff. 

«  This  building  was  begun  in  1828  and  finished  in  1831.  It 
is  in  the  Grecian  style,  modeled  from  the  temple  of  Theseus  at 
Athens,  omitting  the  side  columns,  and  is  built  of  Sing  Sing 
marble.  The  first  building  was  of  brick,  on  the  present  court- 
house site. 

I  Senate.  Doc.No.S,  1857.  The  committee  making  this  report 
were  very  severe  in  their  censure  of  tho  manner  in  which 
this  establishment  was  kept,  the  inadequacy  of  its  arrange- 
ments, and  the  treatment  of  its  inmates. 

8  See  page  167. 

*  The  proportion  of  leased  land  in  the  several  towns  in  1858 
is  stated  by  the  agents  as  follows  :— In  Stepbentowii  nearly  all 
leased ;  inGrafton,  Nassau,  Schodack,  E.Greenbush,  N.  Greenbush, 
and  Brunswick,  each  about  two-thirds  leased ;  Berlin  and  Petcrs- 
biirgh,  each  about  one-half  leased;  Poesteiikill.  nearly  all  free* 
h'lld ;  and  Sand  Lake,  om^third  originally  deeded,  and  one-third 
of  the  remainder  now  leiUwU. 


554 


RENSSELAER    COUNTY. 


the  French,  wars,  the  n.  border  of  the  co.  was  repeatedly  ravaged  by  the  enemy  and  the 
settlements  were  broken  up.  Upon  the  approach  of  Burgoyne's  army,  in  1777,  the  American 
families  hastily  fled  with  such  property  as  could  be  easily  removed,  leaving  the  houses  and  farms 
to  be  plundered  by  the  enemy.  Scouting  parties  of  the  British  penetrated  as  far  s.  as  Lansing- 
burgh.  The  battle  of  Bennington  was  fought  within  the  limits  of  the  CO.,  Aug.  16,  1777 ;' 
and  from  that  moment  the  American  cause  daily  grew  brighter.-  The  proprietor  of  the  manor 
extended  every  possible  assistance  to  the  distressed  families  flying  before  the  invaders,  proving  to 
them  a  sincere  friend  in  their  hour  of  need. 


BERI>I!V — was  formed  from  Petersburgh,  Schodaek,  and  Stephentown,  March  21,  1806.  A 
portion  of  Sand  Lake  was  taken  off  in  1812.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  e.  border  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  consists  of  2  ranges  of  mountains  separated  by  a  narrow  valley  extending  N.  and  s. 
The  hilly  region  is  wild  and  broken,  and  the  declivities  are  generally  precipitous.  The  principal 
streams  are  Kinderhook  Creek,  flowing  s.,  and  Little  Iloosick  River,  flowing  n.  The  head- 
■waters  of  these  streams  are  but  a  few  rods  apart,  near  S.  Berlin.  The  w.  part  of  the  town  is 
covered  with  forest,  in  which  are  several  fine  lakes.  The  soil  in  the  valley  is  a  gravelly  loam,  but 
among  the  mountains  it  is  a  hard  sterile  clay  intermixed  or  covered  with  fragments  of  rock. 
Berlin,  (p.  v.,)  containing326  inhabitants,  8outIi  Berlin  (p.r.)  and  Center  Berlin,  (p.  v.,) 
are  all  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Little  Hoosick.  West  Berlin  is  a  p.  o.  Godfrey  I5rim- 
mer  located  near  N.  Berlin  in  1765.'  The  first  church  (Seventh  Day  Bap.)  was  formed  at  N. 
Berlin,  in  Dec.  1780 ;  Wm.  Coon  was  the  first  preacher.* 

BRl'jVSWICK. — was  formed  from  Troy,  March  20, 1807.  A  part  of  the  town  was  reannesed 
to  Troy,  April  15,  1814.  It  lies  a  little  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.,  upon  the  hilly  region  w. 
of  the  summits  of  the  Petersburgh  Mts.  The  most  elevated  portions  of  the  town,  in  the 
extreme  e.  and  in  the  n.  w.  parts,  are  800  to  1000  feet  above  tide.  The  principal  streams  are 
Poesten  Kil,  its  tributary  Quacken  Kil,  and  Tomhannoek  Creek.  The  soil  upon  the  summits 
of  the  hills  is  hard  and  sterile,  but  in  the  valleys  and  lowlands  it  consists  of  a  fertile,  gravelly 
loam  intermixed  with  clay.  The  people  are  largely  engaged  in  furnishing  milk,  vegetables,  and 
hay  to  the  Troy  market.  Brunstrick  Center,  £ast  Brunstvlck,^  Alillvllle,  (Eagle 
Mills  p. 0.,)  and  Cropses'Tille"  (p.o.)  are  small  villages.  The  first  settlement  was  made  about 
1700,  by  a  company  of  Germans.'  This  town  suifered  greatly  upon  the  approach  of  Burgoyne  in 
1777,  and  after  the  battle  of  Saratoga  many  families  of  royalists  withdrew  to  Canada,  and  but 
few  returned.    There  are  4  chiB-ches  in  town.' 

EAST  GREEIVBUSH— was  formed  from  Greenbush,  as  "  Clinton,"  Feb.  23,  1855,  and  its 
name  was  changed  April  14,  1858.  It  lies  on  the  bank  of  the  Hudson,  s.w.  of  the  center  of  the 
CO.  The  bluffs  which  border  upon  the  river  rise  from  the  edge  of  the  water  to  an  elevation  of  100 
to  300  feet.  The  principal  one  of  these,  opposite  Albany,  is  known  as  Pon-o-kose  Hill.'  From  the 
summits  of  these  bluffs  the  surface  spreads  out  into  a  rolling  upland,  rising  toward  the  E.  The 
chief  streams  are  Tierken  Kil,'"  or  Mill  Creek,  in  the  central,  and  Moordeners  Creek  in  the  s.w. 
part  of  tlie  town.  The  soil  consists  of  sand,  gravel,  and  clay,  and  is  very  fertile.  There  are 
several  sulphur  springs  in  town,  the  principal  of  which  is  opposite  Albany  and  is  known  as 
"Harrowgate."  A  large  island  called  Papskanee"  lies  in  the  river,  and  belongs  to  this  town. 
East  Greenbiisll  (p.o.)  is  the  only  village.  It  contains  the  Greenbush  and  Schodaek  Aca- 
demy'- and  about  a  dozen  houses.     Settlements  are  supposed  to  have  commenced  here  as  early  as 


1  Soe  p.  556. 

2  From  this  time  the  timij  were  emboldeDed,  the  secretly  Jis- 
Batisfied  overawed,  and  great  numbers  before  undecided  now 
committed  their  fortunes  to  tlie  cause  of  freedom. 

s  Among  tlie  other  early  settlers  were  Reuben  Bonesteel  and  a 
family  named  Richer,  who  came  in  soon  after  Mr.  Brimmer.  In 
1769,  Peter  Simmons  and  Jacob  O.  Cropsey  lived  at  the  Hollow, 
and  in  the  sume  year  Daniel  Hull  and  Joseph  Green  came  into 
town.  Col.  lientley  settled  near  N.  Berlin,  and  Thos.  Sweet, 
a  blacksmith,  at  S.  Berlin.  Jas.  Green,  a  son  of  Joseph  G., 
died  in  1S5T,  a^ed  100  years.  Daniel  Hull  kejit  the  first  tavern 
before  the  Revolution,  and  Hezekiah  Hull  opened  an  inn  soon 
after  the  war.  Caleb  Bentley  built  the  first  grist  mill,  and  .\mo3 
Sweet  the  first  s:iw-mill,  in  1780.  Dr.  John  Forbes,  the  first 
physici.in,  located  at  S.  Berlin  in  1775.  Soon  after  the  battle  of 
Lexington,  two  companies  were  formed  in  this  and  the  adjacent 
town?,  a  part  of  whom  were  stationed  at  D.  Hull's  fur  local  pro- 
jfction ;  the  others  were  engaged  elsewhere  in  active  service. 


«  The  census  reports  3  churches;  2  Bap.  and  Christian. 

6  This  village  is  the  seat  of  a  cotton  batting  and  a  sash  and 
bliud  factory. 

*  A  woolen  factory  and  tannery  are  located  here. 

'  Among  the  early  settlers  were  David  Coons,  and  families 
named  Ilardwick,  Braunschweiger,  Springer,  Borck.  Haj'ner, 
Outhont,  Van  Arnam,  Hogg,  Fisher.  Benn,  Watson,  Fret, 
Quackenboss,  Mullet,  Goeway,  and  Clum.  A  man  named  File 
kept  the  first  inn.  near  the  Lutheran  Church,  in  1790.  and 
Henry  Clum  the  first  store  at  Crop3e.>'ville.  The  first  factory 
was  erected  by  a  company  at  "Albi-a,"  now  a  part  of  Troy.    The 

first  mill  was  built  by Cross,  in  1792,  with  no  tools  but  an 

ax.  saw,  and  auger. 

8  2  M.  ¥,.,  Kv.  Luth.,  and  Prcsb. 

8  Name  as  given  by  an  aged  Stockbridge  Indian. 

JO  Signifying  "blustering  or  noisy  creek." 

n  Sometimes  written  "  Poepskenekoes"  and  "  Papakenea." 

12  This  academy  is  now  nearly  extinct. 


RENSSELAER    COUNTY. 


555 


IGbO.^  During  the  war  of  1812,  extensive  barracks  were  erected  on  the  hills  e.  of  Greenbush 
Village;  and  for  several  years  the  place  was  the  center  of  active  military  preparation,  and  the 
rendezvous  of  large  bodies  of  troops."  Edmund  C,  Genet,  Minister  of  the  French  Republic  to  the 
U.  S.,  was  long  a  resident  of  this  town,  and  died  here  July  14,  1834.  There  is  but  1  church  (Ref. 
Prot.  D.)  in  town. 

ORAFTOJV— was  formed  from  Troy  and  Petersburgh,  March  20,  1807.  It  lies  n.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.,  upon  the  summits  of  the  Petersburgh  Mts.  Its  surface  is  very  rocky  and 
broken,  and  a  large  part  of  it  is  yet  covered  witli  forests.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  800  to 
1200  feet  above  tide,  and  many  of  them  are  covered  with  huge  and  jagged  masses  of  graywacke. 
Among  the  hills  are  25  ponds,  several  of  which  cover  an  area  of  several  hundred  acres  each.^  The 
Quacken  Kil  is  the  principal  stream.  The  soil  is  chiefly  clay,  underlaid  by  hardpan,  and  is  wet, 
cold,  and  hard  of  cultivation.  Mineral  paint  is  made  from  the  red  argillite  at  Quackenkill.  Con- 
Biderabie  quantities  of  wood,  tan  bark,  and  charcoal  are  sent  from  this  town  to  Troy.  Grafton^ 
(p.  v.)  contains  14  houses,  £ast  Orafton  (p.  v.)  12,  and  Quackeukill  (p.o.)  10.  The  first 
settlements  were  made  by  tenants  under  Van  Rensselaer;  they  paid  an  average  annual  rent  of  10 
bushels  of  wheat  per  100  acres.^     The  census  reports  2  churches;  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

GREE^BIj  ^U^ — was  formed  from  "Ecnsselaerwi/cl'"  April  10,  1792.  Another  act  of  incor- 
poration is  dated  March  17, 1795,  A  part  of  Sand  Lake  was  set  off  in  1812,  and  "  Clinton"  (now  E, 
Greenbush)  and  N.  Greenbush  in  1855,  leaving  but  the  corporate  bounds  of  the  village  as  delined 
by  the  act  of  April  0,  1852.  Its  surface  consists  of  the  flat  intervale  on  the  river  and  a  portion 
of  the  adjacent  hillsides.  The  soil  is  clay  mixed  with  sand  and  alluvial  deposits.  Greenbush 
(p.v.)  was  incorp.  April  14,  1815.^  Pop.  about  3303.  The  upper  part  of  the  village,  locally  known 
as  "East  Albany,"  contains  the  dep5ts,  freight  houses,  and  machine  shops  of  the  several  railroads 
which  terminate  opposite  Albany,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  business.^  The  first  settlement 
was  made  previous  to  1631.^  A  ferry  was  established  at  the  mouth  of  Beaver  Creek  in  1642,  and 
was  first  kept  by  Hendrick  Albertsen.  The  country  around  ^^  Bevericich"  was  thrown  into  alarm 
by  the  news  of  the  Indian  massacre  at  Esopus  in  June,  1G63,  and  the  settlers  took  refuge  in  Fort 
Cralo,  on  the  patroon's  farm,  and  a  night  watch  was  established.^^  There  are  4  churches  in  the 
village.^^ 

UOOSICK."~was  formed  as  a  district,  March  24,  1772,  and  as  a  town,  March  7,  1788.  It 
lies  in  the  n.e.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  the  narrow  valley  of  Hoosick  River, 
and  the  wild,  rocky  regions  of  the  Taghkanick  and  Petersburgh  Mts.,  rising  respectively  on 
the  E.  and  w.  The  two  highest  peaks  are  Fondas  Hill  in  the  s.e.  and  Potters  Hill  in  the  s.w, 
each  about  900  feet  above  tide.  The  valleys  are  very  narrow,  and  are  bordered  by  steep  hillsides. 
A  belt  of  dark  slate,  which  is  quarried  for  roofing,  extends  along  the  e.  bank  of  the  river.  East 
of  the  river,  the  rocks  consist  of  a  slaty  shale  and  limestone,  the  latter  furnishing  lime.  The 
principal  streams  are  Hoosick  and  "Walloomsac**  Rivers,  Punch  Kil,  "White  Creek,  and  Shaw  Brook. 
The  soil  among  the  mountains  is  hard  and  oterile,  but  in  the  valleys  it  is  principally  clay,  mixed 
Tvith  disintegrated  slate.  In  the  s.  e.  corner  pxe  3  springs,  from  which  issue  nitrogen  gas.^*  Flax 
*B  very  extensively  cultivated.^^     Considerallo  attention  is  also  paid  to  manufactures.    Hoosick 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  the  names  of  Van  B»>_rtn.  Tan 
llegcn.  Staats,  Bris,  Vandenburgh,  Witbeck,  Cujier,  and  Van 
Wesipe. 

"  The  cantonments  contained  accommodations  for  4000  troops. 
There  were  also  hospital  accommodations  for  100.  'iliis  elevated 
position,  sometimes  called  "Mount  Madison,"  waa  supposed  to 
be  a  very  healthy  locality;  but  during  the  first  j  ear  of  its  occu- 
patitjn  much  sichnesa  occurred,  in  consequence  of  the  unavoid- 
able exposures  of  the  camp. — See  ^fann'9  Vedical  ff'krJchcs. 
Several  military  executions  for  desertion  took  place  here  during 
the  wai.    Tlie  old  barracks  have  nearly  duajipeared. 

»  Tluse  pt'nds  are  noted  for  the  wild'  bep-nty  of  their  locality, 
ftiitl  they  ar'^  favorite  resorts  of  sportemen. 

<  Often  colled  "  Orafton  Center,"  and  formerly  ^'Hiirofms  MiUs." 
6  Anmnp  the  first  settlers  were  fAmlliea  named  Coon,  Dim- 

mons,  and  Owens.  Stephen  McClie^ney  kept  the  first  store  and 
inn,  in  1800.  A  grist  mill  was  built  at  an  early  day  by  the  pa- 
troon  at  the  Center. 

«  It  waa  n»med  Grctve  Bos*^  ^y  the  Dutch,  from  the  pino 
woods  which  originally  covered  the  flats.  Called  by  the  Indian 
names  of  rc-tuiiua-ijoen  and  Tus-cum-ca^tick  in  early  docu- 
lients.    A  part  of  Sand  Lake  was  annexed  in  1843. 

<  Tho  village  was  purchased  and  laid  out  in  1806,  and  for 
pevtTid  years  after  its  growth  was  quite  rapid.  During  the 
War  of  1812  it  contained  from  50  to  70  houses. 

fi  See  pjigo  652. 


0  In  that  year  it  is  mentioned  that  Gerrit  Teum'spen  de  Reus 
occupied  a  well  stocked  farm.  Cornelius  Maessen  Van  Buren, 
an  early  settler  on  the  river  below,  died  in  164S.  Evert  Pcla 
Van  Steltyn  lived  on  Mill  Creek  at  an  early  day. 

!*>  The  following  names  of  persons  constituting  this  watch  have 
been  preserved.  Chief  OflBcer,  Cornelius  Van  Ness ;  Cornelius 
Stephenson  Mullen,  Adam  Dingermaus,  Gerrit  Van  Ness,  Jan. 
Juriaensen,  Jan.Van  Ness,  Jacobus  Jansen,  Tyman  Ilendricksen, 
Wni.  Bout.  (Corporal,)  Jan.  Outhout.  Hendrick  Van  Nes,  Hen- 
drick Maessen,  (Van  Buren.)  Gerret  Teunisson,  Hans  Jacobseu, 
Hendrick  Williamson,  and  Claes  Claessen. 

U  Presb.,  R.C.,  (St.  Johns,)  Prot.  E..  and  M.E. 

12  Variously  spelled  Hoosack,  Hosack,  Hoosick,  Ac.  By  Fomo 
it  is  said  to  be  an  Indian  name,  and  by  others  to  be  derived 
fi-oni  Alexander  Hosack,  an  early  settler. 

13  In  early  maps  and  documents  variously  spelled  "Wallom- 
sock,"  "Wallamsock,"  "  Wallomschock,"  "  Walmscock."  *'Wal- 
lampchock,"  "  Wallamsac,"  *' Walmseec,"  '*  Walloomscoick,"  ami 
*'  Wulmsook." 

1*  This  gas  is  not  combined  vrith  the  water,  but  seems  to  coma 
from  the  gravel  beds  beneath.  By  pressing  upon  a  surface  equal 
to  4  or  5  inches  square,  a  quart  of  gas  can  be  collected  in  10 
seconds.— £f icon's  Gml.  Survey,  Jims.  Cb.,p.29;  Btck's  Mineral 
ogy  of  N.  K,  p.  134. 

«  in  1S64  the  product  of  the  flax  crop  woa  over  250,000  Itw.  of 
lint  and  8300  bush,  of  seed. 


556 


RENSSELAER    COUNTY. 


Falls  (p.v.)  was  incorp.  April  14,  1827.  Pop.  1200.  It  contains  Ball's  Seminary,  2  foundries,  2 
cotton  factories,  2  reaping  and  mowing  machine  factories,  and  1  establishment  for  the  manufacture 
of  machinery  for  cotton  and  woolen  factories.  Xorth  Uooslck^  (p-^O  contains  175  inhabi- 
tants, and  Buskirks  Brldg'e  (p.v.)  125;  lloosick  Corners  (Iloosick  p.o.)  contains  30 
houses,  Eagle  Bridge  (p.v.)  14,  TTallooiusac^  12,  "West  flioosick  (p.  o.)  10,  and 
Potter  Ilill  (p.o.)  7.  This  town  was  included  in  the  Iloosick  Patent,^  granted  June  3,  1688, 
and  the  Walloomsac  Patent,*  granted  June  15,  1739,  The  first  settlements  were  made  upon  the 
Hoosick  Patent  by  several  Dutch  families.^  A  Dutch  church  was  founded,  and  known  as  the 
*'  Tyoshoke  Church,"  at  San  Coick,  near  the  n.  border  of  the  town.  The  settlement  at  Iloosick 
was  entirely  broken  up  by  a  party  of  French  and  Indians  on  the  28th  of  Aug,  1754.  Two  persons 
were  killed,  and  the  houses,  barns,  and  crops  were  destroyed.^  The  nest  day  the  settlement 
of  San  Coick,  s.  of  Hoosick,  was  also  destroyed.  The  battle  of  Bennington  was  fought  in  this  town, 
Aug.  16,  1777.*^    The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town.^ 

I^AWSIIVCJUURGH^— was  formed  from  Troy  and  Petersburgh,  March  20,  1807.  A  tract 
was  annexed  from  Schaghticoke  in  1819.  A  part  of  Troy  was  taken  off  in  1836,  and  a  part  of  Bruns- 
wick in  1839.  It  is  a  narrow  strip  of  land  extending  along  the  Hudson.  In  the  s.  part  the  river 
intervale  is  one-fourth  of  a  mile  in  width ;  but  in  the  n.  the  bluffs  rise  directly  from  the  water.  In 
the  N.  E.  is  a  high,  rocky  hill,  400  to  600  feet  above  the  river.  The  high  bluff  e.  of  the  village  is 
called  Diamond  Rock.  The  streams  are  Deepi  Kil  and  Koola  Kil.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey 
loam.  The  people  are  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  brushes,  oilcloths,  flax  cordage,  and 
malt  liquors.  A  lock  at  Troy  admits  the  passage  of  sloops  up  to  tliis  place.^**  Liaiisiiig'l>ur§^ll^^ 
(p.v.)  contains  extensive  brush,  oilcloth,  and  other  manufactories,  the  Lansingburgh  Academy,^^  a 
Female  Seminary,^^  6  churches,  2  printing  offices,  and  about  4000  inhabitants.     A  covered  bridge 


1  On  some  maps  called  "  McNamaraaville."  It  is  the  eeat  of  ' 
a  paper  mill  and  machine  shop. 

*  This  village  contains  a  paper  mill. 

8  This  patent  was  granted  to  Maria  Van  Rensselaer,  Hendrick 
Van  Ness,  Jacobus  Van  Cortlandt.  and  Gerrit  Finpise.  The 
patent  extended  from  the  Schaghticoke  Tract,  a  distance  of  2 
mi.  each  side  of  the  river,  up  to  a  "certain  (all,  called  Que- 
quick ;  and  from  said  falls,  up  the  creek,  to  a  place  called  Nach- 
a-quick-quack." 

*  This  patent  contained  12,000 acres,  on  both  sides  of  Walloom- 
eac  Kiver,  and  lying  partly  in  Washington  co.  and  Vt. :  it  was 
granted  to  Edward  CoUiDs.  James  De  Lancy,  Gerardus  Stuy- 
Vfsant.  Stephen  Van  Keasselaer,  Charles  Williams,  and  Frede- 
rick Morris. 

6  Among  these  early  settlers  were  Adam  Vrooman,  (an  Indian 
trader,)  lieury  Van  Xess,  Abraham  Fort,  Lewis  and  Peter  Viele, 
John  Van  Biiskirk,  Walter  Van  Vechten,  Geo.  B.  Nichols,  Jacob 
Odekirk,  Daniel  Bradt,  and  Reykert  Borie. 

fl  The  invaders  were  supposed  to  be  Schaghticoke  Indians,  who 
a  little  tipie  before  had  abandoned  their  settlements  and  gnue  to 
Canada.  Tlie  loss  of  the  two  settlements  was  estimated  at  £4U00. — 
Smith's  Eist.  of  JV.  J'.,  Alb.  ed.,  p.  307 ;  Trans.  Ag.  Soc,  1S48,  p. 
909;  HaU's  Hi&t.  EasUm  Vt,  p.  66. 

7  The  Battle  of  Bennington  was  one  of  the  most  important  of 
the  military  events  connected  with  the  expedition  of  Burgoyne 
in  1777.  About  the  first  of  Aug.  the  British  army  reacht-d  the 
Hudson  and  took  possession  of  Fort  Edward.  For  sevtml  weeks 
they  had  been  engaged  in  repairing  the  bridges  and  in  clearing 
the  roads  from  the  impediments  left  by  the  retreating  Ameri- 
cans; and,  upon  their  arrival  at  the  Hudson,  Burgoyne  con- 
gratulated himself  that  his  troubles  were  at  an  end.  His 
greatest  source  of  embarrassment  was  in  securing  provisions 
for  bis  army  and  in  obtaining  means  of  transportation.  With 
15  days'  hard  labor  he  was  only  enabled  to  bring  10  bateaux  and 
4  days'  provisions  from  Lake  Geiirge.  Learning  tliat  the  Ameri- 
cans had  collected  a  large  quantity  of  military  stores,  cattle,  and 
horses  at  Bennington,  he  was  persuaded  by  Maj.  Skene,  against 
the  advice  of  his  most  experienced  officers,  to  send  a  party  to  caj)- 
ture  them.  The  detachment  consisted  of  500  Hessians,  CauatUaus, 
and  tories,  under  the  command  of  Col.  Baum.  They  were  in- 
Btnicted  "to  try  the  affections  of  the  county,  to  mount  Reidsere 
dragoons,  to  complete  Peters's  corps,  [of  loyalists,]  and  obtain  a 
large  supply  of  cattle,  horses,  and  carriagts."  This  accom- 
plished, he  was  to  scour  the  country  from  Rockingham  to  Otter 
Creek,  go  down  aa  far  as  Brattleboro,  and  join  the  main  body  by 
the  great  road  to  Albany.  The  detachment  left  the  camp  at 
Fort  Edward,  Aug.  13:  and  on  the  evening  of  the  same  day 
they  surprised  and  captured  5  Americans  at  Cambridt^e.  On 
the  14th  they  advanced  as  fixr  as  the  mill  upon  Walloomsac 
River,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Hoosick  aud  within  12  mi.  of  Ben- 
ning^ln.  Gen.  Stark,  who  commanded  the  American  forces  at 
Bennington,  learning  of  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  took  imme- 
diate mesisures  for  defense.  He  sent  an  order  to  Col.  Warner, 
at  Manchester,  to  march  immediately  with  his  regiment  of 
Green  Mountain  Boys;  he  rallied  the  neighboring  militia,  and 
on  the  13th  he  sent  out  an  advance  guard  of  200  men,  under 
I.ieut.Col.  Gregg,  to  impede  the  progress  of  the  enemy.    On  the 


morning  of  the  14th  he  marched  \vith  his  whole  force  to  the 
support  of  Gregg,  and  about  5  mi.  from  Bennington  he  met 
Gregg  in  full  retreat,  with  the  enemy  within  1  mi.  of  him. 
Both  armies  chose  strong  positions  and  threw  up  temporary 
intrenchments-  Baum,  alarmed  at  the  number  of  Americans, 
sent  for  a  reinforcement.  On  the  l&th  a  heavy  rain  set  iu;  and 
the  day  was  spent  in  skii'mishing  and  in  preparing  for  the 
battle.  Cul.  Warner's  regiment  arrived  at  Bennington  in  the 
evening,  and  there  stopped  to  dry  themselves  and  recruit  after 
their  fatiguing  march.  Stark,  fearing  the  enemy  might  receive 
reinforcements,  resolved  to  attack  them  early  on  the  morning  of 
the  16th.  Previous  to  the  signal  for  attack  be  made  the  follow- 
ing laconic  speech  to  his  men :  "  See  there,  men !  there  are  the 
red-aiats.  Before  night  they  are  ours,  or  Molly  Stark  will  be 
a  widow."  The  attack  wa3  at  once  made  simultaneously  at  all 
points.  The  Indians  fled  at  the  beginning  of  the  conflict,  and 
the  tories  were  soon  driven  from  their  posts,  leaving  the  Hes- 
sians to  sustain  the  weight  of  the  engagement.  After  2J  hours 
of  liard  fighting  the  enemy  gave  way  at  all  points,  and  com- 
menced a  disorderly  retreat.  While  the  Americans  were  busy 
in  plundering  the  abandoned  camp  of  the  enemy,  and  in  de- 
tached parties  were  engaged  in  pursuit.  Col.  Breyman,  with  a 
reinlorcfment  of  500  men,  arrived.  He  met  the  flying  fugitives 
about  2  mi.  from  the  scene  of  action,  and  immediately  charged 
upon  the  broken  ranks  of  the  Americans.  The  tide  of  battle 
now  turned,  and  Stark  had  the  mortification  of  seeing  his  army 
driven  helplessly  from  the  field  where  they  had  so  lately  been 
victorious.  At  this  moment  Col.  Warner's  regiment  arrived 
from  Bennington  and  checked  the  advance  of  the  British. 
Stark  rallied  his  broken  forces  behind  the  fresh  troops,  and 
soon  the  battle  again  became  general.  At  sunset  the  British 
fled  toward  the  Hoosick  and  were  pursued  by  the  Americans 
until  dark.  The  Americans  lost  about  30  killed  and  40  wounded. 
The  British  loss,  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners,  was  9.34. 
The  result  of  this  battle  was  disastrous  in  the  extreme  to  But^ 
gnyne,  and  contributed  more  than  any  other  event  to  his  final 
surrender  at  Saratoga. 

8  2  M.  E.,  Bap..  Kef.  Prot.  D.,  K.  C,  and  Union. 

0  The  town  was  named  from  the  village,  and  the  latter  was 
named  from  Altraham  Jacob  Lansing,  its  tViunder. 

w  This  lock  was  completed  and  opened  for  u^v  Sept.  10, 1S23. 
About  1800  the  State  t-xpended  large  sums  fur  the  iniprnvt-ment 
of  naTig-ation  to  this  place,  and  granted  a  lottery  for  that  pur- 
pose. 

11  Formerly  known  as  "iVcio  City"  It  was  once  claim^l  by 
Vermont  as  within  its  jurisdiction.    See  page  IS. 

12  The  Lansingburgh  Academy,  chartered  Feb.  8, 1796.  By  an 
act  passed  Feb.  20,  1816,  the  trustees  of  this  academy  were 
authorized  to  subscribe  1000  shares  to  the  Bank  of  I<:insiDg- 
burgh.  A.  Reed,  from  New  Windsor,  Conn.,  commenced  school 
here  in  1793,  in  a  gambrel  roofed  building,  u.sed  as  the  first 
meeting  house.  Rev.  Dr.  Lee  taught  the  languages  at  the  same 
time. 

18  In  Oct.  1857.  Rev.  Salmon  Hatch  opened  a  private  female 
seminary  and  boarding  schooL  It  has  about  100  pupils,  and 
employs  9  teachers. 


RENSSELAER    COUNTY. 


557 


here  crosses  the  Hudson  to  Waterford.  The  Troy  &  Boston  R.  R.  passes  through  the  town.  The 
village  was  founded  by  Abraham  Jacob  Lansing,  about  1770.  It  Tvas  first  organized  under  the 
name  of  "Stone  Arabia"  in  1771.'  In  May,  1775,  50  of  the  citizens — at  the  head  of  whom  was 
A.  J.  Lansing,  the  proprietor — signed  articles  of  association  pledging  themselves  to  sustain  the 
measures  recorameuded  by  the  Continental  or  Provincial  Congress.  The  first  act  of  incorporation 
under  the  State  government  was  passed  April  5,  1790,  at  which  time  the  village  was  included  in  the 
town  of  "  Eensselaerwyck."'^  In  1791  it  was  included  in  the  town  of  Troy.  The  place  rapidly 
increased  in  population,  and  early  became  an  important  trading  and  commercial  village.  The 
first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  organized  in  1784;  and  reorganized  in  1792  as  a  Presb.  church.' 
Speig^IetoiTu  is  a  village  of  15  houses.* 

jVAS.SAlI — was  formed  from  Petersburgh,  Stephentown,  and  Schodack,  March  31, 1806,  by  the 
name  of  "  Philipstuwn."^  Its  name  was  changed  April  6,  1808.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  s. 
border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  very  broken.  Snake  Hill,  in  the  s.  w.,  is  about  800  feet  above  tide. 
The  principal  streams  are  Kiuderhook  and  Tsatsawassa*  Creeks,  and  Valatie  Kil.  There  are  several 
fine  lakes  among  the  hills,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Tsatsawassa  and  the  Pattawassa.  The 
Psanticoke  Swamp,  w.  of  the  center,  covers  several  hundred  acres.  The  soil  is  clay  and  gravel  under- 
laid by  hardpan.  Considerable  manufacturing  is  carried  on  in  town.'  IVassau,  (p.  v.,)  incorp. 
Jlarch  12, 1819,  is  the  seat  of  Nassau  Academy.  Pop.  300.  East  IVassau  (p.  v.)  has  45  houses, 
Hoags  Corner  (p.  v.)  25,  Alps  (p.  v.)  24,  IVortli  IVassau  (p.  v.)  15,  and  Millers  Cor- 
ners 10.  Slab  City*  is  a  hamlet.  Brainards  (p.  v.)  contains  a  female  seminary  and  20 
houses.'  The  first  settler  was  Hugh  Wilson,  who  located  on  the  site  of  Nassau  Village  in  1700.'° 
At  that  time  a  few  families  of  the  Stockbridge  Indians  were  living  where  Mr.  Hoag's  orchard  now 
stands."  The  Indians  conveyed  to  Jos.  Primmer  a  tract  of  land  N.  of  Hoags  Pond,''^  and  another 
tract  s.  of  it  to  Hugh  Wilson,  May  16,  17C0."  Within  the  last  20  years  a  considerable  quantity 
of  land  has  been  allowed  to  produce  a  second  crop  of  timber.     There  are  7  churches  in  town.'* 

IVORTH  GREEIVBUSH— was  formed  from  Greenbush,  Feb.  23, 1855.  It  lies  upon  the 
Hudson,  directly  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  clay  bluffs,  100  to  200  feet  high,  rise  from  the 
edge  of  the  water,  leaving  little  or  no  intervale.  From  the  summits  of  the  bluffs  the  surface  spreads 
out  into  a  rolling  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  gulleys  of  the  streams.  The  principal  stream  is 
Wynants  Kil,  in  the  n.  e.  Aries  Lake,  on  the  E.  border,  is  a  fine  sheet  of  water.  The  soil  is  a 
sandy  and  gravelly  loam  interspersed  with  patches  of  clay.  The  people  are  extensively  engaged  in 
supplying  the  markets  of  Albany  and  Troy  with  garden  vegetables  and  milk.  Batll,''  opposite 
the  upper  part  of  Albany,  contains  about  12  houses,  Defriestville'*  (p-i'-)  12,  andWynants- 
kill  (p.  V.)  15.  The  first  settlement,  made  by  tenants  under  Van  Rensselaer,  was  among  the  first 
in  the  manor."    There  are  3  churches  in  town." 

PETERSBIJRGII"— was  formed  from  Stephentown,  March  18,  1791.  Its  boundary  on  the 
line  of  Berlin  was  changed,  Jan.  4, 1793  ;  parts  of  Berlin  and  Lansingburgh  were  taken  ofi'  in  1806, 
and  parts  of  Nassau  and  Grafton  in  1807.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  N.  of  the  center. 
Its  surface  consists  of  two  precipitous  mountain  ridges  separated  by  the  narrow  valley  of  Little 
Iloosick  River.  The  highest  peaks  are  1000  to  2000  feet  above  tide.  The  mountain  regions  are 
barren  and  almost  inaccessible.  The  Iloosick  River  breaks  through  the  Taghkanick  Mts.  in  the 
N.  E.  part.     The  soil  in  the  valley  is  a  gravelly  loam.     Petersbur^ll,  (p.  v.,)  formerly  " Rens- 


1  At  the  first  meeting  in  "  SUjne  Arahia.'^  held  Jan.  1,  1771, 
it  waa  Toted  that  A.J.  Lansing  and  his  heira  forever  should  he 
a  committee  of  the  village,  with  a  power  equal  to  each  of  the 
four  annually  chosen  by  the  peojile. 

-  By  an  act  of  1790,  John  Van  Rensselaer,  Cliarles  Tillman, 
Elgah  James,  Aaron  Ward,  Stephen  Goreham,  Ezra  Hickock, 
and  Levinus  Lansing,  were  appointed  trustees,  to  take  charge 
of  the  waste  lands  of  the  village  and  to  perform  certain  munici- 
pal duties,  their  successors  to  be  elected  annually. 

*  The  census  reports  8  churches;  '2  M.  E.,  2  I'resb.,  Bap.,  Af- 
rican Meth.,  Prot.  E.,  and  It.  C. 

*  The  first  settlers  of  this  village  were  Charles  W.  Douglass 
and  John  Follet. 

^  Named  from  Philip  Van  Rensselaer. 

*  Sometimes  written  "  Tackawasick." 

'  There  are  a  foundery  and  machine  shop  at  Nassau  Village,  a 
paper  mill  at  Braiuards,  a  carding  machine  and  chair  factory  at 
Iloags  Corner,  and  a  hoe  factory  at  Dutdiams  Hollow. 

8  Formerly  *■  Unvm  VilUtf/e  P.  0." 

t*  Formerly  "  Brainards  Bridge  P.  O."  Transylvania  Institute 
was  established  here  in  183T. 

l**  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Thns.  ITicks,  Henry  Post.  John 
McCagg.  Danl.  Litz.  Titus  Ilerastcd.  .\ljram  Holmes,  Jas.  Marks, 
John  U.  Schermerhorn,  Mig.  A.  Brush,  Keuhcn  Batcman,  Xath'l 


Gillet.  David  Waterburj-, McNeil,  and Wiltsie.     Wni. 

Primmer  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  child  horn.  The  first 
gristmill  was  built  on  the  outlet  of  Tsatsawassa  Pond,  by  Mr. 
Schermerhorn.  before  the  Revolution.   The  first  ion  was  kept  by 

Uicks  before,  and  the  first  store  by  Hoag  &  Vail  a  little 

after,  the  Revolution. 

"  They  called  their  village  On-ti-ke-ho-mawck ;  and  their  chief 
was  named  Kesh-o-mawrk. 

12  This  pond  was  called  by  theearly  settlers  the  "Nearer i>am." 

13  The  former  of  these  deeds  is  still  preserved. 

n  2  M.  E,,  2  Presb.,  Bap.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and  Union. 

16  Named  from  a  mineral  spring  in  the  vicinity.  It  was  laid 
out  as  a  village  by  the  Patroon  toward  the  close  of  the  last 
century.  In  1800  the  traveller  Maude,  in  his  •'  Visit  to  Niagara" 
says  that  it  is  likely  to  soon  surpass  Troy  and  Lansingburgh  in 
trade,  and  Ballstou  and  Saratoga  as  a  watering  place. 

ifi  .Sonietimes  called  "  Blooming  Grove."  Tlio  first  settlor  waa 
Martinus  Sharp. 

17  Among  the  early  settlers  were  John  Cranol,  JuriahSharpo, 
Roinier  Van  Alstyne,  Marte,  Davitl.  and  Philip  Defriest,  Philip 
Wendell,  Rutger  Vandenburgh,  Coinelius  Van  Buren,  John 
Fonda,  Ed.  Hogg,  and  Lawrence  Rysdorf. 

IS  2  Ref,  Prot.  D..  Free  Dutch. 

10  Named  from  Peter  .Simmons,  one  of  the  first  settlers. 


558 


RENSSELAER  COUNTY. 


selaer  Mills/*  contains  40  houses,  and  Petersburgli  Four  Corners  (p.  v.)  12,  The  first 
settlers  were  Dutch,  who  came  in  about  1750,  as  tenants  under  Van  Rensselaer.^  A  few  years  later, 
many  families  came  in  from  Rhode  Island.     The  census  reports  3  churches.* 

PITTSTOWIV — was  erected  as  a  township  by  patent,  July  23,  1761,  and  was  formed  as  a 
town,  March  7,  1788.  Its  boundary  was  changed  Feb.  14,  1793.  It  lies  in  the  center  of  the  n. 
part  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  s.  and  e,  and  declines  into  a  moderately  hilly 
region  in  the  n.  The  highest  summits,  in  the  s.  E.,  are  800  to  1,000  feet  above  tide.  The  soil  is 
principally  a  gravelly  and  slaty  loam.  Flax  is  extensively  cultivated,^  and  there  are  several 
manufactories  in  town.*  Jolinsonville  (p.  v.)  contains  35  houses,  ToniliannocU  (p.  v.)  40, 
Raymertoivn  (p.  v.)  27,  Pittsto^Tii  Corners  (Pittstown  p.  o.)  22,  Boynfon  20, 
Pittstow^n  Station  (Valley  Falls  p.  o.)  10,  Xortb  Pittsto^vn  20,  and  Cookslioroii^h 
(Haynerville  p.  o.)  10.  Shermans  Mills  is  a  hamlet.  Settlement  was  commenced  about 
1650.^     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1784;  Elder  Isaac  Webb  was  the  first  preacher.^ 

POESTEXH.ILli"' — named  from  its  principal  stream — was  formed  from  Sand  Lake,  March  2, 

1848.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  co,,  upon  the  western  declivities  of  the  Petersburgh  Mts.  The 
central  and  e.  portions  are  rugged,  rocky,  and  mountainous,  and  the  soil  is  cold,  sterile,  and  unpro- 
ductive. The  w.  pai*t  is  hilly,  with  a  gravelly  loam  well  adapted  to  pasturage.  Snake  Hill,  near 
the  center,  is  one  of  the  principal  elevations.  Upon  the  Poesten  Kil  is  a  fall  of  about  80  feet. 
One  mi.  w.  of  the  falls  is  a  medicinal  spring,  with  a  local  celebrity  for  the  cure  of  eruptions  and 
cutaneous  diseases.^  Poestenkill  (p.  v.)  contains  300  inhabitants,  East  Poestenkill 
(p.o.)  10  houses,  and  Barberville  16.  A  union  academy  was  formed  in  this  town  in  1854, 
but  it  is  not  under  the  regents.     The  census  reports  4  churches.^ 

SAMO  EAH.E — was  formed  from  Greenbush  and  Berlin,  June  10, 1812.  A  part  of  Greenbush 
was  taken  ofi"  in  1843,  and  Poestenkill  in  1848.  It  lies  a  little  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  sur- 
face is  mountainous  in  the  e.  and  hilly  in  the  w.  Perigo  Hill,  in  tlie  n.  e.  corner,  is  900  feet 
above  tide,  and  Oak  Hill,  near  the  center,  is  but  little  less  in  height.  TheE.  part  of  the  town  is  mostly 
covered  with  forest.^^  "Wynants  Kil,  flowing  n.w.  through  the  center,  and  Tsatsawassa  Creek,  in 
the  E.,  are  the  principal  streams.  Along  the  valleys  of  these  streams  are  several  fine  lakes,  the 
principal  of  which  are  Sand,  Glass,  and  Crooked  Lakes,  and  Big  Bowmans  Pond.  The  soil  among 
the  mountains  is  a  hard,  sterile  clay,  but  in  the  w.  it  is  a  good  quality  of  gravelly  loam.  Three 
fourths  of  a  mi.  e.  of  W.  Sand  Lake  is  a  chalybeate  spring.  Large  quantities  of  cordwood, 
charcoal,  and  tan  bark  are  carried  to  the  Troy  and  Albany  markets.  Sand  Eake  (p.  v.)  con- 
tains the  Sand  Lake  Seminary,  a  boarding  school,*'  foundery,  cotton  warp  factory,  2  knitting  mills, 
and  300  inhabitants.  West  Sand  liake'-  (p.  v.)  contains  300  inhabitants,  Sliters  Cor- 
ners 106,  and  Glass  House  200,^^  South  Sand  Eake  is  a  p.o.  Settlement  commenced 
before  the  Revolution.**     The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.*^ 

SCHAGHTICOKE*^— was  fi:)rmed  as  a  district,  March  24,  1772,  and  as  a  town,  March  7, 
1788.  Pittstown  was  taken  off,  March  7,  1788,  and  a  part  of  Lansingburgh  in  1810.  It  lies  cm 
the  Hudson,  in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  principally  a  rolling  upland,  about  200 
feet  above  the  river.     The  summits  of  the  hills  in  the  s.  are  800  feet  above  tide.    Hoosiek  Kiver, 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Wm.  Pronderga^t,  John 
Brimmer,  .Jacob  and  Godfrey  Brimmer,  John  Spencer,  ilans  and 
Peter  Eaclms,  Johannes  Ruyter,  Henry  Litcher,  liana  Lautman, 
Barent  Ho^g,  Jacob  Best.  Petrus  Vosburg,  Bastian  Deel,  Frans. 
Burn,  Juriah  Kreiger,  Henry  Young,  Schoolmttster  Watson,  and 
Long  Andrjeg.  John  Spencer  built  a  log  grietmill  before  the 
Kevolution.  at  S.  Petersburgh:  and  Barber  &  Murray  huilt  a 
carding  mill  about  1800.  Several  of  the  settlers  were  killed  or 
taken  prisoners  during  the  French  War, — probably  by  the  same 
party  that  destroyed  the  Hoosiek  eettlements  in  1754. 

2  li  M.  E.,  Seventh  Day  Bap. 

3  The  census  of  1855  reports  that,  in  1854,  more  than  250.000 
lbs.  of  flax  and  7000  bush,  of  fljixseed  were  raised,  and  that 
there  were  13  flax  mills  in  town. 

*  There  are  two  manufactories  of  cotton  bags  at  Shermans 
Mills,  a  paper  mill  at  Valley  Falls,  and  manufactories  of  cordage 
and  axes  at  Johnsonville. 

5  Wm.  Prendergast,  Stephen  Hunt,  and  Edmund  Aiken  were 
among  the  first  settlers  near  Johnsonville ;  Ludovicus  Viele  at 
Valley  Falls,  in  1772 ;  and  Christian  Fiehor  and  Michael  Vandei^ 
cook  at  Cookaborough.  In  1770,  Wm.  Shepard  {from  New  England) 
Bettled  on  500  acres;  in  1778-SO,  Benj.  Aiken  (from  Dutchess 
CO.)  on  950  acres :  and  in  17S5,  Alex.  Thompson,  on  500  acres. 
Wm.  Hammond  kept  a  school  at  N,  Pittstown  in  1785,  and 
/lobecca  Thompson  at  Shermans  Mills  in  1789. 


^  The  census  reports  15 churches;  6M.E.,3Presb.,  2Christian, 
Bap.,  Ev.  Lutb.,  Friends,  Union. 

7  Pronounced  "Poos-ten-till."  It  is  a  Dutch  word,  signifying 
"puffing  or  foaming  creek." 

8  A  bathing  establiehmrnt  erected  here  was  swept  away  by 
a  freshet.  ^  Bap.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  Disciple,  and  Kv.  Luth. 

10  This  town  is  a  favorite  resort  of  hunting  and  fishing  parties. 

'1  The  Sand  Lake  Collegiate  Institute,  established  ItioSby  Wm. 

n.  Schram.  The  village  also  contains  1  paper  and  1  flouring  mill. 

12  Formerly  called  "CTiViesi'iVf^,*' from  Bernard  Uline.  It  coq- 
ains  nlso  a  sawmill,  2  flouring  mills,  and  2  woolen  factories. 

18  This  village  was  formerly  the  seat  of  an  extensive  glass  fac- 
tory, and  was  called  " Senssdaer  Village"  The  company  was 
organized  in  1S05,  incorp.  in  1806,  and  discontinued  in  1852.  In 
1813  100  men  were  employed  by  the  co. 

1*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Abrara  Frere.  Nicholas  Fel- 
lows, Andreas  Barent,  Fred.  Shaver,  Abram  Bristol,  Eph.  Quinby, 
John  Carmichael,  Andreas  Weatherwax,  and  Stephen  Miller. 
Joshua  Lockwood  and  Wm.  Carpenter  built  the  first  grist  mill 
in  1768,  at  W.  Sand  Lake. 

16  2  M.  E.,  2  Ev.  Luth.,  Qer.  Meth.,  Bap.,  Presb. 

16  Pron.  "  Skat-i-kook."  In  old  documents  it  is  variously 
spelled  "  Schetekoke,"  "Schactekoke,"  "  ScahWahook,"  and 
*'  Schagcoguo."  It  ia  said  to  be  an  Algonquin  word,  signifying 
"  landslide."    The  Stockbridge  Indians  called  it "  Pah-ha-koke." 


RENSSELAER    COUNTY. 


559 


flowing  through  the  n.  part,  is  bordered  on  a  portion  of  its  course  by  steep  banks  200  feet  high. 
On  this  stream,  at  the  mouth  of  Tomhannock  Creek,  is  a  beautiful  circular  valley,  three-fourths  of  a 
mi.  in  circumference,  and  bounded  on  nearly  every  side  by  steep  hills.^  The  soil  is  generally  a 
fertile,  sandy  or  gravelly  loam.  Considerable  manufacturing  is  carried  on  in  to-wn.^  Sctiagliti- 
coke  Point  (Schaghticoke  p.o.)  contains  a  pop.  of  1148.  Scliagbficoke  Hill  contains 
25  houses,  Tlie  Borough  8,  Junction  (p.  v.)  17,  and  Old  ScliaghticoUe  6.  About 
1670,  Gov.  Andros  settled  a  remnant  of  the  Pequots  and  other  Eastern  tribes,  under  the  name 
of  "  Schaghticokes,"  in  this  town,  on  land  given  them  by  the  Mohawks,  as  a  barrier  against  the 
Northern  Indian^.*  By  the  charter  of  168G  the  cUy  of  Albany  was  allowed  to  purchase  of  the 
natives  500  acres  of  land  in  this  town;  but,  neglecting  to  do  so,  Hendrick  Van  Rensselaer  obtained 
the  same  privilege  in  1698.  He  sold  his  right  to  the  city  the  next  year,  and  in  1707  an  Indian 
deed  was  obtained  for  a  tract  6  mi.  square,  mostly  within  the  limits  of  this  town.  In  Oct.  1709, 
the  city  conveyed  the  land  to  actual  settlers.*  The  early  settlements  suffered  greatly  from  Indian 
hostilities.  A  fort  was  built  in  1746  at  Old  Schaghticoke  and  garrisoned  by  2  companies  of  soldiers. 
The  whole  settlement  was  abandoned  on  the  approach  of  Burgoyne ;  but,  through  the  influence 
of  the  royalists,  the  place  was  not  burned,  though  held  for  some  time  by  the  British  and  Hessian 
outposts.^  The  Schaghticoke  Seminary  was  incorp.  May  4,  1836.  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.) 
was  formed  in  1714.^ 

SCHODACH^ — was  formed  March  17,  1795,  at  the  time  of  the  division  of  ^^Remselaerwyck;^^^ 
parts  of  Berlin  and  Nassau  were  taken  off  in  1806.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  s.w.  corner 
of  the  CO.  From  the  river  the  surface  rises  in  a  series  of  bluffs  200  feet  high,  from  the  summits 
of  which  it  spreads  out  into  an  undulating  upland  inclined  toward  the  w.  Bunker  Hill,  tho 
highest  point,  is  about  500  feet  above  tide.  The  surface  is  intersected  by  numerous  deep  gullevi* 
of  small  streams.  The  principal  streams  are  Vierdee  Kil,®  Moordeners  Kil,^'*  Vlockie  Kil,  Muitzest 
(Mitch-es)  Kil,  and  Valatie  (Vola-she)  Kil."  The  soil  in  the  e.  is  clay,  and  in  the  w.  a  fertile, 
sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Castleton^^  (P-^-)  i^  ^  fine  village  upon  the  Hudson.  Pop.  431. 
Scliodack  liauding  (p.  v.)  contains  250  inhabitants,  Muitzes  Rill20houses,Schodacli 
Depot  (p-v.)  18,  East  i^cbodack  (p.  v.)  15,  and  Bunker  Hill  9.  iScliodack  Center 
and  SoutU  Schodack  are  p.  ofl&ces.  This  vicinity  seems  to  have  been  thickly  inhabited  l:>y 
native  tribes  at  the  time  of  Hudson's  visit  in  1609.^^  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  tenants 
under  Van  Rensselaer.  Over  40  settlers  are  mentioned  in  Bleeker's  survey  of  1767.^*  The  census 
reports  7  churchos.^^ 

STEPMElliTO WN^^— was  formed  from  "Bensselaerwijck,"  March  29, 1784.  Petersburgh  was 
taken  off  in  1701,  and  parts  of  Berlin  and  Nassau  in  1806.  It  lies  in  the  s.  e.  corner  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  consists  of  2  rocky  mountain  ranges  separated  by  the  valley  of  Kinderhook  Creek. 
The  highest  summits  are  about  1800  feet  above  tide.  The  principal  peaks  ai'e  Round  Mt.,  and 
Whitney  and  Butternut  Hills,  e.  of  the  valley,  and  Brockway  Hill  and  Webster  Mt.  w.     A  con- 


1  A  small  etream  callod  the  Dwaas  Kil  (stream  running  both 
ways)  flow?  from  the  IIiidBon  into  tbe  mouth  of  the  Hoosick. 
When  Hooeick  River  sudtieuly  rises,  the  current  of  this  stream 
is  often  changed ;  and  it  is  not  uncommon  to  see  it  running  N. 
in  the  morning  and  B.at  night. — Fitch's  Ag.  Surv.  Wash.  0>., 
1S49.  p.  939. 

*  The  manufactures  consist  of  cotton  and  linen  goods,  flax, 
powder,  plaster,  and  agricultural  imiilements. 

3  A  portion  of  these  removed  to  Kent.  Conn.,  in  1728,  and  the 
remainder,  numbering  400,  joined  the  French  in  Canada. 

4  These  were  Johan  de  Wandelaer,  Jr..  John  Ileermans  Vischer, 
Corset  Voeder,  Daniel  Kittlehuyn.  Johan  Knickerbacker,  Louis 
Viele,  and  Derick  A'an  Veghten,  who  went  there  to  reside,  and 
were  joined  soon  after  by  Martin  de  Lamont,  Wouter  Quacken- 
bosch,  Peter  Yates,  David  Schuyler,  Wouter  Groesbeck,  Philip 
Ijvingatou,  Ignace  Kip,  Cornelius  Vandenberg,  and  many  others, 
whose  descendants  still  reside  in  the  vicinity. 

6  Col.  John  Knickerbacker,  of  this  town,  raised  a  reghnent 
fluring  the  Revolution. 

«  A  new  church  was  built  in  1760,  and  Rev.  Elias  Bunschooten 
was  installed  pastor.  This  quaint  edifice  was  60  by  40  feet,  with 
low  side  walls  and  a  high  pitched  mansard  roof  and  turret,  sur- 
mounted by  a  weathercock  over  the  southern  gable.  There  was  no 
burial  ground  attached,  and  tho  oldest  is  that  of  the  Knicker- 
bocker family,  on  the  site  of  an  Indian  cemetery.  The  first 
European  burial  occurred  in  1715.  A  few  rods  8.  E.  of  this  spot 
ifl  the  *' Wittenagemote,"  or  "Council  Tree,"  a  rcmarkalily 
Tigorous  and  symmetrical  oak,  more  than  15  feet  in  circum- 
ference. The  census  reports  8  churches;  2  Ev.  Luth.,  3  M.  E., 
1  Proab.,  1  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and  1  R.  C. 

"  Sometimes  written  "Shodac''  or  "Scboddack." 

8  A  confirmatory  act  of  incorporation  was  passed  March  17,1795. 


*  "  Fourth  Creek,"  reckoned  from  Albany. 

"^^  "  Murderers  Kil,"  from  an  obstinate  battle  fought  between 
the  settlers  and  a  band  of  robbers  at  an  early  day,  (tra(Utional.) 

n  "  Little  Fall  Creek."  Another  small  creek  in  town  is  named 
Adams  Killetye,  (Little  Cre<*k,)  from  Adam  Moll,  who  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Indians  while  drinking  of  its  waters. 

12  Named  from  an  ancient  Indian  castle  on  the  adjacent  hills 
It  was  first  settled  in  1792,  and  incorp.  April  13, 1827.  Formerly 
called  '•  Alorriches  Hastie.^^ 

15  "On  the  evening  of  the  15th  he  arrived  opposite  the  moun 
tains  which  lie  from  the  river  side,  where  he  fointd  'a  very 
loving  people  and  very  old  men.'  and  the  day  following  reachi-*!, 
the  spot  hereafter  to  be  honored  by  his  own  ilhistriuus  name. 
One  day  more  wafts  him  up  between  Schodac  and  Ca8tIpton ;  and 
here  ho  landed  and  passed  a  day  with  the  natives,  greeted  with 
all  sorts  of  barbarous  hospitality ;  the  land  '  the  finest  for  culti- 
vation he  ever  set  foot  on;'  the  natives  so  kind  and  gentle  thai 
when  they  found  he  would  not  remain  with  them  over  nii;ht, 
and  feared  that  he  left  them — poor  children  of  nature  I — because 
he  wafl  afraid  of  their  weapons. — he.  whose  quarterde<k  waa 
heavy  with  ordnance !— they  '  broke  their  arrows  in  pieces  and 
threw  them  in  the  fire.'" — Everett's  Address,  Inauguration  Piid- 
ley  Observatory^  p.  h\. 

1*  Among  the  names  of  the  oarly  settlers  are  Van  Buren,  Bar- 
hudt,  Van  Valkonhurgh,  Springsteen,  Schermcrhorn.  Jaiize. 
Ketel,  Poel.  Miller,  Schevers,  Lodwick,  Iluyck,  Heektnnn.  Mills. 
Molls,  Salflberg,  ^^'itbcck.  and  Nolton.    The  first  mill  was  built 

before  the  Revolution,  below  Castleton.    Barhydt  kepi  the 

first  inn,  in  I77S.    A  carding  mill  was  erected  on  aiuitzes  Kil 
in  1800. 

15  3  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Ev.  Luth. 

1'  Named  from  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer. 


560 


RENSSELAER    COUNTY. 


Biderable  portion  of  the  town  is  covered  with  forest.  The  principal  streams  are  Kinderhools 
and  East  Creeks,  Black  River,  and  Black  and  Roaring  Brooks.  The  soil  is  hard  and  sterile  among 
the  mountains,  but  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  Stepbentown  (p.  v.)  contains  15  houses. 
StepbcntotTll  Flats  contains  a  cotton  wadding  and  batting  factory,  a  machine  shop,  and 
about  20  houses.  IVortta  Steplientown,  Soutli  Steplientovrn,  and  TFest  .Ste- 
plieiltown  are  p.  ofBees.  Settlement  was  commenced  here  in  176G.'  The  first  church  (Bap.) 
<brmed  in  1782,  under  Rev.  Justus  Hall.     Rev.  Robt.  Miles  was  the  first  pastor.' 


TROT  CITY — was  formed  as  a  town  from  "  Rensselaer- 
wyck,"  March  18,  1791.  Brunswick,  and  parts  of  Grafton  and 
Lansingburgh,  were  taken  off  March  20,  1807,  and  a  part  of 
Greenbush  in  1836.  A  part  of  Brunswick  was  annexed  in  1814. 
The  first  village  charter  was  passed  in  1791  ;'  and  another 
Feb.  16,  1798.  The  village  was  formally  incorp.  by  acts  passed 
April  2,  1801,  and  April  9,  1805.  The  city  charter  was  granted 
April  12,  1816.  A  portion  of  Lansingburgh  was  annexed 
May  4,  1836.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  near  the  center  of  the 
w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  comprises  the  alluvial  flat, 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  wide,  upon  the  river,  and  the  high  bluffs 
which  border  it  on  the  e.  The  high  land  immediately  E.  of  the 
city  is  known  as  Mt.  Ida,  and  that  on  the  n.  e.  as  Mt.  Olympus.  Mt.  Ida  is  principally  clay,  and 
has  been  the  scene  of  several  destructive  landslides.  Poesten  Kil  and  Wynants  Kil  both  break 
through  these  hills  in  narrow  ravines  and  in  a  series  of  cascades,  forming  an  excellent  water  power. 
The  first  religious  meetings  were  held  in  a  store,  and  afterward  in  a  schoolhouse,  about  1785. 
The  first  framed  house  of  worship  was  erected  in  1791,  now  the  First  Presb.  Church  ;  Rev.  Jonas 
Coe,  of  Lansingburgh,  was  the  first  pastor.     There  are  now  33  churches  in  the  city.* 

The  Public  Schools  are  under  the  charge  of  20  commissioners,  elected  for  two  years.*  In  1857 
the  city  was  divided  into  25  school  districts,  and  employed  76  teachers, — 14  males  and  02  females. 
The  number  of  children,  between  4  and  21,  was  11,200,  of  which  7228,  or  65  per  cent.,  attended 
the  public  schools  during  some  portion  of  the  year.' 

The  Troy  Academy,  incorp.  May  5, 1834,  and  received  under  the  regents  Feb.  5,  1839,  is  located 
near  the  center  of  the  city. 

The  Troy  Female  Seminary,^  situated  on  Second  Street,  between  Congress  and  Ferry  Sts.,  was 
first  established  at  Middlebury,  Vt.,  in  1813,  removed  to  Waterford  in  1819,  and  to  Troy  in  1821. 
It  was  incorp.  May  6,  1837,  and  received  under  the  regents  Jan.  30,  1838.  It  has  gained  a 
national  reputation  under  the  charge  of  ^Irs.  EmmaWillard. 

The  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute,^  endowed  by  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  is  situated  near  the 
head  of  State  St.  It  was  organized  in  1824.  It  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  teaching  the 
application  of  mathematics  to  civil  engineering  and  the  natural  sciences.  It  numbers  14  pro- 
fessors and  has  about  100  students.  Next  to  West  Point,  this  institute  has  the  best  reputation,  in 
its  special  departments,  of  any  school  in  America. 

The  Troy  Lycenm  of  Natural  History  was  incorp.  March  7,  1820.  Its  cabinet  and  library  are 
kept  in  the  Troy  University. 

The  Troy  University^  is  located  upon  Mt.  Ida,  a  beautiful  situation,  overlooking  the  city  and 
valley.     It  is  under  the  charge  of  the  M.  E.  denomination,  and  was  opened  in  1859. 

St.  Peter's  College^"  is  under  the  charge  of  the  R.  C.  denomination,  and  is  not  yet  fully  organized. 


1  Asa  Douglas,  his  son  Wm.,  and  his  grandson  Benj.,  Nathan 
Ro8e,  Elnathiin  Sweet,  and  Joseph  Rogers,  settled  near  the  center 
of  the  town,  .Toshua  Gardiner  in  the  E.  part,  Edward  Carr  near 

Klnderhook  Creek,  John  Mills,  Husted, Lewis,  

Berry,  and  otliers,  toward  the  N.  part.  The  first  inhabitants 
werechiefly  from  Rhode  Island.  Wm.,  grandson  of  Asa  Douglas, 
wa.s  the  first  child  born  in  town ;  and  he  married  the  first  white 
female  born  in  town.  Hon.  Stephen  A.  Douglas  is  a  descendant 
of  the  first  settler  of  this  town. 

2  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  2  F.  W.  Bap.,  Bap.,  Christ. 
Cong.,  and  Presb. 

3  The  first  trustees  named  in  the  act  of  incorp.  were  Jacob  D. 
Vanderheydcn,  Benj.  Covill,  Anthony  Goodspeed,  John  Pease, 
Ephraim  Morgan,  Chris.  Ilutton.  and  Saml.  Gale. 

*  Of  these  there  are  7  M.  E.,  5  Presb.,  4  Prot.  E.,  3  Bap.,  3  R.  C, 
2  Wes.  Moth.,  2  Asso.  Presb.,  Qer.  Mission,  Unit.,  Univ.,  Cong^ 
Friends,  Disciples,  and  Jews. 


5  A  Lancasterian  school  was  established  here  at  an  early 
period,  and  continued  until  superseded  by  a  special  school 
system.    The  present  school  law  was  passed  April  4.  1S49. 

6  The  total  receipts  and  expenditures  for  1S57  were  $3S,074  35. 

7  More  than  70I1IJ  pupils  have  been  educated  here,  a  large 
number  of  whom  have  become  teachers.     See  p.  742. 

8  Rev.  Saml.  Blatchford  was  its  first  President,  and  Amos  Eaton 
its  first  senior  prof.,  iinder  whom  the  school  obtained  a  high 
and  merited  reputation. 

*  The  grounds  of  tliis  institution  cover  36  acres.  The  main 
building  is  in  the  Byzantine  style  of  architecture,  and  is  2o9  feet 
long  on  an  average  58  feet  brond,  and  4  stories  high.  See  p.  741. 

10  The  college  building,  in  process  of  erection,  was  destroyed 
by  a  landslide,  March  17,  IboU,  and  is  being  rebuilt  on  Mt.  St. 
Vincent. 


o 


o 
5 


KENSSELAER    COUNTY. 


561 


Si.  Joseph  Academy,  under  the  charge  of  the  R.  C,  was  founded,  in  1842,  as  a  free  school.  In 
1852  it  was  enlarged,  and  a  boarding  house  was  annexed. 

The  l^-oi/  Hospital,  a  charitable  institution,  was  incorp.  March  1,  1851.  It  was  founded  chiefly 
through  the  exertions  of  Rev.  P.  Havermans,  and  is  supported  by  the  R.  C.  denomination.  Tlie 
nurses  belong  to  the  Sisters  of  Charity. 

J!/((7-.vAaH /;j^r?nary  was  Lncorp.  in  1851.  It  was  founded  by  Benjamin  Marshall.  The  bull  ling 
and  grounds  cost  $35,000;  which  sum  was  donated  by  its  founder. 

Troi/  Orphan  Asylum,  incorp.  April  10,  1835,  is  situated  on  Grand  Division  between  7th  and 
8th  Streets.  The  building  is  of  brick,  and  has  about  100  inmates.  The  Asylum  is  supported 
by  donations  and  State  appropriations ;  and  children  are  received  between  the  ages  of  3  and  9,  and 
dismissed  at  10  if  an  opportunity  offers.  At  this  age  they  are  indentured  to  farmers  until  the  age 
of  17.  During  tlie  first  22  years  over  500  had  been  dismissed ;  and  most  of  them  have  since  filled 
respectable  stations  in  life.     A  school  is  maintained  regularly  in  the  Asylum. 

Si.  Marys  Orphan  Asylum  is  an  institution  connected  with  St.  Slarys  Church,  (R.  C.)  The 
male  department  is  under  the  charge  of  the  "  The  Brothers  of  the  Christian  Schools,"  and  the 
female,  of  "  The  Sisters  of  Charity." 

The  TVarrea  Free  Insiiiute,  a  school  for  indigent  female  children,  was  Incorp.  March  19,  1846. 
It  was  founded  and  endowed  by  the  Warren  family.  A  free  church,  (Prot.  E.  Church  of  the  Holy 
Cross,)  fbr  the  pupils  and  their  parents,  is  connected  with  the  Institute. 

The  Troy  Water  Works  were  built  by  the  city  in  1833-34,  and  they  have  been  subsequently  ex- 
tended. The  water  is  drawn  from  Piscawin  Creek,  and  the  reservoir  is  sufficiently  high  to  throw 
the  water  to  the  top  of  most  of  the  houses.  The  works  are  under  the  charge  of  water  commissioners, 
and  the  rents  are  charged  to  property  owners  and  collected  with  the  taxes. 

The  city  is  150  miles  from  New  York,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  R.  R.,  and,  in  Jie  season 
of  navigation,  by  lines  of  steamers.  Its  commerce  is  extensive,  and  it  has  a  large  trade  with  the 
region  n.  and  e.  The  Union  R.  R.  Co.  have  erected  a  magnificent  depot  in  the  central  part  of  the 
city  for  the  accommodation  of  the  various  lines  of  roads  that  center  here.' 

The  manufactures  of  Troy  are  extensive  and  various.^  Wynants  Kil,  on  the  s.,  furnishes  12  mill 
sites,  with  an  aggregate  of  2000  horse  power ;  Poesten  Kil,  on  the  n.,  has  10  sites,  equivalent  to 
1000  horse  power,  and  the  dam  across  the  Hudson  furnishes  4000  horse  power.  Besides  these 
there  is  an  immense  amount  of  steam  power  in  use. 

In  1720,  Derick  Vanderheyden'  acquired  from  Van  Rensselaer  the  title  to  490  acres  of  land, 
now  included  in  Troy,  at  an  annual  rent  of  3|  bush,  of  wheat  and  4  fat  fowls.*  Tho  tract  was 
occupied  as  a  farm  until  about  1786,  when  a  company  of  New  Englanders  induced  the  owners 
to  lay  it  out  as  a  town.  It  was  surveyed  between  1786  and  '90,  and  was  variously  known  as 
"  Fetry  Hook,"  "  Vanderheydens  Ferry,"  and  "Ashleys  Ferry."  In  the  spring  of  1789  the  place 
contained  5  small  stores  and  about  a  dozen  dwellings.  The  name,  Troy,  was  adopted  at  a 
meeting  of  the  freeholders,  Jan.  5,  1789.  The  first  settlers  came  in  soon  after  the  war.'  The 
completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  gave  an  impulse  to  this  place  that  speedily  raised  it  from  a  com- 
paratively obscure  village  to  a  large  and  important  city.*  Several  destructive  fires  have  occurred, 
occasioning  great  losses.' 


■  The  Troy  Dnion  R.  R.,  214  mi.  long,  was  Irailt  by  a  com- 
pany, compospd  of  persons  chosen  by,  and  rppresenting  the  in- 
terests of.the  Hudson  R.,N.Y. Central.  Troy  4  Boston,  and  Rens. 
selaer  *  Saratoga  R.  Ra.  The  depot,  built  in  1S53-S4,  is  400  by 
150  feet,  walls  27  feet,  and  roof  a  single  arch,  (Bricgs's  patent.) 
supported  only  by  tlie  walls.  It  is  built  for  10,  and  has  7, 
parallel  tracks  its  entire  length.  Tower,  115  feet  high.  Four 
complete  suites  of  rooms  and  oflBces. 

2  The  iron  manufactures  consist  of  R.  B.  iron,  rolled  iron,  spikes, 
nails,  stoves,  firearms,  malleable  iron,  steam  engines,  safes,  agri- 
cultural implements,  Ac.  The  business  is  carried  on  by  more 
than  30  firms,  and  gives  employment  to  2500  men.  The  Troy  nail 
works  are  among  the  most  extensive  in  America.  Besides 
these,  there  are  6  large  flouring  mills,  3  grist  mills,  several 
breweries  and  distilleries,  and  establishments  for  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  hosiery,  paper,  carriages, 
clothing,  Ac,  in  the  aggregate  employing  about  7000  hands. 
One  establishment  for  the  manufacture  of  shirts,  bosoms,  and 
collars  employs  670  hands;  3  others  employ  1070  hands,  and  17 
others  2750  hands.  The  most  extensive  mathematical  instrument 
manufactorv  in  the  U.  S.  Is  located  in  this  city. 

3  A  descendant  of  his  was  known  as  the  "Patroon  of  Troy." 

*  Brandt  Van  Slechtenhorst,  director  of  the  "  Colonic  of  Rens- 
Belaerwyck,"  in  11540,  purchased  for  the  Patroon  two  additional 


tracts  of  land  E.  of  the  Hudson :  one,  callea  "  Paanpaack,"  (Field 
of  Com,)  included  the  site  of  Trov;  and  the  other,  called  Pan- 
hoosick,  farther  fl.—BrodheacVs  Hist,  of  iV.  r.,  pp.  420-534. 

^  The  upper  part  of  the  city  belonged  to  Jacob  Vanderheyden, 
an<l  the  southern  to  Matthias  Vanderheyden.  Stephen  .\shley 
and  Beryiiniin  Covill  were  the  earliest  settlers  under  the  Van- 
derheydens. They  came  in  about  17S6:  and  tlie  former  kept  an 
inn  in  the  old  farmhouse  of  Matthias  Vanderheyden  for  severnl 
years.  Dr.  Saml.  Gale,  the  first  physician,  came  from  Guilford, 
Conn.,  in  1787.  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  Eph.  Mor- 
gan, John  Boardman.  Beiy.  Smith,  Phil.  Heartt,  Anthony  Good- 
speed,  Mahlon  Taylor.  Eben'r  and  Saml.  Wilson,  Moses  Vail, 
Lewis  Kichards,  Eben'r  Jones.  Howard  MouUon,  Amasa  Pierce, 
Jere'h  Pierce,  Townsend  McCoun,  Nathan  and  Steph.  Warren, 
David  Bnel.  and  Benj.,  John,  Saml.,  and  Wm.  Gale. 

•  The  following  table  shows  the  increase  of  the  population  of 
Troy  for  each  semi-decade  since  1810  :- 


1.S10 3,895 

1815 4,841 

1820 5,2fH 

1825 7,859 

1830 11,566 


1836 16.969 

1840 19,334 

1848 21,709 

1850 28,785 

1866 33,269 


7  The  fireof  June  20,1820,  destroyed  property  to  the  amount  of 
$370,000,  and  another,  Aug.  25, 1864,  to  the  amount  of  $1,000,000. 


36 


562 


KENSSELAER    COUNTY. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,  Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Rensselaer  County. 


Nahes  op  Towns. 

Acres  of  Land.  | 

TiLOATION  OP  1868.               1 

Population. 

? 

? 

Schools. 

^ 

1 

jj 

«? 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

K 

= 

^ 

1 

1 

J20,050 

1 

i 

1,089 

397 

i 

456 

1 

10 

It 

Berlin 

19,437  J 

16,759 

$216,880 

$2:36,930 

1,078 

289 

773 

Brunswick 

23,612J 

4,264 

1.050.195 

166,119 

1,216,314 

1,533 

1,66S 

499 

670 

370 

15 

1.132 

11.674 

2,7  SOS 

788,175 

111,469 

899,644 

829 

777 

286 

227 

131 

6 

431 

16,122i 

13,0174 

196.427 
841.555 

35,337 
11,100 

231,764 
852.665 

962 
1.542 

926 
1,661 

343 
324 

370 
709 

254 
299 

12 
2 

771 
1.374 

Greenbuah 

Hoosick 

31.341 

8,339 

1,374.017 

199,877 

1,673,894 

2,029 

2.091 

668 

736 

327 

19 

1,563 

Lansingburgh 

3,6721 

1,212J 

1.012,859 

811.713 

1,824,572 

2,697 

3,003 

901 

1,120 

391 

3 

2.113 

Nassau 

20.2S1J 

6.754 

630.010 

166,467 

686,477 

1,470 

1,630 

676 

687 

423 

16 

1,187 

North  Greenbuah 

10.374 

2.181 

744.020 

lon,,soo 

850,820 

901 

911 

309 

368 

137 

8 

2,217 

17.075 

7.388 

203.344 

28,622 

231.966 

809 

854 

316 

313 

192 

12 

640 

33,8o7J 
14.206 

6,311 
4.247 

1,061,327 
255.496 

237.368 
36.332 

1,298.695 
291,827 

1,762 
965 

1,840 
913 

652 
399 

707 
403 

497 
223 

18 
8 

1,163 
710 

Poeateukill 

16,268J 
21,979 

6.696 
4,474 

356,385 
916.133 

67,805 
168,093 

414.190 
1,0,84,226 

1,251 
1,660 

1.337 
1,643 

465 
498 

622 
608 

291 

318 

11 

19 

966 
1.217 

Schaghticoke 

Schodack 

31,631 

8,039i 

1.623.825 

2.39,786 

1,863,611 

1,978 

1.869 

672 

757 

512 

13 

1,177 

20,982 

9,404 

258,235 

39,150 

297,385 

1,188 

1.209 

431 

4S1 

323 

17 

882 

Troy  City 

1,898 

126S 

7.919.570 

4,891.675 

12,811.245 

16.223 

17,046 

3,767 

6.495 

1.482 

24 

11,428 

Total 

292,212} 

101,0021 

19.348.452^  7.317.763 

26.666,216 

38,988 

40.246 

11,683 

16.418 

6.459 

213 

29,744 

Names  op  Towns. 

Live  Stock.                 | 

Agricultural  Peodccts. 

G 

Bush,  op  QBAm. 

i 

■&  ■ 

•& 

DAtBY    PbODITCTS. 

1 
la 

III 

1 

a. 

'5 

=0 

5 

1 

11 
cqa. 

II 

ft,lq 

SI 

eg 

It 

BerUn 

449 

676 

1.18 

3,6.30 

765 

760 

38,638 

3,280 

26^70 

16.375 

69,071 

260,646 

296 

Brunswick 

973 

813 

1,53 

<    1,260 

2.567 

36,360 

107,400 

6,082 

5    88.6SS 

11,232 

112,757 

125 

464 

Kast  Greenbush 

492 

601 

1,10 

632 

1.128 

17.360 

47.234 

3,469 

48.361 

4.990 

63,766 

634 

Grafton 

368 

785 

73- 

1,017 

637 

728 

18,726 

3,461 

1    26,750 

4,780 

65,209 

4,070 

364 

Hoosick. 

863 

1,465 

1,24 

22,394 

2,574 

14.305 

132,088 

,    6,356 

33,671 

5.694 

69,.325 

36,690 

299 

Lansingburgh 

314 

178 

29 

651 

090 

8.439 

20.285 

759 

9.605 

1.550 

10,173 

Nassau 

644 

1,176 

l.is 

«    3,4oS 

1,838 

22,242 

67,110 

3.803 

i    24,136 

12.634 

124,100 

8,725 

978 

North  Greenbush 

445 

304 

99 

1       252 

863 

19,789 

40,265 

2,716 

5    66,126 

3.959 

64,590 

605 

780 

77 

6,708 

828 

627 

43,222 

2.861 

22,643 

10.338 

46,543 

82,820 

Pittatown 

1.050 

1,504 

1,77 

i  11,340 

2,983 

35,004 

167,037 

6,630 

47,924 

6,767 

168,629 

29,516 

361 

Poestenkill 

428 

641 

66 

804 

,878 

10,238 

30,741 

2,530 

37,261 

4.896 

65,305 

2,780 

715 

Sand  Lake 

635 

&46 

99 

742 

1,218 

16,063 

41,884 

3,224 

35,882 

10,593 

90,848 

1,072 

333 

Schaghticoke 

712 

1,255 

1,13 

•    6.910 

3,064 

66.055 

149,629 

3,247 

i    61,860 

4.740 

95,098 

1,036 

936 

1.67 

3    3.977 

3.111 

60.303 

106,182 

J    6,097 

43.224 

17.682 

101,530 

3,663 

586 

Stt-phentown 

472 

1,104 

1,30 

5    2,707 

956 

4,071 

41,034 

4,761 

24,716 

15,611 

107,940 

118,566 

40 

898 

84 

36 

1       118 

1,007 

1.288 

6.970 

290 

11.344 

410 

7,956 

Total 

10,184 

12,737 

16,86 

4  64,609 125,007 11302.622 

1,038,366 

68,667 

1  596,659 

131,241 

1,291,738 

538,462 

4,949 

RICHMOND    COUNTY. 


This  county*  was  organized  Nov.  1, 1083.    It  includes  Staten  Island,' 
Shooters  Island/  and  the  islands  of  the  meadow  in  Staten  Islanii 
Sound.     It  is  separated  from  Long  Island  hy  New  York  Bay,  the 
__  Narrows,*  and  New  York  Harbor;  from  Bergen,  N.  J.,  by  the  Kit 

/^F  \   \  an  KuU;  and  from  N.  J.  on  the  w.  by  the  Arthur  Kil,  or  Staten 

Uland  Sound.^      Staten  Island   is  nearly  oval-shaped,  its  longest 
liameter  extending  n.  e.  and  8.  w.     It  is  14  mi.  long  by  8  broad, 
lias  an  area  of  58J  sq.  mi.,  and  is  centrally  distant  140  mi.  from 
Albany.     Princess  Bay  and  Great  Kils  are  small  bays  upon  the  s. 
.  Y-  \     /       shore.     Fresh  Kils  is  a  tidal  estuary  extending  about  3  mi.  inland 

from  Staten  Island  Sound,  and  during  high  tide  it  is  navigable 
nearly  its  whole  extent.  The  surface  of  the  co.  is  mostly  level  (.-r 
gently  unduhiting.  A  broad  range  of  hills  extends  from  the  Narrows  across  the  island,  termi- 
nating between  the  branches  of  the  Fresh  Kils.  Near  Tompkinsville  these  hills  attain  an  elevation 
of  310  ft.  They  are  composed  of  granitic  rock  upon  the  N.  slope  and  steatitic  rock  and  serpentine 
upon  the  s.  Ilematitic  iron  ore®  and  many  other  interesting  minerals  are  found  in  the  co.' 
Along  the  Fresh  Kils,  and  along  Staten  Island  Sound,  in  Northfield,  and  also  around  the  head 
of  Great  Kils  and  the  mouth  of  New  Creek,  are  extensive  salt  meadows.  The  waters  of  the 
sound  and  the  bays  adjacent  to  the  island  abound  in  oysters ;  and  the  oyster  trade  is  the  principal 
industrial  pursuit  of  those  inhabitants  not  engaged  in  business  in  New  York,  Brooklyn,  or  Jersey 
City.  The  right  of  taking  oysters  belongs  to  the  owners  of  the  adjoining  banks.®  At  Port  Rich- 
mond, Factory\nlle,  and  other  places  along  the  n.  shore,  are  extensive  manufactories.^  Market 
gardening  is  followed  to  a  limited  extent,  chiefly  to  supply  the  home  demand.  The  erection  of 
forts,  hospitals,  and  other  public  establishments  of  the  General  and  State  Governments  has  given 
employment  to  great  numbers  of  persons  and  caused  the  expenditure  among  the  people  of  the  co. 
of  large  sums  of  money.  Since  the  establishment  of  regular  steam  ferries,*"  many  wealthy  citi- 
zens engaged  in  business  in  New  York  City  have  erected  residences  upon  the  island.  These  coun- 
try seats  are  mostly  upon  the  n.  shore  and  upon  the  heights  that  overlook  the  bay  and  sound.  All 
the  villages  along  the  n.  shore  are  lighted  by  gas  furnished  by  the  Richmond  Gas  Light  Works, 
located  near  the  Quarantine.  A  company  was  incorp.  in  1836  to  build  a  r.  r.  across  the  island  to 
connect  with  the  Camden  &  Amboy  R.  R." 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  Richmond. ^^    A  courthouse  and  jail,  in  the  same  building,  was  erected 
pursuant  to  the  act  of  March  23, 1837,  at  a  cost  of  $10,000."     The  co.  clerk's  office  was  erected  in 

10  Tbe  boats  of  the  Staten  Island  &  New  York  Ferry  Co.  ply 
hourly  between  Whitehall  St.,  in  New  York,  and  tlie  islaud, 
touching  at  rortllichmond,Fai;ti.'ryvillo,  New  Brighton,  Quaran- 
tine, Slapleton,  and  Vaudcrbilta  Landing.  This  company  was 
organized  Oct.  136. 1S53,  with  a  capital  of  $900,000,  and  now  has 
7  boats  in  countant  use. 

u  This  enterprise  was  recently  revived,  and  a  route  surveyed 
mnning  S.  of  the  hills  from  Vanderbilts  Landing  to  a  point  oji- 
positoS.  Amboy.  Atout  $40,000  were  expended  in  pun  basing  tlie 
right  of  way  and  grading ;  and  the  woi  U  is  now  in  progress, 

12  The  first  record  uf  an  order  for  tbe  erection  of  a  prison  is 
dated  March  4,  1710.  It  runs  as  follows: — ''Ordered  Ihat  Mr. 
LambartGariboue  and  Mr.  Wm.  Tillyersee  thepriaon  lionsc  built 
at Cuckole  Towne.  Y^  Demeneions  Twelve  fiot  in  bie:idlh.  fliiur- 
teen  foot  Long,  two  etory  high,  six  foot  y*  I^ow  Hoouie  ftx-m 
beam  to  plank,  and  the  uper  etory,  6foot:  and  all  to  bo  built  with 
stone."  This  buildingwas  inadequate  to  the  requirements  of  the 
CO.,  and  a  larger  one  (of  brick)  was  afterward  built.  The  bitter 
building  is  still  Btanding,and  was  used  as  a  co.  prison  until  1H37. 
Tbe  first  colonial  Court  of  Sessions  on  Staten  Island  whs  held 
Oct. 4, 16S0.  The  first  court  after  tbe  Kevolution  cunvi  ti'd  May 
3,1784;  and  the  first  court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  under  tbe 
State  Government  was  held  May  22, 1787,  Richard  Morris,  Chief 
Justice,  presiding.  The  first  co.  officoi-a  under  thu  ?*tati*Govern- 
ment  were  David  ^lvi-66rc&i\,  First  Judge :  Cornelius  Morsercau, 
Hendrick  Garrison.  Peter  Rezeau.  Anthony  Fountain,  John 
Wandle,  Gilbert  Jackson,  and  Lambert  Merrill,  Jndgvs  and  Jui- 
tices;  Abram  Bancker,  Slieriff;  John  Mcrsoroau,  Cl-.ric;  and 
Adrian  Bancker,  Surn^ate. 

13  Tlie  commissioners  under  whoso  supervision  this  building 
■was  erected  wore  Kichard  D.  Littlo,  Harnian  B.  Cropsey,  and 
Walter  Bett«.  The  jail  is  reported  as  wit!iout  ventilaiiuu  >  t 
means  for  tbe  classification  uf  prisoners. 

r,63 


1  Named  from  a  natural  son  of  Charles  11. 

'  Staten  Island  was  so  named  by  Hudson.  The  Indian  name 
is •* Mataiiucke" " jttonocknong,"  or ^^Aquehonga JIanacfaw}ig.'"~~ 
(hll.  i\'.  J.  Hist.  Soc.,  J.  17 ;  iS^.  I".  Connnon  Council  Manual, 
1857,  p.  645. 

a  A  small  island  at  the  entrance  of  Newark  Bay. 

*  Tbe  width  of  the  Narrows  opposite  Fort  Ilamilton,  where 
they  are  the  narrowest,  is  about  2000  yds.,  and  opposite  tbe 
Quarantine  it  is  3700  yds. 

6  The  average  breadth  of  Staten  Island  Sound  is  about  one- 
tbird  of  a  mile.  It  is  not  usually  closed  by  ice,  although  in 
severe  winters  it  has  been  frozen  many  weeks  together.  It  is 
the  ordin.iry  route  of  steamers  of  theCamden  &  Amboy  R.R,.  Co. 

*  This  ore  has  a  fibrous  texture,  and  is  found  in  botryoidal 
forms,  often  with  black  polished  surfaces,  and  in  the  granular 
condition  it  is  known  as  ^'  shot  ore."  It  is  said  to  be  abundant. 
A  heavy  gray  ore  is  also  found.  These  ores  have  never  been 
em'>ltcd  on  the  island. 

J  The  minerals  of  the  CO.,  beside  iron  ore,  are  red  and  yellow 
ochre,  asbestns,  amianthus,  marmolite,  hydrate  and  carbonate  of 
magnesia,  sulpburet  and  chromate  of  iron,  quartz,  chalcedony, 
feldspar,  and  lignite. 

8  This  right  is  often  leased.  The  average  annual  rent  is76ct8. 
per  ft.,  measured  along  the  shore.  By  an  act  passed  May  9, 1846, 
the  tftkingof  oysters  from  the  planted  grounds  of  another  is  pro- 
nibited,  under  a  penalty  of  $.SU  for  each  offense. 

8  The  principal  articles  manufactured  are  dyed  stuffs,  and  prints, 
common  fire  brick,  adamantine  candles,  white  lead,  and  ivory 
Mack.  A  large  amount  of  lager  beer  is  made  in  Castleton  and 
S4iuthfield.  aud  the  island  has  of  late  become  a  Sabbath  day 
reeort  of  the  German  popnlation  of  N.  Y.  City,  thousands  of 
whom  repair  every  Sunday  to  the  saloona  and  gardens  attached 
h>  the  breweries. 


JO-t 


RICHMOND    COUNTY. 


1848  and  enlarged  in  1857.  It  is  a  2  story  brick  building,  and  contains  the  supervisor's  room, 
office  for  the  surrogate  and  district  attorney,  and  accommodations  for  the  sheriff.  The  poorhouse 
is  located  upon  a  farm  of  105  acres  in  Northfield.'  Several  of  the  public  schools  of  Castleton 
and  Southfield  have  been  organized  as  union  schools  under  a  special  act,  and  are  in  charge  of  a 
board  of  education.  The  schools  of  the  co.  generally  are  in  a  flourishing  condition.^  Richmond 
CO.  is  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Metropolitan  Police  Commissioners;  but  no  men  have 
hitherto  been  detailed  for  ordinary  service  within  its  limits. 

Two  newspapers  are  published  in  the  co.' 

Stateu  Island  was  visited  by  Henry  Hudson  in  liis  celebrated  voyage  of  discovery  in  1609.  It 
was  purchased  from  the  Indians,  Aug.  10,  1030,  by  Michael  Pauw,  one  of  the  4  Patroons  of  New 
Netherlands,  and  formed  a  part  of  the  tract  known  as  "Pavonia"  in  the  early  Dutch  records.' 
It  soon  reverted,  however,  to  the  West  India  Co. ;  and  in  1636  a  part  of  the  island  was  granted 
to  D.  P.  De  Vries,  by  whom  a  colony  was  planted  upon  it  in  Jan.  1639.  The  remaining  part 
of  the  island  was  granted  by  the  Directors  of  the  West  India  Co.  to  Cornelius  Melyn  in  July, 
1640.  The  following  year,  Melyn  with  his  family  settled  upon  this  grant,  and  in  June,  1042,  he 
obtained  letters  patent.  In  Sept.  1641,  the  settlement  of  De  Vries  was  attacked  by  the  Indians,' 
and  hostilities  between  them  and  the  whites  ensued.  A  peace  was  concluded  in  1G42 ;  but  in 
Feb.  1643,  under  a  frivolous  pretext,  the  Indians  were  attacked  opposite  Manhattan  and  at  Cor- 
laers  Hook  and  great  numbers  of  them  slain.  This  barbarous  measure  invoked  retaliation,  and 
the  white  settlements  within  reach  were  laid  waste.  The  island  was  again  purchased  of  the 
natives,  Dec.  6,  1051,  by  Augustine  Herman,  and  finally  quitclaimed  to  Gov.  Lovelace,  April  13, 
1670.*  Possession  was  given  on  the  1st  of  Jlay  following,  and  at  this  time  the  island  was 
finally  abandoned  by  its  primitive  inhabitants. 

A  considerable  number  of  French  Huguenots,  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  in 
1685,  found  their  way  into  the  English  colonies,  and  a  part  of  them  settled  upon  Staten  Island. 
The  family  names  of  these  immigrants  are  still  common  in  this  co.'  The  earliest  grants  upon 
the  island  under  the  English  were  made  to  the  officers  of  the  ship  Elias,  immediately  after  the 
conquest.^  Two  manors  were  subsequently  granted, — one  on  the  N.  shore,  styled  "CassiWoion 
Manor,"  to  Gov.  Dongan,^  and  the  other  in  the  s.  part,  known  as  "  BiUop  Manor."  This  island 
was  first  occupied  by  British  troops  in  the  Revolution,  July  4,  1776,  and  it  was  held  by  them 
until  their  linal  removal  from  the  State  late  in  1783.  On  the  21st  of  Aug.  1777,  the  British 
posts  upon  the  island  were  attacked  by  an  American  force  under  Gen.  Sullivan.  The  expedition 
was  well  planned,  but  it  failed  to  accomplish  its  main  object."'  During  the  severe  winter  of 
1779-80,  while  the  Americans  were  encamped  near  Morristown,  (N.  J.,)  a  second  expedition  was 
sent  out,  under  Gen.  Lord  Stirling,  to  surprise  the  enemy  in  the  interior  of  the  island.  The 
party,  consisting  of  2500  men,  crossed  the  sound  on  the  ice  from  Deharts  Point,  on  the  Jersey 
shore,  on  the  morning  of  the  15th  of  Jan.;  but  the  movement  was  observed  in  time  to  prepare 
for  defense.  Contrary  to  expectation,  the  passage  to  New  York  was  found  to  be  free  from  ice, 
and  during  the  day  the  British  were  reinforced  from  the  city.  Two  or  three  were  killed  on  eath 
side,  and  a  fe^v  prisoners  were  taken  by  the  Americans.  While  the  party  remained,  some  persons 
from  the  mainland  passed  over  and  plundered  several  of  the  inhabitants;  but  a  strict  search 
was  made  and  the  stolen  property  was  recovered  and  restored  to  its  owners."    On  the  11th  of 


1  The  county  house  consists  of  2  atone  bnildings,  each  2  sto- 
ries high.  The  Senate  Com.,  in  their  report  of  1S57,  say  that 
it  is  *'  without  ventilation  and  without  any  provisions  for  bath- 
ing ;  and  a  general  sur\ey  of  the  house,  with  its  tixtures,  as  you 
approach  it.  is  entirely  in  harmony  with  its  name."  The  average 
number  of  inmates  is  SO,  who  are  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of 
$1  each.    The  farm  yields  an  annual  revenue  of  $3000. 

3  In  1817,  efforts  were  made  by  Gov.  Tompkins  and  other  resi- 
dents to  establish  a  college  upon  the  island.  A  provisional 
charter  was  obtained  from  the  regents,  under  the  name  of 
^^Washinr/ton  Colkge,'*  and  a  subscription  of  $10,000  for  a  site 
and  $5,000  for  a  library  was  secured.  The  effort  failed;  and 
it  was  afterward  proposed  to  unite  the  institution  v\1th  Columbia 
College, — but  without  success.  An  act  was  passed,  April  IS.  1S38, 
incorporating  "  Richmond  Cbi/r^re"  upon  C4)ndition  that  $SO,000 
be  raised  within  2  years;  but  the  effort  failed. 

8  T/ie  R-U-}nnfmd  Kipuhlican  was  established  at  Tompkinsville 

in  1S2S  by  C.  N.  Baldwin,  and  continued  2  years. 

The  Rirhiii"»'f  Co.  Firi^  Press  was  started  at  Richmond  in  1833 

by  Wni,nniadom,andcontinued  3  years. 
Tlie  Staten  Islander  was  established  at  Stapleton,  as  a 
weekly  journal,  in  1840,  by  F.  L.  Hagadorn,  and  is  now 
published  semi-weekly. 
The  Deutsche  Staten  Mander  was  commenced  in  ISS.")  at  Staple- 
ton  by  August  Fries,  but  has  since  been  discon- 
tinued. 


Tlie  Richmond  Co.  Gazette,  established  Feb.  12, 1859 ; 
Gw).  M.  Kout,  editor :  W,  C.  Anderson,  M.D.,  proprietor. 
<  Oil.  N.  J.  Hist.  Soc..  1. 17;  Dunlaps  Hist.  N.  K,  I.,  48. 

6  N.  r.  Hist.  CM.,  I.  203. 

»  N.  r.  Com.  Oounca  Manual,  1867,  p.  544. 

7  Among  these  are  Guion,  Mersereau,  Dissosway,  Ryerss, 
Michean,  Fontaine,  Rezean,  Seguine,  Crocheron,  La  Tourrette,  &c. 

8  Oct.  4-10,  lti84,  to  Capt.  Wm.  Uill,  500  acres ;  Lt.  Uuniphrey 
Fox,  300 ;  Jas.  Coleman,  250 :  and  7  others,  each  •2<i<i,—Bj.t^nts, 
7.6-9,  t^'c.  Office;  Jacques  Bandovcn  and  Jacques  Guion  each 
received  200  acres  at  the  same  time. 

8  The  greater  part  of  the  lands  to  which  existing  titles  are 
traced  were  granted  under  Dongan's  administration.  The 
descendants  of  Gov.Dongan  were  living  upon  the  original  estate 
until  the  close  of  the  last  century.  Between  30  and  40  grants 
of  land  from  the  colonial  governors  are  upon  record  in  the  co. 
clerk's  office. 

10  About  150  British  prisoners  were  taken.  The  Americans 
lost  13  killed  and  136  in  prisoners,  and  the  whole  party  ran  a 
narrow  risk  of  capture.  Gen.  Sullivan's  conduct  was  subjected 
to  a  court  of  inquiry  by  order  of  Congress;  but  he  was  acquitted. 
A  particular  account  of  this  atfair  is  given  in  MarshaJVs  Life  of 
Washington,  III.  135.  See  also  Sparks's  Life  and  Writings  of 
WashitJittm,  V.  47,  and  Peabody^s  Life  of  .Sullivan,  65. 

11  Cbll.  N.  J.  Hist.  Soc,  n.  206;  Sparks's  Life  and  Writings  of 
Washington,  F/.  441^148. 


RICHMOND    COUNTY. 


565 


Sept.  1776,  a  conference  between  Lord  Wm.  Howe  and  a  committee  of  Congress  consisting  of 
Dr.  Franklin,  J.  Adams,  and  E.  Rutledge  was  held  at  the  house  of  Capt.  Billop,  opposite  Perth 
Amboy.^  No  events  of  special  interest  occurred  upon  the  island  during  the  late  war  with  Great 
Britain.  A  brigade  of  militia,  consisting  of  2000  men,  was  stationed  here,  and  remained  in 
camp  from  Aug.  to  Dec.  1814.  During  the  troubles  that  preceded  the  War  of  1812,  the  Legis- 
lature of  New  York  memorialized  Congress  for  the  erection  of  defensive  works  around  the  harbor 
of  New  York,  claiming  protection  against  the  arms  of  a  foreign  power  as  no  more  than  an  equi- 
table return  for  the  revenues  which  the  State  had  surrendered  to  the  General  Government  upon 
the  aduption  of  the  Constitution.^  Failing  in  this,  the  governor  was  directed  to  purchase  a 
tract,  not  to  exceed  25  acres,  at  the  Narrows ;'  and  upon  this  tract  fortifications  were  afterward 
erected.  The  amount  of  the  appropriation  made  by  the  State  for  the  defenses  upon  Staten 
Island  previous  to  1820  was  $154,105  46.  These  works  were  purchased  by  the  General  Govern- 
ment, pursuant  to  an  act  of  Congress  passed  Aug.  3,  1846,*  and  they  are  now  being  rebuilt  at  an 
immense  cost.  When  these  and  the  other  contemplated  works  along  the  approaches  to  New 
York  Harbor  are  completed,  the  city  will  be  among  the  best  fortified  in  the  world.^  A  quarantine 
was  established  by  the  State,  undei  an  act  passed  Feb.  25,  1799,  upon  the  n.  extremity  of  the 
island,  in  the  town  of  Castleton,  and  maintained  until  it  was  destroyed,  on  the  evenings  of  Sept, 
1  and  2,   1858,   by   the   people    encouraged  and  led  by  prominent  citizens.® 


CASTLETOjV — was  first  recognized  as  a  town  March  7,  1788.  It  lies  in  the  n.  part  of  the 
island,  and  is  the  smallest  but  most  populous  and  wealthy  town  in  the  eo.  The  surface  is  mostly 
hilly.  The  people  are  principally  engaged  in  manufacturing.  Factoryville  (North  Shore 
p.  0.)  is  a  populous  village  in  the  n.w.  part  of  the  town,  containing  extensive  dye  and  print 
works^  and  other  manufactories.     Elliottsville^  is  a  hamlet.     A  little  e.  of  this  place  is  the 


*  This  conference  terminated  without  any  practical  results. 
The  old  stone  house  in  which  it  was  held  is  still  standing.— 
Journal  Oing.,  Sept.  G-17, 1776;  Sparks^s  Wasfnngton,  7.198. 

2  Journal  of  Senate  and  Axsemhly^  March  27. 1807. 

*  Act  of  Feb.  3.1810.   The  erections  were  chiefly  made  in  1814. 

*  These  defenses  consisted  of  Fort  Richmond,  a  water  battery 
near  the  water's  edRe;  Fort  Tonipkine,  a  heavy  fortress  on  the 
heights  above,  aud  Batteries  Hudson  and  Morton.  The  last  was 
named  from  Gen.  Jacob  Morton,  of  the  N.  Y.  Artillery.  In  1811, 
the  removal  of  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy  to  this  island  was 
proposed,  and  the  governor  was  empowered  to  convey  to  the 
General  Government  the  jurisdiction  of  so  much  territory  as 
might  be  necessary  for  thia  purpose.  No  further  steps  toward 
its  removal  have  been  taken. 

6  Additional  laud  was  bought  in  1857  near  Fort  Tompkins, 
and  this  work  is  now  about  to  be  replaced  by  one  of  great 
strength,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  over  $500,000.  The  aggregate 
of  the  appropriations  made  by  the  General  Government  for  these 
Works  has  been  as  f^nows:  for  Fort  Richmond,  $375,000;  for 
Fort  Tompkins,  SlS^i.^OO;  for  Batteries  Hudson  and  Morton, 
$10,000.  A  new  fort  is  to  be  erected  upon  Sandy  Hook,  (N.  J.,) 
which  it  is  estimated  will  cost  $1,500,000.  $250,000  of  which  has 
been  appropriated.  For  an  account  of  Fort  Ilamilton  and  the 
fortification  of  the  inner  harbor,  see  pp. 373,419.  The  recent  de- 
feusive  works  aud  those  now  in  progress  were  chiefly  ordered 
upon  the  advice  of  Oen.Totten. 

*  In  1758  an  act  was  passed  to  prevent  the  spread  of  infectious 
diseases,  and  a  law  of  similar  import  was  enacted  May  4, 1VS4. 
By  the  act  of  May  4, 1794,  Governors  Island  was  assigned  as  a 
quarantine;  and  in  March,  1797,  a  lazaretto  was  directed  to  be 
built  upon  Bedloes  Island.  The  awful  visitation  of  yellow  fever 
in  1798  led  to  the  passage  of  an  act  (Feb.  25.  1799)  for  the  pur- 
chase of  30  acres  upon  Staten  Island  for  a  permanent  quaran- 
tine. Of  this  lot  6  acres  were  sold,  and  ceded  (April  1, 1800)  to 
the  U.  S.  for  warehouses.  The  first  buildings  erected  were  of 
matoriaLs  taken  from  the  Lazaretto  on  Bedloes  Island.  In  1819 
a  long  brick  building  was  erected;  in  1S23.  a  fever  hospital;  in 
18-8-29,  a  smallpox  hospital;  and  subsequently  other  build- 
ings as  the  wants  of  the  institution  required.  As  the  surround- 
ing counti-y  becajiie  tliickly  settled,  the  same  difficulty  arose  that 
led  to  the  removal  of  quarantine  from  the  vicinity  of  New  York, 
ftud  for  many  years  an  earnest  desire  had  existed  among  the 
citizens  of  this  island  for  its  removal.  Memorials  for  this  object 
Were  met  by  remonstrances  from  the  importers,  and  nothing  was 
accomplished.  In  1856  the  yellow  fevt-r  appeared,  and  709 cases 
occiu'red,  of  which  536  were  on  Stati-n  Island,  between  New 
Brighton  and  Clifton.  138  in  Fort  Hamilton  and  Hay  Ridge,  G4  on 
Governors  Island,  and  29  in  Brooklyn.  Of  those  upon  Staten 
Island  one-third  were  fatal.  This  alarming  event  convinced  the 
public  that  new  safi-guards  wore  necessary,  and  the  citizens  of 
this  CO.  renewed  their  demand  for  the  removal  of  the  quarantine. 
An  act  for  the  removal  of  the  "'  Quarantine  Station''  was  passed. 
March  6,  1857.  under  which  George  Hall,  Egbert  Benson,  and 
Obadiah  Bowne  were  appointed  commissioners  to  purchase  a 


new  site  and  erect  the  necessary  buildings.  The  sum  of  $150,000 
was  fixed  as  the  limit  of  expenditure  under  this  act.  After  iu- 
effectual  efforts  to  obtain  a  site  on  Sandy  Hook,  tlie  committee 
purchased  a  farm  of  50  acres,  late  the  property  of  Joel  Wolfe, 
situated  at  Seguines  Point,  in  Westfield.  The  sum  paid  was 
$23,000,  and  the  land  had  upon  it  farm  buildings  valued  at 
$15,000.  The  site  was  approved,  and  the  purchase  completed, 
May  1, 1857.  On  the  night  of  the  5th  of  May  all  the  buildings 
were  burned  to  the  ground  by  some  40  persons  without  dis- 
guise. Temporary  buildings  were  erected  on  the  site  in  June. 
An  attack  was  made  on  the  12th  of  July  by  a  f^w  armed  per- 
sons, and  several  shots  were  fired.  The  new  buildings,  con- 
sisting of  two  hospitals  and  a  cook  and  wash  house,  were  burned 
on  the  evening  of  April  20,1858,  and  no  eflbrt  was  made  to  re- 
build them,  or  to  bring  the  incendiaries  to  justice.  The  hostility 
against  the  old  establishment  continued  unabated,  aud  gained 
confidence  from  the  approval  of  many  of  the  leading  citizt-ns, 
some  of  whom  declared  their  willingness  to  unite  openly,  by 
daylight  and  without  disguise,  to  destroy  the  premises  that  tliey 
deemed  an  insufferable  nuisance.  In  the  summer  of  1856  a 
barricade  had  been  erected,  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Health  of 
Castleton,  to  prevent  communication  with  the  premises.  This 
was  taken  down  by  a  party  of  men  from  the  city  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Health  Oflico.  Theoccurrenceof  a  few  cases  of  yellow 
fever  outside  the  walls  in  Aug.  1858.  Ifd  to  the  passage  of  a  serifS 
of  resolutions  by  the  town  Board  of  Health,  declaring  the  whole 
quarantine  establishment  a  nuisance  too  intolerable  to  be  borne 
any  longer,  and  recommending  the  citizens  of  the  co.  to  protect 
themselves  by  abating  it  without  delay.  Copies  of  these  reso- 
lutions were  posted  up  in  the  village  on  the  1st  of  Sept.,  and  on 
the  evening  of  the  same  day  the  walls  were  broken  down  aud 
the  gates  buret  open  by  the  excited  populace,  the  sick  carried 
out  upon  their  mattresses,  the  family  of  the  resident  physician 
hurried  from  their  dwelling,  and  every  building  except  the 
women's  hospital  was  burned.  On  the  following  evening  they 
destroyed  the  last  building  upon  the  premises.  The  U.  S.  stores 
were  saved  by  a  party  of  marines  stationed  for  the  purpose.  Uu 
the  7th  the  governor  issued  a  proclamation  declaring  theco.  in  a 
state  of  insurrection.  Temporary  quarantine  accommodations 
were  soon  after  erected  under  the  protection  of  a  detachment  uf 
the  State  militia,  who  were  detained  in  the  service  till  the  close 
of  the  year.  The  expenses  attending  this  iluty  were  assumed 
and  p:tid  by  Governor  King,  and  reimbursed  by  a  special  appro 
priatinn  soon  after.  The  necessity  for  a  permanent  removal  of 
quarantine  from  Staten  Island  has  been  conceded  by  nmst  per- 
sons who  have  given  the  subject  an  iuvestigtttion ;  and  the  prac- 
ticability of  constructing  an  artifif-ial  island  upon  one  of  the 
shoals  in  the  lower  bay  ha.HK'en  rertitied  by  competent  engineers. 
The  governor,  in  liis  message  of  1S59.  recommended  thi-appoiutK 
ment  of  a  new  commission  to  investigate  this  difficult  but  highly 
important  subject  and  report  to  the  h-gislature. 

'  The  N.Y.  Dyeing  and   I'rinting  Works  were  establislied  in 
1819.    They  employ  from  2t>0  to  2i>0  persons. 

8  yarned  from  Dr.  Samuel  M.  Elliott,  oculist. 


5GC 


RICHMOND    COUNTY. 


Sailors*  Snug  Harbor,  an  institution  established  for  the  support  of  aged  and  infirm  mariners.* 
An  institution  for  the  support  and  education  of  the  destitute  children  of  seamen  is  situated  near 
the  Sailors' Snug  Harbor.^  Kcw  Brig'liton  (p.  v.)  contains  5  churches,  several  manufac- 
tories,' 2  large  family  boarding  houses,  and  the  residences  of  many  persons  doing  business  in 
New  York  City.  Touipkinsvillc*  (p.  v.)  contains  4  churches  and  a  number  of  manufactories. 
In  this  village  are  numerous  suburban  residences  ;  and  near  by  was  the  Quarantine.  Center- 
Tilie  is  a  hamlet.     The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.^ 

IVORTIIFIELiD— was  formed  March  7,  1788.  It  is  situated  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  co. 
and  includes  several  small  islands  in  Staten  Island  Sound  and  Newark  Bay.  Its  surface  is  level 
in  the  northern  and  central  parts  and  hilly  in  the  southern.  Fresh  Kils  form  the  boundary 
between  this  town  and  Westfield.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  loam,  under  excellent  cultivation.  Along 
the  w.  and  s.  borders  are  extensive  salt  marshes.  The  town  is  very  thickly  settled  along  the 
shore  of  Newark  Bay  and  the  Kil  Van  Kull.  Port  Riehiuoud^  (p- ^-O  iii  the  n.  e.  part  of 
the  town,  is  a  large  manufacturing  village,*  with  convenient  docks  fur  shipping.  Pop.  1,429. 
Oraniteville,  adjacent  to  Port  Kichmond,  is  a  small  settlement,  with  a  pop.  of  481.  Granite 
was  formerly  extensively  quarried  at  this  place.'  Mairliiers  Harbor®  (p.  v.)  is  a  thickly 
settled  street  along  the  shore  of  Newark  Bay.  Pop.  1,142.  Old  Place  and  JVew  Spriiig- 
YiUe  (p.  0.)  are  hamlets.  Clielsea  is  a  small  village  nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Kahway 
River.  Soiitlilield  and  Elollins  SlOOk  are  hamlets,  and  LiOn^  IVecK  is  a  p.  o.  near  Fresh 
Kil.  A  part  of  Riclnniond  and  of  Egbertsville^  are  in  this  tuwn.  St.  Andrew's  Church, 
(Prot.  E.,)  at  Richmond,  is  the  oldest  on  the  island,  and  under  the  Colonial  Government  it  was 
•  supported  by  a  co.  tax.*°     The  census  reports  11  churches  in  town." 

SOUTHFIEIjO — was  formed  March  7,  1788.  It  is  a  long,  narrow  town  extending  along 
New  York  Bay.  Great  Kils  is  a  bay  in  the  s.  part.^^  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating, 
terminating  in  bluffs  upon  the  e.  shore.  In  the  s.  part  are  several  small  streams  bordered  by 
salt  meadows.  Stapleton  (p.  v.)  is  a  scattered  village  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town.  It  con- 
tains 4  churches.  The  Seamen's  Retreat^^  and  the  Mariners*  Family  Asylum^^  are  located  here. 
Clifton  contains  2  churches  and  many  beautiful  residences.     RlcliIUOild  (p.  v.)  is  situated 


1  Tliia  establishment  was  founded  by  Robert  Richard  Randall, 
of  New  York.  By  the  provisioQs  of  his  will,  dated  June  1, 1801, 
several  annuities  and  legacies  were  to  be  paid,  and  the  residue 
of  his  estate  conveyed  in  trust  to  the  State  Chancellor,  the 
Mayor  and  Recorder  of  New  York,  the  senior  minister  of  the 
Episcopal  and  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  the  city,  the 
President  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the  President  and 
Vice-President  of  the  Marine  Society,  and  their  successors,  for 
the  support  of  aged  and  infirm  sailors.  The  trustees  were  incorp. 
Feb.  6,  1806.  The  property  thus  bequeathed  lay  near  Union 
Square,  in  New  York,  and  a  protracted  and  expensive  lawsuit 
prevented  the  trustees  from  fully  executing  the  intentions  of 
the  benefactor  until  many  years  after  bis  death.  This  suit 
was  decided  in  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  in  Feb.  1830.  in  favor 
of  the  trustees.  It  was  allowed  to  accumulate  until  1830. 
when  the  present  site  (embracing  1G3  acres)  was  purchased,  and 
preparations  were  made  for  the  erection  of  the  necessary  build- 
ings. The  cornerstone  of  the  edifice  was  laid  Oct.  21,1831.  The 
buildings  consist  of  a  main  edifice  with  two  wing.«,  a  hospital, 
(erected  in  1853.)  a  commodious  dining  and  lodging  hall,  (erected 
in  1855.)  a  chapel,  (erected  in  1856,)  the  governor,  physician, 
cliaplain,  and  steward's  dwellings,  a  laundry,  a  gardener's  house, 
and  other  buildings.  The  remains  of  the  founder  of  the  insti- 
tution were  interred  beneath  a  monument  in  front  of  the  main 
building,  Aug.  31,  1834.  The  officers  of  the  establishment  con- 
sist of  a  president,  secretary,  governor,  treasurer,  chaplain,  phy- 
sician, assistant  governor,  steward,  and  agent,  chosen  annually 
by  the  trustees.  Capt.  John  Whetten  was  the  first  governor,  and 
Bincel845  Capt.  De  Peyster  has  held  that  ofiice.  The  total  number 
of  inmates  received  since  1845  has  been  477;  the  present  num- 
ber (Aug.  1858)  is  380.  Among  the  inmates  the  average  number 
of  deaths  is  25  per  annum.  The  annual  Income  of  the  institu- 
tion is  $75,000. 

s  "  The  Society  for  the  ReJufofDfatituUi  Children  of  Seamen" 
was  formed  in  1846  and  incoip.  1S51.  An  annual  payment  of 
$2  constitutes  a  member,  and  a  single  payment  of  $25,  alife  mem- 
ber. It  is  managed  and  chiefly  supported  by  ladies.  The  yearly 
expenditures  are  about  $7,000. 

8  A  Bilk  handkerchief  printing  establishment,  started  hero  in 
1843,  gives  employment  to  about  150  persons. 

*  Named  from  Gov.  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  who  resided  herefrom 
1814  till  his  death  in  1825. 

6  2  Prot.  E.,  Hap.,  Moravian,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  R.  C,  and  Unit. 
6  The  Damascus  Steel  Co.  employs  50  to  60  hands  in  the  manu- 
fjicture  of  iron  from  the  ore.  and  of  steel  from  iron.  At  this 
place  are  several  large  brickkilns.  The  Northfieki  Brick  Co. 
empl:»y  about  30  hands,  and  the  Richmond  Co.  about  45.  White 
Ifjid  is  also  manufactured  to  some  extent. 


'  The  granite  obtained  at  this  place  is  very  tough,  and  consiats 
of  hornblende  and  feldspar  intimately  blended.  It  was  quarried 
by  the  Brick  and  Granite  Co.,  (organized  in  May,  1848,)  and  was 
largely  used  in  making  the  Russ  pavement  of  New  York  City.  A 
R.R.  has  been  built  from  the  quarry  to  the  duck.  1  mi.  distant. 

B  Steamboats  of  N.  J.  C.  R.  R.  Co.  between  Elizabethport  and  N.Y. 
Btop  here  daily.        ^  Named  from  Jas.  Egberts,  a  former  resident. 

iwElias  Duxbury.by  will  in  1768,  devised  a  certain  phintatlon 
as  a  glebe  to  this  church.  By  the  act  of  Feb.  18,  1814,  the  trus- 
tees were  authorized  to  sell  this,  and  the  proceeds  were  invested 
for  the  benefit  of  the  church.  A  large  amount  of  valuable  real 
estate  ai^oiuing  the  Quarantine  Ferry  is  owned  by  this  society, 
and  is  leased  for  a  term  of  60  years. 

"3  Rap.,  2  M.  E.,  Evang.  Lutb.,  Cong.,  Weth.,  Prot.  E.,  ReC 
Prot.  D.,  and  R.  C. 

12  The  waters  of  the  bay  s.  of  this  town  were  selected  for  the 
anchorage  of  infected  vessels  by  the  commissioners  for  the  re- 
moval of  the  quarantine,  June  9, 1^57. 

13  In  March,  1801,  a  tax  was  imposed  upon  seamen  and  pas- 
sengers entering  the  port  of  New  York,  tbe  proceeds  of  which 
were  applied  to  the  Quarantine  Hospital.  But  the  injustice  of 
devoting  a  revenue  derived  from  the  hard  earnings  of  seamen  to 
objects  having  no  connection  with  their  interests  or  support  led 
to  the  passage  of  a  law  in  1S31,  by  which  this  tax  was  directed 
to  be  paid  to  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Seamen's  Fund  and 
Retreat  in  the  city  of  New  York.  A  surplus  that  had  been  paid 
into  the  State  treasury,  amounting  to  $12,197  68,  was  also  placed 
in  tlie  hands  of  the  trustees.  A  tract  of  40  acres  was  bought  for 
$10,000,  temporary  buildings  were  erected,  and,  on  the  1st  of  Oct. 
1831,  47  patients  were  admitted.  The  cornerstone  of  the  present 
structure  was  laid  July  4, 1S35,  and  the  building  was  finished  in 
1837.  It  is  built  of  hammered  stone,  is  3  stories  high,  and  will 
accommodate  200  inmates.  An  insane  hospital,  houses  for  the 
superintendent  and  physicians,  and  other  buildings,  have  been 
erected.  The  cost  of  the  main  building  was  $90,000,  of  tbe 
insane  hospital  $6,000,  and  the  total  cost  has  been  $115,000. 
Up  to  Jan.  1,  1854,  16,764  patients  had  been  rectiveJ,  of  whom 
6S0  had  died.  By  an  act  passed  April  7, 1854,  the  mayor  and 
health  ofScer  of  New  York,  the  presidents  of  the  Seamen's  Sav- 
ings Bank  and  the  Marine  Society,  and  7  other  persons,  (4  of 
whom  must  be  masters  of  vessels,  appointed  by  the  governor  and 
Senate.)  were  constituted  trustees  of  the  establishment.  The 
trustees  must  be  residents  of  New  York,  Kings,  Queens,  or  Rich- 
mond C-os. 

14  By  an  act  passed  in  1847,  the  trustees  of  the  Seamen's  Re- 
treat were  directed  to  provide  for  the  support  of  destitute  sick 
or  infirm  mothers,  wives,  sisters,  daughters,  and  widows  of  sea- 
men, and  $10,000  was  applied  for  the  erection  of  suitable  build- 


RICHMOND    COUNTY. 


567 


on  a  creek  tributary  to  the  Fresh  Kils,  on  the  line  of  Northfield.  It  ia  the  co.  seat,  and  contains 
the  CO.  buildings,  1  church,  and  about  50  houses.  Bay  View  is  a  p.  o.,  and  Egbertt'ille 
(New  Dorp  p.  o.)  is  a  small  village.     The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.' 

WESTFIEEiD — was  formed  March  7,  1788.  It  occupies  the  s.w.  extremity  of  the  island. 
and  is  the  largest  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  generally  level  or  gently  undulating.  Princes 
Bay  is  an  indentation  upon  the  s.  coast,  to  the  E.  of  wliich  is  Seguines  Point.^  Fresh  Kils  forms 
the  boundary  between  this  town  and  Northfield.  Material  for  fire  brick  is  found  in  abundance 
near  Staten  Island  Sound,  and  considerable  quantities  of  it  have  been  taken  to  New  York  for 
manufacture.  Upon  the  coast,  near  the  w.  extremity  of  Princes  Bay,  is  a  lighthouse.'  The  people 
of  this  town  are  principally  engaged  in  fishing  and  taking  oysters.  A  limited  amount  of  manu- 
factures is  carried  on.*  Tottenville^  (Bentley  p.o.)  is  situated  on  Staten  Island  Sound,  op- 
posite Peith  Amboy.  Pop.  600.  Rreisclierville,*(p.  v.,)  on  Staten  Island  Sound,  contains) 
a  large  firebrick  manufactory,  and  1  church.  Pop.  about  400.  In  the  vicinity  are  large  beds  of 
fire  chxy,  paper  clay,  fire  sand,  and  kaolin.  Rossville'  (p.  v.)  has  a  population  of  300.  The 
inhabitants  are  chiefly  engaged,  directly  or  indirectly,  in  the  oyster  trade.  L.enion  Creek 
(p.o.)  is  a  hamlet,  known  as  "Pleasant  Plains,"  and  Klarsliland  is  a  p.  o.  Blooming 
View*  and  Wood  Row  are  small  villages.  Ricliiuoiid  Valley  (p.  o.)  is  a  humlet,  and 
Soutbside  a  p.  o.     The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town." 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schoois,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manxifactures,  of  Richmond  County. 


N1HE3  OP  Towns. 

AOBES  OF  LiKB.  1 

Valuation  op  1868.           1 

POPULATIOIf.   1 

1 
1 

.5 

Schools.    | 

1 

iS 

1 

1 

$3,030,090 

1,259,095 

1,830,833 

824,800 

$3 

1 

1 

1 
1,447 

939 
1,003 

607 

1 

1 

5 

3 
4 
7 

Caatleton 

Northfield 

Southfield 

Westfleld 

1,359 
3.776i 
2,762 
7,185} 

862} 
2,932 
1,483 
2,325 

25,000 
76,000 
17,500 
76,000 

$3,356,090 

1,334,095 

1,848,333 

899,800 

4,103 
2,064 
2,654 
1,749 

4,150 
2,123 
2,795 
1.752 

1,164 
696 
759 
611 

623 
618 
473 
473 

2,638 
1,790 
2,409 
1,296 

Total 

16,0721 

7,0021 

$6,944,818 

$492,600  1 

$7,437,318 

10.569 

10,820 

3,220 

4,066 

2.087 

t4 

8,133 

Names  of  Towns. 

Live  Stook. 

AORICDLTORAL  PR0BUCT3. 

Ill 

i 

■Sag; 

i 

2 

25 
30 

J 

Btraa.  or  GaAiN. 

1 

652 
1,501 
1,586 
3,293 
7,032 

Il 
si 

BJft, 

4.077 
8,471 
2,972 
6,219 

II 
28 

Daisy  PBODUcra. 

S 

ti 

6.64r 

i       16,366i 

12,910 

27;215J 

S  3 

■5    c 
a,    S 

Castleton 

Northfield 

Southfield. 

Westfield 

101 
229 
135 
380 

137 
230 
267 
427 

132 
399 
212 
«6 

1S3 
396 
291 
856 

1,019 
3,193 
4,970 
5,284] 
14,467 

2.695 

12,525 

8,945 

800 

Total 

846 

1,061 

1,189 

57 

1,7- 

6 

-       62,132} 

21,739 

28 

24,365 

ings.  An  asaociation  of  ladies,  styled  "  Tht  Mariners^  Family 
Industrial  .S^xriXy,"  was  incorp.  April  9,  1S49,  having  for  its 
object  the  relief  of  the  destitute  familiea  of  seamoo.  The  build- 
ing was  completed  in  Dec.  lSo3,  opened  in  May,  1855.  and  dedi- 
cated June  9  of  the  eame  year.  By  an  act  passed  March  17, 1851. 
a  board  of  trustees  was  created  for  its  management :  this  board 
consists  of  certain  ex-officio  members  and  the  Board  of  Counsel- 
lors of  the  M.  F.  I.  Soc.  Ten  per  cent,  of  the  receipts  by  the 
Trustees  of  the  Seamen's  Fund  and  lietreat  was  applied  to  this 
©etablishmont  by  a  law  passed  April  1*2, 1854. 

1  2  Prot.  E.,  2  Rof.  Prot.  D..  and  1  R.C. 

s  Pronounced  Se-gnine.  This  point  was  purchased  by  the 
State  as  a  site  for  the  quarantine.    See  page  565. 


8  Built  in  1828. 

*  The  Staten  Island  Oil  Co.  was  organized  in  July,  1853,  and 
incorp.  as  the'"  5M(«n  Lland  OilamlCaiidle  Ok"  iu  Feb.  1857;  30 
to  40  hands  are  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  adaniantino 
candles  and  red  oil  from  palm  oil  and  animal  fats.  On  the 
Fresh  Kils  is  a  manufactory  of  firo  brick,  and  near  Ilossville  a 
manufactory  of  bone  black. 

6  Named  from  B.  Krei.sclier. 

6  Named  from  the  Totten  family,  the  members  of  wliich  ar 
numerous  in  the  locality. 

'  Named  from  William  E.  Ross. 

8  The  ''■Hu{]ii^n<'i  InstititU^-  was  formerly  located  at  this  place. 

»  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Af.  Meth.,  Prot.  E.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and  R.  C. 


ROCKLAND   COUNTY. 


rt-S^^QT^Ct^w  This  couuty  was  formed  from  Orange,  Feb.  23,  1798.     It  is  tri- 

angular in  form,  Hudson  River,  New  Jersey  line,  and  the  s.  bounds 
of  Orange  co.  being  respectively  its  E.,  s.  w.,  and  n.  w.  boundaries. 
It  is  centrally  distant  105  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  208  sq. 
mi.  The  Kamapo  Mts.,  extending  along  the  N.  w.  border,  are  the 
I  connecting  link  between  the  Blue  Ridge  of  Eastern  Penn.  and  N.  J. 
(and  the  Matteawan  Mts.  of  Putnam  co.,  E.  of  the  Hudson.  They 
are  separated  into  numerous  distinct  spurs,  ridges,  and  peaks,  and 
occupy  more  than  one-third  of  the  entire  surface  of  the  co.  Tliey 
are  generally  steep,  rocky,  and  barren,  and  the  valleys  between 
them  are  narrow,  rocky  ravines.  The  Palisade  Range  from  N.  J. 
enters  the  extreme  s.  angle  of  the  co.,  and  terminates  abruptly  s. 
of  Piermont.  A  broken  ridge,  known  as  the  Nyack  Hills,  forming  a  N.  spur  of  this  range,  but 
Trithout  its  continuous  and  wall  like  character,  extends  N.  along  the  river  to  the  N.  part  of  Clarks- 
town,  where  it  unites  with  Verdrieteges  Hook,  an  e.  spur  of  the  Ramapo  Range.  The  surface 
of  the  central  and  s.  w.  portions  of  the  CO.,  lying  between  these  ranges,  is  rolling  or  moderately 
hilly.  The  highest  summits  in  the  N.  w.  part  are  700  to  1,000  feet  above  tide.  The  principal 
streams  are  Hackensack  River,  flowing  s.  through  Clarkstown  and  Orangetown,  Ramapo  River,  in 
the  w.  angle  of  Ramapo,  and  Minisceongo  Creek,  Minas  Fall  Creek,  and  Spar  Kil,  tributaries 
of  the  Hudson.  The  rocks  of  the  Ramapo  Mts.  are  principally  primitive.  Granite,  gneiss,  and 
metamorphio  limestone  abound.  The  hills  along  the  river  and  Verdrieteges  Hook  are  composed 
of  red  sandstone,  known  to  geologists  as  the  New  Red  Sandstone ;  and  the  central  and  w.  portions 
of  the  CO.  are  principally  underlaid  by  limestone.  These  rocks  yield  an  abundance  of  most 
excellent  building  material,'  and  from  the  white  limestone  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  co.  large 
quantities  of  lime  are  manufactured.^  Trap  rock  extends  from  N.  J.  into  the  s.  border  of  the  co. 
The  people  are  largely  engaged  in  fruit  growing  and  gardening.  Milk  is  sent  from  some  parts 
of  the  CO.  in  considerable  quantities  to  the  New  York  market.  The  manufacture  of  lime  and  Ijrick 
and  the  exportation  of  ice  are  important  branches  of  the  industry  of  the  co.  Large  quantities  of 
red  sandstone  for  building  are  annually  quarried  and  exported.  The  manufactures  of  the  co.  are 
also  important  and  various,  consisting  principally  of  shoes,  wooden  ware,  and  woolen  yarn. 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  New  City,  in  Clarkstown.  A  combined  courthouse  and 
jail,  built  of  brick,  is  situated  upon  a  beautiful  eminence  overlooking  the  village.'  The  clerk's 
office  is  a  fireproof  brick  building  adjacent  to  the  courthouse.  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a 
farm  of  43  acres  at  Mechanics^alle,  in  Ramapo,  7  mi.  w.  of  the  courthouse.  The  average  number 
of  inmates  is  100,  supported  at  a  weekly  expense  of  75  cts.  each.  The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of 
$700.  A  school  is  taught  during  the  entire  year,  and  the  house  is  well  kept.  The  N.  Y.  &  Erie 
R.R.  extends  through  the  w.  part  of  Ramapo,  and  the  Piermont  Branch  of  the  same  road  extends 
from  Piermont,  on  the  Hudson,  to  Sufferns,  where  it  unites  with  the  main  track.* 
Two  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.* 

This  CO.  was  included  in  patents  known  as  the  Kakiate  Patent,  granted  to  Daniel  Honan  and 
Michael  Hawdon,  June  25,  1696;  the  Wawayanda  Patent,  granted  to  John  Bridges,  April  29, 
1703 ;  and  the  Cheesecocks  Patent,  granted  to  Ann  Bridges  and  others,  March  25,  1707.  The  fi/st 
patent  recorded  in  the  co.  clerk's  office  is  one  granted  to  Samuel  BayariJ,  bearing  date  Sept.  t6, 


1  See  page  570. 

-  Tliis  lime  is  need  exclueively  for  agricultoral  purposes. — See 
page  569. 

8  The  first  courthouse  after  the  erection  of  the  co.  was  built  in 
1798-99.  The  present  house  was  erected  in  1S27.  and  the  jail 
was  added  in  1856.  The  whole  cost  was  about  $16,000.  The 
first  CO.  officers  were  John  Suffem,  First.  Judgt ;  David  Pje,  Co. 
Clerk;  Jacob  Wood,  Sheriff;  Peter  Talman,  Surrngate. 

*  A  R.  R.  extends  8.  from  Piermont  to  .Jersey  City.     It  was 

finished  in  1859,  and  is  intended  to  continue  N.  to  Warren. 

6  Th£  Palladium  was  started  at  Warren,  about  1812,  by  Ez6- 

kiel  Burroughs,  and  was  continued  a  short  time. 

The  Rockland  Regisltr  was  commenced  at  Warren,  in  1828,  by 

Ezekiel  ijurroughs ;  in  1830  it  was  changed  to 
The  EockUnd  Gazette,  and  in  1834  it  was  united  with  The  Ad- 
vertiser. 
568 


The  Rockland  Advertiser  was  started  at  Warren,  in  3Iay,  1.W3, 

by  John  Douglas ;  and  in  1834  it  was  united  with  The 

Gazette,  under  the  name  of 
The  Rockland  Advertiser  and  Family  Gazette ;  and  in  1843  it 

was  pul)lished  as 
The  Rockland  News  and  General  Advertiser,  by  .Tohn  L.  Burtis. 
The  Aorth  River  Times  was  started  at  Warren,  in  1834,  by 

Alexander  II.  Wells,  and  was  continued  a  short  time. 
The  Mirre>r  was  pulilished  at  Warren  a  short  time  in  1838. 
Tlie  Rodcland  County  messenger  was  established 

at  Warren,  iu  May.  1K4I>.  by  Kobert  Marshall;  in  1852 

it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Robert  Smith,  by  whom  it 

is  still  continued. 
The  Rocklnnd  County  Journal  was  commenced  in 

July.  l.'>50.  at  Nyack,  by  \Vm.  G.  Haeselbarth,  and  is 

still  continued  by  him. 


EOCKLAND    COUNTY. 


5G9 


1703.^  The  old  courthouse,  built  about  1739  for  that  part  of  Orange  co.  s.  of  the  mountains,  was  at 
Tappantown,  opposite  the  old  Ref.  Prot.  D.  church,  and  was  burued  before  the  Revolution.  The 
first  settlers  were  Dutch,  who  located  in  the  s.  e.  part  of  the  co.  from  1690  to  1710.^ 


CIjARRSTOWIV — was  formed  from  Haverstraw,  March  18,  170L  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson, 
and  is  the  central  town  upon  the  E.  border  of  the  co.  Verdrietcges  Hook,  a  rocky  ridge  500  to  800 
feet  above  tide,  extends  along  the  n.  line,  and  the  Nyack  Range  occupies  a  considerable  portion  to 
the  s.  E.  corner.  The  remaining  parts  of  the  town,  comprising  four-fifths  of  its  surface,  are  rolling 
or  moderately  hilly.  Hackensack  River  flows  s.  through  near  the  center,  and  a  narrow  swamp 
extends  along  tlie  greater  part  of  its  course.  Rockland  Lake,  about  1  mi.  from  the  Hudson,  is  a 
fine  sheet  of  pure  water,  3  mi.  in  circumference  and  160  feet  above  the  river.  The  soil  is  a  reddish, 
sandy  loam  underlaid  by  clay.  Considerable  attention  is  given  to  fruit  growing.  Rockland 
I^ake,^  (p*^->)  i^  *^^^  e-  part  of  the  town,  and  extending  from  the  lake  to  the  river,  contains  a 
church,  a  foundery  and  machine  shop,  and  a  ship  yard.  Pop.  4'.\0.  An  extensive  business  is 
carried  on  at  this  place  in  preserving  and  exporting  ice.*  IVew  City,  (Clarkstown  p.  o.,)  the 
CO.  seat,  a  little  n.  w.  of  the  center,  contains  the  co.  buildings,  a  c-hurch,  and  28  dwellings. 
Nanuet,  (P-'^-O  formerly  "Clarksfotvn  Station,^*  a  station  upon  the  Piermont  Branch  of  the  Erie 
R.  R.,  in  the  s.  w.  part,  contains  1  church  and  20  dwellings.  Clarksville,  (Nyack  Turnpike 
p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains  a  church  and  18  dwellings.  ]>utcli  Factory,  a  hamlet  in  the  w, 
part,  contains  a  cotton  factory  and  2  woolen  yarn  factories.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by 
the  Dutch,  at  an  early  period.     The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot,  D.)  was  formed  near  Clarksville.^ 

HAVERSTRAW^— was  formed  March  7,  1788.*^  Clarkstown  and  Ramapo  were  taken 
off  in  1791.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  n-  angle  of  the  co.  Nearly  the  entire  surface  is 
hilly  and  mountainous.  The  Ramapo  or  Blue  Mts.,  extending  through  the  n.  w.  part,  are  divided 
into  numerous  pr*^cipitous  and  rocky  peaks,  and  spurs  from  the  principal  range  extend  to  the  banks 
of  the  Hudson.^  A^'erdrieteges  Hook,  a  long,  rocky  ridge,  forms  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
N.  border.  The  iS.  e.  portion  is  moderately  hilly.  The  valleys  separating  these  mountains  are 
mostly  narrow,  rocky  ravines.  Stony  Point  is  a  small  rocky  peninsula  on  the  river,  near  the  center 
of  the  E.  border  of  the  town.'  The  principal  streams  are  Minisceongo  and  Cedar  Pond  Creeks, 
flowing  into  the  Hudson,  and  Stony  Brook,  a  tributary  of  Ramapo  River,  a  branch  of  tlie  Passaic. 
The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam  underlaid  by  clay.  Extensive  beds  of  a  fine  quality  of  clay  border  ujjon 
the  river  above  Warren,  and  from  them  are  annually  manufactured  150,000,000  of  bricks,  giving 
employment  to  over  1,000  men.  Limestone  crops  out  near  Tompkins  Cove,  from  which  large 
quantities  of  Ume  are  manufactured.  A  gas  spring  is  found  2  J  mi.  s.  of  Stony  Point.^*'  "Warren," 
(Haverstraw  p.  o.,)  situated  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  s.  e.  angle  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  in  1854. 


1  This  tract  is  described  as  follows: — "A  certain  tract  of  va- 
cant land  within  our  county  of  Oninge  called  by  the  Indians 
■Whorinima,Peruck,  Qemakio,andNanashunck,and  is  in  several 
small  pieces;  and  also  another  parcel  of  land,  befjinninf;  at  the 
sonth  bonnds  of  lands  lately  granted  to  Daniel  Honan  and 
Michael  Hawdon,  beinR  a  small  creek  that  runs  into  Pemaree's 
Creek  to  the  southward  of  ^'ana9hunck,  and  runs  from  thence 
by  Demaree's  said  creek  aa  it  runs  southerly  to  the  lyne  parting 
oiir  said  Province  from  the  Jerseys;  and  soe  by  the  said  parting 
line  westward  to  a  small  river  called  Saddle  River,  thence  by  the 
said  river  northward  until  an  east  line  doe  run  to  the  southwest 
corner  of  the  said  Honaus  and  Hawdons  land,  containing  by 
estimation  two  thousand  acres  of  improvable  land.  &c.  Ac." 

Another  deed  on  record  commences,  "  To  all  X  Tian  People," 
(Christian  People.)  .lohannes  Mynne,  of  Haverstraw.  &c.  &c.  to 
Albert  Mynne,  of  Haverstraw,  &c.  Ac,  and  dated  1694. 

Witness,  Thomas  Luirons,  Frans  Wessel,  and  Peter  Jacobus 
Uaiirius. 

2  Among  these  early  settlers  were  Capt.  Cornelius  Cuyper, 
Oapt.  Cornelius  Harring,  Johannes  Meyer,  Qerhardus  Clowes, 
Derrick  Straat,  Jacobus  Swartwout,  Jonathan  Koss,  Thomas 
Pulling,  John  Gaile,  Cornelius  Smith.  Jacob  King,  William  Kur- 
track,  John  Ellison.  Rinear  Kieerike,  Co!.  Vincent  Matthews, 
Hendrick  Ten  Eyck,  Gnylbert  Crom,  Minard  Hogon  Kamp, 
Garrit  Sneideker,  Daniel  Denton,  Petress  Decker,  Jonathan  Sea- 
mons,  Thos.  Maybee,  Daniel  De  Clark,  William  Wyant,  Evert 
Hombeck,  John  Van  Fliet,  Johannes  Blauvelt.  NicliobisOmcklin, 
Lambert  Auriancey,  Tenuis  Van  Houten,  and  Tennis  Talmao. 

3  The  landing  at  this  village  is  sometimes  called  Slaughters 
Landing. 

•  200,000  tons  of  ice  are  annually  exported.  The  business 
fnvm  employment  to  1000  men  during  the  season  of  securing 
tbe  ic«,  and  to  about  100  men  continually. 

s  There  are  4  churches  in  town;  2  M.E.,  Eef.  Prot.  D.,  and 
Sp-ceders. 

*  Sifiuiiyliig  Oat  Straw.    The  name  is  said  to  be  derived  from 


the  quantities  of  wild  oats  growing  on  the  borders  of  the  river 
when  the  town  was  first  settled. 

'  The  date  of  formation  as  a  precinct  was  not  ascertained. 
Tlieir  distance  from  Tappan  occasioned  an  act,  June  24, 1719, 
allowing  the  inhabitants  to  elect  a  supervisor,  a  collector,  2 
assessors,  a  constable,  and  2  overseers  of  highways,  on  the  Ist 
Tuesday  of  April  annually. 

8  The  principal  of  these  peaks  are  the  Dunderbergh  and  West 
Mts.,  in  the  n.e.;  Buclian,  Barrack,  Buison.  Pine,  and  Collaberg 
Hills,  near  the  center;  Rock  House  Hill,  Blackmine  Ridge,  and 
Horsepond  Mts.,  in  thew.;  and  Hasha  Hill  and  Cheese  Coats 
Hill  in  tbe  s. 

8  During  the  Revolution.  Stony  Point  and  Verplancks  Point,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  Hudson,  were  strongly  fortified,  the  two 
fortresses  commanding  the  channel  and  Kings  Ferry,  the  prin- 
cipal route  between  New  England  and  the  South.  On  the  Ist 
of  June.  1779,  Gen.  Vaughn,  at  the  head  of  a  considerable  British 
force,  made  an  attack  upon  these  pbices  and  captured  both. 
Tbe  garrison  at  Fort  La  Fayette,  on  Verplancks  Point,  consisting 
of  70  men,  were  taken  prisoners;  and  that  at  Stony  Point,  con- 
sisting of  40  men.  evacuated  the  place  on  the  approach  of  tho 
British.  Gen.  Clinton  immediately  ordered  tlie  works  strejigth- 
ened.  and  prepared  for  permanent  occupation.  Stony  Point  was 
surrounded  on  3  sid'/s  by  water,  and  on  the  fourth  by  a  marsh 
covered  at  high  tide,  and  crossed  by  a  narrow  causeway.  On 
the  night  of  July  10,  1779,  this  place  was  stormed  and  taken  by 
an  American  force  under  Gen.  Wayne.  Thfc  lossof  the  Americana 
was  15  killed  and  h.'J  wounded,  and  of  tho  British,  G3  killed  and 
54.3  prisoners.  This  action  was  one  of  the  most  daring  and  bril* 
liant  that  occurred  during  tbe  war.  A  light  was  erected  on  the 
site  of  the  fort  in  1826. 

10  Geol.  ^st  Dist.p.  107. 

n  Loailly  known  as  Haverstraw.  Tlie  large  rollinc  mill  of 
tho  Sampson  Iron  Co,,  \\  mi.  w.  of  this  jjlace,  usually  euiployinj; 
100  to  150  hands,  has  suspouded  operatiooa.    . 


570 


ROCKLAND    COUNTY. 


It  contains  5  churches,  a  newspaper  office,  academy,*  paper  mill,  ship  yard,  foundery,  and  a  silk 
manufactory.  Pop,  about  1,700.  Toinpkius  Cove^  upon  the  Hudson,  is  a  village  grown  up 
around  the  extensive  limeworks  of  C.  Tompkins  &  Co.  It  contains  a  church,  a  private  school 
supported  by  the  company,  and  60  dwellings.^     Garnerville,  2  mi.  n.  w,  of  Warren,  contains 

I  church,  the  Rockland  Print  Works,'  and  40  dwellings.  IVorth  Ilaverstra'iv,  (p.  v.,)  upon 
the  Hudson,  3  mi.  n.  of  Warren,  contains  2  churches  and  28  dwellings.  Tliiells  Comer,  4 
mi.  w.  of  Warren,  contains  a  needle  factory,  2  gristmills,  a  church,  and  15  dwellings,  mont- 
Ville,  Cald^vellS  Lanfling-/  and  Grassy  Point  are  hamlets.  Fort  Clinton,  the  ruins 
of  which  are  still  visible,  was  situated  upon  the  river,  in  the  N.  e.  angle  of  the  town.  The 
house  in  which  Arnold  and  Andr6  met  to  consummate  the  bargain  for  the  delivery  of  West  Point 
to  the  British  is  still  standing,  about  halfway  between  Warren  and  North  Haverstraw.     There  are 

II  churches  in  town.^ 

ORA^^GETOWX — was  formed  March  7,  1788,  and  was  named  from  Orange  co.,  of  which  it 
then  formed  a  part.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  s.  angle  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  by 
abrupt  and  rocky  hills  in  the  e.  ;  but  in  the  center  and  w.  it  spreads  out  into  a  rolling  or  moderately 
hilly  region.  The  Nyack  Ililis,  extending  along  the  river,  are  300  to  500  feet  high,  with  steep, 
rocky  declivities  upon  the  e.,  but  more  gradual  slopes  upon  the  w.^  Their  summits  are  rocky  and 
covered  with  a  light  growth  of  forest  trees.  Snake  Hill,  in  the  n.  e,  corner,  upon  the  line  of  Clarks- 
town,  is  one  of  the  principal  peaks.  The  principal  stream  is  Hackensack  River,  flowing  s.  through 
the  w.  part.  Pascack  Creek  flows  through  the  extreme  w.  angle,  and  Spar  Kil  is  a  tributary 
of  the  Hudson.  Near  the  n.  line  are  several  bog  or  peat  meadows,  generally  well  drained 
and  under  cultivation.  The  red  sandstone  which  crops  out  on  the  e.  declivities  of  the  hills,  within 
a  few  rods  of  the  river,  between  Piermont  and  N3^ack,  is  extensively  quarried  and  exported  for 
building  Btone.'  The  soil  is  a  reddish,  sandy  loam  intermixed  with  clay.  Fruit  growing  and 
furnishing  milk  for  the  New  York  market  have  become  leading  pursuits.  IVyack^  (P-"^-*)  upon 
the  Hudson,  in  the  n.  e.  corner  of  the  town,  contains  5  churches,  5  shoe  manufactories,®  a  steam 
tub  and  pail  factory,*  the  Rockland  Female  Institute,^**  and  a  private  academy."  Pop.  1,458. 
Piermont,^^  (p-v.,)  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  s.  part,  was  incorp.  May  21,  1850.  It  is  the  e. 
terminus  of  the  Piermont  Branch  of  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R., — the  one  over  which  the  freight  is 
carried.  Nearly  the  whole  business  of  the  place  is  connected  with  the  r.  r.  establishment.  A  pier 
1  mi.  long  has  been  built  into  the  river,  where  the  freight  is  transferred  to  and  from  the  cars  and 
barges  in  the  river.  Upon  each  end  of  the  pier  are  extensive  offices  for  the  transaction  of  the  busi- 
ness of  the  road.  At  this  place  the  r.  r.  co.  also  have  a  large  iron  foundery  and  extensive  repair 
shops.  Pop.  2,204.  Tappantown,"  (p-v.,)  near  the  N.J.  line,  contains  2  churches  and  30 
dwellings.  This  place  was  the  scene  of  the  trial  of  Andr6,  and  for  a  time  in  1780  was  the  head- 
quarters of  Gen.  Washington.'*     RocRland,  (Palisades  p.o.,)  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  s.  part 


1  The  TTaverstraw  Mountain  Institute,  a  private  institution, 
wa3  established  in  1S53.  It  employs  2  teachers,  and  has  an 
average  of  40  pupils. 

2  This  company  have  40  limekilns,  and  manufacture  100.000 
bush,  of  lime  annually,  giving  employment  to  100  men.  The 
lijiie  is  sent  s.  and  is  used  for  asiicultural  purposes. 

s  This  establishment,  incorp.  in  1853,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000, 
gives  employment  to  220  hands,  and  turns  out  goods  to  the 
amount  of  $700,000  per  annum. 

*  This  place  is  just  below  the  niphlanda,  and  opposite  Peeks- 
kill,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  Ktt-iim  ferry.  The  day  line 
of  steamers  between  New  York  and  Albany  land  here.  About 
35  years  since,  a  company  was  formed  for  raising  an  old  wreck 
at  this  place,  said  to  be  one  of  the  pirate  Kidd's  vessels  laden 
■with  treasure  I  A  coffer  dam  was  built,  machinery  erected,  and 
immense  sums  were  expended  in  this  insane  project. — which,  it 
is  needless  to  add.  resulted  in  nothing  but  a  total  loss  to  all 
concerned.       &  4  M.  K.,  3  Piesb,.  2  Prot.  £.,  Af.  Metli.,  and  R.  C. 

*  The  valley  of  Spar  Kil  forms  a  break  in  these  hills, 
through  which  the  Piermont  Branch  of  the  Erie  R.  R.  is  con- 
structed. In  the  bill  just  N.  of  Piermont  is  an  opening  in  the 
rocks,  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  shaft  of  an  ancient  mine  and 
by  others  to  be  a  natural  cave.  It  is  divided  into  2  passages, 
one  extending  70  feet  W.  S.  W.  and  the  other  40  to  50  feet  w,  by 
N.  The  passage  is  very  irregular,  4  to  6  feet  in  width  and  3  to 
9  feet  high.  At  the  extremity  of  the  longer  passage  is  an  im- 
niense  spring  of  clear,  cold  water. 

J  The  Slate  House  at  Albany  was  built  of  this  stone. 

8  The  manufacture  of  women's  and  children's  shoes  at  this 
place  is  an  extensive  business.  It  gives  employment  to  about 
600  hands  in  the  vicinity,  and  30  sewing  machines  are  kept  in 
constant  operation.  Goods  to  the  amount  of  $225,000  are  anau- 
ally  produced. 

9  This  factory  employs  30  hands,  and  produces  $00,000  worth 
if  goods  annually. 


10  This  institution  is  beautifully  located  upon  a  lot  of  10  acres, 
upon  the  bank  of  the  Hudson,  in  (he  s.  part  of  the  village.  It 
is  supplied  with  pure  spring  water  from  the  mountain,  is  heated 
with  furnaces  and  lighted  with  gas.  It  has  accommodations 
for  100  boarding  pupils.  The  institution  owes  its  origin  to  the 
late  Simon  V.  Sickles,  of  Nyack,  who  gave  $25,000  toward  the 
erection  of  the  building. 

u  The  Nyack  Classical  School  and  Commercial  Academy,  in- 
tended to  prepare  young  men  for  college  and  commercial  pur- 
suits, has  recently  been  established. 

12  Name  derived  from  the  Pter  built  by  the  b.r. company  and 
the  mmmlain  in  rear  of  the  village. 

IS  According  to  Heckewelder,  Tappan  is  from  the  language  of 
the  Delawares,  and  derived  from  Thuphane  orTuphanne,  "Cold 
Stream." — Moiilton  and  I'ates's  Hist.  iV.  T. 

1*  The  house  occupied  by  Gen.  Washington,  stCl  standing,  ia 
owned  and  occupied  by  Dr.  Smith.  It  is  a  stone  house,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  erected  in  1700.  The  house  in  which  Andre 
was  confined  during  his  trial  is  now  kept  as  a  tavern,  unJer  the 
name  of  "The  Old  '76  House."  The  trial  was  held  in  the  old 
Ref.  Prot.  D.  Church.  The  scene  of  Andre's  execution  and 
burial  was  upon  an  eminence  i  mi.  w.  of  the  tillage,  and  about 
20  rods  from  the  N.J.  line.  In  Aug.  1831,  his  remains  were 
disinterred,  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Buchanan,  British 
Consul  at  New  York,  and  taUen  to  England.  A  small  cedar  trep 
that  stood  by  the  grave  was  also  taken  away,  and  a  box  waa 
afterward  made  from  its  wood,  lined  with  gold,  and  sent  to  Rev. 
Mr.  Demarest,  of  Tappantown,  in  acknowledgment  of  the  ser- 
vices rendered  by  him  at  the  disinterment.  On  the  box  was  the 
following  inscription  : — "From  his  Koyal  Highness  the  Duke  of 
York  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Demare.';t."  No  monument  now  remains 
to  mark  the  spot  of  the  execution  or  the  grave.  A  boulder  was 
formerly  placed  to  mark  the  spot;  but  this  has  been  brL'ken  up 
and  removed. 


KOCKLAND    COUNTY. 


571 


of  the  town,  contains  3  churches  and  40  d-wellings.'     Orange  ]>lills,    Middletown,  and 

Blaureltville,  (p.  o.,)  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  K.,  are  hamlets.  The  iirst  settlement  is 
supposed  to  have  heen  made  by  the  Dutch,  as  early  as  1080.^  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was 
formed  Oct.  24,  1694;  and  the  first  preacher  was  Rev.  Guilliam  Bartholf.'  The  first  church  edifice 
was  erected  in  1716.     There  are  16  churches  in  town.* 

RA9IAPO — was  formed  from  Ilaverstraw,  March  18,  1791,  as  "■New  Hampstead."  Its  name 
was  changed  to  "Hampstead"  March  3,  1797,  and  to  Ramapo  in  1828.  It  is  the  most  westerly 
town  in  the  co.  The  Ramapo  or  Blue  Mts.  extend  N.  E.  and  s.  w.  through  the  w.  part.^  They  are 
steep  and  rocky,  and  the  valleys  between  them  are  deep  and  narrow.  Ranges  of  rounded  and 
arable  hiUs  extend  through  the  s.  E.  half  of  the  town  and  occupy  the  greater  part  of  its  surface. 
The  principal  streams  are  Ramapo  River,  flowing  s.  through  the  w.  corner,  and  its  tributaries 
Maway  River  and  Stony  Brook.  Niggar  and  Shepard  Ponds,  on  the  line  of  N.  J.,  in  the  s.  w. 
angle,  are  small  bodies  of  water.  The  people  are  principally  employed  in  raising  vegetables  for 
the  New  York  market.  Ramapo,  (Ramapo  AVorks  p.  o.,)  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.,  in 
the  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  1  church,  several  manufactories,  and  50  dwellings.^  SufTerns, 
(p.  V.,)  near  the  line  of  N.  J.,  in  the  w.  part,  contains  a  rolling  mill  and  20  dwellings.  It  lies  at 
the  junction  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Erie  R.  R.,  and  is  an  important  station.  Sloatsbui'g^ta, 
(p.  V.,)  on  the  Erie  R.  R.,  in  the  extreme  w.  part,  contains  a  church,  cotton  twine  factory,'  hoe 
factory,  and  180  inhabitants.  Spring  Talley,  (p.v.,)  on  the  Piermont  Branch  of  the  Erie 
R.  R.,  contains  a  church  and  18  dwellings.  Mechanicsvllle,  near  the  center  of  the  town, 
contains  a  church  and  15  dwellings.  Monsey  Depot  (Monsey  p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first 
church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  near  the  center  of  the  town,  Deo.  4,  1774;  Rev.  Peter  Leyt 
was  the  first  preacher.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,  Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Rockland  County. 


N.VME3  OF  Towns. 

Acres  of  Land.  |  I 

ViLDATIOS  OP  1858.             1 

POPULATIOU.  1 

i 

•S 

Schools. 

1 
f 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

It 

1! 

2 

1 

1 
1 

743 
1.263 
1.210 

644 

:8 

o 

498 
348 
668 
400 

v| 

9 
13 

7 
12 

el 

1.120 
2,386 
2,012 
1,477 

Clarkatown 

15,903i 
7,151 
9.922 

13,505  i 

16,742J 
14,481 
3,1S4 
16,445 

$1,147,673 

819.105 

1,692,158 

896.417 

$227,388 
74,9.50 
372,994 
303,300 

$1,375,061 

894,055 

2,065,152 

1,199,717 

1,831 
3.706 
2,896 
1,723 

1,681 
3,041 
2,943 
1,091 

543 
974 

986 
685 

Kaniapo 

Total 

46,4SU 

50,852i 

$4,555,353  1  $978,632 

$5,633,986 

10,166     9,366 

3,188 

3,860 

1,814 

41 

6,995 

Live  Stock. 

Agricultubal  Products. 

NAME3  OF  Towns. 

1 

■£  e  =.- 

850 
499 
350 
791 

1.111 

1,647 

73: 

1,2« 

4,70! 

i 

■1 

876 

483 

615 

IJll 

Bush,  dp  Gbaih, 

1 

s 

4,824i 
2.5S5 
3,213 
4,2ll5i 
14,828 

•Is 

^^ 

7,966i 
3,974 
11,726 
23,567 

li 

1.015 

66 

388 

1.786 

Dairy  Products. 

S 

^30,478~ 

9,251 

17,384 

31,782i 

a.     q 

677 

1.87.? 

418 

747 

97 

4 

82 

743 

920 

11.5S2 
4,3874 
6,066 

12,521} 

80,033 

40,070 

35,328 

110,576 

2,500 

Ramapo 

Total 

3,715 

2 

,490 

3, 

1S5 

34,546J 

88,895i 

47.22. 

ii 

3,263  1  266,006 

2,600 

1  Locally  knowii  aa  "Snedens  Landing." 

2  Araoug  the  early  settlers  were  families  named  Auriancey, 
llarinp;,  Blauvelt,  Van  Hoiiten,  and  Talman.  These  names 
ftlip<.';ir  upon  the  records  of  the  church  :n  1694.  The  first  bap- 
ti>iiu  on  record  was  that  of  Derick,  (Richard.)  son  of  Cornelius 
Cooper  and  Elsie  Robert,  bis  wife,  O'-t.  13,  1096;  and  the  first 
nmrriage,  that  of  >Iarinus  William  Flousse  Crom  and  Gertrude 
Femusse  Van  Ilouten,  in  1699.  The  first  echool  was  tausiht  by 
Ileruianus  Van  Uuyser.,  from  Hf-ll-mti,  soon  afier  the  first  or- 
Hiiiiization  of  the  church.  The  first  inn  is  oelieved  to  hive  been 
kept  by  CiiPparus  Maybee.  in  the  '•  Old  76  House,"  now  t-ccupied 
for  the  same  purpose.  Abram  Msiybee  built  the  first  mill:  his 
m>n,  Cornelius  Ma.vbeo,  owned  it  during  the  Revolution,  but, 
espi'using  the  cause  of  the  British,  his  property  was  fonfiscated. 

•'  A  tract  of  55  acres  was  originally  donated  to  this  church ; 
but  at  diflferent  times  all  but  1-t  or  15  acrea  have  been  sold. 
The  records  of  the  church  during  the  Revolution,  kept  la  a 


small  hook  by  the  paator,  Rev.  Mr.  Verbryck,  for  convenience  in 
carrying  when  obliged  to  move  from  place  to  place,  have  been 

lOfit. 

<  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Presb.,  M.  E.,  Af.  Meth.,  and  Bap.  at  Nyack ; 
Prot.  E.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  M.E.,  Bap.,  and  R.  C.  at  Piermont;  Ref. 
Prot.  I),  and  M.  E.  at  Tappantown ;  Bap.  at  Middletowu ;  and  3 
M.E.  at  Rockland. 

6  Cedar  Hill  and  Table  Rock,  in  th»  w.,  Horsepond  Mts.  and 
Pine  Hill,  in  the  n.  w.,  and  High  Mt..  on  the  line  of  N.  J.,  are 
the  highest  points,  and  are  500  to  700  feet  above  tide. 

•  These  establishments,  consisting  of  a  cotton  factory,  file  fac- 
tory, steel  works,  and  car  works,  are  all  idle,  and  only  10  dwell- 
ings  are  occupied.    The  whole  village  is  rapidly  going  to  det-ay. 

'  This  factory,  incorp.  in  1854,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  gives 
employment  to  150  hands. 

8  There  are  7  churches  in  town ;  4  M.  E,  and  3  Ref.  Prot.  D. 


ST.  LAWREi^CE   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Clinton  and  parts  of  Montgomery 
and  Herkimer,  March  3, 180Q.'  It  contains  an  area  of  2,880  sq.  mi., 
and  is  the  largest  co.  in  the  State.  It  is  centrally  distant  140  mi. 
from  Albany.  The  surface  is  broken  by  a  series  of  parallel  ridges 
I  extending  in  a  N.  E.  and  s.  w.  direction,  and  gradually  declining  in 
Iheight  from  the  summits,  about  1000  ft.  above  tide,  on  the  s. 
jborder,  to  the  level  of  thebanksof  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  highest 
'summits,  in  the  s.  E.,  are  about  2000  ft.  above  tide.  The  declivities 
of  the  ridges  are  usually  gradual  slopes,  giving  to  tlie  surface  a 
rolling  character,  changing  from  gentle  undulations  along  the 
river  to  a  hilly  and  almost  mountainous  character  in  the  s.  e. 
The  principal  streams  are  the  Indian,  Oswegatchie,  Gra&se,  Racket, 
St.  Regis,  and  Deer  Rivers.^  These  streams  all  have  their  rise  upon  the  highlands,  which  occupy 
the  center  of  the  great  northern  wilderness,  flow  for  a  considerable  distance  in  a  N.  w.  direction,  and 
most  of  them  gradually  bend  toward  the  N.  E.  and  iinally  traverse  the  greater  part  of  the  co. 
nearly  parallel  to  the  St.  Lawrence.  They  all  are  frequently  interrupted  by  rapids  and  cascades 
in  their  upper  and  middle  course,  but  as  they  approach  the  St.  Lawrence  they  become  sluggish  ; 
a&d  most  of  them  are  navigable  for  short  distances  from  their  mouths.'  The  southern  and  central 
parts  of  the  co.  are  thus  abundantly  supplied  with  water-power.  In  the  s.  part  are  numerous 
small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  is  Cranberry  Lake.  Black  Lake,  the  largest  body  of  water  in 
the  CO.,  lies  along  the  course  of  Indian  River,  near  its  junction  with  the  Oswegatchie. 

The  geological  formation  of  the  co.  is  very  simple.  The  whole  central  and  southern  portions  arft 
underlaid  by  the  primitive  formation,  consisting  of  gneiss  and  white  limestone.*  The  northern  ex- 
tremity of  this  formation  may  be  readily  traced,  by  a  line  commencing  upon  the  border  of  Jeffer- 
son CO.,  about  2  mi.  w.  of  the  Ox  Bow,  thence  extending  northerly  to  near  the  center  of  the  s. 
shore  of  Black  Lake,  thence  bending  toward  the  e.,  and  extending  to  the  E.  border  of  the  co.  on 
the  N.  line  of  Ilopkinton.  A  belt  of  country  5  to  10  mi.  wide,  n.  of  the  primitive  region  and 
parallel  to  it,  is  underlaid  by  Potsdam  sandstone ;  and  the  remainder  of  the  co.,  comprising  a  belt 
3  to  20  mi.  wide  bordering  upon  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  underlaid  by  the  calciferous  sandrock.  The 
primitive  portion  of  the  co.  is  generally  elevated  and  considerably  broken.  Its  soil  is  light  and 
sandy ;  and  in  some  parts  are  extensive  sand  plains,  entirely  unfit  for  agricultural  purposes.  A 
considerable  portion  of  the  co.  is  covered  with  drift  deposits,  which  go  far  to  neutralize  the  effect 
of  the  underlying  rock  upon  the  character  of  the  soil.  In  this  region  the  intervales  along  the 
streams  are  usually  fertile  ;  but  the  whole  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.  Magnetic  iron  ores  abound 
in  the  s.  part;  but  they  have  never  been  examined  or  worked  to  any  considerable  extent,  owing  to 
their  remoteness  from  settlements.'  In  Rossie  rich  veins  of  lead  have  been  found  and  extensively 
worked ;'  and  the  rich  specular  iron  ore  found  along  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  and  in  the  adja- 
cent portions  of  Jefferson,  lies  between  the  gneiss  and  sandstone.'  The  sandstone  region  is  level 
or  gently  undulating,  broken  in  some  places  by  disrupted  masses  of  the  underlying  rock.  In  this 
region  are  numerous  quarries,  from  which  are  obtained  sheets  of  sandstone  of  2  inches  to  a  foot  in 
thickness  and  of  almost  any  desirable  size.  This  stone  acquires  hardness  by  exposure  and  is 
indestructible  by  atmospheric  agencies.  The  soil  in  this  region  is  usually  thin,  but  fertile,  and  is 
derived  principally  from  drift.  The  calciferous  sandstone  region  commences  as  a  narrow  strip  on 
the  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  n.  part  of  Hammond,  and  continually  widens  to  the  E.  border  of  the  co. 
The  soil,  consisting  of  drift  and  marine  clay,  is  usually  very  productive. 


1  This  CO.  included  the  "  Ten  Tinvns ;"  and  Great  Tracts  Nos.  n 
and  IIT  of  Maconilt's  Purchase  were  provisionally  annexed,  and 
now  form  part  of  the  co. 

s  These  streams  are  linown  to  the  St.  Reps  Indians  by  the 
following  names: — Indian.  O-tsi-liwa-ke,  "wliere  the  ash  tree 
grows  with  knobs :"  Oswegatchie,  a  Huron  word,  said  to  signify 
"black  water;"  Grass,  Ni-ken^si.a-ke,  "full  of  large  fishes;" 
Racket,  Xi-ha-na-wa-te,  " racket, ornoisy  river;"'  St.  Regis.  Ak- 
wis-sas-ne,  "where  the  p.artridge  drums;"  Deer,  Oie-ka-rout-ne, 
*'  Trout  River." 

8  In  severe  cold  weather  the  tributaries  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
672 


are  liable  to  a  sudden  reversal  of  their  currents  near  their 
mouths,  from  the  damming  up  of  that  stream  by  ice:  the 
streams  in  consequence  overflow  the  lowlands,  making  the 
maintenance  of  fences  and  bridges  impossible. 

*  This  region  is  remarkable  for  the  variety  and  beauty  of  its 
minerals,  of  which  00  species  are  found. — Hmujh^it  Hist.  St.  Xaw- 
rence  and  Franklin  Cos..  p.  6S4. 

6  The  Clifton  Mine  in  Pierrepont  has  furnished  1,600  tone  of 
iron.  8  gee  p.  5S2. 

'  In  the  town  of  Pierrepont  a  substance  used  for  red  paint 
haa  been  found  in  the  same  relative  geological  position. 


ST.   LAWRENCE     COUNTY. 


573 


Dairying  and  stock  raising  are  the  branches  of  agriculture  most  extensively  pursued.'  Grain  is 
also  cultivated  to  some  extent.'''  Fruits  are  not  extensively  cultivated.  Manufactures,  consisting 
of  iron,^  castings,  lead,*  lumber,^  and  articles  of  "wood,^  are  carried  on.  Commerce  to  some  extent 
is  carried  on  by  mejins  of  the  St,  Lawrence  and  the  various  railways. 

The  ?hief  works  of  internal  improvement  in  the  co.  are  the  Ogdensburgh  R.  R.,  extending  from 
Ogdensburgh  to  Rouses  Point,  on  Lake  Champlaiu :'  the  Potsdam  &  AVatertown  R.  R.,^  forming  a 
connection  with  the  0.  R.  R.  on  the  n.  and  with  the  W.  &  R.  R.  R.  and  N.  Y.  Central  on  the  s. 
Improvements  have  been  made  by  the  State  in  the  navigation  of  several  of  the  rivers,  for  the  pur 
pose  of  floating  down  logs  from  the  s.  forests.®  Daily  lines  of  steamboats  connect  Ogdensburgl.  ' 
and  other  points  on  the  river  with  Montreal  and  with  the  various  ports  on  Lake  Ontario. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  Canton,*''  on  the  P.  &  "W.  R.  R.,  18  mi.  s.  e.  of  Ogdens- 
burgh.  The  courthouse,  jail,*'  and  clerk's  office  are  in  separate  buildings,  situated  adjacent  to 
each  other.     The  co.  poorhouse  is  situated  on  a  farm  of  130  acres  1  mi.  w.  of  Canton  Village.*^ 

Six  newspapers  are  now  published  iu  the  co. ;  3  at  Ogdensburgh,  2  at  Potsdam,  and  1  at  Canton.*^ 


1  This  CO.  stands  first  ia  the  State  in  the  value  of  its  stock, 
amount  of  pnsturnge  and  meadow,  and  among  the  first  in  the 
amount  annually  produced  of  spring  wheat,  potatoes,  peas,  and 
maple  sugar. 

*  The  m;irino  clay  deposits  produce  fine  crops  of  winter  whent. 
3  Furcaces  are  or  have  recently  been  in  operation  at  Rossie, 

Wegatchie.  Fiillersville,  and  Brasher  lion  Worka.  The  supply 
of  ore  is  inexhaustible,  and  large  quantities  of  iron  are  annually 
mild.-. 

*  The  Rossie  Lead  Mines  are  now  worted  by  an  English  com- 
pany. Lead  has  also  been  found  in  several  other  localities  iu  the  co. 

^  The  principal  lumber  operations  are  carried  on  on  the  Racket 
River.  Since  1851, 10  gang  sawmills  have  been  built  within  17 
mi.   In  1855  it  was  estimated  that  120,000  logs  were  worked  up. 

6  Consisting  of  shingles,  staves,  lath,  heaiUng,  boxes,  doors, 
sash  and  blinds. 

'  Opened  to  Ogdensburgh  Oct.  1, 1850. 

8  Opened  through  the  co.  Aug.  23, 1855. 

*  These  improvements  have  been  made  on  the  Indian,  Oawe- 
gatchie.  Racket,  and  Grass  Rivers. 

10  The  county  seat  was  first  located  at  Ogdensburgh,  but  was 
removed  to  Canton  in  1828.  The  first  courts  were  held  in  the 
stone  barracks,  w.  of  the  Oswegatchie;  and  a  bomb-proof  maga- 
Biue  a'^jacent  was  used  for  a  jail.  The  first  courthouse  stood  on 
the  site  recently  purchased  by  Government  fur  a  customhouse. 
The  first  co.  officers  were  Nathan  Ford.  First  Jtidge ;  Alex.  Turner 
and  Joseph  Edsali,  Judges:  StUlman  Frwite  and  John  Tibbetts, 
Assist.  Justices;  Thos.  J.  Davies,  Sheriff;  Lewis  Hasbrouck,  Co. 
CUrrk :  and  Matthew  Perkins.  Surrogate.  The  present  court- 
house waa  located  by  Joseph  Grant,  Geo.  Brayton,  and  John  E. 
Hiuman,  commissioners  from  Oneida  co. ;  and  the  buildings 
were  erected  under  the  supervision  of  Ansel  Bailey,  David  C. 
Judson,  and  Asa  Sprague,  jr.  The  records  of  the  supervisors 
previous  to  1814  were  lost  in  a  fire  at  Ogdousburgh  in  is;J9. 

u  The  jail  is  a  miserable  building,  poorly  adapted  to  the  pur- 
poses for  which  it  was  erected. 

12  This  institution  yields  an  annua!  revenue  of  about  $1,000. 
The  average  number  of  inmates  is  about  150.  The  supplies  are 
furnished  by  contract.  The  poorhonse  is  deficient  in  necessary 
conveniences  for  the  health  and  comfort  of  its  inmates. 

IS  At  Ogdon-iburgh  the  fl')Uowing  papers  have  been  published; 
The  Paltadiitm-wtks  begun  iu  1810  by  Kip  &  Strong,  sold  inlH12 

to  John  P.  Shi'ldon,  and  continued  to  1814. 
The  St.  Lattrretice  Oazctte  waa  begun  in  1816  by  D.  R.  Strachan 

and  P.  B.  Fairchild.    Tn  1830  it  was  bought  by  Preston 

King,  and  united  with 
Tlie  St.  I*aivreuce  liepnbllcan,  removed  to  this 

place  from  Canton,  and  continued  by  him  till  1833.    It 

was  afterward  published  by  Uit.hcock,Tillotaon  &  Still- 
well,  and  is  now  published  by  James  &  Hopkins. 
The  Northern  Light  waa  begun  July  7.  1S31,  by  W.  B.  Rogers,  as 

an  anti-masonic  organ.  In  1834  A.  U.  James  became  its 

publisher,  and  changed  it  to 
The  Times:  and  at  the  end  of  the  4th  volume  it  was  enlarged, 

and  called 
The  Ogdensburgh  Times.  Tn  1S:^7  Dr.  A.  Tyler  became  associated 

with  James,  and  the  title  was  cliaiiged  to 
The  Times  and  Advertisiir.    In  March,  1844,  it  was  transferred 

to  U.  G.  Foote  and  S.  B.  Seeley,  and  changed  to 
The  Frontier  Sentinel*    In  June,  1847,  Mr.  Foote  changed  it  to 
The  Ogdtiishurgh  Scntind,  undnT  ■which  name  it  was  published 

by  Stillman  Foote  until  1S58,  when  it  was  merged  in 

the  Tiaily  Jouraai. 
Tfw,  Meteor  oh  igical  Register  was  commenced,  and  a  few  numbers 

issued,  in  1839;  edited  by  Jas.  11.  Coffin,  now  Vlc©-Pres. 

of  Lafayette  Coll.,  Eaetou.  Penn. 
The  Ogdensburgh  pymini  was  begun  April  24, 1848,  by  A.  Tyler, 

and  discontinued  in  1851. 
The  Daily  .S^mtind  was  sUirted  April  14, 1848,  by  S.  Foote,  and 

publieihod  for  6  months. 
The  St.  Lawrtu'-e  Budgd,  a  small  semi-mo.  advertising  sheet,  waa 

iflsned  from  The  Sentinel  office  iu  1850-51. 


TTie  Daily  Morning  News  waa  begun  in  March,  1852,  by  Wm.  N 
Oswcll,  publisher,  and  Fayette  Robinson,  editor. 

The  Weeli'/  News  was  issued  from  tlie  pame  office  in  Sept.  1852. 
Both  were  discontinued  in  the  Dec.  following. 

The  St.  Lafvrcnce  American  waa  begun  March  1,  1855.  by  Wm. 
Yeaton  and  E.  M.  llolbrooU,  and  continued  3  years. 

The  Boys'  Daily  Journal  wm  begun  May  1,  lS55,by  II.  R.James, 
J.  W.  Hopkins,  and  C.  Foster.  As  lads  belonging  to  the 
Ogdensburgh  Academy,  they  had  previously  issued  the 
Morning  Glory  and  Young  America.  In  1S57  Foster 
withdrew,  and  the  name  was  changed  to 

TUe  Dally  Journal;  the  paper  is  still  issued. 

The  Weekli/  Journal  is  made  up  from  the  daily.  Neither  of  the 
publishers  is  of  age  (1858.) 

The  St.  Lawrence  Democrat  waa  commenced  at  Can- 
ton In  the  fall  of  lS-'5  by  H.  C.  Simpson ;  and  waa  after- 
ward continued  at  that  place  by  John  F.  Ames.    It  is 
published  by  Abbott  &  O'Brien. 
At  Potsdam  the  following  have  been  issued : — 

The  Potsdam  Gazette  was  begun  Jan.  13,  1816,  by  F.  C.  Powell, 
and  continued  till  April,  1823. 

The  Potsdam  American  was  commenced  by  F.  C.  Powell  iu  Jan. 
1824,  from  the  old  Gazette  press,  and  was  continued  by 
Powell  k  Reddington  till  April,  1S29.  In  May  of  tbo 
same  year  it  was  revived  as 

The  Herald^  and  published  as  an  anti-masonic  organ  till  Aug, 

The  St.  Lawrence  Republican  was  begun  in  1826  by  W.  H. 
Wynian,  and  removed  to  Canton  in  1827. 

The  Day  Star  was  published  6  months  in  1S27  by  Jonathan 
Wallace. 

The  Patriot  was  commenced  in  April,  183-,  by  Wm.  Hughes, 
and  published  one  year. 

Tlie  Northern  Cabinet  was  removed  from  Canton  in  1845;  and 
from  the  same  office  was  issued 

The  Sfpoffitory  in  1840,  semi-juo..  made  up  of  the  literarj-  matter 
of  The  Cabinet.  This  hitter  was  sold  to  Wm.  L.  Knowlee, 
and  changed  to 

The  St.  Lawrence  Mercury  in  1S4S.  W.  H.  Wallace  became  pnv 
prietor  in  1850;  and  U.  C.  Fay  in  1851,  who  changed 
it  to 

The  fit.  Lawrence  Journal.  It  wa.s  continued  till  July,  1S52. 
when  it  was  united  with  The  Courier. 

The  Potsdam  Courier  wn)^  begun  in  1851  by  V.  Harrington,  and 
continued  till  July.  1852,  when  it  was  united  with  The 
Journal,  and  issued  as 

The  Potsdam  Courier  and  Journal  was  removed 
Uj  Ciiiiton  in  1869,  aud  is  now  publialied  by  U.  0.  Fav 
&  Brother. 

Tlie  Philomat/uan  was  begun  in  1852,  and  a  few  numbers  were 
issued  by  students  of  the  St.  Lawience  AcHtb^ny. 

The  Eleiiicut>try  Ktpublicun  was  begun  in  1S52,  and  a  few  num- 
bers issued  from  The  Journal  office. 

The  Nortliern  Freeman,  removed  froniGouverneur  in 
185ti,is  still  published  by  Doty  &  Baker. 

The  K-v-augelical  Herald,  mo.,  was  begun  in  1856  by 
Jos.  A.  Livingston.     Printed  part  of  tlie  time  at  North- 
field,  Vt.     Now  published  at  Boston  and  Potsdam. 
At  Canton  the  following  have  been  published  : — 

The  Canton  Advertiser  and  St.  Lawrence  Ii>'fiublican,  removed 
from  Potsdam  in  1827,  w;ui  published  beie  by  Preston 
King  till  1S30,  when  it  was  removed  to  Ogdensburgh. 

The  Northern  Tdegraph  was  begun  in  l«:t2  by  0.  C.  Bill.  It 
was  soon  t>oId  to  Orlando  S«iuire8.  and  changed  to 

The  Cant-m  Democrat-,  and  continued  a  short  time. 

The  Luminary  of  the  North,  begun  in  July,  1834,  was  published 
a  short  time. 

The  St.  Lawrence  Democrat  waa  begun  in  Sept.  18.10,  by  E.  A. 
Barber,  and  continued  2  years. 

The  Northern  Cabinet  and  XiVfrary  Repository,  senii-mo..  was 
begun  Jan.  2, 1843,  by  Chaa.  Boynton,"  and  iu  1845  ro- 
moved  to  Potsdam. 

The  Engintxr  was  issued  in  1S44  by  Cbas.  Bovutoa. 


574 


ST.  LAWRENCE    COUNTY. 


The  first  white  settlement  in  this  co.  "was  made  by  Francis  Pioquet,  a  French  Sulpitian,  who  estalv 
lished  an  Indian  mission  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswegatchie  in  1749  and  styled  it  "  La  Prescnta' 
iion."^  In  1759  the  first  island  below  Ogdensburgh,  3  mi.  down  the  St.  Lawrence,  was  taken  jjos- 
session  of  by  the  French  and  strongly  fortified.'^  It  was  named  Fort  Levi ;  and  here  the  last 
French  resistance  was  made  against  the  English,  in  1700.  During  the  Revolution  it  was  the 
rendezvous  of  scalping  parties  of  tories  and  Indians,  who  harassed  the  frontier  settlements  on  the 
Mohawk  and  Hudson.  Two  expeditions  were  fitted  out  against  this  place  during  the  Revolution  ; 
but  the  English  held  possession  of  the  fort  at  Oswegatchie  until  1790,  when  it  was  surrendered 
under  the  provisions  of  Jay's  Treaty.^  The  Oswegatchies  collected  by  Picquet  were  removed,  in 
1793,  from  the  vicinity  of  Johnstown,  U.  C,  to  a  point  opposite,  on  the  s.  shore,  known  sm  Indian 
Point.     In  1807  they  removed  to  St.  Regis  and  elsewhere.* 

The  CO,  includes  the  tract  known  as  the  "  Te7i  Tow7is/'^  Tract  No.  11,^  of  Macomb's  Pur- 
chase, containing  821,879  acres,  Tract  No.  Ill,'  of  the  same  purchase,  containing  040,000  acres,^ 
a  email  portion  located  by  Revolutionary  land  warrants,®  and  the  islands  in  the  St.  Lawrence. ^° 
The  first  settlement  under  State  authority  was  made  at  Ogdensburgh,  in  1790,  by  Nathan  Ford, 
agent  of  Samuel  Ogden.  Before  1800,  small  beginnings  had  been  made  at  Lisbon,  Madrid,  and 
Massena.  The  "  Te7i  Towns''  were  opened  for  settlement,  under  the  original  purchasers,  within 
the  next  5  years,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  the  Macomb  Purchase  soon  after.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  "War  of  1812  there  were  about  8,000  inhabitants  in  the  co.,  thinly  scattered  over 
nearly  the  whole  territory  now  settled.  Great  alarm  was  felt  along  the  whole  frontier,  and 
many  families  left  the  river  towns.  It  soon  became  the  theater  of  stirring  military  events,  and 
various  expeditions  were  planned  and  attacks  made  on  both  sides  of  the  border," 

At  the  close  of  the  war  the  co.  rapidly  filled  up  with  an  immigration  chiefly  from  Vt.  and  the 
other  New  England  States.  The  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  checked  the  growth  of  the  co.  by 
opening  to  emigration  the  more  fertile  lands  of  the  AVest.  The  price  of  wild  lands  greatly  fell, 
and  many  visions  of  immense  wealth  were  blighted.  For  the  last  twenty  years  a  steady  and 
healthy  improvement  has  been  going  on,  which  has  been  greatly  increased  by  the  lines  of  rail- 
road completed  through  it.^^     In  1837-40  the  whole  frontier  was  greatly  excited  by  the  ''Patriot 


The  Inqttirer  and  Tari^ Advocate,  a  campaigrn  paper,  was  issued 

from  The  Cabinet  press  in  1844  by  Chas.  Boynton. 
The  (Xniton  We»:kli/  Citizen  was  bc-guu  Jan.  1, 1862,  "by  J.  S.  Sar- 

geaut,  aud  continued  4  weeks. 
Tfie  Canton  Independent  was  removed  from  Madrid  in  1853,  aud 

publir^lied  by  O.  L.  Kay.     It  wad  soon  dincontinued. 
Tlie  St.  Lawrence  Plain  Dealer  was  begun  in  1855 

by  Goodrich    &  Remington ;  it  is  now  published  by  S.  1'. 

Itemington. 
Toung  America  is  now  published  by  C.  "W.  Ames. 

The  other  papers  in  the  co.  have  been — 
The  Northern  New  Yorker,  begun  April  2, 1849,  at  Gouverneur, 

by  Wni.  Goodrich  and  M.  F.  Wilson ;  aud  issued  a  little 

more  than  one  year.  • 

The  St.  Lawrence  Advirtiser  was  bogun  in  lf*50,  at  Gouverneur, 

and  a  lew  numbers  issued. 
The  Laborer  was  commenced  in  .Tuly.  1^52,  at  Gouverneur,  by 

M.  Mitchel.    It  was  succeeded  by 
The  St.  Lawrence  Free  Press,  l<ig\\u  in  1^53  by  J.  J.Emraes,  and 

afterward  published  by  G.  K.  Lyman.    It  was  removed 

to  Ogdensburgh  in  the  fall  of  1854  and  united   with 

The  Sentinel. 
The  Profjresnive  Age  was  begun  in  June.  1855,  at  Gouverneur, 

by  G.  D.  Greenfield,     It  was  removed  to  I'otsdam  in 

1856,  and  changed  to  The  Northern  Freeman. 
The  True  Democrat  was  begun  in  May,  1850,  at  Madrid,  by  M. 

F.  Wilson  find  O.  L.  Kay.  In  its  2d  year  it  became 
The  Columbian  Independent ;  was  continued  1  yr.,  when  it  was  re- 
moved to  Canton  and  changed  to  the  Canton  I  ndepeudont. 
1  This  place  became  a  French  military  station,  and  a  magazine 
for  eupplying  expeditions  sent  to  their  s.  w.  posts;  and  from  this 
point  were  fitted  out  many  of  the  paities  that  ravaged  the  back 
eettlements  of  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  and  Va. 

-  This  inland  was  called  by  the  Indians  **  O-ra-co-ncn-ton," 
and  by  the  French  "7sfe  Royalt.^'  It  is  now  called  Chimney 
Island,  from  the  ruins  still  visible. 

3  Upon  tho  approach  of  Lord  Amherst  inl760,  the  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Oswegatchie  was  abundoned.  The  island  was  in- 
vested on  the  18th  of  Aug.  Upon  Gallop  Island  the  English 
found  a  number  of  scalps,  which  so  exasperated  them  that  they 
burned  the  chapel  and  houses,  the  ruins  of  which  ar  still  visi- 
ble. The  batteries  opened  on  the  23d,  :ind  on  the  2fith  the 
place,  under  Pouchot,  surrendered.  The  English  named  the  fort- 
ress, Fort  Frederick  Augustus.  On  their  voyage  down  the  river 
from  this  place  to  Montreal,  the  English  lost  in  the  rapids  46 
bateaux,  17  whjil^jboat^,  aud  84  men.  Tlie  island  was  occupied 
but  a  short  time,  aud  the  works  soon  fell  into  ruins. —  Knox's 
Journal;  Mante's  JIvst.;  Memoir  of  Foiu:hot ;  Bntick's  Hist. 


*  These  Indians  claimed  large  tracts  of  land  and  leased  them 
to  parties  from  Canada,  who  cut  off  the  most  valuable  timber 
and  committed  other  wasteful  depredations. 

6  The  "  Ten  Towns'^  were  sold  at  auction  by  the  land  commis- 
sioners in  1787,  in  quarter  sections,  except  Madrid  and  Oswe- 
gatchie, which  were  sold  in  square  miles.  In  each  town  a  mile 
square  was  reserved  for  literature,  and  another  for  the  gosj>el 
aud  schools. 

6  The  original  townships  in  this  tract  were  named  as  follows  : 
— 1.  Sherwood:  2. Oakham;  3.  Mortlake;  4.  Ilarewood;  5.  Janee- 
town;  6.  Pierrefield;  7.  Granshuck:  S.  Hollywood;  9.  Kildare; 
10.  Matildavale;  11.  Wick;  12.  Kiversdale;  13.  C^wkham;  14. 
Catharineville;  15.  Islington;  16.  Chesterfield;  17.  Grange;  18. 
Crumack. 

7  The  original  townships  of  this  tract  were  named  as  follows: 
— 3.  Hammond;  2.  Somerville;  3.  I)e  Witt;  4.  V\\z  William;  5. 
Ballybeen;  6.  Clare;  7.  Killarnev;  8.  Edwards;  9.  Parahsburgh  ; 
10.  Clifton;  11.  Portaferry;  12.  Scriba;  13.Chaumont;  14.Bloom- 
deld;  15.  Emilyville. 

8  These  tracts  were  conveyed  to  Dan'l  McCormack  by  patent 
in  1795-9S. 

9  The  town  of  Massena  comprises  this  portion  of  the  co. 

10  The  islands  were  sold  in  1823. 

11  A  regiment  of  militia  was  stationed  at  Ogdensburgh  during 
the  summer  of  1S12.  In  July.  1812.  a  fleet  of  6  schooners — 
caught  at  Ogdensburgh  by  the  war — attempted  to  reach  the 
lake,  but  were  intercepted :  2  were  burned,  and  the  rest  hastened 
back.  On  tho  last  day  of  July  a  bloodless  engagement  took  place 
between  the  American  schooner,  Julia,  and  the  British  vessels. 
Earl  of  Moira  and  Duke  of  Gloucester.  In  Sept.  an  attack  was 
made  upon  a  number  of  bateaux  at  Toussaint  Island,  opposite 
Lisbon,  in  which  the  Americans  lost  one  and  the  British  several 
men.  On  the  2d  of  Oct.  the  British  made  a  show  of  attacking 
Ogdensburgh,  and  on  the  4th  made  a  real  attack,  but  were  re- 
pulsed, with  tho  loss  of  a  gunboat  and  2  men  killed.  In  Jan.  the 
Americans  surprised  and  captured  Brockville,  liberated  several 
prisoners,  paroled  50  of  the  citizens,  and  took  a  quantity  of  stores. 
On  the  22d  of  Feb.  the  British,  in  retaliation,  captured  Ogdens- 
burgh. carried  away  the  cannon  and  stores,  and  paroled  a  large 
number  of  citizens,  who  were  afterward  exchanged  for  those  of 
Brockville.  Late  in  1813  Gen.  Wilkinson's  expedition  passed 
down  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  suffered  a  disiistroue  defeat  at  Crys- 
lera  Field,  opposite  Ijouisville.  The  British  followed  tho  retreat- 
ing Americans  and  landed  at  Hamilton,  (Waddington.) — Hough's 
Hij^t.  St.  Law.  d-  Prank.  Ow. 

12  The  lands  in  the  co.  have  doubled  in  value  by  the  completion 
of  the  railroads. 


ST.  LAWRENCE    COUNTY. 


575 


TTar."  The  battle  of  AVindnnll  Point,  the  most  memorable  event  of  that  ill-concerted  moTement, 
was  fought  within  sight  of  Ogdensburgh,  in  Nov.  1838.*  The  U.  S.  Collection  Dist.  of  Oswcgatchie 
was  established  March  2,  1811,  and  embraces  the  whole  co.  Its  chief  office  is  at  Ogdensburgh, 
with  subordinate  offices  at  each  of  the  river  towns. 


BRASHER^ — was  formed  from  Massena,  April  21,  1825,  A  part  of  Lawrence  was  taken 
off  in  1828.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.  Its  suiface  is  generally  level, 
with  gentle  undulations  in  the  e.  part.  The  principal  streams  are  St.  Regis  and  Deer  Rivers 
and  Trout  Brook.  The  soil  in  the  w.  part  is  stony  and  in  parts  sandy ;  in  the  s.  e.  it  is  light  and 
sandy ;  and  in  the  n.  it  is  a  clay  loam  and  very  productive.  Bog  iron  ore  is  obtained  abundantly 
in  the  E.  part,  in  the  range  where  the  sand  rests  upon  the  clay  deposits,  Braslier  Falls^  (p.  v. ) 
is  a  manufacturing  village  upon  the  St.  Regis,  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  town,  1  mi.  bolow  the  r.  r. 
Station.  Pop.  257.  Helena*  (p.  v.)  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Deer  River,  and  has  a  limited 
amount  of  water-power.  Pop.  100.  Braslier  Iron  Works^  (p-o.,)  2J  mi.  above  Helena,  on 
Deer  River,  is  the  seat  of  an  important  fuinace.  Braslier  Center  is  a  hamlet  on  the  St. 
Regis  River.  The  first  improvement  in  town  (at  Helena)  was  under  the  agency  of  Russell  Al> 
water,  in  1817.  Stillman  Fuller  built  the  furnace  at  Brasher  Iron  Works  in  1825.^  The  first 
settlement  at  Brasher  Falls  was  made  in  1826.  In  1830  C.  T.  Ilulburd  purchased  600  acres, 
including  the  village  site  of  Brasher  Falls,  and  in  1841  made  the  first  considerable  improvement. 
On  the  26th  of  May,  1857,  a  fire  in  the  woods  ravaged  this  town,  and  destroyed  the  furnace  and 
nearly  the  whole  village  at  the  '^^Iron  Works.'^^  The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.' 

CA^^TOIV^ — was  formed  from  Lisbon,  March  28,  1805.  It  occupies  a  nearly  central  position 
in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating.  Grass  River,  flowing  through  the  center,  and 
the  Oswegatchie,  flowing  through  the  n.  w.  corner,  are  the  principal  streams.^  It  is  underlaid 
by  white  limestone  and  gneiss  in  the  s.,  and  by  Potsdam  sandstone  in  the  central  and  n.  parts. 
The  soil  is  a  deep,  fertile,  gravelly  loam.  Iron  pyrites,  from  which  copperas  (sulphate  of  iron)  has 
been  manufactured,  is  found  in  abundance  near  High  Falls,  on  Grass  River.'°  Cantoii^^^  (P-'^-O 
the  county  seat,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Grass  River,  a  little  e.  of  the  center  of  the  town.  It  is 
an  important  station  on  the  P.  &  W.  R.  R.  It  has  a  number  of  manufactures,^-'  and  is  the  seat 
of  the  Canton  Academy,  founded  in  1831,  and  of  the  St,  Lawrence  University,^*  an  institution 
founded  under  the  auspices  of  the  Universalist  denomination  in  1856.  Pop.  1,029.  Morley^* 
(p.  v.)  is  on  Grass  River,  near  the  n.  border  of  the  town.  Pop.  350.  Rensselaer  Falls^* 
(p.  V.)  is  a  small  village  on  the  Oswejiatchie,  in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  town.  It  was  formerly 
the  seat  of  an  iron  forge.  Crarys  Iflslls  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  on  the  line  of  Potsdam.  South 
Canton  is  in  the  e.  part.  Daniel  Harrington  settled  on  the  site  of  the  Agricultural  Fair  Grounds 
in  Canton  A^llage  in  1800.  The  first  permanent  settler  was  Stillman  Foote,  who  bought  a  mile 
square  where  the  village  now  stands,  and  removed  thither  in  1801,  accompanied  by  sevefal  men. 
In  1802  he  built  a  mill,  and  the  town  began  to  be  rapidly  settled.*®  Religious  meetings  were  held 
as  early  as  1804.     The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  under  the  Rev.  Amos  Pettingill,  in  1807." 


1  The  leaders  in  this  movement  dared  not  risk  their  own  Uvea 
in  the  battle,  and  left  the  few,  consisting  mostly  of  young  men 
and  biiya,  to  engage  the  greatly  superior  numbers  of  the  British. 
Tlie  battle  was  short  and  bloody.  Of  tho  159  patriots  taken 
prisuners,  18  were  released  without  trial.  3  were  acquitted,  and 
129  were  sentenced  to  be  hung.  Of  the  last  number.  10  were 
hung.  60  transported  to  Van  Diemens  Land,  66  pardoned,  2  sen- 
tenced to  a  7  years'  term  in  the  penitentiary,  and  '2  died  of  their 
wounds. — HouglCs  Hist.  St.  Law.  <£  Frarik.  Cos. 

s  Named  from  Philip  Brasher,  of  Brooklyn,  part  owner.  It 
fmbracca  the  townships  of  "  Grange''''  and  •'  C^-umack,"  or  Nos. 
37  and  18  of  Great  Tract  No.  II,  Macomb's  Purchase. 

*  Mills,  a  fork  and  hoe  factory,  and  an  agricultural  implement 
factory,  are  located  here. 

*  Named  from  Helen,  daughter  of  Joseph  Pitcairn,  of  New 
York,  former  owner  of  a  large  part  of  the  town. 

^  In  1>>27  tho  furnace  was  purchased  by  Isaac  W.  Skinner  and 
R.  W.  BuBh.  In  1)^30  the  latter  was  succeeded  by  W.  H.  Alex- 
.inder,  and  tho  business  waa  continued  by  Alexander  &  Skinner 
until  the  vilbtge  waa  destroyed  by  flro  in  1857.  The  works  are 
about  bein);;  rebuilt. 

*  The  fire  desoliited  nearly  tho  whole  town,  and  for  a  time 
threatened  Braslier  Falls.  The  country  around  was  also  deso- 
lated by  running  firis  in  1849. 

'  2  Presb.  and  M.  K,  at  Brasher  Falls,  Presb.  at  Helena,  M.  E. 
at  "  Maple  Ridge"  w.  part  of  the  town,  R.C.  near  Brasher  Fulls, 
»nd  F.W.  Bap. 

*  It  embraces  No.  6  of  the  "  Ten  Tmons,"'  and  is  10  mi.  sq. 

'  A  natural  canal  connects  the  channels  of  the  two  streams. 


This  canal  waa  formerly  3  to  20  rods  wide,  and  was  navigable  for 
small  boats  in  high  water.  It  flowed  toward  the  w.,  and  over- 
flowed an  filluvial  flj^t  of  4500  acres.  To  reclaim  this,  bolh  ends 
of  the  canal  have  been  closed,  and  a  drain  dug  along  the  Osw^ 
gatcliieto  below  Rensselaer  Falls. 

10  Fruitless  explorations  for  copper  Lave  here  been  made  at 
great  expense. 

"  Incoi-p.  May  14,  1845. 

12  Consisting  of  lumber,  shingles,  sash,  wagons,  flour,  and 
leather. 

13  Ad  elet^ant  brick  building  was  erected  here  in  1857 ;  aird 
in  1858  a  theological  school  was  organized  by  K.Fisher.  Tho  col- 
legiate departniont  has  not  yet  been  organized. 

1*  Formerly  "  Ltmg  liapids."  Named  Morley  from  a  relative 
of  the  Uarriaon  family.  It  contains  several  sawmills,  a  sash 
factory,  and  tannery. 

16  A  forge  was  <Tected  here  in  18.39,  by  Tate,  Chafee  A  Qc*.,  and 
the  place  named  *'  Th/ti'iWe,"  It  was  more  generally  known  na 
^'Canton  Fall^'  until  the  p.  o.  waa  established  in  1851.  Tl.o 
present  name  waa  derived  from  11.  Van  Kenesclaer,  who  laid 
out  the  village  in  1846. 

1*  Daniel  W,  Church,  the  pioneer  millwright  of  the  co.,  erected 
the  first  mill  here,  for  S.  Foote.  in  1801.  The  summer  of  that 
year  was  very  sickly;  and  in  May  the  father  of  S.  Foote  died  of 
the  smallpox  and  waa  buried  in  a  bark  coffin.  Wm.  Bai'ker 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1804.  The  first  birth  was  a  daughter 
of  h.  Johnson. 

17  Tho  census  reports  9  churches;  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Univ.,  Prot  E  j 
(Grace  C.,)  Wea.  Meth.,  Cong.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  R.  C. 


57G 


ST.  LAWRENCE    COUNTY. 


The  late  Gov.  Silas  Wright  settled  in  Canton  Village  as  a  lawyer  in  1819,  and  continued  to  reside 
here  until  his  death,  Aug.  27, 1847. 

C0I.T01V — was  formed  from  Parishville,  April  12,  1843.  A  small  part  was  annexed  from 
Parishville  in  1851.  It  is  a  long,  narrow  town,  lying  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  and  extending  to 
Hamilton  co.  on  the  s.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  hilly;  and  it  is  nearly  all  covered  with  forest.  It 
ia  crossed  by  the  Racket,  Grasse,  andOswegatchie  Rivers.  In  the  central  and  s.  parts  are  numerous 
small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  is  Cranberry  Lake.  The  extreme  n.  part  only  is  inhabited.  The 
principal  business  is  lumbering.  Colton  (p.  v.)  is  an  important  lumber  station  upon  Racket 
River,  near  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  town.  Several  extensive  gang  sawmills  were  erected  here  in 
1850-52;  but  the  business  has  been  partially  suspended.  An  extensive  tannery  for  the  manu- 
facture of  sole-leather  was  built  here  in  1857.^  Pop.  379.  South  Colton  is  a  p.  o.  at  Three 
Falls.  The  first  settlement  was  begun  in  1824,  at  Colton  VUlage.'  There  are  a  M.  E.  and  a 
Univ.  church  in  town,  both  built  in  1852. 

DE  KALiB' — was  formed  from  Oswegatchie,  Feb.  21, 1806.  A  part  of  De  Peyster  was  taken 
off  in  1825,  and  a  part  of  Hermon  in  1830.  It  lies  on  the  Oswegatchie,  w.  of  the  center  of  the 
CO.  Its  surface  consists  of  broken  ridges  of  white  limestone  and  gneiss  with  narrow  valleys 
between  them.  The  soil  is  excellent  and  is  generally  under  a  good  state  of  cultivation.  De 
Kalb^  (p.  V.)  is  situated  on  the  Oswegatchie,  near  the  center  of  the  town.  Pop.  120.  Rich- 
Ville"  (p.  V.)  is  situated  on  the  Oswegatchie,  in  the  s.  w.  comer  of  the  town.  Pop.  250.  East 
De  Halb  is  a  p.  o.  and  station  on  the  P.  &  W.  R.  R.  Coopers  Falls  is  a  hamlet.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  in  1803,  under  Judge  William  Cooper,  of  Cooperstown,  as  agent.  The  first 
settlers  were  principally  from  Otsego  co.     There  are  5  churches  in  town.' 

DE  PEYSTER*— was  formed  from  Oswegatchie  and  De  Kalb,  March  24,  1825.  It  lies  on 
the  s.  E.  shore  of  Black  Lake,  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  in  the  s.  by  the 
parallel  primitive  ridges,  and  is  level  in  the  N.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Oswegatchie,  on  the 
N.  border,  and  Beaver  Creek,  on  the  s.  Moon  Lake  lies  in  the  s.  part.  The  soil  along  the  lake  ia 
very  fertile,  in  the  center  of  average  fertility,  and  in  the  s.  it  is  light  and  sandy.  The  "  Old  State 
Road,"  the  first  traveled  route  through  this  part  of  the  CO.,  extended  through  this  town.  De 
Peyster  Corners  (De  Peyster  p.  o.)  is  a  small  village.  Edenton  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  in  the  fall  of  1802,  by  Sam'l  Bristol  and  others.'  The  census  reports  2  churches ; 
a  M.  E.  and  a  Cong. 

EDf^ARDS'" — was  formed  from  Fowler,  April  7,  1827.     A  part  of  Hermon  was  taken  off  in 

1830,  and  a  part  was  annexed  from  Hermon  in  1850.  It  lies  on  the  Oswegatchie,  s.  w.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  ridges  of  the  primitive  formation  and  the  narrow  valleys 
between  them.  The  soil  is  generally  a  light,  sandy  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  is  very  productive ; 
but  the  town  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.  A  large  number  of  minerals  are  found  among  the 
primitive  rocks."  Edwards  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  the  Oswegatchie.  Pop.  350.  South  Ed- 
Trards'-  (p.  v.)  contains  a  grist  and  saw  mill  and  several  mechanic  shops.  The  first  settlement 
commenced  along  the  St.  Lawrence  Turnpike,  in  1812."  Several  Scotch  families  came  into  town 
in  1817.     There  are  5  churches  in  town." 

FIWE'° — was  formed  from  Russell  and  Pierrepont,  March  27,  1844.    It  lies  in  the  extreme  s. 


1  Namerl  from  Jesse  Colton  Higley,  an  early  settler.  It  em- 
braces the  townships  of  '^  Sherivood,'*  "  i?are?w»(/,"  *^Gran- 
fihuck"  and  ''  Matihlavat*^,"  or  Nos.  1,  4,  7,  and  10  of  Great  Tract 
No.  II,  Macomb's  Purchsise. 

2  This  establishment  employs  about  25  men. 

5  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Asaliel  Lyman,  Abel  Brown, 
Wm.Bulhtrd.  Horace  GartieUl.  and  Sam'l  Partridge.  Miss  Young 
taucht  the  first  school,  in  1826.  The  first  death  was  th.at  of  a 
child  of  Jas.  Brown,  inlS29. 

*  Named  in  honor  of  Baron  De  Kalb.  It  originally  embraced 
No.  7  of  the  "  Ten  Towns." 

5  Originally  named  "  WtUiamsUwn." 

«  About  30  families  came  in  the  first  year.  Salmon  Rich, 
.Tona.  Haskins,  and  Sol.  Pratt  were  among  the  first  settlers  of 
RichTille.  in  1804.  The  first  child  born  was  Jehiel  Diraick ;  the 
first  marri.ige.  that  of  Elisha  Cook  and  Lotta  Willey;  and  the 
first  death,  that  of  George  Cowdery.  Bela  Willis  taught  the  first 
school  at  De  Kalb,  and  Jos.  Kneeland  at  Richville.  Wm.  Cooper 
built  the  first  hotel,  in  1803,  and  the  first  mills,  at  Coopers  Falls, 
lnl.W4. 

'  Bap.  and  Cong,  at  Richville,  Presb.,  M.  E,,  and  Union  (M.  E. 
aud  Bap.)  at  East  De  Kalb. 

*  Named  from  Frederick  De  Peyster,  of  New  York,  former  pro- 


prietor. Mr.  De  P.  gave  the  town  $300  to  assist  in  building  a 
union  church  and  townhouse ;  and  he  also  caused  a  bell  to  be 
cast,  with  an  appropriate  inscription  for  its  use. 

9  Among  the  first  settlors  were  Thos.  Wilson.  Joseph  Round, 

Sam'l  Barujird. Green,  Icliaboii  Arnold.  Robt.  TTill.  Fred.  R. 

Plymptun.  David  Day,  Rufus  Washburn,  and  Smith  Stillwell. 
Bela  Willis  taught  the  first  school  and  was  the  first  local 
preacher. 

10  Named  from  Edward  McCormack,  brother  of  the  proprietor. 
It  embraces  most  of  No.  8  of  Great  Tract  No.  IIT. 

n  Among  these  are  iron  ore,  mica,  Rensselaerite,  serpentine, 
and  tourmaline. 

12  Locally  known  as  "  Shavn-iUe,"  from  Elij.ih  Shaw,  who 
opened  the  first  store  in  1825.  Freemfrnshufih,  in  the  E.  part, 
was  the  scat  of  a  large  furnace  destroyed  by  fire. 

13  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Asa  Braj-ton,  Jos.  51.  Bonner, 

S.  &  E.  Jones,-and Johnson.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  John 

B.  Braytnn.inlS]2;  and  the  first  death  w.as  that  of Part- 
ridge, accidentally  killed  in  1812.  Orra  Shead  built  the  f;  rst  grist- 
mill, in  1814  In  1817  a  large  number  of  Scotch  settlers  came 
in  town. 

"  M.  E.,  Univ.,  Cong.,  Bap.,  and  Union. 

^  Named  from  John  Fine,  of  Ogdensburgh,  principal   pro- 


ST.  LAWRENCE    COUNTY.  577 

part  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  elevated  and  broken,  aud  its  soil  is  a  moderately  fertile,  gravelly 
loam.  It  is  drained  by  the  Oswegatchie  and  its  branches.  It  is  principally  a  wilderness,  the  set- 
tlements being  confined  to  theN.  part.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  town.  Fine  is  a  p.o.  in  the  n.  There 
is  no  village  in  town.     The  first  clearing  was  made  in  1823,  by  Elias  Teall.* 

FOTI'IjER^ — was  formed  from  Rossie  and  Russell,  April  15, 1816.  The  townships  of  Edwarda 
and  Fitz  William  (now  a  part  of  Hermon)  were  annexed  from  Russell  in  1818,  Edwards  was 
taken  ofl'  in  1827,  a  part  of  Hermon  in  1830,  and  Pitcairn  in  1836.  It  lies  upon  the  Oswegatchie, 
in  the  southwesterly  part  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  much  broken  by  ridges  of  gneiss.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Oswegatchie  and  its  branches.  Silver  Lake  lies  s.  of  the  center  of  the  town.  The 
soil  along  the  streams  is  a  fertile  loam,  in  the  n.  w.  a  clayey  loam,  and  in  the  e.  a  light  sand. 
Several  valuable  minerals  are  found  in  town.^  llailesborou^h,  on  the  Oswegatchie,  and 
Little  YorU  (Fowler  p.o.)  are  small  villages.  FulIerYille  (Fullerville  Iron  AVorfts  p.o.) 
is  the  seat  of  an  extensive  manufactory  of  iron.*  "West  Fowler  is  a  p.  0.  The  first  settle- 
ments were  made  by  Brig.  Gen.  Haile,  at  Hailesborough,  in  1807,^  and  by  Sam'l  B.  Sprague,  at 
Little  York,  in  1811.  The  town  did  not  begin  to  be  settled  rapidly  until  after  1820.  The  census 
reports  4  churches  in  town.® 

GOUVER^EFR'^was  formed  from  Oswegatchie,  April  5,  1810.  A  part  of  Macomb  was 
taken  off  in  1841.  It  lies  in  the  w.  part  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  but  somewhat 
broken  in  the  n.  by  low  ridges  of  white  limestone.  It  is  drained  by  the  Oswegatchie,  which  twice 
flows  across  the  town.  The  town  abounds  in  interesting  minerals.^  The  soil  is  sandy  in  a  few 
places,  but  is  chiefly  clay  and  loam,  and  is  highly  productive.  The  Kearney  Iron  Mine,  in  the  s. 
corner,  has  furnished  an  immense  quantity  of  ore.  Gouverneiir  (p-v.)  was  incorp.  Dec.  7, 
1847.  Pop.  785.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  flourishing  academy,^  and  has  a  considerable  local  trade  and 
the  only  p.  0.  in  town.  Riverside  Cemetery  is  beautifully  located  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the 
Oswegatchie,  e.  of  the  village.  It  was  consecrated  June  23,  1858.  It  is  a  station  upon  the  P.  & 
W.  R.  R.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  summer  of  1805,  by  Dr.  Richard  Townsend,  agent 
of  Gouverneur  Morris,  the  proprietor.^**    The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1810." 

HAJIIIWOND^^ — was  formed  from  Rossie  and  Morristown,  March  30,  1827.  A  part  was 
annexed  to  Macomb  in  1842,  and  a  part  to  Rossie  in  1844.  It  lies  upon  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  the 
extreme  w.  part  of  the  co.,  and  includes  a  portion  of  The  Thousand  Islands.  The  surface  is 
generally  level,  but  broken  upon  its  n.  and  s.  borders  by  low  primary  ridges.  A  level  terrace  of 
sandstone,  forming  a  continuous  and  regular  mural  wall,  extends  from  the  ».  shore  of  Black 
Lake  through  the  center  of  the  town  into  Jefferson  co.  Black  Brook  flows  thiough  a  stagnant 
swamp,  which  borders  upon  this  sandstone  terrace.  Its  soil  is  generally  a  deep,  fertile  loam. 
Hammond,  (p. v.,)  on  the  Rossie  Plank  Road;  South  Hammond,  on  the  ''Old  Mili- 
tary Eoad ;"  and  OaK  Foint,''  (p-"^-*)  a  landing  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  are  small  villages. 
Chippewa  is  a  hamlet  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name.  Slight  improvements  began  here  in  1812; 
but  settlements  did  not  increase  until  1818-21,  when  a  number  of  Scotch  f^imilies  located  just  w, 
of  the  present  site  of  Hammond  Village."    There  are  4  churches  in  town.^^ 


prietor.  It  embraces  "  Scriha"  "  BloomJleJd,^*  "J?mi7yttRe,"and 
the  south  half  of  ■'  ^rahshurghy"  or  Nos.  12,  14,  15,  and  9  of 
Great  Tract  No.  ITT.  MacomVe  Purchase. 

1  Jas.C.  Haile  built  a  rude  mill  in  1S28.  The  Bcttlement  was 
noon  after  abandoned,  but  renewed  in  Feb.  183i,  by  Amasa  J. 
Brown. 

3  Named  from  Tlieodncius  Fowler,  of  New  York,  former  pro- 
prietor. It  embraces ''A7?tornfy,"  or  No.  7  of  Great  Tract  No. 
in,  Macomb's  Purchase. 

*  Iron  ore,  white  marble,  sulphates  of  lead,  copper,  and  zinc, 
a^bestus,  Itensselaerite.  niit-a,  aud  chalcedonj*. 

*  This  village  contains  a  furnace,  2  forges,  and  several  mills. 

^  Gen.  11.  purchaaod  a  milt?  square,  with  an  agreement  to  build 
a  mill  within  a  year.  Amoufr  the  other  early  settlers  were  Elijah 
Sackett.  rrfmuel  Arnnld,  John  Ryan,  and  Ebene^.er  Parker.  The 

first  birth  was  a  child  of .Merrills;  the  first  marriage,  that 

of  John  Parker  and  Elizabeth  S.  Surkett,  in  1S12. 

«  Univ..  Hap..  F.  W.  Hap.,  and  M.  E. 

7  Named  from  Gouverneur  Morris,  the  proprietor  of  most  of 
th'"  town.  It  originally  embi-aced  the  township  of  "Oimfcray," 
or  No.  8  of  the  '•  Ten  Twryi^:'^ 

^  AuionKihe  useful  minerals  are  red  specular  iron  ore,  marble, 
limpid  r."»icite.  sulphate  of  barytes,  serpentine.  Keusselaerite, 
mica,  tourmaline,  and  fluorspar;  and  among:  those  interesting 
to  menof  Hcienceare  Hpineno.scapolite.  trfmalite,  schorl, sphene, 
chonrirodite,  npatite.  Habin^xtonite.  aud  Iloujrhite. 

*•  The  **  Gmverneiir  High  Sciiool"  w  ;is  opened  in  1S2G,  and  incorp. 
April  25, 1828.    A  now  edifice  was  erected  Id  18M;  and  in  1837 


3T 


it  was  received  under  the  patronage  of  the  M.  E.  Black  River 
Conference.  The  building  was  burned  in  1839,  and  a  new  stone 
edifice  erected  the  next  year.  The  name  was  changed  to  the 
Gouverneur  "Wesleyan  Seminary  April  25, 1S40.  It  is  a  flourislj- 
ing  institution. 

">Tho  first  party  of  settlers  came  through  the  wilderness  from 
the  bead  of  Lake  George,  guided  by  a  oumpass.  They  were  seven 
days  on  the  journey.  Among  the  settlers  in  1S06  wore  Pardon 
Babcock,  Willard  Smith,  Eleazar  Nichols,  and  Isaac  Austin,  who 
all  occupied  a  small  shanty  in  common.  In  1810  there  were  50 
families  in  town.  A  blockhouse  was  built  in  1S12.  near  wben> 
the  store  of  HaiTey  P.  Smith  now  stands.  Miss  E.  S.  Sackett 
taught  the  first  pchool,  in  the  firstshanty;  Israel  Porter  kept  tho 
first  inn,  and  John  Brown  the  first  store,  in  1808.  The  fir.^t  reli- 
gious servires  were  held  in  ISOG,  by  missionaries.  The  first  chilil 
born  was  Allen  Smith;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Modad  Coin 
and  Miss  Patter.son;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Emily  Porter. 

H  There  are  5  churches  in  town;  2  Cong.,  Univ.,  Bap.,  and  M.E.; 
the  last  hold  their  meetings  in  the  chapel  of  the  academy. 

J2  Named  from  Abijah  Hammond,  of  New  York,  proprietor.  It 
embraces  the  greater  part  of  No.  1  of  Great  Tract  No.  Ill,  M* 
comb's  Purchase. 

1*  Cross-ove^^Island  Lighthouse  was  built  just  above  this  plac« 
in  1847. 

1*  The  first  of  these  were  John  and  David  Gregor,  John  Band, 
John  and  James  Hill,  and  Peter  Alien.  James  Scott  taught  th* 
first  school,  in  1818-19. 

»  Presb.,  51.  E.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  and  Prot  R 


578  ST.   LAWRENCE     COUNTY. 

HERjVIOK' — was  furuied  from  Edwards  and  De  Kalb,  April  17,  1830,  and  named  "  Depau." 
The  name  wa.s  changed  Feb.  28,  1834,  and  a  part  was  annexed  to  Edwards  in  1850.  It  lies  in  (he 
primitive  regiun,  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  tlie  co.  The  surface  is  generally  rolling,  but  broken  and 
hilly  in  the  s.  part.  Elm  and  Carter  Creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  Trout  and  Clear  Lakes 
lie  near  the  s.  border,  and  Gardners  Pond  near  the  center  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  generally  a 
sandy  loam  interspersed  with  tracts  of  sand,  and  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.  IleruiOll  (p.  v.)  is 
situated  on  Elni  Creek,  in  the  N.  e.  corner  of  the  town.  Pop.  346.  niarslivillc  is  a  hamlet.  1  mi. 
s.  of  Hermon.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Jas.  Taylor,  and  a  few  others  who  came  soon 
after  him,  previous  to  1812.^  The  town  did  not  begin  to  be  settled  rapidly  until  1822-25.  Rev 
Mr.  Wright  was  the  first  preacher.' 

HOPH.IIVTOJV*— was  formed  from  Massena,  March  2,  1805.  Russell  was  taken  ofi'  in  18()7. 
ParishvfUe  in  1818,  and  a  part  of  Lawrence  in  1828.  It  lies  along  the  E.  border  of  the  CO.,  and  i" 
the  second  largest  town  in  the  State.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  N.,  but  broken  and  hilly  in  the  s.  I' 
is  crossed  by  the  St.  Regis  and  Racket  Rivers ;  and  in  the  central  and  s.  parts  are  several  extensive 
lakes,  the  principal  of  which  is  Tupjiers  Lake,  on  the  line  of  Franklin  co.  The  whole  town  is  a 
wilderness,  except  the  extreme  n.  part  and  a  small  tract  upon  Tuppers  Lake.  The  soil  is  a  fertile 
loam  in  the  N.  part.  IlopUinton  (p.  v.)  contains  about  20  houses.  ]VicllOlviIle  is  a  small 
village  on  the  line  of  Lawrence  and  mostly  in  the  latter  town.  Fort  JackSOn,  in  the  n. 
part,  on  the  St.  Regis,  is  a  hamlet  of  a  dozen  houses.  The  first  settlement  in  town  was  made  by 
Roswell  Hopkins,  in  1802.°  In  1814  a  party  of  British,  consisting  of  30  men,  under  Maj.  P.  W. 
De  Haven,  visited  this  town  and  captured  a  large  amount  of  flour  belonging  to  the  U.  S.,  which 
was  here  stored  in  a  barn.'  In  the  spring  of  1858  a  company  consisting  of  13  families  located 
in  the  vicinity  of  Tuppers  Lake,  with  the  design  of  forming  an  agricultural  settlement.'  The 
township  of  Mortlake,  or  No.  3  of  Tract  II,  has  been  called  "  Athcrion,"  but  it  has  yet  no  legal 
organization.     There  are  4  religious  societies  in  town.' 

IiAWRElVCE'— was  formed  from  Ilopkinton  and  Brasher,  April  21,  1828.  It  lies  on  the  e. 
border  of  the  CO.,  N.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  very  level,  and  the  soil  is  a  fertile,  sandy  loam 
underlaid  by  Potsdam  sandstone.  It  is  drained  by  St.  Regis  and  Deer  R-ivers.  Lawrence- 
viHe  (p.v.)  and  Kortli  Lawrence  (p.  v.)  are  villages  upon  Deer  River,  each  with  a  pop. 
of  about  220.  The  latter  is  a  station  on  the  Northern  R.  R.  XicIlOlville,'"  (p.  v..)  on  the  line 
of  Hopkinton,  contains  about  200  inhabitants.  The  first  settlement  began  in  1806."  Since  the 
completion  of  the  R.  B.  this  town  has  rapidly  increased  in  population.  The  Quakers  held  the 
first  meeting  in  1808.     There  are  7  churches  in  town.'^ 

liISBON — was  formed  JIarch  6, 1801."  Madrid  and  Oswegatchie  were  taken  oflT  in  1802,  and 
Canton  in  1805.  It  lies  upon  the  St.  Lawrence,  N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level 
or  gently  undulating.  It  is  drained  by  Great  and  Little  Sucker  Brooks,  and  several  .smaller  streams. 
Its  soil  is  a  light  Init  fertile  loam  underlaid  by  calciferous  sandstone.  The  town  includes  Gallop" 
Island  in  the  river.  Liisbon  Center  (p.  o.)  is  a  station  on  the  Ogdensburghll.R.,  and  contains 
about  a  dozen  houses.  Flackville'*  (P-o.)  is  a  hamlet,  on  the  Ogdensburgh  &  Canton  Road. 
Red  Mills'*  (Lisbon  p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet,  on  the  river,  opposite  Gallop  Island.  This  town  was  the 
first  one  organized  in  the  co.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Wm.  O'Neal,  in  1799.  Alex.  J. 
Turner  came  in  as  agent  in  Feb.  1800."    He  was  from  Salem,  N.  Y.,  and  induced  many  families 

1  Named  from  Scripture.  It  embraces  "Fifj  Tri77tam,"or  No.  |  bom,  of  Nashu.i,  N.  H..  Elbridge  G.  Read  and  Wm.  D.  Beason, 
4  of  Great  Tract  No.  Ill,  Macomb's  Turchase,  and  parts  of  other  of  Chelsea,  Mass.,  and  Moses  A.  Herrick,  of  Boston,  for  its  Inm- 
townsbips.  ber.    The  settlement  was  made  under  the  auspices  of  this  Com- 

2  Among  tbo  early  settlers  were  Geo.  Davis,  Philemon  Stuart,    pany. 


Jas.  Farr,  Ariel  Innian,  and  Rufus  Hopkins.  William  D.  Moore 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1817.  The  first  death  was  that  of 
ThoK.  Farr. 

2  There  are  S  churches  in  town ;  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Christian. 

*  NiUued  from  Uoswell  Hopkins,  the  first  settler.  It  embraces 
the  townships  of  "Ot/A'/iam,"  ■'  M'trtlake,"  ^^  Janestown,^^ "  Pierix- 
/JxM,"  '* IhiUywood"  " KiMitn"  " Riversdale,'" and  '^ Islington^* 


s  Cong.,  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  F.  W.  B.Hp. 

9  Named  from  Wm.  Lawrence,  of  New  York,  propriiitor.  It 
embr.aces  "  C'te^ter/idd,*'  or  No.  10  of  Great  Tract  No.  II,  Mii- 
conib'a  Purchase. 

10  Natned  from  E.  S.  Nichols,  an  agent  of  the  proprietors. 

n  Mr.  Brewer,  a  sub-aRcnt.  came  in  as  early  as  ISOl ;  .1.  and  S. 
Tyler,  A.  Sauud.'rs,  A.  Chandler.  .7.  Allen,  and  J.  and  J.  Piercf 


<rr  Nos.  2,  3,  b,  6,  8, 9,12,  and  15  of  Great  Tract  No.  II,  Macomb's    came  in  1807.     Ephraim  Jlartin  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1809; 


Purchase. 

t-  Mr.  Hopkins  bought  a  part  of  Islington.  Among  the  eiu'ly 
settlers  were  Joel  and  Samuel  Goodale,  R.  W.  Hopkins,  .Tared 
Dewey,  and  Eiiphalet  Branch.    The  first  birth  was  in  the  family 

of Sheldon ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  an  infant,  in  1807. 

Judge  Hopkins  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1803. 

*  Tliere  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  on  this  and  other  occa* 
sions  the  British  received  information  from  a  prominent  citizen 
of  Franklin  co. 

'  This  township  was  purchased  Oct.  23, 1853,  by  a  company  con 
f\^tjng  of  Chas.  Q.  .itkerton,  John  H.  Gage,  and  Dan'l  H.  Dear- 


Miss  S.  Tyler  taught  the  first  school,  in  1810. 

la  2  Cong.,  2  M.E.,  2 Bap.,  and  F.  W.  Bap. 

w  It  originally  contained  the  whole  territory  of  the  **  Tm 
Towjts."    It  now  includes  No.  5  of  the  "  y'l^n  Trnvns." 

1*  Pronounced  "  Gal-loo"  Island. 

15  Named  from  John  P.  Flack,  first  p.  m. 

18  Named  from  the  color  of  the  niills  erected  by  Daniel  W. 
Church  for  the  proprietor.  Stephen  Van  Uensselaer,  in  1S04. 

"  Among  the  firet  settlers  were  Peter  Sharp.  Peter  Hinnon, 
John  Tibbets,  Reuben  Turner,  Wui.  Shaw,  Lemuel  Hoskins,  'rt'm. 
Lyttle,  Jajued  Aikeus,  Beoj.  Stewart,  .'Matthew  Perkins,  WensoD 


ST.   LAWRENCE     COUNTY. 


570 


to  remove  from  Washington  co.  A  fatal  epidemic  prevailed  in  town  in  I8I0.  In  tbo  full  of  1813 
a  small  party  of  dragoons  stopping  at  the  village  were  surprised  by  the  Canadians ;  imo  was  shot, 
another  wounded,  and  tw-o  or  three  were  taken  prisoners  to  Canada.    There  aroG  ohurchos  in  town.' 

IiOUISVIIjLE- — was  formed  from  Massena,  April  5,  1810.  A  part  uf  Norfolk  was  taken 
off  in  1823,  and  a  part  of  the  same  town  Avas  annexed  in  1844.  It  lies  npun  the  St.  Law^renue, 
in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level.  Grass  River,  the  principal  stream,  flowing  cen- 
trally through  the  town,  affords  a  water-power  at  the  village.  The  soil  is  a  fertile,  sandy  loam, 
underlaid  by  calciferous  sandstone.  liOUisi'ille/ (p.  0.,)  on  Grass  River,  and  Loui^vilU; 
liaudlu^,  (P'O-,)  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  are  hamlets.  The  water-power  at  the  former  place  hay 
been  somewhat  improved ;  and  the  latter  place  is  a  landing  for  the  American  line  of  steamers. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Nahum  Wilson  and  Aaron  Allen,  in  1800.*  The  growth  of  the 
town  was  checked  by  the  war;  but  it  soon  revived.   There  are  2  churches  in  town;  M.E.  and  Union. 

MACOmJB^— was  formed  from  Gouverneur  and  Morristown,  April  3,  1841.  A  small  tract 
was  annexed  from  Hammond  in  1842,  It  lies  upon  the  s.  shore  of  Black  Lake,  in  the  w.  part 
of  the  CO.  Its  burface  is  broken  by  ridges  of  gneiss  and  white  limestone  parallel  to  the  lake.  Fish 
and  Birch  Creeks  are  the  principal  streams.  Pleasant  and  Yellow  or  Ilickeys  Lakes  are  fine  sheets 
of  water,  with  rocky  shores,  iu  the  central  part  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam.  The 
ridges  are  often  without  vegetation,  but  the  valleys  are  fertile.  Several  valuable  minerals  arc  found 
in  town.®  Macoiiib,  (p.  0.,)  on  the  '' Old  State  lioad,"  und  Popes  Mills,  (p.  0.,)  on  Fish  Creek, 
are  hamlets.  The  first  settlements  were  made  upon  the  "  Old  State  Road,''  about  1805-06.'  Timo- 
thy Pope  made  the  first  improvement  at  Popes  Mills,  in  1816.    There  is  1  church  (M.  E.)  iu  town. 

MAORIO^—was  formed  from  Lisbon,  March  3, 1802,  and  Potsdam  was  taken  08"  in  1806.  It 
lies  upon  the  St.  Lawrence,  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating. 
It  is  watered  by  Grasse  River,  and  by  Great  and  Little  Sucker,  Brandy,  and  Trout  Brooks.  Upon 
both  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Grasse  Rivers  are  rapids,  from  which  is  derived  an  immense  amount  of 
water-power.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam,  generally  fertile.  TVaddin^ton^  (p.  v.)  is  situated 
upon  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Ogdens  Island  and  the  '^  Rapide  Flat."  The  rapids  at  this  place 
impede  the  river  navigation,  but  furnish  an  abundance  of  water-power.^''  The  entire  fall  is  lift. 
Pop. 705.  Columbia  Village  (Madrid  p.  0.)  is  situated  at  the  falls  of  Grass  River,  1  mi.  from 
the  R.  R.  station.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  business.  Pop.  300.  Clias€S  Mills  (p.  0.)  is  a  new 
settlement,  upon  Grass  River,  on  the  line  of  Louisville.  The  first  settlement  was  made  along 
the  St.  Lawrence,  in  1798,  under  Joseph  Edsall,  agent  of  the  propriefeors."  In  Jan.,  1814,  a  party 
of  Canadian  militia,  under  Capt.  Sherwood,  crossed  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Point  Iroquois  and  marched 
to  Columbia  Village,  pressed  teams,  and  carried  off  a  quantity  of  merchandise  which  had  been 
captured  upon  bateaux  on  the  preceding  Oct.     There  are  9  churches  in  town.^^ 

MASSE]VA^^— was  formed  March  3,  1802.  Hopkinton  was  taken  off  in  1805,  Stockholm  in 
1806,  Louisville  in  1810,  and  Brasher  in  1825.  It  lies  upon  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  n.  e.  corner 
of  the  CO.  The  surface  is  generally  level  or  gently  undulating.  The  principal  streams  are  the 
Grass**  and  Racket  Rivers,  vrhich  flow  tlirough  the  town  in  parallel  channels  1  to  2  mi.  apart. 
Its  soil  is  a  productive,  gravelly  and  sandy  loam.  Masscna  (p.  v.)  is  situated  upon  Grass  River, 
at  the  lower  fulls.     It  has  a  limited  amount  of  manufactures.  Pop.  310.     Ulassena  Sprin^s'^ 


Itriggg,  and  Hez.  Pierce.  Tho  first  birth  was  in  the  family  of  J. 
Tibbeta,  in  ISOO.  Kev.  Ak*x.  T'roudfit  held  tho  first  niftkinga. 
l»r.  Jos.  W.  Smith,  the  first  physjciau  in  the  co.,  settled  here  in 
J  SOS  and  remained  two  years. 

»  Cong.,  Asso.  Rcf  Presb.,  M.  E.,  Wes.  Meth.,  Rcf  Prcfb.,  and 
Prot.  B.  (St.  Luke's.) 

*  1 1  comprises  the  greater  part  of  No.  1  of  tho  "  Ten  Towns'* 

3  Li.>cally  known  as  "3/(//*T.vi'i7/f."  from  Rev.  I^vi  Miller,  of 
Turin,  who  came  here  as  a^eut  of  Mc  Vickar,  tlie  proprietor,  in  IS'J3. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  John  Wilson,  Lyuum  Rost- 
wick,  Elisha  W.  BarbtM-.  and  Oriffln  Place.  The  flrHt  child  born 
was  a  son  of  Nahiwn  Wilson ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  I'hilo 
R.irber.  Klinba  Ijarber  taught  the  firat  school,  and  N.  Wilson 
kept  tho  first  inn. 

ft  Named  from  Alex.  Macomb,  the  great  land  speculator. 

*  Among  thi'se  are  lead,  mica,  copper  pyrites,  and  blende. 
Stock  companies  have  been  engaged  quite  exteasivoly  in  lead 
mining  at  Mineral  Point,  on  Black  Lake,  and  elsewhere. 

'  Among  the  first  settlers  wore  Sam"l  Bristol,  Kufus  Wash- 
burn, Sam'l  and  K.  Wils()n,  and  S.un'l  Peck. 

"  It  embraces  Xo.  4  of  tlie  "  T--n  TotvnSj"  and  is  about  10  mi.  sq. 

®  Named  from  Joshua  Waddington,  proprietor.  Formerly 
called  "  IJamiilon."'  Incorp.  April  26, 1839.  A  furnace,  Bujiplied 
with  bog  ore,  was  ostablidbed  here  in  iS34;  but  it  was  abandoned  : 


in  1840.  A  tract  of  1,135  acres  on  the  shore  opposite  tho  island, 
together  with  the  islan(^and  water-power,  were  conveyed  in  1811 
to  .loHbua  Waddington  and  Thos.  L.  and  David  A.  Ogdcii. 

10  In  1808-11-15.  acts  were  passed  to  improve  the  navigation  at 
this  place,  and  a  lock  was  built  for  the  passage  of  small  IwatH. 

n  Among  the  early  eettler.s  were  John  Sharpe,  Barton  Kdaall. 
John  Tuttle,  Benj.  Bartlett,  Godfrey  Ulyera,  JJenj.  Canipl'ell.  and 
E.  Dimick.  Porothy  Fields  taught  tbi-  first  school;  Seth  Rtjbeit:. 
built  the  first  mills,  at  Colundjia  Vilbige,  in  1803.  Mills  wen- 
built  the  first  mill.s.  at  Columbia  VilliiKe,  lulso.'J.  Mills  were  built 
at  Waddington,  in  1803-04.  The  tuwu  was  divided  in  11^59  by  a 
line  through  the  middle  of  the  town  parallel  to  tho  river.  The 
river  town  is  named  Waddington. 

12  2  Cong.,  2  M.  K.,  Univ.,  Rap.,  Prot.  E.,  Asso  Ref.,and  R.C. 

13  NaiiU'd  from  Marshal  MaBsemL,  uf  the  French  army. 

1*  This  stream  near  its  mouth  is  liable  to  a  sudden  rcver.'^al  of 
its  current  by  the  damming  up  cf  the  St.  Lawrence  by  ice  in 
severe  cold  weather.  Tbese  back  currents  have  been  felt  at 
Massena  Village;  and  no  bridges  have  been  made  to  stand  beluw 
the  lower  mills.  The  water  has  b(--cn  known  to  rise  15  ft.  in  .i» 
many  minutes,  and  to  attain  a  maximum  height  of  25  ft.  The 
lower  dam  is  built  to  resist  thf  current  both  ways. 

1^  Tbc»e  springs  are-saline  and  sulphurous.  Capt.  John  PoUj 
buiit  the  first  public  house  hero,  in  1822.  A  spacious  brick  hotel 
was  erected  in  184S  to  accommodate  those  who  resort  here. 


580 


ST.  LAWRENCE    COUNTY. 


lies  upon  the  Racket,  about  one  mi.  distant  from  Massena.  Pop.  120.  It  is  a  favorite  summer 
resort.     Massena  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  about  25  houses,  and  Racket  River  (p.  v.) 

about  20.  By  the  treaty  of  1796,  a  mile  square  at  the  mouth  of  Grass  River  was  reserved  by  the 
St.  Regis  Indians;  and  most  of  the  other  lauds  in  the  town  were  located  on  Revolutionary  land 
warrants  before  the  sale  of  the  rest  of  the  co.  Before  the  treaty  the  Indians  issued  unauthorized 
leases  to  different  parties;  and  hence  arose  much  annoyance  from  conflicting  claims.^  The  first  im- 
provements were  made  on  Grass  River,  on  land  leased  of  the  Indians,  in  1702.  The  first  settlements 
on  Revolutionary  grants  were  made  in  1798,  by  Amos  Lay  and  others.^  In  1812  the  U.  S.  Government 
erected  barracks  here,  which  were  occupied  3  months  by  militia.  In  Sept.  1813,  a  party  of  Cana- 
dians burned  the  barracks  and  carried  away  several  prisoners.     There  are  5  churches  in  town.' 

MORRIvSTOWlV*— was  formed  from  Oswegatchie,  March  27, 1821.  A  part  of  Hammond  was 
taken  off  in  1827,  and  a  part  of  Macomb  in  1841.  It  lies  between  the  lower  end  of  Black  Lake  and 
the  St.  Lawrence.  Its  surface  is  gently  undulating,  rising  from  either  side  toward  the  center.  Chip- 
pewa Creek,  flowing  though  the  center,  is  the  principal  stream.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  and  gener- 
ally fertile.  Morristovrn  (p.  v.)  is  situated  upon  the  St.  Lawrence.  Pop.  254.  £d^¥ards- 
ville''  (p.  0.)  is  a  small  village  on  Black  Lake,  at  which  point  a  ferry  has  been  established.  Brier 
Hill  (p.  0.)  is  a  hamlet.  David  Ford — as  agent  of  Gouverneur  Morris,  the  proprietor — made  the 
first  settlement  on  the  site  of  the  village,  in  1799.^  John  K.  Thurbur  and  Henry  Ellenwood  made 
the  first  improvement  in  the  vicinity  of  Edwardsville,  in  1810.  In  1817-18  several  English  families 
located  at  a  place  still  known  as  the  "  English  Settlement."     There  are  7  churches  in  town,*^ 

IVORFOIjH. — was  formed  from  Louisville  and  Stockholm,  April  9, 1823.  A  part  was  annexed 
to  Louisville  in  1844.  Its  surface  is  moderately  uneven.  Racket  River,  the  principal  stream, 
flows  diagonally  through  near  the  center  of  the  town,  and  affords  a  large  amount  of  water-power, 
partially  improved.^  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  resting  upon  drift  deposits  of  gravel  and 
marine  clay,  and  all  underlaid  by  calciferous  sandstone.  The  e.  part  is  sandy;  and  a  swamp 
lies  between  the  Racket  and  Grasse  Rivers.  JVorfolk  (p.  v.)  is  situated  upon  Racket  River.  Pop. 
about  200.  It  has  manufactories  of  lumber,  shingles,  and  articles  of  wood.  Rayuiondville^ 
(p.  0.)  is  a  small  village  on  the  Racket,  below  Norfolk.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Erastus 
Hall,  in  1809,  at  Raymondville.^°  The  Racket  was  formerly  navigated,  to  some  extent,  as  far  as 
this  place.     There  are  4  churches  in  town." 

OSlf'EGATCHIEi^— was  formed  from  Lisbon,  March  3,  1802.     De  Kalb  was  taken  off  in 

1806,  Gouverneur  in  1810,  Morristown  in  1821,  and  a  part  of  De  Peyster  in  1825.  The  surface  is 
level  or  gently  undulating.  Oswegatchie  River,  the  principal  stream,  affords  water-power  at 
Heuvelton  and  at  Ogdensburgh,  which  is  available  most  of  the  year.  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality 
of  gravelly  loam,  and  is  under  a  good  state  of  cultivation.  Og'densbur^li^^^  (p-'^-O  situated 
upon  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  villages  in  Northern  New 
York.  It  is  the  w.  terminus  of  the  Ogdensburgh  R.  R.,  and  stands  at  the  foot  of  sloop  navigation 
upon  the  great  lakes  and  St.  Lawrence  River,  giving  to  it  important  commercial  advantages.  A 
limited  amount  of  manufacturing  is  also  carried  on,  chiefly  on  the  w.  side  of  the  Oswegatchie.  It 
contains  the  depots  and  buildings  of  the  Ogdensburgh  R.  R., — among  the  finest  in  the  co., — au 
academy,"  a  townhall,*^  U.  S.  customhouse,^^  and  an  armory."  Pop.  Jan.  1858,  7,308.     Heuvel- 


1  M'lst  of  tho  valuable  timber  was  stolen  before  settlement. 

2  AuKing  the  first  settlers  were  Mamri  Victory,  Calviu  Plum- 
ley.  Bliss  Hoisington,  Klijah  Biiiley,  David  Lyttle,  !^elh  Read, 
ami  Leonard  Uerrick.  Gilbert  Read  taught  tlie  first  school,  in 
1803.  Amabel  Foucher  was  a  lessee  of  the  first  mill,  under  the 
Indians.  »  2  Cong.,  Bap.,  M.  E..  and  R.  C. 

*  Named  from  Gouverneur  Morris,  principal  proprietor.  It 
originally  embraced  the  township  of  '■*  Hague"  or  ^'o.  9  of  the 
"  Ten  Ti/wns.'* 

6  Locally  known  as  the  "iVanows."  Named  from  Jonathan  S. 
Edwards,  the  first  postmaster.    On  e-arly  maps  it  was  marked 

*  Arnold  Smith  and  Thomas  Hill  were  first  settlers  on  the 
river,  and  H.  Harrison,  Ephraim  Story,  and  Benj.  Tubba  on  the 
lake.     Smith  kept  the  first  inn,  and  Ford  built  the  first  house. 

^  2  M.  K.,  Presb.,  Cong..  Prot.  K.,  Evang.  Luth.,  and  Union. 

8  There  is  a  dam  1  mi.  from  the  R.  R.  station,  near  the  s.  w. 
corner  nf  the  town,  another  at  Norfolk,  and  another  at  Ray- 
inondvilie. 

*  Named  from  Benj.  Raymond,  the  first  agent  for  this  town  and 
Potsdam.    First  named  "  Racketon." 

^'^  Among  the  early  settlers,  who  came  in  about  ISIO,  were  Ebon 
Judson,  Martin  Barney.  J.  W.  Osborn,  C.  G.  Stowo,  and  Milo 
Brewer.  The  fiiet  death  was  that  of  E.  Judson,  in  1813.  The 
first  clearing  at  Norfolk  Village  was  made  for  1*  Raj',  in  1811 ; 
and  the  first  settlement  wjia  beguD  by  Russell  Atwater,  in  1816, 


A  furnace  was  built  at  the  villagu  in  1825,  and  supplied  with 
bog  ore.    It  was  burned  in  1S44. 

u  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  and  Presb.,  at  Norfolk,  and  Presb  at  Ray- 
mondville. 

12  Pronounced  Os-we-gotch'ee ;  named  from  the  river.  It  em- 
braces most  of  No.  8  of  the  *'  'fen  Ihivns." 

18  Named  from  Sam'I  Ogden.  the  first  proprietor.  Incorp.  in 
1817.  The  unsold  lauds  in  and  about  the  village  were  bought 
by  David  Parish  in  1808,  the  owner  of  large  tracts  in  the  co.  He 
built  an  extensive  warehouse  and  several  vessels,  and  laid  plans 
for  a  large  business,  which  the  war  prevented  him  from  realizing. 

n  This  academy  now  forms  an  incorporate  part  of  the  public 
educational  system  of  the  WUage.  The  schools  are  all  graded, 
and  the  pupils  are  advanced,  according  to  attainment,  fmin  the 
primary  schools  to  the  complete  academic  course.  The  academy 
receives  the  income  from  the  ferry  at  this  place.  In  ISO"  there 
were  7  schoolhouses  and  IS  teachers.  The  average  uuniber  of 
pupils  on  the  rolls  was  1328,  and  average  daily  attendance  755. 

i&  By  special  act  of  1858  a  town  hall  was  erected,  at  an  expense 
of  Slu,000,  on  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Frankhn  S*ts. 

16  The  cornerstone  of  the  old  i'rencL  Mission  house  is  placed 
over  one  of  its  entrances. 

17  An  appropriation  of  $110,000  was  made  in  1857  for  a  custom- 
house, p.  o.,  and  U.  S.  oiurtroom.  It  is  to  be  erected  on  the  site 
of  the  old  courthouse,  corner  of  State  and  K  nox  Sts. 


ST.  LAWRENCE    COUNTY. 


581 


ton'  (p.  V.)  lies  upon  the  Oswegatchie,  7  mi.  above  Ogdensburgh.  It  has  a  limited  amount  of  manu- 
facture.s.  Pop.  300.  Black  L.ake  is  a  p.  o.,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town.  The  early  history 
of  the  town  has  already  been  noticed."  The  first  improvement,  after  Ogdensburgh  was  aban- 
doned by  the  British,  was  made  in  179C,  by  Nathan  Ford,'  and  it  soon  became  a  place  of  com- 
mercial importance.  The  war  checked  the  jirosjierity  of  the  place,  and  after  the  return  of  peace 
business  revived  slowly.  The  opening  of  the  Wclland  Canal  and  completion  of  the  Ogdensburgh 
R.  R.  greatly  increased  the  trade  and  added  to  the  population  of  Ogdensburgh.*  The  completion 
of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  tlirough  Canada  has  in  some  measure  checked  its  growth,  by  divert- 
ing business  into  other  channels.  The  first  religious  meetings  were  held  while  it  was  a  French, 
and  afterward  a  British,  post.     The  census  reports  11  churches.' 

PARISlIVILiliE* — was  formed  from  Hopkinton,  April  15,  1818.  Colton  was  taken  off  in 
1843,  and  another  part  of  Parishville  annexed  to  it  in  1851.  It  lies  upon  St.  Regis  River,  s.  E. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  N.  and  considerably  broken  in  the  s.  The 
soil  is  a  deep  loam  in  the  N.,  but  in  the  s.  is  light  and  sandy.  A  large  portion  of  the  town  is  yet 
a  wilderness.  Parishville  (p.  v.)  is  situated  upon  the  w.  branch  of  St.  Regis  River.  Pop.  236. 
It  has  a  limited  amount  of  manufactures.'  ParisllvlUe  Center,  in  the  N.  part,  is  a  hamlet. 
Daniel  Hoard  settled  in  1810,  as  agent  for  the  proprietors.^  During  the  war  the  settlement  was 
greatly  increased  by  immigrants  from  the  frontier  towns.     The  census  reports  4  churches.' 

PIERREPOH'T'" — was  formed  from  Russell,  April  15,  1818.  A  part  of  Fine  was  taken 
off  in  1844.  It  occupies  a  long,  narrow  strip  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  quite 
broken.  The  three  branches  of  Grass  River,  e.  branch  of  the  Oswegatchie,  and  Racket  River  are 
the  principal  streams.  The  soil  in  the  N.  is  well  adapted  to  grazing,  and  that  in  the  s.  is  light  and 
sandy.  Settlements  are  confined  to  the  N.  part.  Magnetic  iron  ore  and  other  valuable  minerals 
are  found  in  large  quantities.  Pierrepont  (p.  o.)  is  a  small  village  upon  the  hills,  near  the  center 
of  No.  3.  East  Pierrepont"  {p.  V.)  is  situated  on  Racket  River.  Pop.  about  100.  Flavins 
Curtis  settled  upon  the  line  of  Canton  in  1806-07.  The  principal  settlement  commenced  upon  the 
completion  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Turnpike,  in  1811-12.'"   There  are  2  churches ;  M.  E.  and  F.  W.  Bap. 

PITCAIRM"— was  formed  from  Fowler,  March  29, 1836.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co., 
w.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  much  broken  by  ridges,  separated  by  swamps,  lakes,  and  fertile 
intervales.  The  soil  is  light  and  sandy,  with  a  few  alluvial  flats  along  the  streams.  Iron  ore, 
marble,  and  lead  are  found  in  town.  The  Jay  Iron  Ore  Bed  has  been  worked ;  and  unprofitable 
attempts  have  been  made  to  work  some  lead  mines.  Tiie  town  is  thinly  settled.  Pitcairn  and 
East  Pitcairn  are  p.  offices.  Settlement  was  begun  in  1824  by  immigrants  from  Potsdam." 
There  is  no  church  in  town. 

POTSDAM'*— was  formed  from  Madrid,  Feb.  21,  1806.  It  lies  on  Racket  River,  n.  e.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling ;  and  its  soil  is  a  deep,  rich  loam.  The  streams  are  Racket 
River,  affording  a  large  amount  of  water-power,  and  Grass  River,  with  a  limited  amount.  Lumbei 
and  articles  of  wood  are  largely  manufactured.  There  are  extensive  quarries  of  sandstone  above 
tlie  village.'*  This  is  the  leading  agricultural  town  in  the  CO.,  and  every  part  is  under  improve- 
ment. Potsrtam"  (p.  v.)  is  located  upon  Racket  River,  E.  of  the  center  of  the  town.  The 
river  is  here  divided  by  islands  and  broken  by  rapids,  and  furnishes  an  extensive  water-pcwer. 
Pop.  in  1st  and  4th  election  districts,  2,123.     It  has  a  considerable  amount  of  manufactures  and 


1  Named  from  .Tacob  Van  Ileuvel.  who  invested  a  large  sum  in 
a  niinous  attempt  to  establieh  business  liere. 

2  See  p.  674. 

*  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Ezra  Fitz  Randolph,  lliomas 
Lee,  John  Lyon,  John  King,  Louis  Hasbrouck,  S^tephen  Slooasen, 
and  Powell  Davis.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Richard  Hub- 
bard, in  1S09. 

*  A  ni.irine  railway,  constructed  herein  1853,  has  been  of  great 
service  to  the  interests  of  navigation. 

6  3  M.  Ji.,  2  Presb.,  Univ.,  Unitarian,  Bap..  Cong.,  Prot.  E,,  and 
K.  C. 

«  Named  from  David  and  Geo.  Parish,  proprietors  of  No,  13. 
I:  embraces  the  most  of  "  CatharimiritU^'  and  "  iricA-,"  or  Nos. 
1+  and  11  of  Great  Tract  No.  II  of  Macomb's  Purchase. 

J  The  river  here  descends  125  ft.  within  a  mi.,  furnishing  an 
abundance  of  water-power. 

"J  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Luke  Brown.  Isaac  Tower.  II. 
Shattuck,  and  Levi  Sawyer,  who  came  in  about  ISll.  During 
this  and  the  succeeding  year  the  proprietors  caused  a  road  to  be 
opened  to  Carthage,  and  mills,  a  distillery,  hotel,  and  forge  to  be 
built.  The  first  birth  was  in  the  family  of  Luke  Brown,  in  1812. 
Uarriet  Brouson  taught  the  first  school,  in  the  barn  of  Mr.  Hoard. 


»  Cong..  M.  E.,  Wes.  Meth.,  and  Bap. 

10  Named  from  Hezekiah  B.  Pierrepont.  of  Brooklyn.  piO- 
prietor.  It  embraces  the  townships  of  "ChaumonW  "  Ciiflfm^ 
"  C/are,"  and  a  part  of  " /)c  ITzW,"  or  Nos.  13, 10,  6,  and  3  of  Great 
Tract  No.  Ill  of  Macomb's  Purchase. 

u  Sometimes  called  "  Coxti  ittVs,"  from  Gardner  Coxe,  wh<* 
settled  here  and  built  mills  in  1817-22.  It  has  a  large  gan? 
sawmill  and  a  starch  factory. 

13  Among  the  early  settlers  were  David  Denton,  Pet.  R.  Leonard, 
Jos.  Matthews,  and  Ebenezer  Tupper. 

13  Named  from  Joseph  Pitcairn.  proprietor.  It  embraces  the 
township  of  ^^ Partaferry"  or  No.  11  of  Great  Tract  No.  Ill,  Ma 
comb's  Purchase. 

n  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Nafh'l  Dickinson  and  sons. 
Levi  Gleason,  Nathan  C.  Scovil,  and  James  Streetor.  Caroline 
Dickinson  taught  the  first  school.  The  first  birth  was  in  the 
family  of  N.  C.  Scovil ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Anson  Bing- 
ham and  Caroline  Dickinson. 

l&  It  embraces  No.  3  of  the  "  Ten  Tmvns." 

w  From  these  quarries  the  city  of  Ilauiilton,  C.  W..  is  supplied 
with  flagging.  The  stone  also  is  an  excellent  building  mato* 
lial.  '1  Incorp.  March  3, 1831. 


582 


ST.    LAWRENCE    COUNTY. 


in  the  seat  of  an  academy.^  It  also  contains  a  bank  and  2  printing  offices.  Racketville 
(North  Potsdam  p.  o.)  lies  on  Racket  River,  in  the  n.  corner  of  the  town.  Pup.  about  150,  It  has 
an  extensive  water-power,  and  is  the  Potsdam  Junction  station  on  the  Ogdcnsburgh  R.  R.  Bucks 
Bridge-  is  a  hamlet  upon  Grass  River,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town.     West  Potsdam  (p.  o.) 

i.s  a  small  village  in  the  midst  of  au  agricultural  region.  The  hr.st  settlcmcut  commenced  in  1803, 
under  Benj.  Raymond,  agent  fur  the  proprietor,  and  the  town  rapidly  fiilcd  up  by  immigrants 
from  Vt.^  In  Nov.  Itt04,  Vim.  BuUard  took  up  2,-i27  acres  of  land,  and  formed  an  association, 
styled  "  The  Union,"  holding  the  laud  in  common.  The  association  broke  up  in  2  or  3  years. 
There  are  10  churches  in  town.^ 

ROSSI  E*^ — was  formed  from  Russell,  Jan.  27, 1813.  A  part  of  Fowler  was  taken  off  in  1816, 
and  a  part  of  Hammond  in  1827.  A  part  of  Hammond  was  annexed  in  1844.  It  lies  on  the  s.  w. 
border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  level  in  the  e.,  and  broken  by  ledges  of  gneiss,  limestone,  and 
sandstone  in  the  remaining  parts.  It  is  drained  by  Oswegatchie  and  Indian  Rivers.  Its  soil  is 
like  that  of  the  adjoining  towns.  Between  the  gneiss  and  limestone,  near  Indian  River,  are 
extensive  and  valuable  mines  of  lead  and  iron,'  and  a  great  variety  of  valuable  minerals.* 
Rossie  (p.  V.)  is  situated  on  Indian  River,  at  the  head  of  the  Black  Lake  navigation.  Pop.  214. 
It  owes  its  importance  to  its  iron  manufacture,  commenced  here  in  1813.  CliurcllS  Mills,^ 
(Wegatchie  p.  o.,)  situated  on  the  Oswegatchie,  is  the  seat  of  a  furnace.  Pop.  about  170.  Sonier- 
viile  (p.  v.)  contiiins  20  houses.  Slftillgle  Creelt  is  a  p.  o.,  in  the  s.e.  corner.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  in  1807.^°  A  number  of  Scotch  families  came  in  about  1810.  A  blockhouse  was 
built  near  Somerville  in  1812.    There  are  2  churches  in  town;  Univ.  and  M.E. 

RUSSEIjK*^^ — was  formed  from  Ilopkintou,  March  27,  1807.  Rossie  was  taken  off  in  1813, 
a  part  of  Fowler  in  1816,  Pierrepont  in  1818,  and  a  part  of  Fine  in  1844.  It  lies  upon  Grass 
River,  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  much  broken,  and  its  s.  part  is  still  a  wilderness. 
Its  soil  is  light  and  sandy,  but  fertile  in  the  valleys.  Russell  (p.  o.)  is  a  small  village,  upon 
Grass  River,  in  the  central  part  of  the  town ;  Wortli  Russell  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  in  1804,  under  the  agency  of  R.  Atwater.^-  A  State  arsenal  was  built  in  the  village  in 
1809  ;^^  and  the  St.  Lawrence  Turnpike  was  opened  the  same  year.  The  principal  growth  of  the 
village  was  received  in  1811  and  1812.  A  forgo  was  built  in  1846,  and  supplied  with  bog  and 
magnetic  ores.  There  are  2  churches  in  town;  Bap.  and  M.  E.:  the  Presb.  and  Prot.  E.  each 
have  societies  formed. 

STOCKHOLM"— was  formed  from  Massena,  Feb.  21, 1806.  A  part  of  Norfolk  was  taken 
off  in  1823.  It  lies  in  the  northeasterly  part  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling.  Its  soil  is  a  light, 
sandy  loam,  generally  productive.  It  is  watered  by  the  two  branches  of  St.  Regis  River.  It  is 
strictly  an  agricultural  town,  and  one  of  the  most  wealthy  in  the  co.  Stockliolni  Uepot 
(p.o.)  is  a  small  village  upon  the  r.  r.,  in  the  e.  part  of  the  town.  East  Stockboliu  (Stock- 
holm p.  o.)  and  Sanfordville  are  hamlets  of  a  dozen  houses  each.  "West  Stocklioilli 
(p.o.)  is  a  small  manufacturing  village  upon  St.  Regis  River.  Knapps  Station  (North 
Stockholm  p.  o.)  is  a  r.  r.  station  on  the  n.  w,  border  of  the  town  ;  and  SoutliTllle  is  a  p.  o. 
Sklnnea'ville  is  a  hamlet  ou  the  w.  branch  of  the  St.  Regis.  The  first  settlement  was  begun  in 
1802,  by  Ebenezer  Ilulburd  and  Dr.  Luman  Pettibone,  agents.^^    The  census  reports  5  churches.^® 


1  The  St.  Lawrence  Academy  waa  commenced,  through  the  ex- 
ertions of  Benj.  Raymond,  in  1812.  It  has  long  maintained  a  high 
reputation  amon;;  the  schools  of  Northern  New  York. 

2  Named  from  [saac  Buck,  who  settled  here  in  1^07. 

3  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Wm.  and  Gurdon  .Smith.  Benj. 
Stewart,  John  Delauce,  David  Freuch,  Chester  Dewey,  Joseph 
Bailey,  Bester  Pierce,  Koswell  Parkhurst,  Wm.  Bullard,  lieuben 
Field,  and  Abner  Royce.  The  first  birth  was  a  daughter  of  Wm. 
Smith ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Jaa.  Cbadwick.  Mills  were 
built  by  liaymond. 

*  The  members  were  not  professedly  united  in  religious  or 
politirHl  views.  SpafFord,  in  his  Gazetteer,  erroneously  calls 
them  *'  Moravians." — HnuglCs  Hist.  St.  L.  and  Frank.  Cos., p.  435. 

6  3  M.  E.,  Presb.,  Univ..  Prot.  E.,  (Trinity.)  Bap.,  Ref.  Presb., 
B.C.,  and  Catholic  Apostolic. 

6  Pronounced  Kos-se6.  Named  from  a  sister  of  Dovid  Parish, 
the  proprietor.  It  embraces  "  SomerviUe,"  or  No.  2  of  Great 
Tract  No.  III.  Macomb's  Purchase. 

"  The  first  lead  mining  operations  in  this  town  were  unskillfully 
performed  and  attended  with  ruinous  results,  whicli  led  to  their 
abandonment.  After  20  years'  suspension,  the  mines  were  re- 
opened by  an  English  company,  (The  KosHie  &  Canada  Lead  Com- 
pany.) formed  uu'ler  special  act,  and  working  iip<jn  a  lease  of  )H) 
years  from  June  1,  lS5t);  and  they  are  said  to  have  been  success- 
ful. The  Caledonian  and  Keene  Iron  Mines,  near  theR.R.,i>\vneii 
\-v  Parish,  have  yielded  an  immense  quantity  of  ore.  which  has 
j/>  >6tiy  beeu  worked  at  Rossie  Iron  Works. 


8  Among  these  minerals  are  marble,  graphite,  heavy  spax, 
phosphate  of  lime,  copper  pyrites,  calcite,  pearl  spar,  apatite, 
zircon,  tremolite,  satin  spar,  celestino,  carbonate  of  iron,  chou- 
drodite,  aud  spinelle. 

9  Formerly  called  ■'  Caledonia^"  and  "  Howards  3IiilSf'"  from 
Jas.  Howard,  former  proprietor. 

10  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Jos.  Teall,  Reuben  Streeter, 
A.  Simmons,  O.  Malterner,  A.  Keeuey,  jr..  S.  Bonfy,  S.  Waters, 
and  J.  Stearns.  The  first  child  born  was  Wm.  Rossie  Williams. 
Reuben  Streeter  built  the  first  mill. 

11  Named  from  Russell  Atwater,  first  settler. 

12  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Nathan,  Loren,  and  David 
Knox.  Heman  Morgan,  Elias  Ilayden,  Reuben  Ashman.  Jesse 
Bunnell,  Elihu  Morgan,  and  Joel  Clarke,  who  came  in  1S0.5.  The 
first  child  born  was  a  son  of  Reuben  Ashman,  in  ISuG;  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  Calvin  Hill  aud  Harriet  Knox:  and  the  firsi 

death,  that  of Curtis.  RoUin  Smith  taught  the  first  school, 

aud  Atwater  built  the  first  mills. 

IS  Sold  for  a  school  building,  in  18&0. 

I'l  It  originally  comprised  No.  2  of  the  "Ten  Toivm,"  and  is 
nearly  10  mi.  aq. 

15  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Benj.  Wright,  Isaac  Kelsey, 
Abiam  Sheldon,  and  John  and  Robt.  Bisbee.  S.  Reynolds  built 
the  first  mill,  in  1804.  Mrs.  Sheldon  was  the  first  woman  who 
came  into  town. 

10  2  Cong.,  M.  E..  Bap.,  W.  Metb.;  the  Christians  and  F.  W. 
Bap.  have  also  societies  in  town. 


ST.    LAWRENCE    COUNTY. 


583 


Acres  of  Land,   Valuation,   Poimlalion,   Dwelliuys,  Families,   Freeholders,    ScJwols,   Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  St.  Lawrence  County. 


Namss  of  Towns. 


BrnaJier 

Canton 

Culton 

DeKnlb 

Do  Peyster... 

Edwards 

Fine 

Fowler 

Gouverneur.. 
Hammond... 

Hermon 

Hopkiuton  .. 

Lawrence 

Lisbon 

Louisville.... 

Macomb 

Madrid". 

Massena 

Morristown  . 

Norfolk 

t)8wegatchie, 
Parisliville .. 
Pierrepout... 

Pilcairn 

Potsdam 

RoBsic 

RusshII 

Stockholm  .. 
Total.... 


Acres  of  Land. 


18.2R0 
34.101 
3,460 

22.ass 

12,334 
7,834 
1,824 
1S.732 
26,111 
15,701 
12,637 
12,641 
17,338 
30,969 
15,.?67 
10,435 
32,788 
19,620 
l',l,407 
]2,2,S0 
26,669 
20.62S 
10,339 
3,900 
40,297 
6,482 
12,080 
30,840 


14119,554    8f5,.531 


40.726 
29.593 
127.293 
26.616 
13.706 
19,285 
93,932 
12,687 
12,167 
1S.S23 
12,268 
36,427 

7,905 
24.491 
23,881 
29,766 
28,661 

9,037 
24,691 

9,459 
12,496 
42,602 
116,121 
20,767 
20.521 
12,911 
38,008 
21,703 


Valuation  op  1856, 


$446,100 

1,343,810 
lfi(i.90S 
473,SD» 
327.990 
170,213 
66,197 
296,498 
763.24S 
3.30,875 
264.693 
4S0.803 
421,800 
825,780 
320,216 
192,060 

1,119,22: 
889,574 
372,170 
359,320 

2,416,555 
367,230 
274,845 
79,960 

1,528,406 
270,419 
806,111 
706,691 


16,066,061   2,011,860  '  17,077,921 


!3 


1,614 

2,497 

646 

1,360 

699 

625 

172 

814 

1,406 

970 

864 

775 

1,226 

2,622 

1,0S7 

749 

2,435 

1,341 

1,049 

882 

6,033 

1,064 

906 

269 

3,328 

7.02 

1,116 

1,954 


1,454 

2,498 

494 

1,316 

6&1 

566 

144 

806 

1,450 

905 

794 

779 

1,139 

2,487 

1,0.33 

717 

2,427 

1,360 

1,062 

922 

6,027 

1,000 

928 

262' 

3,303 

728 

993 

1,S3U 


487 
874 
209 
482 
196 
208 
67 
292 
498 
814 
289 
293 
467 
907 
345 
2C0 
844 
459 
899 
341 

1,058 
306 
348 
106 

1,126 
262 
399 
697 


37.934  37,043    13,191    13,177   10,690'  377 


212 
811 
196 
210 
67 
303 
612 
320 
305 
267 
473 
905 
356 
124 
877 
468 
399 
350 

1,474 
396 
347 
106 

1,191 
314 
392 
726 


435 
806 
140 
319 
153 
211 
66 
241 
399 
112 
244 
241 
407 
761 
338 
221 
736 
341 
281 
310 

1,096 

404 

309 

89 

1,016 
163 
262 
610! 


Vc 


1,248 

2,005 
492 

1,068 
602 
689 
162 
688 

1,146 
706 
663 
861 
987 

2,348 
917 
663 

1,884 

1,227 
889 
768 

4,609 
760 
781 
215 

2.238 
760 
760 

1.619 

10,997 


Nasies  op  Towns. 


Briisber 

Canton 

Colton 

DeKolb 

De  Pcyster..., 

Edwards 

Fine 

Fowler 

Gouverneur . 
Hammond... 

Hermon 

Hopkinton .. 

Lawrence 

Lisbon 

Louisville ... . 

Macomb 

Madrid'* , 

Massena 

Mori-istown. 

Norfolk 

Oswi'jrtttchie 
Pnrisliville .. 
Picrrepont. .. 

Pitcairn 

Potsdam 

Hossie 

Russell 

Stockholm... 
Total.. 


664 

1,906 
135 
698 
490 
320 
32 
629 
079 
770 
406 
450 
690 

1,71' 
724 
367 

1,461 
901 

1,032 
4'- 

1,409 
735 
399 
134 

1,.506 
382 
358 

1,082 


lal 


1,746 

2,991 

218 

1,961 

836 

914 

1.56 

1,228 

1.486 

1,266 

1,524 

l.O.ll 

1.666 

3,057 

1,861 

979 

2,806 

2,658 

1,43; 

807 

2,265 

1,693 

797 

2.'!9 

2,864 

771 

1,800 

3.303 


1,633 
3,927 

369 
2,426 
1,442 
1,017 

109 
2,072 
2,924 
1,421 
1,753 

948 
1,621 
3,607 
1,611 

981 
3,69: 
1,817 
1,860 
1,066 
2,616 
1,056 

978 

300 
4,! 
1,086 
1,.518 
2,823 


20,261  44,247 '52,161 


Agricultural  Products, 


Bush,  op  Gbajn. 


1,669 
1,848 

4.59 
1,020 

738 
l,530i 

352 
1,091 
1,633 
1,702 

164 
3,266 
1,496 
1.618 
1„566 
1,5.67 
2,060 
1,997 
4,164 

456 
6.826 
3,979 
2.100 

146 

1.833 

893 

343 

6,140 

:4,080  '60,6054 


hi 


4,440 
11.192 
2.603 
6,050 
2,666 
2,206 
304 
4,363 
6.170 
3,666 
3,621 
2,786 
4,776 
10,681 
4,686 
2,636 
9,454 
6,601 
6,133 
8.738 
7,704 
4,584 
2,466 
6.54 
13,39' 
2,065 
3,912 
8,378 


Daisy  Psoducts. 


31,460 
61.525 

8,221 
41,927J 
28,311 
17.877 

3,776 
32,324 
66,062 
67,006 
26,214 
19,387 
29,106 
.50.888 
46.228 
18.225 
86.43S 
60.802 
62.792S 
20.631 
76.067i 
46.110 
20.106 
11,726 
01,419 
26,3064 
30,918 
50,6214 

1,068,3444  139,400  604,023  90,497 '  4,268,809  1,672,999 


16,653 
6,.676 
8,067 
24,046 
60.286 
52,804 
18,063 
10,083 
46,066 
20,642 
9.811 
16.968 
24.380 
29,110 
12.328 
8.314 
50,108 
8,054 
11.670 
68.667 


165 

410 
2,342 

832 
3.566 
1,107 
9,C93 
4.067 

194 
8,711 
4,920 
7.3.35 
5.798 
8,789 
4.377 
2,141 

14,553 
46 

2,10s 
4,416 


136,320 
30,840 
10,340 
206,370 
136,950 
92,909 
10,900 
159,870 
278,023 
112,821 
136.616 
82.627 
140.525 
349,863, 
148.730; 
96,860 
3.39,082 
148,670 
190,289 
87,970 
191.901 
168,890 
80,643 
3.270 
4.62,116 
110.119 
104.170 
2.57,2:16 


■?■? 


Q.E 


3,368 
4,614 

256 
3,889 
1,032 
2.666 

461 

927 
1.876! 
2.607 
2,133 
1,274' 
1,823 
12,811 
4,461 
2,379 
9,974 
2,169 
6,392 
2,268 
6.314 
3,178 
1,846 

699 
4.443 
1,172 
2.976 
3,667 


89.863 


«  Waddington  was  formed  from  Madrid  in  1869.    Tho  latter  I  St.  Lawrence,  tne  HveKown  receiving  the  name  Waddington, 
town  was  divided  through  the  middle  by  a  lino  parallel  to  the  |  and  the  other  retaining  tho  original  name. 


SARATOGA   COUNTY. 


This  county'  was  formed  from  Albany,  Feb.  7,  1791.  It  lies  in  the 
N.  angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk 
Rivers,  centrally  distant  31  miles  from  Albany,  and  contains  »62 
sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  hilly  or  undulating  in  the  s.  and  mountainous 
in  the  N.  Two  ranges  of  mountains  traverse  the  co.  from  n.  e.  to 
i  s.  w.  The  Palmertown  or  Luzerne  Mts.,  the  most  eastern  of  these 
j  ranges,  extend  from  Warren  co.,  through  the  w.  part  of  Moreau  and 
Milton  and  the  e.  part  of  Corinth,  into  Greenfield,  where  they  termi- 
nate in  a  series  of  low,  irregular  hills.  Hudson  River  breaks  through 
this  range  on  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  in  a  deep  ravine  3  mi.  in 
extent.  The  mountains  rise  abruptly  from  the  water's  edge  to  a 
height  of  800  feet.  Their  declivities  are  generally  rocky  and  pre- 
cipitous, and  their  summits  spread  out  into  a  broad,  rocky  upland  covered  with  forests.  The 
Kayaderosseras  Range  extend  through  the  n.  part  of  the  co.  and  occupy  the  greater  part  of  Corinth, 
Edinburgh,  Day,  and  Hadley.  The  declivities  of  these  mountains  are  generally  precipitous,  and 
their  summits  spread  out  into  broad,  rocky  uplands  broken  by  ledges  and  craggy  peaks.  A  group 
of  isolated  hills,  450  feet  high,  with  rounded  summits  and  terraced  declivities,  extend  through  the 
w.  part  of  Stillwater  and  Saratoga.  A  broad  intervale  extends  along  the  Hudson,  bordered  by  a 
range  of  clay  bluifs  40  to  200  feet  in  height.  From  the  summits  of  these  bluffs  an  extensive  sand 
plain  extends  westward  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  covering  the  greater  part  of  Moreau,  Wilton, 
Northumberland,  Saratoga  Springs,  Malta,  and  Clifton  Park.  The  s.  w.  portion  of  the  co.  is  rolling 
or  moderately  hilly. 

Hudson  River  flows  nearly  70  mi.  along  the  e.  border  of  the  co.  It  is  interrupted  by  falls 
and  is  crossed  by  several  dams  and  bridges.^  The  Mohawk  forms  a  portion  of  the  s.  boundary. 
The  Sacandaga,  forming  the  outlet  of  the  principal  lakes  in  the  s.  part  of  Hamilton  co.,  flows  in  a 
tortuous  channel  through  Edinburgh,  Day,  and  Hadley.  It  is  navigable  for  boats  and  steamboats 
of  light  draught  from  Fish  House,  on  the  border  of  Fulton  co.,  to  Conklingville  Falls,  in  Hadley,  a 
distance  of  20  mi.  Below  the  falls  it  flows  between  high,  rocky  hills  in  a  series  of  rapids  to  the 
Hudson.  Kayaderosseras  River  drains  the  central  part  of  the  co.  and  flows  into  Saratoga  Lake. 
The  outlet  of  the  lake  takes  the  name  of  Fish  Creek.  The  other  principal  streams  are  Snook  Kil, 
Anthonys  Kil,  and  Kayawese  Creek.  Saratoga  Lake  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  6J  mi.  long 
and  2  broad,  situated  about  4  mi.  s.  e.  of  Saratoga  Springs.  Ballston,  Round,  and  Owl  Lakes  are 
small  sheets  of  water  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  Among  the  mountains  and  forests  in  the  n.  are 
numerous  other  small  lakes  but  little  known. 

The  Kayaderosseras  and  Luzerne  Mts.  are  both  principally  composed  of  primary  rocks.  A  stratum 
of  crystalline  limestone  extends  along  the  foot  of  the  mountains ;  and  this  is  succeeded  by  Pots- 
dam sandstone.  In  these  formations  iron  ore  has  been  obtained ;  but  the  beds  have  been  imper- 
fectly explored.'  The  rocks  in  the  s.  half  of  the  co.  belong  to  the  shales  and  slates  of  the  Hudson 
River  group.  A  large  part  of  the  co.  is  covered  with  drift  deposits,  consisting  of  sand  and  clay. 
The  soil  among  the  mountains  is  a  light,  sandy  or  gravelly  loam,  and  is  best  adapted  to  grazing ;  upon 
the  intervales  along  the  rivers  it  is  a  deep,  fertile,  clayey  loam  and  alluvium ;  and  in  the  s.  w.  part 
it  is  a  heavy,  clayey  loam.  A  strip  of  light  sand  occupies  the  greater  part  of  the  two  eastern  tiers 
of  towns.  The  people  are  chiefly  engaged  in  grain  and  stock  raising.  Lumbering  and  tanning 
are  extensively  carried  on  in  the  n.  part  of  the  co.  Considerable  attention  is  also  paid  to  the 
manufacture  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods  and  paper.* 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  Ballston  Spa,  in  the  town  of  Milton.^     The  courthouse,  a 


1  The  origin  of  the  word  Saratoga  is  uncertain.  The  termina- 
tion "  oga."  or  "  aga,"  is  said  to  signify  "  place."  The  first  part  of 
the  word  has  been  thought  to  imply  "  hillside"  by  some,  and 
"  place  of  salt  springs"  by  others, — ■'  soragh"  in  some  Indian 
dialects  being  the  name  for  salt. 

2  See  descriptions  of  Warren  and  Washington  cos. 

3  Among  the  other  mineriils  are  agate,  chalcedony,  chryso- 
beryl,  garnet,  tourmalin,  phosphate  of  lime,  graphite,  iron 
pyrites,  and  tufa.  A  full  catalogue  of  minerals  is  given  by  Dr. 
Joba  H.  Steele  in  his  geological  6ur\-ey  of  the  co. 

684 


^  Important  manufactures  have  for  many  years  been  carried 
on  in  Milton,  Moreau.  Mechanicsville,  Schuylerville.  and  Water- 
ford.  The  manufacture  of  lumber  is  chiefly  limited  to  Glens 
Falls  and  Jessups  Landing,  on  the  Hudson. 

^  The  first  courthouse  wjis  located  2  mi.  8.  w.  of  Ballston  Spn, 
By  act  of  March  "26, 1794,  the  sum  of  £1500  was  appropriated 
to  build  a  courthouse  and  jail;  and  in  each  of  the  following  two 
years  £G00  was  added  to  the  amount.  John  Bradstreet  Schuyler, 
Richard  Davis,  jr.,  John  Ball,  John  McClelland,  and  Jas.  Emott, 
were  appointed  commissioners  to  superintend  the  erection  of  the 


SARATOGA    COUNTY. 


585 


plain  brick  building,  contains  the  usual  rooms  and  offices  and  the  jail.  The  co.  clerk's  office  is  a 
small  building  situated  on  Main  Street.  The  co.  poorhousc  is  situated  on  a  farm  of  112  acres  Ih 
mi.  N.  w.  of  Ballston  Spa.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  about  100 ;  and  the  institution  yields 
an  annual  revenue  of  §900.* 

The  Champlain  Canal  extends  along  the  Iludsou  from  AVaterford  to  the  s.  border  of  North- 
umberland, at  vrhich  point  it  crosses  the  river  into  AVashington  co.^  The  Saratoga  &  Schenec- 
tady li.  K.  extends  from  Saratoga  Springs  through  Milton,  Ballston,  and  Clifton  Park  to  Schenec- 
tady.'* The  Saratoga  &  Whitehall  R.  R.  extends  from  Saratoga  Springs  n.  through  Wilton  and 
Northumberland  to  Moreau,  where  it  crosses  the  Hudson  to  Fort  Edward.  The  Rensselaer  & 
Saratoga  R.  R.  crosses  the  Mohawk  at  AV^iterford,  and  passes  through  that  town,  Half  Moon, 
Clifton  Park,  Malta,  and  Ballston  to  Ballston  Spa.  The  Albany,  Vermont  &  Canada  R.  R.,  cross- 
ing the  Mohawk  at  Cohoes,  intersects  theR.  &  S.  R.  R.  at  Saratoga  Junction,  and  crosses  the  Hudson 
at  Deepikill  into  Rensselaer  co.  The  Lake  Ontario  &  Hudson  River  R.  R.*  has  been  laid  out  and 
partly  worked  from  Saratoga  Springs  through  Greenfield,  Corinth,  and  Hadley. 

Eight  weekly  and  4  daily  papers  are  published  in  the  co.^ 

The  greater  part  of  this  co.  is  embraced  within  the  "Half  Moon,"  "Clifton  Park"  or  "Shan- 
nondhoi,"  "Saratoga,"  "Appel,"  and  " Kayaderosseras"  or  " Queensborough'*  Patents.®  The  last 
named  patent  includes  the  greater  part  of  the  co.  The  purchase  of  the  tract  was  confirmed  by  the 
Mohawks,  July  2G,  1G83.     The  bounds  were  so  loosely  defined  that  disputes  arose  between  the 


buildings.  By  an  act  passed  March  14, 1817,  Jas.  Merrill,  Elisha 
Powell,  Isaac  Gere,  John  Gibson,  and  Gilbert  Warring  were  jip- 
pointeti  cuinmissioners  to  superinteBd  the  erection  of  new  build- 
ings iu  the  place  of  the  old  ones,  which  had  been  burned. 

1  The  house  is  reported  as  old,  ill  constructed,  and  badly  out 
of  repair,  but  generally  well  kept. — Report  of  Si'nat^'  Com.,  1857. 

2  The  towing  path  of  the  canal  is  constructed  across  the  river 
on  the  Fort  Miller  Bridge. 

3  This  was  the  second  R.  R.  built  in  the  U.  S.    It  is  leased  and 
ysod  by  the  Rensselaer  &  Saratoga  R.  R. 

*  Formerly  the  Saratoga  &  Sackets  Harbor  R.  R. 

6  The  }Vat€r/ord  Gazette,  the  first  paper  published  in  the  co., 

was  established  at  Waterford  about  1801,  by  Horace  L. 

Wadsworth,  and  was  continued  until  after  1S16. 
The  Waterfiird  Biporter  was  published  in  1S22  by  Wm.  L.  Fisk. 
The  Anti  Masonic  Recorder  was  published  at  Waterford  in  1830 

by  J.  C.  Johnson. 
The  Waterf'/rd  Atlas  was  started  Dec.  1, 1832,  by  Wm.  Holland 

&  Co.    In  ISai  it  waa  changed  to 
The  Waterford  Aflas  and  Manufacturers,  MecJutnics^  and  Far- 

m*:r.s"'  Journal.    It  was  soon  after  discontinued. 
The  Democratic  Champion  was  published  at  Waterford  in  1840 

by  H.  Wilber. 
Tlie  Waterford  Sentinel  was  started by  Andrew 

Uoffmaii.  and  is  now  published  by  J.  H.  Masten. 
The  Sarat-.ga  Advertiser  vias  established  at  Ballston  in  1S04  by 

Samuel  B.  Brown.    It  was  changed  soon  after  to 
The  .4«r"r(i  Bnrealis  and  Saratoga  Advertiser,  and  published  by 

Brown  &  Miller.     About  ISIO  it  again  passed  into  the 

hands  of  Mr.  Brown,  and  was  changed  to 
The  Advertiser,  and  continued  some  years. 
The  Independent  American  was  started  Sept.  27,  1808,  by  Wm. 

Child.    In  May,  1818,  it  appeai'ed  as 
r/te  Peopb's  }Vaich  Tower,  published  by  Jaa.  Comstock ;  and  in 

lS20a8 
The  Saratoga  Farm>rr.  published  by  H.  G.  Spaflford.    In  1821  it 

was  changed  to 
The  Ballston  Spa  Gazette  and  Saratoga  Farmer,  and  in  1822  to 
The  Ballston  .*ipa  Gazette,  published  by  J.  Comstock.    April  20, 

is47,  it  appeared  as 
The  Ballston  Democratic  Whig  Journal^  edited  by  J.  0.  Nodyne. 

Tn  1848  it  W!ig  changed  to 
Tl&e  Ballston  Journal ;  and  it  is  now  published  by  Al- 
bert A.  Moore. 
The  Sarat-'xja  Courier  was  published  at  Ballston  in  1818  by 

Ulysses  F.  Doubleday. 
The  Saratoga  Journal  was  published  at  Ballston  by  Josiah  Bunce, 

in . 

The  Saratoga  Recorder  and  Anti  Masonic  Democrat  waa  pub- 
lished in  1831  by  D.  Tehao. 
Tlte  New   Tork  I^Uadium  was  published  in  1831  by  Ansel 

Warren. 
T^e  Schenedady  and  Saratoga  Standard  was  published  at  Balls- 

tou  In  1832-33  by  Israel  Sackett. 
The  BaUston  Democrat  waa  started  in  1843  by  Newell  Hine.    In 

1 8.'(3  it  was  united  with  the  Northern  Mirror  as 
The  Ballsto}}  Democrat  and  Mirror.     It  is  now  published  as 
TUe  Ballston  Atlas,  by  Sej'mour  Chase. 
Tlie  Northern  Mirror  was  started  by  S.  Chase,  and  in  1853  it 

was  unitod  with  the  Ballston  Democrat. 
The  Saratoga  Gazrtte  was  published  at  Saratoga  Springs  in  1^10. 
The  Saratoga  Patriot  was  etarted  by  Samuel  R.  Browu,  and  in 

1812  it  waa  removed  to  Albany. 
The  SaraUtga  Sentinel  was  commenced  in  1819  by  G.  M.  David- 
son, and  in  1845  it  was  merged  in  The  Republican. 


The  Saratoga  Whiq  was  started  in  1839  by  Ruling  &  Watts. 
Sold  to  G.  W.  Spooner  in  1840,  and  afterward  to  E.  G. 
Ilnling.     In  1S61  it  was  changed  to 
Tlie  Saratoga  County  Press.  A  daily  edition,  started 

in  1S44.  was  issued  in  1S55  as 
The  Saratoga  Daily  News,  Huling  &.  Morehouse,  pub- 
lishers. 
The  Datlg  Si'n/inel  was  started  at  Saratoga  Springs  in  1842  by 
Wilbur  &  Palmer.    From  1855  to  18&7  it  was  issued  as 
Tlie  Daily  I'ost,  and  then  changed  back  to  The  Sentinel.    Jan.  1. 

1859,  it  was  merged  with  The  Republican. 
Tlie  Republican,  da.  and  w.,  was   started  in   1844  by  John  A. 
Corey,  and  in  1853  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Thos.  G, 
Young.    Jan.  1, 1S59,  it  was  united  with  The  Sentinel, 
under  the  title  of 
Tlie  Republican  <&  Sentinel^  da.  and  w.,  Thos.  G. 

Young,  publisher. 
The  Old  Sctthr  was  pub.  at  Saratoga  in  1849  by  A.  H.  Allen. 
T^e  Advent  Revievj  and  Sabhath  Herald,  semi-mo.,  was  published 

in  1850  by  Jas.  White. 
The  Tempera7ice  Helper  was  started  in  Jan.  1853,  by  the  Sara- 
toga Co.  Temperance  Alliance.    In  1855  it  was  bought 
by  Potter  &  Judson,  and  in  1856  it  was  chaniicd  to 
The  Saratogian.     A  daily  edition  is  published  during 

the  summer  season. 
The  Saratoga  Sentinel  waa  etarted  in  1^54  by  Allen 

Corey,  and  sold  in  May,  1855,  to  Clark  &  Thayer. 
The  &hiii/lfrviVe  Herald  was  published  at  Scbuylerville  in  1844 

by  J.  L.  Cramer. 
Old  Saratoga  was  started  in  1S4S  at  Schuylcrville  by  J.  L.  Cra- 
mer, and  continued  until  1852. 
Battle  Ground  Herald  was  published  at  Scbuylerville  fiom  Aug. 

IsrA  till  July.  1857.  by  K.  N.  Atwell  &  Co. 
The  Saratoga  Connty  American,  started  in  Dec. 
1857,  id  now  published  at  Schuylcrville  by  J.  R.  Rock- 
well. 
The  Stillwatrr  Gazette  was  commenced  at  Stillwater  in  1845  by 

Isaac  A.  Pitman,  and  wns  published  about  3  year^. 
The  Cbld  Water  Batte.rij  was  pubhshed  at  Stillwater  "in  1845  by 

Isa;ic  A.  ritnian. 
77i^  Hudson  River  Chronicle  waa  published  at  Mechanicsville 

from  Oct.  1866,  to  March,  185S,  by  Samuel  Heron. 
The  Crescent  Eagle  was  published  in  1H52  by  C.  Ackerman. 
TIte  Morning  Star  was  published  at  Mechanicsville  in  1854-56, 
by  C.  Smith  &  Co. 
8  The  "Half  Moon"  Patent,  including  Waterford  and  part  of 
Half  Moon,  was  granted  to  Anthony  Van  Schaick.  The  •■  Sara- 
toga Patent,"  inrhiding  the  present  towns  of  Kaston,  Saratoga, 
and  Stillwater,  was  granted,  Xov.  4.  1684,  to  Cornelius  Van 
Dyck,  Jan  Jans  Bleecker,  Peter  Phillips  Schuyler.  Johanne.** 
Wendell.  Dirk  Wessels,  David  Schuyler,  and  Robt.  Livingston. 
The  "  Clifton  I'ark  Patent,"  embracing  the  e.  part  of  the  pnt^ent 
town  of  Clifton  Park  and  the  w.  part  of  Half  Moon,  was  granted 
Sept.  23,  1708.  The  "Appel  Patent."  in  the  w.  part  of  the  pro- 
sent  town  of  Cliflon  Park,  was  about  ^  mi.  wide  on  the  Mohawk 
and  cxt«>ndcd  back  nearly  4i  mi.  The  '■  Kayaderosseras  I'atent"' 
was  grunted  Nov.  2, 1708, to  Manning Hermanse,  Johannes Ile-k- 
man.  Rip  Van  Dam,  Ann  Bridges,  May  Bcckley,  Peter  Faur.,n- 
neer,  Adrian  Hogelandt,  Johannes  Fisher,  John  Tuder.  Joviii 
Hogclandt.  John  Stevens.  John  Totham,  and  Samson  Broughton. 
This  pati-nt  contained  400,000  acres,  and  embraced  nearly  ail  ol 
Saratoga  co.  N.  of  the  small  patents  already  described,  and  por- 
tions of  Montgomery,  Fulton,  and  Warren  cos.  The  portion  ut 
the  CO.  N.  of  this  patent  waa  embraced  in  the  "Palmer''  an) 
"Glen"  purchaeeB. 


586 


SARATOGA    COUNTY. 


proprietors  and  the  owners  of  the  Schenectady,  Clifton  Park,  and  Half  Moon  Patents,  which  were 
not  settled  until  after  the  Revolution. 

The  first  eettlemeuts  iu  tlie  co.  were  made  by  the  Dutch,  within  a  few  years  after  their  iirst  colo- 
nization of  the  country  about  Alljanj-.  These  settlements  commenced  near  Waterford,  on  the 
Mohawk,  and  gradually  extended  up  the  valley  of  the  Hudson.  Lying  in  the  great  thoroughfare 
between  the  English  settlements  at  Albany  and  the  French  posts  on  Lake  Champlain,  the  continual 
passing  of  military  parties  checked  the  progress  of  settlement  and  exposed  the  few  hardy  pioneers 
to  all  the  dangers  and  anxieties  of  border  warfare.  Immediately  after  the  conquest  of  Canada,  in 
1760,  settlements  rapidly  extended  along  the  river  valleys  and  to  some  distance  into  the  interior. 
During  the  Revolution,  some  of  the  most  important  events  of  the  war  transpired  within  the  limits 
of  this  CO.  Upon  the  approach  of  Burgoyne  in  1777,  Gen.  Schuyler  retreated  from  Fort  Edward 
and  made  a  stand  first  at  Saratoga,  then  at  Stillwater,  and  finally  at  the  mouths  of  the  Mohawk.' 
This  last  stand  he  considered  tlie  best  position  for  checking  the  advance  of  the  enemy,  which  he 
was  expecting  both  from  the  n.  and  w.  The  inhabitants  of  the  co.  above  fled  in  consternation  to 
Albany,  leaving  tlieir  homes  and  fields  of  grain  to  be  destroyed  by  the  advancing  foe.  The  islands 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Mohawk  were  fortified  about  the  1st  of  August,  and  Burgoyne  took  possession 
of  Fort  Edward  at  nearly  the  same  time.  While  the  armies  lay  in  this  position,  two  events  took 
place  which  served  greatly  to  embarrass  Burgoyne  and  to  render  sure  his  final  defeat.  The  first 
of  these  was  the  defeat  of  Baum  at  Bennington,  and  the  second  the  retreat  of  St.  Leger  from  the 
siege  of  Fort  Schuyler.^ 

The  American  army  iu  the  mean  time,  under  Gen.  Gates,  who  had  superseded  Gen.  Schuyler, 
advanced  toward  the  enemy,  and  about  the  1st  of  September  took  possession  of  and  fortified  the 
high  bluffs  known  as  Beniis  Heights,  upon  the  river,  in  the  N.  part  of  Stillwater.^  Greatly  perplexed 
and  embarrassed,  Burgoyne  finally  concluded  to  continue  his  march  toward  Albany.  On  the  14th 
of  September  he  crossed  the  Hudson,  above  the  mouth  of  the  Batten  Kil,  into  the  n.  part  of  Sara- 
toga, and  continued  his  march  southward.  On  the  19th  the  first  battle  of  Stillwater  was  fought,  in 
front  of  the  American  intrenchments  at  Bemis  Heights.  The  American  loss  was  315  and  the 
British  500,  the  former  returning  to  their  camp  and  the  latter  retaining  possession  of  the  battle 
field.  On  the  7th  of  October  another  severe  battle  was  fought,  in  which  the  British  lost  700  and 
the  Americans  150.  During  the  succeeding  night  the  British  abandoned  their  camp  and  retreated 
northward,  and  finally  took  position  upon  the  heights  of  Saratoga,  just  w.  of  the  present  village  of 
Schuylerville.  Here  Burgoyne  found  himself  completely  hemmed  in.  A  victorious  and  houidy 
increasing  army  was  in  front;  a  strong  detachment  was  posted  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  river  to  pre- 
vent his  crossing  that  stream;  Fort  Edward,  in  his  rear,  had  been  taken  by  the  Americans;  his 
bravest  officers  had  fallen  in  battle ;  Lord  Howe  had  failed  to  afford  the  promised  support  from 
New  York  ;*  and  his  army  was  reduced  to  the  last  extremity  for  want  of  provisions.  Under  these 
circumstances,  the  British  commander  reluctantly  yielded  to  an  imperative  necessity,  and  on  the 
16th  of  October  signed  articles  of  capitulation.  On  the  17th  the  whole  British  army  laid  down  their 
arms  and  were  marched  eastward  to  Mass."  The  close  of  this  campaign  left  the  co.  stripped  of 
nearly  every  evidence  of  civilized  occupation.  The  fear  of  continued  Indian  hostilities  prevented 
the  immediate  re-occupation  of  the  abandoned  lands ;  but  after  the  close  of  the  war  settlements 
rapidly  spread.  Since  this  period  few  incidents  of  general  interest  have  occurred,  and  the  history 
is  but  the  record  of  the  everyday  events  connected  with  the  conversion  of  a  wilderness  into  fruitful 
fields  and  happy  homes. 


BAliIiSTOlX* — was  formed  from  Saratoga  as  a  district,  April  1,  1775,  and  was  organized  as  a 
town,  INIarch  7,  1788.     Charlton,  Galway,  and  IMilton  were  taken  off  in  1792,  and  the  line  of  Charl- 


1  This  retreat  was  occa.<<i<^ned  by  the  limited  Dumber  of  Schuy- 
ler's forces  .and  the  fact  that  the  militia  were  every  day  fiopkiug 
to  his  standjird.  Burgoyne's  propress  was  arrested  by  felling 
trees  across  the  roada,  breakiuK  down  bridges,  and  by  every 
other  possible  means  of  annoyance.  Every  hour  thus  gained 
added  to  the  strength  of  the  Americans  and  weakened  the 
British  forces;  so  that,  when  all  the  obst.actes  were  finally  over- 
come, the  American  army  was  iu  a  condition  to  meet  the  British 
in  open  battle. 

2  Gen.  St.  Leger,  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  tories  and  Cana- 
dians, was  to  co-operate  with  Burgoyne  by  marching  through 
the  Woh.awk  Valley  and  joining  the  main  army  at  Albany.  At 
Oswego  he  w.as  joined  by  a  body  of  Indians  under  Brant,  making 
his  force  1700  strong.  Oa  the  2d  of  Aug.  he  invested  Fort  Stan- 
wix,  (where  P.ome,  Oneida  CO.,  now  stands,)  and  continued  the 
Biege  until  the  22d.  when,  learning  that  an  American  re-euforce- 
niont  was  approaching,  he  hastily  retreated. 

8  The  fortifications  of  the  American  camp  were  erected  under 


the  direction  of  Kosciusko,  then  holding  the  office  of  engineer  in 
the  army.  They  were  so  constructed  as  to  completely  command 
the  passage  down  the  river.  The  position  afterward  chosen  by 
the  British  was  .about  1  mi.  distant,  and  sepai-ated  from  tho 
American  works  by  a  deep  ravine. 

*  Instead  of  co-operating  with  Burgoyne  and  sending  the  pro- 
miseil  aid  up  the  Iludson,  Lord  Howe  had  marched  to  Phila- 
delphia, leaving  the  Briti.^h  forces  in  N.  Y.  under  the  command 
of  Sir  Henry  Clinton.  The  latter  officer  made  a  diversion  in 
Bui'goyne's  favor,  but  too  late  to  be  of  any  service. 

^  The  place  where  the  British  laid  down  their  arms  was  a 
preen  on  the  river.  N.  of  the  mouth  of  Fish  Creek.  It  w.as  in 
front  of  Fort  Hardy,  an  old  fortification  erected  by  Dieskau  in 
1755.  The  number  of  the  army  at  the  time  of  the  surrendei 
was  5,792,  of  whom  2,412  were  Germans.  The  Americans  also 
captured  42  brass  cannon,  4,047  muskets,  6,000  dozen  of  car- 
tridges, and  a  large  amount  of  carriages  and  camp  equipages. 
1     6  Named  from  fiov.  Eliphalet  Ball,  one  of  the  first  settlers. 


SARATOGA    COUNTY.  587 

Ion  ^^-as  changed  March  5, 1795.  It  lies  upon  the  border  of  the  co.,  s.  w.  of  the  center.  The  surface 
is  gontly  rolling.  Mourning  KrI  and  the  Outlet  Creek  are  the  principal  sti-eams.  Ballston  Lake, 
in  the  s.e.  part,  is  a  long,  narrow,  and  deep  body  of  water,  the  outlet  of  which  is  t!ie  principal  inlet 
of  Round  Lake.  The  soil  s.  e.  of  the  lake  is  generally  a  light  sand,  and  n.  w.  it  is  a  clayey 
and  gravelly  loam.  Ballston  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  the  line  of  Milton.  A  small  portion  only 
of  the  Tillage  is  within  the  limits  of  this  town.  Kuriif  IlillS,^  (p-v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains 
42  dwellings.  Ballston  Center  (p.o.)  and  Academj'  Uill,  near  the  center,  are  hamlets. 
East  liine,  (p.o.,)  on  the  border  of  Malta,  contains  15  houses.  It  is  a  station  on  the  R.  &  S. 
R.  R.  Noutli  Ballston  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  17G3,  by  two  brothers 
named  Michaol  and  Nicholas  McDonald,^  who  located  near  the  w.  bank  of  Ballston  Lake.  In 
1770,  Rot.  Eliphalet  Ball,  with  his  three  sons  John,  Stephen,  and  Flamen,  and  seTOi'al  members 
of  his  congregation,  remoTed  from  Bedford,  N.  Y.,  and  settled  in  the  vicinity  of  Academy  Hill.' 
Soon  after  their  arrival  a  large  number  of  settlers  came  in  from  New  England,  N.  J.,  Scotland, 
and  the  north  of  Ireland.*  The  settlements  in  this  town  were  twice  iuTaded  during  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  seTeral  of  the  inhabitants  were  carried  away  prisoners  to  Canada.^  The  first  church 
(Presb.)  was  organized  Oct.  6,  1792.®     There  are  6  churches  in  town. 

COARLiTOlV — was  formed  from  Ballston,  March  17,  1792.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  u..vn  of  the 
CO.  Its  surface  is  undulating;,  with  a  gentle  inclination  toward  the  s.  Its  streams  aretheAal- 
plaats^and  a  branch  of  the  Mourning  Kil.  The  soil  is  an  excellent  quality  of  sandy,  graTelly,  and 
clayey  loam.  Ledges  of  limestone  in  the  w.  part,  afi'ordiug  an  excellent  quality  of  building  stone, 
are  extensJTely  quarried.  Cliarlton,  (p.T.,)  in  the  s.e.  part,  contains  3  churches  and  38  houses; 
West  Cliarlton  (p.  v.)  contains  about  20  houses.  The  commissioners  appointed  to  divide  the 
Kayaderosseras  Patent  appropriated  5,000  acres  in  the  s.  part  of  this  town  to  defray  the  expenses 
of  the  division.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1774,  by  Thos.  Sweetman,  who  located  in 
the  E.  part  of  the  town.®  The  first  church  (Prcsb.)  was  incorp.  Dec.  11,  1792;  Rev,  Wm.  Schenck 
was  the  first  pastor.* 

CI.IFTOIV  PARK— was  formed  from  Half  Moon,  March  3,  1828,  as  "  CJifionJ'  Its  name 
was  changed  March  31,  1829.  The  surface  is  level  or  undulating,  except  in  the  n.e,,  where  it  is 
broken  by  sand  hills  and  ravines.  A  line  of  rugged  clay  bluffs  borders  upon  the  Mohawk  Valley. 
Stony  Creek,  Swarte  and  Dwaas  Kils  are  the  principal  streams.  A  belt  of  hea^-y  clay  and  gravelly 
loam  extends  along  the  river  above  the  bluffs.  The  soil  is  alluvial  upon  the  Mohawk  flats  and  a 
^andy  loam  in  the  central  and  n.  parts.  Cliflon  ParU,  (p-v.,)  on  the  border  of  Half  Moon, 
contains  2  churches  and  22  houses;  Ainityi,  (Visschcrs  Ferry  p.o.,)  a  canal  village  in  the  s.  part, 
contains  1  church  and  45  houses;  Jonesville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  1  church,  the  Jonesville 
Academy,***  and  30  houses;  and  Rextbrd  Flats,"  (p-v.,)  a  canal  village  in  thes.  w  corner 
of  the  town,  25  houses.  Grooms  Corners,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  w.,  Ory  Oock,  (p.  o.,)  in  the 
s.  E.,  and  Forts  Ferrj^,  on  the  Mohawk,  arc  hamlets.  Part  of  this  town  was  included  in  the 
"Clifton  Park"  or  "  Shannondhoi"  Patent,  granted  Sept.  23,  1708.*^   Settlements  were  made  iu  the 


1  Named  from  a  tmct  which  had  been  hurned  over  by  the  In- 
Jmns  for  a  deer  pasture  before  white  settlements  began. 

2  The  McDonalds  were  natives  of  Ireland.  They  bad  be^n  en- 
ticed on  biiard  a  vessel  in  the  Shannon,  brought  to  Philadelphia, 
niid  sold  fi.>r  a  term  of  yt-ars  to  pay  for  their  passage. 

3  Mr.  Ball  was  induced  to  settle  by  a  donation  of  500  acres  of 
l:iiid  from  the  proprietors  of  the  "Five  Mile  Square."  He  was 
thi'  piistor  of  the  lirst  religious  society  formed  in  town.  Ilia 
father  and  Gen.  Washington's  mother  (Mary  Ball)  were  first 
cousins.    Tlia  son,  John,  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  army  during 


and  took  24  prisoners.  After  crossing  the  Kayaderosseras,  Maj. 
Munro  addressed  his  men.  stating  his  expectation  that  they 
would  be  pursued,  and  directing  that  in  case  of  an  attack  everV 
prisoner  should  at  once  be  killed.  For  this  brutal  order  he  w:w 
ca-'^hiered  on  his  arrival  at  Jlontreal.  Three  aged  or  infirm 
prisoners  were  allowed  to  return,  and  the  rest  reached  Kulwjig-j;y 
Bay  on  the  eighth  day,  whence  tbey  passed  into  Caiiiida.  Tbe 
notorious  Joe  Bettys,  with  about  30  refugees,  in  Mav.  17S1, 
captured  5  jirisoners;  and  at  the  same  time  Judge  White  and 
4  others  were  taken  on  the  e.  side  of  Long  Lake,  h\  anothei 


the  Uevoliition.  i  gang,  and  marched  off  to  Canada,  cxc-'jiting  one.  w!ir»  cscripcd, 


Among  theseearlvsettlerswpre  Judge  Beriah  Palmer,  (after' 
ward  :M.  C.)  Judge  Kpenetus  ^yhite,  Edward  A.  Watrous.  Capt. 
Stephen  AVhitfl.  Paul  Pierson,  Capt.  Tyrannus  Collins,  Ilez. 
Middlebrook.  Elisba  Benedict.  John  Higby,  Edmund  Jenm'ngs, 
Saml.  Nash,  and  Joseph  Bettys  and  his  son  *-Joe,"'  (who  was 
afterward  hung  as  a  tory  spy.)  all  from  New  England;  Capt. 

Kenneth  Gordon,  and McCrea.  from  N.  J.;  families  named 

Shearer,  ^IcDermids,  and  Frazers.  from  Scotland;  and  Gen.  Jas. 
Gordon.  George  Scott.  Francis  Hunter,  and  3  brothers  Kennedy, 
from  the  north  of  Ireland.  The  Scotch  families  settled  in 
'■  ficotch  Bush"  and  "  Paisley  Street."  Gen.  Gordon  was  a  colonel 
in  the  army  during  the  Revolution,  and  afterward  a  prominent 


Col.  Gordon  and  several  others  afterward  escapeil  from  Ibe  Isle 
of  Orleans,  and  with  great  hardship  made  their  w-.^y  thr.nmh 
the  ^vilderness  to  the  St.Johnf»,  antl  thence  to  the^ettlepneiits  iii 
Maine.  Tbey  there  learned  of  the  peace,  and  returned  bonu;  by 
way  of  Halifax  and  Boston. 
«  2  Christian.  Bap..  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

7  Pronounced  All-l'Ioss,  and  .tiunifjes  "eel-pJace." 

8  Among  the  ofbnr  early  settlers  w.-ie  David  MaxwelL  .Toscpb 
La  Rue,  John  McKnight,  John  Taylor,  and  Jesso  Conde.  who 
came  in  1776.  Dovi.s  &.  Bostwick  kept  the  fir^it  store;  Har- 
mons the  first  inn,  John  Rogers  built  the  first  sawmill,  and 
John  Holmes  the  first  gristmill 


citizen  in  the  town  and  co.    The  first  death  recorded  by  toml>- 1      ^  The  census  reports  4  churclies ;  2  Presb..  Prot  E.,  and  M.  K. 
stone  in  town  wasthat  ofGen. Gordon's  mother,  whodied  in  1776. 1      '^  EHtablisbed  in  1841.  by  Roscitis  R.Kennedy.    It  is  undei 

S  On  the  16th  of  Oct.  1780.  a  party  of  410  regulars  and  Indians    the  pntrnnage  of  the  Troy  (M.  E.)  Conference, 
from  Canada,  under  Maj.  Munro,  a  tory  from  Schenectady,  made  :      "  At  this  place  the  canal  crosses  the  river  on  a  fine  stono 
their  apjinarance  iu  the  Ballston  settlement.    They  designed  to    aqueduct. 

attack  Schenectady;  but,  after  remaining  encamped  several]  '2  xhe  patentees  were  John  and  .Tohannes  Fort,  Gerret  and 
days,  they  returned  without  effecting  this  object.  They  i)il- ,  Maaa  Ryckse,  John  and  Ryerse  (iuackenbass,  and  Dcrick  Bratt, 
laL'ed  and  burnod  several  houses  at  Ballston,  killed  one  man,    most  of  whom  were  earli'  settlers. 


588 


SARATOGA    COUNTY. 


Mohawk  Valley,  previous  to  1700.  The  names  of  the  first  settlers  and  the  precise  date  of  their 
settlement  are  unknown.  The  first  chureli  (B;ip.)  was  organized  Sept.  3,  1794;  Rev.  Abijah  Peck 
was  the  founder  and  first  pastor.' 

CORINTH — was  formed  from  Hadley,  April  20,  1818.     A  part  of  Moreau  was  annexed  Jan. 

28,  1848.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  n.e.  part  of  the  co.  The  Kayaderosseras  Mt.  Range 
occupies  the  central  and  N.  parts,  and  the  Palmertown  Mts.  the  s.  E.  coi-ner.  The  declivities  of 
these  mountains  are  steep,  rough,  and  broken,  and  their  summits  are  rocky  and  mostly  covered  with 
forests.  A  valley  4  mi.  wide  separates  the  two  ranges.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Ilndson, 
forming  the  n.e.  border,  and  Colo  Brook,  flowing  along  the  s.  foot  of  the  mountains.  The  Great 
Falls,  in  the  Hudson,  are  on  the  border  of  this  town.'^  Among  the  mountains  in  the  n.  part  are 
several  fine  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are  Efnor,  Hunt,  Jenny,  and  Black  Lakes.  The  soil  is  a 
sandy  and  clayey  loam.  Lumbering  is  extensively  carried  on,  the  Hudson  River  and  small  streams 
from  the  hills  furnishing  an  abundance  of  water-power.  Jessups  Liillitlin^,  (Corinth  p.o.,) 
on  the  Hudson,  contains  3  churches  and  88  dwellings;  and  South  Corintli  (p. v.)  1  church 
and  30  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  near  S.  Corinth,  in  1790,  by  Fred.  Parkraan, 
AVashington  Chapman,  Jeremiah  Eddy,  Jephtha  Clark,  and  Jonathan  Dewel.^  The  first  church 
(Bap.)  was  organized  June  1,  1822.* 

DAY — was  formed  from  Edinburgh  and  Hadley,  as  "  Concord,"  April  17,  1810.  Its  name  was 
changed  Dec.  3,  1827.  It  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  principally  occupied  by 
several  spurs  of  the  Kayaderosseras  Mts.  Oak  and  Bald  Mts.,  the  principal  peaks,  near  the  center 
of  the  town,  are  900  feet  above  the  river.  The  whole  mountain  region  is  wild,  rugged,  and  rocky, 
and  scarcely  susceptible  of  cultivation.  The  Sacandaga  River  flows  in  a  narrow  valley  through  tlie 
s.  part.  Its  course  is  tortuous,  and  it  is  navigable  through  the  town.  Paul,  Glass  House,  and 
Aliens  Creeks  are  the  other  principal  streams.  Livingston,  Sand,  and  Mud  Lakes  are  small  bodies 
of  water  in  the  n.  part.  The  soil  is  a  moderately  fertile,  sandy  and  clayey  loam.  Lumbering  is 
extensively  carried  on.  Iluutsville  (West  Day  p.o.)  is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  w.  part.  Day  is  a 
p.o.  The  first  permanent  settlers  were  Phineas  Austin,  James  Thomas,  and  Dyer  Perry,  and 
families  named  Clay  and  Bond.  The  first  religious  meetings  were  held  in  the  barn  of  Peter  Van 
Vleck,  in  1801-02.  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1809.  The  census  reports  2  churches; 
Christian  and  Ref  Prot.  D. 

EDINBURGH— was  formed  from  Providence,  March  13,  1801,  as  "Mrthjield,"  and  its. 
name  was  changed  April  G,  1808.  A  part  of  Day  was  taken  off  in  1819.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  border 
of  the  CO.,  N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  principally  occupied  by  two  high  mountain  ridges  separated 
by  the  valley  of  the  Sacandaga  River.  The  mountain  regions  are  rocky  and  broken,  with  a  thin,  sandy 
or  gravelly  soil,  and  are  covered  with  forests.  Beechers  Creek  is  a  small  mill  stream  w.  of  the 
river.  The  soil  on  the  river  flats  is  a  good  quality  of  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.  Lumbering  is  the 
chief  occupation  of  the  people.  Dafrhelerville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  e.  bank  of  the  Sacondaga, 
contains  30  houses ;  and  Beechers  Hollow,  (Edinburgh  p.  o.,)  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  12. 
The  first  settlers  came  in  about  1790  and  located  in  the  valley  below  "Fish  House."*  The  first 
church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1798,  by  Rev.  Jlr.  Munroe,  from  Galway.'  Traces  of  an  ancient 
Indian  burial  place  are  visible  on  the  s.  bank  of  the  Sacandaga,  near  the  border  of  Day.' 

GAliWAY' — was  formed  from  Ballston,  March  7,  1792.  Providence  was  taken  off  in  1796. 
It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  n.  half  is  occupied  by  a  group  of  rounded 
hills  forming  the  southern  continuation  of  the  Kayaderosseras  Mts.  The  surface  of  the  s.  half  is 
gently  undulating.  The  principal  streams  are  head  branches  of  Feegowesee  and  Calderwood  Creeks 
and  the  Mourning  Kil.  The  soil  is  generally  a  heavy  clay,  intermixed  in  places  with  sand  and 
gravel.  Galway,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  April  18,  1838.  It  contains 
3  churches,  a  female  seminary,'  and  about  45  houses;  fVest  Galway,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  border  of 
Fulton  CO.,  contains  1  church  and  20  houses.    Yorks  Corners,  (E.  Galway  p.o.,)  in  the  n.e. 


1  The  census  reports  6  churclies :  4  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Ref.  Prot.  D. 

2  See  description  of  Warren  CO.,  page  670. 

8  AmoTip:  the  early  settlers  were  Daniel  Boardnian  and  Ste- 
phen and  Wm.  Bray  tun,  at  Jessnps  Landing:  Klial  Lindsay,  at 
Great  Falls:  and  Ambrose  Clothier,  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  the  town, 
in  179fi.  Stephen  Ashley  kept  the  tirst  inn.  about  ISOO:  and 
Daniel  Boardman  kept  the  tirst  store  and  built  the  first  grist- 
niiU.  about  1793. 

*  There  are  3  churches  in  town :  Bap.,  Presb.,  M.  E. 

*>  In  1791  the  following  persons  were  livins:  in  the  valley,  viz.: 
Moees  Crane,  Jacobus  Filldus,  Daniel  Washburn,  John  Sumner, 


Obadiah  Perry,  and  Saml.  Rngers.    Daniel  Abbott,  from  Conn., 

taupht  the  first  school,  in  1794 :  Chatfield  kept  the  firet 

store,  in  179fi:  Isa.ac  Deming  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1793; 
and  Palmer  Munroe.  the  first  woolen  factory,  in  1808. 

6  The  census  reports  3  churches:  2  M.  E.,  Presb. 

'  Tradition  says  that  a  band  of  Canadian  Tndi.ins  in  canoes, 
on  an  expedition  against  the  Mohawks,  at  this  place  fell  into  an 
ambiiscade  and  were  all  slain.  Bullets  are  frequently  cut  out 
of  the  trees  in  this  vicinity. 

8  Named  from  the  native  place  of  the  first  Scotch  settlers. 

9  The  Galway  Academy. 


SARATOGA    COUNTY. 


589 


part,  9l08hcrviIIc,  (p.o.,)  near  the  N.  border,  Whiteside  Corners,  (p.o.,)  in  the  n.w., 
Soutb  Galtvay  (p.o.)  and  Wortll  Galwaj'  (p.o.)  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlers,  from 
Galway,  Scotland,  located  in  town  in  1774.'  Rev.  Simeon  Smith,  from  Canterhook,  came  in  town 
in  1778,  and  located  near  Yorka  Corners.''  He  formed  the  first  religious  society  (Bap.)  during  the 
following  year." 

GREEMFIELiO— was  formed  from  Saratoga  and  Milton,  March  12, 1793.  A  part  of  ITadley 
was  taken  oft' in  1801.  It  occupies  a  position  a  little  N.w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  Palmertown 
Mountain  Range  extends  along  the  E.  border,  and  the  Kayaderosseras  Range  occupies  the  w.  pait 
of  the  town.  A  valley  6  mi.  wide  separates  these  ranges.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Kaya- 
derosseras and  its  branches.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  clay.  Sections 
of  the  surface  are  very  stony.  Iron  ore  has  been  found  in  the  e.  part.  Greenfield  Center 
(p.v.)  contains  2  churches.  Pop.  85.  Janiesville,  (Middle  Grove  p.o.,)  on  the  s.  border,  con- 
tains 1  church,  2  paper  mills,  and  31  houses;  Mount  Pleasant,  (p.v..)  in  the  n.w.  corner, 
a  glass  factory  and  140  inhabitants:  and  Porters  Corners,  (p.v.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town, 
2  churches  and  20  houses.    West  Greenfield,  (p.o.,)  IVortli  Greenfield,  (p.o.,)  and 

Pages  Corners  are  hamlets.     Rev.  Elias  Gilbert  was  the  first  preacher,  in  1792. Hag- 

gerty  and Root  located  near  Ilaggerty  Hill  in  1784.*    The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town.' 

HADLiET — was  formed  from  Greenfield  and  Northumberland,  Feb.  27,  1801.  Its  boundaries 
were  amended  Feb.  28,  1808.  Corinth  was  taken  oiF  in  1818,  and  a  part  of  Day  in  1819.  It  lies 
upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  co.  A  large  share  of  its  surface  is  occupied  by  the 
peaks  and  ridges  of  the  Kayaderosseras  Mts.  Mt.  Anthony  is  an  isolated  peak  in  the  s.  e.  part.' 
Sacandaga  River  flows  through  the  s.  part.  Its  valley  is  narrow;  and  below  Conklingville  its 
current  is  rapid  and  frequently  interrupted  by  falls.  The  soil  generally  is  a  coarse,  yellowish,  un- 
productive sand  and  gravel.  Lumbering  and  tanning  are  extensively  carried  on.  ConKling- 
ville,  (West  Iladley  p.o.,)  on  the  Sacandaga,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  1  church,  a 
large  tannery,'  and  39  houses.  Hadley  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  at  the  junction  of  Sacandaga  and 
Hudson  Rivers.  Richard  Hilton  commenced  the  first  settlement,  just  after  the  close  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  on  the  Hudson.'     The  census  reports  2  churches  in  town ;  a  F.  W.  Bap.  and  a  Wes.  Meth. 

HAL.F  MOOW— was  formed  as  a  district,  March  24,  1772,  and  as  a  town,  March  7,  1788. 
Its  name  was  changed  to  "  Orange"  April  17,  1816,  and  the  original  name  was  restored  Jan.  16, 
■  1820.  Waterford  was  taken  ofi'  in  1816,  and  Clifton  Park  in  1828.  Its  surface  is  undulating  and 
broken  by  the  narrow  ravines  of  small  streams.  Hudson  River  forms  the  E.  boundary,  and  the 
Mohawk  a  portion  of  tlie  s.  The  river  intervales  are  about  J  mi.  wide,  and  are  bordered  by  a  line 
of  steep,  clay  bluffs  60  to  100  feet  high.  The  other  streams  are  Anthonys,  Dwaas,  and  Steena  Kils. 
The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam  upland,  and  a  fine  quality  of  alluvium  in  the  intervales. 
Crescent'"  (p.v.)  is  a  canal  \-illage  near  the  center  of  the  s.  border  of  the  town.  Pop.  593. 
IMiddleto'R'n,  (Half  Moon  p.  o.,)  \l  mi.  e.  of  Crescent,  has  a  pop.  of  230;  nieelianirsville, 
(p.  V.,)  at  the  mouth  of  Anthonys  Kil,  lies  mostly  in  Stillwater.  Pop.  in  Half  IMoon,  495.  Clif- 
ton Park  (p.  V.)  is  on  the  w.  line.  IVcwtoT^'n,  Sniitbton-n,  and  Grays  Corners 
are  hamlets.  The  first  settlements  are  supposed  to  have  been  made  between  1080  and  '90,  by 
Germans,  on  the  Mohawk  Flats."     The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  organized  jn  1800." 


^  Among  the  oarlv  settlers  were  John  and  James  Major,  John 
McClelland.  Wm,,  Roht.,  and  Alex.  Kelse.v,  and  John  Slollarg, 
who  all  came  over  in  the  same  ship,  in  1774.  The  first  death  was 
that  of  James  Major,  killed  hy  the  fall  of  a  tree.  Sept.  11.  1776; 

John  McClelland  or Prcnderfcast  kept  the  tirat  store,  in 

17S0;  Daniel  Campbell  built  the  first  gristmill. 

2  Mr.  Smith  was  accompanied  by  his  parents  and  ."5  brothers- 
in-law,  Simeon  IJabcock,  Reuben  Mattison,  and  Joseph  Rawn. 

3  The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town  ;  2  Bap.,  Christian, 
Friends,  M.  E.,  and  Presb. 

*  Among  the  other  eiuly  settlers  were Brewster,  Wm.  Scott, 

a  boldier  of  the  Kcvolutiou,  who  came  in  1785;  Isaac  liemmon, 
John  Benedict.  Nath'l  Seymour,  and  Benj.  Ingham,  in  17S7  ;  Jas. 

Vail  andCbas.  Mirick,  in  178'J;  Isaac  and  l)arius  .Stephens. 

Reynolds  and  his  suns,  in  1790;  EBeckTurletot,in  179;j;  and 

Miner,  soon  after.    Scribner  taught  the  first  school,  in  1792 ; 

Joel  Reynolds  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1789;  Gershum  Morehouse 
luiilt  the  tiist  saw  and  grist  mill,  at  Middle  Grove,  the  same  year. 
Beiy.  Clinch  kept  the  fiVst  store,  at  Porters  Corners,  in  1787. 

5  3  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  2  Friends,  Cong.,  and  tJniT. 

*  Iron  ore  was  formerly  obtained  on  the  w.  side  of  this  moun- 
tain, to  supply  the  furnace  at  Luzerne. 

T  Tins  tannery  consumes  5,000  cords  of  bark  and  manufactures 
.50,000  aides  ofleather  per  annum. 

e  Alex.  Stewart  settled  on  the  IXudson  in  17SS;  Elijah  Ellis, 
on  the  8.  Bide  of  the  Sacondaga, Ricard,  on  the  N.,  and  Henry 


Walker,  at  Hadley,  in  1790.    Wilson  taught  the  first  SLhool, 

in  1791-92.  Delano  k  Hazard  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1791 : 
and  -41ex.  Stewart,  the  first  gristmill,  in  1^03.  Jonathan  Flan, 
ders  kept  the  first  inn,  and  Jeremy  Rockwell  the  first  store,  in 
1807.  Col.  Gordon  Conkling  built  the  tannery  at  Conklingville 
and  placed  the  first  steam  tug  on  the  river. 

"  Named  from  the  crescent  shape  of  the  land  between  the 
Hudson  and  the  Mohawk. 

10  The  canal  crosses  the  Mohawk  at  this  place  on  a  stone  aque 
duct  1,150  feet  long  and  supported  by  26  stone  piers. 

u  In  1689  it  was  resolved  by  the  authorities  of  Albany  to  lo- 
move  the  fort  about  the  house  and  barn  of  Ilarmo  Lievese,  at 
Half  Moon,  to  a  more  convenient  place, — from  which  it  is  in 
ferred  that  a  considerable  settlement  existed  at  that  time.  In 
1714  the  precinct  of  Half  Moon  contained  101  inhabitaiHs. 
Among  the  early  settlers  were  Oldert  Onderkirk,  on  the  flats, 

Fort,  on  the  Judge  Leiand  farm,  and Taylor,  at  Mo- 

chanicsville,  before  1763.  The  ancient  stone  house  on  the  Dana- 
bach  place,  in  the  8.  w.  comer  of  the  town,  was  built  in  1718,  by 
Killian  Van  Den  Bergh.  There  was  a  sawmill  on  Steena  Kil, 
near  Crescent,  in  1762.  Wm.  Bradshaw  built  a  gristmill  on 
Dwaas  Kil  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution.  A  bridge  was  erected 
across  the  Mohawk  in  1794,  at  a  coat  of  $12,000. 

12  The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town ;  3  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Wee. 
Meth.,  Fresh.,  and  Friends. 


590  SARATOGA    COUNTY. 

MALTA — was  formed  from  Stillwater,  March  3,  1802,  and  a  part  of  Saratoga  was  annexed 
March  28,  1805.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Saratoga  Lake;  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its 
surface  is  chiefly  an  undulating  upland,  60  to  80  feet  above  Saratoga  Lake,  and  broken  by  the  deep 
gullies  of  small  streams.  The  streams  are  Kayadcrosseras  Creek,  forming  the  n.  boundary,  Balls- 
ton  Outlet  Creek,  an  inlet,  and  Anthonys  Kil,  the  outlet  of  Round  Lake,  and  Drummonds  Brook, 
flowing  into  Saratoga  Lake.  Round  Lake,  in  the  s.  e.,  is  nearly  circular,  and  1  mi.  in  diameter. 
A  swampy  region  covering  an  area  of  several  hundred  acres  lies  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  town,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Kayaderosseras.  The  soil  is  principally  a  light,  sandy  loam,  with  clay  and  muck 
in  the  lowlands.  I>uiiuiis§r  Street,  (Malta  p.  o.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  1  church 
and  17  houses.  MaltaviHe,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  part,  IVIalta  Ridg'e^  in  the  n,  and  Hall§ 
Corners,  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlers  were  two  men  named  Drummond  and  McKelpin,  whc 
came  bcfDre  the  Revolution  and  located  w.  of  the  lake.^     The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.^ 

MIliTO^^ — was  formed  from  Ballston,  March  7,  1792,  and  a  part  of  Greenfield  was  taken  off 

in  1793.  It  lies  a  little  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  moderately  hilly  in  the  n.,  and 
undulating  in  the  s.,  with  a  slight  inclination  toward  Kayadcrosseras  Creek,  which  flows  s.e. 
through  the  center  of  the  town.  This  stream  has  a  rapid  fall  and  furnishes  a  valuable  water- 
power.  Kayawese  Creek,  from  the  w.,  is  its  principal  tributary.  In  the  n.  part  are  limestone 
ridges,  extensively  quarried  for  building  stone  and  lime.  The  Saratoga  mineral  spring  region 
extends  through  the  s.e.  part.  The  soil  is  generally  a  sandy  loam.  JBallston  8l>a,  (Ballston 
p. 0.,)  the  CO.  seat,  was  incorp.  March  21,  1807.  It  is  situated  on  Kayadcrosseras  Creek,  in  the 
S.E.  corner  of  the  town.  It  contains  the  co.  buildings,  2  seminaries,^  5  churches,  2  printing  oflBces, 
and  several  manufacturing  establishments.*  Pop.  2,285,  of  which  1,941  are  in  this  town.  This 
village  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  mineral  springs.^  Rocli.  City  Mills  (p- v.)  contains  3 
paper  mills  and  34  houses ;  West  Milton  (p.  v.)  a  church,  a  paper  mill,  a  shingle  mill,  a  hoe  fac- 
tory, and  40  houses ;  SSloodville  a  scythe,  edge  tuol,  and  knitting  factories,  and  40  houses ;  and 
Factory  Villag'e  2  paper  mills  and  22  houses.  Milton  Center  and  Cranes  Village 
are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  in  town  was  made  by  David  Wood  and  his  sons  Stephen,  Benj., 
Elijah,  Nathan,  and  Enoch,  who  purchased  600  acres  and  moved  into  town  before  the  Revolu- 
tion.^    The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  Jan.  22,  1703.' 

MOREAl'^ — was  taken  from  Northumberland,  March  28,  1805.  A  part  was  annexed  to 
Corinth  in  1848.  It  lies  in  the  great  bend  of  the  Hudson,  in  the  n.e.  corner  of  the  co.  The  w. 
part  of  the  town  is  occupied  by  the  rocky  and  precipitous  peaks  of  the  Palmertown  Mt.  Range. 
The  central  and  e.  portions  are  undulating  and  broken  by  the  narrow  ravines  of  small  streams. 
The  Hudson  River  forms  the  n.,  the  e.,  and  a  part  of  the  w.  boundary  of  the  town.  Upon  its 
course  are  numerous  rapids  and  waterfalls.^  The  Snook  Kil  and  its  tributaries  drain  the  s.  part 
of  the  town.  The  soil  is  generally  a  light,  yellow,  sandy  loam,  but  in  the  s.  and  w.  are  tracts  of  clay 
and  gravel,  Soutli  Oleus  Falls,  (P-^'-j)  ^^  ^^^^  Hudson,  opposite  Glens  Falls,  contains  several 
manufacturing  establishments;^'*  pop.513.  Fortsville,  (p. v.,)  in  the  central  part,  contains  25 
houses.  Clarks  Corners,  Reynolds  Corners,  and  State  Dam  are  hamlets.  Moreau 
Station  is  a  p.  o.,  situated  on  the  R.  &  "NV.  R.  R.  Settlements  are  said  to  have  been  made  before  the 
Revolution ;  but  their  history  is  only  a  vague  tradition.'^     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  built  in  1795.*' 


1  Tliese  men  were  puspected  of  toryism  and  were  driven  from 
the  CO.  Michaol  Dunninp;.  with  6  sons  and  3  daufrliters,  from 
Conn.,  rame  into  town  in  1777-78.  John  Rhoades  and  Timothy 
Sliipmau  were  the  first  settlors  on  Malta  Ridge:  Itobt.  and 
John  Hunter  and  Jehiel  Parks  located  at  Maltaville  about  the 
commencement  of  the  Revolntion. 


water  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Sarato<:a  Springs,  only  less  strong. 
Gas  is  copiously  discharged  with  these  waters. 

8  Benajah  Douglas,  grandfather  of  lion.  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
built  a  log  honsy  near  tho  spring,  for  the  accommodation  of 
visitors,  in  1702.  Silas  Adams  and  ElijaU  TValbridge  located 
in  tho  N.  part  of  the  town  in  1784-85.     In  1792  Nicholas  Low 


*  2  M.  E.,  Cong.,  Prot.  A[eth.,  and  Presb.  i  built  a  tavern  close  by  the  spring;  and  in  1S04  he  erected  the 

*  The  Ballston  Sn;i  Institute,  for  bova.  waH  PBt,ibIished  in  1846.    *-  Sans  Souci  Hotel." 


*  The  Ballston  Spa  Institute,  fur  boys,  waa  eetablished  in  1846.  !  *■  Pans  Souci  Hotel. 


The  Ballston  Spa  Academy  was  opened  in  1855. 

*  In  the  village  are  a  cotton,  oilcloth,  edge  tool,  2  seamless 
ba.g.  and  2  knitting  factories,  a  tanntry,  and  2  gristmills.  A 
mfg.  CO.  was  incorp.  here  5Iarch  10,  1810. 

6  Thesn  springs  were  first  discovered  in  tho  survey  of  the 
Kayaderosscras  Patent  in  1769.  They  are  situated  on  the  mar- 
gin of  a  small  stream  that  flows  into  Kayadcrosseras  Creek. 
'I'he  OJd  SpHti/j,  formerly  much  nsed,  was  greatly  impaired  by 
the  opening  of  La  Fayette  Spring,  within  30  feet,  in  1825. 
\Vashi7i(f(cm  ■'^ring  was  obtained  in  1S27,  by  boring  237  feet  in 
the  slate.  The  Saline,  or  Unltefl  States  Spring,  is  considerably 
impregnated  with  salt.  Besides  these  are  tlie  Fulton  and  Frtmk- 
tin  Spri/ig.':  and  the  Xoio  Well.  In  1817,  4  springs  were  dis- 
rovcred  within  20  feet  of  each  other  in  the  bed  of  the  stream. 
Tlieir  properties  were  unlike,  and  afler  a  little  time  they  be- 
rame  fresh.  These  springs  are  generally  clear,  cool,  and  spark- 
ling. Their  average  temperature  is  about  50°.  Tlie  mineral 
properties  are  diflJarent  in  different  Kprings:  but  generally  the 


7  The  census  reports  S  churches  id  town;  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  2 
Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

8  N  amed  from  M  arshal  Moreau,  who  visited  the  U.  S.  in  1804-05. 

9  See  page  690. 

10  In  this  village  are  2  sasU  and  blind  factories,  a  tub  and 
spoke  factory,  planing  mill,  broom  handle  factory,  an  extensive 
sawmill,  and  marble  factory.  Cheney  Sc  Arne's  sawmills  employ 
75  men,  run  150  to  190  eaws,  and  manufacture  more  than 
10,000,000  feet  of  lumber  per  annum.  The  marble  manufactured 
is  a  black  variety  obtained  from  the  Chaay  limestone  in  the 
immediate  vicinity. 

11  A  man  named  Marvin  was  the  fii-st  settler  at  Fortsville, 
about  1795 ;  Edward  and  Elgah  Durham  and  Holly  St.  John 

were  the  first  settlers  at  Clarks  Corners ;  Hamilton  built 

tho  first  gristmill,  about  1800.    Abel  Craiidall  kept  the  first  inn, 
in  1798. 

12  The  cen3u.s  reports  5  charches ;  Bap.,  Cong.,  M.  E.,  Union, 
and  Ii'riends. 


SARATOGA    COUNTY. 


591 


I«ORTHri»IBERl,..lI«»— was  formed  from  Saratoga,  March  16,  1798.  A  p;irt  of  Iladley 
wa«  taken  off  in  1801,  Moreau  in  1805,  and  "Wilton  in  1818.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  N.  of  the 
center  of  the  co  Its  surface  is  IcTcl  or  undulating  and  broken  hy  deep  ravines.  A  line  of  clay 
and  slate  bluffs,  30  to  100  feet  high,  extends  along  the  river.  Snook  Kil  and  its  tributary,  Beaver 
Dam  Creek,  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  generally  a  light,  sandy  loam.  This  town 
shares  with  Fort  Edward  the  Fort  Miller  Falls.'  GanseTOOrt,^  (P'-V.,)  on  Snook  Kil,  in  the 
N.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches  and  a  pop.  of  1G2.  It  is  a  station  on  the  S.  &  W.  R.  R. 
Bacon  Hill'  (p.o.)  and  nrortliiinibei'land,  (p.o.,)  in  the  s.e.  part  of  the  town,  are 
hamlets.  Fort  Miller  was  built  in  this  town  in  1755,  under  the  direction  of  Col.  Miller.  It  was 
located  upon  the  flat,  above  the  rapids,  and  was  enclosed  on  three  sides  by  the  river.  A  blockhouse 
was  built  on  the  heights  that  commanded  the  position  on  the  w.  The  first  settlers  probably  came 
in  before  the  Revolution.  Among  them  was  a  man  named  Munroe,*  who  built  the  first  sawmill, 
at  Gansevoort.'     There  are  4  churches  in  town.* 

PROTIDEIVCE — was  formed  from  Galway,  Feb.  5,  1796,  and  Edinburgh  was  taken  off  in 
1801.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  N.  e. 
and  broken  and  hilly  in  the  s.  w.  The  high  regions  along  the  N.  and  E.  borders  are  mostly  covered 
with  forests.  Hagadorns,  Hans,  Cadmans,  and  Frenchmans  Creeks,  small  mill  streams  rising  in  the 
mountains  and  flowing  s.  w.  into  Fulton  co.,  are  the  principal  watercourses.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a 
coarse,  yellow  sand  or  gravel  of  poor  quality.  Large  tracts  are  stony  and  rocky.  Wooden  ware, 
leather,  and  lumber  are  extensively  manufactured.  BarUersvIlle  (p.o.)  and  Ila^adorn 
IIollOTT  are  hamlets.  Providence  and  ff .  Providence  are  p.  offices.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  previous  to  the  Revolution,  but  the  settlers  were  driven  off  during  the  war. 
Among  the  first  settlers  after  the  war  were  Nathaniel  Wells  and  Seth  Kellogg.'  There  are  3 
churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  Christian,  and  M.  E. 

SARATOGA'— was  formed  as  a  district,  March  24,  1772,  and  as  a  town,  March  7,  1788. 
Easton  (Washington  co.)  was  taken  off  in  1789,  a  part  of  Greenfield  in  1793,  Northumberland  in 
1798,  a  part  of  Malta  in  1805,  and  Saratoga  Springs  in  1819.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  near  the 
center  of  the  E.  border  of  the  co.  A  range  of  high,  rounded,  and  sometimes  terraced  hills  extends 
N.  and  s.  through  the  central  and  w.  parts.  These  hills  rise  450  feet  above  the  Hudson  and  slope 
in  every  direction.  Narrow  alluvial  flats  bordered  by  high  clay  bluffs  extend  along  the  Hudson. 
Saratoga  I,;ike  forms  a  portion  of  the  w.  boundary.  Fish  Creek,  the  outlet  of  the  lake,  flowing 
through  the  n.  part  of  the  towTi,  is  the  principal  stream :  and  upon  it  are  several  fine  mill  sites. 
The  other  streams  are  small  brooks.  The  soil  n.  of  Fish  Creek  is  light  and  sandy,  and  in  the 
remaining  parts  of  the  town  it  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  Three  mineral  springs,  known  as 
"Quaker  Springs,"  issue  from  the  Hudson  River  slate,  in  a  ravine  a  little  s.e.  of  the  center  of  the 
town.'  Scliuylerville,'"  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  16,  1831,  is  situated  on  the  river,  at  the  mouth 
of  Fish  Creek.  It  contains  4  churches,  the  Schuylerville  Academy,  a  newspaper  office,  a  bank, 
cotton  factory,  and  foundery;  pop.  1,184.  Victory  Mills,  (p.  v.,)  situated  on  Fish  Creek,  con- 
tains 1  church,  a  machine  shop,  and  an  extensive  cotton  factory;"  pop.  729.  Quaker 
Springs,  (p.  V.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  1  church  and  22  houses.  Grang'er- 
ville,  (p.  0.,)  on  Fish  Creek,  is  a  hamlet.  Deans  Corners  (p.o.)  and  Coveville  are 
hamlets.  Settlement  was  begun  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  century,  upon  the  Hudson.'^  The  first 
church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  before  the  Revolution."  The  census  reports  7 churches  in  town." 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS— was  formed  from  Saratoga,  April  9,  1819.  It  occupies  a  nearly 
central  position  in  the  co.     Its  surface  is  rolling  or  moderately  hilly.      Kayaderosseras  Creek 


>  S«>  p.  682. 

«  Named  from  Col.  Poter  Gansevoort,  who  located  here  eoon 
after  the  war. 

3  Niimed  from  Ebenezer  Bacon,  who  camo  from  Conn,  in  1791, 
and  opened  the  first  framed  tavern  the  same  year.  The  place 
has  been  called  *^ Fiddletown^*  and  "Popes  Corner^*  at  different 
timep- 

*  Munroe  was  a  tory,  and  fled  to  Canada,  and  his  property 
was  confiscated. 

6  Gansevoort  discovered  the  irons  of  Munroe's  mill  and  erected 
ft  new  sawmill.  lie  soon  after  Imilt  a  gristmill.  Fort  Miller 
bridge  was  first  erected  by  a  company  incorp.  March  16, 1S0:J. 
The  present  brid<i:e  was  erected  in  1845.  It  has  a  sinj^le  road 
track  and  a  canaltowing  path.  «  2  Eef.  Trot.  D.,  2  JI.  E. 

T Corey  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1786,  and  the  first 

Eristmill,  soon  afterward.  The  first  inn  was  kept  by Shank- 
land. 

9  Written  "  Saraghtoga"  until  abont  1793.  Upon  the  old  map 
of  tho  Kayaderosseras  Patent  this  name  ia  spelled  ^'  Seraglitogha." 


The  name  was  first  applied  to  a  settlement  on  the  Hudson,  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  present  village  of  Schuylerville.  It  is  said  to 
signify  "  swift  water,"  and  was  applied  to  the  rapids  in  tho  river, 
in  contradistinction  to  still  water,  just  below. 

*■  The  water  of  these  springs  contains  lime,  magncsi.a,  an<l 
iron,  held  in  solution  by  carbonic  acid,  and  a  largo  proportion 
of  common  salt  and  soda. 

^c  Named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Philip  Schuyler,  who  resided  hero 
previous  to  tho  Revolution.  During  the  war  his  buildings  and 
mills  were  burned  bv  order  of  Uurgoyno. 

"  There  are  455  looms  in  this  factory.  In  1857,  3,665,411  yds. 
of  print  cloths  and  eilesias  were  manufactured. 

W  At  the  attack  upon  Old  Fort  Saralog.a,  upon  tho  opposito 
side  of  the  Uudson,  in  the  fall  of  1745,  several  sawmills  and 
other  building.s,  upon  Fish  Creek  and  the  river,  were  burned, 
and  about  30  families  were  killed  or  taken  prisoners. 

IS  The  liritish  troops  made  a  riding  school  of  this  church 
during  tho  war. 

"  3  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  R.C.,  and  Frieuda. 


592 


SARATOGA    COUNTY. 


and  Saratoga  Lake,  forming  the  s.  boundary,  are  skirted  by  a  line  of  low  bluffs.  The  streams  are 
Ellis  and  Owl  Pond  Creeks.  An  extensive  tract  lying  n.  of  Saratoga  Lake  and  along  the  course 
of  Owl  Pond  Creek  is  low  and  swampy.  The  soil  is  au  inferior  quality  of  yellowish,  sandy  loam. 
The  far  famed  mineral  springs,  which  give  to  the  town  its  name,  are  situated  about  3  mi.  n.  w.  of 
Saratoga  Lake.  They  are  near  the  center  of  the  mineral  spring  region,  which  has  a  radius  of 
uearly  10  mi.'  Saratog'a  Springs  (p.  v.)  was  incorp.  April  17,  1826.  It  contains  2  female 
.seminaries,*  7  churches,  2  banks,  5  printing  offices,  2  public  halls,  22  hotels,'  and  several  sanitary 
institutions.*  Pop.  5,129.  The  business  of  the  village  is  principally  connected  with  the  enter 
tainment  of  strangers  during  the  fashionable  watering  season.  The  springs  are  on  that  part  of  the 
Kayaderosseras  Patent  that  fell  to  the  share  of  Rip  Van  Dam.  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  white  person  who  ever  used  the  Saratoga  waters  for  medicinal  purposes.  In  1767 
he  was  brought  to  the  place  on  a  litter,  and,  after  remaining  several  days,  he  was  able  to  return 
on  foot.  His  example  was  followed,  and  the  visits  of  invalids  soon  became  of  frequent  occurrence. 
In  1773,  Derick  Scowton  made  the  first  clearing  and  erected  a  hut.  He  was  followed  soon  after 
by  George  Arnold  and  Saml.  Norton.'  In  1783,  Gen.  Schuyler  cut  a  road  through  from  Fish  Creek, 
and  spent  several  weeks  here,  living  in  a  tent.  The  nest  year  he  erected  a  framed  house,  (the  first  in 
town,)  and  annually  afterward  until  his  death  he  spent  a  part  of  the  summer  here  with  his  family.* 
Several  prominent  men  have  resided  in  the  village.'   The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.' 

STIL,l.WATER'— was  formed  March  7,  1788.     A  part  of  Easton  (Washington  co.; 


1  High  Uoclc  Springsthe  first  discovered  of  those,  was  bo  named 
from  a  pyramidal  mound  of  calcareous  tufa  SJ  feet  high  and  '24s 
f.'et  in  dianiettT  at  the  base  which  has  been  formed  around  it. 
An  aperture  1  foot  in  diameter  opens  from  the  top  of  the  rock 
downward,  in  which  the  water  generally  rises  1^  feet  iibove  the 
surface  of  the  ground.  It  is  said  that  the  water  once  overflowed 
the  top;  but  at  an  early  day  the  rock  waa  cracked  by  the  till 
of  a  ti'ce,  and  the  water  sunk  to  its  present  level.  Congress 
Spring  was  discovered  in  1792,  by  a  hunting  party,  and  named 
in  compliment  to  John  Taylor,  one  of  the  number,  who  had 
been  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress.  The  present  spring 
was  obtained  by  sinking  a  well  in  the  bed  of  the  stream  near 
the  original  fovmtain.  The  Columbia  Sjyring.  a  few  rods  s.w.  of 
the  latter,  is  chalybeate,  and  constantly  boiling  from  the  escape 
of  g;\s.  It  was  opened  in  1806,  by  G.  Putnam.  The  HomiUnn 
Spring,  50  rods  n.  e.  of  Congress,  was  discovered  by  G.  Putnam, 
and  brought  into  use  by  Dr.  Clarke.  The  PavHinn  Fountain, 
opened  in  1S39,  has  a  smart,  pungent  taste.  The  Iodine  Spring, 
situated  a  few  rods  n.  of  High  Rock,  was  opened  in  1S39.    The 


was 


water  contains  a  large  proportion  of  iodine  and  very  little  iron. 
This  spring  has  sometimes  been  called  the  Walton  Spring,  from 
Henry  "Walton,  a  large  proprietor  of  lands  in  the  vicinity.  Tht 
Empire  Spring,  the  most  northerly  in  the  village,  was  opened 
in  1846.  It  discharges  75  gallons  per  hour.  The  hashingOm 
Spring,  50  rods  s.w.  of  Congress  Spring,  was  opened  in  3806. 
I^itnam  Spring  is  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  Flat  Ifock  Sjn-ipg, 
100  rods  y.E.  fmm  Hamilton,  is  chalybeate.  Bed  Spring  is  90 
rods  N.  E.  of  High  Rock ;  and  Monroe  Spring.  15  rods  n.  of  Fl.it 
Rock.  Ten  Spri7igs  were  discovered  in  1814,  1  mi.  N.  E.  of  the 
village.  Ellis  Spring  is  situated  in  a  ravine  2  mi.  S.  w.  of  Con- 
gress. There  are  several  other  springs  in  the  immediate  vicinitj'. 
Baths  are  connecttd  with  most  of  these  springs,  and  an  immense 
trade  has  spning  up  in  the  bottling  and  sale  of  the  water.  The 
temperature  of  the  fountains  ranges  from  48°  to  51°,  and  it  is 
not  sensibly  affected  by  the  seasons.  The  following  table  gives 
an  analysis  of  several  of  these  springs.  The  figures  show  the 
number  of  grains  in  a  gallon  of  v/ater. 


IMOnCDIENTS. 

■2  si 

Is 

1^ 

1 

1 

1 

1! 

2  '^ 

Is. 

1 

Is 

1 

•i 

II 

1 

267.00 
2.68 
16.40 

46.71 
68.00 

5.68 

2.06 

trace. 
407  ..30 

386.00 
3.60 
8.98 

96.79 
9S.10 

6.07 
1.80 
trace. 

269.696 
12.000 
30.848 

41.984 

141.8-24 

000 

trace. 

148.87 
1.33 
20.79 

42.70 
60.67 

5.39 
trace. 

279.30 
3.00 
27.04 

35.20 
92.40 

6.39 
trace. 

189.10 

2.60 

17.64 

61.59 
69.29 

5.58 
trace. 

137.00 

2.00 
75.00 
26.00 

1.00 

3.60 

160.20 
1.70 

10.40 

44.26 

48.00 

1.10 
80 

226.58 
2.75 

4.70 

62.50 

60.24 

4.10 
.62 
.25 

214.00 
2.00 

14.32 

1.68 
51.60 

68.80 
.21 

7.00 

.84 
.66 

281.50 
2.-5 
16.60 

40.92 
92.60 

3,26 
1.60 

Bicarbonate  of  soda 

Alumina 

Total  solid  contents 

597.943 

496.362 

279.65 

460.33 

346.68 

244.60 

269.10 

361.74 

301.01 

439.12 

272.06 
4.50 

311.00 
7.00 

287.50 
6.60 

316.00 
400 

304.00 
5.00 

360.00 
4.00 

371.00 
3.25 

480.01 
8.09 

348.SS 
6.41 

262.60 
6.80 

Atmospheric  air 

Total  gaseous  contents 

1  276.56 

318.00 

700.00 

294.00 

320.00 

309.00 

364.00 

374.25 

4SS.10 

356.29   269.30' 

St^'ele's  Analyses,  ISZ^;  Alien" s  Anahjsis.lShH.—Ben7c''s  Mine- 
ralogy. Slightly  different  results  have  been  obtained  from  differ- 
ent analyses. 

a  Temple  Grove  Female  Seminary,  a  hoarding  school,  ostab- 
Hshed  in  1853,  (see  p.  751,)  and  The  Saratoga  Female  Seminary. 

8  Several  of  these  hotels  are  among  the  most  extensive  in  the 
country.  Union  Hall  was  built  in  1802,  by  G.  Putnam;  The 
Columbian,  in  180S,  by  Jotham  Holmes:  Con^^rLiss  Hall,  in 
1812.  by  G.  Pntnam;  The  Pavilion,  in  1819,  by  N.Hthau  Lewis; 
and  The  United  States,  in  1824,  by  Elias  Benedict.  All  of  these 
have  been  enlarged  since  their  erection. 

*  Among  these  are  the  Saratoga  Water  Cure,  and  the  Medical 
And  Surgical  Institute,  both  established  in  1832. 

6  Norton  joined  the  British,  and  his  property  was  confiscated. 

*  Alexander  Bryan  and  Henry  Livingston  were  the  first  set- 


tlers after  the  war.  Gideon  Putnam  came  in  1789.  Mr.  P.  huiU 
the  first  sawmill,  the  first  large  hotels,  and  opened  several  of 
the  Bphnga.  Dr.  Clement  Blakely,  the  first  physician,  came 
with  Putnam,  and  remained  3  years.  John  and  Ziba  Taylor 
opened  the  first  store,  in  1794  ;  Robt.  Ellis  and  Geo.  Peck  built 
the  first  gristmill,  in  1814 ;  and  Ward  &  Rogers,  the  first  clothing 
works,  in  1815.  Henry  Walton  resided  here  for  several  years. 
He  was  proprietor  of  the  whole  village  N.  of  Congress  St.  Seve- 
ral of  the  noted  springs  were  on  his  estate. 

^  Esek  Cowen,  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  compiler 
of  "  Onven's  Ifeports"  resided  here  until  his  death,  in  1844. 
Chancellor  Reuben  H.  Walworth  resides  in  town. 

B  Bap..  M.  E..  Prot.  Meth.,  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  II.  C.  and  Univ. 

*  Named  from  the  "  still  water"  in  the  Hudson,  on  the  borders 
of  the  town. 


SARATOGA    COUNTY. 


593 


taken  off  in  1789,  and  Malta  in  1802.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  It  is 
uneven  in  the  s.  and  moderately  hilly  in  the  n.  The  highest  point  is  about  250  feet  above  the 
Hudson.  A  range  of  clay  bluffs  60  to  100  feet  high  borders  upon  intervales  of  the  Hudson  and 
Anthonys  Kil.  The  streams  are  generally  small  brooks  flowing  in  deep  guUiea  worn  in  the  drift 
deposits.'  The  N.w.  corner  borders  upon  Saratoga  Lake.  The  river  intervales  are  alluvial.  West 
of  the  river  bluffs  is  a  wide  belt  of  heavy  clay ;  and  in  the  s.  w.  part  is  a  sandy  tract  interspersed 
with  swamps.  Upon  the  lake  shore  is  a  sulphur  spring.^  Stillwater,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  17, 
1816,  is  situated  on  the  Hudson.  It  contains  4  churches,  and  manufactories  of  lumber,  paper, 
woolens,  and  castings.  Pop.  552.  mechanlcSTille,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  July  16,  1859,  situated  on 
the  Hudson,  at  the  mouth  of  Anthonys  Kil,  on  the  line  of  Half  Moon,  is  a  station  on  the  Rensselaer 
&  Saratoga  R.  R.  It  contains  5  churches,  a  printing  office,  and  an  extensive  linen  thread  manufac- 
tory.' Pop.  1,111,-616  in  Stillwater,  495  in  Half  Moon.  Bemis  Heights,*  (p.o.,)  on  the 
Champlain  Canal,  near  the  Hudson,  and  Ketcbums  Corners  (p.o.)  are  hamlets.  This  town 
was  included  in  the  Saratoga  Patent  of  1684 ;  and  settlement  was  commenced  about  1750.^  The 
first  church  (Cong.)  was  established  in  1763.*     There  are  8  churches  in  town.' 

"WATERFORD*— was  formed  from  Half  Moon,  April  17,  1816.  It  lies  at  the  junction  of 
the  Hudson  and  Mohawk  Rivers,  in  the  s.  E.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  area  is  about  7  sq.  mi.  Its 
surface  is  mostly  an  upland,  50  to  100  feet  above  the  river.  The  Mohawk  is  bordered  by  an  almost 
perpendicular  range  of  slate  bluffs,  and  the  Hudson  Valley  by  a  range  of  clay  bluffs.  The  soil  is  a 
sandy,  clayey,  and  alluvial  loam  of  great  fertility.  The  falls  in  the  Mohawk  furnish  a  valuable 
water-power.  'Waterford,'  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  6,  1801,"  situated  on  the  Champlain  Canal, 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Hudson"  and  Mohawk  Rivers,  is  a  station  on  the  Rensselaer  & 
Saratoga  R.  R.  and  the  Albany  &  Northern  R.  R.  It  contains  6  churches,  a  newspaper  office,  a 
bank,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments."'  Pop.  3,083.  Settlement  was  commenced  by 
the  Dutch  at  a  very  early  day.     The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town." 

WILiTOIV— was  formed  from  Northumberland,  April  20,  1818.  It  lies  a  little  n.  e.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  The  Palmertown  Mts.,  with  their  steep,  rocky  slopes  and  broken,  forest-covered 
summits,  extend  across  the  n.  w.  corner.  The  center  and  s.  w.  are  gently  undulating,  or  Ijroken  by 
low  ridges.  The  principal  streams  are  Snook  Kil  and  Bog  Meadow  and  Cold  Brooks.  The  soil  in 
the  E.  and  s.  e.  is  a  yellow,  sandy  loam  resting  on  clay,  and  in  some  places  swampy.  At  the  foot 
of  the  Palmertown  Mts.  is  a  belt  of  productive  gravel  and  clay  loam.  A  heavy  growth  of  white 
and  yellow  pine  originally  covered  the  plains,  but  little  woodland  now  remains.  Near  Emersons 
< 'Orners  is  a  spring  of  acidulous  and  carbonated  water,  and  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town  is  a  sulphur 
spring.  Wilton  (p.  v.)  contains  20  houses;  and  Emersons  Corners,  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
town,  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1774  or  '75,  by  Rowland  Perry  and  his  sons 
Samuel,  John,  Benj.,  Absalom,  Roswell,  Artemas,  Rowland,  and  Joseph,  from  Dutchess  co." 
Near  the  mill  pond  on  Snook  Kil  are  traces  of  Indian  occupation;  pestles,  broken  potter}-,  and  flint 
arrow  heads  have  been  found  in  abundance.     The  census  reports  4  churches  in  town.'^ 


1  Upon  these  Btrpams  are  several  fine  cascades. 

2  This  spring:  is  called  the  White  Sulplnir  Spring.  A  few 
years  since,  a  hotel  and  bathing  house  were  erected  here,  and  a 
SDiall  steamer  was  put  upon  the  lake.  The  building  was  burned 
'2  or  3  years  after,  and  the  enterprise  whs  abandoned. 

*  Tlie  American  Linen  Thread  Manufacturing  Co.  was  organ- 
ized in  1S.')"2.    The  number  of  men  employed  is  V15. 

*  Named  from  Jonathan  Beniis,  who  during  the  Rerolution 
kept  the  only  inn  worthy  of  note  on  the  Alliany  &  Fort  Kd- 
ward  Road. 

6  Among  the  first  settlers  were  John  Thompson,  Geo.  Palmer, 

Benjamin,  Dirck  Swart,  Ensign.  Burlinghame, 

and Abeel.    Tlie  first  gristmill  was  built  by  Geo.  Palmer, 

before  the  Revolution. 

*  Thi.t  church  was  organized  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  in  1752,  and 
in  17G.3  was  removed  to  Stillwater.  Rev.  Kobt.  Campbell  was 
the  first  pastor. 

'  3  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

*  The  Indians  called  the  country  around  the  mouth  of  the 
Mohawk  "Nach-te-nack."  This  town  was  formerly  known  as 
Half  Moon  Point ;  and  the  semicircular  tract  between  the  Hud- 
son and  the  Slohawk  wa£  called  Half  Moon.  Its  present  name 
originated  from  the  fact  that  at  the  village  of  Waterford  a  ford 
crossed  to  Haver  Island. 

*  In  1784  the  site  of  the  village  was  purchased  by  Col.  Jacobus 

Van  l?cboon,  Middlehrook,  Ezra  Hickock,  Judge  White. 

and  several  others,  most  of  whom  were  from  Conn. ;  and  Florcs 


Bancker  was  employed  to  lay  it  out  Into  village  lots.  July  11. 
1841.  a  destructive  fire  occurred,  which  destroved  130  buildings. 

10  On  the  2.5th  of  March,  1 794.  Hezekiah  Ketchum.  Jacobus 
Van  Schoonhoven,  Matthew  Gregory.  Isaac  Keclcr.  John  Pettott, 
Duncan  Oliphant,  and  Thos.  Smith  wore  constituted  trustees  o(^ 
Half  Moon  Point. 

"  A  bridge  across  the  Hudson  at  this  place  was  built  in  IS04. 
at  a  cost  of  J5I1,000.  The  present  structure,  known  as  the 
*' Union  Bridge,"  was  built  in  1812,  '13,  and  '14,  at  a  cost  of 
$20,000. 

12  A  hydraulic  canal  i  mi.  in  length  was  constnictea  n. 
1828-29,  by  J.  ¥.  King.  Upon  this  canal  are  2  stock  and  die 
factories,  a  machine  shop,  ax  factory,  twine  factory,  ink  Aud 
lampblack  factory,  soap  and  candle  factory,  flouring  mill,  and 
a  pearling  mill,  t^n  the  Chanipbiin  C.inal  are  3  11 -uring  mills. 
a  foundery  and  macliine  shop,  an  auger  factory,  and  a  distillery. 
The  fire  engine  works  at  this  place  wero  started  in  ls:;l.  About 
$130,000  worth  of  work  is  turned  out  per  annum,  and  40  men 
are  employed. 

IS  Bap.,  Cong.,  M.  E.,  Presb..  Prot.  E..  Ref  Prot.  D.,  and  R.  C. 

n  John  Stiles.  Ebenezer  King,  John  Laing,  Peter  Johnson, 
and  Jas.  and  Wm.  McGregor  settled  in  town  in  177.'i:  and  .lolin 
Boyce.  Robt.  Milligan,  John  Kendrick.  and  Enoch  M.  Place 
in  1784.  John  Laing  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1784-85,  and 
Wm.  McGregor  the  first  gristmill,  soon  after  the  war.  Stejihon 
King  kept  llie  first  inn.  and Oatrom  the  first  store. 

«  Bap.,  M.  E,  Prot.  Melh.,  and  Union. 


33 


594 


SARATOGA    COUNTY. 


Acrei  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,  Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Saratoga  County. 


Nakes  of  Towns. 


Ballston .„, 

Charlton 

Clifton  Park. 

Corinth 

Pay 

Edinburgh 

Qftlway 

Greenfield , 

Iladley 

Ualf  Moon 

Malta 

Milton 

Moreau 

Northumberland. 

Providence 

Saratoga 

Saratoga  Springs. 

Stillwater 

Waterford 

Wilton 

Total 


AcBBS  OF  Land. 


16,177 
16,166 
23,641 

13,071 

7,017 
13,966 
27,760{ 
28,644i 

7,691 
16,560 
14,434J 
18.366i 
18,291 
13,133 

8,694 
19,281  i 
11,-40J 
22,401 

3,623J 
16,288i 


315,728} 


2,996i 
3.156 
6.486 
10,564 
17,047 
26,028 
172 
12,7914 
13,493 
2,837 
2.983} 
3,886 
6,3044 
6,9254 
5,401 
6,0894 
6,386 
3,963 
342 
6,994 


1.39,849J 


VAlOiTIOK  OF  1868. 


• 

I 

H 

8 

1  ^ 

B! 

$116,110 

$644,366 

416,510 

104,138 

637,750 

230,970 

211,166 

13,416 

67,020 

4,650 

119,540 

9,625 

420.564 

44,909 

399,410 

46,341 

69,811 

6,150 

707,225 

139,600 

380,!j70 

68,160 

7.30,685 

310,143 

343,106 

31,650 

302.880 

82,448 

91,662 

20,921 

788,886 

241,468 

1,346,056 

789,887 

728,017 

165.630 

643,652 

391,225 

263,744 

24,054 
2,829,385 

9,102,009 

$669,466 
620,648 
868,720 
224,682 
71,670 
129,166 
465,473 
444,761 
75,961 
846,826 
438,730 

1,040,828 
374,760 
385,328 
112,583 

1,030,343 

2,136,943 
893,547 
934,877 
277,798 


1,058 

842 

1,602 

781 

660 

629 

1,208 

1,432 

626 

1,659 

616 

2,261 

1,079 

860 

678 

1,822 

2,961 

2,468 

1,569 

682 


11.931,<)94  24.2.'i2  26,097 


s; 


1,143 

869 

1,416 

753 

619 

689 

1,233 

1,410 

646 

1,6.')6 

621 

2.408 

1,087 

808 

690 

2.010 

3,356 

1,496 

1,680 

719 


385 
318 
429 
296 
197 
256 
451 
679 
222 
606 
228 
761 
360 
300 
286 
692 
1,013 
498 
498 
267 


8,631 


436 
326 
677 
317 
198 
283 
604 
6)3 
222 
603 
2,57 
225 
401 
312 
295 
701 
1,239 
690 
606 
281 


8,984 


343 
214 

424 
131 
144 
283 
401 
428 
112 
231 
222 
261 
264 
244 
196 
374 
694 
313 
226 
233 


Schools. 

s 

p 

Vr 

«« 

41 

'  el 

12 

678 

10 

593 

16 

1,198 

10 

668 

11 

666 

12 

677 

16 

924 

21 

1,124 

7 

360 

12 

970 

8 

413 

13 

1,772 

12 

867 

12 

621 

10 

612 

13 

1,410 

10 

2,399 

13 

1,024 

2 

1,141 

10 

579 

229 

18,286 

'Names  op  Towns. 


Ballston 

Charlton 

Clifton  Park , 

Corinth 

Day 

Edinburgh 

Qalway , 

Greenfield 

Hadley 

Half  Moon 

Malta 

Milton 

Moreau 

Northumberland. 

Providence 

Saratoga 

Saratoga  Springs. 

Stillwater 

Waterford 

Wilton 

Total 


654 
705 
897 
421 
222 
320 
736 
835 
190 
018 
474 
776 
632 
681 
235 
832 
710 
862 
239 
456 


£jg 

912 
882 
920 
866 
813 

1,290 

1,320 

1,602 
733 
785 

"761 
979 
655 

1,0.57 
793 

1,160 
467 

1,246 
183 
697 


1,020 
956 

1,270 
602 
380 
614 

1,241 

1,346 
336 
972 
778 

1,170 
746 
865 
392 

1,217 
762 

1,259 
248 
626 


2,401 
1,426 
1,184 
2,591 
3,212 
3,032 

961 
3.414 
3,090 
1,416 
2.350 
1,989 

900 
6,776 
1,023 
4,848 

462 
1,762 


2,038 

965 

2,336 

608 

335 

491 

1,379 

1,690 

339 

1,497 

1,456 

1,709 

1,123 

1,518 

484 

2,294 

1,369 

2,312 

1,205 

1,065 


AORICOLTOEAL  PEODUCTS. 


Bush,  op  Gkadi, 


4,241 
2.338 

25,244 

1,202 

274 

214 

2,333 

1.203 

7184 

19,8254 

11.979} 
8,1 69{ 
6,792 
6,387 
38 

17,669 
6,129 

22,114 
4,159 
8,680 


04,071 
90,172 

112,812 
35,1644 
16,977 
31,893 

113,455 
83,823 
22,120 
81,075 
60,6944 
89.546 
63,675 
97,394} 
31,161 

121,8964 
36,847 
84,623 
23,698 
66,691 


11,293  17,991  16,n8  46,018  26,003  147,601    1,357,6881  62,743|  i8V,6T2  289.478  1,468,136J  152,901}  7,7534 


3,2364 
3.113 
3.019 
1,8854 
1.706 
2,902 
4,817 
4,515 
1,378 
2,S16J 
2.4274 
3.075 
2.018 
2,032J 
1,5S6 
4,161 
1.599} 
3,544 
663 
1,660 


So 

«". 

21,788 
13.912 
43.846 
21,507 
11,292 
15,169 
28,964 
33,687 
10,531 
28.522 
19,083 
24,818 
13,701 
39,689 
16,139 
67,541 
17,758 
32,726 
6,140 
22,970 


40.710 

23,665 

26,038 

4,900 

6,761 

7,440 

31.73r 

26,846 

2,595 

12,662 

19,604 

28,810 

6,131 

6.489 

4.538 

13.842 

4.345 

16,734 

665 

8,191 


DaTBV  PB0DDCT8. 


0,    m 


113.463" 
66.066 

101,781 
61,680 
27,775 
48.495 

141,903 

106.990 
30.406 
79,736 
77,819 
91.667 
67,696 
84.705 
39.160 

103.922 
55.710 

101,936 
16,950 
61,390 


18,428} 
805 

19.285 

6,600 

100 

8,860 

12,716 

13,866 
1,400 
6,090 

13,314 
5.665 

16.270 
4,857 
3.970 
4,440 
9fi0 

13.090 
1.250 
2.947 


104 
142 
179 
601 
746 

1..523 
922 

1.279 
111 
179 
76 
302 

1974 

359 

166 

5.35 

199 

113 


SCHENECTADY   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Albany,  March  7, 1809.  It  is  centrally 
distant  20  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  221  sq.  mi.  The  greater 
part  lies  between  Mohawk  River  and  Schoharie  Creek, — one 
town  only  lying  n.  of  the  Mohawk.  The  surface  consists  of  the 
Mohawk  Valley  and  an  upland,  generally  much  broken  by  ridges 
and  isolated  hills,  200  to  350  feet  above  the  river.  The  highland;! 
tre  the  northern  continuation  of  the  Helderbergh  and  Schohario 
Wts.  The  underlying  rock  is  generally  the  shales  of  the  Hudson 
Uiver  group,  which  crop  out  in  the  valleys  and  the  bottoms  of  the 
ravines.  In  portions  of  Glenville  and  Duanesburgh  this  rock 
is  underlaid  by  birdseye  limestone,  from  which  are  obtained  both 
lime  and  stone  for  building.  The  greater  part  of  the  surface  is 
covered  with  a  thick  deposit  of  drift,  consisting  principally  of  clay  in  the  w.  part  and  sand  in  the  k. 
The  rocks  crop  out  on  the  banks  of  the  streams  and  form  the  declivities  of  the  steeper  hills.  The 
soil  in  the  w.  part  is  a  tenacious,  clayey  loam,  underlaid  by  hardpan  on  the  hills,  and  in  the  £.  a 
light,  unproductive  sand.  The  valley  of  the  Mohawk  consists  of  a  deep,  rich  alluvimn,  well  adapted 
to  tillage,  and  extensively  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  broomcorn.^ 

The  principal  streams  are  Mohawk  River,  Schoharie  Creek,  and  Normans  Kil,  and  their 
branches.  The  valleys  of  these  streams  are  generally  bordered  by  the  steep  declivities  of  the 
uplands,  rising  to  a  height  of  about  300  feet.  Many  of  the  smaller  streams  have  worn  deep 
gullies  in  the  loose  drift  deposits,  giving  to  the  surface  a  very  broken  character.  These 
small  streams  are  mostly  dry  in  summer.  The  fiue  alluvial  fiats  near  Schenectady,  extending  5 
mi.  w.  on  the  s.  side  of  the  river,  were  called  by  the  first  settlers  the  **  Bouirlaiidt."^  A  tract  2 
mi.  in  extent,  n.  of  the  river,  was  called  the  *'  Maalw}/ck  ;"^  and  a  tract  on  both  sides,  4  mi,  w. 
of  the  city,  was  known  as  the  **  Wbestiiia."*  A  region  immediately  about  Schenectady  was  called 
**  Oron-wjc/h-vnaTie-gughre  ;"  the  hills  s.  were  known  as  the  "  Yan-ta-^uc?t-a-berg  ;*^^  and  those  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  above  the  city  were  called  "  Tou-ar-e-^i-ne.'*  The  streams  of  '*  Woestina^' 
were  **  yerf  Kil^"^  Zantzee  Kil,''  and  ''  Rigkelbngk  Kil."^  The  valleys  are  best  adapted  to  tillage 
and  the  hills  to  pasturage.*  Manufactures  are  chiefly  limited  to  the  city  of  Schenectady. ***  In 
Glenville  are  about  a  dozen  broom  factories,  employing  450  persons. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Schenectady  City."  The  courthouse  and  clerk's  oflSce  are  both 
situated  on  Union  St.:  the  former  contains  the  courtroom,  jail,  sheriff's  and  supervisors'  rooms,*"' 
and  the  latter  the  clerk's  and  surrogate's  oiBces.  The  poorhouse  is  located  on  a  farm  of  116  acres, 
on  the  Albany  Road,  just  e.  of  the  city.  It  has,  on  an  average,  about  75  inmates,  and  the  farm 
yields  a  revenue  of  $1,200.    There  are  5  newspapers  published  in  the  co.*' 


1  One-half  of  the  entire  broomcorn  crop  of  the  State  is  raised 
witliin  this  CO.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  broomcorn  land 
is  annually  overflowed,  renderint;  it  continually  ft*rtile;  and 
many  tracts  have  produced  this  crop  alone  for  many  years, 

3  "Arable  Land." 

*  "  Whirl-bitck."  from  the  tortuoua  course  of  the  Mohawk. 

*  "Wilderness." 

*  Mixed  Indian  and  Dutrh,  sifrnifvinE  ".lohn-ear-of-corn-hill." 

*  *'  Paint  Creek,"  from  the  yellow  earth  along  the  banks. 
'  "  Sea-Sand  Creek."  8  ■'  Rail-bridge  Creek." 

*  At  an  early  period  the  Mohawk  Valley  was  celebrated  for  ita 
large  wheat  crops ;  but  now  very  little  is  raised. 

M>  See  page  698. 

i»  t!y  the  U-rins  of  the  act  making  Schenectady  the  co. 
■eat.  the  courthouse  was  to  be  built  at  the  expense  of  the  city. 
The  first  county  officers  were  Qcrrit  S.  Veeder.  First  Jwig^ ; 
Peter  v.  Veeder,  Clerk ;  Ja«.  V.  S.  Riley,  Sheriff;  and  Wm.  J. 
Teller.  Surrogate. 

u  The  first  courts  were  held  in  tlie  City  Hall,  and  afterward 
In  the  West  College. 

"  The  following  is  a  nearly  complete  list  of  the  newspapers  in 
the  CO. : — 

The  Wfj^tem  SpectMftr  was  iflfmed  prior  to  1807. 
The  Si:henectadn  Cabinft  waH  commenced   in  .Ian.  1S09,  by  Isaac 
Kit^p^s.    In  ISfiO  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  S.  S.  Kiggs, 
who  continued  it  until  1^57. 
The  Western  Budget  was  issued  a  short  time  in  1809. 
Tfif.  Mohawk  Advertiser  was  I'ub.  in  1810  liy  R.  Scbermorhorn. 
T%e  FlorCad,  8vo,  mo.,  was  publLsht^^  in  ISll. 


The  Schenectady  Gazette  waa  published  in  1812,  by  Ryer  8cher^ 

merhorn. 
The  Schever.Uidjt  CYiunty  Whig  waa  issued  in  18.10,  by  C.  0.  and 

A.  Paliner.  and  wa.t  continnt-d  until  18;'4. 
The  Schenectrvtu   Slitndard   was   pnlilished   in   1831,   by  T.  J, 

Sulh<T!;\lid. 
TJie  Schenfctadi/  f'emocrat  was  begun  in  IS'28.  by  C,  G.  and  A. 

Palmer.     T.  W.  Flagg  became  its  publisher  in  1837,  and 

the  same  year  it  was  chamied  to 
The  Reflector  and  Schenectady  Democrat.    It 

has  been  successively  published  by  G.  Yatew,  K.  U.  Kin- 

cnid.  atid  A.  A.  Keyeer.  and  is  now  publiBhed  by  Frrd. 

W.  nnlTnmii. 
The  n-.vsnr  wa.s  published  in  1834,  by  the  students  of  Union  College. 
The  Parthenon,  mo.,  was  published  in  1S46-47  by  the  colU-go 

students. 
The  Mohawher  was  published  in  If'SS.  by  Piggs  A  NorrJs. 
The  frotrstnnt  &nttjwl  was  commenced  in  18.35,  by  Rev.  Job u 

Mnxon,  and  continued  2  yejirs. 
The  Wreath  wna  started  in  1835.  "by  W.  II.  Rurleigh,  and  con- 
tinued 1  year. 
Preedom's  Si'ntfwl  was  issued  during  the  campaign  of  1840.  by 

Stephen  S.  Ripps. 
The  Antu/uarian  anrf  General  It'eviiw.  mo.,  waa  started  in  1846, 

by  Kev.  W.  Arthur,  and  continued  2  yeai-s. 
The  Scroll,  mo.,  was  published  a  short  time  in  1840. 
The  Schenectady  Aemocrat  was  founded  in  185^.  by 

Mm.  M.CdIli  irn"au'i  U'.  \.i'lark.     In  1S57  it  was  «old 

to  A.  .1.  Thoiiipsoii,an'l  in  April,  ISC'),  (o  C.  Thayr. 
&»& 


596 


SCHENECTADY    COUNTY. 


The  great  flat  upon  the  Mohawk  w.  of  "Fort  OrangeJ^  and  where  the  city  of  Schenectady  now 
stands,  was  bought  of  the  natives  in  July,  1G61,  in  the  name  of  Arent  Van  Corlaer  •}  and  settlement 
was  commenced  during  the  same  year.  It  was  under  the  charge  of  5  commissioners  until  Nov.  1, 
1684,  when  Gov.  Dongan  granted  a  patent  confirming  previous  rights  and  extending  the  territory.' 
On  the  night  between  the  8th  and  9th  of  Feb.  1690,  N.S.,*  the  settlement — then  consisting  of  about 
80  houses — was  surprised  by  a  party  of  about  300  French  and  Indians,  and  nearly  every  house  was 
burned.  Sixty-three  persons  were  killed,  and  27  were  carried  to  Canada  as  prisoners.  The  night 
wa,s  intensely  cold,  and  the  nearest  place  of  refuge  was  Albany,  to  which  a  few  escaped  after  much 
suflfering.*  In  1702  R.  Schermerhorn  became  sole  trustee ;  and  in  1705  a  new  patent  was  issued, 
conferring  certain  township  privileges.  On  the  23d  of  Oct.  1765,  the  place  was  created  a  borough, 
with  the  rights  and  immunities  incident  to  these  corporations.^  From  1726  to  the  Revolution  the 
township  of  Schenectady  sent  a  representative  to  the  General  Assembly,  During  the  war  the  village 
was  fortified  and  garrisoned  at  the  public  expense,  and  many  families  from  the  Upper  Mohawk 
sought  protection  here  from  the  incursions  of  the  tories  and  Indians.*  For  several  years  after  1779 
a  large  number  of  friendly  Oneida  and  Tuscarora  families,  driven  from  their  homes  by  the  hostile 
tribes,  were  supported  in  this  vicinity  at  the  expense  of  the  General  Government.  At  the  return 
of  peace  the  settlement  shared  in  the  general  prosperity.  A  new  impulse  was  given  to  business  by 
the  improvements  effected  by  the  Western  Inland  Navigation  Co.,  which  enabled  large  boats  to 
make  longer  voyages.'  Upon  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  the  MohawK  navigation  was  entirely 
superseded.  For  several  years  after  the  completion  of  the  r.  r.  from  Albany  in  1831,  large 
quantities  of  merchandise  were  sent  here  to  be  shipped  on  the  canal,  saving  the  delay  of  the  cir- 
cuitous route  and  numerous  locks  on  the  canal  between  Schenectady  and  Troy.*  In  1832  a  R.  R. 
was  built  to  Saratoga,  in  1835,  to  Utica,  and  in  1843,  to  Troy.  In  1849  several  plank  roads  were 
built,  which  since  have  been  mostly  abandoned. 


DFAHTESBURGH®— was  erected  as  a  township,  by  patent,  March  13,  1765,  and  it  was  first 
recognized  as  a  town  March  22,  1788.  It  lies  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists 
of  an  upland,  broken  by  the  narrow  valleys  and  gullies  of  small  streams,  Schoharie  Creek 
forms  a  portion  of  its  w.  boundary,  and  Normans  Kil  flows  through  the  s.  part.  The 
hills  that  border  upon  these  streams  are  steep,  and  in  some  places  rocky.  The  other 
T>rincipal  streams  are  Corrys  Brook,  Chuctenunda  Creek,  and  Bozen  Kil.  Maria  Pond  and 
Featherstons  Lake  are  2  small  bodies  of  water  in  the  n.  e.  part,  about  250  feet  above  the  canal. 
The  soil  is  principally  a  stifi",  clay  loam,  with  a  slight  intermixture  of  gravel.  It  is  best  adapted 
to  pasturage,  Duanesburgh  (p.  v.)  contains  about  a  dozen  houses,  Quaker  Street*' 
(p.v.)  30,  lUariaville"  (p.  v.)  20,  and  Branians  Corners  (p.  v.)  18.  Eatous  Cor- 
ners is  a  hamlet.  Large  tracts  in  this  town  were  purchased  by  different  parties  between 
1736  and  1770,*^  but  no  active  measures  of  settlement  were  taken  till  about  the  time  of  its 
itrganization  in  1765.     During  that  year  Duane,  who  had  become  an  extensive  proprietor,  con- 


r/i«  Schenectady  Morning  Star,  started  Feb.  24. 1854.  by  W.  M. 

Colboriie  an<l  W.N.Clark,  was  chsn^ed  in  18.04  to 
The  Kvenlng  Star,  da.,  now  published  by  W.  M.  Col. 

bornp. 
Tlie  Sclienectady  Republican  has  been  published 

8  ncM  Sf-pt.  l^.-.T,  bv  ColhoriiH  A  L:indon. 
The  Schenectady  Dally  Ne-ws  was  started  in  April. 

1859,  by  Frederic  W.  HufFniau.  E.  F.  Loveridge,  editor. 

1  The  graotorB  were  4  Mohawk  chiefs,  named  Cautuque, 
Sonare«tflie.  Aiadane,  and  Sodachdr:ia^c.  Thi8  grant  was  con- 
lirratd  the  next  year,  and  the  tract  was  surveyed  in  1664.  The 
inhabitants  of  Fort  Orange,  w-ishin^r  to  monopolize  the  Indian 
trade,  presented  to  the  settlers,  before  the  land  was  received 
from  the  enrveyor,  a  written  pledge  to  abstain  from  trading 
with  the  Indians.  A  remonstrance  against  this  injustice  waa 
signed  by  the  following  early  settlers,  viz. :  A.  Van  Corlaer,  Philip 
Hendrickson,  Sanders  Lendertsen  Glen,  Simon  Volkrartsen, 
Pieter  Soghmaekelyk,  Tennis  Cornelisscn.  Marte  Cornelise.  Wil- 
lem  Teller.  Bastiaen  De  Winter  for  Catalyn,  ^vidow  of  Arent 
Andriea  de  Voss,  Pieter  Jacobs©  Borsboom,  Pieter  Danielse  Van 
Olinda,  Jan  Barentse  Wemp,  and  Jacques  Cornelise.  Their  re- 
Bistanco  occasioned  several  years'  delay  in  the  survey  of  the  lands. 

2  Wm.  Teller,  Ryer  Schermerhorn,  Sweer  Tunison,  Jan  Van 
Eps,  and  Myndert  Wemp  were  appointed  trustees  under  this 
prant.  The  tract  embraced  the  present  city,  and  the  towns  of 
Olenville,  Rotterdam,  and  part  of  Niskaynna. 

9  Previous  to  1752  time  was  reckone<l  in  England  by  "Old 
8tyle,"  the  year  commencing  on  the  26th  of  March.  AU  dates 
previous  to  that  time,  between  Jan.  1  uul  March  26.  are  reckoned 
In  1  year  by  "Old  Style,"  and  in  the"oUowing  year  by  "New 
fityle." 


*  Colden's  Fivp,  Nations,  3d  ed.,  I.  p.  120. 

^  This  and  VPeat  Chester  were  the  only  boroughs  in  the 
colony. 

6  The  place  was  never  visited  by  a  hostile  army  after  1690. 
The  colonial  statutes  contain  frequent  provisions  for  the  re- 
building, repairs,  and  supplies  of  this  fort. 

I  This  company  cleared  the  river  of  impediments  to  navigation 
as  much  as  possible,  built  a  lock  at  Little  Falls,  and  in  1796 
built  a  ehoit  canal  connecting  the  Upper  Mohawk  with  Wood 
Creek,  which  flows  into  Oneida  Lake,  opening  a  direct  water 
communication  with  the  chain  of  lakes  in  the  interior  of  the 
State,  and  with  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  boats 
employed,  called  *'  Durham  boats,"  were  propelled  up  stream  by 
setting  poles,  and  were  floated  down  by  the  current. 

8  This  business  was  stopped  by  the  repeal  of  the  statute  pro- 
hibiting the  R.  R.  from  carrying  freight  w.  of  this  place. 

»  Named  from  James  Duane,  the  principal  proprietor.  It  wa8 
first  joined  with  Schoharie,  as  "  the  united  district  of  I>uane»- 
burgh  and  Schoharie."  It  was  made  a  separate  district.  March  24, 
1772.  Mr.  I>uan«  took  an  active  part  in  public  affairs  during 
the  Revolution  and  the  earlier  years  of  the  State  Government, 
and  was  a  liberal  benefactor  of  the  town. 

10  Boots  and  shoes,  wagons,  and  sash  and  blinds,  are  manu- 
factured here. 

II  Named  from  a  daughter  of  James  Duane. 

12  Among  the  purchasers  were  Tlio.s.  Freeman,  in  173fi,  Tim<»- 
thy  Bagley.  in  1737,  A.  P.  and  William  Cosby,  in  1738.  Walter 
Butler,  in  1739.  and  Jonathan  Brewer,  in  1770.  Wm.  Nr.rth.  an 
officer  of  the  Revolution,  married  a  daughter  of  Duane  and  re- 
sided several  years  in  this  town. 


SCHENECTADY    COUNTY.  597 

tracted  with  20  Germans  from  Penn.,  of  whom  16  came  on  and  made  a  permanent  settlement.' 
The  first  church  (Christs  Ch.,  Prot.  E.)  was  formed  Aug.  3,  1795,  and  the  church  edifice  was  erected 
by  Judge  Duane.     Rev.  David  Belden  was  the  first  rector.^ 

GEiElWIliElE' — was  formed  from  Schenectady,  April  14,  1820.  It  is  the  only  tovrn  in  the 
CO.  N.  of  the  Mohawk.  The  central  and  w.  parts  are  occupied  by  rugged  and  wooded  hills 
abruptly  rising  from  the  valley  of  the  river  to  a  height  of  300  feet.  The  E.  part  is  nearly 
level.  The  streams  are  Crabbs  Kil,  Chaugh-ta-noon-da,  Aalplaats,*  and  Jan  Wemps  Creeks, 
and  Verf  Kil.  The  soil  among  the  hills  is  a  stiflf  clay,  underlaid  by  hardpan,  with  an  occasional  out- 
crop of  slate  ;  and  in  the  E.  part  it  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  The  Mohawk  intervales  are  very 
fertile,  and  are  chiefly  devoted  to  the  culture  of  broomcorn.  GlenvlIIe  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churchea 
and  20  houses,  Scotia^  (p.  v.)  2  churches  and  266  inhabitants,  Reesville  12  houses  and  a  broom 
factory,  and  High  Mills  13  houses,  1  grist  and  2  saw  mills,  and  woolen  factory.  Hoffuians 
Ferry'  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  and  r.  r.  station.  East  Glenville  and  Town  Center  are  p. 
offices.  Bridges  connect  this  town  with  Schenectady  and  Niskayuna.  Settlements  were  made 
about  1665,  and  were  among  the  earliest  in  the  co.'  The  Sanders  House,  in  this  town,  was  spared 
by  the  enemy  when  Schenectady  was  destroyed.'    There  are  5  churches  in  town.*  597 

IVISKAYriVA"'— was  formed  from  Watervliet,  (Albany  co.,)  March  7,  1809.  A  part  of 
Schenectady  was  annexed  in  1853.  It  lies  upon  the  Mohawk,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  co.  Its  surface 
is  mostly  upland,  terminating  in  steep  bluifs  upon  the  river  valley.  The  intervales  are  very  rich 
and  productive.  A  strip  of  laud  about  1  mi.  wide,  extending  back  from  the  summits  of  the  blufiB, 
has  a  hard,  clay  soil,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  it  is  swampy  and  unfit  for  cultivation.  Further 
s.  the  soil  is  sandy.  Watervliet  Center  (p.  o)  is  within  the  limits  of  this  town.  Kisl&a- 
yuna  is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  E.  corner.  The  first  settlements  were  made  about  1640."  The  canal 
crosses  the  Mohawk  into  this  town  upon  a  magnificent  stone  aqueduct.'^  There  is  1  church  (Ref. 
Prot.  D.)  in  town. 

PRIIVCETOWIV"— was  formed  from  Schenectady,  March  26,  1798.  It  lies  a  little  w.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  broken  upland,  gently  descending  toward  the  s.  e.  The 
streams  are  Normans  Kil  in  the  s.  and  Zantzee  Kil  in  the  n."  The  soil  is  a  heavy  clay  loam, 
underlaid  by  hardpan,  and  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.  Princetovrn  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The 
town  was  chiefly  conveyed  to  Geo.  Ingoldsby  and  Aaron  Bradt,  in  1737.  Wm.  Corry  afterward 
became  owner,  and  formed  a  settlement,  which  was  long  known  as  "  Corrijshvsh."  The  town  wa-s 
thinly  settled  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution.  The  Princetown  Academy,  a  Presb.  institution,  wa.i 
opened  here,  on  an  extensive  scale,  in  1853,  and  was  discontinued  in  1856.  There  are  a  Presb.  and 
a  Ref  Prot.  D.  church  in  town. 

ROTTERDAM— was  formed  from  Schenectady,  April  14,  1820.  A  part  of  the  city  was 
annexed  in  1853.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  Co.,  upon  the  s.  bank  of  the  Mohawk.  The  surface 
consists  of  a  broken,  hilly  region  in  the  N.  w.,  a  level  intervale  extending  from  the  center  toward 
the  s.,  and  a  high  plain  in  the  E.  The  soil  upon  the  w.  hills  is  a  tough  clay,  underlaid  by  shale, 
which  frequently  crops  out.  The  central  valley  or  plain,  5  mi.  in  extent,  was  called  by  the  Dutch 
the  "  Jlonwlandf."  The  soil  is  a  deep  alluvium.  The  E.  plateau  is  sandy  and  barren.  Rotter- 
dam, Dlobawkville,  and  Factory  ville  are  hamlets."  Settlements  were  first  made  alxiut 
1661.'*    The  first  church  was  organized  Aug.  29,  1800  ;  Rev.  Thos.  Romeyn  was  the  first  pastor." 


1  The  tract  embraced  about  60,000  acres,  and  the  lands  were 
rented  at  the  rate  of  $15  per  100  acres,  on  long  leases.  The 
agents  of  Sir  Wnl.  Johnson  excited  a  prejudice  against  these 
lands  which  retarded  their  settlement. 

*  There  are  in  town  5  other  churehes:  Cameronian,  Bap.,  Univ., 
Presb..  and  Quaker.  *  Named  from  the  original  patentee. 

*  ••  Eel  Place."  6  Locally  pronounced  "  Sco^chy." 

*  Harmanus  Vedder  established  a  ferry  here  about  1790.  and 
it  was  called  Vedders  Ferry  until  1885,  when  it  waa  bought  by 
John  Ib'ITman  and  the  name  was  changed. 

7  In  Itjfio  the  country  around  Scotia  was  granted  to  Sanders 
Lendertsen  Glen,  a  native  of  Scotland,  who  removed  to  Holland 
in  1645  on  account  of  religious  persecutions.  After  several 
years  there  spent  in  mercantile  pursiiits,  he  migrated  to  "  Krw 
N'-tkn-lun'h.'^  Van  Slvcks  Island  was  granted  to  Jacques  Van 
Sl.yck,  Nov.  13, 1662.— fiarfwr's  Hut.  On. 

8  On  a  former  occasion  a  party  cf  French,  sent  against  the 
Mohawks,  became  reduced  to  the  extremity  of  want,  and  were 


to  Said  to  he  a  corruption  of  Nis  ti-gioo-ne.  or  Co-nis-ti-gio.nL.. 
by  which  it  is  known  on  the  old  maps.  The  name  is  said  to  sig 
nify  "  extensive  corn  flats."  The  term  was  also  api)lied  to  por- 
tions of  Water\iiet  and  Half  Moon,  Upon  the  advent  of  the 
whites  this  place  was  occupied  by  a  tribe  of  Indians  known  aa 
the  ■'  Omistviitme."— Barber  rf-  Howe's  Hist.  Cbll.  iV.  r„  p.  50S. 

"  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Clutes,  Vedders,  VanVrankens, 
Groots,  Tymesons,  IVarces,  Jansens,  and  Van  Bockhoovens, 

12  By  an  act  of  1805,  Alexander  Alexander  was  authorized  to 
build  a  dam  at  this  place. 

13  Named  from  John  Prince,  a  member  of  the  Assembly  from 
Albany  co,  at  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  town, 

H  Upon  this  stream,  on  the  farm  of  Elien'r  Dougall,  is  a  cas- 
cade 60  feet  high,  and  from  this  point  to  the  Mohawk  are  numt^ 
rous  rapids  and  ct^Ciides, 

16  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Wilhelmus  Van  Otto  Vau 
Curawa,  (a  native  of  the  island  of  Cura^oa.)  Kyer  .Schermerhoro, 
and  Simon  Veeder.    The  house  of  Van  Otto  6too<l  on  the  site 


obliL'ed  to  seek  aasistnnce  of  the  English.    The  kindness  shown  i  of  the  one  now  occupied  by  Simon  Veeder.     At  the  time  of  tb» 
them     by    Mr,    Glen    was    remembered,  and  his  house  was  |  Kevolution  there  were  fam'ilies  living  in  town  by  the  names  of 
spared.     A  stone  house   built  in  1713  is  still   owned   by  the    Delemont,  Van  Pelten,  and  Bratjghain. 
Sanders  family.  w  At  this  place  is  a  twine  and  thread  factory, 

»  2  Ret  Prot  D.,  2  M.  E.,  and  Bap,  |     17  There  are  3  churches  In  town :  2  IWf,  Prot,  D.  and  1  M.  K. 


598 


SCHENECTADY     COUNTY. 


SCIIEiXECTADY  CITY— was  patented,  with  certain 
municipal  rights,  Nov.  4,  1684;  chartered  as  a  borough  Oct,  23, 
1705 ;  incorp.  as  a  district,  March  24,  1772,  as  a  Umn,  March  7, 
1788,  and  as  a  city,  March  26,  1798.  Princetown  was  set  off  in 
1708,  Rotterdam  and  Glenville  in  1820,  and  parts  of  Niskayuna 
and  Rotterdam  in  1853.'  It  is  situated  on  the  Mohawk,  and  on  the 
borders  of  one  of  the  finest  intervales  in  the  State.  A  considera- 
ble amount  of  trade  is  carried  on  in  the  city  by  means  of  the  canal 
and  the  raih'oads  that  center  here;  but  tlie  people  are  more 
largely  engaged  in  manufactures.^  The  engine  houses  and  repair 
shops  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  Co.  are  very  extensive ;  and  one  of  the 
largest  locomotive  manufactories  in  the  country  is  located  here.' 
This  city  is  especially  noted  as  the  seat  of  Union  College.  This  institution  was  incorp.  by  the  regents, 
Feb.  25,  1795,  and  received  its  name  from  the  cooperation  and  union  of  several  religious  denomina- 
tions in  its  foundation.*  A  fund  was  first  raised  by  private  subscription  to  erect  the  necessary  build- 
ings and  to  defray  the  expenses  of  opening  the  school  ;^  and  this  was  increased  by  the  avails  of  several 
lotteries  authorized  by  the  legislature,®  by  grants  of  land  and  money  from  the  State,  and  by  private 
donations.  The  total  amount  received  from  the  State,  up  to  1822,  for  permanent  investment,  was 
S331,G12  13.  In  a  will  dated  Dec.  28,  1855,  Dr.  Nott,  the  president  of  the  college,  bequeathed  to  the 
trustees  $555,000  for  specific  purposes  and  an  additional  fund  for  miscellaneous  expenses."^  The 
funds  thus  bequeathed  were  derived  from  the  profits  of  certain  investments  of  college  funds,  and 
amounts  from  other  sources,  which  had  been  employed  for  the  purpose  of  creating  a  fund  for  the  en- 
dowment of  the  institution.  The  first  college  building  was  erected  in  the  city  f  but  in  1814  a  trad 
of  land  upon  an  eminence  E.  of  the  city  was  purchased,  and  the  two  principal  buildiugs  were  erected.' 
The  site  commands  an  extensive  view  of  the  city,  the  river,  and  the  valley.  The  faculty  of  the  college 
now  consists  of  a  president,  12  professors,  1  lecturer,  and  3  tutors.  The  total  number  of  students  is 
420,  and  has  not  materially  varied  from  this  number  for  a  great  number  of  years,  the  junior  and 
senior  classes  being  invariably  larger  than  those  that  preceded  them.  A  considerable  number  of 
students  derive  aid  from  the  State  fund,  which  is  extended  to  students  of  limited  means  without 
reference  to  tlie  profession  they  intend  to  follow.  The  college  has  received  from  E.C.Delavan,E8q., 
a  magnificent  donation  of  minerals  and  shells,  known  as  the  *'  Wheatley  Collection,"  which  was  pur- 
chased for  this  purpose  at  a  cost  of  §10,000.  Departments  of  Civil  Engineering  and  Analytical 
Chemistry  have  been  organized,  and  the  facilities  which  they  afford  are  of  the  most  ample  kind. 

The  Public  Schools  are  under  8  commissioners,  elected  once  in  2  years.  There  were,  in  1857,  9 
school  districts,  employing  3  male  and  22  female  teachers.  The  number  of  children  between  4  and 
21,  was  3065,  of  whom  1729,  or  56  per  cent.,  attended  the  public  schools.^** 

The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1661,  as  already  noticed.'*  As  this  was  an  advance  frontier 
Bettlement,  the  compact  part,  at  an  early  period,  was  enclosed  by  palisades.     In  1690  the  enclosure 


1  An  Indian  name  signifying  "beyond  the  plains."  Formerly 
gpclU'd  ycheiit'CtJida.  The  city,  under  Us  first  chnrter.  contained 
an  area  of  I'JS  Bq.mi.;  but  the  succesaive  changes  which  have 
been  made  have  reduced  it  to  a  plat  of  250  acres. 

*  The  manufacturing  establishments  of  the  city  consist  of  the 
R.  R.  machine  shops,  locomotive  works,  a  cotton  factory,  3  car- 
riage shops,  an  agricultuml  implement  factory.  3  turning  and 
machine  shops,  shawl  factory.  2  breweries.  1  brick  yard.  2  cabinet 
shops,  4  fuuuderies  a  planing  mill,  pump  factory,  tannery.  2  tool 
factories,  a  vice  and  spring  factory,  and  a  great  variety  of  other 
mechanics'  shops. 

8  The  Schenectady  Locomotive  Works  Co.  was  incorp.  June  4, 
1851,  with  a  capital  of  $150,000,  all  of  which  is  actively  em- 
ployed. When  in  full  operation,  they  employ  600  hands,  and 
can  turn  out  1  locomotive  every  5  days. 

*  Rev.  Wra.  Andreas  opened  the  first  grammar  school,  in  1771 ; 
and  before  the  close  of  the  year  he  proposed  to  change  it  to  an 
academy.  The  Consistory  of  the  Ref.  Prot.  D.  church  erected  a 
small  academy  in  1765.  The  Schenectady  Academy  was  incorp. 
Jan.  29.  1793.  and  was  merged  in  the  college  in  1795.  Rev..Tohn 
niair  Smith  was  the  first  President.  He  was  succeeded  in  June. 
1799,  b.v  Rev.  Jonathan  Edwards,  who  remained  until  his  death  in 
Aug.lHOl.  Rev.  Jonathan  Maxcy  was  nexteli-rttd  |iiisiiiiiit,uiiii 
continued  till  1804,  when  he  resigned,  and  was  tJunctdid  V<\  Krv. 
Eliphalet  Nott.  the  present  venerable  presidiMit  of  the  Cullt-ge. 

6  In  1779,  the  inhabitants  of  the  northern  part  of  the  State 
petitioned  for  the  incorp.  of  a  college,  but  without  success.  The 
petition  was  renewed  in  1701.  hut  did  not  succeed.  In  1794 
ftnuther  effort  was  madn,  and  a  subscription  of  $7935  was  raised 
from  99  persons  in  Albany,  and  of  $3425  from  231  persons  in 
Schenect.idy,  for  an  endowment.  This  sum  wa«  afterward 
iftrgely  increased  by  BUb^cription.     Tho  location  was  fixed  at 


Schenectady,  it  is  said,  chiefly  through  the  influence  of  Gen. 
Schuyler,  and  because  of  its  then  central  location. 

6  Lotteries  were  authorized  in  1805, 1814,  and  1822. — MunsflVa 
Ann.  of  Albany,  VII,  126;  Semi-Ce-nten.  Cdtbratimi  nf  Union  Coll. 

^  The  items  uf  this  bequest  are  as  follows : — 

$22.'>.000  for  9  professorships,  with  a  salary  of  $1500  each. 

giiO.OOO  for  6  assistant  professorships,  at  $60U  each. 

$|JO,000  for  an  astrouomical  observatory. 

$20,000  for  60  auxiliary  scholarships,  of  $10  and  $12  per  term. 

$60,000  for  GOprizy  scholarships  foruiidergmdH;ites,or$15ond 
$18  per  term;  in  cirtain  cases  to  be  increased  to  $24. 

$45,000  for  9  scholarships  for  graduates  or  fellows,  of  $300  each. 

$20,000  for  a  cemetery. 

$10,000  for  apparatus. 

$5,000  for  textbo«'ks. 

$30,000  for  an  eclectic  library. 

$5,000  for  a  geological  and  mineralogical  cabinet. 

$5,000  for  a  historical  cabinet. 

$10.0<10  for  a  lecture  fund. 

The  miscellaneous  fund  was  left  discretionari' with  t)ie  trusteea 
to  fill  deficiencies  and  extend  the  operation  ofan.vof  tlie  foregoing 
objects.  .\t  the  timeof  this  gift  the  greater  pfirt  of  the  fnndd  were 
iiivr,'4tiil  in  real  cstateiuGreenpoint  village,  opposite  N.York  City. 

8  This  building,  formerly  known  m  "West  Collrfff,"  wus  sold 
to  thf  city,  and,  with  an  adjoining  building,  accommodates  the 
10  departments  of  the  public  schools  of  the  city. 

8  Other  buildings  have  since  been  erected,  for  library,  cabinet, 
and  lectm-e  riHjnis.  The  corner  atone  of  the  Central  Ch.ipel  waa 
laid  July  28,  1S58. 

10  Total  receipt3.$l 4.423  06 ;  total espenses, $14,423  06.  Volumes 
in  district  libraries,  3045. 

n  See  page  596. 


SCHENECTADY    COUNTY. 


509 


was  in  form  of  an  oblong  rectangle,  -with  gates  at  the  ends.  The  people,  however,  felt  so  secure  that 
the  gates  were  habitually  left  open,  and  no  guard  was  kept ;  and  hence  it  was  easily  entered  by  the 
enemy  on  the  memorable  9th  of  Feb.  1090,  N.  S.  The  lives  of  60  old  persons  and  children  were  spared 
from  tlie  massacre.  The  settlement  recovered  slowly  from  the  disaster,  and  not  until  the  close  of  King 
William's  War  did  it  receive  any  considerable  accessions.  A  new  fort  was  built  in  May,  1090,  which 
■was  garrisoned  for  many  years.  Another  fort  was  built  in  1735,  and  another  in  1780.'  The  old  fort 
stood  at  the  intersection  of  Ferry  and  Front  Sts.  The  first  church  (Ref  Prot.  D.)  was  organized  in 
1084,  and  the  building  was  erected  on  the  s.  end  of  Church  St.  in  1685.  It  was  burned  in  1090 ;' 
and  a  new  building  was  erected,  about  1702,  on  the  site  of  the  present  church,  corner  of  Union  and 
Church  Sts.'  St.  George's  Church  (Prot.E.)  was  organized,  in  1735,  by  Rev.  H.  Barclay,  incorp.  in 
1766,  and  an  edifice  erected  in  1768.*  The  first  mail  was  brought  to  the  town  April  3,  1763.'  The 
first  English  school  was  opened,  under  the  care  of  Rev.  Henry  Barclay,  in  1710.'  The  Vale  Cemetery 
Association  was  formed  Feb.  25, 1858.'  The  population  of  the  city  has  slowly  and  steadily  increased, 
although,  from  the  setting  off  of  portions  of  its  territory,  the  census  reports  for  some  periods  show  an 
apparent  decrease.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,    Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    ScJiools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Schenectady  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 

Acres  of  Land.   1 

Valuation  op  1858. 

POPCLATIOK.   1 

1 

4 

1 

i 

i 

396 
417 
118 
120 
293 
610 

1 

Schools. 

1 
i 

S 
1 

i 

$974,272 

1.285,993 

359,900 

228,670 

874,7.-!4 

1,254.160 

•si- 

il 

$120,700 

71.663 

24.060 

9.500 

30.250 

466.829 

717.992 

1 

1.656 
1,606 
584 
496 
1,537 
4,012 

9,861 

1 

j 

4-| 
22 
13 
4 

13 
9 

~68 

Sa 

1.231 

1  1,173 

366 

397 

1,427 

3,060 

"7^7 

Doaneshurgh 

Gk-nville 

33,911i 
22,341i 
7,922 
12,029 
16,729i 
616 

10,827 
7,169i 
2,649 
3,421 
7,693 
34 

$1,094,972 

1.3-57.666 

3S3.960 

238,170 

910,984 

1,709,979 

6.695.711 

1,663 
1,487 
636 
460 
1,298 
4,377 
9,721 

642 
666 
201 
166 
440 
1.200 
3,105 

696 
700 
217 
172 
492 
1,608 
3,783 

Rottt-rdam 

Schenectady 

Total 

93,44,1i 

31,683i 

4.977.719 

1.953 

NAKRa  OP  Towns. 

LiVB  Stock.                 | 

AOMCULTDEAL  PKODOCTS.                                      ]| 

11.: 

l§ 

III 

5 

a 

1,941 

1,48-. 

38S 

67: 

1,06; 

21S 

i 

1 

B08U.  OF  G&AIM. 

e 

e 

6.233 
3.718 
1.716 
2,163 
2,328 
27i 

l£ 

10,82 
41,83 
18,39- 

1,76 
30,44 

1,86 

Daibt  Pboducw. 

■§  ^ 

a,    « 

■?      ,; 

DuHnesburgh 

Glonville 

1,319 
1,033 
341 
404 
731 
391 

1,872 

1,306 

271 

629 

720 

48 

5.541 
2.644 

625 
1,123 

826 

2,097 

2,205 

657 

784 

1,660 

424 

2.47  n 

16.324i 
3.706 
7,291 

20.445 
680 

149.507J 

135.942J 

32,168 

61.100 

0.5.049 

2.291 

440,117} 

)    26,40 

40.62 

1     8,301 

)    11,82 
19.04 

)        '341 

2  106,66 

1  194.691 
<     127,599 
Jl      34,621 
S       53.181 

2  105,770 
5 

28,684 

6.235! 

14.600ij 

1,2301 
820 

13,800          666  1 

9,800  ! 

746 

Schenectady 

Total 

4,219 

4,846 

5,76 

10,759 

7,727 

49,918 

16,1864 

105,13 

1     616,6621  72,019|| 

3,462* 

1  By  an  act  of  1780,  all  the  people  living  within  a  half  mile 
of  the  Dutch  church  were  assessed,  in  labor  aod  materials,  fur 
the  erection  of  defensive  works—the  work  to  be  done  under  the 
(lirertion  of  the  field  ofBoers  and  magistrates. 

2  Kcv.  Peter  Tasscheniaker,  the  paator  and  first  teacher,  was 
killed,  and  all  his  papers  were  destroyed. 

«  On  the  27th  of  Oct.  1701,  the  Governor  granted  a  special 
license  for  the  inhabitants,  or  their  Bgents.  "  to  gather,  collect, 
and  receive  the  free  and  voluntary  offerings  and  contributions 
of  all  and  singular  his  liege  subjects,  inhabitants  of  this  pi-o- 
Tince.  at  any  time  from  the  day  of  the  date  hereof  for  and  during 
the  term  of  six  months  then  ensuing."  The  funds  raised  were 
restricted  to  the  rebuilding  of  the  church;  and  all  justices  of 
the  peace,  high  sheriffs,  and  all  other?  his  m.-ijesty's  friends, 
with  all  Protestant  ministers,  were  exhorted  to  use  each  their 
utmost  diligence  to  excite  and  stir  up  the  charities  of  the  inhabit- 
ants,—.»f.W  .SfC.  O/Bre. 

*  Beaides  these,  the  oensue  reports  10  churches;  2  Eef.  Prot.  D., 


2  Meth.  E.,  Univ.,  R.  C,  Presb.,  Bap.,  Af.  Meth.,  and  a  Jewish 
Synagogue.  ^ Letter  of  Sir  }Vm.  JiJitfSfm. 

6  \  Laneasterian  school  was  incorp.  Nov.  12.  1816,  and  was 
taught  26  years.  It  was  superseded  by  the  prBsent  system  of 
public  schools. 

7  The  Vale  Cemetery,  containing  50  acres,  is  located  in  a 
beautiful  vale  about  one-fourth  of  a  mi.  from  the  city.  It  is 
covered  with  pines,  and  is  finelv  laid  out  and  ornamented. 

'  In  1699,  70  men  took  the  test  oath. 
In  1710  there  were  16  English  and  100  Dutch  families. 
In  1714  the  census  reported  591  persons. 
In  1790  there  were  s.  of  the  Mohawk(in  Schenectady.  Pnnny 
town.  Rotterdam,  and  a  part  of  Niskayuna)  3472  persons.   The  fol 
lowing  table  shows  the  progress  of  population  since  1820: — 

1820 3939  1       1840 6784 

1825 4068  1S46 6555 

1830 4268  1850 8921 

1835 62?2         1865 8388 


SCHOHARIE   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Albany  and  Otsego,  April  6,  1795.' 
A  small  part  of  Greene  was  annexed  in  1836.  It  is  an  interior 
CO.,  lying  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  State,  is  centrally  distant  35 
mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  075  gq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  an 
upland,  broken  by  mountains  in  the  s.  and  by  hills  in  the  center 
and  N.  A  northerly  branch  of  the  Catskill  Mts.  lies  along  the  s. 
border,  the  highest  summits  of  which  are  3,000  ft.  above  tide. 
From  them  irregular  spurs  extend  northward,  occupying  the  greater 
part  of  the  co.  Many  of  the  summits  along  the  e.  and  w.  borders 
are  800  to  1,000  ft.  above  the  valleys  and  about  2,000  ft.  above  tide. 
In  the  N.  the  hills  are  generally  rounded  and  are  arable  to  their 
summits ;  but  in  the  center  and  s.  the  declivities  are  steep  and  in 
many  places  precipitous.  The  high  ridge  along  the  E.  border,  and  extending  into  Albany  co.,  is 
known  as  the  Ilellebark  Mts. 

The  hills  derive  their  general  features  from  the  rocks  that  underlie  them.  The  extreme  n.  part 
of  the  CO.  is  terraced  like  the  limestone  region  farther  w.  Toward  the  s.  the  hills  become  more 
steep ;  and  in  the  shaly  region  they  are  broken  by  deep,  irregular  ravines.  In  many  places  the  hills 
bordering  upon  the  streams  are  1,000  ft.  high  and  in  places  very  steep.  Schoharie  Creek  flows 
N.  E.  through  the  co.,  a  little  e.  of  the  center.  It  receives  as  tributaries  Foxes  Creek,  Stony 
Brook,  Little  Schoharie  Creek,  Keysers,  Platter,  and  Manor  Kils  from  the  E.,  and  Cripplebush, 
Cobles,  Line,  Panther,  West,  and  Mine  Kils  from  the  w.  West  and  Punch  Kils  are  tributaries  of 
Cobles  Kil.  Charlotte  River,  a  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  takes  its  rise  in  the  w.  part,  and 
Catskill  Creek  in  the  s.  e.  part,  having  its  source  in  a  marsh  called  the  Vlaie.  Utsyanthia'  and 
Summit  Lakes,  two  small  ponds,  are  the  only  bodies  of  water  in  the  co.  The  former  is  1,900  ft, 
and  the  latter  2,150  ft.  above  tide. 

The  rocks  in  the  co.,  commencing  upon  the  n.  border  and  appearing  successively  toward  the  s., 
are  those  belonging  to  the  Hudson  River  group,  Clinton  group,  Onondaga  salt  group,  Ilelderbergh 
series,  Hamilton  group.  Portage  and  Chemung  group,  and  the  Catskill  group.  The  limestones  are 
cavernous;  and  the  minerals  which  they  afford  are  particularly  interesting  to  mineralogists.' 
Drift  is  scattered  over  the  co.  to  a  limited  extent.  Waterlime  is  found,  but  is  not  now  manufactured. 
The  soils  are  principally  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  the  underlying  rocks.  In  the  N.  the 
soil  is  a  pruductive,  clay  loam,  and  in  the  center  and  s.  it  is  a  clay  and  sandy  loam,  the  latter  pre- 
dominating upon  the  s.  hills.     The  alluvial  fiats  along  Schoharie  Creek  are  unusually  fertile. 

The  CO.  is  eminently  an  agricultural  region.  Spring  grains  are  largely  produced.  Hops  are 
cultivated  in  the  w.  part,  and  broomcorn  upon  the  Schoharie  Flats.  Dairying  is  the  principal 
business  in  the  s.  part.  A'ery  little  manufacturing  is  done,  except  such  as  is  customary  in  an 
agricultural  region. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  Schoharie.*  The  courthouse  is  a  fine  edifice  built  of 
blue  limestone,  located  near  the  center  of  the  village.  The  jail  is  a  stone  building,  situated  in  rear 
of  the  courthouse.  The  clerk's  ofiice  is  a  small,  fireproof  building,  upon  the  courthouse  lot,  nearly 
in  front.  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  100  acres  in  Middleburgh,  5  mi.  s.  w.  of  the  courtr 
house.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  60,  sujipurted  at  a  weekly  cost  of  75  cents  each.  This 
institution  seems  to  be  well  managed  and  much  above  the  average  of  similar  institutions  in  the  State. 
The  Albany  &  Susquehanna  R.  R.  is  located  along  the  valleys  of  Schoharie  Creek  and  Cobles 


1  Schoharie  is  said  to  Bignify  *■  drift  wood."  At  a  place  i 
mi.  above  Middlehurph  Itridge  the  Line  Kil  and  Little  Scho- 
harie flow  into  Schoharie  Creeli  frnm  opposite  sides;  and  hiTe 
drift  wood  is  eaid  to  have  accumulated  in  large  quantities, 
furming  a  natural  hridge, — Bri'Wri\<:  Ilist.  iSc/io/mne. 

The  original  Indian- name  wan  To-woa-scho'her ;  and  it  haa 
been  written  Shoary.  Skohary,  Schughhorre,  &c. 

2  Utsyanlhia  waethe  N.  E.  corner  of  the  Ilardenburgh  Patent, 
aod  a  distinguished  landmark  in  early  records. 

8  Among  the  more  interesting  are  stalactites  of  pure  white, 
translucent  aud  soliii,  sulphate  of  barytes.  calcite,  .satin  spar, 
tufa,  agaric  mineral,  bog  ore.  black  oxid  of  manganese,  sulphate 
and  carliouale  of  strontia,  fluor  spar,  calstronbaryle,  carbonate 
of  iron,  and  arragonile.  The  co.  afTurds  an  unusual  variety  of 
fossils  peculiar  to  the  respective  geological  formations. 
600 


*  The  first  courts  were  held  in  a  wagon  house  of  Johannis 
Ingold,  and  prisoners  were  at  first  sent  to  the  Alt-any  jail.  The 
flist  meeting  of  the  Judges,  .Justices,  and  Supervisors  was  held 
Dec.  16,  1795,  and  it  was  decided  to  fix  the  site  for  co.  buildings 
2  mi.  w.  of  their  present  location.  The  location  was  changed 
before  the  buildings  were  erected.  The  first  buildings  were 
erected  soon  after,  and  were  burned  in  1847.  T  he  first  court- 
house was  buUt  under  the  direction  of  Joost  fiorst.  jr.,  Jacob 
Lawyer,  Peter  Snyder,  Johu  H.  Shafer,  and  Wm.  Phrall,  com- 
missioners. Abraham  A.  Post,  of  Ontario,  Alexander  H.  Buel, 
of  Herkimer,  and  Wm.  Dner.  of  Oswego,  were  appointed  to 
locate  the  present  site.  The  first  Co.  officers  were  Wm.  Beek- 
man,  J^iV5(  ./urffire,  (reappointed  constantly  till  1S38;)  Joachim 
G.  Staats,  Clerk ;  Jacob  Lawyer,  jr,,  Slierijf;  aud  Stephen  A, 
Becker,  Surrogate. 


SCHOHARIE    COUNTY. 


601 


R.I,  through  Esperance,  Schoharie,  Cobleskill,  and  Richmondville.*  Several  turnpikes  and  lines 
of  plauk  road  extend  across  the  co.^ 

About  thirty  years  previous  to  the  advent  of  the  whites,  a  number  of  Indiana  belonging  to  the 
Mohawks,  Mohicans,  Delawares,  Tuscaroras,  and  Oneidas  united  together,  formed  the  Schoharie 
tribe,  and  took  up  their  abode  along  Schoharie  Creek.*  Their  principal  chief  was  Ka-righ-on- 
don-tee,  who  had  been  a  prisoner  of  the  French  in  Canada  and  had  married  a  Mohawk  woman. 
This  tribe  was  subordinate  to  the  Six  Nations.  Tliey  could  bring  into  the  field  abou^t  600  warriors, 
and  in  the  wars  that  ensued  they  steadily  espoused  the  cause  of  the  British.  At  an  early  period, 
with  the  aid  of  the  Colonial  Government,  they  erected  several  strongholds  to  protect  themselves 
from  the  attacks  of  the  Canada  Indians.  A  band  of  200  Indians  remained  in  the  valley,  at  peace 
with  the  settlers,  until  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution.  Efforts  were  made  to  induce  them 
to  remain  neutral  during  the  war ;  but  the  offers  of  the  British  were  so  tempting  that  at  last  they 
took  up  arms  against  their  neighbors.  Previous  to  this  a  pestilence  had  swept  off  the  greater  part 
of  the  tribe,  though  the  whites  were  not  in  the  least  affected  by  it. 

The  first  white  settlement  was  made  by  a  colony  of  German  Palatinates,  in  I71I.  These  people 
had  previously  settled  at  East  and  West  Camp,  on  the  Hudson,  Their  number  is  estimated  at  600 
to  700.  They  settled  in  7  clusters,  or  villages,  each  under  a  leader  or  head  man,  from  whom  the 
dorf,  or  village,  was  usually  named,*  The  Dutch  soon  after  began  a  settlement  at  '*  Vroomaiisland,** 
on  the  w.  side  of  the  creek,  2  or  3  mi.  above  the  German  settlement.*  The  Palatinates  at  firgt 
did  not  secure  a  patent  for  the  lands  they  occupied,  and  a  short  time  after  their  settlement  Nichola** 
Bayard  appeared  as  agent  of  the  British  Government,  and  offered  to  give  the  settlers  deeds  for 
their  lands;  but  he  was  assailed  by  a  mob  and  was  obliged  to  flee  for  his  life.  Upon  reaching' 
Schenectady  he  sent  back  word  that  for  an  ear  of  corn  each  he  would  give  a  clear  title  to  the  land? 
occupied  by  each ;  but  this  offer  was  rejected.  He  returned  to  Albany  and  sold  the  tract  to  5 
persons  at  that  place,^  A  sheriff,  named  Adams,  was  sent  to  arrest  some  of  the  trespassers ;  but 
no  sooner  was  his  business  known  than  he  was  assailed  by  a  mob  and  ridden  upon  a  rail.  For  a 
considerable  time  after  this  outrage  none  of  the  German  settlers  dared  visit  Albany ;  but  after  a 
time  they  ventured  to  do  so,  and  were  at  once  arrested  and  thrown  into  jail.  They  were  at  length 
released' on  making  a  written  acknowledgment  of  the  outrage  they  had  perpetrated.'     The  settlers 

at  length  sent  an  embassy,  consisting  of  Conrad  AVeiser, Casselman,  and  another,  to  England 

to  petition  the  king  for  redress.  The  ship  that  took  them  out  carried  also  a  statement  of  the  out 
rao-es,  and  tlie  ambassadors  were  at  once  imprisoned ;  but  after  a  time  they  were  set  at  liberty 
and  permitted  to  return.  Weiser  was  so  chagrined  at  the  result  of  the  controversy  that  soon  after, 
with  about  60  families,  he  emigrated  to  Tulpehocton,  Berks  co.,  Penn,  Other  families  removed  to 
German  Flats  and  others  to  Stone  Arabia.^     Peter  Vrooman,  with  several  Dutch  families,^  perma- 


1  The  elevation  of  this  roiid,  where  it  enters  the  co.  on  the  e.,  \n 
700 ft. above  tide;  at  Prhobarie  Creek  it  is  550  ft.;  at  CoMeskill. 
900ft.;  at  Kichmon(ivi|lr,  1,175 ft.;  andat  the  w.  co.  line,  1,470  ft. 

2  Th<'  priDi:ipul  turnjukfS  in  the  co.  in  early  times  were  the 
Great  Wt'sttTii.  extending  to  Cherry  Valley,  built  in  1H02;  and 
the  CharlottM  River  Turnpike,  built  in  ls09.  The  latter  formed 
the  great  tli 'trough  fa  re  to  the  settlements  in  Delaware  co.  and 
adjacent  re^^ioiia.  The  plank  road  project  was  pretty  thoroughly 
tried,  and  has  been  abandoned  after  a  sacrifice  of  nearly  all  the 
capitiil  invested. 

3  The  Mohicans  principally  settled  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Little  Schoharie;  and  the  largest  settlement  of  the  others  was 
at  "r/-oo)((!i».s?(/7ir?,"  in  the  present  town  of  Fulton. 

*  Six  of  these  leaders  were  Conrad  Weiser,  Hartman  Winte- 
ker,  John  Hendrick  Kneiskern.  Elijia  Garlock,  Johannes  George 
Smidt,  and  William  Fox;  and  John  Lawyer,  who  came  soon 
after,  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  seventh.  ^^Wkistrs  Dorf" 
occupied  the  present  site  of  Middlebur^h  Village,  and  had  some 
40  dwellings,  like  the  others,  built  rudely  of  logs  and  eaith  and 
covered  with  bark  and  grass.  ^'Hartmavs  Dnrf*  was  2  mi. 
below,  and  had  65  dwellings.  '■'•Bruns  Dorf^"  or  ''Brunen  Dorf,'* 
or  ^''Fountain  Toivn"  was  near  the  courthouse.  ^'Smiths  Dnrf" 
WHS  a  uii.  farther  N.  '■'Fvxs  Dorf*  waa  still  farther  down, 
about  a  mi.  from  Smiths.  "Giirlocks  Dorf"  wa.a  2  mi.  below; 
and  "-Krifiskems  Dorf  2  or  3  mi.  still  farther  N.  Among  these 
early  settlers,  besides  those  above  named,  were  familie.s  named 
Keyser.  Bnuek,  Richard,  Richtmeyer,  Warner,  Weaver,  Zimmer. 
Mattici',  Zeh.  Rellinger,  Borst,  Schoolcraft,  Crysler,  CaBselnian, 
Newkirk.  Kiirhart,  Brown,  Settle,  Merckley,  Snyder.  Ball, 
Wt'iduian.  Ik-itz.  Mann.  Sternberg,  Stubrach,  Enderse.  Sidney, 
B(?rgh,  and  lionck.  Within  aweekafter  theirarrival, Catharine 
UTatticf,    Elizabeth  Lawyer,  Wilhelnius  Ilnuck,  and  Johannes 

Earhart  were  born.  The  first  wheat  was  !^>wn  by Sternberg, 

in  177;i;  and  the  first  skipple  planted  like  corn  yielded  8'J  fidd. 

^  Adam  Vrooman,  from  Schenectady,  obtained  a  patent  for 
1,100  acres.  Aug.  26,  1714.  His  tract  was  afterward  found  to 
ooutain  1.400  acres.    It  embraced  the  flats  along  the  creek  in 


the  present  to'wn  of  Fulton,  except  Wilder  Rook,  at  which 
place  waa  an  Indian  castle  and  settlement.  Uis  son  Peter,  for 
whom  it  was  bought,  built  a  house,  planted  corn,  and  the  first 
winter  left  the  premi.ses  in  charge  of  a  man  named  Truax.  and 
a  negro  man  and  his  wife.  Truax  was  murdered,  and  the  negro 
and  his  wife  were  arrested,  tried  at  Albany,  and  burned  alive; 
but  years  after,  one  Moore,  a  resident  of  ''■Wiiscrs  Dorf  con- 
fesseil  that  he  and  the  negro  man  committed  the  deed,  and  that 
the  wonuin  was  innocent. — Siinms''s  .^hoharie,  p.  56. 

8  The  purchasers  were  Myndert  Schuyler,  Peter  Van  Rrutjh, 
Robert  Livingston,  jr.,  John  Schuyler,  and  Henry  Wielinaii. 
They  received  a  patent.  Nov.  3, 1714,  for  10.000  acres,  which  wax 
designed  to  include  the  flats  from  "  Vrnomansland'''  to  >ioutgoniPi-y 
CO.  line ;  but  on  being  surveyed  by  Lewis  Morris,  j  r..  and  A  ndrus 
Coeyman,  it  was  found  that  the  flats  on  Fox  Creek  and  at  the 
month  of  Cobles  Kil  were  not  included,  and  these  lands  were 
secured  by  the  surveyors.  In  a  short  time  Morris  and  Coeyman 
joined  interest  with  the  five  proprietors,  and  the  company 
became  known  as  the  ''Seven  Partners."  Final  suits  for  parti- 
tion and  settlement  were  adjusted  in  181?*,  '25.  'Srt.  '28.  and  '2!>. 

7  After  this  time  a  large  number  of  settlers  took  lea.ses  of  the 
proprietors,  thus  abandoning  their  claims  to  the  lands. 

8  Among  those  who  removed  to  the  Mohawk  was  Elins  Oar- 
lock, the  tirst  and  long  the  only  magistrate  in  Schoharie. 

»  Among  these  were  families  named  Swartz.Ecker.  ITagaflorn, 
Feeck.  and  Becker.     Lawrence  Schoolcraft  made  the  first  cider 

in  the  Schoharie  settlements; Brown. in  1752,  was  the  first 

wagon  maker.  John  Mattice  Junk  t^inght  the  first  German 
sclu'iil  at  the  Camps,  about  1740;  and  schools  were  taught  in 
Schoharie  siMm  after.  Dutch  scb-^ols  were  tanght  at  "Vrnnman-f- 
}and'"'  »t  an  early  period;  andabout  1760.  English  was  first  taught 
in  schoiiN  in  this  region.  John  Ecker  was  the  firnt  blacksmith. 
The  settlers  of  the  valley  re.sorted  to  Schenectady  to  mill,  or 
used  stump  nmrtars.  until  many  years  after,  when  a  mill  wh» 
built  on  Mill  Cre«-k,  near  Fox  Creek,  by  Simeon  Laraway. 
Bolting  clutliH  were  first  used  in  ihU  co.  about  1700.  Joho 
I^awyer  was  the  firiit  merchant  among  the  Germans. 


602 


SCHOHARIE     COUNTY. 


nently  located  upon  hia  patent  in  1727.  The  German  and  Dutch  racea  long  remained  distinct. 
The  Dutch  were  generally  wealthier  than  the  more  hardy  and  laborious  Germans,  and  preferred 
to  contract  marriages  with  those  of  their  own  class  in  the  older  Dutch  settlements.  They  often 
kept  slaves,  while  the  Germans  seldom  had  further  assistance  than  such  as  their  own  households, 
of  both  sexes,  might  afford.  The  Germans,  by  intermarriage,  became  a  '*  family  of  cousins;"  and 
they  were  united  by  many  ties  of  common  interest.  Industry  and  frugality  gradually  brouglit 
them  to  a  level,  and  long  acquaintance  has  almost  entirely  obliterated  these  hereditary  distinctions 
of  society.  Upon  the  approach  of  the  Revolution,  a  part  of  the  people  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
British;  but  the  majority  were  ardent  patriots.  lu  many  cases  members  of  the  same  family  were 
engaged  on  opposite  sides,  and  the  struggle  assumed  all  the  horrors  of  a  civil  war,  aggravated  by 
Imlian  barbarities.  A  Council  of  Safety  was  organized  in  1774,  of  which  Johannes  Ball  was 
chairman.  During  the  war  several  conflicts  took  place  within  the  limits  of  the  co.,  and  the  people 
were  continually  exposed  to  the  attacks  of  small  scalping  parties  of  the  Indians.^ 

At  the  close  of  the  war  a  large  number  of  families  removed  to  Canada,  and  their  property  was 
confiscated.^  Several  tories  and  Indians  who  had  been  active  during  the  war  returned  at  its  close 
and  were  waylaid  and  shot.  Others,  warned  by  these  examples,  fled  the  country.^  Since  that 
period  little  of  especial  interest  has  occurred  in  the  history  of  the  co.  In  1845  and  '46,  in 
common  with  the  surrounding  regions,  this  co.  partook  largely  in  the  anti-rent  excitement, — 
though  no  actual  violence  took  place  within  its  limits.*  Within  the  last  ten  years,  a  mania  for 
building  large  seminaries,  far  beyond  the  wants  of  the  people,  has  spread  through  the  co.  The 
speculation  has  proved  a  ruinous  one,  and  the  entire  amount  of  capital  invested  in  the  enterprises 
has  been  sunk.® 

Three  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.® 


^  The  principal  events  of  the  Kerolution  in  Schoharie  co.  were 
ae  follows : — 
1774.  Council  of  Safefy  formed. 

1776.  Coi.  JaQie8  llustou  enlisted  tories  at  Loonen- 

bergh. 

1777.  Scholiarie    militia  called    into  service  under 

Captain  Ha^^er.  Col.  Huston  and  '2Q  others 
were  arrested,  and  Huston  wiis  hung. 

"  Aug.  10. — Kniiagement  between  fin  American  force  under 
Col.  John  Harper  and  the  tories  under  Capt. 
McDonald  at  Itrt-akabeen.  The  toriea  were 
defeated  and  fl.'d.  Capt.  Geo.  Mann,  one  of 
their  number,  remained  secreted  iu  the 
vicinity  until  the  succeeding  spring,  when 
be  delivered  himself  up  to  Ihe  authorities. 
He  never  afterward  joiued  the  enemy,  and 
his  property  was  not  confiscated. 

**  In  the  autumn  of  this  year  the  middlefort  was 

built,  and  the  upper  and  lower  forta  were 
bi'gun.  The  lower  fort  is  the  old  stone 
church,  lately  changed  to  an  arsenal. 

1778,  May  8.— Battle  of  Cobles  Kil,  in  which  Captain  Patrick 

and  22  men  were  killed. 
*'  July. — Lieut.  Col.  Wm.  Butler,  with  3  companies  of 

Morgan's  Riflemen,  was  stationed  at  Scho- 
harie. Several  tories  recruiting  for  the 
British  were  shot. 

1779,  Aug. — Col.  Butler  joined  Sullivan's  expedition  against 

the  Western  Indians. 

1780,  Aug.  9. — A  party  of  73  Indiana  and  3  tories  made  an 

attack  upon  the  settlements  at  Vroomans- 
land.  killed  5.  and  took  30  prisoners. 
**  Oct.  16.— Sir  John  Johnson,  with  500  troops  and  a  large 
body  of  tories  and  Indians,  invaded  the 
Schoharie  settlements  trom  the  8.  The  upper 
fort  was  garrisoned  by  100  men,  under  Capts. 
Jacob  Hager  and  Joseph  Harper ;  the  middle 
fort  by  35u  men,  under  Maj.  WoolSey;  and 
the  lower  fort  by  150  men,  under  Maj.  Becker. 
The  middle  fort  was  attacked,  and  the  com- 
mander. .Major  Woolsey,  being  an  arrant 
coward,  wished  to  surrender  it ;  but  a  soldier, 
named  Mmphy,  fired  upon  the  flag  which  was 
Bent  with  a  summons  to  surrender;  and.  after 
an  ineffectual  attack.  Sir  John  abandoned 
the  attempt.  The  dwellings,  barns,  stacks, 
and  all  the  property  of  the  inhabitants  were 
destroyed,  though  but  few  persons  lost  their 
lives. 

1781.  Early  in  the  year  bIf.Kkhouses  were  built  at 

"  kneiskerns  Dorfy"  "■Hartmans  Dor/,"  and 
Cobleskill. 
1781,  July  9. — An  engagement  tnok  place  in  Sharon,  2  mi.  E. 
of  the  springs,  between  a  party  of  tories  and 
Indians  under  Doxtader.  and  an  American 
force  under  Col.Willett.in  which  the  former 
were  defeated,  with  a  loss  of  40  killed. 


1781,  July. — Several  personB  at  Middleburgh  were  surprised 

and  taken  prisoners  while  harvesting.  One 
escaped,  and  the  others  were  carried  prisoners 
to  Canada. 

"  Oct. — Three  men  at  Christian  Myndert's  house,  tn 

Sharon,  were  taken  prisoners  by  a  small 
party  of  Indians,  and  Cn-irricd  to  Canada. 

"  Oct.  24. — A  party  of  60  or  70  Indian.i,  under  Brant,  en- 
tered Vroomanaland  and  commenced  their 
woik  of  plunder.  Isaac  Vrooman  was  mur- 
dered. A  party  of  Americans,  under  ('apt. 
Hager.  rallied  to  their  assistance,  and  tho 
Indians  retreated.  A  sharp  skirmish  took 
place  at  Utsyanthia  Lake;  but  a  part  of  the 
American  force,  under  Capt.  Hale  fli-d  at  the 
commencement,  and  the  reiiiainder  were 
obliged  to  retreat.  Hale  was  arretted  in  his 
retreat  by  the  threat  of  being  shot;  but  the 
enemy  hnd  escaped. 

1782,  July  26. — Several  tories  and  22  Indians  made  an  incur- 

sion into  Foxes  Creek  Valley  for  the  purpose 
of  capturing  Maj.  Becker;  but  the  M;g.  snd 
family  defended  the  house  with  euch  vigor 
that  the  Indians  retreated.    Several  jiersocs 
were  murdered  by  the  Indians,  and  several 
of  the  latter  were  shot. 
1784,         Dec.  16. — Many  per.'sona  who  ha'l  been  taken  to  Canada 
were  released  on  Lake  Champiain,  and  re- 
turned to  their  homes. 
2  In  Canada,  opposite  St.  Lawrence  co.,  are  many  families 
who  claim  relationship  to  inhabitants  of  this  co.     They  were 
refugees  to  whom  grants  of  land  were  made   by  the   BritiBh 
Government. 

8  Among  these  was  one  Beacraft,  who  boasted  of  his  feats  of 
villainy.  Soon  after  his  return  he  waa  surprised  by  about  a 
dozen  whige,  near  Blenheim  Bridge,  led  into  a  grove,  stripped, 
bound,  and  punished  with  fifty  lashes  with  hickory  gads,  the 
executioners  at  every  ten  telling  biro  for  what  particular  offen.se 
they  were  applied.  He  was  then  unbuuud  and  allowed  a  very 
short  time  to  disappear. 

*  In  this  CO.  George  Clark  had  then  considerable  tracts,  leased 
for  3  lives  at  a  rent  of  6  pence  sterling  pi'r  acre.  Scott's  Patent 
of  66.000  acres  waa  then  chiefly  owned  by  the  heirs  of  John 
Livingston,  and  leased  for  2  lives  at  a  rent  of  $14  per  100  acres. 
The  Blenheim  Patent  was  also  in  part  leased. 

^  Of  9  academies  built  in  this  CO.,  3  have  been  burned,  3  are 
"to  let,"  and  3  are  f-till  open. 
0  Tfie  American  Ihrald.  the  first  paper  published  in  the  co. 
was  commenced  at  Schoharie  iu  June.  1809,  by  Derick 
Van  Vephten.     In  1S12  its  name  was  changed  to 
The  Schoharie  Herald,  and  the  paper  was  soon   after  discon- 
tinued. 
Tfu  Trut  American  waa  commenced  at  Schoharie  in  Dec.  1809, 
by  T.  M.  Tillman.     It  was  discontinued   in   1812  or 
1813. 
The  Schoharie  Budget  was  commenced  in  June.  1S17,  by  Derick 
Yan  Veghteu.    In  1820  its  name  was  changed  to 


SCHOHARIE    COUNTY. 


603 


BLiEIVllEIIfl^ — was  formed  from  St^hoharie,  March  17,  1707.  Jefferson  w;is  taken  off  in  1803, 
and  a  part  of  Gilboain  1848.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a 
hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  ravines  of  the  streams.  Schoharie  Creek  flows  n,  through  the  E.part, 
receiving  West  Kil  and  several  smaller  streams  from  the  w.  A  wide  alluvial  flat  extends  along  its 
course.  Tlic  streams  generally  are  bordered  by  steep  hills  rising  to  a  height  of  300  to  500  ft. 
The  soil  is  principally  a  clayey  loam.  Patcliin  IloIlO^V,^  (North  Blenheim  p.  o.,)  upon 
Schoharie  Creek,  contains  2  churches,  a  tannery,  and  44  houses.  The  tirst  settlements  were  made 
by  Dutch  and  Palatinates,  before  1761 ;  but  the  settlers  were  driven  out  during  the  Revolution, 
The  present  race  of  settlers  came  mostly  from  New  England,  soon  after  the  close  of  the  war. 
Rev.  Stephen  Fenn  was  the  first  preacher.^ 

BROOME^ — was  formed  March  17,  1797,  as  ^^Bristol.'*  Its  name  was  changed  April  6, 
1808.  A  part  of  Conesville  was  taken  off  in  1836,  a  part  of  Gilboa  in  1848,  and  parts  of  Middle- 
burgh  were  annexed  Feb.  9  and  Oct.  5,  1849.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the 
center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  ravines  of  the  streams.  The  highest 
summits  are  350  to  500  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Catskill  Creek  takes  its  rise  in  the  n.  part,  and 
several  branches  of  Schoharie  Creek  drain  the  n.  and  w.  portions.^  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and 
clayey  loam.  Ijivlng'StoU'Ville^  (p-v.,)  iu  the  E.  part,  s.  of  the  center,  contains  2  churches, 
a  sawmill,  gristmill,  and  sash  factory.  Pop.  150.*  Franklinton,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  part,  con- 
tains a  church  and  100  inhabitants.  Smitbton  is  a  hamiet,  near  the  s.  line.  The  first  settle- 
ments were  made  before  the  Revolution.'^    There  are  6  churches  in  town.® 

CARLISIjE — was  formed  from  Cobleskill  and  Sharon,  March  31,  1807.'  It  is  the  central 
town  upon  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  principally  of  an  immense  ridge  lying 
between  the  valleys  of  the  Mohawk  and  Cobles  Kil,  the  summit  of  which  is  800  to  1,000  ft.  above 
the  foriner  stream.*"  This  ridge  descends  to  the  n,  by  a  series  of  terraces  formed  by  the  different 
geological  strata,  and  on  the  s.  by  gradual  slopes  following  the  general  dip  of  the  rocks.  The 
streams  are  small  brooks.     The  soil  is  principally  a  clay  loam.     Hops  are  extensively  cultivated. 


The  Sclioliarie  Repulillcaii.  It  soon  after  pa.ssed 
into  the  hands  i>f  Feter  Keyspr.    Lemuel  Cuthbert.  A. 

A.  Keyset,  Wm.  H.  Underwood,  Wm.  II.  Gallup.  I'.  1). 

I^awyer.  and  Rossiter  have  since  been  interested 

in  its  publication.    It  is  now  published  bj  J.  li.  Hall. 

T?ie  Obseri^er  was  commenced  at  Schoharie  in  Oct.  ISIS.  In 
ISllt  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Solomon  Uaker,  iu 
1820  to  Uaker  &  Fish,  and  in  1822  it  wjis  again  in  the 
hands  of  Mr.  Baker,  and  was  soon  alter  discontinued. 

The  EvangeMcal  LumiTiary  was  commenced  at  Schoharie  Jan.  1. 
1824.  by  Kev.  Geo.  A.  Lintner  and  L.  Cuthberl.  It  was 
continued  about  1  year. 

Ttte  Luthrati  M<igarine^  mo.,  wns  commenced  in  Feb.  1827,  by 
•  the  Western  Conference  of  Lutheran  Ministers,  L. 
Cuthbert.  printer,  and  was  published  for  some  years. 

The  Schoharie  Free  Press  was  commenced  .June  9, 18.30,  by  Dun- 
can McDonald.  In  1832  it  was  removed  to  Espfrance 
and  its  name  changed  to 

The  Espt'rance  Sf.ntind  and  :Schoharif  and  Montgomery  Reporter. 
It  was  discontinued  in  1835  or  '36. 

Thf  (Inn  was  published  a  short  time  in  1837. 

The  Schoharie  Patriot  was  commenced  Feb.  13, 1S38, 
by  Peter  Mix.  It  is  now  published  by  him  and  his 
son,  S.  11.  Mix. 

The  Star  was  commenced  in  April,  1838,  by  S.  H.  Mix,  then  a 
Bcho<.ilboy, 

The  Sun  was  commenced  as  an  opposition  paper  in  May.  1838,  by 

B.  L.  Underwooii,  another  lad  of  aliout  the  same  age. 
These  papers  were  about  3  by  -t  inches.  Early  in  1839 
they  were  enlarged.  On  the  issue  of  No.  5  ol  the  Sun 
it  went  down  never  to  rise  ayain;  and  the  Star  ceased 
to  twinkle  after  the  12th  number. 

Vhe  Huqe  F\tu',  a  campaign  paper,  was  published  from  Aug.  12 
'1840.  to  Nov.  11  following,  by  Wm.  H.  Cialhip. 

^he  HeMerhergh  Advocate  wiis  commenced  in  1^41  by  Wm.  H. 
Gallup.     Its  name  was  changed  in  1^43  to 

?hr  Guardian  of  the  Soil,  and  it  was  discontinued  in  I  year. 

The  American  Christian  was  commenced  at  Leesville  Jiin.  7, 
1847,  by  J.  D.  Lawyer.    It  was  soon  after  discontinued. 

The  Schoharie  Ornnty  Sentinel  was  commenced  at  C'lbl. -skill 
Jan.  22,  1852.  by  Iliram  C.  Page.  It  was  pul>linlu'd  a 
short  time  by  Chas.  Cleveland,  and  by  MadhSins  & 
Kni^tern,  and  was  soon  atler  purchased  by  J.  B.  Mall, 
who  merged  it  with  the  Schoharie  Republican. 

The  CharUittfviUe  Journal  was  commenced  at  Chariot tevi lie  in 
1854  by  Kurman  &  Brown.  In  1855  John  Itrown  becani« 
Mile  proprietor,  and  removed  it  to  Cobleskill  and 
changed  the  name  to 

The  (hhUsldU  Journal.     It  has  since  been  discontinued. 

7%e  Oasis,  semi-mo.,  was  commeiired  at  Schoharie  by  the 
Eiudetitsof  the  academy  in  1855.  It  waa  doon  discon- 
tiuueU 


The  Schoharie  County  Jeffersonian  was  com- 
menced at  Cobleskill  in  1859  by  Matthew  Freeman, 
and  is  still  published. 

1  Named  from  the  liK-nheim  Patent,  a  portion  of  which  lies  in 
the  N.  part  of  this  town. 

2  Hendrick  Mattice,  the  pioneer,  built  a  mill  on  West  Kil.  at 
Patchin  Hollow.  He  became  a  loyalist  and  went  to  Canada, 
Henry  Ivfiiier.  Lambert  Sternberg,  Wm.  Freeck.  Isaac  Smith, 
Banks  Mon-house.  George  Martin,  and  Henry  llagir  Were  early 
settlers.  Freegift  Patchin  settled  in  179t>,  built  the  second  mill, 
and  gave  name  to  the  village.  Gen.  Patchin  had  been  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Indians,  and  suffered  extremely  at  their  h;'.nd^. 
Th«  first  inn  was  kept  by  II.  Kflfner;  the  first  store,  by  Tobias 
Cuyler,  in  18U3;  and  the  first  tnnnery  was  built  in  1825,  by 
Jones  &■  Lathrop.  Jacob  Sutherland,  afterward  Judge  of  tho 
U.S.  Supreme  Court,  resided  several  years  at  North  Blenheim. 

3  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  3  M.  K.,  and  Kef  I'rot.  I). 

♦  \am«d  from  John  Broome,  Lieut.  Gov.  of  the  State  at  tho 
time  of  the  formation  of  the  town.  Scott's  Patent  of  37,S40 
acres,  granted  Jan.  2,  1770,  and  a  part  of  Isaiic  Le  Hoy's  Patent, 
are  within  the  limits  of  this  town. 

6  On  the  summit  level  of  the  Catskill  &  Cannjoharie  R.  R. 
line,  between  two  immense  hills,  was  a  *"vlaie,"  or  black  ash 
swamp,  from  which  streams  is-Hued  in  opposite  directions  It 
waa  about  a  mile  long  and  covered  many  acres.  Dams  were 
formerly  erected  and  mills  built  at  each  end ;  and  fish 
placed  in  the  pond  thus  formed  multiplied  greatly.  It  ia  now 
drained. 

6  Daniel  Shays,  the  leader  of  the  insurrection  in  Mass.  that 
bears  his  name,  .retried  in  this  town  alter  the  dis)Krsii)n  of  his 
forces.  David  Williams,  one  of  the  captors  of  Andie.  removed 
to  this  village  from  South  Salem  in  1805,  bought  a  farm  of  Geii. 
Shays,  and  resided  upon  it  until  his  death,  Aug.  2.  1831.  He 
left  a  widow.  4  sons,  and  3  daughters.  He  was  tho  object  of 
much  regard,  from  the  interesting  historicitl  event  with  which 
his  name  is  associated;  and  the  year  before  his  death  he  becamo 
the  gufst  of  New  Yurk  City. — S/mmst  Schnhnrie,  chap.xxi 

7  Derick  Van  Dyck  settled  belbre  the  Kevolntion.     John  I!i,b 

bins. Guillem,  a  half-breed.  Allen  Leet.  .Joshua  and  Asa 

Bushnell,  Geo.  and  Ih-zekiah  \\at.-ion.  Kbenezer  Wiekliam.  Geo. 
Burtwick.  Timothy  Ki  Isey.  .losi-ph  (Jillct,  and  K/r.i  (liapnian 
settled  previous  to  1796.  The  tiist  known  birth  was  tli;tt  nf 
Francis  Kelsey,  in  April,  1704 ;  and  the  fir-nt  deiith,  that  of  1  ziu 
Chapman,  Aug.  1704.  Griswold,  Garden  &  Wells  began  the 
en-ctioii  of  a  sawmill  in  1794.  iind  a  gristmill  tho  next  season. 

8  :l  M.  K.,  Meth.  Prot.,  Bap.,  and  I'resb. 

*  This  town  embraces  portions  of  New  Dorlach,  Becker, 
Livingston's,  Van  Rensselaer's,  Machin's,  and  tho  Stone  Heap 
Patents. 

i*j  A  conirrtl  elevation  near  tho  s.  line,  early  known  nsO-waere- 
Bouere.  is  one  of  the  highest  points  in  tho  co.,  and  may  be  seen 
from  Hamilton  co.,  50  mi.  h. 


60-1  SCHOHARIE    COUNTY. 

Several  caves  are  found  in  the  limestone  regions  in  various  parts  of  the  town.'  ArgiiSTille,' 
(p.  V.,)  in  the  N.  w.  corner,  upon  the  line  of  Sharon,  contains  3  churches,  a  sawmill,  gristmill, 
tannery,  and  35  houses.  Carlisle^  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Western  Turnpike,  in  the  n,  part,  contains 
a  church,  boarding  school,'  and  foundery.  Pop.  107.  Grovenors  Corners,  (p.  o.,)  in  the 
s.  E.  corner,  contains  a  church  and  10  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  s.  w.  part,  about 
1760.*     The  first  church  was  formed  by  Dr.  Simon  Hosack,  of  Johnstown,  in  1803  or  '04.* 

COBLESRIIjI^^ — was  formed  from  Schoharie,  March  17,  1797.  The  line  of  Sharon  was 
changed  March  15,  1799.  A  part  of  Carlisle  was  taken  off  in  1807,  a  part  of  Summit  in  1819, 
and  Kichmondville  in  1845.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface 
is  principally  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  valley  of  Cobles  Kil,  which  extends  e.  and  w. 
through  the  center.  The  highest  points,  on  the  n.  and  s.  borders,  are  600  to  900  ft.  above  the 
valley.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  sandy  loam,  and  in  the  valley  an  alluvium.  CoblesKill, 
(p.  V.,)  in  the  w.  part,  contains  3  churches,  a  sawmill,  gristmill,  planing  mill,  and  tannery.  Pop, 
364.  Coblesklll  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  a  church,  sawmill,  and  20  dwellings.  I^aw^yers-  . 
vllBe,'  (p.  V.,)  in  the  n.  w.  corner,  contains  3  churches,  2  sawmills,  and  25  dwellings.  East 
Cobleskill,^  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  e.  corner,  contains  2  churches  and  21  dwellings.  Barnervllle, 
(p.  V.,)  near  the  center,  contains  a  church,  gristmill,  clothing  works,  and  16  dwellings.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  about  1750.^  The  first  land  grants  were  made  about  1730.  During  the 
Revolution  the  people  mostly  espoused  the  cause  of  the  colonists,  and  in  consequence  were  sub- 
jected to  constant  incursions  from  the  Indians.  A  regular  engagement  took  place  between  a 
company  of  militia  and  a  large  Indian  force  under  Brant,  May  31,  1778.  The  Americans  were 
defeated,  and  about  one-half  of  their  number  were  killed.'"'  Howe's  Cave,  near  the  e.  line,  is  a 
place  of  considerable  interest.^^     The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.^^ 

COMESVILLiE" — was  formed  from  Broome  and  Durham,  (Greene  co.,)  March  3,  1836.  It 
is  the  s.  E.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  generally  a  hilly  upland,  mountainous  along  the 
E.  border.  The  highest  summits  are  1,600  to  2,000  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Schoharie  Creek  forme 
a  small  portion  of  the  w.  boundary  ;  and  Manor  Kil  flows  w.  through  near  the  center.  Upon  the 
latter  stream,  near  its  mouth,  is  a  cascade  of  60  ft.  The  valleys  of  these  streams  are  bordered  by 
high  and  often  nearly  precipitous  hills.  StryRersville,  (WestConesvillep.  o.,)  upon  Manor  Kil 
near  its  mouth,  contains  a  church,  tannery,  and  20  houses ;  and  Stone  Bridge,  (Conesville  p.  o.,) 
near  the  center,  a  church  and  10  houses.  Manorkill  (p.o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  by  Ury  Riohtmeyer,  in  1764."    There  are  3  churches  in  town  ;  2M.  E.  and  Ref,  Prot.  D. 

ESPERA!VCE^^ — was  formed  from  Schoharie,  April  4,  1846.  A  small  portion  was  re- 
annexed  to  Schoharie  in  1850.  It  is  the  e.  town  on  the  n.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of 
two  ridges,  extending  e.  and  w.  across  the  town,  separated  by  the  valley  of  Schoharie  Creek.   The 

1  The  principjil  cf  tlit'se  caves  are  known  as  Young's  and  Sel-  ,  ing  in  the  flames.  The  delay  occasicmed  by  the  resistance  made 
kirk's  caves.  Near  Carlisle  Village  is  a  t^mall  cavern,  in  wliich  at  this  house  gave  the  remainder  of  the  fugitives  and  the  in- 
it  is  supprsed  that  Indians  found  slielter  during  the  Revolution,  habitants  time  to  escape.  The  whole  numlter  of  Americans 
Fibrous  sulphate  of  barytes,  filirous  carbonate  of  lime,  and  killed  was  '.^2;  and  it  is  supposed  that  the  Indians  lost  almut  an 
arragooite  are  found  near    Grovenors  Corners.  equal  number.    Fort  Du  Buis,  a  strong  blockhouse,  stood  in  this 

2  Named  from  the  Albany  Argus,  at  the  time  the  principal    town  during  the  war. 

paper  taken  in  tuwn.     Foruerly  known  as  '•Molicht>  Milh."  "  This  cave  was  discovered  in  May,  1S42,  by  Lester  Howe,  the 

'TheCarlisle  Seminary  was  built  by  a  stock  company  in  1853.  owner.  Its  entrance  is  about  60  ft.  above  Cobles  Kil.  After 
at  a  cost  of  $24,000.  Itisbeantifnily  situateii  iuagrovea  little  3.  passing  several  sjiacious  rooms,  one  of  which  is  named  *'The 
of  the  center  lift  he  villan;e.  It  was  opened  in  Nov.  1853.  and  closed  Chapol,"  the  visitir  comes  to  a  crawling  place  200  ft.  long,  beyond 
in  March,  1855.  It  has  accommodation  for  about  300  boarders,  i  which  is  a  limpid  shett  of  water  30  ft.  long.  20  wide,  and  10  deep. 
*  Andrew  Loucks,  Coenradt  Engle.  Philip  Hooker,  and  Peter  !  Beyond  this  the  cavern  extends  a  great  distance,  much  of  the 
Youn-;  were  anmug  the  first  that  located  in  town.    The  late  ;  way  along  a  brook,  and  the  total  length  of  the  passages  moiism'ea 


Judge  Brown,  author  of  a  small  local  history,  settled  at  an  early 
period.  John  C.  McNeill,  W'm.  Caldwell.  John  Swe-tman. 
Aaron  Howard,  Tennis  Van  Camp,  Mathias  Cass,  and  Lodowyck 
Primer  were  also  early  settlers. 

6  There  are  now  5  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  Evan.  Luth.,  Presb., 
Univ.,  and  rnion. 

5  Named  from Cohel,  who  built  a  mill  near  Central  Bridge 

at  an  early  period.  Cobles  Kil  was  called  by  the  Indians  Uts- 
ga-ra-gee. 

'  Named  from  Lawrence  Lawyer,  said  to  have  been  the  first 
settler  in  town.  6 Locally  known  as"  Punchkill." 

9  Among  the  early  settlers  were  familifs  named  .Shafer,  Bouck, 
Keyser,  Warner, Fremyre,  Borst.and  Brown, — nmstly  fioni  Scho- 
harie. Capt.  Jas.  Dana,  an  early  settb-r.  distinguishe<i  hiin-elf 
in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  John  Kcdington.  another  soldier 
of  ntuch  service,  also  lived  in  this  town. — Sivinn's  Sc/iohari<\  p. 
619.  A  sawmill,  built  before  the  war  by  Christian  Brown,  wan 
Dot  d'-stroyed  by  the  Indians,  as  it  was  coveted  by  a  tory.  who 
expected  to  receive  it  after  it  was  conli-cated  by  the  British, 

10  The  American  force  of  45  men.  uuder  the  command  of  Capts. 
Brown  and  Patrick,  were  drawn  into  an  ambuscade.  Upon  the 
retreat,  u  of  the  soldiers  threw  themselves  into  a  house,  which 
was  surrounded  by  the  Indians  and  burned,  the  soldiers  perish- 


several  mi.  Many  highly  interesting  stalactital  concn-tions— 
some  of  great  size — have  been  found  in  this  locality.  It  has  been 
named  the  Otsgaragee  Cavern. 

12  4  M.  E.,  2  Ilef.  Prot.  D.,  and  Evan.  Luth. 

13  Named  fivim  Hev.  Jonathan  Cone,  of  Durham,  Greene  co. 
The  town  waa  included  in  a  tract  granted  to  U.  Itichtmcyer  and 
others,  May  6. 1754.  known  as  Dise's  Manor:  and  tracts  t-i  Daniel 
Crane.  Samuel  Stringer.  Walter  McFarlaue,  John  Uichtmeyer, 
Christian  Petiie.  and  others. 

n  Mr.  R.  was  joint  owner  of  severfll  patents  with  John  Dise 
and  others;  and  the  name  is  still  cnninmn  in  town.  During  tlie 
Revnlulinn  the  Settlers  tied  fur  s.nfety  to  the  upper  fort.  I'eter 
Richtmeyor  was  twice  taken  prisoner  by  the  Indians  under  the 
tory  Jones.  After  the  war.  Philip  Krinple,  Conrad  Petrie.  John 
Shew,  Barent  Stryker.  Stephen  Scovill,  James  Alb'rton.  and 
Hubbard  and  Judah  Luring,  the  last  two  fmm  Conn.,  came  into 
town.  The  first  death  was  that  of  Urv  Ri-htmeyer.  Aug  14, 
nm.  Th  mias  Cantield  taueht  a  school  in  1791.  Peter  Uicht- 
meyer kept  thetirst  inn.  in  17S4.  Barent  Stryker  built  the  tirst 
mill,  above  the  falls  of  Manor  Kil. 

15  The  tiiwn  was  named  from  the  village.  The  site  of  the 
latter  was  liought  by  Oen.Wni.  North  in  ISllO,  laid  out  into  lotd, 
and  named  by  him  from  a  French  word  signifying  Hope 


SCHOHi^niE    COUNTY. 


005 


highest  parts  are  GOO  to  800  ft.  above  the  valley.  The  soil  is  principally  a  clayey  loam. 
Esperance,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  e.  line,  was  incorp.  April  21,  1832.  It  contains  2  churches,  a 
paper  mill,  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  foundery.  Pop.  322.  Sloansville,^  (p*v.,)  near  the 
center,  contains  2  churches,  3  sawmills,  and  2  gristmills.  Pop.  252.  The  first  settlements  were 
made  by  Palatinates,  about  1711.^     There  are  4  churches  in  town  ;  2  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  M.  E. 

FULiTOHf' — was  formed  from  Middleburgh,  April  15,  1828.     It  is  the  central  town  in  the  co. 

Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  ravines  of  the  streams,  Schoharie  Creek*  flows  n, 
through  the  e.  part,  receiving  Panther  Creek  from  the  w.  The  highest  summits  are  1,000  ft.  above 
the  valleys.  The  hills  next  to  the  creek  are  conical  and  often  precipitous  ;  but  farther  w.  they 
assume  a  rounded  form  and  are  bounded  by  more  gradual  slopes.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and 
clayey  loam.  Breakabeen,^  (p-v.,)  upon  Schoharie  Creek,  in  the  s.  part,  contains  a  church, 
gristmill,  foundery,  2  sawmills,  and  200  inhabitants.  Fultonham,  (p- v.,)  near  the  E.  line 
contains  a  church,  gristmill,  2  sawmills,  and  25  dwellings;  and  West  Fnlton  (p.  v.)  a 
.  church,  sawmill,  gristmill,  and  10  dwellings.  Watsonville  is  a  small  village,  in  the  e.  part; 
and  Petersburgll  a  hamlet,  in  the  n.  part.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  Dutch  and 
Palatinates,  about  1711.  The  upper  fort  of  the  Schoharie  during  the  Revolution  was  situated 
upon  the  present  site  of  Fultonham.  The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town.®  Gov.  Wm.  C. 
Bouck  was  born  in  this  town  Jan.  7,  1780,  and  died  here  in  April,  1859. 

OIIjBOA — was  formed  from  Blenheim  and  Broome,  March  16,  1848.  It  is  the  central  town 
upon  the  s.  border  of  \he  co.  Its  surface  is  a  mountainous  upland,  broken  by  deep  ravines. 
Schoharie  CreeV  flows  n.  through  the  center,  receiving  Platter  Kil  from  the  e.  and  Mine  Kil 
from  the  w.  The  streams  are  bordered  by  steep  hillsides  rising  to  a  height  of  2,000  to  3,000 
ft,  above  tide.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  Oilboa,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Schoharie  Creek, 
contains  2  churches,  a  private  seminary,  cotton  factory,®  gristmill,  tannery,  and  506  inhabitants. 
Soutb  Oilboa^  (p.  v.,)  in  the  w.  part,  contains  a  church  and  20  dwellings.  West  Gilboa, 
(p.  0.,)  in  the  n.  w.  part,  is  a  hamlet.  JMackeys  Corners,  (Broome  Center  p.  o.,)  in  the  e.  part, 
contains  a  church  and  15  dwellings.  Uliue  K.il  Falls  is  a  p.  o.  Settlement  was  commenced  in 
1764,  by  Matthew  and  Jacob  Disc*     The  first  preacher  was  Rev,  Joel  Peebles,  settled  in  1808.'** 

JEFFERSON — was  formed  from  Blenheim,  Feb.  12,  1803.  A  part  of  Summit  was  taken 
off  in  1810.  It  is  on  the  s.  line  of  the  co.,  near  the  s.  w.  corner.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland, 
the  principal  summits  being  about  1,000  ft.  above  the  valleys  and  2,000  ft.  above  tide.  Mine 
Hill,  in  the  extreme  s,  part,  is  estimated  to  be  3,200  ft.  above  tide.  A  high  ridge  extending  n.  e. 
and  s.  w.  through  near  the  center  forms  the  watershed  between  Delaware  and  Mohawk  Rivers. 
UtsyanthiaLake  is  a  small  sheet  of  water  on  the  s.  line.'*  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam. 
Jefierson,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  25  houses.     IMarseville,  in  the 


I  Named  from  John  K.  Sloan,  nn  early  settler.  Many  yt^ars 
since,  near  this  place,  by  the  side  of  a  path  leading  to  Fort 
Hunter,  wa^a  a  stone  heap  thrown  up  l)y  the  In^lians,  who,  from 
a  auperstition  amonp  them,  never  failed  to  add  a  atone  to  the 
pile  whenever  they  passed  it.  The  Kev.  Gideon  Ilawley,  who 
passed  it  in  1753.  reliitef*  (1  Mass.  (hU.  /F)  that  this  heap  had 
been  accumulating  for  apes,  and  that  his  native  guide  could 
ffive  no  other  reason  for  the  obaorvance  than  that  his  father 
practiO'd  it  and  enjoined  it  upon  him.  He  did  not  like  to  talk 
about  it ;  and  the  ini^isiunary  believed  that  the  custom  was  a 
relipiou-^  offering  to  the  unknown  God.  Others  state  that  a 
tradition  fixi-s  this  as  the  spot  where  a  murder  was  committed. 
The  heap  ffa.ve  name  to  the  "  ?ton6  Heap  Patent,"  granted  to 
.Inhn  Bowen  and  others  Sept.  1.S,  1770.  The  heap  was  4  rods 
long,  1  or  2  wide,  and  lOtoloft.hinh.  and  consisted  of  small,  flat 
Htonea.  The  covetous  owner  many  years  since  built  the  material 
into  a  stone  wall;  and  no  trace  of  this  curious  monument  of  In- 
diin  superstition  now  remains.  Similar  atone  heaps  have  been 
noticed  in  other  sci-tions  of  the  State.  The  path  that  led  by  this 
pile  was  that  taken  by  Sir  John  Johnson  and  his  army  from  Scho- 
harie to  the  Mohawk  in  Oct.  1780. — Simms's  Schoharie,  p.  632. 

*  One  of  the  first  jsettlfments  was  made  at  *' Kiieiski'rns  Dnrf,'^ 
opposite  the  month  of  Cobles  Kil.  The  place  was  named  from 
.lohn  Peter  Kneiakern.  a  prominent  settler.  The  Stubrachs, 
Knders('3.  Sidneys,  Berghs.  and  Houcka  were  also  pioneer  fami- 
lies. Henry  and  <3corge  Houck  built  the  first  griatmill.  This 
town  comprieeB  tho  whole  of  Jacob  Henry  Ten  Eyck's  patent, 
Hurveycd  Aug.  1761 ;  a  part  of  the  Schoharie  Patent,  and  a  part 
of  Sawyer  &  Ziinmer's  Second  Allotment.  The  Stone  Heap  Patent 
liei!  partly  in  this  town. 

'  This  town  embracea  the  whole  of  several  patents  and  parts 
of  others,  the  principal  of  which  are  Michael  llyrne's,  of  18.000 
acres,  gr.inted  Dec  14. 17ii7  ;  John  BuHit's,  of  about  8.000  acres; 
Wm.  Bouck'rt  Patent,  of  1,250  acres,  e.  of  the  crpek,  granted  May 
H.  1755,  and  annther,  on  the  w.,  of  about  the  aame  size;  Edward 
Clark's,  of  100  acres;  Vrooman'a  Land,  granted  to  Adam 
Vrwman.  Aug.26,17U;  Wm.  Wood's  Patent, of  2,000 acres.  July  ! 


!3, 1770 ;  Ilendrick  Hager's,  900  acres.  Dec.  1. 176S :  part  of  John 
Bailer's,  of  100  acrea,  and  of  Isaac  Levy's  tract  of  4,3.33  acres, 
surveyed  in  July.  1770.  Vrooman'a  Land  Indian  deeds  are  still 
extant,  one  of  which  is  dated  Aug.  22,  1711.  Among  the  early 
settlers  were  Peter,  son  of  Adam  Vrooraan,  the  patentee ;  Cor- 
nelius   and    Bartholomew   Vroonian,   Nicholas    Ffeck.   Adam 

Brown,  Tennis  Vrooman,  Michael  Brown, Kriesler.  Frere 

Becker,  and  Stephen  Young,  on  the  w. ;  and  William  Bonck,  the 
patentee,  with  his  sons  Johannes  F..  Christian,  and  William, 
Nicholas  York,  and  Henry  Hager.  on  the  E. 

*  This  stream  is  called  by  the  Indiana  Ken-ha-na-ga-ra.  Upon 
its  course,  in  a  ravine  200  feet  dt*p  worn  in  the  Hamilton 
shales,  is  a  fine  ca.scade.  known  as  *'  Bouck's  Falls."' 

6  A  German  name  for  the  rushes  which  grew  upon  the  bank* 
of  the  creek  at  this  place. 

6  3  Union,  Kvau.  Luth.,  and  Ref  Prot.  D. 

'  A  fall  in  the  creek  at  the  village  was  called  by  the  Indiana 
De-was-e-go, 

8  Tho  Gilboa  Cotton  Mills  Co.  has  a  capital  of  $50,000,  and 
runs  100  looms. 

9  These  two  settlers  joined  the  Briti.sh  and  fled  to  Canada 
during  the  Revolutinn.  Among  the  early  aettlers  after  the  war 
were  Kichard  Stanley,  Joseph  Desilva.  Benoni  Frazer,  Cornelicfl 
Lane,  John  Breaeter.  Isaac  Van  Fort,  Daniel  Omover.  and  Jacob 
Homer, — all  from  New  England.  KulofT  Vonrhees  kfpt  the  first 
inn,  in  1785;  John  Dise  built  the  first  mills,  in  1764;  and  Jonah 
Soper  the  first  tannery,  in  1800.  This  town  embracns  a  part  of 
the  Blenhi'im  Patent,  with  parts  of  grants  to  Ury  Kichtmeyer, 

David  Buffington.  (July,  1770,)  and Scott,  with  a  portion  of 

the  "  S'.ate  Lands."  The  Ia.at  named  tracts  comprised  the  lands 
escheated  to  the  State  by  failure  of  title,  and  the  confiscated 
estites  of  torics. 

10  Tho  cenpus  reports  8  churches;  4  Bap,  2  M.  E..  Kef.  Prot. 
D.,  and  Christinn. 

n  This  lake  is  l.SOO  ft.  above  tide.  It  is  often  mentioned  in  old 
documenta,  and  was  an  angle  in  the  bound'' nf  A  ll>any  en,  in  nolo* 
uial  times.     It  ia  the  source  of  the  w.  branch  of  the  Delaware. 


GOG 


SCUOHARIE    COUNTY. 


N,  part,  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlements  were  made,  in  different  parts  of  the  town,  in  1794.^  The 
first  preaclier  was  Rev.  Stephen  Fenn.^ 

miDDI^EBURGII— was  formed  from  Schoharie,  March  17,  1797,  as  "Middleiown.''  Its 
name  was  changed  in  1801.  A  part  was  re-annexed  to  Schoharie  March  26,  1798.  Fulton  was 
taken  oif  in  1828,  and  parts  were  annexed  to  Broome  in  1849.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  e, 
border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  divided  into  two  ridges  by  the  valley  of  Schoharie 
Oreek,  which  extends  n.  and  s.  through  the  town.  The  highest  summits  are  600  to  800  ft.  above 
the  valley.^  Schoharie  Creek  receives  Little  Schoharie  Creek  from  the  JC.  and  Line  Kil  from  the 
w.  The  hills  bordering  upon  the  streams  are  usually  steep  and  in  many  places  precipitous.  The 
soil  is  a  clayey  loam  upon  the  hills,  and  a  sandy  loam  in  the  valleys.  Hops  and  broomcorn  are 
extensively  cultivated.  JMiddleburgh^  (p.  v.,)  upon  Schoharie  Creek,  contains  4  churches,  a 
private  seminary,  2  steam  paper  mills,  a  steam  gristmill,  a  foundery,  and  110  dwellings.  Hunters 
Ijand,  (p.  V.,)  "near  the  s.  e.  corner,  contains  2  churches,  a  sawmill,  gristmill,  foundery,  and  101 
inhabitants.  Mill  Valley,  on  the  line  of  Fulton,  contains  2  lar^e  tanneries,  a  gristmill,  and  25 
dwellings.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  Palatinates,  in  1711.*  The  middle  fort  of  Scho- 
harie stood  a  little  below  the  present  site  of  Middleburgh  Village  during  the  Revolution,  The 
census  reports  5  churches  in  town.^ 

KIClIillOlVDVILLE— was  formed  from  Cobleskill,  April  11,  1845.  It  lies  upon  the  w. 
border  of  the  co.,  a  little  s.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  separated  into  two 
distinct  parts  by  the  valley  of  Cobles  Kil,  which  extends  e.  and  w.  thV^ugh  the  center.  The 
highest  summits  are  500  to  700  ft.  above  the  valley.  The  soil  is  generally  a  clayey  loam.  Hops 
are  extensively  cultivated.  Ricliniondvtlle,^  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  3  churches,  a 
foundery,  sawmill,  gristmill,  and  370  inhabitants.  WarnervHle,'  (p.  v.,)  upon  Cobles  Kil,  at 
the  mouth  of  AVest  Kil,  contains  2  churches,  a  boarding  seminary,^  2  tanneries,  and  44  dwellings. 
"West  RIclitnondvltle  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  before  the  Revolution,  by 
George  Warner  and  his  sons  Nicholas,  George,  and  Daniel,  from  Schoharie.'  The  census  reports 
5  churches  in  town.*" 

SCHOHARIE— was  formed  as  a  district  March  24,  1772,  and  as  a  town  March  7,  1788. 
Sharon,  Cobleskill,  Middleburgh,  and  Blenheim  were  taken  ofi"  in  1797,  and  Esperance  and  Wright 
in  1846.  A  part  of  Middleburgh  was  re-annexed  in  1798,  and  a  part  of  Esperance  in  1850.  It 
lies  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  co.,  its  n.  e.  corner  bordering  on  Schenectady  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly 
upland,  broken  by  the  deep  valleys  of  the  streams.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  generally 
gradual  slopes,  and  their  summits  are  400  to  500  ft.  above  the  valleys."  Schoharie  Creek  flows  n. 
through  near  the  center,  receiving  Foxes  Creek  from  the  e.  and  Cobles  Kil  from  the  w.  In  the 
limestone  region  in  this  town  are  numerous  caverns.*^  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  clayey  loam, 
and  in  the  valleys  a  gravelly  loam  and  alluvium.  Hops  and  broom  corn  are  largely  cultivated. 
Scliotaarie,  (p.  v.,)  the  county  seat,  is  situated  upon  Schoharie  Creek,  s.  of  the  center  of  the 
town.  Besides  the  co.  buildings,  it  contains  3  churches,  the  Schoharie  Academy,  2  newspaper 
offices,  an  arsenal,  and  a  bank.  Pop.  806.  Central  Brid^e^  (p.  v.,)  at  the  mouth  of  Cobles 
Kil,  contains  a  church,  sawmill,  gristmill,  machine  shop,  and  12  dwellings.  Barton  UlII  is  a 
p.  o.,  near  the  N.  E.  corner.     The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1711,  by  a  colony  of  German  Palati- 


*  Amos  and  Caleb  Northrop  settled  in  the  B.  part :  Samuel  and 
Noah  Judson,  near  Utayanthia  Lake;  Henry  :^helnierdlne  and 
James  McKen/.ie,  on  West  Kil ;  Ptephnn  Marvin,  Krastus  .Tudd. 
and  Aaron  Jones,  near  the  village.  These  were  mostly  from 
New  England,  The  first  marri.ige  was  that  of  Marvin  Judd 
and  Lois  (iibbs.  Aug.  1800;  and  th*>  first  deatlv  that  of  Klsie 
Judd,  in  June,  1799.  Ileman  Ilicknk  taught  the  first  Fch"oI,  in 
1799.  Cant  eld  Coe  kept  the  fli>t  inn.  in  1794;  und  Rodman 
Lewis  the  firnt  store,  in  1800.  >tephen  Jndd  built  (he  first  savr- 
mitl,  in  IT'.iti;  and  Ileman  Ilickok  the  first  grUtmill,  in  1799. 
Eli  Jones  built  the  fir.st  tanm-ry.  in  1810. 

s  The  roiieus  reports  6  churches:  4  M.  E. and  2  Bap. 

s  A  hill  opposite  Middl(bnrt;h  Aillaj;e  wjis  named  On-f*an-g^ 
no,  "Mountain  of  Snakes."  A  mountain  jiist  above  Middle- 
burgh, on  the  w.  side,  was  cilhd  o-nista-gia-wa;  the  one  next 
v.,  Towok-nou-ra,  or  "Spring  Hill ;"  and  the  one  B.  E. of  Middle- 
bur^'h.  Mo->ie-_'ou-ter. 

*  Thia  Sown  comprises  parts  of  Scholmrie  Patent,  Lawyer's  & 
Zimmer's  1st  Allotment,  'Ih  'S.  Kck'Tson's,  Becker  &  EcKerson's. 
ThdS.  it  Cornelius  Kcltersnn's,  CInk's,  Depeyster'a,  Vrooman's, 
John  Butler's,  Bouck'a,  Lawrence  Lawyer's,  Nicholas  Mattice's, 
Kiid  tlie  Vlaie  i'atents. 

6  2  M.  K  .  I  van.  Lnth..  Ref.  Prot.  D..  and  True  Dutch. 

*  Uiclimondville  Union  Seminary  and  Female  fVilIepiate  In- 
stitute was  built  by  a  joint  stuck  comp.inv  in  18.S2.  at  a  cost  of 
$'24.iH.)0.  including  grounds,  bnildinj:^.  and  furniture.  It  wa*! 
burned  Dec.  1."^.  lS5:j,  and  was  iuimi'diately  rebuilt  at  a  cost  of 
$34,000,  but  was  agaiu  burm-d  June  30,  It^ 


'  Named  from  Capt.  Oeo.  Warner,  the  first  sottb-r. 

8  Warnerville  Seuiinary  was  built  in  1S51.  at  a  cnst  of  aboat 
$25,000,  grounds  and  furniture  being  *3  0<X)  additionai,  It  Iiasao- 
conimodittion^  for  2u0boiirding  students,  A  school  waainnpi-ralioD 
about3  years,  when  it  wa.-*  closed  and  has  not  since  been  opened. 

9  Geo.  Mann.  John  and  llfury  Sh.ifer,  Andrew  Michael.  Klijah 
ILtdselljJohn  Liik.  and  .John  Ditigmnn  settled  soon  after  the  Kevo 

Intion.     The  first  school  ((Jermati)  was  taught  by SkiiiHky. 

Tbefii-st  inn  was  kept  bv Bohall ;  the  first  store  by  tien.  Skill- 
mans  ;  the  firsf  sawmill  was  built  by  a  company  of  setth-rs:  and 
thefir>t  gii-ftmil!  by  David  Lawyer,  on  Cobles  Kil.  "I  he  liwn  is 
comprined  in  the  Mtinu'-r  and  porfiona  of  the  Franklin.  Jnjin  F. 
Bouck.nnd  IS. 'Ibi/icr  Piiti-nls.  Bonck's  Patient,  ofy,60'»acr.a,  was 
granted  March  111,  17.^4.  and  Glazler'a.  of  3,(K10  acres,  July  2S,  1772. 

I"  2  M.  K.,  Bap.,  Fvan.  Lnth.,  nnd  Christian. 

1'  The  gnide  of  the  Albany  &  SuBciuehai;na  R.  K.,  upon  tba 
N.  line  of  this  town,  is  0511  ft.  above  tide. 

12  Ball's  Cave,  ntherwiae  call.d  Gebhard's  Cave,  4  mi.  E  of  the 
rourthouse.  was  firct  explured  in  Sept.  1S31.  It  dtscnds  about 
ion  ft.  below  tbosurfice.  A  sttKiin  I'f  water,  with  small  cabCJideB, 
flows  thrnugh  it,  and  aboat  is  kept  fir  the  u^eof  visit-ns  About 
ISibS.  it  was  purthased  by  W.  H.  Kmtepfel.  of  N.  Y.,  with  the 
design  of  niabtn-j:  it  a  pnpnlar  place  of  resort.  When  fij  st  ex- 
plored, it  abounded  in  mag;iiflcent  stalactites,  of  the  puiest 
white,  translucent  and  fibi-uu-*  Nehtaway's  Cave.  2  mi.  s,  k,  of 
the  courthouse,  was  explored  in  lS3rt,  by  John  Gcbhard,  jr  .  and 
John  Bonny.  A  fi'W  fine  specimens  of  color*  d  rbombohedraJ 
spar  were  found  lu  it. 


SCHOHARIE    COUNTY. 


GOT 


nates,  who  had  previously  located  upon  the  Hudson."  The  first  church  (German)  was  established 
soon  after  the  first  settlement  ;^  Rev.  Peter  Nicholas  Sommer  was  the  first  clergyman. 

SEWARD' — was  formed  from  Sharon,  Feb.  11,  1840.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of  the  co., 
N.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  and  broken  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  300  to  500 
ft.  above  the  valleys.*  West  Kil,  the  principal  stream,  flows  s.  e.  through  the  center.  The  soil  is 
a  clayey  loam.  Hops  are  largely  cultivated.  Ilyndsville,  (p.  v.,)  upon  West  Kil,  in  the  s. 
part,  contains  a  sawmill,  gristmill,  tannery,  and  143  inhabitants.  Setvsird  Tlllley,"  (Seward 
p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  w.  part,  contains  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  and  IG  houses.  Gardlierville  (p.  v.) 
contains  a  church  and  84  inhabitants.  ClOVC  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  town,  by  a  colony  of  Germans,  in  1754.'  Their  settlement  was  known  as  "New 
Dorlach."     The  census  reports  8  churches  in  town.' 

SIIAROW" — was  formed  from  Schoharie,  March  17,  1797.  A  part  of  Carlisle  was  taken  off 
in  1807.  Seward  was  taken  off  in  1840.  It  is  the  N.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a 
rolling  and  hilly  upland.  The  highest  summits,  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  are  about  500  feet  above 
the  valleys.  West  Kil,  flowing  s.  through  the  w.  part,  is  the  principal  stream.  The  soil  is  a 
gravelly  loam.  In  the  underlying  limestone  are  numerous  caves.  Hops  are  largely  produced. 
Sharon  Springs,  (p.  v..)  a  little  n.  w.  of  the  center,  is  celebrated  for  its  sulphur  and  chaly- 
beate springs.'  It  contains  5  large  hotels  for  the  accommodation  of  the  visitors  to  the  springs,  and 
2  churches.  Pop.  230.  Rockville,  upon  the  turnpike,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mi.  above  the 
springs,  contains  3  churches  and  20  dwellings.  Sbaron  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  20  dwellings. 
Sbaron  Hill,  (Sharon  p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  e.  part,  contains  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  ibunilery,  and  20 
dwellings  ;  Leesvlile,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  w.  part,  2  clmrchcs  and  20  dwellings.  Eugellville, 
(p.  0.,)  near  the  w.4ine,  and  Beekinans  Corners,  near  the  s.  line,  are  hamlets.  Col.  Calvin 
Rich,  from  New  England,  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  settler.'"  July  9,  1781,  the  tory  Doxtader, 
with  a  party  of  300  Indians,  made  a  descent  upon  Currytown,  Montgomery  co. ;  and  on  his  return, 
with  his  plunder  and  prisoners,  he  was  overtaken  by  an  American  force,  under  Col.  Willett.  An 
engagement  ensued,  in  which  about  40  Indians  were  killed,  and  the  remainder  fled.  The  battle 
ground  is  about  2  mi.  e.  of  Sharon  Springs.     The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town." 

SlfMBIIT — was  formed  from  Jefferson  and  Cobleskill,  April  13,  1819.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner 
town  of  the  CO.,  lying  principally  on  the  w.  border.  Its  surface  is  a  broken  and  hilly  upland.  The 
central  ridge  forms  a  portion  of  the  watershed  between  Susquehanna  and  Mohawk  Rivers,  th« 
highest  summits  being  2,000  to  2,300  ft.  above  tide.  Charlotte  River,  the  principal  stream  flows 
B.  w.  through  the  w.  part.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  Summit,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the 
ridge,  near  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  28  dwellings.  It  is  2,200  ft.  above  tide.  Char- 
lotteville,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Charlotte  River,  in  the  s.  w.  part,  contains  a  church,  the  N.  Y.  C(jnfer- 
ence  Seminary  and  Collegiate  Institute,'^  2  sawmills,  a  gristmill  and  clothing  works,  and  about  40 


1  This  town  innliides  parts  of  the  Schohfirie.  Morris  &  Coeyman's. 
Lawyer  &  licrgh's,  and  the  2d  Allotment  of  Lawyer  k  Zinimcr'e 
Patents.     For  particulars  of  early  settlement,  see  page  601. 

*  A  lot  of  14  acres  in  Huntersfifhl  w;vs  conveyed.  J:in.  3. 1737,  by 
Johannes  Shuffer,  Hendrick  Conradf.  and  .lohannes  Infrnld.  to 
Jonas  Le  Hoy  and  Peter  Speis.  for  the  support  of  theMiddlelmrgh 
and  Schoharie  high  and  low  Dutch  chnrehes  By  an  act  of  Feb.  8. 
179'.t.  the  two  eon^re-'alions  were  empowered  to  divide  and  mutu- 
ally release  thl.*  lot.  Tho  census  report^  4  chnrehos;  2  Evan.  Luth., 
M.  E.,  and  Kef.  Prot.  D.  3  \anird  in  honor  of  Gov.  Seward. 

*  Upon  the  8.  E.  border  of  the  town  is  a  hill,  called  by  the 
Indians  Gogny-ta-nee ;  and  n.  of  Seward  Valley  is  another,  called 
Onp-en-ta-dashe.  &  UiGilly  known  as  "  Neeleys  Hollow." 

*  The  first  settlers  were  Selmstiao  France.  Micliael  Merokley, 
Henry  Hynds.and  Ernest  Fretz.  Among  theother  early  settlers 
were  Caleb  Crospot.  Win.  Ernest  .Spornhyer.  and  Conrad  Brown, 
who  located  near  the  Lnth.  church  :  and  Wni.  Kipsom  ih.  Henry 
France,  Henry  Haiu^s.Ueronimus  Chrysler,  and  -John,  I'eter.  and 
Martin,  sons  of  Itev.  Peter  Nicliol.as  Stmiin  r,  the  first  Schoharie 

pastor.    The  first  German  school  w.ls  taught  by Phnu;2:hwer ; 

the  tlrst  ion  was  kept  byThos.  Aliny  :  the  fir-t  store  by  Wm.  E. 
Spornhyer.  Wni.  llynds  built  the  first  sawmill  and  Henry  Hanos 
the  first  gristmilL  'i'he  first  birth  was  that  I'f  a  son  of — —  Frauce. 

I  3  Evan.  Luth.,  3  M.  E..  Kef.  I'rot.  0.,  and  Uap. 

*  Named  from  Sharon.  Conn. 

*  These  sprini^  have  a  high  reputstion  for  the  cure  of  cutaneous 
disorders,  anil  are  a  place  of  resort  ilui  in  r  t  he  summer.  As  ana 
lyzed  by  Di.  Chi  ton.  a  pint  of  the  water  is  found  to  contain, — 

Sulphite  of  uiagneaia 'J.ti5  gruiod. 

Sulpliaie  of  lini) 698      " 

Clilorid  ■  of  fio<lium 0.14      " 

Cliloi  id  ■  of  m  'gnesium 0.16 

Il.V'h'.^nlpIiiiret  of  sodium 
11  .dio^ulphiiret  of  calciu 
KxtracliVtt  matter 

10.08 
SalpUurutted  hydrogen  gas, — 1  cubic  inch. 


U.1J7 

1  J- o.u 


'i'he  waters  flitwing  over  vcsetable  substances  incrust  them 
witli  wliite  and  flocculent  sulphur.  The  gaa  fiom  the  sulphur 
spring  quickly  tarnishes  silver,  even  in  the  pockt-t.  In  the 
neifrhlioihood  is  a  chalybeate  apring.  The  vicinity  derives 
interc'^t  from  cavea  containing  stalactites  and  beautilnl  orystaia 
of  sulphate  of  lime.  A  quarter  of  a  mile  below  the  spring  is  a 
line  ca^^cade.  A  copious  spring  of  common  water  gushys  from 
the  rocks  a  short  distance  alinve,  in  volume  sufficient  to  turn  a 
m\\\.~G^^|^.  ls(  Dtst.,p.  «9;  Beck's  MimraU>gy  of  N.  1'., p.  143; 
Simms's  Schoharie^  p.  643. 

10  Col.  R.  w;ia  afterward  at  Sackets  Harbor  aa  aCoI.  of  drafted 
militia  in  Gen.  Ki'hard  Dodge'a  brigade.  Calvin  Tike.  AVilliara 
Vanderwerkor.  Conrad  Fritche.  Abraham  and  John  Meroness. 
.Tnhii  Malick.  and  IVter  Cournient  were  early  aettlera.  and  were 
obli;;ed  to  flee  to  Schoharie  or  Fort  Hunter  for  safety  during  the 
war.  Wm.  Beekman  kept  the  first  store;  John  Hutt  built  the 
fir^t  Bawmill,  (hneo  I,a.:rangp  the  first  Kriatinill.  John  Hutt  the 
first  clothing  wmks,  and  Fn-derick  &  Crouck  the  first  timnery. 
The  town  compri«es  a  part  of  Frederick  Young's  I'atent  of  'J0.0(>0 
ncre.'i,  grantt^d  Oct.  11,  1752;  a  tract  granted  to  Bmdt  &  Living- 
Bton.  of  8.000  a<:re8;  a  i»art  of  Johan  D.  Gross'  Tract;  a  tract 
grantetl  to  Joliannea  Lawyer,  jr..  Jacob  Boist,  and  others,  of 
7.000  acres.  Aug.  14,  17B1  ;  and  a  small  part  of  the  New  Dorlach 
Patent.  The  first  owners  of  New  Durlach  Tatent  were  Mieh;iel, 
Ji'liaiinea.  Johannes  Jost,  and  Jacob  B.  Buist,  Johan  Braun.  Wm. 
Bauch,  Michael  Htltzinger,  Henrick  Hjiues.  Johannes  Shaffer, 
Johannes  and  .Tacob  Lawyer.  Christian  Zeh,  Mathias  Baumann, 
Lambert  Sternberg.  BMrent  Key.ser.  and  I'eter  Nicholas  Smnmer. 
The  patent  provided  that  any  difiereucea  that  might  arise  Wt<iu 
to  bo  aettled  by  arl)itration. 

H  2  Ev.  Luth..  Bef.  I'rot.  D.,  Bap.,  and  Union. 

1*  This  int^titntiou  is  under  the  cliarge  of  the  Methodist  Kpls- 
copil  denomination.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  institutions  in 
the  State,  having  accomniudatioas  for  about  460  boarding  dtu> 
duDttt. 


G08 


SCHOHARIE    COUNTY. 


dwiellings.  LiUfberanville,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  >r.  w.  part,  contains  a  church  and  10  dwellings; 
and  EluiBieuce,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line  of  Blenheim,  2  churches  and  15  dwellings.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  in  1794,  by  Frederick  Prosper,  from  Dutchess  co.'  Rev.  M.  Sherman  was  the  first 
preacher.     The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.'^ 

WRIGHT' — was  formed  from  Schoharie,  April  4,  1846.  It  is  the  N.  town  on  the  e.  border 
of  the  CO.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland.  The  highest  summits,  along  the  s.  line,  are  60U  to  800  ft. 
above  the  valleys.  The  piincipal  stream  is  Foxes  Creek,  flowing  n.  w.  through  the  center.  The 
soil  is  a  clay  and  gravelly  loam.  Gallupville,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center,  contains  .3  churches,  a 
sawmill,  tannery,  carding  machine,  and  40  houses.  8liutter8  Corners,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  w.  part, 
contains  a  sawmill,  gristmill,  and  10  houses.  Waldensville  is  a  p.  o.,  near  the  E.  line.  The 
tewn  comprises  the  whole  of  several  patents  and  parts  of  several  others,  principally  granted  from 
1760  to  1770.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Jacob  Zimmer,  near  Gallupville,  several  years 
prior  to  the  Revolution.*  A  stone  house  built  by  Johannes  Becker,  an  early  settler,  was  used  as  a 
fort  during  the  war.'     There  are  5  churches  in  town.' 


Acres  of  Land,   Valuation,  Population,   DwelUn(js,   Families,   Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Schoharie  County. 


Names  op  Towns. 


Blenheim 

Broome.^ 

Carlisle 

Cobleskill 

CoDesville 

Ksperance 

FultoD 

Qilboa 

.Jefferson 

Middleburgh 

RichmoDdville— 

Schoharie 

Seward 

Sbai-oD 

Summit 

Wright 

Total 


Acres  op  Land. 


9,864 
18,623 
14,612 
11,742 
12,907 

7,679i 
17.120i 
23,139 
15,00-4 
14,240f 
14,207J 

9,401 
14.381 
19,297 
13,027 
12,699 


227,904} 


16.102 
8,375 
6,243 
6,296 
8,552 
2,716i 

17.192 

13,39,Si 
8,045i 

11,609 
5.475 
0,429 
6.420 
4,878 
6,040 
6,276 


132.0461 


Valuation  op  1858.  Popdlation, 


$18,990 
60,884 
42.410 
66,175 
27,606 
71.622 
68,550 
66,960 
30,478 
63.850 
32.760 

222.6.i0 
28.920 

100,162 
45,065 
62.265 


959,2.37 


$206,667 
255.230 
436.5S1 
404,101 
256.966 
309,637 
622.900 
3=9.258 
308.618 
486.195 
407,359 
74.J.241 
417,048 
662,360 
365,800 
400,972 


6.632,S13 


1,071 

873 

1,096 

700 

643 

1,450 

1,306 

620 

1.621 

1,028 

1,429 

962 

1,360 

940 

843 


665 
1,067 

860 
1.112 

707 

727 
1,367 
1,351 

868 
1.454 

999 
1.440 

963 
1,356 

960 

815 


16,828   16,691 


=1 


225 
421 
311 
373 
262 
239 
609 
478 
292 
480 
S45 
498 
316 
460 
884 
283 


245 
427 
326 
401 
292 
262 
,530 
626 
321 
547 
378 
495 
336 
489 
374 
310 


186 
270 
276 
335 
215 
177 
402 
322 
262 
863 
291 
810 
247 
424 
268 
236 


Schools. 


1-= 


601 

1.034 

760 

776 

629 

606 

1,182 

1,105 

683 

1,179 

840 

1,068 

706 

1,066 

687 


13,808 


Names  op  Towns. 


Blenheim 

Broome 

Carlisle 

Cobleskill , 

Ctinesville 

E.'^perance 

Fulton 

Oilboa 

Jefferson 

Middleburgh... 
Hichmondville. 

Sclioharie 

Seward 

Sharon 

Summit 

Wrighfc 

Total 


m 


262 
608 
638 
741 
443 
379 
707 
697 
452 
838 
601 
768 
683 
1.001 
606 
678 


915 

1,686 
1,.338 
1.228 
1,238 

801 
1,867 
1,903 
1.477 
1,498 
1,120 
1.244 
1.072 
1,.?49 
1,115 

807 


9,682  20,658  18,213 


873 

1,117 

1,078 

986 

868 

540 

1,492 

1,927 

1,763 

760 

1,009 

1,006 

1,260 

1,201 

1.630 

823 


1,3S8 
6,438 
3348 
2,930 
3,460 
1.165 
3.520 
3.3S6 
2,241 
3,268 
2,182 
2,241 
2,001 
3,923 
2,030 
3,0; 


to 


618 

9621 

1,1371 

1.463' 

916| 

618'; 

l,4.'i4i 

1.229, 

791i 

1,749, 

1,093 

I.SO4I 

1.444 

1,3841 

9411 

1.171 


Aqricultural  Products. 


Bush,  of  Grain. 


j£  _ 
3,V68 
6,469 
2,278 
6.964 
2,991 
2.272 

10,005i 
4.244S 
2.28Si 

14,499 
6.044S 

19.558 
6.009i 
4.C38 
2,151 

13.660 


16,109 
52,362i 
61,044} 
63,671 
17,185} 
49,561 
70,860} 
33.427  i 
33,261  i 
77,306 
62.354 
73.568 
73,2961 
129.765 
61,884 
67,00U 


46,696  18,804  106.237i  922,644i 


1,940 

3,316 

2.705 

2.745 

3,130 

1,869J 

3,436i 

6.0364 

4,369 

2,819} 

3,122 

2,1 59i 

3.213 

2.881 

4.297 

1,737 


=)-' 


6,746 
10,481 
12,992 
14,093 
10,686 

7,132 
11,847 
13,440 

9,472 
11,108 
15,261 
10,372 
18,006 
47,182 
12,210 
11,164 


Daibv  Pboddcis. 


86,230 
92,146 
116,686 
93,725 
95,550 
63,745 
140.939 
207,205 
183,n77 
9.3,970 
98,680 
72,060 
136,4.30 
124,965 
160,815 
86,374 


608 
2.605 
6.379 
6,716 
2,640 
3,026 

869 
3,090 

600 
1,883 

200 

40,661 

2.240 

200 

400 


48,774}  190,432J  222.182  1,832,2571     71,010 


si 


ci-E 


l,800i 
2.092 
2,165 
2,7171 
848i 
1,139 
4.969) 
2,660 
2,.593 
1,331 
2,863 
1,284 
2.066i 
1.976 
3,142 
1.398 


34,915 


^  Clement  Davis,  Samuel  Allen,  Martin  Van  Buren,  Morris 
Kiff.  Robert  and  Abrah.am  Van  Duser,  A.  M.  Frydenbur;,'h, 
Joseph  L.  Barnet,  Amos  Baldwin.  Jon.ithan  Hughes,  B^iltus 
Prosper,  and  James  Brown  were  earl.v  settlers.    The  first  birth 

w;is  that  of Frydenburgh,  and  the  first  marriage  that  of 

Clement  Davis  and  Lovina  Allen,  in  1797.  Daniel  Harris  tiught 
the  first  school,  in  1798.     Benj  Rider  kept  the  first  inn,  James 

Burns  the  first  store,  and Van  Buren   the  first  sawmill. 

The  town  comprises  a  part  of  the  Straasliurgh,  Charlotte  Kiver, 
Ptepben  .skinner,  and  Walter  Frtmklin  Patents. 

«  2  Bap.,  2  M.  H.,  lief.  Prot.  D.,  Ev.  Luth.,  and  Christian. 


s  Named  in  honor  of  Gov.  Silas  VTright. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Johannes  Becker. Shaffer, 

Frederick  Dening.  J<  hn  Narhold,  Frederick  Beller.  Christopher 
Shoefelt,  and  John  Hilsley.  Jacob  Zimmer  kept  the  fii-st  inn, 
John  and  Henry  Becker  tlie  first  store;  Jacob  Zimmer  built  the 
first  gristmill,  and  Zimmer.  Becker  &  Shafier  the  first  sawmill 

s  On  the  moi  niug  of  .luly  26. 1782.  a  hand  of  lories  and  Indians 
appeared  in  the  valley  of  Foxes  Creek,  murdered  several  person.s, 
took  some  prisoners,  and  attempted  to  dislodge  the  inmates  of  the 
stone  house,  but  failed.     This  house  is  still  standing. 

•  2  M.  E.,  Ev.  Luth.,  Ref.  Prot.  D,  and  Christian. 


SCHUYLER  COUNTY. 

This  county'  was  formed  from  Steuben,  Chemung,  and  Tompkins, 
April  17,  1854.  It  lies  upon  both  sides  of  the  s.  extremity  of 
Seneca  Lake ;  is  centrally  distant  160  mi.  from  Albany,  and  con- 
tains 352  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  mostly  an  undulating  and  hilly 
upland,  divided  into  two  distinct  ridges  by  the  deep  valley  of  Seneca 
I  Lake  and  its  inlet.  The  highest  summits  are  600  to  1,000  ft.  above 
Seneca  Lake  and  1,200  to  1,600  ft.  above  tide.  A  bluff  100  to  300  ft. 
high  extends  along  the  shoresof  the  lake,  too  steepfor  profitable  culti- 
vation ;  but  farther  inland  the  hills  are  bordered  by  long  and  gradual 
slopes  and  are  generally  arable  to  their  very  summits.  The  extreme 
s.  part  of  the  oo.  assumes  a  more  hilly  and  broken  character.  Catha- 
rines Creek,  flowing  into  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake,  is  the  principal 
stream.  Its  course  is  through  a  deep,  narrow,  and  winding  valley  bordered  by  steep  hillsides  400  to 
COO  ft.  high.  Upon  it  are  numerous  falls,  affording  abundance  of  water-power;  and  near  its  mouth 
is  a  marshy  region  of  considerable  extent.  Meads  Run,  a  tributary  of  Chemung  River,  drains  the 
s.  w.  corner,  and  Cayuta  Creek  the  s.  E.  corner.  The  other  streams  are  small  creeks  and  brooks, 
mostly  discharging  their  waters  into  Seneca  Lake.  A  few  streams  take  their  rise  along  the  N.  E. 
border  and  flow  into  Cayuga  Lake.  Little  and  Mud  Lakes,  two  smaller  sheets  of  water  along  the 
w.  border,  discharge  their  waters  through  Mud  Creek  into  Conhocton  River.  Cayuta  Lake  is  a  fine 
sheet  of  water,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  co.  Hector  Falls,  upon  a  small  stream  flowing  into  Seneca  Lake 
from  the  E.,  is  one  of  the  finest  cascades  in  the  State.  The  rocks  of  this  co.  mostly  belong  to  the 
Portage  and  Chemung  groups, — the  former  occupying  the  n.  and  the  latter  the  s.  part  of  the  co. 
In  the  deep  valley  along  the  shore  of  Seneca  Lake,  in  the  extreme  N.  part  of  the  co.,  are  found 
outcrops  of  Genesee  slate.  The  only  good  building  stone  in  the  co.  is  the  thin-bedded  sandstone 
separating  the  thick  beds  of  shale.  In  many  places  these  rocks  are  covered  deeply  with  drift 
deposits.  The  soil  upon  the  highlands  is  clayey  and  gravelly,  principally  derived  from  the  dis- 
integration of  the  shales ;  and  in  many  places  this  is  underlaid  by  hardpan.  In  the  valleys  the 
soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  alluvmm. 

Agriculture  forms  the  leading  and  almost  the  sole  occupation  of  the  people.  Spring  grains  are 
extensively  grown,  and  stock  and  wool  growing  and  dairying  are  largely  carried  on.  The  climate 
and  soil  are  both  better  adapted  to  pasturage  than  to  tillage.  Fruit  is  becoming  an  important  article 
of  culture,  and  all  kinds  adapted  to  the  climate  succeed  well.  A  limited  amount  of  manufacturing 
is  carried  on  at  Watkins  and  Havana. 

In  1854,  commissioners  appointed  to  locate  the  co.  buildings  fixed  upon  Havana  as  the  cuuutv 
seat.'  The  action  of  the  commissioners  was  resisted  by  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  and  by  them  the 
county  seat  was  located  at  Watkins,  at  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake.  A  courthouse  was  erected  at  each 
village ;  subsequently  the  courts  decided  against  the  action  of  the  comtfiissioners,  and,  April  13, 1857, 
an  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature  confirming  the  location  of  the  county  seat  at  Havana.  At  their 
annual  meetings  in  the  fall  of  1857  and  1858  the  Board  of  Supervisors  passed  resolutions  changing 
the  location  to  Watkins,  and  at  this  place  the  co.  offices  are  at  present  located.  The  buildings 
erected  at  each  place  for  a  courthouse,  and  for  a  clerk's  office  and  jail  at  Havana,  are  fine  build- 
ings, embodying  nearly  all  modern  improvements.  The  buildings  at  Havana  were  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $15,000.     No  poorhouse  has  yet  been  established. 

The  public  works  in  the  co.  are  the  Chemung  Canal,  extending  from  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake 
s.  through  the  valley  of  Catharines  Creek,  uniting  with  Chemung  River  at  Elmira;  the  Elmira, 
Jefferson  &  Canandaigua  R.  R.,  extending  along  the  w.  shore  of  Seneca  Lake  to  Watkins ;  and  the 
Chemung  R.  R.,  extending  s.  from  Watkins  along  Catharines  Creek  to  Elmira.  These  roads  are 
both  leased  to  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  Co. 

In  1779,  Sullivan's  army  marched  through  the  defiles  along  Catharines  Creek,  closely  pursuing 
the  Indians,  who  were  flying  from  the  fatal  battle  of  "  Neiciovm,"  (now  Elmira.)  So  great  was 
the  terror  of  the  Indians  that  they  neglected  to  defend  the  passes,  and  the  American  army 


J  Named  from  Gen.  Philip  Schuyler. 

*  Theee  commissioDers  were  Deloe  De  Wolf,  of  Oswego,  Edward  Dodd,  of  Washington,  and  Tinu  W.  Smith,  of  Onondaga. 

W  609 


610 


SCHUYLER    COUNTY. 


inarched  unmolested  through  the  only  place  where  successful  resistance  was  practicable.  Upon 
the  conclusion  of  peace,  many  of  the  soldiers  belonging  to  the  army  returned  to  this  region  and 
located  upon  land  which  had  been  first  brought  to  their  notice  during  their  march  against  the 
Indians.  The  first  settlements  in  the  co.  were  made  on  Catharines  Creek,  near  the  present  site 
of  Havana,  in  1788,  and  on  the  shores  of  Seneca  Lake,  in  1790.  The  town  of  Hector  belonged  to 
the  Military  Tract;  the  towns  of  Catharines,  Dix,  and  Reading,  to  the  Watkins  and  Flint  Pur- 
chase; and  Tyrone  and  Orange,  to  the  Phelps  and  Gorham  Purchase. 
Two  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.* 


CATHARIIVES^ — was  formed  from  *'  Newtoicn"  (now  Elmira,  Chemung  co.,)  March  15, 
1798.  Catlin  and  A^eteran  (Chemung  co.)  were  taken  off  in  1823.  A  part  of  Newfield  (Tompkins 
CO.)  was  annexed  June  4,  1853,  and  a  part  was  added  to  Cayuta,  April  17,  1854,  It  lies  upon 
the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  e.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  valleys 
of  the  streams.  Catharines  Creek,  along  the  w.  border,  flows  in  a  deep  ravine  300  to  700  feet 
below  the  summits  of  the  hills.  Cayuta  Lake  lies  in  the  N.  E.  part ;  and  its  outlet,  Cayuta 
Creek,  flows  s.  into  the  Susquehanna.  The  soil  is  principally  a  gravelly  loam  mixed  with  clay. 
Havana,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Catharines  Creek,  on  the  line  of  Dix,  3  mi.  from  Seneca  Lake,  was  incorp. 
May  13,  1836.  It  contains  a  courthouse,  jail,  clerk's  office,  the  People^s  College,'  3  churches,  a 
newspaper  office,  3  flouring  mills,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.*  It  is  a  canal 
village  and  a  station  upon  the  Chemung  R.  R.  Pop.  1,290.  Odessa,  (p-^-O  near  the  center 
of  the  town,  contains  2  churches,  a  gristmill,  several  sawmills,  and  40  dwellings;  and  Catba- 
rines,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  2  churches  and  25  dwellings.     Alpine,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  s.  e.  border, 

aud  Cayutaville,  (p.  o.,)  on  the  n.  e.  border,  are  partly  in  this  town.     Silas  Wolcott  and 

Wilson  settled  at  Havana  in  1788.^    The  first  religious  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Mr.  P. 
Bowers,  by  a  Presbyterian  minister,  in  1794.'    (For  the  new  town  of  Montour,  see  p.  612.) 

CAYUTA — was  formed  from  Spencer,  (Tioga  co.,)  March  20,  1824.  Parts  of  Catharines  and 
Erin  (Chemung  co.)  were  annexed  in  1854.  The  town  was  transferred  from  Tioga  to  Tompkins  co. 
March  22,  1822.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland.  Cayuta 
Creek  flows  s.  e.  through  the  town,  in  a  narrow  valley  bordered  by  steep  hillsides  300  to  600  ft.  high. 
The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.  Cayuta  ("West  Cayuta  p,  o.)  contains  15  dwellings; 
Alpine,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  n.  line  of  the  town,  a  flouring  mill,  sawmill,  chair  factory,  and  25 
dwellings  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  valley  of  the  Cayuta,  near  West  Cayuta,  in 
1801,  by  Capt.  Gabriel  Ogden,  Rev.  David  Janes,  and  Jos.  Thomas, — the  first  two  from  Tioga  co., 
and  the  last  from  Athens,  Penn,^  The  first  religious  services  were  held  by  Rev.  Mr.  Janes, 
(Bap.,)  at  his  own  house,  in  1802.     No  churches  are  reported, 

I  and  4  aDd  all  of  Tpa.  2  and  3of  .Tohu  W.  Watkins'a  Tract, 

8  Thi8  institHtion  wag  incorp.  April  13.  1854.  and  was  locAt^d 
at  Havana  Jan.  8,  1867.  The  college  edifice — the  erection  of 
which  has  been  commenced — is  to  be  320  by  52  IV*f  t,  4  storied 
high,  with  a  basement.  At  either  end  ia  a  wing,  206  by  52  ft., 
4  Btories  high :  and  a  wing  will  project  rearward  from  the  center, 
68  by  64  ft.,  3  stories  high.  Above  the  basement  the  walls  are 
to  be  erected  of  brick ;  the  whole  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $1"6.000. 
The  institution  is  to  afford  instruction  in  some  departments  of 
mechanics  and  manufactures,  and  students  are  tu  be  paid  for 
their  services.  The  trustees  have  resolved  to  eatablish  19  pro- 
fessorships. 

*  2  plaster  mills,  2  sawmills,  a  planing  mill,  woolen  factory, 
iron  foundery,  and  tannery. 

6  Geo.  Mills,  Vtm.  McClure,  Phineas  Bowers,  John  King,  and  2 
families  by  the  name  of  Stevens,  settled  in  the  valley  at  and  near 
Havana  in  17S9-90.  Anthony  JSroderick  kept  the  first  school,  in 
a  house  owned  by  Phineas  Bowers,  in  1792-93.  Silas  Wolcott 
kept  the  first  inn,  soon  after  his  settlement,  and  Isaac  Baldwin 
and  George  Mills  the  first  store,  in  1805.  at  Havana.  Phineas 
Bowers  erected  the  first  grist  and  saw  mills,  at  or  near  the  village, 

6  The  census  reports  7  churches;  2  Prot.  E.,  2  Presb.,  2  M.  E-, 
and  Bap. 

I  Hermon Wbite.B*iy. Chambers, andjeremiah Taylor  settled 
in  the  same  vicinity  in  1803 ;  Moses  Brown,  Langstaff  Compton, 
and  others  in  1804.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Roaetta,  daugh- 
ter of  Jonathan  Thomas,  in  Jan.  1804;  the  first  marriage,  that 
of  Ebenezer  PMwards  and  Sarah  Ogden,  in  1804;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  Joseph  Thomaa,  in  July.  1802.  Robert  Lockerby 
taught  the  first  school,  in  a  house  belonging  to  Elder  Janes,  ia 
the  winter  of  1805.  Capt.  Gabriel  Ogden  kept  the  fir.st  inn.  at 
West  Cayuta,  in  1806,  and  Jesse  White  the  first  store,  in  1808. 
John  \rhite  prected  the  first  sawmill  on  the  E.  branch  of  the 
Cavuta,  in  1816,  and  John  Knnis  the  first  gristmill,  2  mi.  l>elow 
West  Cayota,  in  1817. 


1  The  Tinga  Patriot  waa  started  at  Havana  in  June,  1828,  by 

L.  B.  and  S.  Butler,  and  was  continued  a  short  time. 
Tht  Havana  Observer  was  started  in  1830  by  F.  W.  Ritter,  and 

was  soon  discontinued. 
The  Savana  Bepuhliran  was  commenced  in  1835  by  Nelson 

ColgTOve.    It  was  issued  successively  by  Q.  Barlrw  Nye, 

T.  1.  Taylor,  and  W,  H.  Ougly  until  1&49,  when  it  was 

changed  to 
Lift  tn  The  Comitry  and  Haxana  Eepubliatn.    It  was  discon- 
tinued in  1850. 
Tht  Chemung  Democrat  was  removed  Crom  Horseheada  to  Havana 

in  1840,  and  to  '■"Jefferson^''  (now  Watkins)  in  1842.    Its 

name  was  ?><x.in  after  changed  to 
Tht  Democratic  Citizen^  and  it  was  issued  by  J.  I.  Hendrix 

until  1850. 
ThR  Independent  Freemnn  was  started  at  Watkins,  June  15. 1850, 

by  W.  B.  Slawson  &  Co.;  in  1851  it  was  thangixl  to 
The  Jefferson  Eagle-,  and  was  continued  a  few  months. 
The  Corona  Borealis,  a  literary  paper,  waa  published  a£  "Jejfer- 

son^'  about  the  same  time. 
The  Havana  Jonnial  was  commenced  April  16, 1853,  by 

John  B.  Look,  and  its  publication  is  still  continued. 
The  'Watktns  Republican  was  established  in  June, 

1^54.  by  S.  M.  Taylor.    It  passed  into  the  hands  of  J. 

K.  Averill,  and    aftenvard  into  those  of  M.  Ells,  by 

whom  it  is  still  published. 
The  Schuyler  County  Democrcu,  commenced  at  Havaoa,  April  25, 

1855,  by  Averill  &  Baxter,  was  soon  after  discontinued. 
*  Named  from  Catharine  Montour,  a  French  woman  who  mar- 
ried an  Tndi:in.  waa  adopted  into  the  Seneca  tribe,  and  exerted  a 
controlling  influence  among  the  Indians.  She  received  a  small 
salary  from  the  English  Colonial  Government,  for  many  years, 
on  account  of  her  influence  among  the  Indians.  She  resided  on 
the  present  site  of  Havana,  and  waa  known  as  Queen  Cathar 
•ina.    This  town  as  first  formed  embraced  the  n.  part  of  Tps. 


SCHUYLER    COUNTY. 


611 


DIX' — was  formed  from  Catlin,  (Chemung  co.,)  April  17,  1835.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  side 
of  Catharines  Creek,  and  extends  from  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake  to  the  s.  bounds  of  the  co.  The 
surface  is  mostly  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland,  the  summits  being  400  to  700  ft.  above  the  lake. 
It  is  drained  by  Catharines  Creek  and  several  smaller  streams.  The  soil  is  principally  a  fine 
quality  of  gravelly  loam.  A  little  s.  w.  from  the  head  of  the  lake  is  a  deep  glen  in  the  hills,  bor- 
dered by  perpendicular  rocks  200  ft.  high.  A  small  stream  runs  through  it,  forming  a  series  of 
beautiful  cascades.  Watkins,'  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  line  of  Reading,  at  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake, 
was  incorp.,  as  "Jefferson,"  April  11,  1842,  and  its  name  was  changed  April  8,  1852.  It  contains 
a  courthouse,  5  churches,  a  newspaper  office,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.  It  is  a 
lake,  canal,  and  R.  R.  station ;  a  daily  steamboat  plies  upon  Seneca  Lake  between  this  place  and 
Geneva.  Pop.  1,084.  Beaver  Dams,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  contains  2  churches,  several 
manufactories,  and  28  dwellings;  Townsend,  (p. v.,)  near  the  w.  line,  contains  1  church, 
several  mills,  and  36  dwellings  ;  Crawford  Settlement,  (Moreland  p.o.,)  near  the  s.  line, 
contains  2  churches  and  26  dwellings.  The  first  settlements  were  made  near  the  head  of  the  lake 
and  along  the  valley  of  Catharines  Creek,  about  the  commencement  of  the  present  century.' 
The  first  church  edifice  (Bap.)  was  erected  in  1833,  at  Townsend.* 

HECTOR— was  formed  from  Ovid,  (Seneca  co.,)  March  30,  1802.  It  is  the  s.  w.  comer 
township  of  the  Military  Tract  and  the  N.  E.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling 
upland,  its  highest  summits  being  500  to  700  ft.  above  Seneca  Lake.  The  blufis  bordering  upon 
the  lake  are  100  to  300  ft.  high,  and  nearly  perpendicular.  It  is  drained  by  a  large  number  of 
small  creeks  flowing  into  Seneca  and  Cayuga  Lakes.  Hector  Falls,  upon  a  email  creek  in  the 
s.  w.  part  of  the  town,  is  a  cascade  made  by  the  stream  flowing  down  the  bluff  which  borders 
upon  the  lake.  The  soil  is  a  clay,  sandy,  and  gravelly  loam,  in  some  places  underlaid  by  hard- 
pan.  Perry  City,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  e.  line  of  the  town,  contains  a  Friends'  meeting  house  and 
120  inhabitants;  Mecklenburgrb,  (p-v.,)  situated2mi.8.w.of  Perry  City,  contains  3  churches, 
2  sawmills,  a  flouring  mill,  and  338  inhabitants;  Reynoldsvllle,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center  of  the 
town,  contains  a  church  and  117  inhabitants;  Bennettsburgll.  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  contains 
a  church,  4  saw  and  shingle  mills,  1  gristmill,  tannery,  and  25  dwellings;  Burdett,  (p.  v.,)  in 
the  s.  w.  part,  contains  3  churches,  a  woolen  factory,  agricultural  implement  factory,  iron  foundery, 
gristmill,  sawmill,  tannery,  and  360  inhabitants;  Peach  Orchard,  (Hector  p.o.,)  in  the  N.  w. 
part,  contains  3  churches  and  34  dwellings  ;  PoIKvllle,  in  the  N.  w.  part,  contains  a 
church  and  16  dwellings  ;  Searsburgh  (p.  o.)  contains  2  churches  and  10  dwellings.  IVorth 
Hector  and  Cayutaville  are  p.  ofliees;  and  Steainburgh  is  a  hamlet.  John  Livingston 
and  Wm.  Wickham  settled  in  1791,  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  the  town,  on  the  bank  of  the  lake.'  The 
first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  by  Rev.  Mr.  Stewart,  at  Peach  Orchard,  in  1809.' 

ORANGE — was  formed  from  Wayne,  (Steuben  co.,)  Feb.  12,  1813,  as  "Jerseij."  Its  name 
was  changed  Feb.  20,  1836.  A  part  of  Hornby  (Steuben  co.)  was  annexed  April  1 1,  1842,  and  a 
part  of  Bradford,  (Steuben  co.,)  April  17,  1854.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  in  the  co.,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  pre-emption  line.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland,  broken  by 
the  deep  and  irregular  valleys  of  the  streams.  Meads  Run,  flowing  s.  w.,  forms  the  principal 
drainage.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a  gravelly  loam.  Monterey  (Orange  p.  o.)  contains  3  churches, 
a  gristmill,  and  301  inhabitants.  Sugar  UllI  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  N.  E.  part.  The  first  settlements 
were  made  in  1799,  by  Abraham  Rozenback  and  Samuel  Scomp,  n.  e.  of  Monterey.'  The  first 
church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  by  Rev.  Peregrine  Hallett,  the  first  preacher.' 


t  Named  from  Ex^SeDator  John  A.  Dix. 

*  Named  from  Dr.  Samuel  Watkins,  an  early  settler  in  the 
Tillage. 

*  Geo.  Mills  was  among  the  flret  settlers  in  town,  and  is  still 
living  tliere,  at  the  age  of  9.S  years.  Judge  John  Dowe,  David 
Culver,  and  .John  and  Wm.  Watkins  were  also  among  the  early 
settlers.  The  first  settlers  at  the  village  of  Townsend  were 
Claudius  Townsend,  Consider  B.  Evens,  Jonas  Blower,  and  Dods 
Benson,  in  1823;  Elienezer  Perry  was  the  first  settler  at  Beaver 
Dams,  At  this  place  2  dams  were  built  across  I'ort  Creek  hy 
beavers;  one  of  the  dams  still  remains.  A  swamp,  formed  by 
the  lower  dam,  is  an  alluvial  deposit  400  fl.  deep,  from  which 
lime  is  made. 

*  The  census  reports  10  churches ;  3  Bap.,  3  M.  E.,  2  Presb., 
Prot.  E.,  and  Univ. 

*  Reuben  Smith  and  his  sons  Reuben,  Jabez,  Sam'l,  Harvey, 
Caleb,  and  Chauncey  W..  from  Canaan,  Conn.,  settled  on  Mili- 
tary Lots  20  and  21,  in  1794;  Richard  Ely  and  Grover  Smith,  a 
little  N.  of  Peach  Orchard,  and  Daniel  Everts,  8.  of  the  same 
place,  in  1798, — all  from  Salisbury,  Conn.  The  first  child  bom 
was  Pollj  £verta ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Stephen  Pratt  and 


Betsey  Livingston ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Wm.  Wickham 
The  first  school  was  taught  at  Peach  Orchard,  by  John  Living 
ston.  Wm.  Wickhsmi  kept  the  first  inn,  near  Peach  Orchard, 
and  John  B.  Seeley  the  first  store,  at  Hector  Falls.  The  first 
gristmill  and  carding  machine  were  put  in  operation  at  th« 
same  place,  by  Sam'l  B.  Seeley. 

*  The  census  reports  20  churches  in  town  ;  7  M.  E.,  8  Presb., 
3  Bap.,  2  Wes.  Meth.,  2  Friends,  0.  S.  Bap.,  Prot.  E.,  and  Chris, 
Cong. 

'  Henry  Switzer,  from  N.  J.,  settled  on  Switzer  Hill,  in  18()2, 
and  D.  Hewitt,  from  Rensselaer  co.,  N.Y.,was  the  first  settler  at 
Monterey,  in  1811.  Abner  and  Thos.  Hurd.  and  Brigham  Young, 
tho  Mormon  leader,  were  early  settlers  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the 

town.     Chapman,  Wm.  Wilkins,  Wm.  Do  Witt,   Andrew 

Foot,  Danl.  Chirtiss,  and  Jedediah  Miller  settled  on  Meads  Run 
in  1811.  Elsie  Swit7.er  waa  the  tir^t  cliild  born.  The  first  school 
was  taught  by  Dan'l  McDoupall.  in  1819.  near  Monterey.  Thofl. 
Hurd  kept  the  first  Inn,  In  ISlt),  at  Monterey,  and  Walter  Hurd 
the  first  store,  8.  w.  of  the  same  place. 

B  The  census  reports  4  churches  In  town ;  2  Bap.,  Preab.,  Mid 
M.  E. 


612 


SCHUYLER    COUNTY. 


READIIVG — was  formed  from  "  Frederickstown,"  (now  Wayne,  Steuben  co.,)  Feb.  17,  180G. 
It  lies  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Seneca  Lake,  and  is  the  central  town  upon  the  u.  border  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland  400  to  500  ft.  above  the  lake.  The  bluSs  upon  the  shore  are  very- 
steep  and  in  many  places  precipitous.  Its  streams  are  small  brooks  and  creeks.  The  soil  is 
mostly  a  clay  loam.  Reading  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches  and  24  dwellings;  Ire- 
landville  (Reading  p.  o.)  contains  11  dwellings.  A'ortb  Reading^  is  a  p.  o.  The  Elmira, 
Jefferson  &  Oanandaigua  R.  R.  traverses  the  town  upon  the  w.  shore  of  the  lake.  A  settlement 
was  made  at  Reading  Center,  by  Judge  John  Dow,  from  Conn.,  in  1790.'  The  first  church  (Bap. 
was  formed  by  Elder  John  Goff,  in  1810,  at  Reading  Center.' 

TYROHfE — was  formed  from  Wayne,  (Steuben  co.,)  April  16,  1822.  It  is  the  N.  w.  corner 
town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  an  elevated  upland  divided  into  several  ridges  by  the  valleys  of 
^streams.  Its  principal  stream  is  Mud  Creek,  flowing  s.  w.  Little  Lake,  upon  the  w.  border,  is 
3  mi.  long  and  about  1  wide;  and  Mud  Lake,  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  is  li  mi.  long  and  about  one-half 
mi.  wide.  These  lakes  lie  in  deep  valleys,  and  are  bordered  by  nearly  precipitous  hills  which  rise 
300  to  400  ft.  above  them.  The  soil  is  a  clay  loam.  Tyrone,  (p.  v.,)  a  little  e.  of  Mud  Lake, 
contains  2  churches,  1  gristmill,  2  sawmills,  2  tanneries,  several  manufiictories,  and  160  inhabit- 
ants; Weston,  (p.  V.,)  I  mi.  n.  w.  of -Tyrone,  contains  2  churches  and  177  inhabitants  ;  Altay, 
(p.  V.,)  a  little  E.  of  the  center,  contains  a  church,  tannery,  2  sawmills,  a  steam  flouring  mill,  and 
144  inhabitants;  Pine  Grove  (p. o.)  contains  a  church  and  6  houses.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  in  1800,  by  Gen.  Wm.  Kernan,  on  a  tract  of  4,000  acres,  purchased  by  Thos.  O'Conner.' 
The  first  church  edifice  (Union)  was  erected  by  the  Presb.  and  Bap.;  Rev.  Joseph  Crawford 
(Presb.)  and  Rev.  Van  Rensselaer  Wall  (Bap.)  were  the  first  preachers.* 

MOSITOUR — was  formed  from  Catharines,  March  23,  1860,  and  embraces  the  western  part 
of  the  former  town  of  Catharines,  including  the  village  of  Havana. 


Acres  of  Land,    Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  families,   freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Schuyler  County. 


Nahzs  of  Towns. 


Cathariaea 

Cayuta. 

Dix 

Hector. 

Orange 

Heading.... 
Tyrone 

Total 


Acres  of  Land. 


I, 


18,160 
4,875 
15,269 
45,904i 
20,32SJ 
12.8S2i 
16,917 


134,336i 


11.598 
7,168J 
7,326} 
15,851 
ll,3Wi 
3,726i 
6,023} 


62,999i 


Valuation  op  1858. 


$833,291 
74.836 
658,603 

1,520,513 
454,.542 
426,073 
666,555 


$157,100 
3,840 
39,766 
82,600 
47,444 
27,760 
35,850 


4,413,313     394.349     4,807,662 


$990,391 
78,6761 
698,268 

1,603,113 
481,986 
462,823 
602,406 


1,761  1,756  669  693 

324  294  118  119 

1,447  1,437  645  674 

2,801  2,828  1,090  1,102 

1,256  1,227  483  483 

736  716  266  277 

1,083  1,111  409  429 

9.408  9,309  3,682  3,677 


I 

I 

421 
130 
454 
988 
374 
237 
S42 


GS 


1,390 
208 
1,176 
2,126 
885 
4,83 
850 


Nakis  of  Tovns. 


Catharines. 

Cayuta. 

Dix 

Hector 

Orange 

Reading.... 

Tyrone 

Total. 


Live  Stock. 


«fl 


755 
176 
661 
2.048 
768 
680 
7121 


tt2 

1 1-5 
Bog 


1,682 
493 
1.624 
3,512 
1,800 
1,052 
1,265 


1,081 
326 
938 

2,393 

1,108 
702 

1.069 


6,700111,328    7,676  48,918 


g 


6,216 
1,399 
6,647 

16,495 
6,213 
6.261 

■  6,787 


« 


1.0491 
303' 
1,019| 
3.662; 
1,191 
834 
1,493 
9,46ll 


Agriccltdral  Pboddcts. 


BUBH.  O?  GBAIK. 


fe 


12,130 
1,321, 

ll,617i 

36,077  i 
8,007 
7,129 

11,317 


86,699i 


90,038 
20,606} 
S6,76U 
263.492 
96,762 
62,722J 
77,475i 


e 


2,737 

856i 
2,340} 
6.712i 
3,076 
l.SOli 
1,973 


17,996i 


11,964 
2,480 
12.771 
22,829 
20,400 
9,084 
1,628 


«5t 


21,368 
7,329 
12,099 
67,818 
9.670 
12,374 
22,681 


81,1061  143,229 


Dxiar  Prodccts. 


If 


798,963 


8,445 
1,880 
3,381 
8,988 
2.363 
3,932 
3,179 

32,168 


I  Si 

33— 

716 

897 

1.898i 

3,493 

2.6781 

1.304* 


ll,346i 


J  David  Culver  settled  near  Reading  Center,  in  1806,  and  Alex- 
ander Hinton,  near  Watkins,  in  isn;;.  The  firat  marriage  waa 
that  of  Elieha  Cnlver  and  Snflan  Divine;  and  the  first  birth, 
that  of  Minor  Culver.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Ira 
Parker,  at  the  Center.  David  Culver  kept  the  first  inn,  N.  of  the 
Center,  and  David  Culver,  jr.,  the  first  store,  at  the  same  place. 
Eliadia  Parker  erected  the  first  sawmill. 

2  The  ceuBUB  reports  3  churches ;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

8  Mr.  O'Conner  was  among  the  early  settlers,  and  resided  for 
ft  time  in  a  log  house  on  the  shore  of  Little  Lake.  He  was  ac- 
companied by  a  SOD  and  daughter,— the  former  of  whom  is  Hon. 


Charles  O'Conner,  the  eminent  New  York  lawyer.  Abraham 
Fleet,  sr.,  from  N.  J.,  and  Capt.  John  Seabring.  were  among  tho 
first  settlers  near  Tyrone  Tillage,  in  1800;  Thaddous,  Gersham, 
and  Abraham  Bennett  settled  about  1801.  Simon  Fleet  was  tho 
first  child  born  in  town.  The  firet  school  was  taught  at  Tyrone 
Village,  by  Hugh  Jameson ;  the  first  inn  waa  kept  by  Capt.  Wii- 
liams.  and  the  first  store  by  Thos.  O'Conner,  near  the  n.  w.  corner 
of  the  town.  Tho  first  mill  and  factory  were  erected  at  Tyrone 
Village  by  Ralph  Opdyke. 
•  The  census  reports  7  churches ;  3  Bap.,  2  Prosb  ,  and  2  M.  E. 


SENECA   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Cayuga,  March  29,  1804.  A  part 
of  Tompkins  was  taken  off  in  1817,  and  a  part  of  Wayne  in  1823. 
It  lies  w.  of  the  center  of  the  State,  centrally  distant  156  mi.  from 
Albany,  and  contains  420  sq.  mi.  It  occupies  the  greater  part  of 
the  land  which  lies  between  Seneca  and  Cayuga  Lakes,  and  extends 
,  several  mi.  n.  of  Seneca  Lake  Outlet.  A  high  ridge  enters  the  co. 
I  from  Tompkins  and  occupies  nearly  one-fourth  of  its  surface.  The 
summit  of  the  extreme  s.  portion  of  this  ridge  in  tliis  co.  is  700  to  800 
feet  above  Seneca  Lake  and  1,100  to  1,250  feet  above  tide.  Toward 
the  N.  it  gradually  declines  to  the  level  of  Seneca  Lake.  The  ridge 
is  bordered  in  some  places  by  steep  declivities  and  in  others  by 
gradual  slopes,  and  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  generally  terminates  in 
high  bluffs  on  the  shores  of  the  lakes.  At  the  foot  of  Seneca  Lake  the  bluffs,  on  an  average,  are 
about  20  feet  high  ;  but  toward  the  s.  they  gradually  rise  to  an  elevation  of  100  to  150  feet.  At  the 
foot  of  Cayuga  Lake  the  shore  is  low  and  shelving  ;  but  in  Romulus  a  bluff  shore  commences,  which 
gradually  increases  in  height  until  on  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  it  attains  an  elevation  of  150  to  200 
feet.  From  the  summits  of  the  bluffs  to  the  central  summit  of  the  ridge  the  land  generally  rises  in 
beautiful,  smooth,  gradual  slopes,  broken  in  a  few  places  by  sharp  declivities  of  a  terrace-like  forma- 
tion. From  Ovid  toward  the  n.  the  land  abruptly  descends  about  200  feet,  and  then  by  gradual 
slopes  to  the  level  of  Seneca  River.  The  region  immediately  N.  of  Seneca  Lake  Outlet  and  w.  of 
the  Cayuga  Lake  Outlet  is  level,  and  some  of  it  is  marshy.  In  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  is  a 
great  number  of  alluvial  ridges,  composed  principally  of  gravel.  These  ridges  extend  in  a  N.  and 
s.  direction  and  are  30  to  50  feet  high.  Their  declivities  are  generally  very  abrupt  toward  the  n., 
E.,  and  w.,  but  more  gradual  toward  the  s. 

The  geological  formation  of  the  co.  is  very  simple.  The  rocks  overlie  each  other  in  parallel 
layers  slightly  dipping  toward  the  s.  The  lowest  rocks  that  crop  out  in  the  co.  are  those  of  the 
Onondaga  salt  group,  including  both  the  red  shales  and  gypsum.  They  are  found  along  Seneca 
River,  where  the  gypsum  is  extensively  quarried.  Next  above  these  are  heavy,  compact  masses 
of  the  corniferous  limestone,  occupying  a  belt  of  country  2  to  3  mi.  wide  s.  of  Seneca  River.  The 
intermediate  waterlime  and  Onondaga  limestone  strata  are  developed  in  this  co.  only  in  very  thin 
and  scarcely  noticeable  layers.  The  corniferous  limestone  furnishes  a  building  stone  of  great  excel- 
lence and  is  extensively  quarried.  Next  in  order  come  the  Marcellus  and  Hamilton  shales,  occu- 
pying a  broad  belt  through  the  co.  and  extending  nearly  to  the  summits  of  the  ridges ;  the  Tully 
limestone,  a  layer  of  only  a  few  feet  in  thickness,  but  valuable  from  the  quantity  and  quality  of 
lime  manufactured  from  it;  and  the  Genesee  slate,  a  dark,  shaly  rock  which  crowns  the  summits 
of  the  southern  hills.  These  rocks  throughout  the  co.  are  covered  with  a  deep  deposit  of  drift,  con- 
sisting of  clay,  sand,  gravel,  and  hardpan,  and  crop  out  only  along  the  shores  of  the  lakes,  the 
narrow  ravines  of  the  streams,  and  the  steep  declivities  of  the  ridges.  In  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the 
CO.  this  drift  is  arranged  in  ridges  with  narrow  valleys  scooped  out  between  them.' 

The  principal  stream  is  Seneca  River,  forming  the  outlet  of  Seneca  Lake.  It  has  a  course  of  about 
14  mi.  between  the  two  lakes,  and  in  that  distance  falls  60  feet.  The  falls  are  principally  at  Waterloo 
and  Seneca  Falls,  furnishing  an  excellent  water-power  at  each  place,  but  much  the  greater  at  the 
latter.  From  Cayuga  Lake,  Seneca  River  flows  n.  e.  through  a  marshy  region  and  forms  a  portion 
of  the  E.  boundary  of  the  co.  Clyde  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Seneca,  flows  through  a  portion  of  the 
marshy  region  in  the  N.  E.  corner.  The  other  streams  are  all  small  brooks  and  creeks,  and  for  the 
most  part  are  rapid  torrents  flowing  in  deep  gulfs  worn  in  the  shaly  rocks.  They  are  frequently 
interrupted  by  waterfalls,  are  nearly  dry  in  summer,  and  are  subject  to  severe  freshets. 

Seneca  Lake,  the  w.  border  of  which  forms  the  greater  part  of  the  w.  boundary  of  the  co.,  is  35 
mi.  long  and  1  to  4  mi.  broad.  It  is  216  feet  above  Lake  Ontario  and  447  feet  above  tide.  It  occu- 
pies a  deep  valley  between  the  hills,  and  it  varies  in  depth  from  300  to  630  feet.  Its  shores  are 
generally  bold  ;  and  from  their  summits  the  land  slopes  gently  and  gracefully  upward  to  a  height 


1  The  position  and  character  of  ttiese  remarkable  ridges  seem 
to  indicate  that  the  wliole  repion  has  been  subject  to  tlie  force 
of  large  bodies  of  runuins  water  moving  in  a  southerly  direc- 
tion ;  and  it  has  been  coigectured  that  at  a  geological  period  im- 


mediately preceding  the  present  one,  the  waters  of  Lake  On- 
tario, then  much  above  its  present  level,  flowed  through  the 
vallnys  of  Seoeca  and  Cayuga  Lokea  and  discharged  into  the  Su». 
QUehanna. 

61.1 


614 


SENECA    COUNTY. 


of  200  to  700  feet  above  its  surface,  furnishing  some  of  the  most  quiet  and  beautiful  scenery  'n  the 
State,  This  lake  is  never  entirely  frozen  over.  Cayuga  Lake  occupies  a  parallel  valley  on  the  e. 
border  of  the  co.,  and  is  38  mi.  long  and  1  to  3J  mi.  wide.  It  is  00  feet  below  Seneca,  and  its 
greatest  depth  is  346  feet.  Near  the  foot  the  lake  is  very  shallow,  and  a  large  extent  of  land, 
immediately  adjoining  and  lying  along  the  course  of  its  outlet,  is  swampy.*  Further  s.  the  sliores 
are  bluff  and  the  country  is  of  the  same  general  character  as  that  bordering  upon  Seneca  Lake. 

The  soil  is  generally  of  a  very  excellent  quality.  The  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  of  the  drift  de- 
posits is  well  adapted  to  either  grain  raising  or  grazing.  The  lower  portions  of  the  ridges  are 
enriched  by  the  disintegration  of  tlie  rocks  above,  making  the  soil  very  productive.  The  lowlands 
bordering  upon  Seneca  Kiver  are  clayey  and  in  many  places  mixed  with  disintegrated  gypsum  and 
limestone.  North  of  the  river  have  been  found  extensive  marl  deposits  of  great  agricultural  value. 
North  of  the  foot  of  Seneca  Lake  is  a  sandy  region  once  considered  worthless ;  but  upon  trial  the 
soil  has  been  found  susceptible  of  being  made  productive  at  little  expense.  The  marshy  regions  w.  of 
Cayuga  Outlet  are  covered  with  thick  deposits  of  marl  and  muck.  Measures  have  been  instituted 
to  drain  these  marshes  ;  if  successful  a  new  and  exceedingly  fertile  region  will  be  added  to  the  pro- 
ductive lands  of  the  State. 

The  CO.  is  a  lialf-shire,  the  co.  seats  being  located  respectively  at  Ovid  and  Waterloo.^  The  court- 
house and  clerk's  office  at  Ovid  are  brick  buildings,  situated  in  the  e.  part  of  the  village.  The 
combined  courthouse  and  jail  at  Waterloo  is  a  brick  building,  situated  near  the  r,  r.,  fronting  the 
public  square,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  village.  The  co.  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  126 
acres,  upon  the  line  between  Seneca  Falls  and  Fayette,  4  mi.  s.  e.  of  Waterloo.^ 

Four  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.* 

The  public  works  of  the  co.  are  the  N.  Y.  Central  R,  R.,  extending  through  Seneca  Falls  and 
Waterloo,  and  the  Seneca  Canal,  extending  along  Seneca  River  through  the  same  towns.^  Above 
the  falls  at  Waterloo  the  canal  is  formed  by  slackwater  navigation  upon  the  river. 

The  lands  in  this  co.  were  lirst  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  whites  by  the  expedition  of  Sullivan, 
which  passed  along  the  banks  of  Seneca  Lake  in  1779.  Portions  of  the  land  at  that  time  had  been 
cleared  and  were  under  cultivation.  The  Indians  had  a  tradition  that  this  whole  region  had  once 
been  occupied  by  a  race  that  pursued  agriculture,  but  which  had  long  ago  disappeared.  Many  of 
Sullivan's  soldiers,  attracted  by  the  beauty  and  fertility  of  the  lauds,  after  the  war  settled  in 
various  parts  of  the  co.  The  first  settler.  Job  Smith,  who  located  at  Seneca  Falls  in  1787,  and  the 
second,  Andrew  Dunlap,  who  located  at*  Ovid  in  1789,  came  in  by  way  of  Chemung  River.  The 
third  settler,  Lawrence  Van  Clief,  who  settled  at  Seneca  Falls  in  1789,  came  in  by  way  of  Oneida 
Lake  and  Seneca  River.^     After  1790  settlement  progressed  rapidly,  and  the  most  fertile  lands 


1  Ttiis  swampy  region  is  the  euuthern  termination  of  the  noted 
Monteztimn  Marshes. 

2'riu'  ciiunty  seat  was  located  at  Ovid  upon  tlie  erection  of  the 
CO.  in  lSn4.  Tlie  courtbouee  was  built  in  1806.  Wniile  a  part 
of  OnoudiiRa  co..  in  1790,  courts  were  held  at  the  barn  of  An- 
drew Iiunlap.  in  1S17,  upon  the  erection  of  Tompkins  co..  the 
CO.  seat  was  removed  to  Waterloo :  but  in  1822  the  co.  was  divided 
into  two  jury  districts,  and  the  courts  have  since  then  been  held 
alternately  at  Ovid  and  Waterloo.  The  first  co.  officers  were 
Cornelius  Humphrey,  First  Judge;  Pilaa  Halaoy.  Clerk;  Wil- 
liam >'mith,  ShiTiff;  and  Jared  l^andf'tni.  Surrofjnfp.. 

8  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  Ciii,  fjupiiorti-d  at  a  weekly 

cost  of  S^ ■'10  each.    A  school  is  taupht  4  iiioutlia  in  the  year. 

The  e8talili>'hnnMit  aecma  to  be  pretty  wellarraTiged  and  mauaged. 

*  The  Seneca  Patriot,  the  first  paper  published  in  the  co.,  was 

started  at  Ovid  in  1815  by  Geo.  Lewis.     In  1816  it  was 

changed  to 
The  Ovid  Gazette.    Upon  the  change  of  the  co.  seat  in  1817,  it 

was  removed  to  Waterloo  and  changed  tn 
The  Waterlon  Guseitr,  and  was  continued  several  years  by  the 

original  proprietor. 
The  Senecxi  Farmer  was  started  at  Waterloo  in  1822  by  Wm. 

Child.     In  1832  it  was  removed  to  geneca  Falls  and 

united  with  the  Seneca  Falls  Journal. 
The  Waterloo  Republican  was  issued  a  short  time  in  1822. 
The  WaUHon  OhsfTver  was  started  in  1824  by  Charles  Sentell. 

It  was  siH)n  after  issued  ii  shnrt  time  as 
Thf  Ob^ni'er  and  Unvm.  and  was  subsequently  changed  to 
The  Seneca  Observer,  under  which  title  it  ia  still  issued 

b.v  till*  uiiginul  pmpi'ietor. 
The  Wri'iillt  ami  Ludifa'  Literary  Hepnsit^yri/ was  Issued  from 

tbe  ob-ierver  office  in  1831. 
The  Seneca  Hi'puhlican  was  established  at  Ovid  in  1827  by  Mi- 
chael Hayes.    In  1830  it  was  changed  to 
The  Ovid  CMzeftp  ami  Seneca  County  Itrgister,  and  was  issued  a 

Bh<irt  time  by  John  DiiflFy. 
The  SfVt'a    Falls   Jimrnat  was   commenced   in   1829  by  0.  B. 

Clark.     In  1S31  it  passed  into  the  hairds  of  Wm.  N. 

Brown,  and   in   1832  it  was  united  with  the  Seneca 

Farmer  and  changed  to 


The  Seneca  Farmrr  avd  Seneca  Falls  Advertiser,  and  was  issued 
by  Wm.  Child  until  1835. 

The  Western  Times  was  published  at  Waterloo  in  1830  by  Ebe- 
nezer  P.  Mason. 

The  Ovid  Emporiuvi  was  published  in  1S32  by  Bishop  Oren- 
shier. 

Tlie  Senecm  County  Courier  was  commenced  at  S&> 
neca  Falls  in  1837  by  Isaixc  Fuller  &  Co.  It  was  success 
ively  published  by  Fuller  Sl  Bloomer,  Mills  &.  Bloomer, 
Milh  k  Davis.  John  J.  Davis,  N.  J.  Milliken,  Milliken  k 
Fuller,  Milliken  &  Mumford,  Foster  &  Judd.  Fuller  & 
Jndd.  until  1850.  when  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Isaac 
Fullf^r,  its  present  publisher. 

The  Ovid  Bee  was  started  in  1838  by  David  Fairchild  k 
Son.  At  the  end  of  one  year  it  passed  into  the  hands 
of  the  son,  Corydon  Fairchild,  its  present  publisher. 

The  Seneca  Falls  Democrat  was  commenced  in  1839  by  Joeiah  T. 
Miller,  and  was  continued  10  years. 

The  Se7ieca  Democrat,  semi-w.,  was  issued  a  short  time  from  the 
same  office. 

The  Seneca  Falls  Refjiater  waa  commenced  in  1S33  by  J.  K. 
Brown,  and  was  continued  3  years. 

The  MemoHal  was  commenced  at  Seneca  Fall-*  in  1840  by  Ansel 
Bascom.  and  was  continued  until  1S46. 

The  Water  Huclet  waa  published  at  Seneca  Falls  by  an  associa- 
tion of  Washingtnnians  in  1841. 

The  Fne-Snl  Union  was  commenced  at  Seneca  Falls  in  Aug. 
1S48,  by  N.  J.  Milliken,  and  continued  about  1  year. 

The  Lily  was  ciinimenced  at  Seneca  Falls  in  1849  by  Mrs. 
Amelia  Bloomer,  and  waa  continued  until  1854,  when  it 
was  removed  to  Ohio. 

The  American  Reveille  was  commenced  at  Seneca 
Falls  in  .liiii.  lsr.,"i,  by  Wilcoxen,  Sherman  &  Baker.  In 
lSr)tMt  wiisimicliasedby  U.WiIcoxen,and  was  continued 
by  him  until  Jan.  1859.  when  it  passed  into  the  hands 
of  Holly  &.  Stowell,  the  preseut  publishers. 
6  The  first  locks  on  this  river  were  made  by  the  Seneca  Rivor 

Navigation  Company,  in  1815. 

*  ^Ir.  Van  Clief  was  one  of  the  100  men  dispatched  by  Sullivan 

under  Col.  Qausevoort,  directly  e.  from  the  head  of  Seoeca  Lake, 


SENECA    COUNTY. 


615 


were  speedily  occupied.  In  1791  the  State  Road,  known  as  the  "  Geneva  Road,"  was  built  from 
Whitestown  to  Geneva  ;  and  this  soon  became  the  great  highway  for  immigration.  This  co.  formed 
the  extreme  w.  portion  of  the  Military  Tract ;  and  many  of  the  early  settlers  were  old  soldiers  who 
had  diawn  their  portion  of  public  land  here. 


COVERT— was  formed  from  Ovid,  April  7,  1817.  Lodi  was  taken  off  in  1826.  It  lies  upon 
the  w.  shore  of  Cayuga  Lake,  in  the  s.  E.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  an  upland  descending 
from  its  w.  border  and  terminating  in  a  steep  and  almost  precipit<ius  bluff  upon  the  shore  of  the 
lake.  This  bluff  rises  100  to  200  feet  above  the  water,  and  the  summit  of  the  slope  is  about  400 
feet  higher.  The  town  is  watered  by  Trumansburg  Creek  and  many  smaller  streams,  flowing  into 
Cayuga  Lake.  These  streams  have  worn  ravines  in  the  slate  and  shales  to  the  depth  of  20  to  40  feet, 
the  sides  being  nearly  precipitous.  In  summer  they  are  nearly  dry,  but  during  heavy  rains  they 
become  fierce  mountain  torrents,  bounding  and  seething  in  their  confined  channels  and  leaping  from 
high  precipices  to  mingle  with  the  calm  and  peaceful  waters  of  the  lake.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly 
and  clayey  loam.  The  whole  surface  is  arable,  except  the  steep  declivities  of  the  lake  bluffs. 
Farnienille,  (Farmer p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  3  churches,  a  steam  sawmill,  foundery, 
and  machine  shop.  Pop.  350.  Covert,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  s.E.  part.  Halls  Corners,  near  the 
center,  and  Helleys  Corners,  in  the  n.  w.,  are  hamlets.  Port  Deposit  (Trumansburg 
Landing  p.  o.)  is  a  steamboat  landing  near  the  s.  E.  corner.  The  first  settler  was  Philip  Tremaine, 
who  located  at  Goodwins  Point  before  1793.'  The  first  religious  services  were  held  at  the  house 
of  Mr.  King,  by  Elder  Thomas ;  the  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1805.^ 

PAYETTE — was  formed  from  Romulus,  as  "  Washington,"  March  14,  1800.  Its  name  was 
changed  April  6,  1808.  Junius  was  taken  off  in  1803.  It  lies  on  the  s.  bank  of  Seneca  River  and 
extends  from  Seneca  to  Cayuga  Lake.  Its  surface  is  rolling  and  inclined  toward  the  N.  From 
Seneca  Lake  the  land  beautifully  slopes  upward,  forming  some  of  the  most  delightful  situations 
for  residences  in  the  co.  Upon  Cayuga  Lake  the  shores  are  lower  and  in  some  places  are  marshy. 
The  highest  point  in  tovm  is  about  200  feet  above  Seneca  Lake.  The  streams  are  mostly  small 
brooks  flowing  with  rapid  currents,  and  at  a  few  places  furnishing  limited  water-power.  In  some 
parts  the  corniferous  limestone  is  extensively  quarried,  both  for  lime  and  for  building  purposes.  The 
soil  is  a  deep,  rich  loam,  composed  of  clay,  gravel,  and  sand.  Near  Canoga  Village  is  an  immense 
spring  in  a  basin  14  feet  in  diameter,  and  from  it  flows  sufiicient  water  to  form  a  large  and  valuable 
water-power.  The  spring  also  emits  nitrogen  gas.  Cano^a,^  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  E.  part,  on  Cayuga 
Lake,  contains  2  churches,  a  gristmill,  2  sawmills,  and  197  inhabitants.  Soutli  Waterloo,  a 
suburb  of  Waterloo,  on  the  s.  bank  of  Seneca  River,  contains  I  church  and  597  inhabitants. 
BearytO^n,  (Fayette  p.  o.,)  on  the  line  of  Varick,  is  partly  in  this  town.  West  Fayette, 
in  the  s.  w.  corner,  and  Rose  Hill,  in  the  w.  part,  are  p.  ofiices.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
by  James  Bennett,  from  Penn.,  who  located  upon  the  shore  of  Cayuga  Lake  in  1789.*  Red  Jacket, 
the  Seneca  chief  and  orator,  was  born  near  Canoga  Spring.     There  are  8  churches  in  town.' 

jriVIUS— was  formed  from  "  Washington,"  (now  Fayette,)  Feb.  12, 1803 ;  WoliSbtt  ("Wayne  co.) 
was  taken  off  in  1807,  Galen  (Wayne  co.)  in  1812,  and  Seneca  Falls,  Tyre,  and  Waterloo  in  1829. 
It  is  the  N.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  In  this  town  are  numerous  small,  isolated  gravel  and  clay 
ridges  30  to  75  ft.  high,  all  extending  jn  a  general  N.  and  s.  direction.  The  numerous  small  streams 
that  drain  the  town  flow  N.  into  Clyde  River.  Among  the  narrow  valleys  in  the  E.  jiart  is  a  limited 
amount  of  swamp  land.  The  soil  is  a  good  quality  of  gravelly  loam.  Dublin,  (Junius  p.  o..) 
N.  w.  of  the  center,  contains  1  church  and  25  dwellings.  West  Junius  is  a  p.  o.  near  the  s.  w. 
corner.  Thorntons  Corners  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  Thos.  Bedell 
and  Jesse,  Sam'l,  and  David  Southwick,  about  1795.'  The  first  church  (Cong.)  was  formed  io 
1811 ;  three  years  after  it  was  changed  to  a  Presb.     There  are  also  2  M.  E.  churches  in  town. 

I<ODI — ^was  formed  from  Covert,  Jan.  27,  1826.   It  borders  upon  Seneca  Lake,  and  is  the  s.  w. 


to  lay  waste  the  lands  of  tho  CayuKaH,  Onondagae,  and  Oneidaa 
that  had  prnviouflly  fscaped  destructi'in. 

1  Amone  the  other  ear)y  settlera  were  Nathaniel,  Reuben,  and 
Bassler  King,  from  Dutchese  co.,  in  1793  ;  Jonathan  Woodworth 
and  sona  Neheraiah,  Charles,  and  Oliver,  and  daughter  llehorah, 
fiX)m  Norwich.  Conn..  Miner  and  Joseph  Thomas,  in  1794  ;  and 
Turtellns  King,  in  1795, 

'This  was  the  first  church  formed  in  the  co.  The  census  re- 
ports 4  churches ;  2  Bap.,  Univ.,  and  Kef  Prot.  D. 

•  The  name  of  the  village,  derived  from  that  of  the  spring,  ia 
an  Indian  word  stud  to  signify  "  sweet  water.'' 


<  Samuel  Bear  settled  at  "  SchoyeR,"  now  South  Waterloo,  about 
1795.  Wm.  Watkins  kept  tlie  first  inn.  at  South  Waterloo,  and 
Samuel  Bear  built  the  first  grist  and  saw  mill,  at  the  8.ime  place 

5  2  Presb,,  2  M.  E.,  2  Lutheran,  2  lief.  Prot.  D. 

•  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  families  named  Shei- 
man.  Chapman,  Brownwell,  Fiak,  Moore,  French,  Maynard, 
Thorn,  and  Hart, — mostly  from  New  England.  The  first  death 
was  that  of  Mrs.  Submit  Southwick.  wife  of  Samuel  Southwick, 
in  1S02.  Joseph  Moody  kept  the  first  store,  at  Dublin.  He  waa 
an  Irishman  ;  and  hence  the  name  of  the  village. 


616 


SENECA    COUNTY. 


corner  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  inclined  toward  the  w.  and  n.,  a  small  portion  only 
lying  E.  of  the  summit.  The  bluff  bordering  upon  Seneca  Lake  is  150  to  250  ft.  above  the  surface 
of  the  water ;  and  the  highest  part  of  the  central  ridge  is  500  ft.  higher  and  about  1,200  ft.  above 
tide.  The  principal  streams  are  Mill  Creek,  flowing  N.  w.  through  near  the  center,  and  Sheldrake 
Creek,  in  the  n.  w.  corner.  Mill  Creek  separates  the  highlan^  into  two  distinct  ridges,  the  decli- 
vities being  very  abrupt.  Upon  this  stream  are  several  fine  cascades.  Lodi  Falls,  where  the  creek 
li;aps  down  the  precipitous  bluff  which  borders  upon  the  lake,  are  125  ft.  high.  The  water  has 
worn  a  deep  and  irregular  channel  in  the  shale  rocks  one  mi.  back  from  the  face  of  the  bluff.  The 
soil  is  principally  a  gravelly  loam  mixed  with  the  disiutegr.ited  rocks.  liOdi,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N. 
part,  contains  2  churches,  a  gristmill,  and  380  inhabitants ;  Toivnsendville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  E. 
part,  a  church  and  20  dwellings.  L.odi  Center  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet.  liOdi  Liaiiding'is  on 
Seneca  Lake,  at  the  mouth  of  Mill  Creek.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Geo.  Faussett,  from 
Penn.,  who  settled  in  the  s.  w.  part  in  1789.^     There  are  5  churches  in  town.^ 

OVIO — was  formed  March  5,  1794.  Hector  (Schuyler  co.)  was  taken  off  in  1802,  and  Covert 
in  1817.  It  lies  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.,  and  extends  from  Seneca  to  Cayuga  Lake.  Its  surface 
consists  of  an  arable  ridge,  600  ft.  above  Seneca  Lake  and  about  1,100  ft.  above  tide,  descending 
from  w.  of  the  center  toward  the  lakes.  The  bluffs  upon  the  lakes  are  20  to  50  ft.  high,  and 
nearly  perpendicular.  A  great  number  of  small  streams  flow  into  both  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Lakes, 
the  principal  of  which  are  Sheldrake,  Osborn,  Groves,  and  Barnum  Creeks  on  the  E.,  and  Sixteen 
Falls  Creek  on  the  w.  These  streams  have  all  worn  deep,  ragged  ravines  in  the  yielding  shales. 
They  are  frequently  interrupted  by  cascades,  and  in  summer  are  nearly  dry.  The  soil  consists 
principally  of  clay  and  gravel  intermixed  with  sand  and  the  disintegrated  rocks.  Ovid,  (p.  v.,) 
near  the  n.  line,  contains  a  courthouse,  co.  clerk's  oftice,  3  churches,  the  Ovid  Academy,'  a  steam 
mill,  and  ax  factory,  and  about  050  inhabitants,  Ovid  Lianding'  is  just  over  the  town  line  in 
Romulus.  Slieldralie  Point,  (Sheldrake  p.  o..)  a  steamboat  landing  upon  Cayuga  Lake, 
contains  a  church,  steam  sawmill,  boat  yard,  and  168  inhabitants.  Ovid  Center  contains  20 
houses.  Kidders  Ferry,  (p.  o.,)  near  thes.  e.  corner,  and  Scotts  Corners,  near  the 
center,  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  May,  1789,  by  Andrew  Dunlap,  from  Penn., 
■who  located  on  Lot  8,  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  town.'  The  first  religious  services  were  held  at  the 
house  of  Abraham  Covert,  in  1794.  The  first  settled  preacher  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  John  Lindsley, 
in  1800.*  The  New  York  State  Agricultural  College  and  farm  are  located  on  the  n.  line  of  this 
town,  w.  of  the  village."     In  the  s.  part  of  the  town  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fortification.' 

ROMUtillS— was  formed  March  5,  1794.  Fayette  was  taken  off  in  1800,  and  Varick  in  1830. 
It  lies  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.,  and  extends  from  Seneca  to  Cayuga  Lake.  Its  surface  is  rolling 
or  moderately  hilly  and  has  a  general  northerly  inclination.  The  high  bluff  from  Ovid  extends  into 
the  s.  border  of  the  town,  where  it  drops  down  abruptly  about  200  ft.  The  land  elopes  from  tie 
center  downward  to  the  E.  and  w.  The  streams  are  small  and  generally  flow  in  deep  channels. 
The  surface  is  smooth,  except  along  the  courses  of  the  streams,  and  is  nearly  all  arable.  The  soil 
is  a  fertile,  gr.avelly  and  clayey  loam.  Romulus,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line  of  Varick,  contains  a  church, 
steam  sawmill,  female  seminary,  and  36  dwoilings.  Hysitts  Corners,  in  the  s.  e.,  contains  20 
dwellings.  Roniiilus  Center  is  a  p.o.  WSsitneys  lianding  is  a  station  upon  Cayuga  Lake; 
and  Cooleys  and  Freleiglis  Points  and  Ovid  Landing  are  stations  upon  Seneca  Lake. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  by  David  Wisner,  in  1789.     There  is  but  one  church  (Bap.)  in  town. 


1  Mr.  Faussett  liroiight  in  his  family  in  1700.  .las.  .Jackson,  from 
Penn.,  flettlfd  in  the  n.w,  part  in  1789;  Silas  Ilalsey,  from  L.  I., 
near  Lodi,  in  1792.  The  next  ycir  his  sous  and  sons-in-law 
and  their  families,  numberiiij;  IS  persons,  came  in.  The  first 
child  horn  was  a  daughter  of  Geo,  Faussett.  Peter  Smith  kept 
the  first  inn.  and  Silas  Ilalsey  hnilt  the  first  gristmill,  in  1794. 

2  3  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Ref.  Prot.  D. 

3  In  1S55  the  name  of  this  institution  was  changed  to  the 
.Seneca  Collegiate  Institute. 

<The  first  settlers,  mostly  from  Penn.  and  N.  .1..  followed  the 
trail  of  Sullivan's  army  and  located  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town. 
Among  them  were  Wm.  Dunlap  and  .Toseph  Wilson,  from  Penn., 
Peter  Smith,  from  N.  J.,  and  Uenry  Wharton,  in  1789;  Abraham 
Covert  and  his  son  Abraham  A.,  from  N.  ,T.,  in  1790;  Elij.ah 
Kinne.  fi'om  Dutchesa  co.,  and  John  Seely,  from  Saratoga  co.,  in 
1792;  NicliolxH  and  Kichard  Huff,  Peter  Hughes,  Abraham  De 
.Mott  and  his  -son  James,  in  1793;  and  William  and  Robert  Dun- 
lap and  Teunis  Covert,  in  1794.  In  the  summer  of  1795.  Jonas  C. 
Baldwin  settled  on  Lot  11.  where  he  remained  until  ISOl,  when 
he  sold  out  and  removed  to  Lysander,  Onondaga  CO.,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  Baldwinsville.  The  first  child  born  waa  David. 
8"n  of  Andrew  Dunlap,  Feb.  2,  1793;  and  the  first  death  was 
Uiat  of  George  Dunlap,  brother  of  .\ndrew,  Sept.  24,  1791.    A 


triple  marriage  in  1793  was  the  first  in  town.  The  parties  were 
Joseph  Wilson  and  Anna  Wyckoff;  Abraham  A.  Covert  and 
Catherine  Covert;  and  Enoch  Stewart  and  Jane  Covert.  They 
were  obliged  U>  cross  Seneca  Lake  to  find  a  justice  authorized  to 
perform  the  ceremony.  Benj.  Monger  taught  the  first  .sch-xil.  in 
1795 ;  John  McMath  kept  the  first  store,  in  1797,  and  the  first  inn, 
in  ISnO;  and  B.  Boardman  erected  the  first  mill,  in  1793.  on  Lot  2. 

6  There  are  now  in  town  7  churches ;  2  Presb.,  2  M.  E.,  Ref. 
Prof.  D.,  Bap.,  and  K,  C. 

*  This  institution  was  incorporated  in  1853;  and  Ihe  buildings 
are  now  in  process  of  erection.  They  were  designed  by  S.  >:. 
Hewes,  of  .\lhany.  and  consist  of  a  main  building  90  ft.  front  and 
132  deep,  having  a  wing  on  eiich  side  84^  by  60,  and  transverse 
wings  58  by  128.  It  is  designed  to  accommodate  alwut  400  stu- 
dents.   The  farm  contains  (JOO  acres. 

^  On  Lot  29,  within  i  mi.  of  the  S.  line  of  the  town,  and  ex- 
actly on  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  two  lakes,  once  exis[eil 
a  mound  or  fortification  of  an  irregular,  elliptical  form,  in- 
closing about  3  acres,  and  surrounded  by  an  embankment  of 
earth,  which  in  1801  was  about  3  feet  in  height,  with  a  base  5 
to  8  feet  in  width.  The  present  proprietor,  (ieorge  Bo  Dine,  with 
his  father,  removed  here  in  1802,  and  built  a  liou.se  within  the 
inclosed  space,  where  he  haa  since  resided  until  within  a  few 


SENECA    COUNTY. 


617 


SEjVCCA  FAL.L.S— was  formed  from  Junius,  March  26,  1829.  It  lies  upon  the  w,  hank  of 
Cayuga  Lake,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  nearly  flat,  and  it  is  elevated  30  to  50  ft. 
above  Cayuga  Lake.  The  shores  of  the  lake  are  low  and  shelving,  and  the  n.  portion  is  swampy. 
Seneca  River  flows  e.  and  n.  through  the  center  of  the  town,  its  valley  dividing  the  town  into  two 
distinct  parts.  The  river  flows  over  a  series  of  ledges  into  a  deep  chasm  apparently  worn  by  its  waters. 
Just  E.  and  s.  w.  of  the  village  are  extensive  gypsum  quarries.  The  soil  is  a  stiff,  hard  clay  in  the  s.  and 
E.,  asandy  loamin  theN.w.,  aud  a  heavy  vegetable  muck  in  the  n.e.  Seneca  Falls,  (p.v.,)^  upon 
Seneca  Kiver,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  April  22, 1831.  It  is  a  station  upon  the  N.  Y.  C. 
R.  R.  and  the  Seneca  Canal.  The  total  fall  is  51  feet,  and  furnishes  an  abundance  of  water-power, 
which  is  largely  improved.  It  contains  7  churches,  the  Seneca  Falls  Academy,  a  union  school,  2  news- 
paper ofiBces,  extensive  manufactories  of  fire  engines,  pumps,  machinery,  iron,  and  woolen  goods,  and 
a  great  variety  of  other  articles.^  Pop.  about  4,000.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Job  Smith,  from 
Ulster  CO.,  upon  the  present  site  of  the  village  in  1787 ;  he  left  in  1793.  The  first  permanent  settler 
was  Lawrence  Van  Clief,  in  1789.^  The  first  religious  services  were  held  by  M.  E.  missionaries, 
about  1797 ;  and  the  first  regular  minister  was  Rev.  Matthew  Stewart,  (Presb.,)  in  1804.* 

TYRE— was  formed  from  Junius,  March  26,  1829.  It  is  the  n.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  The 
E.  half  is  a  swamp,  being  the  s.  termination  of  the  Montezuma  Marshes.  The  w.  half  is  occupied 
by  peculiar  drift  ridges  similar  to  those  already  described  in  Junius.  These  ridges  arc  30  to  50 
feet  high,  and  generally  have  very  steep  declivities  upon  all  sides  except  the  s.  One  of  the  longest 
of  these,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  extends  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  distance  from  the  s.  line  to  the 
N.  Its  summit  is  nearly  level ;  and  the  road  which  is  located  upon  it  appears  as  though  built  upon 
an  artificial  embankment.  The  soil  is  clay  and  muck  in  the  e.  and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  w. 
Tyre  City,  (Tyre  p.  o.,)  near  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  20  dwellings.  Ci;uso  is 
a  p.  0.  on  the  n.  line.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Ezekiel  Crane,  from  N.  J.,  who  came  in 
1794.^     The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  formed  in  1805.     Elder  Don  Ralph  was  the  first  preachci'.^ 

TARICK — was  formed  from  Romulus,  Feb.  6, 1830.  It  extends  from  Seneca  to  Cayuga  Lake, 
across  the  center  of  the  co.    Its  surface  is  slightly  inclined  toward  the  n.    The  slopes  of  the  ridges  are 


yeare.  The  work  was  evidently  of  great  antiquity, — the  timber 
on  the  inside  being  of  the  same  size  and  apparent  age  of  that  in 
the  surrounding  forest.  Upon  the  bank  and  in  the  ditch  large 
oak  trees — the  growth  of  centuries — were  standing.  In  the 
embankment  were  several  openings  a  few  feet  in  width,  which 
were  once  probably  used  for  gates  or  entrancea.  In  making  an 
excavation  for  a  cellar,  on  the  e.  Bide,  6  skeletons  were  found  at 
the  depth  of  about  2  feet.  This  was  in  1857.  Several  had  been 
found  previously  ;  and,  though  all  the  softer  parts  of  the  bones 
bad  long  since  disappeared,  the  teeth  and  a  few  of  the  larger 
bones  still  remained.  Inside  of  the  embankment  may  still  be 
found  pieces  of  a  coarse  kind  of  pottery,  ornamental  pipes,  &c. 
T>e  Witt  Clinton  visited  this  place  in  1810 ;  and  his  theory  ifi 
that  this  was  one  of  a  number  of  similar  works  of  defense  found 
occupying  the  most  commanding  positions  in  Western  New  York, 
and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  erected  by  a  race 
more  civilized  than  the  Indians,  and  that  they  preceded  the 
latter  in  the  occupation  of  this  country:  their  origin  and  end 
are  alike  a  mystery ;  their  annals  defy  the  ken  of  human  re- 
search, and  their  history  will  remain  a  sealed  book  perhaps  for- 
ever. Tlie  Indians  were  never  able  to  give  any  account  of  this 
fortiflcatiiin,  as  it  was  older  than  their  traditions. 

I  Named  from  the  falls  in  the  river,  the  Indian  name,  "Sha- 
Be-o«nse."  signifying  rolling  water. 

8  Downs  &  Co.'s  manufacturing  estaliHshment,  commenced  in 
1840,  has  a  capital,  including  real  estate  and  machinery,  of  about 
$200,000.  They  are  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  pumps 
and  a  great  variety  of  other  articles,  use  annually  3.800  tt^tns  of 
irnn,  I, .^00  tons  of  conl.  and  employ  230  hands.  Their  yearly 
eab'S  amount  to  about  $400,000.  They  also  manufacture  Goffe's 
Patent  Knitting  Machine,  and  are  largely  eng:(ged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  hose,  turning  out  800  pairs  per  day ;  70  persons  are 
empli'yed  in  this  department.  The  Island  Works  of  Silsby, 
Mynderse  &  Co.,  commenced  in  1S48.  is  eng;aged  in  the  manu- 
faotare  of  steam  firo  engines,  portable  steam  engines,  and  a 
variety  of  other  machinery.  It  employs  150  persona,  and  turns 
out  work  to  the  amount  of  $200,000  per  year.  Cowing  &  Co.'s 
works  commenced  about  1840.  They  are  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  file  engines,  pumpa,  and  various  other  articles, — 
emjdoy  140  men,  and  turn  out  work  yearly  to  the  amount  of 
$125,000.  The  Fhcenix  Woolen  Mills  givt-s  employment  to  90 
persons,  and  manufiictures  goods  to  the  amount  of  S1'''0.*'00  per 
annum.  Besides  these,  there  are  in  the  place  several  flouring 
mills,  h.iving  in  the  aggicgate  32  runs  of  stone,  2  distilleries,  a 
br.'wery,  2  planing  mills,  5  founderie.s  and  machine  shops,  a 
scythe  and  fork  factory,  a  woolen  factory,  and  several  minor 
niai.ufactories.  About  50  tons  of  iron  are  used  daily  in  the 
B.veial  manufactories. — American  Rex'eilh,  Srneca  fhlls,  1^59. 

1  Mr.  Smith  was  the  first  white  settler  upon  the  Military 
Tract.    Mr.  Van  Cliof  was  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  having  been 


in  the  battles  of  White  Plains,  with  Washington  at  Valley  Forge 
and  with  Sullivan  in  his  campaign  against  the  Indians.  Ho 
settled  on  the  river,  and  engaged  in  piloting  boats  over  tho 
rapids  until  the  lucks  were   built  in  1S15.    Among  the  other 

early  settlers  were  James  Bennett,  Col.  John  Harris,  and 

Parker.    The  fir.st  child  born  was  a  daughter  of  Lawrence  Van 

Clief,  Nov.  29.  1790;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  . Ely  and 

Pamela  Parkhurst.  in  1796;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs. 
Job  S'mith,  in  1702,  The  first  school  was  taught  by  — 
Leonanl,  in  1797.  Lawrence  Van  Clief  kept  the  first  inn,  ia 
17^4;  and  Col.  Wilhelmus  Mynderse  kept  the  first  store,  in 
1795,  and  built  the  first  saw  and  grist  mill,  about  the  same 
time.  In  1794,  P.obert  Trout,  Kichohvs  Gonverneur,  Stephen  N. 
Bayard,  and  Klkannb  Watson,  under  the  title  of  the  Bayard 
Company,  bought  of  the  State  100  acres  of  land  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  river,  embracing  the  greater  part  of  the  water-power  upon 
that  side.  In  179S  they  purchased  250  acres  on  the  s.  side,  and 
in  1809,  C50  acres  more  on  the  same  side,  th"  two  purchases 
embracing  nil  the  water-power  upon  that  side  of  the  river.  In 
1816  they  bonght  450  acres  more  on  the  n.  side.  Completing  the 
purchase  of  the  water-power.  In  1795  the  company  sold  a  one- 
fifth  intei"Ost  in  their  purchase  to  Col.  Mynderse,  and  constituted 
hiiii  their  agent.  In  1795  the  "  Upper  lied  Mills*'  were  erected 
under  his  direction;  and  in  1807  the  "Lower  ited  Mills"  were 
erected.  The  Co.  refused  to  sell  th?ir  land,  neglected  to  improve 
the  immense  water-power  that  they  owned,  and  in  1S25  broke 
down,  and  the  property  was  sold  for  about  one-fifth  of  its  cost. 
In  1829-30  the  manufacturing  interests  of  tho  place  began  t*t 
increase.  About  that  time  a  paper  mill  was  erected  by  Chauncey 
M.<irshali.  G.  V.  Sackett,  and  Ansel  Bascora;  a  cotton  factory,  by 
Judge  Sackett;  a  machine  shop,  by  McClary  &  Halliday;  and  ft 
dork  factory,  by  Marshall  &  Adams.  Until  the  locks  w>re  built, 
in  1815,  tho  most  important  business  of  the  place  was  that  of 
transporting  goods  and  boats  around  the  rapids.  The  "  dress 
reform"  movement  w;is  commenced  in  this  town  by  Mrs.  Amelia 
Bloomer,  who  adopted  the  dress  known  as  the  Bloomer  Dress  in 
1849. 

<  The  censns  reports  7  churches  in  town;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Wes. 
Meth.,  Prot.  K.,  Presb.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  and  R.  C. 

6  Asher  Ilalsey,  from  N.  J.,  came  in  1798.  Among  the  other 
early  settlers  were  Stephen  Crane,  Peter  and  Ezra  Degarm-), 
Kobert  Gould,  Thos.  Susson,  Lewis  Winans,  and  Thos.  W.  linfkf 
velt.  The  first  child  born  was  Danl.  Crane;  the  first  marriage, 
that  of  James  Cook  and  Betsey  Woodworth ;  and  the  firf  t  flfvtth, 
that  of  Ezekiel  Crane.  Nancy  Osman  taught  tho  first  school, 
in  1804.  Stephen  Crane  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1809;  Nicholas 
Traver  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1807,  and  Noah  Davis  the  first 
gristmill,  in  1817. 

fl  There  are  4  churches  in  town;  Disciples,  Bap.,  M.E.,  and 
Ref.  Prot.  D. 


618 


SENECA    COUNTY. 


80  gradual  that  nearly  every  part  is  arable.  The  streams  are  all  small.  I^ear  the  center  of  the  town 
is  a  cranberry  swamp,  occupying  about  800  acres.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam  intermixed  with  clay. 
Bearytown,  (Fayette  p.  o.,)  upon  the  line  of  Fayette,  in  the  n.e.  part,  contains  3  churches,  a 
steam  sawmill,  stave  factory,  and  128  inhabitants,  of  whom  51  are  in  this  town.  Romulus 
(p.  V.)  lies  on  the  s.  border.  East  Varlck  (p.  o.)  is  a  landing  upon  Cayuga  Lake.  MeDuffie 
Town  is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  E.  corner.  Varick.  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  by 
James  McKuight,  in  1789.'     There  are  3  churches  in  town ;  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  M.  E. 

"WATERLOO— was  formed  from  Junius,  March  26,  1829.  It  lies  on  the  n.  bank  of  Seneca 
Kiver,  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  almost  one  unbroken  flat.  A  marsh  extends  e. 
and  w.  through  the  town  s.  of  the  center,  and  another  occupies  the  N.  E.  corner.'  The  bed  of  Seneca 
River,  on  the  s.  boundary,  is  almost  level  with  the  general  surface.  The  soil  is  muck  and  clay 
in  the  n.  and  e.,  gravel  along  the  n.  border,  and  a  sandy  loam  in  the  center  and  w.  Waterloo, 
(p.  v.,)  on  Seneca  River,  near  the  e.  border  of  the  town,  was  inoorp.  April  9,  1824.  It  is  a  station 
upon  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  and  upon  the  Seneca  Canal.  A  fall  of  24}  feet  in  Seneca  River  furnishes 
an  excellent  water-power,  which  is  mostly  improved.  It  is  a  half-shire  of  the  co.,  and  contains  the 
courthouse,  6  churches,  the  Waterloo  Union  School,  a  bank,  a  large  shawl  factory,'  3  distilleries,  2 
malt  houses,  3  flouring  mills,  5  sawmills,  2  founderies  and  machine  shops,  2  oil  mills,  and  nume- 
rous other  manufactories.*  Seneca  Rivtr  above  the  falls,  being  seldom  frozen,  is  navigable  through- 
out the  year.  This  village  is  an  important  depot  of  lumber  from  the  s.  w.  cos.,  and  of  coal  from  the 
Susquehanna  and  Blossburg  Mines.  Pop.  3,050.  Soutll  Waterloo,  formerly  called  "Schoyes," 
is  on  the  opposite  side  of  Seneca  River,  in  Fayette.  Settlement  was  commenced  by  John  Greene, 
from  R.  I.,  in  1789.'    The  first  religious  services  were  held  about  181G.° 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,   Population,  Dwellinys,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricidtural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Seneca  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 

Acres  op  Land.  1  j 

VAIC4TI0N  OF  1858. 

Population. 

1 
1 

s 

1 

Schools. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

816,199 
,437,614 
706.478 
696,511 
916,147 
793,589 
,479,6.50 
402.243 
761,261 
,029,876 

it 
II 

160,016 

100,616 

34,2.50 

67,770 

201.393 

148,000 

481,315 

18,li» 

62,376 

359,750 

"e 

5 
1 

S 

"o 

1 

3 
16 
8 
9 
9 
12 
10 
7 
11 
7 

il 

894 

1,165 
690 
424 

1,022 
856 

1,905 
648 
725 

l.,574 

16.646} 
27.106i 
13.172} 
17.112 
14.251 
17,977J 
11.78U 
10.1)02} 
15.606J 
8.093i 

3,274J 

6,425 

3,304 

4,4S3 

3,812}: 

6.600  1 

2,316  1 

8,4:!8| 

4.468 

3.815 

976,214 

1,538,129 
740,728 
7cU,2Sl 

1,117,.540 
941.689 

1,960.866 
420.343 
813.626 

1.389.625 

1.146 
1.7US 

713 
1,016 
1,098 

979 
2,5U 

717 

858 
1,964 

12,710 

1,0.S4 
1,662 

702 
1,002 
1,176 

900 
2,473 

702 

865 
2,082 

418 
613 
269 
401 
424 
342 
8.36 
279 
340 
747 

432 
653 
2'.I6 
402 
439 
360 
956 
283 
343 
781 

351 
491 
228 
298 
374 
251 
619 
212 
271 
626 

Fayette 

Ovid 

Tyre 

Varick 

Waterloo 

Total 

151,949}    46.936}  "9.039,357 

1,623,.683    10,662,940 

12,648 

4.669 

4.944    3,621  I 

102 

9,802 

Names  of  Towns. 

Live  Stock. 

Aqeicdltural  Proddcts. 

1 

•il 

o.S 
160 
CS5 
471 
101 
282 
462i 
99 
747S 
217 

.5 

i 

3 

i 

Bu3H.  or  OauN. 

1 
> 

II 

■s- 

It 
^^ 
2o.*>+8 
21,623 
11,295 
17,734 
26,718 
20.024 
12,966 
20,690 
12,809 
10,766 

Dairy  Pro 

DDCTO, 

1 

o> 

lb 

"1  « 

Citvert   

679 
1,390 
731 
763 
683 
862 
660 
677 
756 
492 

1,207 
1,689 
889 
1,183 
983 
933 
631 
854 
717 
874 

73'- 

1,311 

727 

731 

8oa 

75S 
69f 
62f 
381 
46£ 

3.576 
8,290 
6.623 
3.4.50 
3,9ia 
0.134 
4,042 
4,016 
4,276 
3,559 

47,634 

1,117 
3,272 
1.410 

i.on 

1,167 
1.261 
4.245 
1,019 
1,350 
1,080 

16.990 
36.082 
17.870 
13.611 
16,129 
10.682J 
12,7.53S 
13.5.33 
14,653 
7,379 

115.334 
194.820 

97.287 
101.248 
101,851 
143.746i 

67.435} 

80.960} 
112.246 

68,097i 

1,551 
4,146 

2,049 

1,9S.S 

1.711i 

2.160} 

2,029i 

2,0431 

1,5705 

1,631 

3.197 
6.206 

13.718 
4.612 
3.549 
1.989 
4.769 

10.023 
1.706 

23,886 

70,239 
140.312 
83..500 
68.295 
60,068 
09,136 
63,095 
72,346 
62,467 
36,126 

1,650 
400 

6,290 
414 
700 
700 

1,676 

1,793 
70 

1,320 

Lodi 

Rotnulua 

Tntrtl 

7,497 

9  860'  7,13t 

17,632 

159,6.83 

l,b83.12 

U 

20,879}!  72.644 

175,'. 

78 

706, 

574 

13,812 

3,216 

3  Tlip  fir^t  child  born  was  a  son  of  James  McKnight.  in  1790. 

4  The  waters  of  Black  Brook  which  flow  through  the  ceutral 
Bwampy  n^gion  are  impregnated  with  earthy  ami  vegetable 
niatter,  which  gives  to  them  the  peculiar  quality  of  clearing  the 
inside  of  steam  boilers  of  the  incruntations  ot  sulphate  and  car- 
honate  of  lime  resulting  from  the  use  of  havd  water. 

^  The  Waterlou  Woolen  Manufacturini;  Co.  was  organized  in 
1836,  with  a  c.ipital  of  $150.000 :  iiOO  to  '^^0  hands  are  employed ; 
300.000  lbs.  of  wool  are  used,  and  40.0(.iO  long  shawls  are  annu- 
ally manufactured.  This  is.  next  to  the  Bay  State  Mills,  the 
largest  shawl  factory  in  America. 

0  Among  these  establishments  is  a  pliwter  mill,  boatyiird,  and 
drydock.  4  copper,  tin.  and  sheet  iron  factories,  a  fanning  mill, 
uid  washboard  factory,  and  2  cabinet  and  furniture  ehops. 


'  Ajnong  the  other  early  settlers  were  Jabez  Oorham,  from 
Ballston,  (Saratoga  co.,)  who  located  upon  the  present  site  of 
the  village.  Salmon  Bisbrow,  from  Saratoga  co,,  came  in  about 
the  same  time.  The  first  child  born  was  John  Smith,  in  1S08; 
the  first  marriage,  that  of  Job  Smith  and  Miriam  Gorham.  in 
1799;  and  the  first  deaths,  those  of  John  Gregory  and  Jaraen 
Hull,  two  Revolutionary  soldiers,  who  drew  luts  in  Ihis  town, 
settled  upon  them,  and  both  died  about  180S.  Isaac  Gorham 
taught  the  first  school,  in  1810;  Jabrz  Gorham  kept  the  firs! 
inn,  about  179:');  Charles  Swift,  the  first  store,  in  ISlo;  and 
James  Bear  built  the  first  mill,  in  1794. 

8  The  census  reports  6  churches  in  town;  Presb.,  Prot.  E., 
Kef.  Prot.  D.,  M.  E.,  Disciples,  and  Friends. 


STEUBEN^  COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Ontario,  March  18, 1796,  and  named 
in  honor  of  Baron  Steuben.  The  7th  Range  of  Townships  was 
annexed  to  Allegany  co.  March  11,  1808,  the  part  in  the  fork  of 
Crooked  Lake  to  Ontario  co.  Feb.  25,  1814,  a  part  of  Dansville  to 
Livingston  co.  Feb.  15,  1822,  a  part  of  Reading  to  Yates  co.  in  1824, 
and  a  part  to  Schuyler  co.  April  17, 1854.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border 
i]f  the  State,  considerably  w.  of  the  center,  is  centrally  distant  188 
mi.  from  Albany,  and  C(-)ntains  1,425  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  mostly  con- 
sists of  ridges  and  high,  rolling  uplands,  forming  the  northern  con- 
tinuation of  the  Allegany  Mts.  The  watershed  between  Lake  On- 
tario and  Susquehanna  River  extends  from  Allegany  co.  eastward 
across  the  N.  part  of  the  co.  The  deep  valley  of  Crooked  Lake 
breaks  the  continuity  of  the  highlands  and  extends  17  mi.  s.  w.  from  the  head  of  the  lake,  connecting 
with  the  Conhocton  Valley  at  Bath,  and  forming  one  of  the  numerous  natural  passes  between  the 
southern  valleys  and  the  basin  of  Lake  Ontario.  The  highlands  occupying  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the 
CO.  also  form  a  portion  of  the  watershed,  being  drained  by  branches  of  Canisteo  River  on  the  E.  and 
of  Genesee  River  on  the  w.     The  highest  summits  in  the  co.  are  about  2,500  feet  above  tide.' 

The  upland  region  has  nearly  a  uniform  elevation,  with  a  slight  inclination  toward  the  N.  It  is 
intersected  by  numerous  deep  valleys,  which  have  evidently  been  excavated  by  the  action  of  water." 
The  formation  of  the  steep  hillsicj^s  which  border  upon  these  valleys  is  such  as  to  prove  conclusively 
that  they  were  once  united,  and  that  a  wide,  rolling  plateau  spread  over  the  region  now  so  irre- 
gular and  broken.  The  principal  of  these  valleys  are  those  of  Canisteo  and  Conhocton  Rivers,  ex- 
tending nearly  n.  w.  and  s.  E.  through  the  co.  From  these  valleys  numerous  others  diverge  at 
nearly  right  angles  and  branch  off  into  countless  deep,  crooked  ravines,  intersecting  the  plateau  in 
every  direction.  The  hills  that  bo'rder  upon  these  valleys  are  usually  steep  and  300  to  GOO  feet  high 
Conhocton  River  ilow.s  s.e.  through  near  the  center  of  the  co.  In  high  water  it  was  once  navigable 
for  arks  14  mi.  above  Bath.  It  receives  from  the  s.  w.  Neils,  Bennetts,  Campbells,  Stockton,  Jlichigan, 
and  Stevens  Creeks,  and  from  the  n.  E.  Twelve  Mile,  Ten  Mile,  Five  Mile,  (or  Kauona,)  Mud,' 
and  Pleads  Creeks.  Canisteo  River  flows  through  a  valleys,  w.of  the  Conhocton  and  nearly  parallel 
to  it.  In  freshets  it  rises  6  to  8  feet,  and  is  then  navigable  for  boats  and  arks  about  40  mi.  Its 
chief  tributaries  are  Canacadea,  Crosby,  Purdy,  Bennetts,  Col.  Bills,  and  Tusoarora  Creeks, 
all  from  the  s.  w.  Tioga  River  rises  in  Penn.,  flows  N.  through  a  deep,  wild  mountain  val- 
ley, and  unites  with  the  Canisteo  at  Erwin,  and  with  the  Conhocton  at  Painted  Post,  from  the 
latter  place  the  combined  stream  taking  the  name  of  Chemung  River.*  Canaseraga  Creek,  flowing 
N.,  drains  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the  co. ;  and  several  small  streams  rising  in  the  s.  w.  corner  form 
branches  of  Genesee  River.  Crooked  Lake  lies  along  the  n.  e.  border,  in  a  deep  valley  nearly 
surrounded  by  steep  hills  500  to  800  feet  high.  Little  Lake  lies  in  a  shallow  valley  along  the  e 
border  of  the  town  of  Waj-ne.  It  discharges  its  waters  s.  into  Mud  Lake,  and  through  Mud  Creek 
into  Conhocton  River.  Loon  Lake,  in  Wayland,  lies  in  a  valley  which  is  the  southern  continuation 
of  the  valley  of  Hemlock  Lake  in  Livingston  co.  Still  further  s.,  in  the  same  valley,  is  Mud  Lake,  a 
small  sheet  of  water,  the  outlet  of  which  flows  s.  and  empties  into  the  Conhocton. 

The  shales  and  sandstones  of  the  Portage  group  outcrop  in  all  the  deep  ravines  in  the  n.  part  of 
the  CO.  and  in  the  w.  bank  of  Crooked  Lake.  Elsewhere,  the  Chemung  group  composes  most  of  the 
surface  rocks.  Near  the  State  Line  the  highest  hills  are  capped  with  a  coarse,  silicious  conglome- 
rate, which  forms  the  floor  of  the  coal  measures."    A  feeble  brine  spring  is  found  at  La  Grange, 


1  Tho  following  elevations  have  been  determined,  principally 
by  aetuftl  siirvevs:  Crooked  I.ake,  718  feet;  Corning,  925;  Vil- 
lage of  Hath,  1,090;  IIornellsTille.  1,160;  Arkport,  1,19-1;  sum- 
mit iK'tween  Mud  Lake  and  Bath,  1.579;  summit  between  Batli 
and  Arkport,  1,S4*3:  summit  between  Arkport  and  Angelica, 
2,062:  Troupsburgh  Hills,  2,600. 

2  These  valleys  must  have  been  excavated  by  more  powerful 
currents  of  water  than  now  flow  through  them ;  and  their  for- 
mation l>elongs  to  the  drift  period  of  geology. 

*  Mud  Creek  is  the  outlet  of  Mud  Lake,  in  Schuyler  co.  At 
the  first  settlement  of  the  co.  this  stream  was  navigable,  and 
arks  were  floated  from  Mud  Lake  down  the  creek  and  the  Con- 
hocton to  the  Susquehanna,  and  thence  to  the  Baltimore  market. 
Since  the  clearing  of  the  foresta,  this  stream  has  entirely  failed 


for  purposes  of  navigation,  and  now,  in  summer,  it  is  almost 
dry. 

*  These  streams  were  all  much  larger  before  the  destniction 
of  the  forests.  In  time  of  high  water  the  early  settlers  describe 
them  as  being  "full  from  hill  to  hill," 

6  The  rocks  of  this  CO.  are  generally  of  a  shaly  nature  ana 
not  fit  for  use.  There  are  a  few  e,xrfplions.  however,  ()ne  mi. 
N.  of  Bath  is  a  stratum,  '-i  feet  tliiek.  of  a  tough,  argill*>-calca. 
reons  rock,  forming  an  excellent  building  stone.  In  Woodlinll, 
Canist'Ki,  and  Jasper  the  sandstone  ledges  furnish  an  exc-Ii-nt 
quality  of  grindstones.  At  Arkport,  in  Dansville,  and  Troups- 
burgh  are  marl  beds,  from  which  lime  is  manufactured. — Geiji, 
ith  Dist.,  pp.  isa,  m. 

fil9 


G20 


STEUBEN     COUNTY. 


and  sulphur  springs  in  Campbell,  Jasper,  and  Urbana.  The  soil  in  general  is  composed  of  detritus 
of  the  adjacent  rocks,  and  is  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  tillage.  Upon  the  intervales  along  the 
larger  streams  the  soil  is  a  fertile  alluvium.  The  extensive  fiats  upon  the  Chemung  are  among 
the  finest  agricultural  lands  in  the  State.  Agriculture  forms  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people. 
Grain  is  largely  produced  on  the  alluvial  lands,  and  stock  is  extensively  raised  on  the  uplands. 
Stock  and  wool  growing  and  dairying  are  the  principal  branches  of  agriculture  pursued.  Lumber- 
ing is  still  extensively  carried  on, — though  it  is  gradually  decreasing.  The  manufactures  are  prin- 
cipally confined  to  lumber,  articles  of  wood,  and  the  heavier  and  coarser  products  necessary  to  an 
agricultural  region. 

The  CO.  is  divided  into  the  northern  and  southern  Jury  Districts,  the  co.  buildings  being  respect- 
ively situated  at  Bath  and  Corning.^  The  courthouse  at  Bath  is  a  commodious  brick  building, 
erected  in  1828.^  The  jail  is  built  of  wood  and  closely  surrounded  by  other  buildings.  The  cells 
for  prisoners  are  in  the  basement,  and  are  not  provided  with  any  means  of  ventilation.  Its  arrange- 
ments show  a  culpable  neglect  and  an  entire  disregard  of  the  general  sentiments  of  the  co.  and  of 
the  age.  The  co.  clerk's  office  is  permanently  located  at  Bath.  The  courthouse  at  Corning  is  a 
fine  brick  edifice,  erected  in  1853-54  at  a  cost  of  $14,000.  The  jail  at  Corning  was  erected  at  the 
same  time.  The  courts  are  held  alternately  at  Bath  and  Corning.  The  co.  poorhouse  is  located 
upon  a  farm  of  214  acres  about  2  mi.  n.  e.  <»f  Bath  Village.'  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  75 ; 
and  they  are  supported  at  an  average  weekly  cost  of  §1.00  each.  The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of 
about  S2,000.     No  instruction  is  afforded;  but  the  children  of  proper  age  are  bound  out. 

The  New  York  &  Erie  R.  R.  enters  the  co.  from  Chemung  and  extends  along  the  valleys  of  the 
Chemung,  Tioga,  and  Canisteo  Rivers  to  Hornellsville,  and  the  Canacadea  to  the  w.  border  of  the 
CO.  It  passes  through  Corning,  Erwiu,  Addison,  Rathbone,  Cameron,  Canisteo,  and  Hornellsville.* 
The  Buff'alo,  N,  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  extends  n.  w.  from  Corning  up  the  Conhocton  A^'alley,  through 
Erwin,  Campbell,  Bath,  Avoca,  Cohocton,  and  Wayland,  to  the  i^  border  of  the  co.  This  road  in- 
tersects the  Genesee  Valley  R.  R.  at  Avon,  the  N.  Y.  Central  at  Batavia,  the  Buff'alo  &  New  York 
City  at  Attica,  and  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  at  Corning.  The  Hornellsville  Division  of  the  Buffalo,  New 
York  &  Erie  R.  R.  extends  n.  w.  up  the  valley  of  the  Canisteo  from  Hornellsville,  passing  through 
that  town  and  the  s,  w.  corner  of  Dansville.  The  Blossburg  &  Corning  R.  R.  extends  from  Corn- 
ing, through  Erwin  and  Lindley,  s.  along  the  Tioga  Valley  to  the  Blossburg  coal  region.  Crooked 
Lake  is  navigated  by  steam  and  canal  boats,  and  forms  a  link  in  the  chain  of  the  internal  water 
communication  of  the  State.  It  is  united  with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Montezuma  by  Crooked  Lake 
Canal,  Seneca  Lake,  and  the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canals,  The  Chemung  Canal  navigable  feeder 
extends  from  Corning  e.  to  Horseheads,  in  Chemung  co.  Considerable  lumber  is  floated  down  the 
rivers  and  finds  a  market  at  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore.  These  various  works  of  internal  im- 
provement afford  ample  facilities  for  the  transportation  of  goods  and  passengers,  and  bring  the 
farm  products  of  the  co.  into  close  proximity  to  the  Eastern  markets. 

Seven  newspapers  are  published  in  the  co.^ 


5  upon  the  orRanization  of  the  Co..  in  1796.  the  co.  building;s 
were  located  at  Bath.  A  wood  courthouse,  one  and  a  half 
stories  hi.Lih.  with  two  wings,  was  erected  the  same  year.  It 
was  removed  in  ls2S  and  the  present  hrick  courthouse  erected. 
About  the  time  of  the  erection  of  the  first  conrthoiise,  a  jail  was 
built  of  hewn  logs,  wliich  was  snpersi^d*?il  liy  the  erection  of  the 
present  jail  in  lE>45.  By  an  act  of  the  Lej^islature,  passed  July 
19, 1853.  the  co.  was  divided  into  two  jury  districts,  and  the  co. 
buildings  for  the  soufhyni  district  were  located  at  Coruinj^. 

-  Tho  first  CO.  officers  were  William  Kersey.  Fird  Judge; 
Abraham  Bradley  and  Eleazur  Lindley,  Associa/^  Judges ;  Geo. 
D.  Cooper,  Co.  Clerk;  William  Dunn,  Sheriff;  and  Steplien  Ross. 
Surrngate. 

3Tliis  establishment  consisted  of  3  buildintra.— one  of  brick 
and  two  of  wocd. — containing  altogether  31  rooms.  Iti  Sept. 
1S59,  the  two  frnme  buildings  were  burned,  and  6  persona,  in- 
mates of  the  establisliment,  perished  in  the  flames. 

*  This  road  was  opened  to  Corning,  .Ian.  1,  1850,  and  to  Hor- 
nellsville. Sept.  3  of  the  same  year. 

6  Tlie  Jialh  Ga:ette  and  Genesee  JdvTtiser,  the  first  paper 

published  in  Western  New  York,  was  established  at 
Bath  by  Wm.  Kersey  and  .lamus  Eddie  in  1796,  and 
was  continued  several  years.  In  6  months  from  its 
first  issue  its  circulation  had  reached  luoo  copies. 

The  Steuben  and  AUfguny  Patriot  was  started  at  Hath  in  1S15 
by  Benj.  Smcjid,  and  was  continued  until  1S22.  It  was 
then  chani^ed  to 

Iht  Farmer!^  Advocate  and  Steuben  Advert isfir.  In  1849  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  William  C.  Ulaiades.  Hiid  in  1S57  into 
those  of  P.  S.  Donahe,  by  whom  it  is  uuw  published 
as 

THe  Steuben  Pariuers'  Advocate. 


Tfie  I'hrmers*  Gazette  was  commenced  at  Bath  in  1816  by  David 
Kumsey. 

The  Steulien  Afcssenger  was  started  at  Bath.  April  17, 182«.  by 
David  Kuinsey,  and  was  published  by  him,  Saml.  M. 
Eddie,  Wm.  P.  Agnel,  and  Chas.  Adams  successively 
until  1S34,  when  its  name  was  changed  to 

The  Const tludonalLit,  and  its  publication  was  continued  success- 
ively by  R.  L.  Underhill,  Whitmore  &  Van  Valken- 
burtih,  and  Dowe  &  Richards,  and  by  the  last  named 
firm  as 

The  St'tdn'n  Democrat,  until  1844.  The  paper  was  then  gus- 
pt^nded.  In  1S4S  it  was  renewed  by  L.  J.  Beach,  and  in 
1^41.1  it  was  transferred  bo  Geo.  11.  Bidewell,  by  whom 
the  publication  wius  continued  until  1852. 

The  Steulhn  Whig  w;i3  publishe^l  at  Bath  during  the  political 
caTiipaign  of  1S2S,  liy  William  M.  Swain. 

TUe  Steuben  Courier  was  established  at  Bath  In  1S43 
by  Hull  &  Whitteiuore.  It  is  now  published  bv  H.  IJ. 
I  lull. 

The  Tempernnce  G^m  was  published  at  Bath  in  1854,  by  Jenny 
and  Caroline  Rumsey. 

The  Addi.wn  Rpxord  was  published  in  Addison  bv  Isaac  D.  Booth 
from  1S40  to  1842,  and  in  1S4',1  by  Drvden  &.  Peck. 

The  Addhon  Advocate  was  published  by  H.  D".  Dyer  in  1S48-49. 

r/ic  Voice  nfthe  Nation  was  commenced  at  Addison  hy  II.  Den- 
ton in  1852.  In  1855  the  paper  passed  to  Anthony  L. 
Underhill,  by  whom  it  was  published  until  1^56,  when 
it  was  removed  to  Bath  and  its  name  changed  to 

The  Steuben  American,  and  its  publication  continued  until  May, 
1867. 

The  Canistiio  Express  was  published  at  Addison  In  1850  by  T. 
Messenger. 


STEUBEN    COUNTY. 


621 


Steuben  co.  was  all  Included  in  the  Phelps  and  Gorham  Purchase.  It  was  sold  by  Phelps  and 
Gurham  to  Robert  Morris,  who  conveyed  it  to  Sir  Wm.  Pulteney  and  others,  in  London.  The  terri- 
tory was  surveyed  into  townships  and  lots  by  Wm.  Bull,  for  the  Pulteney  estate,  in  1792-93.  Sales 
were  made  by  townships,  at  18  and  20  cts.  per  acre.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  1787-90, 
by  immigrants  from  "Wyoming,  Penn.,  who  located  upon  Chemung  River,  in  the  s.  e.  part  of  the  co. 
These  early  settlers  were  originally  from  Conn.  About  1790,  settlements  commenced  in  the  w. 
part,  adjoining  Yates  co.  In  1792-93,  Capt.  Chas.  Williamson,^  agent  of  the  Pulteney  estate, 
commenced  a  settlement  at  Bath.  He  was  accompanied  by  a  large  number  of  Scotch  and  German 
immigrants;  and  under  his  energetic  and  liberal  policy  the  settlement  progressed  with  great 
rapidity.  The  greater  patt  of  the  early  settlers  came  from  Penn.  by  way  of  Susquehanna  and 
Chemung  Rivers.  Subsequently  large  numbers  came  from  Eastern  New  York,  New  England,  and 
New  Jersey.^  The  co.  was  divided  by  the  Court  of  General  Sessions,  in  1796,  into  6  towns,  viz.: 
Bath,  Canisteo,  Dansville,  Frederickstown,  Middletown,  and  Painted  Post,  comprising  the  terri- 
tory now  forming  31  towns  of  this  co.  and  parts  of  Allegany,  Yates,  Livingston,  and  Schuyler 
cos.  In  1790  the  population  was  168 ;  in  1800  it  was  1,788;  and  in  1855,  62,965.  In  extent  of 
territory  and  in  agricultural  wealth  it  now  ranks  among  the  first  cos.  in  the  State.^ 


ADDISOIV^ — was  formed,  as  '* Middletown  "  in  March,  1796.  Its  name  was  changed  April  0, 
1808.  A  part  of  Troupsburgh  was  taken  off  in  1808,  Cameron  in  1822,  a  part  of  Woodhull  in 
1828,  and  a  part  of  Rathbone  in  1856.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  just  e.  of  the  center. 
The  surface  is  mostly  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  valley  of  the"  Canisteo  and  its  branches.  The 
principal  valley  is  about  IJ  mi.  wide  and  is  bordered  by  steep  hillsides  300  to  400  feet  high.  The 
principal  streams  are  Canisteo  River,  and  the  Tuscarora,  Elks  Lick,  and  Goodhue  Creeks.  Goodhue 
Lake,  covering  an  area  of  about  500  acres,  lies  in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  princi- 
pally a  clay  loam,  with  strips  of  gravel  and  alluvium  upon  the  streams.  Addison,  {p.  v.,)  situated 
on  Canisteo  River,  contains  3  churches,  a  bank,  several  mills  and  manufacturing  establishments. 
Pop.  about  1,300.    South  Addison  (p.  v.]  contains  18  dwellings.    Addison  Dill  is  ap.o. 


The  Addisrm  Journal  was  started  in  1R51  by  R.  Denton,  and  was 
removed  to  Allegany  co.  in  1S52. 

The  AdtJixnn  Democrat  was  commenced  by  Chas.  L.  Phelps  in 
lRf.:i.  and  was  merged  in  The  Voice  of  the  Nation  in  1864. 

The  Addison  Advertiser,  established  in  1858  by  E. 
M.  Johnson  &  Henry  Baldwin,  is  still  published. 

Th^  C'lrniiig iiwl  Bloashurg  Adi'ocatewRS  commenced  at  Com- 
ing in  1S40  by  Chas.  Adama.  In  1841  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Henry  H.  Hnll,  by  whom  it  was  merged,  in 
1843.  in  the  Steuben  Courier,  at  Bath. 

The  Corning  Jonrnal  was  commenced  by  Thomas  Mes- 
R»-ng«TiuMay,1847.  In  1851  it  passed  to  A.  W.  McDow- 
ell and  G.  W".  Pratt,  and  in  1852  to  Dr.  Pratt,  its  pre- 
sent publisher. 

The  Ckn-nivg  Sun  was  started  in  1853  by  M.  M.  Pomeroy  and  P. 
C.  Van  Gelder.  In  1854  Rev.  Ira  Brown  became  the 
publisher,  and  changed  its  name  to 

The  Elmira  S-nithern  Tier  Fanner  and  Coming  Sun,  and  con- 
tinued it  until  1856. 

The  Uniifd  .SYa/cs  Farmer  was  published  at  Corning  in  the  spring 
ons5(). 

The  Corning  Democrat  was  established  in  1857  by 
Chas.  T.  Huston.  It  is  now  pnblished  by  Prank  B. 
Brown. 

The.  Painted  I^st  Gazette  was  started  by Fairchild  in  1846, 

and  continued  1  year. 

The  Painted  Post  Herald  was  published  by  Hawley  &  Bennett 
from  18+8  to  isr)0. 

The  Hornellsville  Tribune  was  commenced  In  Not. 
1851,  by  Edwin  Hough.  It  is  now  published  by  E, 
Hough  k  Son. 

The  Natifmal  Amprican  was  established  at  nornellaville  in  1856 
by  C.  M.  Harmon.  In  Nov.  1858,  it  was  sold  to  Chas. 
A.  Kinney,  and  its  name  changed  to  the 

Canisteo  Valley  Journal* 

A   paper  was  published   for  a  time  at  Hammondsport,  on 

Crooked  Lake. 

*  Capt.  Williamson  was  a  Scotchman,  and  an  officer  in  the 
British  24th  regiment  of  infantry  during  the  period  of  the  Revo- 
lution ;  but  lie  did  not  ser^'o  in  the  war.  in  consequence  of  having 
boon  made  a  prisoner  by  the  French  while  crossing  the  Atlantic, 

*  "  A  large  proportion  of  the  first  settlers  upon  the  Canisteo 
were  from  Penn.,  and  had  within  them  a  goodly  infusion  of  that 
boistHrous  spirit  and  love  of  rough  play  for  which  the  free  and 
manly  sons  of  the  backwoods  are  everywhere  famous.  On  the 
Susquehannft  frontier,  before  the  Kevolution,  had  arisen  an 
Bthletic,  scuffling,  wrestling  race,  lovers  of  hard  blows,  sharp 
shooters,  and  runners,  who  delighted  in  nothing  more  than  in 


those  ancient  sports  by  which  the  backs  and  limbs  of  all  etont 
hearted  youths  have  been  tested  since  the  days  of  Hercules. 
The  eating  of  bears,  the  drinking  of  grog,  the  devouring  of  ho- 
miny, venison,  and  all  the  invigorating  diet  of  the  frontiers,  the 
hewing  down  of  forests,  the  paddling  of  canoes,  the  fighting  of 
savages,  all  combined  to  form  a  generation  of  yeomen  and 
foresters  daring,  rude,  and  free.  Canisteo  was  a  sprout  from 
this  stout  stock,  and  on  the  generous  river  flats  flourished  with 
amazing  vigor.  Kvery  thing  that  could  eat,  drink,  and  wrestle 
was  welcome, — Turk  or  Tuscarora,  Anak  or  Anthropophagus, 
Blue  Beard  or  Blnnderbore.  A  'back  hold'  with  a  Ghoul  Mould 
not  have  been  declined,  nor  a  drinking  match  with  a  Beraerkir. 
Since  the  Centaurs  never  has  there  been  better  specimen  of  a 
'half  horse'  tribe.  To  many  of  the  settlers  in  other  parts  of  tho 
country,  who  emigrated  from  the  decorous  civihzation  of  the 
East  and  South,  these  boisterous  foreigners  were  objects  of  asto- 
nishment. When  '  Canesteer'  went  abroad,  the  public  soon 
found  it  out.  On  the  Conhocton  they  were  known  to  some  as 
the  Six  Nations,  and,  to  the  amusement  and  wonder  of  yonng 
Europeans,  would  sometimes  visit  at  Bath,  being  of  a  social 
dispo.sition,  and  sit  all  day,  '  singing,  telling  stories,  and  drink- 
ing grog,  and  never  get  drunk,  nayther.'  To  the  staid  and  de- 
vout they  were  Arabs, — cannibals.  Intercourse  between  the 
scattered  settlements  of  the  colony  was,  of  course,  limited  mainly 
to  vinits  of  necessity ;  but  rumor  took  the  fair  fame  of  Canisteo 
in  hand,  and  gave  the  settlement  a  notoriety  throngh  all  the 
land  which  few  '  rising  villages,'  even  of  the  present  day,  enjoy. 
It  was  pretty  well  understood  over  all  the  country  that  beyond 
the  mountains  of  Steuben,  in  the  midst  of  the  most  rugged  dis- 
trict of  the  wilderness,  lay  a  corn  growing  valley,  which  had 
been  taken  possession  of  by  some  vociferous  tribe,  whether  of 
Mamelukes  or  Tartars  no  one  could  precisely  say,  whose  whoop- 
ing and  obstreperous  laughter  was  heard  far  and  wide,  surprising 
the  Bolitudee." — McMasters's  Bist.  Steuben  co.,  pp.  66-7-8. 

8  This  CO.  sympathized  to  some  extent  in  the  hostile  feeling 
that  prevailed  throughout  the  Holland  Land  Company's  Pur- 
chase toward  its  European  proprietors  a  few  years  since;  but  in 
no  instance  were  the  processes  of  the  courts  seriously  impeded 
or  effeetually  resisted,  and  juries  have  never  refused  to  render 
for  the  proprietors  as  the  facts  warranted.  There  was  doubtless 
little  interest  felt  by  the  foreign  owners  in  this  estate  beyond 
that  of  realizing  the  greatest  Rim  possible  from  their  lands ;  and 
the  heavy  burdens  of  debts,  interest,  assignments,  and  back  pay- 
ments, perhaps  not  always  borne  with  patience,  have  been 
gradually  discharged,  until  but  a  comparatively  small  amount 
remains. 

*  Named  in  honor  of  Joseph  Addison,  the  English  author. 
Called  "  TWcarora"  by  the  early  settlers. 


C22  STEUBEN    COUNTY. 

The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Samuel  Rice,  in  1791.'    The  first  church  (M.  E.)  was  organized 
in  1827,  at  East  Hill.^ 

AVOCA* — was  formed  from  Bath,  Cohocton,  Howard,  and  Wheeler,  April  12,  1843.  It  is  an 
interior  town,  lying  N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  mostly  a  broken  upland,  divided 
into  two  ridges  by  the  valley  of  the  Conhocton.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  steep,  and  their 
summits  are  about  400  feet  above  the  river.  The  streams  are  Conhocton  River  and  its  tributaries 
Twelve  Mile  and  Ten  Mile  Creeks  from  the  n.,  and  Bennetts  and  Neils  Creeks  from  the  s,  w. 
The  valley  of  the  river  is  about  1^  mile  wide.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam. 
Avoca,  (p'V.,)  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Conhocton,  is  a  station  on  the  B.,  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R. 
It  contains  2  churches,  an  iron  foundery,  and  a  flouring  mill.  Pop.  301.  Wallace  (p.  o.)  is  a 
station  on  the  B.,  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1800,  by  Michael  Buchanan.* 
There  are  2  churches  in  town ;  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

BATH^ — was  formed  March  18,  1796.  Pulteney  was  taken  off  in  1808,  a  part  of  Howard  and 
Cohocton  in  1812,  a  part  of  Wheeler  in  1820,  Urbana  in  1822,  a  part  of  Avoca  in  1843,  and  a  part  of 
Cohocton  in  1852.  A  part  of  Urbana  was  annexed  April  26,  1839.  It  lies  a  little  n.  e.  of  the  center 
of  the  CO.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  hilly.  The  Conhocton  Valley,  extending  s.  e,  through  the  center, 
divides  the  town  into  two  nearly  equal  parts.  The  s.  half  is  a  hilly  upland,  and  the  n.  half  con- 
sists of  a  series  of  wide  valleys  broken  by  several  steep  and  isolated  hills.  The  streams  are  Con- 
hocton River  and  its  tributaries  Five  Mile  and  Mud  Creeks  from  the  n.,  and  Campbells  and 
Stocktons  Creeks  from  the  s.  The  Crooked  Lake  Valley  extends  n.  w.,  and  opens  into  the  Conhoc- 
ton Valley  at  the  village  of  Bath,  340  feet  above  the  lake.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a  gravelly  and  clayey 
loam,  with  a  deep  alluvium  in  the  valleys.  Batb,  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  12,  1816,  is  situated  upon 
the  N.  bank  of  the  Conhocton.  It  is  a  half-shire  of  the  co.  It  commands  the  trade  of  a  rich  agri- 
cultural district  and  has  a  manufacturing  business  of  considerable  importance.  It  contains  the 
CO.  buildings,  6  churches,  2  banks,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  Pop.  2,012.  Kanona,^  (p-^.,) 
N.w.  of  Bath,  a  station  on  the  B.,  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.,  contains  2  churches  and  40  houses;  and 
Savona,^  (P-"^-))  s. e.  of  Bath,  a  station  on  the  same  r.  r.,  contains  2  churches  and  232  inhabit- 
ants; Sonora  (p.  v.)  contains  1  church  and  20  houses.  Unionville  is  a  hamlet  in  thes.  part. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Bath  Village,  in  1793,  by  Charles  AVilliamson,  land  agent  for  the 
Pulteney  estate,  with  15  families,  mostly  Scotch  and  Germans.^  The  first  settled  minister  waa 
Ri'v.  -Jiibn  Niles,  who  mOved  to  the  town  in  1807.* 

BRADFORD^^— was  formed  from  ''Jersey,''  (now  Orange,  Schuyler  co.,)  April  20,  1836.  A 
part  was  annexed  to  Orange,  April  17,  1854.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  e.  border  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  valley  of  Mud  Creek.  Mud  Lake,  near  the  e.  border, 
in  Schuyler  co.,  is  1,100  feet  above  tide,  and  the  summits  of  the  hills  are  about  600  feet  above  the 
lake.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam  and  best  adapted  to  pasturage.  Brad- 
ford,  (p.v.,)  on  the  outlet  of  Mud  Lake,  in  the  n.  e.  part  of  the  town,  contains  1  church  and  a 
gristmill  and  has  a  pop.  of  260.     I^iith  Bradford  (p.v.)  contains  1  church  and  20  houses. 


1  Among  tbe  first  settlers  were  Elisha  Gilbert,  Sanil.  and 
Reuben  Searls,  John  and  Isaac  Martin,  Wm.  Wonibaugh,  Wm. 
B.  Jones,  Israel  Chauncey,  Jesse  Rowley,  Amos  Cam.  and  Amos 
Towsley.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Stephen  Rice ;  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  Brown  Gillespie  and  Mies  Gilbert ;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  James  Martin.  Wm.  Womban^h  built  the  first 
gawmiU.  in  1805,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1806.  The  first  store 
was  kept  by  Samuel  Smith,  and  the  first  inn  by  Reuben  Searls. 

2  The  census  reports  8  churches  in  town ;  3  M.  E.,  Bap.,  F.  W. 
Bap..  Prot.  E.,  Presb.,  and  R.  C. 

*  Probably  named  from  Tom  Moore's  "Sweet  Vale  of  Avoca." 
The  early  settlers  called  the  place  '^'^  Buchanan,^'  or  the  '*  Eight 
Alile  Tree." 

♦  James  Moore,  Joel  Collier,  Asa  Phillips,  James  McWhorter, 
Finley  McCIure,  Daniel  McKenzie.  Abi-aham  Towner,  Jonathan 
Tilton.  James  Babcock,  John  Donahe,  Richard  and  John  Van 

Buskirk.  Eleazur  Tucker, Mtxidy,  Henry  and  Allen  Smith, 

James  Davis,  and  Samuel  W.  Burnham  were  amon-.;  the  first 
scttK'n«.  Michael  Buchanan  2d  was  bnrn  in  1809;  Michael  Bu- 
rlianan  died  in  1811;  and  James  McWhorter  and  wi<iow  Bu- | 
chanan  were  married  in  1812.  Eleazur  Tiicker  built  the  first 
Fawmill,  and  Jonathan  Tilton  the  first  ffristmill,  in  182.'».  Joel 
Collier  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1808,  and  Alonzo  Simmons  the  first 
etore,  in  1.S30. 

5  Named  from  Lady  Bath,  only  child  and  heiress  of  Sir  Wm. 
Pulteney,  of  Loudon.  She  was  succeeded  July  1ft.  180M.  by  Sir 
John  L.  Johnstone,  of  Scotland,  who  appointed  Robert  Troup 
agent.  Its  Indian  name  was  Tanighnaguanda. — McMaster^s 
ifist.  Steuben,  pp.  Ill,  142. 


«  Formerly  "KmnedyviHe"  p.o.,  from  a  resident  named  Ken- 
nedy. 7  Formerly  '*  Mttd  Creek"  p.  o. 

fl  Dugald  and  Charles  Cameron,  Thos.  Metcalf.  Hector  McKen- 
zie. Andrew  Smith.  Geo.  McClure,  James  McD.mald.  Henry  Mc- 
Elwee,  James  Reese,  Robert  Campbell,  and  William  Dunn  nettled 
in  the  town  in  1793;  and  Wm.  Kersey.  John  Wilson,  G.-u.  D. 
Cooper,  Daniel  McKenzie.  and  Gustavus  and  Brown  Gillespie 
soon  after.  Charles  Williamson  Dunn,  born  in  179ft.  was  the 
first  male  child  born  in  town.  The  first  saw  and  grist  mills 
were  built  in  1793,  by  Charles  Williamson;  and  the  first  inn 
was  kept  the  same  year,  by  John  Metcalf. 

The  proprietors  of  the  Pulteney  estate  indulged  in  visions  of 
boundless  wealth  to  result  from  the  settlement  of  their  lands. 
They  supposed  that  the  natural  avenne  to  market  from  the  rich 
"Genesee  country"  was  down  the  Susquehanna,  and  that  a 
city  might  be  founded  upon  some  of  the  headwaters  of  that 
stream  which  would  command  the  entire  trade  of  tlie  West, 
After  a  survey  of  the  region,  the  present  site  of  Bath  was  se- 
lected as  the  location  of  the  future  city.  Every  inducenn-nt  was 
held  out  to  lure  settlers;  and  for  several  years  the  markets  of 
Biith  proved  a  mine  of  wealth  to  the  few  who  raised  more  grain 
than  enouch  for  their  own  use.  Williamson  erected  a  theatea- 
within  a  few  years  after  the  first  settlement,  in  anticipation  of 
the  future  metropolitan  character  of  the  place.  A  race  cmrse 
was  also  established,  which  for  many  years  attracted  siwrtsnien 
from  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  golden  visions  of  ciTic  grai^- 
deur  were  "ever  realized. 

8  The  census  reports  9  churches  in  town ;  3  Presb.,  2  Bap.,  3 
M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  and  R.  a  »«  Named  from  Gen.  Bradford. 


STEUBEN    COUNTY. 


623 


The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1793,  by  Frederick  Bartles  and  John  Ilervey,  from  New  Jersey.' 
Rev.  E.  Sanford  was  the  first  preacher  in  town;  and  Rev.  Mr.  Lazelle,  (Bap.,)  who  settled  in  town 
in  1816,  was  the  first  settled  minister.     There  are  2  churches  in  town;  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

CAMEROIV^ — was  formed  from  Addison,  April  16,  1822.  Thurston  was  taken  off  in  1844, 
and  a  part  of  Rathbone  in  1856.  It  lies  a  little  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  high, 
rolling  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  valley  of  Canisteo  River,  which  flows  s.  E.  through  near  the 
center  of  the  town.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.  Cameron,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Canisteo, 
is  a  station  on  the  Erie  R.  R.  and  contains  2  churches  and  35  houses;  West  Cameron  (p.v.) 
contains  1  church  and  15  houses.  JVorth  Cameron  is  a  p.o.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
in  1800,  by  Richard  Hadley,  Phones  Green,  Samuel  Baker,  and  Ira  Pratt.'  Rev.  Ira  Bronson 
(M.  E.)  was  the  first  settled  preacher.     The  census  reports  5  churches.* 

CAMPBEIil.' — was  formed  from  Hornby,  April  15,  1831.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.E. 
of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  high,  broken  ridges,  separated  by  the  valleys  of  the 
streams.  The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  generally  steep  and  their  summits  are  300  to  500  feet 
above  the  valleys.  The  streams  are  Conhocton  River,  flowing  s.  E.  through  the  w.  part  of  the  town, 
and  its  tributaries  Wolf  Run,  McNutt  Run,  Meads  and  Dry  Runs  and  Stephens  and  Michigan 
Creeks.  The  valley  of  the  river  is  about  li  mi.  wide.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam  upon 
the  highlands  and  a  rich  alluvium  in  the  valleys.  Campbelltown,  (p.v.,)  on  the  Conhocton, 
is  a  station  on  the  B.,  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.,  and  contains  1  church,  3  sawmills,  a  flouring  mill,  2  tan- 
neries, and  about  20  houses.  Curtis  is  a  station  on  the  same  R.  R.  Settlement  was  commenced 
in  1800.'  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in  1831 ;  Rev.  B.  B.  Smith  was  the  first 
settled  pastor.     There  are  2  churches  in  town  ;  Presb.  and  M.  E. 

CAHflSTEO — was  formed  in  March,  1796.  A  part  of  Troupsburgh  was  taken  off  in  1808, 
Hornellsville  in  1820,  and  parts  of  Greenwood  and  Jasper  in  1827.  A  part  was  annexed  to  Troups- 
burgh in  1818.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  mostly  a 
hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  valleys  of  the  streams.  Canisteo  River  flows  eastward  through 
the  N.  part  of  the  town.  Its  valley  is  about  J  mi.  wide  and  is  bordered  by  steep  hillsides  400  feet 
high.  From  the  s.  the  river  receives  Bennetts  and  Col.  Bills  Creeks,  which  also  flow  through  deep 
valleys  bordered  by  steep  hills.  The  soil  is  generally  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.  Canisteo, 
(p.v.,)  on  Bennetts  Creek,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  is  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.,  and 
contains  2  churches,  a  flouring  mill,  a  tannery,  and  60  houses;  Crosbfville,  (p.v.,)  a  station 
on  the  Erie  R.  R.,  contains  1  church  and  20  houses.  Center  Canisteo  (p.o.)  is  a  hamlel 
of  10  houses.  Bennetts  CreeK  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  s.  w.  part.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in 
1789,  by  Uriah  Stephens,  Sen.,  from  Conn.'  The  first  preacher — Rev.  Geo.  Spaulding — settled  in 
town  in  1805.     There  are  3  churches  in  town.* 

C  ATOIV— was  formed  from  "Painted  Post,"  (now  Corning,)  as  "  Wormhj,"  March  28, 1839,  and  its 
name  was  changed  April  3, 1840.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland, 
more  nearly  level  than  most  towns  in  the  co.  A  considerable  portion  is  yet  covered  with  forests. 
The  streams  are  small  brooks,  flowing  northward.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  shaly  loam.  Lumber  is 
extensively  manufactured.  Caton,  (p.v.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches  and 
34  houses.  A  temporary  settlement  was  made  in  town  in  1814,  by  Joseph  and  Charles  Wolcott ;  but 
the  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  in  1819,  by  Isaac  Rowley,  from  Bradford  co.,  Penn."  The 
first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in  1832 ;  and  the  Rev.  Benj.  Harron  was  the  first  settled  pastor." 


>  Among  the  first  settlers  were  John  Hemiup.  Saml.  S.  Camp, 
Abrara  Rosenbnrg,  Henry  Switzer,  John  Schrinner,  Thomas 
Rolls,  Michael  Scott,  Daniel  Bartholomew,  Henry  Axtelle,  Eze- 

kiel  Siw kett.  and  Smith.    The  first  birth  was  that  of  a 

daughter  of  John  Hervey,  in  1799 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of 
Mrs.  Thos.  Rolls,  in  Aug.  1S03.  Frederick  Bartles  built  the  first 
saw  and  grist  mill,  about  1795;  and  Frederick  and  Charles  Bar- 
ties  opened  the  first  store,  about  1800,  and  the  first  inn,  m  1806 
The  first  school  wa-s  taught  by Smith,  in  1810. 

<  Named  from  Dugald  Cameron,  an  agent  of  the  Pulteney  es- 
tate.— McXtaM'Ts^s  HisL  Steubeity  p.  116. 

"  Joseph  Butler,  John  Sauter,  and  John  Jlollet  were  early 
settlers.  The  first  gristmill  was  built  by  Saml.  Baker;  the  first 
inn  was  kept  by  John  Hollet,  and  the  first  store,  by  Andrew  G. 
Erwin.  <  3  M,  E.,  Presb.,  and  Christian. 

fr  Named  from  the  Campbell  family,  who  were  early  and  pro- 
minent settlers. 

«  The  first  settlers  were  Samuel  Calkins,  Ellas  WilHams,  Jo- 
se;»h  Wolcott,  Rev.  Robert  Campbell  and  his  son  Archibald. 
The  first  birth  was  that  of  Bradford  Campbell ;  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  Asa  Milliken  and  Rachel  Campbell ;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  Frederick  Stewart,  in  1806.    Campbell  &  Stephens 


built  the  first  sawmill,  and  Campbell  &  Knox  the  first  grisi- 
mill.  Robert  Campbell  kept  the  first  inn,  and  Frederick  Stew- 
art the  first  store. 

T  Col.  John  Stevens,  Bery.  Crosby,  Arthur  Erwin,  Solomon 
Bennett,  Joel  Thomas,  Uriah  Stevens,  jr.,  Jedediah  Stephens, 
Wm.  Baker.  James  Hadley,  Joshua  Stephens,  W.  S.  Thomas, 
Isaac  and  Israel  Jones,  and  Asa  Downs  were  among  the  early 
settlers.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Oliver  Stephens;  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  Richard  Crosby  and  Hannah  Baker ;  and  the 
first  death,  that  of  Henry  Stephens.  Solomon  Bennett  built  the 
first  gnslmill  and  kept  the  first  store;  and  Jedediah  Stephens 
kept  the  fir.«t  inn. 

»  Presb.,  M.  E.,  and  F.  W.  Bap. 

9  Stephen  and  Simeon  Hurd  settled  in  the  town  in  1821 ;  Solo, 
nion  Tarbox  in  IS'22;  and  E.  P.  Bahcock,  Edward  Robbtns,  and 
Henry  Miner  in  1823.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Shepard 
Hurd;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Oliver  Woodworth  and  Eliza- 
beth Hurd ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  a  child  of  John  Rowe. 
Bennett  Bruce  built  the  first  gristmill;  Samuel  Wormly  kept 
the  first  inn.  and  W.  D.  Gilbert  the  first  store;  and  Edward  Rob- 
bins  taught  the  first  school. 

10  The  Cuusufl  reports  3  chorchefl;  Fresh.,  Bap.,  aad  M.  L 


624 


STEUBEN    COUNTY. 


COIIOCTO^f — was  formed  from  Bath  andDansville,  JunelS,  1812.  A  part  of  Avoeawas  taken 
off  in  1843,  and  a  part  of  Wayland  in  1848 ;  a  part  of  Bath  was  annexed  in  1S52.  It  lies  on  the  n. 
border  of  the  co.,  w.  of  the  center.  The  sarface  is  separated  into  ridges  by  deep  and  narrow  valleys. 
The  principal  streams  are  Conhocton  River,  flowing  southerly  through  the  center,  and  its  tributaries. 
The  soil  is  generally  a  slaty  and  gravelly  loam.  Liberty,  (Cohocton  p.o.,)  on  the  Conhocton, 
is  a  station  on  the  B.,  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  and  contains  2  churches.  Pop.  200,  ]Vortb  Cobocton 
(p.  V.)  contains  1  church  and  30  houses.  Bloods,^  a  hamlet,  is  a  station  on  the  r.r.,  1  mi.  from 
North  Cohocton.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1796,  by  Richard  Hooker  and  Joseph  Bivin.* 
Rev.  Elisha  Brownson,  (Bap.,)  the  first  settled  minister,  removed  to  the  town  in  1811,  The  census 
reports  4  churches  in  town ;  3  M.  E.  and  Presb. 

CORJVIXC — was  formed,  as  "Painted  Post,''*  March  18, 1796.  Its  name  was  changed  March 
31,  1852,  Erwin  and  Hornby  were  taken  off  in  1826,  and  "  JVormly"  (now  Caton)  in  1839.  A  part 
was  annexed  to  Erwin  in  1856.  It  lies  on  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  The  wide 
valley  of  Chemung  River,  extending  n.  w.  and  s.  e.  through  the  center  of  the  town,  and  several 
lateral  valleys,  divide  the  uplands  into  rounded  hills  and  narrow  ridges.  Its  streams  are  Borden, 
Post,  Narrows,  Clump  Foot,  and  Winsfield  Creeks,  tributaries  of  Chemung  River.  The  soil  upon 
the  hills  is  a  heavy,  slaty  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  fine  quality  of  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  occa- 
sionally intermixed  with  clay.  Corning',  (P-"^-')  incorp.  Sept.  6, 1848,  is  situated  on  the  s.  bank 
of  Chemung  River,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town.  It  is  a  half-shire  of  the  co.  The  Chemung  Canal, 
the  Blossburg  &  Corning  R.  R.,  and  the  B.,  N,  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  terminate  here;  and  the  village  is  au 
important  station  on  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R.  It  contains  5  churches,  2  newspaper  establishments, 
2  banks,  a  State  arsenal,  and  several  mills  and  manufacturing  establishments,  and  commands  an 
extensive  and  constantly  increasing  trade.^  Pop.  3,626.  Knoxville,^  opposite  Corning,  con- 
tains 2  churches  and  a  pop.  of  628,  Gibson  lies  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Chemung,  1  mi.  e.  of 
Corning.  Pop.  428.  Centerville  contains  25  houses.  East  Painted  Post  is  a  p.o. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  near  the  village  of  Corning,  in  1788,  by  Frederick  Calkins  and  Benj, 
Eaton.''  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  John  Warren,  in  1793.  There  are  7 
churches  in  town.^ 

OAWTSVIIjIjE' — was  formed  in  March,  1796.  Parts  of  Cohocton  and  Howard  were  taken  off  in 
1812,  a  part  of  Wayland  in  1848,  and  of  Fremont  in  1854.  A  part  was  annexed  to  Sparta  in  1822, 
and  a  part  of  Cohocton  was  re-annexed  April  26,  1834.  It  is  the  n.  town  upon  the  w.  border  of  the 
CO.  The  surface  is  mostly  an  upland,  divided  into  ridges  by  the  narrow  valleys  of  small  streams. 
The  declivities  of  the  hills  are  steep  and  tlieir  summits  are  300  to  400  feet  above  the  valleys.  The 
streams  are  head  branches  of  Canaseraga  Creek,  flowing  n.,  and  of  Canisteo  River,  flowing  s.  The 
soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam  in  the  e.  and  n.,  and  gravel  underlaid  by  hardpan  in  the  s.  w. 


1  Named  from  Calvin  Blood.  This  is  rendered  an  important 
station  npon  the  r.  r.  from  its  connection  with  the  Cannnd«ipiia 
fjake  Route.  A  daily  line  of  stages  runs  to  Naples,  at  the  bead 
of  the  lake,  and  a  steamer  plies  daily  between  the  latter  place 
and  Canandaipua. 

2  James  and  Anina  Woodward  settled  in  the  town  not  long 
after;  .Toseph  Chamberlain,  in  1S05;  and  Sanil.  Cbtimberlain, 

Capt.  Jonas  Cleland.  Joseph  Shattuek.  Horace  Fowler,  and 

Kddy,  in  ISOfi,  Timothy  Sherman,  James  Barnard.  Sanil.  Rhoadef. 
Jesse  Atwood.  Isaac  Morehouse,  and  Chas.  Burlinghame  were 
also  early  settlei-a.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Jos.  Bivin 
and  Sarah  Honker,  in  1798;  and  the  first  birth,  th^t  of  Bethiali 
Hooker,  their  child,  in  1800.  The  first  death  was  that  of  Richard 
Hooker.  Feb.  10.  ISOl.  Jonas  Cleland  built  the  first  saw  and 
grist  mills,  in  1S08;  and  Jos.  Phattuck  kept  the  first  inn,  in 
1809.     Sophia  Trumbull  taught  the  first  school,  in  1810. 

s  Named  from  Hon.  Erastus  Coming,  of  Albany. 

*  In  the  summer  of  1779.  a  party  of  tories  and  Indians,  under 
the  command  of  a  loyalist  named  McDonald,  returned  from  an 
incursion  into  the  Susquehanna  settlements,  bringing  with  them 
many  of  their  number  wounded.  At  the  confluence  of  Tioga 
and  Conhocton  Rivers,  Captain  Montour,  son  of  the  famous  Queen 
Oatharine,  a  chief  of  great  promise,  died  of  his  wounds.  '■  His 
comrades  buried  him  by  the  riverside,  and  planted  above  his 
prave  a  post  on  which  were  painted  various  symbols  and  rwde 
devices.  This  monument  was  known  throughout  the  Genesee 
Forests  as  '  The  Painted  Post.''  It  was  a  landmark  well  known 
to  all  the  Six  Nations,  and  was  often  visited  by  their  braves  and 
chieftains."  This  account  of  the  origin  of  the  Painted  Post  was 
given  to  Benj.  P.^tter9on,  the  hunter,  by  a  man  namoi  Taggart, 
who  was  carried  to  Fort  Niagara  a  prisoner  by  McDonald's  party, 
and  was  a  witness  of  the  burial  of  Capt.  Montour,  or  at  least  was 
In  the  encampment  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tioga  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  Col.  Harper,  of  narpersfleld,  the  well  known  officer  of 
the  frontier  militia  of  New  Tork  in  the  Revolution,  Informed 


Judge  Knox,  of  Knoxville.  in  this  co.,  that  the  Painted  Post  was 
erected  over  the  grave  of  a  chief  who  was  wounded  at  the  battle 
of  the  "  Hog-Back"  and  brought  in  a  canoe  to  the  head  of  the 
Chemung,  where  he  died.  It  was  well  understood  by  the  early 
settlers  that  this  monument  was  erected  in  memory  of  some 
distinguished  warrior  who  had  been  wounded  in  one  of  the 
border  battles  of  the  Revolution  and  afterward  died  at  this  place. 
The  post  stood  for  many  years  after  the  settlement  of  the  co. ; 
and  the  story  goes  that  it  rotted  down  at  the  butt,  and  was  pre- 
served in  the  bar-room  of  a  tavern  till  about  the  year  1810  and 
then  mysteriously  disappeared.  It  is  also  said  to  have  been 
swept  away  in  a  freshet. — McMasters's  Hist,  of  Steuben.  Simms's 
Hist.  Schoharie,  p.  333. 

6  In  1852.  40.000  tons  of  Blossburg  coal,  brought  by  the  Bloss- 
burg &  Coming  R.  R.,  were  transhipped  at  this  place,  and 
50,000,000  feet  of  lumber  were  exported. 

*  Named  from  Judge  John  Knox,  of  this  town. 

'  Benj.  and  Peleg  Gorton,  jr..  Epbraim  Patterson  and  bis  pons 
Irhabod  and  Stephen.  Bradford  Eggleston.  Justus  Wolcott.  Eliaa, 
William,  and  Henry  McCormick,  Hezekinh  Thnrber.  Jonathan 
Cook,  Samuel  Colgrove.  and  Eli  and  Eldad  Mead  settled  in  the 
town  in  1790-91-92;  Jonathan  and  Warren  Rowley  in  1794; 
James  Turner  and  Caleb  Wolcott  in  1795;  George  McCnlloch 
and  Benj.  Patterson  in  1796;  and  Nehemiah  Hubbell  in  179R. 
The  first  birth  was  that  of  James  Calkins,  Nov.  24.  1790;  the 
first  marriage,  that  of  Benj.  Gorton  and  Rachel  Wolcott,  in  1704 ; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  Ichabod  Patterson,  in  Aug.  1794. 
Icbabod  Patterson  built  the  first  sawmill,  and  Jas.  Henderson 
the  first  gristmill,  both  in  1793 ;  Bepj.  Eaton  kept  the  first  stove, 
in  1791,  and  Benj.  Patterson  the  first  inn.  in  1798.  Tlie  first 
school  was  taught  bv  Samuel  Colgrove,  in  1793. 

B  2  Bap..  2  m;  E.,  Prot.  E.,  Presb.,  and  R.  C. 

8  Named  from  Daniel  P.  Faulkner,  an  early  and  spirited  citi- 
zen, known  as  "  Captain  Dan." — JUcMasters's  Hist.  Steuben  Co.,  p. 
300. 


STEUBEN    COUNTY. 


625 


Ro§rersiviIle  (South  Dansville  p.  o.)  contains  2  churches,  an  academy,'  and  a  female  seminary.* 
Pop.  200.  Burns,  a  station  on  the  B.  &  N.  Y.  City  R.  R.,  has  about  15  house.s.  Dotys  Cor- 
ners is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1804,  by  Isaac  Sterling  and  Samuel  Gibson.' 
The  census  reports  6  churches.* 

ERWIM*— was  formed  from  "Painted  Post,"  Jan.  27,  1826.  Lindley  was  taken  off  in  1837 
and  a  part  of  Corning  was  annexed  in  1856.  It  lies  w.  of  Corning,  in  the  s.E.  part  of  the  co.  Its 
surface  is  about  equally  divided  between  high,  rolling  uplands  and  the  low  valleys  of  streams. 
The  summits  of  the  hills  are  400  to  600  feet  above  the  valleys.  Tioga  and  Canisteo  Rivers  unite  ' 
in  the  s.  e.  part  of  the  town,  and  Tioga  and  Conhocton  Rivers  in  the  N.  E.,  forming  the  Chemung 
River.  The  valleys  of  these  streams  are  1  to  2  mi.  wide.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  shaly  and 
clayey  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  it  is  a  fine  quality  of  alluvium.  Nearly  three-fourths  of  the  sur- 
face is  yet  covered  with  forests.  The  lumber  trade  is  extensively  pursued.  Painted  Post, 
(p.  V.,)  situated  at  the  junction  of  Conhocton  and  Tioga  Rivers,  is  a  station  on  the  Erie  R.  R.  and 
the  B.,  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  It  contains  2  churches,  a  bank,  an  iron  foundery  and  machine  shop,  a 
tannery,  and  a  flouring  mill.'  Pop.  777.  Coopers  Plains  (p.  v.)  is  a  station  on  the  B.,  N.  Y. 
&  E.  R.  R.  and  coutains  1  church.  Pop.  293.  Wm.  Harris,  an  Indian  trader,  settled  at  Painted 
Post  in  1787.'     The  census  reports  4  churches.' 

FREMOKT' — ^was  formed  fiom  Hornellsville,  Dansville,  Wayland,  and  Howard,  Nov.  17, 
1854.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  N.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland, 
forming  a  part  of  the  dividing  ridge  between  Canisteo  and  Conhocton  Rivers.  Its  streams  are 
small  brooks.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a  shaly  loam,  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  the  surface 
rocks.  Fremont  Center  (Stephens  Mills  p. o.)  and  Hasliinville  (p. o.)  are  hamlets; 
and  Big  CreeR  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1812,  by  Job  B.  Rathbun,  Amos 
Baldwin,  and  Sylvester  Buck.'"  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Rev.  Mr.  Ford,  in 
1814.     There  is  but  1  church  (M.  E.)  in  town. 

GREENWOOD— was  formed  from  Troupsburgh  and  Canisteo,  Jan.  24,  1827.  West  Union 
was  taken  off  in  1845,  and  a  part  of  Jasper  was  annexed  in  1848.  It  lies  upon  the  w. 
border  of  the  co.,  s.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  rolling  upland.  Bennetts  Creek  flows 
northerly  through  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  in  a  valley  400  to  600  feet  below  the  summits  of  the 
hills.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  clayey  loam.  GreenfTOOd,  (p.  v.,)  on  Bennetts  Creek,  con 
tains  1  church  and  35  houses;  and  Rougli  and  Ready  (p.  v.)  12  houses.  West  Green- 
wood  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1820,  by  Christian  Cobey  and  John  H.,  Ezra, 
and  Phineas  Stephens."     The  census  reports  3  churches.'^ 

HARTSVIliliE— was  formed  from  Hornellsville,  Feb.  7,  1844.  It  lies  on  the  w.  border  of 
the  CO.,  s.  of  the  center.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  several  deep  valleys.  Purdv 
Creek  flows  e.  through  the  N.  part,  and  the  valley  of  Bennetts  Creek  extends  along  the  E.  border. 
These  creeks  are  bordered  by  steep  hillsides  400  to  600  feet  high.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  and  clayey 
loam.  Hartsville  Center,  (Purdy  Creek  p.  o.,)  on  Purdy  Creek,  near  the  center  of  the  town, 
contains  15  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1809,  by  Benj.  Brookins."  There  is  no 
church  in  town. 


1  The  Rogersville  Academy  was  organized  in  1849,  and  the 
buildings  were  erected  in  1852. 

^  The  Rogersville  Union  Seminary. 

'  Among  the  first  eettlera  were  .Tames,  .Tohn.  and  Major 
Jones,  Frederick  Fry,  William  Ganong,  Thos.  and  Nathaniel 
Brayton,  Tisdale  Haskin,  Thos.  and  .Tohn  Root,  .Toshna  Healey, 
Charles  Oliver,  Joseph  Phelps.  Elisha  Rohinson,  William  C. 
Rogers,  and  Jesse  liridges.  Robert  Fuller  built  the  first  saw- 
mill, in  1820,  and  Handy  &  Miller  the  first  gristmill,  in  1825. 
Isaac  Sterling  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1806.  Tlie  first  school  was 
taught  by  James  .Tones,  in  1811. 

<  2  Bap.,  and  1  each  Preab.,  M.  E.,  Univ.,  and  K.  C. 

•  Named  from  Col.  Arthur  Erwin,  of  IJucks  CO.,  Penn.,  an 
officer  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  by  whom  the  township  was 
purchased  of  Phelps  and  Gorham. 

8  One  mi.  w.  of  Painted  Post  is  a  saw.  shingle,  and  planing 
mill,  that  gives  employment  to  75  men,  and  turns  out  8,000,000 
to  11.000,000  feet  of  lumber  per  annum. 

T  David  Fuller,  Eli  Mead,  and Van  Nye  settled  in  the 

town  in  1791-92 ;  and  Samuel.  Frank,  and  Arthur  Erwin,  Capt. 
Howell  Bull,  and  John  E.  Evans,  in  lSOO-41-02.  Samuel  Erwin 
built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1820,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1823; 
and  David  Fuller  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1792.  The  first  school 
was  taught  bv  John  E.  Evans,  in  1812. 

•  2  Bap..  Presb.,  and  .M.  E. 

«  Named  in  honor  of  Col.  John  C.  Fremont. 


40 


1°  John  A.  Buck,  Joel  Everett,  and  Danl.  Atherton  settled  in 

the  town  in  1813-14;  Taylor  and  Francis  Drake,  in  1815; 

and  Solomon  and  Levi  Gates,  Robert  Eilburg,  Danl.  Upson, 
Saml.  Sharp,  Nehemiah  Luther.  Lemuel  Harding,  Stephen  Hol- 
den,  and  Edward  Markham,  in  1816.  The  first  marriage  was 
that  of  John  A.  Buck  and  Rebecca  Baldwin,  Aug.  24.  1815;  the 
first  birth,  that  of  Charles  E.  Buck,  Nov.  12, 181G;  and  the  first 
death,  that  of  Mrs.  Amos  Baldwin,  Dec.  21,  1815.  Danl.  Upson 
built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1816,  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1819. 
Tlie  first  school  was  taught  by  Lydia  Everett,  in  1819. 

u  Eleazar  Woodward,  John  J.  Hoyt.  IL  Carr.  and  Lewis  Ord- 
way  settled  in  town  in  1822.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Charles 
C.  Stephens;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Iliram  Putnam  and  Lu- 
cinda  Stephens;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Ezra  Cobey.  The 
first  gristmill  was  built  by  Col.  John  Stephens;  and  the  first 
inn  and  store  were  kept  by  Levi  Davis.  Sarah  Carr  taught  the 
first  school. 

>2  Presb.,  Univ.,  and  R.C. 

15  Joseph  Purdy  settled  in  the  town  in  1810;  Blake  in 

1815;  Thos.  Williams, Satterlee.  Joshua  Davis,  and  

Neff  in  1818;  William  D.  Burdick  and  Perry  Potter  in  1819; 
Daniel  P.  Carpenter,  Frost  Powell,  Joseph  Thompson,  John  and 

Robert  G.  Martin,  and  Hudson  in  1822;  and  Casper  Vau 

Buskirk  and  Wm.  Elli.ion  in  1S23.  The  first  birth  was  that  of 
Sarah  A.  Cai-jtenter;  the  first  marriage,  ttiat  of  Robert  G.  Mar- 
tin and  Mary  A.  Gleason  ;  and  the  flrat  death,  that  of  an  infant 


G26 


STEUBEN    COUNTY. 


HORMBY'— was  formed  from  "Painted  Post,"  (now  Corning,)  Jan.  27,  1826.  Campbell  was 
taken  off  in  18.31,  and  a  part  was  annexed  to  Orange  (Schuyler  co.)  April  11,  1842.  It  lies  near 
the  center  of  the  e.  border  of  the  co.,  and  its  surface  is  mostly  a  high,  rolling  upland.  The  streams 
are  Dry  Run  in  the  N.  w.,  and  Post  and  Borden  Creeks  in  the  s.,  all  flowing  in  deep,  narrow 
valleys.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  and  clayey  loam  of  good  quality.  Hornby  Forks  (Hornby  p.  o.) 
contains  2  churches,  several  manufactories,  and  21  dwellings.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in 
1814,  by  Asa  and  Uriah  Nash,  from  Otsego  co.^     There  are  4  churches  in  town.' 

HORRIEL,L,SVIL,L,E'— was  formed  from  Canisteo,  April  1,  1820.  Hartsville  was  taken  off 
in  1844,  and  a  part  of  Fremont  in  1854.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  The 
surface  is  mostly  a  rolling  upland,  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  parts  by  the  Canisteo  Valley. 
This  valley  is  1  to  2  mi.  wide  and  is  bordered  by  steep  hills  400  to  500  feet  high.  Canaoadoa  and 
Crosby  Creeks,  flowing  through  deep  valleys  from  the  w.,  are  tributaries  of  the  Canisteo.  The  soil 
is  generally  a  clayey  and  gravelly  loam.  Hornellsvllle,  (p.  v.,)  situated  at  the  junction  of 
Canisteo  River  and  Canacadea  Creek,  is  an  important  station  on  the  Erie  R.  R.  and  is  the  southern 
terminus  of  the  B.  &  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.  It  has  4  churches,  2  newspaper  ofBces,  a  bank,  and  2  flouring 
mills.  Pop.  1,519.  Arkport,  (p.  v.,)  a  station  on  the  B.  &  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R.,  contains  1  church 
and  about  50  houses.  Almond  is  partly  in  this  town.'  The  first  settlement  was  made  by  Benj. 
Crosby,  in  1792.°     The  census  reports  6  churches.' 

OOWARD — was  formed  from  Bath  and  Dansville,  June  18,  1812.  A  part  of  Avoca  was 
taken  off  in  1843,  and  a  part  of  Fremont  in  1854.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  N.  w.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  rolling  upland,  forming  a  part  of  the  dividing  ridge  be- 
tween Conhocton  and  Canisteo  Rivers.  The  streams  are  all  small.  In  the  n.  E.  part  are  2  small 
ponds.  The  soil  is  generally  a  heavy  clay  loam.  Howard  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches.  Pop. 
143.  Toiivlesville  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches  and  15  houses.  Buena  Tista  (p.  o.)  and 
Goffs  Mills  (p.  0.)  are  hamlets,  and  Soutli  Howard  is  a  p.o.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  180G,  by  Abraham  Johnson.'     There  are  5  churches  in  town.' 

JASPERS" — was  formed  from  Troupsburgh  and  Canisteo,  Jan.  24,  1827,  and  a  part  was  an- 
nexed to  Greenwood  in  1848.  It  is  situated  near  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly 
and  broken  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  nearly  2,000  feet  above  tide.  The  streams  are  small 
brooks.  The  soil  is  a  slaty,  gravelly,  and  clayey  loam.  Jasper  Four  Corners  (Jasper 
p.o.)  contains  2  churches.  Pop.  222.  Jasper  Five  Corners  contains  15  houses.  West 
Jasper  and  Soutll  Hill  are  p.  offices.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  1807,  by  Nicholas  Botz- 
man,  Ebenezer  Spencer,  and  William  Wooley."  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in  1827; 
and  the  Rev.  Geo.  Howell  was  the  first  preacher.     The  census  reports  5  churches.'^ 

liUVDliEY" — was  formed  from  Erwin,  May  12, 1837.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  e. 
of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  valley  of  Tioga  River,  which 
extends  centrally  through  the  town.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  400  to  600  feet  above  the  valley, 
and  most  of  them  are  covered  with  forests.  The  valley  is  about  1  mi.  wide  and  is  bordered  by 
steep  hillsides.  The  soil  upon  the  hills  is  a  heavy,  shaly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  rich  alluvium. 
Three-fourths  of  the  surface  is  still  covered  with  forests.  Lumbering  is  extensively  pursued. 
Undleytown,  (p.  v.,)  on  Tioga  River,  is  a  station  on  the  B.  &  C.  R.  R.  and  contains  15  dwell- 


obild  of  Ebenezer  Mather, — nil  in  1823.  Daniel  P.  Carpenter 
openfd  the  first  etnre.  in  1825,  and  bnilt  the  first  sawmill,  in 
182R;  anil  Henry  Frisbee  kept  the  first  tayern,  in  1849.  The 
first  Brhool  was  taught  by  Miss  Z.  A.  Puniy.  in  1826. 

1  Named  from  .lohn  Hornby,  an  English  landholder  to  a  large 
extent  In  this  and  other  western  cos. 

*  Jesse  Piatt.  John  Robbins.  and  Edward  Stnbbs  settled  in 
the  town  in  1815  :  John  St.  John,  Amasa  Stantrin.  James  S.  and 
Hiram  Gardner.  Chester  Knowlton,  and  Aden  Palmer  in  181,^- 
16;  Henj.  Gardner,  Is.iac  Gondell,  Aaron  Harwood.  and  John 
Bayer  in  IRIS.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Oeorne  Stanton ;  the 
first  marriage,  that  of  John  Ridler  and  Miss  Piatt,  in  1816;  and 
the  first  death,  that  of  John  Stanton.    Ezra  Shaw  kept  the  first 

inn:  Hon.  A.  B.  Dickinson,  the  first  store;  and La  Fevre 

bnilt  the  first  mill,    .lames  C.  l.each  taught  the  first  school. 

^  liap..  Christian,  Presb.,  and  Wes.  Meth. 

*  Named  from  Hon.  Geo.  Uornell,  one  of  the  early  settlers. 
6  See  page  170. 

*  Eliaa  Stephens  and  Geo.  Horr.elt  settled  in  the  town  in  1793 ; 
Elijah  Stephens  in  1794:  Christopher  HurUiut  and  Nathan 
Cary  in  1795;  John  and  Hugh  Carney  in  1790;  Reuben  Crosby 
m  1797  ;  and  James  Jones  in  1800.  the  first  birth  was  that  of 
William  Stephens,  in  Dec.  1792;  the  firat  marriage,  that  of  Ren- 
brt-    Crosby  and  Jenoy  UcQneen,  in  1799 ;  and  the  first  death. 


that  of  a  child  of  Judge  Homell.  Judge  Hornell  built  the  first 
saw  and  grist  mills,  and  kept  the  first  store  and  inn.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Abigail  Hurlbut,  in  1796. 

'  2  Presb.,  Prot.  E..  Bap..  M.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

6  Reuben  and  Abraham  Smith,  Abel  Bullftrd.  Jacob  and  Tboe. 

Bennett,  Charles  McConnell.  Simeon  McMurty.  and  Col- 

grove  settled  in  the  town  in  1808 ;  Samuel  Baker,  .Toel  Bullard, 
Benj.  Bennett,  Ephraim  Rumsey.  Wm.  Allen,  Daniel  N.  Bennett. 
.Tonas  and  Seth  Rice,  and  Nathan  Cory  in  1810-11 :  and  Simeon 
Bacon,  Wm,  GofT,  Israel  Baldwin,  and  Rufus  Halsey  in  1812. 
Arethusa  Bullard  was  born  in  1809,  and  Mrs.  Rowley  died  the 
same  year. — the  first  birth  and  death  in  town.  Henry  Kennedy 
built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1809;  .Tames  Vaughn,  the  first  grist- 
mill, in  1810:  and  Benj.  Bennett  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1816. 

»  2  Bap.,  and  1  each  Presb..  M.  E.,  and  Ref.  Presb. 

10  Named  from  Sergeant  Jasper,  noted  for  his  courage  at  the 
battle  of  Port  Mnultrie,  S,  C,  June  28,  1776. 

u  Adam  Botzman  and  Andrew  Craig  were  also  early  settlers. 
The  first  birth  was  that  of  Sally  Botzman  :  and  the  ^rst  mar- 
riage, that  of  Samuel  Gray  and  Polly  Simpson.  Wctoits  Botz- 
man was  the  first  innkeeper,  Amanda  Smith  ta.v*.'  t  tb«  first 
school. 

"  Bap.,  Presb.,  Christian,  M.  E.,  and  Wes,  Moth 

IB  Named  in  honor  of  Col.  Eleaznr  Liudley. 


STEUBEN    COUNTY. 


627 


ings.  Er^vin  Center  is  a  r.  r.  station  and  hamlet  upon  the  river,  near  the  n.  border  of  the 
town.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1790,  by  Col.  Eleazur  Lindley,  from  N.  J.,  the  original 
proprietor  of  the  town,  who  located  upon  the  Tioga  Flats.* 

PRATTSBCRGH'— was  formed  from  Pulteney,  April  12, 1813,  and  a  part  of  Wheeler  w;.:? 
taken  off  in  1820.  It  is  centrally  situated  upon  the  n,  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  hilly 
upland,  broken  by  the  valleys  of  several  small  streams  flowing  in  a  general  s.  w.  direction.  The 
principal  streams  are  Five  Mile,  Ten  Mile,  and  Twelve  Mile  Creeks.  The  valley  at  Prattsburpcli 
Village  is  1,400  feet  above  tide,  and  the  hills  are  300  to  400  feet  higher.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly 
and  clay  loam.  Prattsbur^h  (p.  v.)  was  incorp.  Dec.  7,  1848.  It  contains  the  Franklin 
Academy,'  2  churches,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.*  Pop,  about  600.  Riker!< 
Hollow  (p.o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The  first  settler  was  Jared  Pratt,  who  came  in  1801  and  for  21 
years  was  the  only  inhabitant.^  The  first  religious  services  were  held  at  the  house  of  Jared  Pratt, 
by  Rev.  John  Niles,  in  the  fall  of  1803.« 

PUI.TE]VEY^— was  formed  from  Bath,  Feb.  12,  1808.  Prattsburgh  was  taken  off  in  1813. 
and  a  part  of  Urbana  in  1848.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  shore  of  Crooked  Lake,  and  is  the  n.e.  corner 
town  of  the  co.  The  surfaee  is  a  rolling  upland,  700  to  900  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake.  The 
declivities  along  the  lake  shore  are  broken  by  numerous  narrow  ravines  formed  by  small  streamn. 
The  soil  is  chiefly  a  shaly  and  gravelly  loam,  and  in  some  parts  near  the  lake  it  is  clayey. 
Harmony ville  (Pulteney  p.o.)  contains  2  churches  and  20  houses;  and  BluflTport  (South 
Pulteney  p.o.)  20  houses.  Peltonville  (p.o.)  is  a  hamlet.  OulicksTille,  a  landing  on 
the  lake,  has  a  storehouse  and  8  houses.  Settlement  commenced  in  1802.^  Rev.  Ephraim  Eggles- 
ton,  the  first  settled  preacher,  removed  to  the  town  in  1805.     The  census  reports  6  churches.* 

RATH  BOIVE'^— was  formed  from  Addison,  Cameron,  and  Woodhull,  March  28,  1856.     It  is 

an  interior  town,  lying  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  a  high,  rolling  upland, 
broken  by  the  valleys  of  Canisteo  River  and  a  branch  of  Tuscarora  Creek.  The  upland  is  300  to 
400  feet  above  the  valleys.  Naked  and  precipitous  ledges  of  rock  crop  out  on  the  hillsides  along 
the  valleys.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and  shaly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  alluvium.  Ratbt>onc- 
Tille,  (p-v-O  on  Canisteo  River,  is  a  station  on  the  Erie  R.  R.  and  contains  1  church,  a  flouring 
mill,  and  33  houses.  "West  Addtson  (p.  o.)  and  Cameron  Mills  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets.  The 
first  settlements  were  made  in  1793-95.^*     There  are  2  M.  E.  churches  in  town. 

THURSTOUT" — was  formed  from  Cameron,  Feb.  28,  1844.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  just 
s.  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  high,  broken  upland,  forming  a  portion  of  the 
dividing  ridge  between  Conhocton  and  Canisteo  Rivers.  The  summits  of  the  liills  are  500  to  60f) 
feet  above  the  river  valleys.  The  streams  are  Stockton  Creek,  in  the  n.  w.,  and  Michigan  Creek, 
in  the  s.,  flowing  in  deep,  narrow  ravines  bordered  by  steep  hillsides.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  and 
gravelly  loam.  Merchantville,  in  the  e..  Bonny  Hill.,  (p.o.,)  in  the  n.e.,  and  Rising" 
Tille,  (p.o.,)  in  the  w.,  are  hamlets.  Thurston  and  South  Thurston  are  p.ofl5ces. 
The  first  settlers  were  William  Smith,  Luke  Bonny,  and  Anderson  Carpenter,  at  Bonny  Hill,  in 


1  Col.  Lindley  servod  with  the  Jersey  Bines  duriDg  the  ReTo- 
Intionary  War.  In  his  migration  to  his  new  home  he  was  ac- 
cnmpanied  by  hia  two  sons  Sanil.  and  Eleazur,  hie  5on-in-law 
£zekiol  Mulford  and  John  Seeley,and  a  man  named  David  Cook. 
Tlie  first  child  born  was  Eliza  Mulford,  Aug.  10,  1792;  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  David  Cook,  jr.  and  Elizabeth  Cady ;  and  the 
fifpt  death,  that  of  Col.  Eleazur  Lindley.  in  June,  1794.  Joseph 
Miller  taught  the  first  school,  near  the  Penn.  line,  in  1793;  the 
widow  of  Col.  Lindley  kept  the  first  inn,  on  the  w.  bank  of  the 
river;  and  John  P.  Kyers.  the  first  store.  The  first  sawmill  was 
erected  by  Col.  Lindley.  There  is  no  church,  no  hotel,  nor  place 
where  liquor  is  Rold  in  the  town. 

*  Named  from  Capt.  Joe!  Pratt,  one  of  the  first  settlers. 

8  For  many  years  this  academy  has  enjoyed  a  deservedly  high 
reputation. 

'  A.  fonndery,  a  tannery  and  a  flouring  mill. 

6  Rev.  John  Niles.  David  Buell.  Saml.  Tuthill,  and  Capt.  Joel 
Pratt  came  into  town  in  1H03;  William  P.Curtis.  Pomeroy  Hull, 
and  Salisbury  Burton  in  1804;  Noah  Niles,  Cyril  Ward,  Aaron 
Bull,  EntKjh  Niles,  Harmon  Fowler,  Rufus  Blodgett,  and  Stephen 
Hall,  in  1^05.  They  were  all  originally  from  New  England. 
The  first  child  born  was  Mariette  Pratt,  in  18U2 ;  the  first  dt-ath, 
ft  daughter  of  Wm.  P.  Curtis,  drowned,  in  1R04;  and  the  first 
marriage,  that  of  Isaac  Pardee  and  Patty  Waldo,  in  1806.  The 
first  school  was  tau^rht  in  a  church  by  Horace  Bull,  in  1806-07 ; 
the  first  inn  wns  kept  by  Aaron  Bull,  the  same  year:  the  first 
mill  waa  erecteil  on  Five  Mile  Creek,  by  Robert  Porter.  Capt. 
Joel  Pratt  was  a  large  proprietor  of  the  town ;  and  the  first  set- 


tlement was  conducted  wholly  under  his  encouragement,  adrice, 
and  direction. 

•  The  census  reports  6  churches;  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E  ,  Cong.,  an.l 
Christian. 

'  Named  from  Sir  Wm.  Pulteney,  former  owner  i,f  the  Pulte- 
ney Tract, 

8  The  first  settlers  were  Saml.  Miller,  John  Van  Camp.  Q.  V. 
Fitzsimnions.  and  John  Block.  James  and  Georpe  Simnin, 
Henry  Hoffman,  Abraham  Bennett,  and  Shadrach  Norris  settle<l 
in  the  town  in  1805;  and  Saml.  and  Nathaniel  Wallia.  John 
Ells,  Wm.White^  James  Daily,  Erastus  Glass,  Harmon  Emmonti, 
and  Seth  Pierce  in  1806.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Chrih- 
topher  Tomer  and  Jane  Miller,  in  1^09;  and  the  first  death,  that 
of  a  child  of  Jrts.  Daily,  in  1806.  Melchior  Waggoner  built  tho 
first  sawmill,  in  1810.  and  the  first  gristmill,  in  1814,  Shadrach 
Norris  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1807 ;  and  Angustun  Tyler,  the  first 
store,  in  1S08.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Polly  Wentwoith 
in  1808.  e  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E..  Cong.,  and  Presb. 

10  Named  from  Gen.  Ransom  Rathl>on6,  who  settled  in  the 
town  in  1842. 

"  James  Hadley  and  Wm.  Benhnm  wore  the  first  setibTB 
Among  the  early  settlers  were  Isaac  and  Jonathan  Trnry,  Mar 
tin  Young.  Wni.  Morey,  Moses  Powers,  Zephauiah  Townsend 
TlioB.  Maybury.  and  Snml.  Colgrove.  Isaac  Tracy  built  the  first 
sawmill,  in  1^06;  I^emuel  Benham  kept  the  first  inn,  in  1S04. 
and  Gen.  Rathbone  the  first  store,  in  1842. 

IS  Named  from  Wm.  K.  Thnrston,  a  landholder  reeiding  lu 
N.  Y.  or  vicinity. 


628 


STEUBEN    COUNTY. 


1813.*     The  first  religious  association  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1814;  Rev.  Parker  Buell  was  the 
first  preacher.'' 

TROlJPSBrRGII^— wafl  formed  from  '' Middletown"  (now  Addison)  and  Canisteo,  Feb.  12, 
1808.  Parts  of  Greenwood  and  Jasper  were  taken  off  in  1827,  and  a  part  of  Woodhull  in  1828. 
A  part  of  Canisteo  was  annexed  April  4,  1818.  It  lies  on  the  s.  border  of  the  eo.,  w.  of  the  center. 
Its  surface  is  principally  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  deep  valleys  of  small  streams.  The  highest 
summits  are  2,500  feet  above  tide  and  are  the  highest  points  in  the  co.  Troups  Creek,  flowing  s., 
is  the  principal  stream.  The  soil  is  a  slaty  and  clayey  loam.  Troupsburg'b  Center,  (Troups- 
burgh  p.  0.,)  on  Troups  Creek,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  an  academy*  and  20  dwellings ; 
South  Troupsburgta  (p.  v.)  contains  16  dwellings.  East  Troupsbur§^b,  (p.o.,)  West 
Troupsburg-b,  (p.o.,)  and  Youngs  Hickory  (p.o.)  are  hamlets.  The  pioneer  settler  was 
Samuel  B.  Rice,  from  Conn.,  who  located  e.  of  the  center  of  the  town  in  1805.^  The  first  religious 
association  (M.E.)  was  formed  at  the  house  of  Samuel  Cady,  by  Rev,  Parker  Buell,  first  preacher. 
The  census  reports  5  churches.* 

URB AlVA — was  formed  from  Bath,  April  17,  1822.  A  part  was  annexed  to  Bath  in  1839 ;  a 
part  of  Wheeler  was  annexed  May  3,  1839,  and  a  part  of  Pulteney  April  12,  1848.  It  lies  at  the 
head  of  Crooked  Lake,  n.e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  divided  by  Pleasant  Valley  (a 
continuation  of  Crooked  Lake  Valley)  into  two  series  of  highlands,  rising  800  to  1,000  feet  above 
the  lake.  Cold  Spring  Creek  takes  its  rise  in  this  valley  and  flows  n.e.  to  the  lake.  The  soil  in 
the  valleys  is  alluvial,  and  on  the  hilltops  a  heavy,  gravelly  loam.  From  their  sheltered  situation, 
the  slopes  of  the  hills  descending  to  the  s.  and  e.  are  finely  adapted  to  the  culture  of  the  grape.^ 
The  town  is  noted  for  the  production  of  a  superior  quality  of  fine  wool.  Uamiuondsport, 
(Urbana  p.o.,)  at  the  head  of  Crooked  Lake,  was  incorp.  June  16,  1856.  It  contains  2  churches 
and  several  manufacturing  establishments.  A  daily  line  of  steamboats  plies  between  this  place 
and  Penn  Yan.  Pop.  560.  IVortb  Urbana,  (p*  ^-0  in  tl^c  n.e.  part  of  the  town,  contains  2 
churches  and  20  houses.  Cold  Spring  is  a  hamlet;  and  INCount  IFasbington,  in  the 
s.  E.,  isap.  0.  William  Aulls  and  his  son  Ephraim,  from  Penn.,  settled  at  Pleasant  Valley  in 
1793.^    Elder  Ephraim  Sanford  (Bap.)  preached  the  first  sermon,  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Baker,  in  1795,' 

^f^AYLAHTD^*'— was  formed  from  Cohocton  and  Dansville,  April  12,  1848.  A  part  of  Fremont 
was  taken  ofli  in  1854.  It  is  the  most  western  town  upon  the  n.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  an 
upland,  rolling  in  the  n.  and  moderately  hilly  in  the  s.  It  forms  a  portion  of  the  watershed  be- 
tween Susquehanna  River  and  Lake  Ontario ;  and  its  highest  summits  are  1,600  to  1,800  feet  above 
tide.  The  streams  are  small  creeks  and  brooks.  Loon  and  Mud  Lakes  are  situated  in  a  valley  in 
the  s.  part  of  the  town,  and  their  waters  flow  in  opposite  directions.  The  outlet  of  the  former  is 
subterranean  for  half  a  mi. ;  and  where  it  comes  to  the  surface  it  is  in  sufl&cient  volume  to  form  a 
valuable  mill  stream.  The  soil  in  the  n.  is  gravel  and  muck,  and  in  the  s.  a  shaly  loam.  Way- 
land,  (Wayland  Dep6t  p.o.,)  in  the  n.e,  part  of  the  town,  contains  40  dwellings.  It  is  a  station 
on  the  B.,  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  Perkinsville,  2  mi.  s.  w.  of  Wayland,  contains  2  churches  and 
liO  dwellings.  Patcbins  Mills  is  a  hamlet.  I^oon  I^ake  is  a  p.o.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  in  1806-07,  by  Thos.  Bowles  and  John  H.  Miller.^^     The  census  reports  3  churches.^^ 


1  Amos  DickinHon  settled  iu  1814;  and  Joseph  Fluent  at 
Bonny  Hill  in  1817.  The  first  settlers  at  Aldrich  settlement 
were  William  Jack,  Samuel  Fisk,  and  Thomas  Aldrich.  in  1823. 
The  first  child  born  was  Irena  Smith,  in  1813;  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  Joseph  Fluent  and  Fanny  Dickinson,  in  1818  ;  and 
the  first  death,  that  of  Anderson  Carpenter,  killed  hy  the  falling 
of  a  tree,  in  1817.  The  first  school  was  taught  at  Bonny  Uill,  by 
Caroline  Vinan,  in  1818;  the  first  store  waa  kept  by  Harlow 
Sears,  at  MerchantviUe.  No  tavern  was  ever  kept  in  the  town, 
Mid  no  license  was  ever  granted  to  seil  liquor. 

2  The  census  reports  4  churches ;  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  and  Christian. 

*  Named  from  Robert  Trnup,  of  N.  Y.,  general  agent  of  the 
Pulteney  estate. — Tur/ier's  Phelps  and  Gorham  Purchase,  p.  279. 

*  This  institution  has  an  average  attendance  of  about  60  pupils. 
5  Peter  Young  and  Peter  Dalaun,  from  Addison,  settled  near 

Mr.  Rice,  in  1S06;  Lieut.  Reynolds  and  Jonathan  Rogers  settled 
at  the  same  place  in  1809,  Geo.  Martin  in  1810,  and  James  Works 
in  1811.  The  first  child  born  was  Polly  Young  ;  the  first  mar- 
riage, that  of  Zebulon  Tubbs  and  Sarah  Rice;  and  the  first  death, 
that  of  Jeremiah  Martin.  Abner  Thomas  taught  the  first  school, 
a  little  B.  of  Troupsburgh  Village;  Lieut.  Reynolds  kept  the  first 
ion,  4  mi.  from  the  Center,  and  Ichabod  C.  Leach  the  first  store, 
2  mi.  from  the  Center.  Geo.  Martin  erected  the  first  gristmill, 
at  Troupsburgh  Village.  «  2  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  and  F.  W.  Bap. 

T  In  1857,  30  acres  were  devoted  to  vineyards;  and  the  success 
of  the  experiment  was  so  great  that  the  number  of  acres  was 
doubled  in  185S.  There  are  about  2,OoO  acres  in  town  with  the 
9.  and  z.  inoLinatioQ  adapted  to  this  purpouo. 


8  Samuel  Bakor,  Eli  Read,  and  William  Barney  settled  is 
Pleasant  Valley  in  1794;  and  Capt.  Amos  Stone,  Capt.  John 
Shether,  James  Shether,  and  Richard  Daniels  in  1795.  These 
settlers  were  from  New  England,  most  of  them  from  Conn. 
They  had  served  through  the  Revolutionary  "War,  some  of  them 
with  distinction  as  officers ;  and  all  were  inured  to  the  privations 
and  dangers  incident  to  pioneer  settlement.  The  first  child  bora 
Was  Saml.  Baker,  jr. ;  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Jonathan  Bar- 
ney and  Polly  Aulls,  in  1794;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  John 
Phillips,  in  Sept.  of  the  same  year.  Eliphalet  Norris  taught  the 
first  school,  in  1795,  at  Pleasant  Valley;  Caleb  Chapman  kept 
the  first  inn,  at  N.  Urbana;  Henry  A.  townsend  the  first  store, 
at  Cold  Spring,  in  1S15.  John  Shether  built  the  first  sawmill, 
in  Pleasant  Valley,  in  1795 ;  and  Gen.  Geo.  McClure.  the  first 
gristmill,  at  Cold  Spring,  in  1802. 

»  The  census  reports  6  churches;  2  Bap.,  and  1  each  Presb., 
M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  and  R.  C. 

10  Named  from  Rev.  Dr.  Francis  Wayland.  of  R.  I. 

11  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Adam  Zimmerman,  David 

Brown,  Kaizier.  Stephen  Hicks,  Thos.  Begole,  Solomon, 

James,  and  Elisha  Brownsou,  Isajic  Willie,  Walter  and  Dr.  War- 
ren Patchin,  Dennis  Hess,  Benj.  Perkins,  and  Samuel  Draper. 
The  first  sawmill  was  built  by  Benj.  Perkins;  and  the  first 
gristmill,  by  Dugald  Cameron  and  Abijah  Fowler,  in  181  fi.  Saml. 
Taggart  kept  the  first  inn.  in  1S27 ;  and  James  L.  Monier.  tho 
first  store,  in  1830.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Thos.  Wil- 
bur, in  ISll. 

IS  Evang.  Luth.,  Union,  and  B.C. 


STEUBEN    COUNTY. 


629 


WAYNE' — named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne — was  formed,  as  ^^FredericJcstown,'"  March 
18,  17%,  Its  name  was  changed  April  6,  1808.  Reading  (Schuyler  co.)  was  taken  off  in  1806, 
Orange  (Schuyler  co.)  in  1813,  and  Barrington  (Yates  co.)  and  Tyrone  (Schuyler  co.)  in  1822.  A 
part  was  annexed  to  Tyrone  April  17,  1854.  It  is  situated  upon  Crooked  Lake,  on  the  e.  border 
of  the  CO.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  upland,  400  to  600  feet  high,  descending  abruptly  to  the  lake. 
Little  Lake  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  lying  along  the  e.  border.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  and  slaty 
loam  underlaid  by  hardpan.  Wayne,^  (p-^-*)  on  the  line  of  Tyrone,  (Schuyler  co.,)  contains  3 
churches  and  40  houses.  Wayne  Four  Corners  is  a  p.  o.  Keuka  is  a  steamboat  landing 
in  the  n.  part.  Zephaniah  Hoff,  Henry  Mapes,  Widow  Jennings,  and  Solomon  Wisson  settled  in 
town  in  1791.*  Rev.  Ephraim  Sanford  (Bap.)  was  one  of  the  first  settlers,  and  for  many  years 
the  only  clergyman  in  town.     There  are  two  churches  in  town  ;  M.  E.  and  Union. 

WEST  FMIOIV — was  formed  from  Greenwood,  April  25.  1845.  It  is  the  s.w.  corner  town 
oi  the  CO.  Its  surface  is  a  broken  and  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  2,000  to  2,400  feet 
above  tide,  A  large  part  of  the  town  is  yet  covered  with  forests.  Bennetts  Creek  is  the  principal 
stream.  The  soil  is  a  heavy,  slaty  loam.  Lumbering  is  extensively  pursued.  Rexville  (p. o.) 
and  Wileysville  (p.o.)  are  hamlets.  West  Union  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settler  was  Abraham 
V.  Olmsted,  who  located  at  Rexville  in  1822.*  The  first  church  (M.E.)  was  formed  at  Rexville  in 
1831.     There  are  2  churches  in  town ;  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

WHEEI^ER^— was  formed  from  Bath  and  Prattsburgh,  Feb.  25,  1820.  A  part  of  Avoca 
was  taken  off  in  1843,  and  a  part  of  Urbana  in  1839.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.e.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  high,  rolling  upland,  broken  by  the  valleys  of  Five  Mile  and  Ten 
Mile  Creeks  and  of  several  small  lateral  streams.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  and  clayey  loam,  well 
adapted  to  both  grazing  and  tillage.  Mitctaellville  (p.  v.)  contains  20  houses ;  and  Wheeler 
Center  (Wheeler  p.o.)  1  church  and  15  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1799,  by 
Capt.  Silas  Wheeler,  from  Albany  co.®  Rev.  Ephraim  Eggleston  (Bap.)  conducted  the  first  reli- 
gious services,  in  1802.     There  are  2  churches  in  town;  Presb.  and  M.  E. 

WOODHUIil.^— was  formed  from  Troupsburgh  and  Addison,  Feb.  18,  1828.  A  part  of 
Rathbone  was  taken  off  in  1856.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  s,  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface 
is  a  hilly  upland,  a  considerable  portion  of  which  is  yet  covered  with  forests.  Tuscarora  Creek, 
flowing  E.  through  the  northerly  part  of  the  town,  is  the  principal  stream.  The  soil  is  a  clayey  and 
gravelly  loam.  Lumbering  is  carried  on  to  some  extent.  Hfew^ville,  (Woodhull  p.o..)  on  Tus- 
carora Creek,  contains  3  churches  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  215.  Hedges- 
Ville  contains  10  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1805,  by  Stephen  Dolson,  Daniel 
Johnson,  Patrick  Breakhill,  Bethuel  Tubbs,  and  Samuel  B.  Rice.^  The  first  church  (Presb.)  was 
organized  in  1830 ;  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Pomeroy  was  the  first  pastor.     There  are  4  churches  in  town.' 


1  Its  former  name  waa  from  Frederick  Bartles. — McMasters's 
Hist.  StetiJjen  n>.,  p.  181. 

2  Locally  known  as  "  Wayne  Hotel." 

8  Enofl,  Joseph,  and  James  Silsbee,  Abraham  Hendricks. 
Joshua  Smith,  John  Holdridge,  Elijah  Reynolds,  and  Kphraim 
Tyler  were  among  the  early  settlers.  The  first  birth  was  that 
of  Elizabeth  Wixson,  Nov.  6, 1793;  and  the  first  marriage,  that 
of  Ephraim  Sanford,  jr.  and  Julia  HofT.  Jas.  Silsbee  kfpt  the 
first  store,  and  Enos  Silsheo  the  first  inn.  The  first  school  was 
taught  by  Nathaniel  Frisbee.  in  1797. 

*  The  late  settlemen*.  of  this  town  was  owing  to  the  fact  that 
a  large  share  of  the  land  was  owned  in  England  and  by  heirs 
under  age.  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Fred.  Hauber,  Wm. 
Burger,  and  Wra.  Bray,  from  Delaware  co.,  who  came  in  1823 
and  located  near  Rexville.  John  Wilev,  Wm.  Fisher,  and  Benj. 
Wilks  settled  at  Wileysville  in  1S49.  Uriah  Stevens  taught  the 
first  school;  Chas.  Rexford  kept  the  first  inn.  and  Walter  B. 
Olmsted  the  first  store,  at  Rexville.  John  Wiley  built  the  first 
saw  and  grist  mill,  in  1849-50. 

"  Named  from  Capt.  Silas  Wheeler,  the  first  settler.  Capt. 
Whcvler  served  during  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  was  at  the 
attack  on  Quebec  and  stood  near  Montgomery  when  he  fell. 
He  was  4  timee  taken  prisoner  during  the  war.  He  died  in 
1S2S,  at  the  age  of  7  8. 

*  Nathan  Rose.  Wm.  Holmes,  and  Turner  Gardner  settled  in 
town  in  1709;  Col.  Jonathan  Barney  and  Thos.  Aulls  in  1800; 
Philip  Murtle  in  1802;  and  Otto  F.  Marshall,  and  others,  named 
Bear,  Ferval,  and  Rifle,  in  1S03.  William,  son  of  Jonathan  Bar- 
ney, was  born  Nov.  1,  ISOl,  and  died  Dec.  1, 1802,— the  first  birth 
knd  death  in  town.    Hon.  Qrattan  H.  Wheeler  was  a  party  to 


the  first  marriage.  Capt.  Wheeler  built  the  first  sawmill,  in  1S02; 
and  Geo.  W.  Taylor  the  first  gristmill,  in  1803-04.  John  Beala 
kept  the  first  inn,  in  1820;  and  Cornehus  Younglove,  the  first 
store,  in  1835.    The  first  school  was  taught  by  Uriel  Chapin. 

''  Capt.  Wheeler's  first  trip  to  mill  is  worthy  of  record.  There 
were,  at  the  time  when  he  had  occasion  to  'go  to  mill,'  tbre«i 
institutions  in  the  neigh  bo  rhwid  where  grinding  was  done, — at 
the  Friends'  settlement,  at  Bath,  and  at  Naples.  The  millstoneB 
of  Bath  had  suspended  operations. — there  being  nothing  there 
to  grind,  aa  was  reported.  Capt.  Wheeler  made  a  cart,  of  which 
the  wheels  were  sawn  from  the  end  of  a  log  of  curly  maple :  (he 
box  was  of  corresponding  architecture.  He  started  for  Naples 
with  two  oxen  attached  to  this  vehicle.  Two  young  men  went 
before  the  oxen  with  axes  and  chopped  a  road,  and  the  clumsy 
chariot  came  floanderiug  through  the  bushes  behind,  bouncing 
over  the  logs  and  snubbing  the  stumps,  like  a  ship  working 
through  an  Ice  field.  The  first  day  they  reached  a  point  a  little 
beyond  the  present  village  of  Prattsburgh.  a  distance  of  six 
miles  from  their  starting  point,  and  the  second  moored  triumpb- 
antlv  at  the  mtU  at  Naples." — McMaster^s  Hist.  Steuben  Cb.,  pp. 
195-196. 

'  Named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Nathaniel  Woodhull,  of  the  Revoln 
tiou. 

8  Caleb  Smith  settled  in  the  town  in  1808.  The  first  birth 
was  that  of  Polly  Smith:  the  first  marriage,  that  of  Levi  Rice 
and  Cynthia  Tubbs;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Benj.  Tubbs. 
Caleb  Smith  built  the  first  gristmill,  in  1805;  Ichabod  S.  Leach 
kept  the  first  inn,  and  Josi»b  Tubbs  the  first  store.  The  first 
school  waa  taught  by  Abner  Thomas. 

«  2  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  R.C. 


630 


STEUBEN     COUNTY. 


Acres  of  Land,   Valuation,   Population,    Dwellings,   Families,   freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Steuben  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


AddJBon 

Avociu 

Bath 

Bradford 

CaniiTon 

Campbtill , 

Canieteo 

Caton 

Cohocton..... 

Coming , 

Dansville. 

£rwiD... 

Fremout. 

Greenwood... 

HartaviUe 

Hornby 

Hornellsville. 

Howard , 

Jasper 

Lindiey.... 

Prattsbui'gh., 

Pulteney 

Rathboneo.... 

Thurston 

Troupsburgh, 

Urbana 

Waylaud 

Wayoi-. 

West  Union.. 

Wheeler- 

Woodhull 

Total 


Acres  op  Land. 


9,376 
13,011 
30,775 

7,2M 
10,871 

8,242 

9,1S4 

7,712 
11,580 

7,803 
20,031 

4,097 
10.733 
10,065 

7,1S9 
13,151 

S,745i 
20,634i 
13,227 

3,729 
23,136 
16,730 

6,4081 
16,646} 
17,126 
I2,921i 
9,S13 
7,265 
14,334 
11,861J 


361.460 


I 
I, 


26,832 

8,661 
24,319 

5.798 
10,798 
16,297 
22,300 
14,453 
14.441 
20,482 
12,881 
18,,674 

7,745 
11,660 
I3,a32 
13,177 

9,21 6i 
17.657 
15,853 
19,874 
11,858 

4,878i 

1.6,083 
17,947 

8.656 
11,364S 

3,606 
14,268 
14,246 
18,894 


438,260J 


Vamjation  of  1858, 


$  428,955 
433,627 

1,653,478 
214,087 
219,740 
329,030 
393,381 
296,406 
4.53,101 

1,308,282 
601,936 
636,668 
247,611 
176,046 
158,025 
264,783 
865,650 
410,648 
230,172 
274,701 
666,801 
449.787 
269,491 
233,276 
184.531 
636,978 
210,394 
234.142 
88,276 
299,709 
240,932 


$  92,270 
82,073 

579,191 
23  543 
63,257 
6,900 
41.671 
21,655 
64.792 

113,689 
58,414 
74,250 
78,624 
94,231 
37.143 
40,266 
45,788 

120,476 
75,741 
6,300 

102,270 
39,318 
28,934 
12.918 

132,210 
30,009 
1,200 
34,681 
11,028 
69,196 

114,785 


12,689,070    2.286,423    14,975,493 


e 


$521,225 
515,700 

2,132,667 
237,630 
282.997 
336,630 
435,052 
318,060 
617,893 

1,421,971 
660,330 
609,918 
326,135 
270,276 
195,168 
295,049 
911,468 
631,024 
305.913 
280,001 
659,071 
489,105 
298,425 
246,194 
316,741 
665,987 
211,694 
268,823 
99,904 
3.58,905 
355,717 


1,602 

926 

3,027 

642 

918 

816 

1,058 

837 

1,126 

3,276 

1,077 

944 

671 

622 

684 

756 

1.960 

1,366 

881 

369 

1,301 

762 


1,042 
966 

1,344 
467 
617 
717 

1,159 


32,189 


1,654 

S60 

3,004 

643 

919 

726 

927 

74S 

1,116 

3,059 

1,083 

875 

648 

602 

826 

654 

1,893 

1,304 

887 

335 

1,281 

808 

445 
937 
972 

1,307 
401 
697 
859 

1,046 


30,776 


518 
331 

1,068 
238 
336 
287 
362 
274 
444 

1,037 
401 
334 
221 
237 
195 
262 
689 
602 
341 
142 
609 
305 

171 
361 
361 
376 
174 
214 
253 
420 


11,351 


666 
359 
984 
245 
343 
292 
372 
291 
444 
1,160 
413 
339 
233 
237 
212 
274 
744 
612 
344 
143 
636 
309 

177 
373 
363 
482 
183 
233 
266 
426 


11,823 


236 

286 
860 
189 
288 
226 
271 
267 
297 
614 
287 
174 
210 
233 
177 
239 
477 
458 
299 
69 
440 
275 

167 
322 
288 
332 
143 
218 
197 
294 


8,710  I  354  25,817 


1,228 
8U8 

2,306 
655 
690 
618 
852 
626 
875 

2,162 
791 
741 
457 
667 
467 
666 

1,522 

1,083 
787 
313 

1,072 
828 
628 
440 
967 
822 

1,060 
311 
630 
632 
825 


Names  of  Towns, 


Addison. 

Avoca 

Bath 

Bradford 

CameroiL 

Campbell , 

Canisteo 

Caton 

Cohocton 

Coming 

Dansvilie 

Erwin 

Fremont 

Greenwood.... 

HiLTtsviUe , 

Hornby 

Hornellsville. 

Howard 

Jasper 

Liodley 

Prattsburgh.. 

Pnlteney 

Rathbone* 

Thurston 

Troupsburgh. 

Urbana 

Wayland 

Wayne 

West  Union,, 

Wheeler 

Woodhull,,.. 

Total... 


332 
600 
1,368 
330 
418 
326 
377 
341 
636 
396 
763 
216 
502 
300 
229 
382 
369 
810 
496 
121 
886 
694 

170 

457 
680 
604 
367 
179 
496 
406 


13,899 


III 

937 
1,074 
2,578 

630 
1,023 

94' 
1,192 
1,072 

995 

670 
1,24' 

433 

683 
1,197 

686 
1,064 

890 
1,626 
1,463 

619 
1,391 
1,272 

449 

1,984 

1,117 

1,031 

683 

929 

839 

1,788 


32,199 


532 
8,54 
2,042 
501 
639 
616 
690 
627 
621 
678 
980 
3S5 
601 
788 
427 

cia 

630 
1,1.37 
802 
327 
929 
766 

295 
14 
671 
780 
472 
499 
618 
911 


20,284 


=0 


2,448 
6,530 
12,169 
3,493 
2,847 
2,036 
1,914 
2,344 
3.255 

S2S 
6,469 
1,495 
1,715 
1,701 
3.007 
3,365 
2.,522 
8,998 
3,385 

987 
8,093 
4,968 

1.354 
6.340 
9,946 
1,805 
3,663 
1,206 
6,220 
2,330 


_5_ 

767 

1,087 

2.360 

731 

619 

630 

816 

610 

807 

901 

1,368 

653 

549 

420 

382 

574 

646 

1,338 

726 

386 

1,02: 

1,073 

331 

7.50 

1,051 

1,005 

764 

369 

832 

817 

24,154 


AORICtTLTURAL  PRODUCTS. 


Bosh,  oh  Grain. 


6,979 

12,695 

26,477 
4,908, 
4,229 
6,499 

13,912J 
3,563 

13,757 
8,440 

24..509 
4,766 
4,172 
1,866 
3,712 
3,248 

10,478 
6,596 
2.814 
1,326 

10„3194 
9,975 

2.921  i 
2,51 9i 
11,145 
12.252 
3,3.54 
1,242 
7,377 
5,849i 


229,802 


2,037 

2.044 

6,931J 

1,354 

1,952} 

2,241 

l,884i 

2.242 

1,466} 

1,684 

2,064 

943 
1,022 
1,049 
1,010 
4.203 
1.786 
2,47  6J 
2,011 

948 
2,953} 
2,050 


,231 

,621} 

,2.62 

,567} 

,008 

721 

,440 

:,466 


6S,749i 


12,004 
6,444 

14,379 
6,726 
3,864 
6,420 
6,964 

20,607 
7,631 

10,.309 

13,445 
7,185 
8,985 
5,480 
3,.506 

22,465 
5,311 

13,,539 
7,262 
6,933 
8.748 
6,268 

3.055 
8,170 
4,826 

11,604 
4.711 
7,878 
4,515 

10,026 


256,938 


0)1 


11,235 

23,412 

25,271 
8,042 
4.644 

11,898 
9,893 
6,048 

17,095 
8,828 

14,294 
3.746 

14,210 
3,978 
6,525 

14,201 
6,217 

at.461 
4,298 
6,905 

14.790 
8,347 

3,368 
8.618 

12,335 

4,470 

8.485 

610 

10,024 
3,174 


!97,2S9 


Daibt  Pboductb, 


35.53 

0,     OS 


66,.550 
77,063 

118,421 
37,130 
69,703 
60,166 
62,040 
81,166 
67,246 
26,316 
93,541 
29,906 
60,075 
79,900 
37,046 
69,885 
60,150 

129,746 
93,188 
20,962 

104,620 
88,971 

32,590 
103,775 
82,350 
65.200 
55.346 
41.980 
60.693 
112,445 


I'S-S 


3,640 

43,446 

13,630 

460 

2,100 

1,976 

500 

3,664 

6,2311 

800' 

18,539' 

6,000! 

6,775 

1,100| 

3,290 

1,915 

1,204 

13,690 

3,335 

100 

7,717 

6,419 

665 
2,816 
3,070 

23,500 
1,816 

17,700 
4,806 
4,745! 


1,34: 
773} 

3,069 
978 

1,186 
778 

1,676 
736 
691 
106 

1,603 

62 

1,063 

889 

1,461 

794 

2,689} 

2,436 

37 

1,188 

758 

1,148 
3,699} 

846 
1,288 

'28 
1,689} 

700 
1,144 


203,329!  ,34,936 


a  Formed  since  1855, 


SUFFOLK    COUNTY. 


This  county'  was  organized  Nov.  1,  1083.  It  occupies  the  e.  part 
of  Long  Island,  embracing  about  two-thirds  of  its  area,  and 
includes  several  smaller  islands  off  the  E.  and  N.  coasts.  It  is 
centrally  distant  138  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  1,200  sq.  mi. 
The  E.  extremity  of  the  island  is  divided  by  Great  and  Little  Peconic 
and  Gardiners  Bays  into  two  narrow,  unequal  branches,  between 
which  are  Gardinei-s,  Shelter,  and  Robins  Islands.  A  chain  of  islands 
extends  from  the  n.  branch  nearly  to  the  Conn,  shore.'  A  beach  com- 
posed of  alluvial  sand  and  shingle,  broken  only  by  occasional  inlets, 
skirts  the  s.  shore  of  the  island,  enclosing  several  large,  irregular  bays, 
the  principal  of  which  are  Great  South,  Moriches,  Shinnecock,  and 
Mecox  Bays.  "  This  great  beach  is  a  line  of  spits  and  islands.  One 
of  the  islands  is  about  25  mi.  long,  with  a  breadth  of  a  few  hundred  yards.  They  are  all  narrow 
and  long ;  and  when  above  the  reach  of  the  surf  they  are  covered  by  a  labyrinth  of  hillocks  of 
drifted  sand,  imitating  almost  all  the  variety  of  form  which  snow  drifts  possess  after  a  storm." 

The  action  of  the  waves  and  winds  is  gradually  extending  this  beach.  Off  tht  s.  coast  the  sea 
is  very  shallow ;  50  mi.  from  the  shore  its  depth  nowhere  exceeds  40  fathoms ;  and  sandbars  at  a 
considerable  distance  from  the  beach  approach  so  near  the  surface  as  to  break  the  waves  into  a 
surf.  The  traveler  along  the  beach  is  seldom  out  of  sight  of  a  wreck.'  Irregular  branches  project 
inland  from  Long  Island  Sound,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  co.,  and  from  the  bays  upon  the  s.  and  e. 
The  peninsulas  and  points  thus  formed  are  locally  known  as  "necks."  Upon  the  s.  side  of  the 
island  these  necks  generally  take  the  name  of  the  stream  e.  of  them.  An  irregulai  range  of  hilla 
extends  e.  and  w.  through  the  co.,  a  little  n.  of  the  center.  A  second  range,  commencing  in 
Brookhaven,  extends  into  the  s.  branch  of  the  island,  terminating  at  Canoe  Place  and  reappear- 
ing farther  e.  as  the  Shinnecock  Hills.  Along  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  the  surface  is  somewhat 
broken ;  but  in  the  s.  it  is  very  level.  In  the  E.  part  are  several  fresh  water  lakes,  and  a  few  in 
the  central  and  w.  parts,  the  principal  of  which  is  Lake  Ronkonkoma,  on  the  w  border  of 
Brookhaven.  The  principal  streams  are  Peconic  River,  in  the  E.,  and  the  Connecticut,  in  the 
central  part.  The  soil  is  generally  a  light,  sandy  loam,  moderately  fertile  along  the  coasts ;  but 
in  some  parts  the  surface  consists  of  almost  sterile  plains  or  barren  sandhills.  The  interior  of  the 
island,  from  near  the  foot  of  the  hills  to  within  one  or  two  mi.  of  South  Bay,  is  occupied  by  the 
"  brush  plains,"  which  are  sparsely  inhabited  and  hardly  susceptible  of  cultivation.  Thousands 
of  acres  of  these  plains  were  burned  over  in  1844  and  '45  ;  and  a  thin  growth  of  scrub  oak,  3  to  4 
feet  high,  has  since  sprung  up  on  the  burned  tract.*  Along  the  coast  are  extensive  salt  marshes. 
No  native  rock  is  found  within  this  co. ;  and  the  whole  island,  except  a  few  rocks  near  Hellgate, 
appears  to  belong  to  the  drift  formation  or  to  have  been  formed  as  a  strand  of  the  sea.  The 
waters  of  the  sea  are  slowly  encroaching  upon  the  land  of  the  E.  and  n.  parts. 

The  various  branches  of  agriculture  form  the  leading  industrial  pursuits.'  Successful  hus- 
bandry in  this  CO.  involves  a  large  expenditure  for  fertilizers,'  which  to  considerable  extent  are 
obtained  from  the  neighboring  seas.     Immense  quantities  of  bony  fish'  are  caught  for  this  pur- 


1  Named  from  a  co.  in  England.  From  1665  to  1683  this  co. 
formed  the  ^^East  Riding  of  Torkshire" 

2  These  islauda  appear  to  have  been  separated  from  the  main- 
land and  from  each  ottier  by  tidal  currentfi,  wliirh  flow  between 
them  with  great  force.  —  A^  K  GeoJnqical  .^j/nvv.— Mather. 

s  From  Nov.  1, 1S64,  to  June 28, 1867,  6  ships,  9  barlis,  16  brigs, 
25  schooners,  and  9  sloops  were  wrecked,  or  in  distress,  off  this 
coaat.  The  Government  has  established  26  lifeboat  stations 
upon  the  s.  shore,  (of  which  19  are  within  this  co.,)  1  on 
Fishers  Island,  1  at  Orient  Point,  and  2  upon  the  Sound.  Each 
station  is  furnished  with  boats,  life<ars,  mortars  and  rockets 
for  throwing  Hne-s,  and  at  each  a  keeper  is  in  constant  attend- 
ance. Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Feb.  16, 1787,  "  mijvcA-- 
ma.^ters*'are  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  Senate  in  and  for 
the  several  counties  bordering  upon  the  seashore.  Of  these 
there  are  15  in  Suffolk  co.  It  is  their  duty  to  render  every 
possible  aid  to  distressed  vessels.  A  project  has  recently  been 
formed  of  constructing  a  telegraph  line  from  .Montauk  Point  to 
Brooklyn,  with  stations  along  the  beach,  so  that  intelligence 
may  be  transmitted  in  seadon  to  admit  of  aid  being  sent  to 
vejisels  in  distress. 


*  Some  of  these  tracts  are  8  to  10  mi.  long  and  2  to  t  wide. 
The  fires  destroyed  not  only  the  forest  trees,  but  every  vestige 
of  vegetation,  and  thousands  of  cords  of  wood :  hundreds  of 
deer  and  other  animals  perished  in  them.  Tliese  lands  are 
valuable  only  for  the  timber  upon  them :  and  when  that  i« 
destroyed  they  become  nearly  worthless. 

^  Corn  and  potatoes  are  the  leading  agricultural  exportations 
This  CO.  excels  all  others  in  the  State  in  the  amount  of  turnips 
raised.    Wheat  is  one  of  the  principal  crops. 

*  The  annual  expenditure  of  this  co.  for  manures  is  nearly 
$200,000. — about  half  as  much  as  is  expended  for  the  same  pur- 
pose by  all  the  rest  of  the  State. 

7  Tlie.^e  fish  are  the  Aloxa  menhaden,  or  *'  moss  bunkers."  and 
are  usually  called  '*  bunkers"  or  '*  skippniigs."  They  are  caught 
from  May  to  Nov.,  in  seines,  in  immense  quantities;  at  a  single 
haul,  a  few  years  since,  1.400  000  were  taken.  They  are  sold  at 
an  average  price  of  $1  per  >I.  They  are  usually  strewn  n\tt'n 
the  surface  as  a  top  dressing  or  plowed  under,  but  are  eonit* 
times  rotted  with  earth,  s.-nweed,  and  other  articles  in  compost 
heaps.  The  stench  of  tbfse  decaying  fi.th  is  extremel)  un- 
pleasant and  almost  ovcrpuwering  to  strangers. 

631 


632 


SUFFOLK    COUNTY. 


pose,  and  are  used  either  alone  or  in  connection  with  seaweed,  stable  manure,  compost,  guano, 
ashes,  and  other  fertilizers.  Oysters  and  clams  abound  in  the  bays  and  seas  around  the  island ; 
and  the  taking  of  these,  and  fishing,  form  the  principal  occupations  of  the  inhabitants  along  the 
shore.  From  the  first  settlement  of  the  co.  considerable  attention  has  been  given  to  whaling. 
This  business  was  originally  carried  on  in  open  boats  from  the  shore  ;^  but  large  vessels  are  now 
Bent  upon  long  voyages  to  the  Polar  Seas.^  The  preparation  of  **  fish  guano,*'  and  oil  from 
bunkers,^  shipbuilding,  and  brickmaking  are  the  principal  manufacturing  interests  of  the  co.* 
At  Fire  Island,  Green  port,  and  Orient,  and  at  most  of  the  villages  along  South  Country  Road  are  ex- 
tensive hotels,  especially  fitted  for  the  accommodation  of  families  from  New  York  City,  great 
numbers  of  whom  spend  the  summer  months  at  these  public  houses  or  in  private  families. 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Riverhead.^  The  courthouse  is  a  fine  two  story  brick  building, 
situated  near  the  depGt,  and  contains  the  usual  county  offices,  and  accommodations  for  the  sheriff's 
family.®  The  jail,  situated  in  rear  of  the  courthouse,  is  a  two  story  stone  octagonal  building.  The 
county  clerk's  office  is  a  fireproof  brick  building.     The  co.  has  no  poorhouse.*' 

The  first  regulation  concerning  public  roads  was  adopted  under  authority  of  an  act  of  General 
Assembly  passed  in  1724,  and  was  kept  alive  by  repeated  enactments.  Commissioners  ap- 
pointed by  this  authority  about  1733  laid  out  3  principal  roads  from  w.  to  e.  These  were  called 
the  North,  Middle,  and  South  Country  Roads,  and  upon  them  the  principal  villages  and  settle- 
ments are  located.  The  project  of  opening  a  navigable  communication  between  the  bays  upon 
the  3i  shore  of  the  island  was  recommended  by  Gov.  Clinton  in  1825,  and  was  subsequently 
authorized  by  law,  but  was  never  carried  into  efi'ect.®  The  Long  Island  R.  R.  affi>rds  the  princi- 
pal avenue  of  business  through  the  island.*  Short  stage  routes  connect  the  several  villages  along 
the  N.  and  s.  shores  with  the  r.  r. 

Seven  newspapers  are  published  in  the  co. ;  2  at  Greenport,  2  at  Huntington,  1  at  Sag  Harbor, 
1  at  Patchogue,  and  1  at  Riverhead.** 

When  Long  Island  first  became  known,  it  was  inhabited  by  13  tribes  of  Indians,  of  which  all 
but  two  resided  wholly  or  in  part  in  this  co.^'     Of  these  the  Montauks  were  the  most  numerous 


1  At  present  3  whaleboats  at  Mastic  Point,  2  at  Shinne- 
cock,  6  at  Soiitbanipton,  and  several  at  Bridgehampton,  East 
Hampton,  and  Amaganeet,  are  kept  in  CDOstant  readiness  for 
use  upon  the  beach.  They  are  mounted,  buttom  upward,  upon 
a  staging,  and  are  well  supplied  with  oars,  lances,  harpoons,  and 
other  necessary  tackle.  During  the  winter  and  spring  months  j 
a  lookout  is  kept,  and  when  a  whale  appears  a  signal  rallies  tbe 
neighborhood  to  the  chase.  A  year  seldom  passes  without  one 
prize ;  and  some  years  half  a  dozen  are  captured. 

2  The  whaling  interests  of  this  co.  received  a  severe  check  upon 
the  discovery  of  gold  in  California.  Many  whaleships  were  fitted 
out  for  the  trade  with  that  region,  and  upon  the  reaction  that 
followed  were  sold.  The  number  of  whaleships  now  belonging 
to  the  CO.  is  33;  and  the  greatest  number  at  any  one  time  (in 
1845^7)  was  S8. 

8  The  manufactories  of  fish  guano  and  oil  are  in  Southold  and 
upon  Shelter  Island,  and  on  Napeague  Reach.  Tbe  fish  are 
heated  by  ete;ini.  and  the  oil  is  extracted  by  hydrostatic  presses. 
The  residue  is  dried  and  ground  for  guano.  Forty  tons  of  fish 
yield  9  tons  of  guann  and  840gals.  of  oil.  It  Is  claimed  by  many 
that  this  mauufactured  article  possesses  all  tbe  valuable  pro- 
perties of  the  Peruvian  guano. 

*  Salt  was  formerly  made  from  seawater  at  Sag  Harbor.  An 
extensive  business  was  formerly  carried  on  in  cutting  wood  and 
shipping  it  to  the  New  York  market.  Spafford,  in  his  Gazetteer 
of  1823,  .s^ys  that  a  great  portion  of  the  fuel  consumed  in  the 
city  was  furnished  by  the  pine  plains,  and  Wiat  100.01*0  cords  were 
annually  sent  from  Brookhaven.  Since  the  fires  of  18-44  and '46 
but  little  wood  has  been  exported. 

6  A  small  two  story  frame  building,  erected  in  1725,  served  for 
both  a  courthouse  and  jail.  The  first  court  of  Oyer  and  Ter- 
miner under  the  State  Government  was  held  Sept.  4.  17S7. 

fi  This  building  was  erected  in  1854  and  '55,  at  a  cost  of  $17,800. 
The  ctimmittee  appointed  to  superintend  its  erection  were  Sarn'l 
B.  NicoU,  Wm.  R.  Pnst,  and  Sylvester  Miller,  By  an  act  passed 
April  9,  1813,  the  clerk  of  this  co.  was  authorized  to  establish 
his  office  in  two  places,  and  to  appoint  a  deputy  to  have  charge 
of  one.  The  records  migrated  between  Islip  and  Southold,  and 
^ere  kept  many  years  at  Smithtowu.  The  records  of  wills  in  this 
CO.  extend  back  to  1669.  The  records  of  the  court  of  General 
Sessions  and  Common  Pleas  have  been  separately  recorded  since 
1723. 

'  Most  of  the  towns  have  poorhonses,  at  which  co.  paupers  are 
provided  for  at  tbe  co.  expense. 

8  The  Long  Island  Canal  Company,  chartered  April  S.  184S, 
was  authorized  to  etTect  what  in  substance  wiis  embraced  in 
De  Witt  Clinton's  plan.  viz. :  communication  between  Grave.«eud. 
Jamaica,  Great  South,  Southampton,  and  Mecox  Bays,  and  across 
Canoe  Place. 

*  The  rnad  was  opened  to  Farmingtnn  Oct.  15, 1841,  to  Yap- 
hank    June  2*;,  lt4J,  and  to  Greenport  July  29,  1844. 


W  FrothinffftanVs  Lovg  Island  Efvald  was  established  at  Sag 

Harbor  May  10, 1791,  by  David  Fn-thingliam.     In  lt02 

it  was  sold  to  Sellick  Osborn,  and  changed  to 
The  Suffolk  (hunty  Herald.    It  was  sold  in  Feb.  1S04,  to  Alden 

Spooner.  and  its  name  was  changed  to 
The  Suffilk  Gazette,  and  in  Feb.  1811,  it  was  discontinued. 
The  Suffolk  Co  Recorder  was  established  at  Sag  Harbor  Oct  19, 

1816,  by  Sam'I.  A.  Seabury.   In  1817  it  was  changed  to 
The  American  Eagle;  2  years  afterward  it  was  discontinued. 
The  Corrector  was  st:irted  at  Sag  Harbor  Aug.  3, 1S22,  b.y 

H.  W.  Hunt,  and  is  now  published  by  Alex.  Hunt. 
The  Reimblican  AVatchman  was  conunenced  at  Sag 

llai  l«ir  in  Sept.  1826.  by  Sam'I  Phillips.     In  Sept.lS44, 

it  was  removed  to  Greenport,  where  it  is  now  published 

by  S.  Phillips  &  Son. 
The   Suflfblk.  Times  was  started  at  Greenport  in  Aug. 

1^57,  by  John  J.  Kiddell.  its  present  publisher. 
The  American  Eagle  was  establiphed  at  Huntington  in  1S21  by 

Sam'I  A.  Seabury.    In  May,  1825.  it  was  changed  to 
The  Long  Island  Journal  of  Philosophy  and  Cabinet  of  Variety, 

(mo.,)  pub.  by  Sam.  Fleet.     In  1827  it  was  changed  to 
The  Portico,  and  was  discontinued  in  1829. 
The  Long  Islander  was  started  at  Huntington  in  July, 

183s,  by  Walter  Whitman,  and   is  now  published  by 

G.-n   H.  Shepard. 
The   SuflTolk  Democrat  was  start^-d  Feb.  17,  1847.  at 

Huntington,  and  is  now  published  by  Edward  Strahan. 
The  Suffolk  0'a::cUe  was  commenced  at  Hiverhead  in  Aug.  1849. 

After  IS  months  it  was  removed  to  Sag  Harbor.    In 

Dec.  1854,  it  was  brought  back  to  Itiverhead,  and  was 

eonn  after  discontinued. 
The   Swffolh  Herald  was  established  at  Patchngno  Aug. 

14.  is.^s.  hv  A'an  Zandt  &  Co.,  its  present  publishers. 
The  Siiffolfe  Union  w;ia  started  at  Kiverhead  In  1S59  by 
I  "Wasbin^ton  Tan  Zandt. 

:The   Sag   Harbor  Express  was  commenced  in  1859, 

u  These  tribes  were  the  '*  Canarsees,^^  occupying  Kings  co.  and 
a  part  of  Jamaica:  the  "  Bockaways"  the  country  about  Rock- 
away  and  parts  of  Jamaica  and  \ewtriwn:  the  '■^Afattinecnrks" 
I  the  w.  side  of  the  island,  from  Flushing  to  the  E.  line  of  Hunting- 
ton; the"A>.ts«juij/5."  the  country  fmni  the  e.  line  of  Hunting- 
ton to  Stony  Brook;  the  "  Setaul.ets,"'  that  from  Stony  Brook  to 
1  Wading  lUver;  the  ^' Cor clingv-es,"  all  tbe  N.  branch  of  the  island 
I  E.  of  Wading  Uiver:  the '^  Sferecnkes^*  and  ^^  Murenpeques."  thi-  conw 
I  try  upon  the  s.  side  of  the  islands  w.  of  Suffolk  co.;  the- Lecatogues,^* 
!  the  country  fram  the  w,  line  of  the  co.  to  tbe  E.  part  of  Islip; 
'  the  "IWchngues"  from  the  e.  line  of  Islip  tot  hew.  partof  Sonth 
'ampton;  the  "■Sltinnecncks"  the  country  around  Canoe  Place, 
land  thence  E.  to  East  Hampton;  the  "J/onto"A:.s,"  that  are  now 
'  included  in  the  tnwn  of  East  Hampton;  atul  the  "Monhassets,^' 
uccupying  Shelter  Island.    Of  all  these  tribes  there  now  remain 


SUFFOLK    COUNTY. 


633 


and  powerful ;  and  the  consent  of  Wyandance,'  their  grand  sachem,  was  necessary  to  the  validity 
of  all  Indian  grants  of  that  date  upon  the  island.  The  earliest  settlement  within  the  co.  was 
made  in  1639,  on  Gardiners  Island,  under  title  derived  from  James  Farrett,  agent  of  the  Earl 
of  Stirling,  to  whom  a  grant  of  the  whole  of  Long  Island  had  been  made  by  the  Plymouth  Com- 
pany.'' Southold  and  Southampton  were  settled  in  1640,  Easthampton  in  1648,  Shelter  Island  in 
1652,  Huntington  in  1653,  Brookhaven  in  1655,  and  Smithtown  in  1668,  by  English  immigrants 
from  New  England.  These  settlers  were  strongly  imbued  with  Puritan  doctrines  and  zealously 
devoted  to  their  strict  observance.'  They  naturally  sought  alliance  with  the  adjacent  New 
England  colonies,  to  whom  they  were  warmly  attached,'  and  with  whom  they  were  closely  united 
until  they  were  brought  under  the  government  of  New  York.  Among  the  first  measures  taken  by 
the  colonists  was  the  establishment  of  religious  worship  and  schools,  which  in  most  of  the  towns 
date  from  the  first  or  second  year  of  settlement.  These  were  commonly  supported  by  tax,  often 
levied  in  kind,  and  sometimes  coupled  with  privileges  and  grants  that  are  still  recognized. 

The  patents  granted  by  the  New  York  governors  created  corporations,  with  municipal  powers 
and  privileges  which  were  liberal  for  that  period.  These  have  never  been  changed,  and  are  still 
valid.  The  rights  were  of  two  classes,— one  belonging  to  all  who  might  gain  a  residence  and 
citizenship  within  the  town,,  and  the  other  pertaining  only  to  the  persons  named  in  the  patents 
and  their  heirs  at  law.  During  the  Revolution  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  co.  warmly  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  colonists ;  but  after  the  battle  of  Long  Island  the  British  ascendency  was  com- 
plete, and  few  opportunities  occurred  for  assisting  in  the  popular  movement.  Several  bold  and 
successful  incursions  were  made  by  partisan  corps  ;  but  the  armed  occupation  of  the  island  was  at 
no  time  interrupted.*  During  the  latter  part  of  the  War  of  1812  an  English  fleet  was  stationed 
off  the  eastern  coast ;  but  few  depredations  were  committed.  The  history  of  the  co.  fi-om  that  day  to 
the  present  is  only  the  record  of  the  industrial  pursuits  of  a  thriving  people. 


BROOKHAVEN — was  incorp.  by  patent,  under  Gov.  Nicoll,  March  13,  1666,  with  the  usual 
privileges  of  a  township  f  and  Dec.  27,  1686,  the  patent  was  confirmed  by  Gov.  Dongan,  and  ex- 
tended privileges  were  granted.®  It  was  recognized  as  a  town  March  7, 1788.  It  occupies  the  entire 
width  of  Long  Island,  near  the  center  of  the  co.  E.  and  w.  It  has  20  mi.  of  coast  on  Long  Island  Sound, 
21  on  South  Bay,  and  above  30  on  Fire  Island,  which  skirts  the  whole  s.  coast.  Patchogue  and  Bell- 
port  Bays,  upon  the  s.  coast,  are  branches  of  Great  South  Bay  ;  and  Old  Mans  Harbor  and  Port  -Jeffer- 
8on,  Conscience,  Setauket,  and  Flax  Pond  Bays,  are  indentations  upon  the  n.  coast  from  L.  I.  Sound. 
The  principal  capes  upon  the  N.  coast  are  Cranes  Neck,  Old  Field  Point,'  Little  Neck,*  Dj-ers  Neck,' 
Mount  Misery,  and  Rocky  Point.  A  range  of  low  hills  extends  across  the  n.  part  of  the  town ;  but 
elsewhere  the  surface  is  level.  The  principal  streams  are  Peconic  River,  in  the  E.  part,  and  the  Con- 
necticut, in  the  central.  There  are  several  fresh  water  ponds  of  great  depth  and  purity  in  the  town, 
many  of  which  have  no  outlet.  The  soil  along  the  coast,  both  upon  Long  Island  Sound  and  South 
Bay,  is  a  moderately  fertile,  light,  sandy  loam,  and  in  the  interior  it  is  generally  unproductive. 
Along  the  streams  near  their  mouths  are  numerous  salt  meadows.  Port  JefiTersoil'"  (p.  v.)  is 
situated  at  the  head  of  Port  Jefferson  Bay,  on  the  N.  coast.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  shipbuilding 
is  largely  carried  on.'^i  Pop.  1,247.  Setauket,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  contains  2 
churches  and  4  shipyards  and  has  a  pop.  of  1,136.  Stony  Brook,'^  (p-'f-.)  near  the  line  of 
Smithtown,  contains  1  church  and  has  a  pup.  (in  this  town)  of  542.  Mt.  Sinai,''  (p.  v.,)  on  Old 
Mans  Harbor,  has  a  pop.  of  276.    Millers  Place,'*  (p.o.,)  Rocky  Point,    and  S'lvezys 


but  a  few  indivi<!i)al3  in  Islip  and  Brookhnven.  about  200  at 
Shinnecock,  and  o  families  on  Montauk  Point.  They  have  lost 
all  k nowledge  of  their  tangnage.  using  ouly  the  English,  and  are 
intelligent  and  eivilized.  They  have  interinarrred  to  a  considera- 
ble extent  with  negroes,  and  are  probably  of  more  than  half  A  f- 
ri^yin  blood. 

1  Wyandance  died  in  1659,  and  the  Montauk  Indians  afterward 
became  tributary  to  the  Narragansetts. 

•  This  grant  waa  made  in  163o,  and,  at  the  request  of  Charles  I. 
Farrett  was    appointed    agent    in   1637. — Houyh'i   yantucket 

s  Most  of  the  towns  were  Jealous  of  the  admission  of  strangers, 
and  only  allowed  them  to  participate  in  their  priTileges  upon 
careful  examinatioTi  of  character  and  motive. 

4  By  the  act  of  May  6,  1784.  the  sum  of  £10,000  was  levied 
upon  this  CO.  afl  a  "  back  tax"  for  defraying  expenses  incurred  in 
the  wars. 

6  Capt.  John  Tucker,  Dan'l  Lane,  Richard  Woodhnll,  Henry 
Perring.  and  Jnhu  .Ti-nuer  were  named  trustees  in  this  patent. 
Patents,  J,  81,  Sec.  Office. 


*  This  instrument  provided  that  7  trustees  should  be  annually 
elected,  in  whom  the  Jegal  ownershipof  the  property  of  the  town 
should  be  vested.  John  Palmer,  Kicbard  Woodbull,  Snniuel 
Kburue,  Andrew  Gibb,  Wm.  Sttterlee,  Thos.  Jonner,  and  Thos, 
Helme  were  named  as  tlie  first  trustees. 

I  The  Indian  name  of  this  point  waa  "  Cb.;nci.i-co." 
8  Called  by  the  Indians  *'.Vi-7Wj:-jte-rote." 

•  Its  Indian  name  was  '^ P»-quf/tt" 

w  Formerly  known  as  '^Drowned  Meadow,^  and  called  ".S>-w'(w- 
seW  by  the  Indians. 

"  Tht?re  are  5  shipyards  upon  the  E.  side  of  the  harbor,  and  3 
upon  the  w. 

12  Called  by  the  Indians  "  Wftpf/wag."  The  great  quantities  of 
shells  found  near  the  banks  indicate  that  this  waa  a  favorite 
residence  of  the  natives. 

n  Called  by  the  Indians  •^yt/n-o-wau-iud:.*'  Old  Mans  Harbor 
IS  also  called  .Mt.  Sinai  Iliirbur. 

1*  Named  from  Andrew,  sou  of  John  Millcr,onc  of  the  pioneers 
of  Kast  Hampton. 


634  SUFFOLK    COUNTY. 

Ijandin^  are  hamlets  on  the  coast  of  Long  Island  Sound.  Patdiogue'  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on 
Patchogue  Bay,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town.  It  contains  4  churches,  an  academy,  and  manufac- 
tories of  twine,  paper,  cotton,  ropes,  and  flour.  Pop.  1,562.  Bellport,  {p.  v.,)  on  the  w.  side 
of  Belleport  Bay,  contains  I  church  and  an  academy.  Shipbuilding  is  carried  on  to  a  considerable 
extent.  Pop.  383.  Blue  Point,^  (p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  is  a  hamlet.  Fire  Place,  (p.  v.,) 
on  Belleport  Bay,  contains  1  church  and  about  35  houses;  Moriclies/4  churches  and  50  houses  ; 
£ast  Moricbes,  (p. v.,)  40  houses;  and  West  Moriches  (Moriches  p. o.)  and  Seafuck^ 
hamlets,  are  situated  near  the  coast  of  East  Bay.  Yaptaank^^  (p.  v.,)  a  station  on  the  Long 
Island  R.  R.,  containing  3  churches  and  35  houses,  and  Soutti  Haven,  (p.  v.,)  containing  1 
church  and  20  houses,  are  situated  on  Connecticut  River.  Mastic^  is  a  hamlet  on  Mastic  River. 
Ifliddle  Island,  (p.  o.,)  containing  2  churches,  Selden,  (p.  o.,)  1  church,  IVeiv  Tilla§rc, 
(p.  0.,)  1  church,  and  Coram,*  (Cor-um,)  (p.  o..)  are  hamlets  in  the  central  part;  and  Wanip- 
missic,^  containing  1  church,  and  Manorville,^  (p.  o..)  are  hamlets  in  the  e.  part.  Center 
Moriches  is  a  p.  o.  Waverly,  and  Medford,  are  hamlets  and  r.  e.  stations.  The  town 
poorhouse  is  located  near  Coram,  upon  a  small  farm  purchased  in  1817  at  a  cost  of  $900.  The 
lighthouse  on  Old  Field  Point  was  built  in  1823 ;  and  another  on  Fire  Island,  near  Fire  Island 
Inlet,  was  built  in  1858.®  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Setauket,^^  in  1655,  by  a  colony  of  im- 
migrants from  near  Boston,  Mass.^*  The  land  was  bought  from  the  Setauket  Indians,  and  the  sale 
confirmed  by  a  release  from  Wyandance,  Sachem  of  Montauk.  This  settlement  was  received  under 
the  government  of  Conn,  in  1661,  and  Richard  Woodhull  and  Thos.  Pierce  were  appointed  magis- 
trates by  the  General  Court.  The  tract  of  land  between  Islip  and  Bellport,  extending  to  the  cent^er 
of  the  island,  was  purchased  of  the  natives  by  John  Winthrop  in  1666,  and  the  title  confirmed 
March  29,  1680.^^  Col.  Wra.  Smith  purchased  Little  Neck,  Oct.  22,  1686,  and  an  extensive  tract 
E.  of  Connecticut  River,  extending  northward  to  the  center  of  the  co.,  in  May,  1691."  Fort  St. 
George,  a  strongly  fortified  British  post  on  South  Bay,  was  surprised  and  taken  by  a  party  of  80 
men,  under  Maj.  Tallmadge,  Nov.  21, 1780.  They  crossed  Long  Island  Sound  from  Conn.,  landing 
at  Old  Mans  Harbor,  marched  to  Coram,  where  they  destroyed  a  large  amount  of  forage,  and  then 
to  Fort  St.  George,  which  they  captured  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  Over  50  men  were  made  prison- 
ers, and  a  large  amount  of  property  was  destroyed,"  Gen.  Woodhull,^^  Pres.  of  the  Second  and 
Third  Provincial  Congresses,  Gen,  Wm.  Floyd,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
Col.  Richard  Floyd,*^  and  Maj.  Wm.  11.  Smith,  were  residents,  and  Maj.  Benj.  Tallmadge  was  a 
native,  of  this  town.  In  the  infancy  of  the  settlement  a  building  was  erected  at  Setauket,  which 
served  the  double  purpose  of  a  townhall  and  church."     There  are  now  26  churches  in  town.*® 

EAST  OAMPTOIV— was  incorp.  by  patent,  under  Gov.  Nicoll,  March  13,  1666,"  and  con- 
firmed by  Gov.  Dongan,  Dec.  9, 1686.  It  was  recognized  as  a  town  March  7,  1788.  It  lies  at  the  e. 
extremity  of  Long  Island,  s.  of  Gardners  Bay  and  Lung  Island  Sound,  and  includes  Gardiners  Island, 
lying  N.  of  the  mainland.  The  e,  part  consists  of  a  narrow  peninsula,  to  which  the  name,  Muntauk, 
is  applied.  Upon  the  n.  coast  are  several  large  bays,  some  of  them  nearly  landlocked.  The  princi- 
pal of  these  are  Northwest,  Three  Mile,  Acabonac,  and  Napeague  Harbors,  and  Fort  Pond  Bay. 
In  the  central  and  w.  parts  the  surface  is  mostly  level  or  gently  undulating ;  but  along  the  coast 

1  Named  from  the  "Fb-chough"  Indians,  who  inhabited  this  I  Woolley,  Akerly,  Combs,  "Waring,  Mapes,  Thorp,  Eburne,  Brew- 
region,  stor,  Poole,  Sharpe,  Burnet,  Uelnio,  Garlick,  Moger,  Pierce,  and 

2  Called  by  the  Indians  '' Manow-tusx-quott,"  an  important  Ware.  Many  of  these  names  are  still  common  on  the  island, 
oyster  bed  in  Great  South  Bay.  in  this  vicinity.  By  a  vote  of  the  inhabitants,  taken  July  13, 16S7,  the  trustees 

8  An  Indian  name,  pronounced  Mo-rich-es.    Great  quantities  of  tlie  town  were  directed  to  establish  a  school,  and  Francis 

of  fish  and  wild  fowl  are  sent  from  this  vicinity  to  the  New  Williamson  was  empkiyed  as  a  t-eacher,  at  a  salary  of  £30  per 

York  market.  annum.    The  first  mill  was  erected  at  Stony  Brook,  in  1690. — 

*  Yaphauk  is    the  Indian  name  of  a  small  tributary  of  the  Thompson's  Hist.  Long  Island,  2d  Ed.,  J,  4l.t8. 


Connecticut.    The  place  was  originally  called  "J/(Wri7te,"  and 
afterward  ''  Brnokfield." 

6  This  name  is  applied  to  a  considerable  tract  of  land  w.  of  the 
river,  formerly  occupied  by  the  Puos-pa-tuck  Indians,  a  tribe 
subject  to  the  Pochoughs.  Parts  (if  this  tract  were  known  aa 
'•  Sa-ba-nock,"  "  Ne<nm-maclc"  "  Coos-pu-lus"  "J'a-ter-quos," 
"  Uh-&>^ttg,'*  and  *'  3fat-ie-moy." 

0  Named  from  an  Indian  chief. 

7  This  name  was  given  by  the  Indians  to  a  swamp  in  the 
vicinity. 

8  Formerly  called  "5/.  Gecrrgn^s  Manrrr." 

9  This  lighthouse  is  15U  ft.  high  and  166  ft.  above  the  sea,  and 
i^  furnished  with  a  French  dashing  lens  apparatus  of  superior 
quality. 

>o  Then  called  *'  Cromwll  Bay'* 

11  The  family  names  of  those  settlers  wore  Woodhull,  Haw- 
kins, WbJtehaire,  Jenner,  Perring,  Gihb.  Satterlee,  Biggs, 
'J'ooker,  Rogers,  Fancy,  Longbotham,  Lane,  Floyd,  Muucy. 
Seward,  ^Vadc.  Payler,  Smith,  Avery,  Dayton,  liiivis.  Frost, 
T  omas,  Baylis,  Thumson,  Ward,  Koe,  Budd,  Brooks,  Williams, 


^  A  great  part  of  this  tract  waa  divided  into  36  prizes,  and 
disposed  of  by  lottery  for  £12,000  in  June,  1758, 

J8  These  purchases  were  confirmed  Oct.  9,  1693,  under  the 
title  of  the  ''  Manor  of  St.  George"  which  included  all  the  town 
as  then  founded  E.  of  the  Connecticut.  A  large  proportion  of 
this  tract  is  still  owned  by  the  descendants  of  Col.  Smith. 

1'  Washington's  Writings,  VII;  Journal  of  Congress,  Dec.  6, 
1780;  Thompson* s  Hist.  Long  Island. 

15  Gen.  WtK)dhull  fell  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island^  Sept.  1776, 
and  was  buried  in  this  town. — Onderdoiik's  Rev.  Inc. 

18  The  lands  of  Col.  Richard  Floyd  located  in  this  town  were 
confiscated  by  the  British. 

"  The  early  pastors  of  the  church  at  Setauket  were  Revs.  Na- 
thaniel Brewster,  in  16.^5,  Geo.  Phillips,  in  1697,  David  Younge, 
iu  1745,  Benj.  Tallmadge,  in  1754,  Noah  Wetmore,  in  1786,  and 
Zachariah  Greene,  in  1797. 

18  9  M.  E..  8  Presb.,  4  Cong.,  2  Prot  E.,  2  Af.  M.  E..  B;tp. 

1*  The  trustees  named  in  the  patent  were  John  Mulfoid.  Tlioa. 
Baker,  Thomas  Chatfield.  Jeremiah  Concklvn.  Stepht-n  Uedges, 
Thos.  Osborne,  sr,,  and  John  OsboiuQ.^I^tents,  /,  81,  Sec.  Office 


SUFFOLK    COUNTY. 


635 


upon  the  s.  is  a  belt  of  low,  shifting  sand  ridges;  and  the  e.  part  is  broken  by  low,  irregular  hills, 
some  of  which  attain  an  elevation  of  100  ft.  above  the  sea.  Near  the  coast  in  the  s.  part  of  the 
town  and  upon  the  peninsula  are  several  fresh  water  ponds.  The  principal  of  these  are  Gi'eat,' 
Fort,''  Oyster,  Hook,  and  Georgica  Ponds ;  and  their  outlets  have  been  closed  by  sandbars  or  a 
beach.  Upon  the  main  portion  of  the  peninsula  of  Montauk  the  soil  is  fertile,  but  its  neck  is  a 
barren,  sandy  waste.  In  the  w.  part  the  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam  and  is  kept  highly  fertile  by  the 
use  of  manures.  Stock  raising  forms  the  leading  occupation ;  and  to  that  pursuit  Gardners  Island' 
and  Montauk  Point  are  exclusively  devoted.  A  tract  of  al)out  9000  acres,  embracing  the  entire  k, 
portion  of  the  town,  is  devoted  wholly  to  pasturage.  It  is  owned  by  a  company,  incorp.  as  tenants  in 
common,  whose  affairs  are  managed  by  a  board  of  7  trustees  elected  annually.*  Twelve  trustees  are 
chosen  annually,  to  whom  are  committed  the  management  of  the  town  commons,  the  meadow  beaches, 
and  the  waters  within  the  bays,  the  privileges  of  which  are  enjoyed  by  all  citizens.  A  town  poor- 
house  is  located  on  a  small  farm  about  2  mi.  w.  of  East  Hampton  Village.  Lighthouses  are  located 
upon  Cedar  Island,  at  the  entrance  of  Sag  Harbor,^  at  the  n.  extremity  of  Gardinei's  Island,  and  upon 
Montauk  Point.*  East  llamptou,  (p.  v.,)  about  1  mi.  from  the  beach,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the 
town,  has  2  churches,' an  academy,**  2  windmills,  and  about  70  houses.  Aniagaii>*€lt,  (p.  v.,)  a 
scattered  village  about  2  mi.  e.  of  East  Hampton,  contains  1  church.  Pop.  270.  Sprln^N,  (p.o.,) 
near  Acabonac  Harbor,  and  Wainscott,  in  the  s.  w.  coruerof  the  town,  are  hamlets.  Sag  Har* 
boi'^  (p- V.)  is  partly  in  this  town.  The  tirst  settlement  in  this  town,  and  the  first  English  settlement 
in  the  State,  was  made  on  Gardiners  Island  in  1639,  by  Lyon  Gardiner.'^  Settlement  in  the  w.  part 
of  the  town  was  commenced  in  1648,  upon  lands  purchased  of  the  Montauk  Indians,  liy  a  company 
of  English  families  from  Lynn,  Mass.'^  The  government  of  the  colony  was  purely  democratic.  The 
people  met  in  ** General  Court,"  and  enacted  laws,  appointed  civil  and  ministerial  officers,  and  acted 
upon  appeals  fi*om  the  decisions  of  their  magistrates.  Three  magistrates,^^  a  recorder,  a  secretary, 
and  a  constable  were  annually  elected.  Lands  were  allotted  to  individuals,  and  could  not  be 
alienated  without  the  approval  of  the  General  Court.  In  Dec.  1053,  they  adopted  the  laws  of  Conn. ; 
and  from  1657  to  1667  they  were  united  with  that  colony.^^  The  inhabitants  sided  with  the  colonists 
in  the  disputes  which  led  to  the  Revolution.  In  June,  1775,  an  ''Association"  favoring  the  measures 
of  the  Continental  Congress  was  formed,  and  its  articles  were  signed  by  every  male  inhabitant 
capable  of  bearing  arms."  Rev.  Thomas  James,  the  first  pastor  in  the  town,  settled  in  1051.** 
There  are  now  4  churches  in  town.^® 

mTlVTI]VGTO]%'— was  incorp.  by  patent,  under  Gov,  Nicoll,  Nov.  30,  1666."     The  patent 

was  renewed  Aug.  2, 1688,  and  again  Oct.  5,  1094.  It  was  r.3cognized  as  a  town  March  7,  1788,  at 
which  time  Batons  Neck  and  Crab  Meadow  were  annexed.     The  w.  line  was  established  Feb.  17, 


1  Ciill-r'd  by  the  lodiaos  "  Quaw-no-ti-wock.'*  This  pond  con- 
tains 500  acres. 

8  The  Indian  name  of  this  p-jnd  is  ^'-  Konk-hong-a-nok."  It  lies 
8.  of  Fort  Pond  Bay,  and  nr-tiiiy  divides  the  isthmus. 

8  Called  by  the  Indians  " Mtm-cfio-nock,' or  *'■  3ta-s/i<nig-o-muc'' 
and  mentioned  in  early  records  as  the  "Isle  of  WighV  It  con- 
taioa  3,3<JO  acres. 

*  This  tract  originally  belonged  to  the  Montauk  Indians,  and 
was  conveyed  by  tbem  to  the  colonists  of  Kast  Hampton.  Feb. 
11, 1661,  the  natives  reserviiif;  to  themselves  the  right  of  living 
upon  and  using  so  much  of  it  ns  they  might  need.  Its  owner- 
ship was  vested  in  the  colonists  in  person.  The  lands  were 
represented  at  first  by  40  shares,  valued  at  £40  each,  and  were 
intrusted  to  the  management  of  the  trustees  of  the  town.  The 
shares  are  now  divided  into  "eigbthg."  of  which  36  have  been 
purchased  by  the  corporation  aud  extinguished.  These 
eighths  are  now  worth  $3y0  to  $400  each.  The  tract  is  divided 
into  large  inclosures,  of  which  "the  ftdd"  is  reserved  for  fat- 
tening stock.  Every  share  entitles  its  possessor  to  the  privi- 
lege of  pasturing  for  "  the  season"  4S  c«ttle,  14  of  them  to  be  ad- 
mitted io**Oie  ^Id"  Ahorse  is  rated  as  2"  beasts,"  (cattle,) 
and  7  sheep  as  one.  "  The  season''  is  tixed  by  the  trustees,  and 
generally  lasts  from  June  1  to  Oct.  20.  A^)out  1400  cattle  and 
1100  sheep  are  annually  kept  within  these  inclosures.  Five 
Indian  fatnllies  reside  upon  the  tract,  who  own  ."iO  shares  and 
are  entitled. to  the  keeping  of  50  cattle.  These  privileges  are 
usually  hired  of  them  for  $200  per  annum. 

6  Cedar  Island  Lighthouse  (btiilt  in  1839)  is  34  ft.  high. 

*  Montauk  Lighthouse,  on  Turtle  Hill,  is  85  ft.  high,  and  160 
feet  above  the  lerel  of  the  sea.  It  was  built  in  1795,  at  a  cost 
of  $22,500. 

I  The  vane  upon  this  church  bears  the  dates  of  1649  and  1717, 
as  those  of  the  first  settlement  of  the  village  and  the  erection  of 
the  church  edifice. 

*  Clinton  Academy  was  founded  in  17S4.  and  incorp.  by  the 
regents  Nov.  17.  17S7.  A  petition  i>f  the  trustees  of  this  insti- 
tution suggested  to  the  leginlature  the  propriety  of  a  general 
iratem  of  auperrision,  aod  led  to  tbu  enactment  of  the  law  orguu- 


izing  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University.  This  academy  and 
Krasnius  Hall,  in  Fiatl>nsli,  were  incorp.  the  snuie  day,  and  are 
the  oldest  legally  organized  academic  institutions  in  the  State. 

9  See  page  638. 

10  This  island  was  purchased  from  Jas.  Ffirrett,  agent  of  tho 
Earl  of  Stirling,  March  10, 1639.  Elizabeth  Gardner — born  upon 
the  island,  Sept.  14. 1641 — was  the  first  child  of  Knglish  parents 
born  within  the  present  limits  of  this  State.  The  pirate,  Kidd, 
visited  the  island  in  1699  and  buried  a  qinntity  of  gold,  silver, 
and  jewels,  wliich  were  afterward  recovered  by  commissioners 
sent  from  Boston  for  that  purpose.  A  piece  of  cloth  of  gold  pre- 
sented by  Capt.  Kidd  to  Mrs.  Gardiner  is  still  [ireserved. 

11  Tliis  purchase  was  made  by  the  Governors  of  Conn,  and  New 
Haven  for  the  colonists,  and  was  conveyed  to  them  the  following 
year.  The.tract  embraced  an  area  of  about  30,000  acres ;  and  tho 
value  of  the  articles  given  in  exchange  for  it  was  £.'iu  4.^.  8f/.  The 
Indinns  reserved  the  right  of  fishing,  hunting,  aud  of  taking 
shells  for  wampum  upon  the  lands  sold,  and  the  right  to  the 
fins  and  tails  of  drift  whah'S. 

1-  The  first  magistratea  were  John  Mulford,  Roht.  Bond,  and 
Thos.  Baker. 

13  The  lii-st  school  was  taught  by  Chaa.  Barnes,  who  rcwive.1 
a  sniiry  of  £30  per  annum.  He  was  succeeded  in  1663  by  Peter 
Bi-nsoii. 

n.Inhn  Chatfield.  Co].  Abram  Gardiner.  Burnet  Miller,  Rev. 
Sam'l  Bu.'ll.  Thonms  Wickbam,  and  248  vtherf>.~~ Hedge's  20mh 
Annirtrsari/  Address.  In  Jan.  1777,  the  enemy, having  armed  oc- 
cupation uf  the  island,  n-qnired  the  inhabitants  to  sign  a  counter 
declar.ition.fts  the  condition  of  their  reniniriing  in  quiet  occupa- 
tion of  their  hou.ies.  Thin  dei  laralion  wa.*  si^rned  by  llO.  of  whom 
117  had  signed  the  former  paper. — 31SS.  .SV«^  hilrrary. 

'*  Tho  succe^'ding  pastors  nf  ihe  same  churth  were  Nathaniel 
Iluntting,  in  1699.SHm'l  Hnell,  in  1746,  Lyman  Bcorher,  in  179'J, 
ami  Ehi-nezer  Phillips,  in  ISIO. 

le  2  M.  E.,  Presb.,  and  Af.  M.  E. 

II  The  trustees  n.iuied  in  the  patent  were  Jonaa  Wood.  Wni. 
Leverige,  Kobl.  Seeley,John  Keteham.  Thos.  Skidmore,  Isasm 
I'latt,  Thos.  Jones, and  Thus.  ys"\<:ka.—i\iUni$,  /,  63,  Seo.  Offica. 


636 


SUFFOLK    COUNTY. 


1787,  and  Lloyds  Neck  was  set  off  to  Oyster  Bay  in  1788.  This  is  the  w.  town  of  the  co.  It  extends 
across  the  island,  and  has  10  mi.  of  coast  on  Long  Island  Sound  and  6  on  Great  South  Bay.  It 
also  includes  about  half  of  Oak  Island  Beach,  and  Cedar  and  several  smaller  islands  in  Great 
South  Bay.  The  n.  shore  is  deeply  indented  by  Huntington  Bay,  from  which  Lloyds  Harbor 
extends  to  the  w.,  Huntington  Harbor  to  the  s.,  and  Northport  Bay  to  the  E.  Centerport  and 
Northport  Harbors  branch  off  upon  the  s.  of  the  latter  bay,  and  two  smaller  arms  upon  the  N.  w. 
Great,  Little,  and  Batons'  Necks  are  peninsulas  formed  by  these  bays  and  harbors.  Groups  of  low 
hills  extend  through  the  center,  and  the  surface  2  to  3  mi.  from  the  Sound  is  broken ;  but  elsewhere  it 
is  comparatively  level.  The  soil  in  the  N.  and  s.  is  fertile;  but  in  the  interior  it  is  unproductive. 
The  industrial  pursuits  are  various ;  whaling,  fishing,  and  taking  oysters  and  clams  are  some  of  the 
leading  occupations.  Shipbuilding  and  manufactures  receive  considerable  attention.  At  the  annual 
election  7  trustees  are  chosen,  to  whose  care  the  management  of  the  town  property  is  committed.' 
The  town  poorhouse  is  located  near  Huntington  Village.  A  lighthouse  was  built  upon  the  point 
of  Eatgns  Neck  in  1798.'  Huntington,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  head  of  Huntington  Harbor,  contains  5 
churches,  a  flourishing  union  school,*  2  printing  offices,  and  a  limited  number  of  manufacturing 
establishments.*  Pop.  1,328.  Cold  Spring/  (Cold  Spring  Harbor  p.o.,)  on  the  e.  side  of  Cold 
Spring  Harbor,  contains  3  churches,  2  shipyards,  a  woolen  factory,  and  other  manufactories.  Con- 
siderable whaling  business  is  carried  on  from  this  port.'  Pop.  602.  IVortliport"  (p.  v.)  is  on  the  E. 
side  of  Northport  Harbor.  Shipbuilding  is  here  largely  carried  on.  Pop.  430.  Centerport' 
(p.  V.)  contains  1  church  and  142  inhabitants;  and  Ternon  Valley"'  (p.  v.)  1  church  and  100 
inhabitants.  Babylon,  (p.  v.,)  near  Great  South  Bay,  contains  2  churches  and  has  a  pop.  of  470. 
This  is  a  favorite  resort  for  hunting  and  fishing  parties.  Amity  ville,"  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part, 
contains  1  church  and  has  a  pop.  of  304 ;  Deer  Park,  (p.  v., )  a  station  on  the  Long  Island  R.  R., 
contains  12 houses ;  Melville,'^  in  the  w.  part,l  church  and  108 inhabitants ;  and Comac,  (Com- 
mack  p.  o.,)  in  the  E.  part,  2  churches  and  121  inhabitants.  West  Ilills,  (p.  o.,)  containing  1 
church,  and  Dix  Ilills,  (p.  o.,)  are  hamlets  on  the  Smithtown  turnpike.  Settlement  began  near 
the  N.  coast,  in  1053,  by  a  company  from  Sandwich,  Mass.''  In  16G0  the  settlement  was  received 
under  the  government  of  Conn. ;  and  in  10G3  deputies  were  elected  to  the  General  Court  at  Hart- 
ford. Upon  the  English  conquest,  in  1064,  the  town  came  reluctantly  under  the  government  of  New 
York.  During  the  Revolution,  companies  of  tories  were  stationed  here,  and  many  outrages  were 
committed  upon  those  friendly  to  the  independence  of  the  colonies.     There  are  22  churches  in  town.'* 

IS1.IP'* — was  first  recognized  as  a  town  by  the  Colonial  Government,  Nov.  25,  1710,  and  by 
the  State  Legislature  March  7,  1788."  It  lies  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.,  and  extends  from  the 
s.  coast  to  the  middle  of  the  island ;  it  has  a  coast  of  about  18  mi.  on  Great  South  Bay,  and  includes 
Cap  Tree,  Oak,  and  several  other  islands  off  the  s.  coast.  Numerous  narrow  inlets  from  Great  South 
Bay  divide  the  coast  into  distinct  "  necks,"  of  which  there  are  35  within  the  limits  of  the  town.  The 
Connetquot  River,  and  Sam-pa-wams  or  Thompsons  Creek,  are  the  principal  streams.  The  surface 
is  level,  except  in  the  N.  part,  where  it  is  hilly.  The  brush  plains  occupy  all  the  central  portion ;  and 
near  the  coast  are  extensive  salt  meadows.  Upon  a  tract  extending  along  the  bay,  and  varying  in 
width  from  one  to  three  miles,  the  soil  is  fertile.  This  part  of  the  town  is  thickly  settled ;  but  the  re- 
mainder is  almost  uninhabited.  The  keeping  of  the  town  poor  is  let  to  the  lowest  bidders.  Pena- 
taquit,"  (p.  V.,)  near  the  coast,  contains  1  church  and  has  a  pop.  of  292  ;  Islip,  (p.  v.,)  2  mi.  E. 
of  Penataquit,  contains  3  churches  andabout  70  houses.  Midroadville,  containing  40  houses, 
and  Say  ville,  (p.  v.,)  containing  2  churches  and  822  inhabitants,  are  in  the  s.  E.  part,     liake- 


1  Named  from  Gov.  Eaton,  of  New  Haven,  by  whom  it  was 
purchased  of  the  Indians  in  1646.  The  names  "Eatons  Manof 
a.nd**Gardiiiers Keck-"  have  been  applied  to  it. 

2  The  ferry  from  this  town  to  Norwalk.  Conn.,  which  has  been 
maintained  from  an  early  period,  is  under  the  control  of  these 
trustees.  Under  their  patent — which  is  still  in  force — the  inhabit- 
ants claim  the  exclusive  right  of  taking  oysters  and  clams  in 
the  waters  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  town.  Most  of  the 
public  lands  were  sold  in  1853,  and  the  proceeds  invested,  to  meet 
the  ordinary  expensejs  of  the  town.  About  3,000  acres  were  sold, 
at  $5.40  per  acre. 

»  This  lighthouse  is  66  ft.  high  and  138  ft.  above  tide.  It  waa 
built  at  a  cost  of  $9,500. 

*  This  school  haa  an  endowment  of  $7,400,  bequeathed  by  Na- 
thaniel Potter. 

6  E.  C.  Prime  established  a  thimble  factory  at  this  place  in  1837. 
Ten  or  12  men  are  constantly  employed,  and  5  to  6  gross  of  gold 
and  silver  thimbles  are  made  daily.  There  is  a  wind  sawmill  in 
this  place,  erected  in  182.^, 

•  Called  by  the  natives  '* Nach-a-qita-tucl^" 

I  Belonging  to  this  port  are  5  whaling  vessels,  with  an  aggre- 
gate of  2,129  tons. 


8  Formerly  called  "f?rea?  C<rw  Harbor." 

8  Formerly  called  ^^LiUle  Cow  Harbor." 

to  Formerly  "  Rfd-Eook."  11  Formerly  "  Wt-^t  Neck.** 

18  Formerly  "  ,Suj«£  Hollow;"  called  by  the  Indians  "AtTi- 
qitums." 

13  The  n.imes  of  some  of  the  families  residing  in  the  town  at  the 
date  of  NicoU's  Patent  were  Titus,  Wood,  Brush,  Green,  Wickes, 
Jones.  Rogers,  Todd,  Scudder,  Skidmore,  Chichester,  Whitson, 
Bagly,  Meggs,  Mathews,  Darling,  Baldwin,  Harnett,  Ludlum, 
Adams,  Smith,  Ilonldsworfh,  Critnfield,  Soper,  French,  Foster, 
liatt.  Jarvis,  Powell.  Cory,  Leverich,  Williams,  Westcote,  Lynch, 
Benedict,  Conkling.  Strickling.  Tredwell,  Porter,  Wheeler, Seeley, 
and  Ketcham.    The  first  school  was  estabUshed  in  1657. 

1*  10  .M.  E.,  4  Presb.,  2  Meth.  Prot.,  Bap.,  Prot.  E.,  Union, 
Univ.,  R.  C.  and  Af.  M.  E. 

15  Named  from  Islip,  Oxfordshire,  Eng. 

10  This  act  empowered  the  inhabitants  of  the  district  "  on  the 
G.  side  of  Long  Island,  from  the  westermost  limits  of  tlie  land 
of  Thos.  Willett  to  the  eastermost  part  of  the  lands  of  WUham 
NicoU,  near  Blue  Point,"  to  elect  town  officers. 

It  This  name  was  given  by  the  Indiaus  to  ii  small  stream  in  th« 
neighborhood.    The  village  waa  formerly  called  "Meclianicsvillt." 


SUFFOLK  COUNTY. 


637 


laud'  (p.  V.)  is  a  station  on  the  L.  I.  R.  R.,  s.  of  Lake  Ronkonkoma.  Pop.  215.  Tlioiiip»«ons  Sta- 
tion (p.  0.)  and  KTorth  Islip  (Suffolk  Station  p.  o.)  are  stations  on  the  Long  Island  R.  R. 
Modern  Times  is  a  place  of  about  20  houses,  in  the  central  part.^  The  Patchogue  Indians  were 
the  original  occupants  of  that  part  of  the  town  e.  of  Connetquot  River,  and  the  Secatogues,  or  Se- 
oatokets,  of  that  part  w.  of  the  river.  A  large  tract  of  territory,  w.  of  the  Connetquot,  was  purchased 
hy  Wm.  NicoU,  Nov.  29, 1683,  and  that  part  E.  of  the  same  stream  by  Olof,  Philip,  and  Stephen  Van 
Cortlandt,  June  1, 1703.'  During  the  Revolution  the  inhabitants  were  in  a  constant  state  of  alarni 
by  the  frequent  passing  of  British  troops  to  and  from  New  York  City.    There  are  10  churches  in  town.* 

RITERUEAD— was  formed  from  Southold,  March  13,  1792.  It  lies  upon  the  N.  side  of 
the  island,  between  Brookhaven  and  Southold,  and  has  16J  mi.  of  coast  upon  Long  Island  Sound. 
Peconic  River  and  Great  Peconic  Bay  form  the  s.  boundary,  and  Wading  River^  a  part  of  the  w. 
The  surface  in  the  s.  part  is  level,  but  in  the  N.  it  is  hilly.  The  shore  is  lined  with  high  and  precipi- 
tous bluifa  of  clay  and  hardpan.  The  soil  is  light  and  sandy,  and  in  most  parts  but  moderately 
fertile.  The  poorhouse  is  located  on  a  farm  of  45  acres.  Rlverliead,  (p.  v.,)  an  important 
station  on  the  L.  I.  R.  R.,  is  situated  on  Peconic  River  at  the  head  of  boat  navigation.  It  is  the 
county  seat,  and  contains  the  co.  buildings,  3  churches,  a  seminary,'  and  several  manufactories.' 
Pop.  813, — 723  in  Riverhead  and  90  in  Southampton.  From  Riverhead  E.  to  the  line  of  Southold,  a 
distance  of  about  6  mi.  upon  the  "South  Road,"  is  a  continuous  settlement,  which  has  received  at 
different  places  the  names  I'pper  Aquebogue,  (p.o.,)  Old  AquebogTue,  (Jamesport  p.  o.,) 
and  Franklinville,  (West  Suffolk  p.  o.)  Old  Aquebogue  and  Franklinville  are  stations  on  the 
L.  I.  R.  R.  Jamesport"  is  situated  about  one-half  mi.  s.  of  Old  Aquebogue,  on  Great  Peconic 
Bay,  and  contains  1  church ;  pop.  148.  A^ortliville,  (Success  p.  o.,)  in  the  N.  E.  part,  contains  1 
church  and  35  houses;  Baiting  UoIlOfv,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  N.  part,  in  a  scattered  settlement,  has  2 
churches ;  and  Wading  River,  (p.  v., )  on  stream  of  same  name,  1  church  and  25  houses.  Settle- 
ment began  at  Riverhead,  in  1690,  by  John  Griffing  and  others.    There  are  10  churches  in  town.' 

SHELTER  ISLiAIVDi"— was  incorp.  by  patent,  under  Gov.  NicoU,  May  31,  1666;"  but  its 
government  was  united  with  that  of  Southold  until  1730.  It  was  recognized  as  a  town  March  7, 1788. 
It  lies  between  the  two  peninsulas  which  form  the  E.  extremity  of  Long  Island,  and  embraces  an  area 
of  over  8,000  acres.  The  island  is  very  irregular ;  upon  all  sides  jutting  headlands  extend  out  into 
the  surrounding  waters,  and  branching  bays  penetrate  into  the  interior.  The  principal  of  these 
inlets  are  Coecles,  West  Neck,  and  Deerings  Harbors.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  fertile.  Grain 
raising  and  sheep  husbandry  form  the  principal  agricultural  pursuits.  Guano  and  oil  are  manu- 
factured in  considerable  quantities  from  bony  fish  caught  in  the  neighboring  waters.  There  is  a 
wind  gristmill  near  the  center  of  the  island.  Shelter  Island  is  a  p.  o.,  centrally  located.  This 
island  was  the  ancient  residence  of  the  Manhassett  Indians.  It  was  purchased  for  the  Earl  of  Ster- 
ling by  Jas.  Farrett,  and  was  afterward  sold  to  Stephen  Goodyear,  of  New  Haven.  In  1651  it  was 
purchased  by  Nathaniel  and  Constant  Sylvester,  Thos.  Middleton,  and  Thos.  Rowe."  The  first 
settlement  was  made  in  1652.     The  first  church  edifice  was  built  in  1743." 

SMITOTOW^M" — was  organized  by  patent,  March  25, 1677,  and  recognized  as  a  town  March 
7,  1788.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  side  of  the  island,  between  Huntington  and  Brookhaven.  Stony 
Brook  and  Nissequague  Harbors,  extending  far  inland,  are  separated  by  the  Nissequague  Neck. 
Nissequagne  River,  emptying  into  the  harbor  of  the  same  name,  divides  the  town  into  two  nearly 
equal  parts.  The  surface  is  considerably  broken  and  hilly.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam  in  the 
s.  part,  and  a  clayey  loam  along  the  Sound.  The  Branch,  (Smithtown  Branch  p.  o.,)  on  Branch 
Brook,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  2  churches  and  35  houses ;  SmlthtoirVn,''  (p.  v.,)  on 
Nissequague  River,  20  houses;  and  St.  Jamesvllle,  (St.  James  p.o.,)  at  the  head  of  Stony  Brook 
Harbor,  1  church  and  25  houses.    Fresh  Pond  is  a  p.  o.,  in  the  n.  w.  part.    Hoppogue,"  on 


<  This  place  was  laid  out  on  a  magnificcDt  acale.  Large 
BnmB  were  spent  in  advertiBing  it  as  a  desirable  residence  for 
mecbanics  and  others  of  email  means,  and  many  were  induced 
to  buy  lots.  Their  investments,  however,  proved  of  little  value, — 
their  deeds  being  given  by  irresponsible  parties. 

*  This  "vUUigt^'  was  laid  out  and  built  by  Stephen  Pearl  An- 
drews .ind  others,  who  held  to  the  doctrine  of  "  the  Sovereignty 
of  the  IndividDiU,"  and  some  of  whom  were  practical  believers 
in  the  '*  Free  Love"  doctrine. 

•  Nicoll  s  Purchase  was  confirmed  to  him  by  a  patent  issued 
by  Gov.  Dongan  Dec.  5, 16R4 ;  and  the  Van  Courtlandt  Purchase 
was  confirmed  to  John  Mowbray,  by  whom  it  had  been  subse- 
quently ix)ught,  by  a  patent  is.sued  in  1708. 

<  3  M .  E.,  2  Prot.  E.,  2  Af.  Meth.,  Cong.,  Cong.  Meth.,  and  Presb. 

*  Called  by  the  Indians  "  Pan-qua-cum-suck." 

•  Established  in  1835. 

7  Upon  the  river  at  this  place  is  a  fall  of  6  ft. ;  and  a  hydraulic 


canal,  connecting  two  small  ponds  with  the  river,  has  been  con- 
structed, in  which  is  a  fall  of  Si  ft. 

8  Called  by  the  natives  "  Mi-a-mog"  or  "  jWi-an-ro^we," 

*  6  Cong.,  2  M.  E.,  2  Swedenborgian. 

w  The  Indian  name  of  the  island  was  "  ifan-haTl-sack-a-ha- 
qu<t£h-u-W(3r-7iock*'  signifying  *'  an  inland  sheUered  by  islands." 

11  This  patent  was  issued  to  Constant  and  Nath'l  Sylvester. 

12  In  1673  Gov.  Anthony  Colve  proclaimed  Middleton  and  Con 
stant  Sylvester  "public  enemies  of  Holland,"  aud  sold  their 
interests  in  the  island.  They  were  bought  by  Nath'l  Sylvester, 
and  the  purchase  money  waa  collected  by  an  armed  force. — 
Thmnpaon's  HUt.  L.  I. 

13  The  census  reports  1  church;  Presb.  i 
n  Named  from  Kichard  .^mith,  of  R.  I.,  the  early  proprietor  of 

the  town.  l^  Usually  called  the  *'IIcadoft/ie  River." 

1^  Sometimes  written  ^^ilauppaugs."  The  word  is  supposed  to 
signify  *'  sweet  waters." 


638 


SUFFOLK    COUNTY. 


thelineof  Islip,  and  lVissequague,onNi88equagueNeck,  are  hamlets.  A  tract  of  land,  including 
the  principal  part  of  this  town,  was,  in  July,  1659,  conveyed  to  Lyon  Gardiner  as  a  free  gift,  by 
Wyandanoe,  Sachem  of  the  Montauks;'  and  in  1602  the  grant  was  confirmed  by  the  Nessequake 
tribe,  by  whom  the  lands  were  occupied.  In  1663  the  tract  was  sold  to  Richard  Smith,  and  in  1665 
the  remaining  part  of  the  town  was  purchased  of  the  Indians  by  him.  Fort  Slongo,  in  the  n.  w. 
part  of  the  town,  was  erected  by  the  British  during  the  Revolution.  It  was  captured  by  a  body 
of  Americans,  under  Col.  Tallmadge,  Oct.  3,  1781.-     There  are  6  churches  in  tuwn.* 

SOUTIIAltlPTOW* — was  incorp.  by  patent,  under  Gov.  Andros,  Nov.  1,  1676,^  confirmed  by 
Gov.  Dongan,  Dec.  6,  1686,  and  recognized  as  a  town  March  7,  1788.  It  occupies  the  greater  part 
of  the  s.  branch  of  Eastern  Long  Island,  and  has  30  mi,  of  seacoast.  The  entire  s.  shore  ia  skirted 
by  a  beach  which  is  united  in  a  few  places  with  the  mainland,  separating  the  inclosed  waters  into 
distinct  bays,  the  principal  of  which  are  East,  Quantuc,  Shinnecock,  and  Mecox  Bays;  minor 
bays,  branching  from  these,  divide  the  surrounding  shores  into  numerous  irregular  *' necks."  The 
beach  which  separates  the  waters  of  these  bays  from  the  Atlantic  is  unbroken  except  by  a  single 
inlet  into  Shinnecock  Bay.  The  outline  of  the  n.  coast  is  extremely  tortuous;  ragged  and  often 
nearly  landlocked  bays  project  inland,  and  irregular  points  of  land  jut  out  into  the  surrounding 
waters.  A  range  of  low  hills  extends  along  the  n.  border  "of  the  town,  and  the  Shinnecock  Hills 
occupy  the  central  part;  elsewhere  the  surface  is  level.  The  soil  in  the  e.  and  s.  parts  consists  of  a 
light,  sandy  loam,  and  is  moderately  fertile ;  but  in  other  parts  it  is  of  an  inferior  quality.  A  large 
tract  s.  of  Peconic  River  is  covered  with  extensive  pine  forests.  Stock  raising  and  the  other  branches 
of  agriculture  form  the  principal  industrial  pursuits.  The  lands  are  enriched  by  the  application 
of  immense  quantities  of  bunkers.  Large  tracts  of  meadow  and  pasturage  lands  in  difi'erent  parts 
of  the  town  are  owned  by  3  companies,  who,  in  common,  elect  annually  a  board  of  12  trustees,  to 
whose  management  the  lands  are  committed.®  Taking  clams  and  oysters,  and  whaling,  form  an 
important  part  of  the  business.  The  town  has  a  small  poorhouse,  a  short  distance  e.  of  Bridge- 
harapton,  A  lighthouse  has  been  recently  erected  on  Ponquogue  Beach.'  Sag  Harbor,  (p.  v.,) 
in  the  n.  e,  part,  was  incorp.  as  a  fire  district  in  1803,  and  as  a  village  March  12,  1819.  It  contains 
7  churches,  the  Sag  Harbor  Institute,  a  newspaper  office,  a  bank,  a  cotton  flannel  factory,®  2  clock 
factories,  and  several  manufactories  of  oil  casks.  This  port  has  long  been  noted  for  the  extent  of  its 
whaling  business.®  It  was  made  a  port  of  entry  in  1784,  and  by  itself  now  constitutes  a  district  of 
customs.  Pop.  2,776, — 2,041  in  Southampton,  and  735  in  Easthampton.  iSoutlianipton^  (p.  v.,) 
midway  between  Shinnecock  and  Mecox  Bays,  contains  2  churches,  an  academy,*®  and  65  houses. 
Bridg^eliampton,**  (p.  v.,)  in  the  e.  part,  contains  2  churches  and  about  40  houses ;  Shinne- 
cock, on  the  E.  side  of  Shinnecock  Bay,  is  an  Indian  settlement  of  about  20  houses.*^  Sa^^, 
Scuttle  Hole  and  Water  mill  are  hamlets,  in  the  e.  part.  Flanders,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part, 
contains  2  churches  and  about  20  houses;  Speonk,  (p.  v.,)  near  East  Bay,  contains  2  churches  and 
about  40  houses.  Ketcliaboueck  and  Quo^iie,  (p.  o.,)  near  Quantuc  Bay,  and  ClOOd  Crround 
(p.  0.)  and  Canoe  Place,  near  Shinnecock  Bay,  are  hamlets.  Riverhead  (p.  v.)  is  partly  in 
this  tijwn.     The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Southampton,  in  1640,  by  a  company  of  immigrants 


1  This  gift  wae  mude  by  Wyaodance  upon  the  recovery  of  his 
daughtpr,  whom  Gardiner  had  restored  from  captivity  among 
tho  NarraganHctts. 

*  The  Americans  destroyed  the  fortifications  and  2  cannon, 
took  21  priBiiners.  and  retired  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  taking 
with  them  1  brass  piece,  the  British  colors,  and  a  quantity  of 
small  arms  and  ammunition. — Onderdonk's  {RevolvJionary)  Iii' 
cifknf.'i,  8  3  M.  E.,  Treeb.,  Prot.  E..  and  H.C. 

*  Named  from  Southampfmi.  En^.  Called  by  the  Indians 
''^5'-W((»i,"  a  place  ahouiidini;  in  fi?h. 

6  ,Iohn  Topping.  Jolm  ilowell,  Tlios.  Halsey,  sr..  Jos.  Raynor, 
Edward  Howell,  John  Jagger,  John  Foster,  Francis  Sayre,  Joa. 
Fordham.  Henry  Pierson,  John  Cooper,  Ellis  Cook.  Sam'l  Clarke, 
Rich.  Porft.  and  John  Jennins  were  named  trustees  in  this  patent. 

*  These  landa  are  portions  of  3  tracts,  severally  known  as  the 
"  T<nvn  I*urdiast"  the  "  Quogue  Purchase,'^  and  the  "  Tipping 
JPurchasfi."  which  are  still  held  by  the  proprietors  in  common. 
The  "  7})wn  Purchase"  ocrupies  the  E.  part  of  the  town.  It  is 
di%'i»led  into  154  shares,  called  "  fifties,"  worth  about  $10  each. 
These  fifties  are  subdivided  into  sixteenths,  and  the  shares  are 
owned  in  every  conceivable  quantity,  from  l-40th  of  a  fifty  to  10 
fifties.  The  Quogue  and  Topping  Purchases  occupy  the  w.  part 
of  the  town. 

'  Tliis  lighthouse  is  150  ft.  high,  and  160  ft.  above  the  level 
of  the  seix.  It  is  fnrnisiied  with  an  excellent  lens  uppamtua, 
«ind  its  light  can  be  seen  20  nautical  miles  distant. 

^The  '-Suffolk  Miils"  were  built  at  an  expense  of  $130,000. 
About  160  hands  are  employed,  and  10,000  to  12,000  yds.  of  flan- 
nel are  made  per  week. 

^  The  shipping  of  this  port  in  1858  coaaistod  of  5  ships,  11 


barks,  2  brigs,  and  2  schooners,  with  an  aggregate  of  5,927  tons, 
registered;  15  sloops,  5  schoonnrs,  and  1  steamer,  in  all,  1400 
tons,  enrolled  ;  and  a  few  small  vessels,  amounting  to  about  100 
tons,  licensed.  The  total  number  of  vessels  belonging  to  this 
port  at  difl'event  periods  has  been  as  follows:  in  ISO".  4;  in  183:^, 
20;  in  1841,44;  in  1843.52;  in  1845,61;  and  in  lf^47,  63. 

^^  This  academy  was  established  in  1 831.  and  is  unincorporated. 

U  This  village  is  sometimes  called  ''Bullhead ;"  and  the  name 
Bridgehamptou  is  applied  to  a  large  section  of  country  extend- 
ing from  Eaiit  Hampton  to  the  w.  part  of  Mecox  Bay. 

12  This  is  the  residence  of  the  remnant  of  the  Shinnecock  In- 
dians, consisting  of  about  200  persons.  They  have  learned  many 
of  the  arts  of  civilized  life,  and  obtain  a  snbeiwtence  by  culti- 
vating the  soil,  fishing,  and  taking  clams.  Many  of  the  young 
men  go  on  whaling  voyages,  and  the  young  women  are  employed 
as  servants  in  the  families  of  the  whiles.  Tliey  have  entirely  lost 
their  native  language,  and  speak  the  English  fluently.  They  are 
frugal,  industrious,  orderly,  and  intelligent.  They  have  a  smaP 
{Cnng.)  church  and  a  spacious  schoolhouse.  They  reepive  their 
proportion  of  the  common  schu'l  money,  and  the  flchixil  cura- 
missioner  of  the  district  employs  a  teacher  for  them.  They  are 
exempt  from  taxation,  and  are  debarred  the  exercise  of  the  elect- 
ive francliifie.  They  ocmpy  the  lands  between  Canoe  Place  and 
Shinnecock  Creek  as  tenants  in  common.  This  tract  was  con- 
veyed to  the  tm'itees  <if  the  town  by  Pompumo.  Chico.  and  Man- 
mannm,  the  sachems  of  the  Shinnecxik  Indians.  Aug.  16. 1703; 
and  tho  same  d.iy  the  trustees  leased  the  landa  back  to  the  In- 
dians for  a  term  of  1000  yeai-s.  at  »n  annual  rent  of  one  ear  of 
corn.  The  Indians  aimually  elect  3  trustees,  who,  with  tlie  con- 
currence of  2  justices,  can  lease  certain  of  their  lands  to  the  whites. 


SUFFOLK    COUNTY. 


639 


from  Lynn,  Mass.  A  grant  of  the  land  was  obtained  from  James  Farrett,  agent  of  Lord  Stirling, 
in  April,  and  a  conveyance  from  the  Indians  on  the  13th  of  Dec,  1640.  During  the  first  12  months 
47  settlers  arrived,*  In  1644  Southampton  was  received  under  the  government  of  Conn.,  and  until 
1664^  was  represented  in  General  Court  at  Hartford.  Upon  the  Dut<:h  invasion  in  1073  the  town 
again  sought  a  union  with  Conn.  It  was  received,  and,  together  with  East  Hampton  and  Snuthold, 
was  erected  into  a  co.  Upon  the  re-establishment  of  English  power,  in  1074,  the  tjown  came  under 
the  government  of  New  York.  The  first  settlement  at  Sag  Harbor  was  made  in  1730,  by  a  few 
fishermen.  On  the  morning  of  the  24th  of  May,  1777,  Col.  Meigs,  with  130  men,  surprised  the 
British  force  stationed  at  Sag  Harbor,  destroyed  12  brigs  and  a  sloop,  besides  a  large  amount  of 
forage,  provisions,  and  merchandise,  and  returned  across  the  Sound  without  the  loss  of  a  man.^  A 
body  of  American  troops  was  stationed  at  Sag  Harbor  in  1813,  in  consequence  of  the  presence  of  a 
British  fleet  in  Gardiners  Bay.*  The  first  church  was  erected  at  Southampton,  in  1641  ;*  and  the 
fii*st  church  in  Bridgehampton  was  built  in  1670.^     There  are  now  17  churches  in  town.'' 

SOUTIIOLD^ — was  incorp.  by  patent,  under  Gov.  Andros,  Oct.  30,  1676,^  and  recognized  as 
a  town  March  7,  1788.  Riverhead  was  taken  off  in  1752.  It  comprises  the  principal  part  of  the 
northern  peninsula  of  Eastern  Long  Island,  and  includes  Robins  Island  in  Great  Peconic  Bay,  and 
Plum,  Fishers,  and  several  smaller  islands  in  Long  Island  Sound.  Orient"*  is  a  peninsula  upon  the 
B. ;  and  Great  and  Little  Hog  Necks  are  smaller  peninsulas  in  the  s.  The  s.  shore  is  indented  by 
several  small,  irregular  bays ;  while  the  outline  of  the  n.  coast  is  unbroken  except  by  2  or  3  narrow 
inlets.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  level.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam,  kept  highly  fertile  by 
the  use  of  manures.  Plum  Island,"  separated  from  the  mainland  by  Plum  Gut,  contains  about 
800  acres.  Fishers  Island,  about  8  mi.  eastward,  is  7  mi.  long  by  H  wide  and  contains  about  4000 
acres.*^  Great  and  Little  Gull  Islands  are  between  Plum  and  Fishers  Islands.  Agriculture  forms 
the  leading  industrial  pursuit ;  potatoes,  corn,  and  wheat  are  the  principal  crops.^*  Considerable 
attention  is  also  given  to  shipbuilding,  whaling,  and  commerce.  A  limited  amount  of  manufac- 
turing is  carried  on."  Scattered  tracts  of  lands  and  beaches,  owned  by  an  incorp.  company,  are 
intrusted  to  the  management  of  3  trustees,  elected  annually.  These  lands  are  represented  by  110 
shares,  valued  at  $15  each.  The  town  has  a  poorfarm  of  300  acres  near  Southold  Village.  Light- 
houses are  located  on  Hortons  Point,  Little  Gull  Island,^^  and  ^' The  Dumplings  " — a  group  of  rocks 
in  Fishers  Island  Sound. ^*  Greenport,"  (p.  v.,)  on  Greenport  Harbor,  was  incorp.  April  18, 
1838.  It  is  a  port  of  considerable  whaling  and  commercial  business,^^  and  is  the  E.  terminus  of  the 
L.  LR.  R.     It  contains  5  churches  and  2  printing  offices.  Pop.  1,665.     Southold,  (p.  v.,)  near  the 


>  TlieBe  were  Dan'l  and  Josiah  Howe,  Thos.  Goldsmith,  John 

Oldflelds,  Siiml  Dayton,  Tbo8.  Burnet,  John  and  Edward  Howell, 
Tho8.  and  Job  Say  re,  Tho8.  Topping,  John  Woodruff.  Henry  and 
Abruham  Fierson,  Richard  Post,  Obadiali  Kogera,  John  Kord- 
ham.  Samuel  (isman.  John  Rose,  James  Herrick,  Chria.  Foster, 
Jos.  llaynor,  Ellis  Cook.  Edward  Net'dbam.  Sam'l  James.  John 
Ooflnian.  John  Bishop,  John  White,  VVm.  Payne.  John  Jewsup, 
llenry  Walton,  Wni.  Harker,  Allen  Breed,  Edmund  Partington, 
Isaac  Hillnian.  John  Copper.  Geo.  Woods.  John  Jagger.  Richard 
Smith,  Tbos.  Hildreth,  John  Hampton,  Jo^h.  Barnes.  John  Jen- 
nings, Benj.  Ilaynes.  Geo.  Wells,  W'm.  Odell.  and  John  Luni. 

*  The  deputies  were  John  Howell,  from  1644  to '61;  John 
Ckwrnore,  from  1661  to  '55;  Thomaa  Topping,  from  1655  to  '58; 
Alex.  Knowles,  from  1658  to '59;  Thomaa  Topping,  from  1659  to 
'63;  and  Edward  Howell,  from  1^163  to  '64. 

«  Col.  Meigs,  with  234  men,  crossed  from  Guildford  (Conn.)  to 
Soothuld,  in  13  whaleboats.  on  the  '23d  of  May,  and  transported 
the  biiats  across  the  peninsula,  reaching  the  a.  shore  4  mi.  from 
Sag  Harbor  at  midnight.  In  the  attack  the  British  bad  6  men 
killed  and  90  were  taken  prisoners.  The  party  arrived  at 
Guildford  on  their  return  in  25  houi-s  fi-om  the  time  tbey  left. 
Congress  expressed  its  approbation  of  this  enterprise  by  pre- 
senting Col.  Meigs  with  a  sword;  and  Gen.  Washington,  in  a 
letter  to  Gen.  Parsons,  (by  whose  command  Col.  Meigs  had 
undertaken  the  expedition,)  congratulated  him  upon  its  suc- 
cessful achievement. —  Onderdonk's  Hev.  Inc. 

*  This  fleet  lay  here  through  the  war,  making  forced  levie?;  upon 
the  inhivbitants  of  the  adjacent  shores,  but  usually  paying  for  the 
property  taken.  A  descent  waa  made  upon  Sag  Ilaibor  in  June, 
1813;  but  an  alarm  was  raised,  and  the  invaders  were  repelkd 
without  their  doing  serious  injury.  . 

*  The  piistitors  of  the  society  have  been  Rev.  Abraham  Pierson, 
In  1640;  Robt.  Fordham.  in'l649;  Jos.  Taylor,  in  1680;  Joseph 
Whiting,  in  16S0;  Sam'l  Gelstou.  in  1716;  Sylvanus  White,  in 
1727;  Josh.  Wiliiame,  in  1786;  Harmon  Daggett,  in  1792;  David 
8.  Boiart.  in  17yH;  John  B.  Babbitt,  in  liSlT;  I'e'er  H.  Shaw, in 
1821;  Dan'l  Beers,  in  1830;  and  Hugh  N.  Wilson,  in  ISW, 

*  Kev.  Ebtnez-r  White,  in  1690,  Jos.  Brown,  in  1756,  Aaron 
WvM>lworth,  in  17H7.  and  vVmzi  Francis,  in  1823,  have  been  the 
pastora  of  this  church. 


'  6  M.  E.,  6  Presb.,  Bap.,  CoDg.,  Meth.  Prot.,  Prot.  E.,  K,  C, 

and  Union. 

8  That  part  of  the  town  E.  of  Cutchogue  was  called  by  the  Ib- 
dians  *'i'e«-7it-<vjcA-."  and  by  the  English  **NorthJteft." 

9  Isaac  Arnold.  John  and  Benj.  Youngs,  Josh,  and  Barnabas 
Ilorton,  Sam'l  Glover,  and  Isaac  Corry  were  named  trustees  in 
this  p:ttent. 

10  Called  by  the  Indians  '^PO-qua-tucl-V  It  was  bought  of  the 
Indians  by  Peter  Hallock,  in  1641;  and  the  first  settlement  waa 
made  on  it  soon  after,  during  Hallock's  absence  in  England,  by 
John  Tuthill,  John  Youngs,  jr.,  John  King,  and  Israel,  Richard, 
and  Samuel  Biown. — Gnffin's  Jfntr7ial,\9. 

11  Formerly  known  as  the  "/sfe  of  Patmosf  It  was  bought 
of  the  native.s,  in  1659,  by  Sam'l  Wyllys. 

12  This  island  was  name*!  *-Vissdiers  IsUind^*  by  Capt.  Cook,  the 
navigator,  in  1614.  It  was  purchased,  in  1644,  by  Gov.  Win- 
throp,  of  Conn. ;  and  was  organized  as  a  township  by  a  patent 
obtained  from  Gov.  Nicoll,  of  N.  Y.,  in  March,  1688.  It  wm 
for  a  time  claimed  by  both  N.  Y.  and  Conn.  Ita  surface  is  undu- 
lating; near  the  w.eud  in  a  high  sand  bluff,  and  near  the  middlu 
another  still  higher.  There  are  two  convenient  harbors  on  the 
coast.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  grass  growing  and  grazing. 
Hay,  wool,  butter,  and  cheese  are  exported. 

13  There  were  nearly  as  many  potatoes  raised  in  this  town  iu 
1855  as  in  all  the  co,  besides.  A  greater  quantity  of  wheat  ia 
raised  in  Southold  than  in  any  other  town  in  the  co.,  and  a 
greater  quantity  of  corn  than  in  any  town  except  South.impton. 
InimenBO  quantities  offish  and  seaweed  are  used  as  Jertilizers. 

H  Brick  are  made  in  large  quantities  near  Greenport  and  upon 
Robins  Island;  and  oil  and  guano  areextensively  manufactured 
from  fish  near  Southold. 

16  The  lighthouse  upon  Little  Gull  Island  was  bnilt  in  IROft. 
and  is  56  ft.  high  and  74  ft.  above  tide.  It  is  supplied  with  a  fog 
bell,  which  is  rung  by  machinery. 

i«  The  lighthouse  upon  North  Dumpling  was  built  in  1848,  and 
is  25  ft.  high  and  70  ft.  above  the  sea.    A  red  light  is  used. 

IT  Formerly  "■^Stirling." 

18  The  shipping  of  this  port  consists  of  7  vessels  engaged  iu 
wh.iliug;  iiltout  lOD  others,  with  an  aggregate  of  6000  tons,  en- 
rolled; and  102  small  vessels,  licensed:  mostly  engaged  in  tb« 
coudtiDjf  trade. 


640 


SUFFOLK    COUNTY. 


center  of  the  town,  is  a  station  on  the  L.  I.  R.  R.  It  contains  3  chnrehes,  the  Southold  Academy,  a 
savings  bank,  and  about  80  houses.  Ilermitag'e,  a  small  settlement,  Cutcliogrue,  (p.  v.,) 
containing  3  churches  and  nearly  100  houses,  and  IMattituck,  (p.  v.,)  containing  2  churches  and 
40  houses,  are  stations  on  the  L.  I.  R.  R.  IVew  Sufiblk,  on  Great  Peconic  Bay,  contains  1  church 
and  about  20  houses.  Franklinville  is  on  the  line  of  Riverhead.  West  8outlloId  is  a 
p.  0.  East  Marion,'  (p.  v.,)  near  the  w.  side  of  Orient  Harbor,  contains  a  windmill,  a  tidemill, 
and  1  church ;  pop.  300.  Orient,^  (p.  y.,)  on  the  E.  side  of  the  same  harbor,  contains  2  churches 
and  60  houses.  The  first  settlement  was  made  about  1640,  by  Rev.  John  Youngs  and  others,  from 
New  Haven.'  The  government  of  this  colony,  like  that  of  several  of  the  earlier  New  England 
settlements,  was  vested  in  the  church  members.  None  others  were  allowed  to  vote  or  to  hold 
office ;  and  the  Mosaic  code  was  adopted  as  their  law.  This  exclusiveness  was  of  short  duration. 
All  citizens  were  soon  admitted  to  the  right  of  sufirage;  and  in  1657  the  Mosaic  code  was  super- 
seded by  one  better  adapted  to  the  circumstances  of  the  people.  Upon  the  union  of  New  Haven 
vrith  Conn.,  in  1662,  Southold  was  united  with  the  latter  colony  and  was  represented  in  General 
Court.  In  1664  the  town  passed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  New  York.  The  first  church  was 
erected  in  1641,  in  the  village  of  Southold.*    There  are  now  17  churches  in  town.^ 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Mamifactures,  of  Suffolk  County. 


Names  op  Towns. 


Brookhaven...... 

East  Hampton. 

HuntiugtoD 

lelip 

Riverhead 

Shelter  Island.. 

Smithtown 

Soutbampton.  ... 
Sonthold 

Total 


Acres  of  Land. 


163,818J 


I 
I 


90,723J 
14,061 
2.S,271 
35,757} 
20,943J 
3.181i 
17.&t6} 
33,606 
11.482} 


260,570r 


Valuation  of  1858. 


51.971,850 

707,200 

1,405,000 

771.901 

609.660 

.S7,S00 

647,056 

1.382,000 

1,203.500 


8,686.856 


tt.tt, 


2,285,260 


$2,473,850 

958.060 

1,780,250 

943,701 

722,400 

116,600 

693,905 

1,802,450 

1,480.000 


4,761 
1,060 
4,163 
1,676 
1.369 
233 
1,037 
3,326 
2,806 


10,972.106    20,469   20,43' 


_5_ 

4,936 
1,095 
3,989 
1,006 
1,366 
260 
1,050 
3,336 
2,811 


7,241 


8,204 


1,431 
317 

1,068 

418 

619, 

70, 

242i 

1,064 
964 


Names  of  Towns. 


Brookhaven 

East  HamptOQ. 

Huntington 

iBlip 

Riverhead 

Shelter  Island... 

Smithtown. 

Southampton.... 
Southold. 

Total 


Lite  Stock. 


1,281 
668 

1,683 

407 

681 

68 

441 

1,103 


7,111 


2,092 

1,480 

1,422 

708 

960 

373 

646 

3,649 

2,162 


13,382 


1,956 
S43 

1,776 
695 

1,032 
154 
662 

2,037 

1,679 


10,833 


6.069 
4,097 
6,847 
610 
721 
2,422 
3,048 
2,986 
2,216 
28,016 


« 


3,393 
1,076 
3,344 
1,128 
2,0.56 
370 
1,175 
4,004 
3,181 


Agricultural  Products, 


Bu8R.  op  GaAIH. 


S6.175i 
13,2S0S 
39,732J 
10,692 
21,4325 
2,866 
12,376 
36,728 
32,650 


19,7271  203,733 


6,425 
8,119S 
9,2564 
2.907  i 
2,386} 
650i 
3,091 
7,968 
6,8014 


tot, 


24,955 

8,973 

28.124J 

15,691 

57,234 

4,S40 

3,695} 

29,603 

130,947 


41,606}  304,063    27,799 


■Is 

B 


6,236 
2.690 
1,677 
1,336 
6,0S7 
817 
680 
2,689 
6,089 


Daibt  PaooocTS. 


634,405 


■S     i 
0.    S 


800 
660 
30 
100 


204 
226 


22 
243 
34 


1  Formerly  "Rocly  Point."        *  Formerly  ^^OysUr  Pfmds." 
s  Among  these  early  settlers  were  Wm.  Wells,  Barnabas  Hor- 
lon,  ThoB.  Mapes,  John  Tuthill,  and  Mattliias  Corwin. 
*  This  was  the  first  church  edifice  erected  in  the  State.    The 


first  pastor  was  Rev.  JohnToungs.    His  successors  were  Josbna 
Hobart,  in  1674,  Beoj.  Wolsey,  in  1720,  Jaa.  Davenport,  in  1738, 
and  Wm.  Throop,  in  1748. 
6  5  Presb,  6  M.  E.,  3  Cong,  2  Bap„  K.  C,  and  Univ. 


SULLIVAN   COUNTY. 

SThis  county  was  erected  from  Ulster,  March  27,  1809,  and  was 
named  in  honor  of  Maj.  Gen.  John  Sullivan,  of  the  Revolution.  It 
contains  an  area  of  1,082  sq.  mi.,  and  is  centrally  distant  85  miles 
from  Albany.  The  surface  is  generally  very  hilly,  and  along  the 
E.  border  mountainous.  In  the  s.  and  w.  it  consists  chiefly  of 
ridges  separated  by  narrow  ravines ;  but  in  the  middle  and  N.  it 
assumes  more  the  character  of  a  rolling  plateau.  The  highlands 
of  this  CO.  may  be  considered  as  the  s.  slope  of  the  Catskills ; 
and  near  the  N.  borders  of  the  co.  they  divide  the  waters  that 
flow  into  Hudson  and  Delaware  Rivers.  From  this  elevated  por- 
tion numerous  ridges  extend  toward  the  Delaware,  giving  the  co. 
a  general  southerly  inclination.  The  Delaware  cuts  these  ridges 
diagonally,  its  viilley  forming  the  only  division  between  the  Catskills  and  the  mountains  of 
Eastern  Penn.  The  highest  points  in  the  co.  are  the  hills  in  the  town  of  Rockland,  which  are 
estimated  to  be  2100  to  2400  feet  above  tide.  Walnut  Hill,  in  Liberty,  has  an  elevation  of  1980  feet. 
The  lowest  summit  of  the  Shawangunk'  Mt.,  between  Bloomingljurgh  and  Wurtzboro,  is  1271  feet 
above  tide,  and  the  highest  summit  is  about  500  feet  higher.  This  range  of  mountains  at  a  distance 
presents  a  striking  uniformity  of  outline,  which  is  due  to  the  evenness  of  stratification  of  the  rock 
composing  it.  The  lowest  point  in  the  co.  is  upon  the  Delaware,  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  Mongaup, 
which  has  an  elevation  of  550  feet  above  tide.     The  co.  line  on  the  Rondout  is  elevated  773  feet. 

With  the  exception  of  a  small  district  on  its  e.  border,  through  which  flow  the  upper  waters 
of  Shawangunk  Kil  and  Lackawack  Creek,  this  co.  is  drained  by  the  Delaware  and  its  branches, 
the  largest  of  which  are  Neversink^  and  Mongaup'  Rivers,  Beaver  Kil  and  Bashers  Kil,  and 
Callicoon  (Caw-li-coon)  and  Ten  Mile  Creeks.  The  Neversink  flows  entirely  across  the  co.,  having 
for  its  tributaries  Bashers  Kil,  ATyncoop  Brook,  Bush  Kil,  Cherry-meadow  Brook,  and  several 
minor  streams.  Most  of  these  streams  are  rapid,  and  afford  at  niunerous  points  a  great  amount 
of  water-power.  In  the  valleys  and  forests  of  the  co.  are  about  100  small  lakes,  which  form 
peculiar  and  often  picturesque  and  highly  beautiful  features  in  its  scenery.  Most  of  these  ponds 
and  streams  abound  in  fish,  of  which  trout  is  the  most  common.  Pickerel  have  been  introduced 
into  several  of  them. 

The  geological  formation  of  the  co.  is  exceedingly  simple.  The  whole  surface  is  underlaid  by  the 
red  sandstone  of  the  Catskill  Group  and  the  Shawangunk  Conglomerate.  These  rocks  extend 
southward  into  Penn.,  and  form  the  floor  of  the  coal  measures.  Of  these  rocks  the  latter  postiesses 
a  commercial  value  for  millstones,*  building  stones,  and  the  manufacture  of  glass.  The  soil  is 
mostly  a  reddish  loam  mixed  with  gravel,  and  is  generally  stony ;  in  the  s.  E.  nortion  is  found 
some  clay.  Grass  is  the  staple  production,  and  the  hilly  character  of  most  of  the  co.  seems  to  adapt 
it  to  grazing  rather  than  to  tillage.  The  facility  with  which  the  products  of  the  dairy  can  now  reach 
the  great  markets,  by  means  of  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.,  has  within  a  few  years  given  an  impetus  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  co.,  while  the  erection  of  tanneries,  which  the  same  thoroughfare  has  encour- 
aged, has  created  a  home  market  of  great  advantage  to  the  farmer.  In  1855  there  were  in  the  co. 
about  40  tanneries,  producing  over  §2,000,000  worth  of  leather  annually  and  employing  about  750 
laborers.  The  lumbering  interests  also  employ  large  amounts  of  capital  and  labor.  Winter  wheat, 
formerly  considered  a  sure  and  abundant  crop,  is  found  to  yield  smaller  returns  and  with  less  cer- 
tainty as  the  country  becomes  older ;  and  other  crops,  less  valuable  but  more  certain,  have  been 
substituted  to  a  great  extent.  The  surplus  wheat  of  Sullivan  co.  was  formerly  transported  by  land 
to  the  Hudson,  where  it  found  a  profitable  market ;  but,  with  the  increase  of  manufactures,  there  is 
now  less  raised  than  is  consumed  in  the  co.  Grass  seed  of  a  fine  quality  is  raised  in  considerable 
quantities.  The  fruits  are  limited  to  apples,  pears,  plums,  cherries,  and  a  few  peaches.  The  timber 
along  the  Delaware  Valley  is  mostly  hemlock,  pine,  oak,  and  chestnut ;  and  on  the  highlands  it  is 
hemlock,  beech,  maple,  birch,  ash,  and  basswood.  The  climate  is  cool  and  bracing,  and  the  co.  is 
r-emarkably  healthy. 

I  Pron.  Shon-pum ;  said  to  signify  *'  white  stone."  |     *  Esopua  milktonea,  formerly  in  high  repute,  were  madd  from 

*  On  Sauthior's  Map,  1779.  ilahaickamnck,  or  Xcver-Sink.  the  Shawangunk  grit. 

•  On  Sauthier's  Map,  1779,  Mangawping,  or  JJtiiffwing,  \ 

41  Ml 


C42 


SULLIVAN    COUNTY. 


The  CO.  seat*  is  located  at  Monticello,  in  llie  town  of  Thompson.  The  oo.  buildings,  consisting  of  A 
courthouse  and  jail,  are  substantial  stone  edifices,  erected  in  1844  in  place  of  the  original  co.  buildings, 
■which  were  burned.^  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  100  acres  3  mi.  e.  of  Monticello.  The 
average  number  of  inmates  is  56,  supported  at  a  weekly  cost  of  75  cts.  each.  The  farm  yields  a  revenue 
of  $400.  A  school  is  kept  during  3  mo.  in  the  year.  No  religious  instruction  is  afforded.  The  house 
is  too  small,  is  poorly  ventilated,  is  not  furnished  with  water,  and  will  not  admit  of  a  proper  classi- 
fication of  its  inmates. 

The  2  great  works  of  internal  improvement  within  the  limits  of  the  co.  are  the  Delaware  &  Hudson 
Canal,*  extending  through  the  s.e.  part,  and  the  N.  Y.  &E.  R.  R.,  built  along  the  valley  of  the  Dela- 
ware.* The  former  opens  an  easy  and  direct  communication  between  the  Hudson  at  Rondout  and  the 
Penn.  coal  mines  at  Carbondale ;  and  the  latter  forms  one  link  of  the  great  chain  of  western  travel. 
Several  plank  roads  have  been  constructed,  as  auxiliary  to  this  great  thoroughfare,  greatly  benefiting 
the  sections  of  country  through  which  they  pass.    The  first  newspaper  in  the  co.  was  issued  in  1821.^ 

Little  is  known  of  the  early  history  of  the  co.  Many  traces  exist  of  its  occupation  long  anterior 
to  that  by  the  present  race  of  settlers.  Upon  the  first  advent  of  the  present  settlers,  a  road  was 
found  to  extend  s.  w.  from  Esopus,  on  the  Hudson,  along  the  valley  n.  of  the  Shawangunk  Mts. 
It  was  known  as  the  "il/me  Koad,^*  and,  according  to  traditional  account,  was  built  by  a  company 
of  miners  from  Holland,  before  the  English  conquest  of  1664.®  Two  mines  are  said  to  have  been 
wrought, — one  where  the  mountain  approaches  the  Delaware,  near  the  lower  point  of  Panquaroy 
Flat;  and  the  other  n.  of  the  mountain,  about  halfway  between  the  Delaware  River  and  Esopua 
Creek.  The  Minisink  Flat,  on  the  border  of  Orange  and  Sullivan  cos.,  is  said  to  have  been  settled 
by  Hollanders  many  years  before  the  date  of  Penn's  Charter;  and  the  settlement,  which  extended 
40  mi.  or  more  along  both  sides  of  the  Delaware,  had  in  a  great  degi-ee  become  isolated  from  the 
rest  of  the  world.  When  the  present  settlements  were  begun,  there  was  a  road  from  the  e.,  near 
the  central  part  of  the  co.,  called  the  *^  Porter  Boad;^'  and  in  the  n.  part  was  another,  called  the 
'*  IIunfer*s  Road." 

With  the  exception  of  the  vague  traditions  of  early  settlement  by  the  Dutch  along  the  Delaware, 
the  first  location  of  a  permanent  white  inhabitant  is  said  to  have  been  made  about  the  year  1700, 
by  Don  Manuel  Gonzales,  a  Spaniard,  who,  having  married  into  a  Dutch  family  in  Rochester, 
(Ulster  CO.,)  removed  to  Mamakating  Hollow,  where  he  erected  a  house  and  raised  grain.  He 
opened  a  trade  with  the  neighboring  Indians,  who  were  then  friendly ;  and  other  settlers  were 
induced  to  follow.  Mamakating  Precinct  was  formed  in  1743,  and  until  after  the  Revoluticn  it 
embraced  nearly  all  of  the  present  co.  of  Sullivan.  About  1750  a  number  of  German  families 
settled  upon  the  w.  frontiers  of  Ulster  co.  They  suffered  greatly  from  Indian  hostilities.  The 
first  Indian  incursion  took  place  in  1777,  when  the  family  of  Mr.  Sprague,  in  Mamakating,  was 
attacked.  The  next  year  the  family  of  Jlr.  Brooks  was  attacked,  some  members  were  killed,  and 
others  taken  prisoners. 

On  the  13th  of  Oct.  1778,  a  party  of  nearly  a  hundred  tories  and  Indians,  under  Brant,  invaded 
the  settlements,  first  falling  upon  the  family  of  Mr.  Westfall,  and  killing  one  man.  They  next 
attacked  the  house  of  Mr.  Swartwout,  who  ^as  at  home  with  his  sons,  (the  women  having  been 
previously  removed  to  a  fort,)  and  killed  all  bnt  one,  who  escaped.  The  firing  alarmed  others, 
who  fled  to  the  forts  at  Gumars  and  De  Witts,  where,  by  a  skillful  display  of  force  by  Capt.  Abra- 
ham Cuddeback,  who  commanded  at  the  former,  the  enemy  were  deterred  from  making  an  attack. 


1  By  the  act  of  incorporation  the  Gov.  and  council  were  to 
appoint  3  comniiasioners  to  locate  the  county  seat,  and  the 
Board  of  Supervieora  3  others  to  superintend  the  erection  of  the 
courthouse  and  jail.  Wm.  Ross,  Job.  Morrell,  and  Abraham  H. 
Scheuck  were  appointed  for  the  former  purpose,  and  David 
Hammond.  John  lindsley,  Malachi  West,  John  Newkirk,  and 
Kftvies  Martin  successively  fur  the  latter. 

*  The  firs^  buiMin[is,erected  in  accordance  with  an  act  passed 
March  2'.;,  ISll.  were  burned  Jan.  13. 1844.  The  first  court  was 
held,  and  the  first  Board  of  Supervisors  orf^nized,  at  the  house 
of  Curtis  Lineley.  The  county  ofBcers  first  appointed  were 
Wm.  A.  Thompson,  First  Ju^ge ;  Samuel  F.  Jones  and  Elnathan 
Sears,  Ass'>ci(itf  Jiui^rs ;  John  ConkUn,  Jabez  Wakoman.  and 
Daiid  Hammond,  A/anstant  Justices ;  James  S.  Dunning,  Surro- 
ffote :  Uriah  Lockwood,  Sheriff;  and  John  P.  Jonee,  CUrlc. 

*  The  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Oi.  was  incorp.  April  23, 
1823.  The  work  was  commenced  in  July,  1826,  and  completed 
ID  Oct.  1S2S.  It  was  of  great  importance  to  the  early  set- 
tlors of  the  CO.,  as  it  opened  an  easy  and  cheap  avenue  to 
market. 

*  This  R,  R.  enters  the  co.  in  the  town  of  Tusten  from  Penn. 
It  having  been  found  diflScult  to  construct  the  road  on  the  N.  Y. 
aide  of  the  river,  the  right  of  way  for  a  short  distance  was  soli- 
cited from  Penn.    The  petition  was  granted,  and  for  the  sub- 


stantial benefit  which  the  R.  R.  conferred  upon  that  State,  the 
company  was  subjected  to  an  annual  tax  of  $10,000.    This  road 
forms  a  direct  and  epeedy  communication  with  N.  Y.,  and  ban 
been  of  grejit  value  to  the  co.  in  stimulating  its  settlement  and 
developing  its  resources. 
6  The  Suniran  Cminty  Whig  waa  started  at  Bloomingbnrgh 
in  1S21,  by  John  J.  Tappan.    It  was  removed  to  Monti- 
cello in  182S,  and  its  name  changed  to 
Ttie  Republican  'Watctiman.    Frederick  A.  Deroe 
and  James  E.  Winelow  were   successively  its  editoni, 
and  since  1843  it  baa  been  published  by  J.  E.  Quinlan. 
The  Sidhvan  County  Herald  was  commenced  at  Monticello  in 
1S33.  and  published  by  M.  Smith,  S.  Phelps,  and  othets, 
about  4  years. 
The  SuUivan  County  Whig  was  published  at  Bloominghnrgh 
in  1844,  by  J.  S.  Brown,  and  subsequently  by  John 
Waller,  Jr.    In  1855  it  was  changed  to  the 
Sulll'van    County     Democratic    Republican, 

under  which  title  it  is  now  published  by  Waller. 
The  Union  Democrat  waa  established  at  Monticello  in  1854,  by 
F.  A.  Devoe,  and  was  afterward  united  with  The  Whig. 
•  See  Eager's  Hist.  Orange  Co.,  p.  50,  where  will  be  found  a 
letter  from  Samuel  Preston  giving  the  eubstance  of  the  tradi- 
tion.   It  la  from  Hazard's  Regifitor. 


SULLIVAN    COUNTY. 


643 


After  firing  most  of  the  houses  and  bams  of  the  settlement,  the  marauders  retired,  leaving  behind 
them  a  melancholy  scene  of  havoc  and  desolation  at  the  verge  of  an  inclement  winter.  The  dis- 
tress thus  occasioned  was  very  great.  Major  Pliillips  arrived  soon  after  the  incursion  with  a  com- 
pany of  militia ;  but  the  enemy  had  fled  beyond  reach. 

In  1777  or  '78,  Capt.  Graham,  with  a  party  of  18  men,  went  to  Chestnut  Brook  in  pursuit  of  some 
Indians  who  had  been  committing  depredations  upon  the  settlements  at  Pine  Bush.  Having 
stopped  to  drink,  Capt.  Graham  saw  an  Indian  in  the  path,  and  the  party  fired  a  volley  without 
effect.  Upon  this  the  Indians  on  the  opposite  banks  returned  the  fire  with  fatal  effect,  and  but  3 
of  the  party  escaped  to  tell  the  dismal  tale.  To  deprive  the  enemy  of  sustenance  and  the  means 
for  further  annoyance,  the  Legislature,  in  1779,'  enacted  a  law  directing  the  Governor  to  cause  the 
destruction  of  such  grain  and  crops  in  the  w.  frontiers  of  Orange  and  Ulster  cos.  as  could  not 
be  removed  to  a  place  of  safety.  In  1783-  the  precinct  of  "  Mamacotting"  and  the  township 
of  Rochester  (the  district  of  the  regiment  of  Col.  A.  Hawke  Hay,  and  that  part  of  the  Goshen 
regiment  on  the  w.  side  of  the  Minisink  Mts.)  were  exempted  from  a  levy  then  made  for  the 
defense  of  the  n.  and  w.  frontiers.' 

Several  traces  of  Indian  occupation  were  found  in  the  first  settlement  of  the  co.  About  4  mi. 
from  the  Delaware,  on  the  Flat,  was  found  a  brass  or  copper  tomahawk,  with  a  steel  edge,  and  u 
handle  perforated  for  smoking.  Stone  axes,  flint  arrows,  &c.  were  frequently  found.  In  1793,  an 
Indian  living  in  Rockland,  at  a  place  called  " Pocatocton,"  (meaning  a  river  almost  spent,)  removed 
to  Niagara.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  last  of  his  race  that  inhabited  the  co.  Indian  trails 
were  found  along  the  Delaware,  the  Beaver  Kil,  and  in  other  sections. 

The  part  of  tliis  co.  s.  of  the  s.  bounds  of  Callicoon  and  Bethel  is  comprised  in  the  Neversmk 
Patent,  conveyed  to  Matthew  Ling  and  others  Aug.  28,  1704 ;  and  the  remainder  of  the  co.  in  the 
great  tract  granted  to  Johannes  Hardenbergh  and  others  April  20,  1708,  and  known  as  the 
"Hardenbergh  Patent."*  The  Newburgh  and  Cochecton  Turnpike  (incorp.  March  20,  1801)  was 
opened  across  the  co.  in  1808,  and  gave  the  first  impulse  to  its  prosperity  by  making  it  accessible  to 
settlers.  This  section  continued  to  receive  emigrants  from  New  England  and  the  older  portions 
of  the  State  until  its  growth  was  checked  by  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  to  the  Genesee 
country  and  the  great  lakes,  by  which  emigration  was  diverted  to  the  new  and  fertile  lands  of  the 
AVest.  Real  estate  in  consequence  declined  materially  in  value,  and  many  of  the  early  settlers  aban- 
doned their  locations  and  joined  the  westward  current.  In  1819  or  '20  the  Orange  Branch  Turnpike 
was  made,  from  Montgomery,  (Orange  co.,)  crossing  the  Shawangunk  Mt.  at  Roses  Gap,  and  extend- 
ing across  the  barrens  through  Wakemans  Settlement  to  the  Neversink  Falls,  and  thence  to  Liberty. 
The  charter  of  this  road  was  long  since  given  up,  but  the  route  is  maintained  as  a  district  road. 


BETJIEl. — was  formed  from  Lumberland,  March  27, 1809.  Cochecton  was  taken  oft  in  1828 
It.lies  upon  the  high  ridges  which  form  the  watershed  between  Delaware  and  Mongaup  Rivers, 
a  little  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  hilly,  and  many  of  the  declivities 
are  steep  and  rocky.  It  is  watered  by  a  large  number  of  small  streams,  mostly  tributary  to  Mon- 
gaup River ;  and  it  has  many  small  lakes,  which  form  a  beautiful  and  romantic  feature  of  the  land- 
scape. White  Lake,  near  the  center, — ^named  from  its  white  sandy  shores  and  bottom, — is  noted 
for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery.'  The  other  principal  lakes  are  Birch  Ridge  Pond  in  the  n.  w..  Horse 
Shoe  and  Pleasant  Ponds  in  the  n.,  Mallory  Pond  in  the  w.,  Indian  Field  Pond  in  the  s.,  Big  and 
Wells  Ponds  on  the  s.  line,  and  Chestnut  Ridge  Pond  and  Black  Lake  and  Lake  Superior  near  the 
center.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  intermixed  in  places  with  clay.  The  settlement* 
are  comparatively  new,  and  the  people  are  chiefly  engaged  in  the  raising  of  neat  cattle,  dairying, 
lumbering,  and  tanning.'  Itloni^aup  Valley  (p.  v.)  contains  35  houses,  and  Bettael  15. 
Bushvllle  and  Wbite  Lake  axe  p.  ofiices.  John  Fuller  waa  the  first  settler  in  the  "  Fuller 
Settlement,"  in  1806-07.'    The  first  preacher  (Presb.)  was  the  Rev.  Mr.  Green." 


'  October  17.  '  February  21. 

*  Incidents  connected  with  these  eventa.  and  the  details  of  the 
memorable  battle  of  Minisink  in  July,  177d,  are  given  in  our 
account  of  the  towns  in  which  they  occurred. 

*  Portions  of  the  llardenberffh  Patent  were  settled  upon 
leases  of  long  term;  and  durini;  the  anti  rent  excitement,  a  few 
years  since,  the  clamor  a^nst  this  tenure  prevailed  extensively, 
but  without  acts  of  open  violence.  The  refQ8.il  to  pay  rents, 
which  this  feeling  occasioned,  led  to  a  great  amount  of  litigation. 
Although  the  excitement  ba«  subsided,  the  question  is  not  fully 
settled. 

*  This  lake  is  noticed  in  one  of  tha  poexos  of  Alfred  B.  Street, 
by  the  name  of  "  Kon-ne-on-ga." 

'  A  tannery  at  Mongaup  Valley  in  1856  manufactured  60,000 


Bides  of  leather,  valued  at  $187,000.  It  consumed  about  600« 
cords  of  hemlock  bark,  and  employed  70  men,  at  a  cost  of 
$12,000.  There  are  about  102,000  sides  of  leather  manufactured 
annually  at  diflerent  t.inneries  in  this  town. 

'  ti.  and  C.  Uurd  were  the  first  settlers  at  the  Hurd  settle, 
ment ;  Adam  and  Eve  Pentler  near  Bethel ;  and  Potter  aud 
Mattison  near  White  Lake.  The  first  school  at  Mongaup  was 
tantiht  by  G.  P.  Price,  and  at  Bethel  hy  Dr.  Copeland.  Uillespi« 
k  Ibxik  kept  the  ilrst  store  at  Whit«  Lake,  and  J.  K.  Boenian 
built  the  first  saw  and  grist  mill,  on  White  lAke  outlet.  Th« 
first  birth  was  that  of  Catharine  Fuller,  in  1807,  and  the  first 
death  that  of  a  child  of  Stephen  Northrup. 

"The  census  reports  i  churchee;  2  31.  E.,  Presb.,  and  BitL 
Presb. 


6«  SULLIVAN    COUNTY. 

CAl.L,ICOOW— was  formed  from  Liberty,  March  30,  1842.  Fremont  was  taken  off  in 
1851.  It  lies  in  the  w.  part  of  the  co.,  about  the  sources  of  the  n.  branch  of  Callicoon 
Creek.  It  is  watered  by  numerous  streams  flowing  into  the  Delaware,  the  valleys  being  mostly 
narrow  ravines,  and  the  hills  rising  in  steep  declivities  200  to  600  feet  above  them.  In  the  N.  E. 
are  Shandler  and  Sand  Ponds,  the  latter  affording  a  pure  white  sand,  formerly  used  in  making  glass. 
The  soil  is  mostly  a  sandy  loam,  and  the  hillsides  and  summits  are  generally  capable  of  a  good 
degree  of  cultivation.  The  settlement  is  recent,  and  the  people  are  about  equally  engaged  in 
lumbering,  fai-ming,  and  tanning.^  JeflTei'SOnvllle,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  line  of  Cochecton,  has 
population  of  433,  of  whom  305  are  in  this  town.  Youngsville,  (p.  v.,)  IVortll  Brancll, 
(p.v.,)  and  Callicoon  Center  (Callicoon  p.o.)  have  each  about  30  houses.  The  first  settlers 
were  Wm.  Wood  and  his  sons,  Gerrett,  Edward,  and  David,  who  arrived  in  town  May  19,  1814, 
and  lived  15  years  in  the  wilderness.'  Rev.  31r.  McCIary,  pastor  of  the  Asso.  Kef.  church  of  Bethel, 
was  the  first  preacher.* 

COCHECTOSf^  -was  formed  from  Bethel,  March  25,  1828.  It  is  situated  upon  the  bank  of 
the  Delaware,  in  the  w.  part  of  the  co.  Ridges  of  hills,  with  narrow  valleys  between,  cover  the 
entire  surface  of  the  town.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Callicoon  and  its  branches,  and  several 
small  tributaries  of  the  Delaware.  The  mouth  of  the  Callicoon  is  777  feet  above  tide.  Pike  Pond 
in  the  E.,  Perry  Pond  in  the  s.,  and  Mitchells  Pond  and  Lake  Huntington  in  the  center,  are  the 
principal  sheets  of  water.  A  large  part  of  the  surface  is  still  covered  with  forests.  The  soil  is 
mostly  a  gravelly  loam,  and  best  adapted  to  pasturage.  Lumbering  and  tanning  form  the  leading 
objects  of  industry.  Cocliecton  (p.v.)  contains  209  inhabitants,  Pilie  Pond  (p.v.)  188, 
Callicoon  Depot  (p.  v.)  207,  and  Stevensburgli  (Cochecton  p.  o.)  209.  Beecli  Wood 
and  Fosterdale  are  p.  offices.  Settlements  were  begun  on  the  Delaware  before  the  Revolution, 
but  were  broken  up.  The  pioneer  settler  was  N.  Mitchell,  who  located  near  Cochecton  Village.' 
The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1839,  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cummings  was  the  first  pastor.' 

FAL.L,SBIIRGII— was  formed  from  Thompson  and  Neversink,  JIarch  9,  1826.  It  derives 
its  name  from  the  falls  in  Neversink  River  at  Fallsburgh  Village.  Its  surface  is  hilly  and  rolling. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Neversink  and  its  branches.  Sheldrake  Pond,  (named  from  the  wild  ducks 
that  formerly  frequented  its  waters,)  Smith,  Hill,  and  Browns  Ponds  in  the  w.,  and  East  Pond, 
in  the  E.,  are  the  principal  lakes.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam.  The  people  are  chiefly  engaged  in 
lumbering,  dairying,  and  tanning.'  Woodbourne  (p.v.)  contains  30  houses,  JVeversinll 
Falls  (Fallsburgh  p.o.)  25,  Hasbrouck  (p.v.)  25,  L<ocli  SlieldraUe  (p.v.)  15,  and 
Sandburgh  (p.v.)  15.  It  is  said  that  settlement  was  commenced  in  this  town  by  Germans 
previous  to  the  Revolution,'  but  the  settlers  were  driven  off  during  that  war.  Soon  after  the 
peace  3  brothers  by  the  name  of  Baker  located  in  town  and  commenced  the  first  permanent  settle- 
ment.'"   The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  built  at  Hasbrouck." 

FORESTBrRGH— was  formed  from  Thompson  and  Mamakating,  May  2,  1837.  It  lies 
principally  upon  the  high  ridges  between  Neversink  and  Mongaup  Rivers,  and  has  a  broken  surface 
and  an  average  elevation  of  1400  feet  above  tide.  In  this  town  are  several  small  lakes,  the 
principal  of  which  are  Ruddicks  Pond  in  the  N.  w.,  Beaver  Pond  in  the  s.,  and  Panther  Pond  in 
the  center.  The  tovm  still  retains  the  character  implied  by  its  name.  Mongaup  Falls,  on  Mon- 
gaup River,  3  mi.  above  Forestburgh  Village,  are  worthy  of  note.  The  river  here  falls  into  a 
chasm  70  feet  deep,  and  the  banks  below  the  falls  are  more  than  100  feet  high.     Lumbering,  tan- 


1  Caw-li-coon.  This  name  is  said  to  signify  "  Turkey"  in  both 
Dutch  and  Indian.  The  Dutch  for  turkey  is  "  Kalkofit.'^  In  the 
statutes  and  official  publications  of  the  State  the  name  is  com- 
monly written  "C'i/!tA'«m." — Harper' s N.Y.(£ E.  E.R.Gtiidf,p.^. 

2  Tliere  are  6  large  tanneries  in  town,  which  manufacture 
about  I'Jo.OOO  sides  of  leather  annually, 

8  Edward  was  a  cooper;  the  others  were  farmers.  The  first 
child  born  was  John  Wood.  Jacob  Quick  built  the  first  saw- 
mill, and  Samuel  Young  kept  the  first  store  and  built  the  first 
mill,  at  Youngsville,  In  1833-34  settlers  began  to  come  in  from 
Coon,  and  the  N. ;  and  in  1840  Germans  began  to  settle  in  the 
town  in  considerable  numbers.  The  latter  class  now  form  about 
one-third  of  the  population, 

*  The  census  reports  2  churches;  Luth.,  Asso.  Ger.  Meth, 

&  C<h8hek-tun.  Originally  called  "  Ciuh-mun-tunkj-'  or  low 
grounds, 

«  Among  the  other  early  settlers  were  David  Young,  at  Big 
Island ;  John  Ross,  at  Callicoon  Creek ;  Nicholas  Conlilin  and 
^-^  Tyler,  at  Cochecton.  Job  Jones  tau<:ht  the  first  school, 
near  Cochecton ;  Maj.  Ebenezer  Taylor  kept  the  first  tavern  and 
store,  at  Cochecton ;  and  Mitchell  Conklin  built  the  first  sawmill, 
oa  Mitchells  Pond  Brook,    On  Big  Island,  2  mi.  above  Cochecton, 


was  an  extensive  Indian  burial  place,  of  which  traces  are  occa- 
sionally plowed  up  at  the  present  day.  There  are  about  900 
Germans  in  this  town. 

'  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  M.  E.,  Presb.,  and  Ref.  Prot.D. 

*  At  Fallsburgh  is  an  extensive  tannery,  that  manufacturea 
40,000  sides  of  leather  annually;  and  another  of  the  same  size 
is  located  at  Woodbourne. 

^  Fruit  trees  planted  by  these  settlers  are  said  to  be  still 
standing, 

10  Thomas  Rawson  came  in  1787  or  '88;  Thomas  Grant  located 
in  1789;  Samuel  Thaddeus,  Obadiah  Brown,  and  James  Hill 
settled  a  little  N.  of  Fallsburgh,  and  James  Nicoll,  Peter  Ferdon, 
and  Mr.  Brush  on  the  site  of  the  villag©.  The  first  sawmill  waa 
built  iu  ISOS,  and  the  first  gri.st  mill  in  1809,  by  Philo  Kuggles. 
Matthew  Seeley  kept  the  first  inn,  at  Hasbronck,  and  Robt. 
Reading  the  first  store,  at  Fallsburgh,  In  1797,  the  nearest  mill 
was  at  Napanock,  in  Ulster  co. ;  and  for  many  years  the  nearest 
market  was  Newburgh.  In  17SG  or  '87  an  extraordinary  and 
destructive  flood  occurred  upon  this  valley. 

11  This  church  waa  burned  in  1837,  and  waa  rebuilt  at  Wood- 
bourne. The  census  reports  3  churches  in  town ;  2  M.  E.,  and 
1  Ref.  Prot,  D. 


SULLIVAN    COUNTY. 


645 


ning,'  and  dairying  constitute  the  employments  of  the  people.  Forestbur^h  (p.  o.)  contains  10 
houses,  Oaklandvillc  15,  and  IIart'%vood  10.  Settlement  commenced  before  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  recommenced  in  1795  on  Mongaup  River.  Zephaniah  and  Luther  Drake  were  pioneers  in 
the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town,  and  Elisha  Smith  near  Oakland.*  Rev.  Isaac  Thomas  (Meth.)  was  the 
first  preacher.' 

FREMO^^T — was  formed  from  Callicoon,  Nov.  1,  1851,  and  named  in  honor  of  John  C, 
Fremont.  It  lies  in  the  extreme  w.  part  of  the  co.,  upon  the  bank  of  the  Delaware.  Its  surface 
is  broken  and  hilly,  the  summits  rising  600  to  1000  feet  above  the  valley  and  1500  to  1800  feet 
above  tide.  Its  waters  are  Basket  and  Hankins  Creeks,  a  great  number  of  smaller  streams,  and 
numerous  small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are  Long  Pond,  Round  and  Basket  Ponds  in  the  n., 
Lox  Pond  in  the  e.,  and  Trout  Pond  near  the  center.  A  large  share  of  the  surface  is  still  a  wilder- 
ness and  is  too  rough  for  tillage.  Tanning  and  lumbering  form  the  principal  employments  vf  the 
people.  Fremont  Center  (p.  v.)  contains  141  inhabitants,  and  Obernbur^U  (Fremont 
p.o.)  20  houses.  liOn^  Fddy  (p.  o.)  is  the  Basket  Station  on  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.  Han- 
kins is  a  station  on  the  same  R.  R.  The  first  settlers  were  Joseph  Green,  at  Long  Eddy,  John 
Hankins,  at  Hankins  Depot,  Benj.  Misner,  at  Long  Pond,  and  Zach,  Ferdon,  at  Round  Pond.* 

HIGDIjAIVD — was  formed  from  Lumberland,  Dec.  17,  1853.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying 
in  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  It  is  named  from  the  character  of  its  surface,  which  consists  of  high 
ridges  between  Delaware  and  Mongaup  Rivers,  600  to  1,000  feet  above  the  canal  at  Barryville  and 
1,200  to  1,600  feet  above  tide.  There  are  a  great  number  of  small  lakes  in  town,  the  principal  of 
which  are  Big  Pond  and  Wells  Pond  on  the  n,  line,  Mud  and  Hagan  Ponds  in  the  e.,  York 
Pond  in  the  s.  w.,  Washington  Pond,  used  as  a  canal  feeder,  and  Blind,  Little,  and  Montgomery 
Ponds  near  the  center.  The  people  are  chiefly  engaged  in  lumbering  and  the  rudiments  of  farm- 
ing. Barryville,  (p.  v.,)  a  canal  village,  contains  25  houses,  and  E<uniberland  (p.  v.)  15. 
The  first  settler  was  John  Barnes,  who  located  at  Narrow  Falls.^  Rev.  Isaac  Sargent  (Cong.)  was 
the  first  preacher,  about  1707.^  The  battle  of  Neversink,  in  the  Revolution,  took  place  within  the 
limits  of  this  town.' 

IjIBERTY — was  formed  from  Lumberland,  March  13,  1807,  and  Callicoon  and  a  part  of 
Thompson  were  taken  off  in  1842.  It  lies  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.,  upon  the  watershed  between 
the  Mongaup  and  Beaver  Kil.  Its  surface  is  rough  and  broken.  AValnut  Hill,  s.  of  Liberty,  ia 
1,980,  and  Libertyville  1,467,  feet  above  tide.  The  n.  and  w.  parts  of  the  town  are  still  covered 
with  forests.  The  principal  sheets  of  water  are  Lillie  Pond  in  the  n.,  and  Broadhead  Pond  near 
the  center.  The  soil  is  good,  but  stony;  and  the  people  are  chiefly  engaged  in  lumbering,  dairying, 
and  tanning.^  liberty  (p.  v.)  contains  364  inhabitants,  Parksvllle  (p.  v.)  40  houses,  and 
liiberty  Falls  (p.  v.)  25.  Robertsonville  and  Stevensvllle  are  p.  offices.  The  Liberty 
Normal  Institute,  at  Liberty,  is  a  flourishing  academic  institution.^  Stephen  Russell  (from  Conn.) 
Bettled  near  Liberty,  in  1793  or  '94.^'*    Rev.  "VVm.  Randall  (Bap.)  was  the  first  preacher." 

liUmBERI^A^^D — was  formed  from  Mamakating,  March  16,  1798,  embracing  all  the  co. 
w.  of  Mongaup  River  and  s.  of  the  present  n.  lines  of  Liberty  and  Callicoon.  From  it  were  erected 
Liberty  in  1807,  Bethel  in  1809,  and  Highland  and  Tusten  in  1853.     Its  surface  is  rugged  and 


1  Abont  100,000  Bides  of  leather  are  annually  manufactured  in 
this  town. 

2  Miss  Moore  taught  the  first  echool,  at  Drakeetown ;  S.  Co- 
nant  kept  the  first  inn,  and  Thomas  AIsop  the  first  store,  at 
Forestlturgh.    The  first  eai\TiiiU  was  built  at  Oaklandville. 

8  There  are  no  church  buiUlings  in  town. 

«  Sarah  Phillips  taught  the  first  school;  John  Ranfiesen  kept 
the  first  inn,  and  John  Hawkins  kept  the  firat  store  and  built 
the  first  aawmiU.  About  one-third  of  the  population  are  Ger- 
mans.   The  census  reports  1  church ;  R.  C. 

6  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were  John  Carpenter,  Wm. 
Seeley,  N.  Patterson,  and  Wm.  Randall,  at  Beaver  Brook ;  and 
Beuj.  Ilayne  at  Handsome  Eddy.  John  Carpenter  employed 
Nath'l  Wheeler  to  teach  the  first  school,  before  the  public  schools 
were  organized.  G.  Ferguson  kept  the  first  inn,  in  lS3i},  and 
Phineas  T^-rry  the  first  store,  in  1828.  N.  Patterson  built  the 
first  sawmill,  on  Beaver  Brook. 

•  The  census  reports  3  churches ;  Cong.,  M.  E.,  Union. 

'  This  battle  took  place  on  the  N.  side  of  Beaver  Brook,  on  lot 
17  of  the  7th  div.  of  the  Neversink  Patent.  The  scene  of  the 
action  is  tlie  top  of  a  hill  3  miles  from  Barryville  and  half  a 
mile  N.  w.  from  Dry  Bnxik.  The  battle  took  place  between  a 
party  of  tories  and  Indians,  under  Brant, — who  were  retreat- 
ing, after  having  destroyed  the  settlement  of  Nevers'nk, — and  a 
party  of  American  militia,  who  pursued  them.    The  battle  was 


long  and  bloody,  and  resulted  in  the  retreat  of  the  AmericanB 
with  the  loss  of  44  killed.  In  1822  the  bones  ot  the  slain  were 
collected  and  interred  beneath  a  monument  at  Goshen.  An  ad- 
drees  was  delivered  on  the  occasion  by  Gen.  Hatheru,  who  had 
taken  a  leading  part  in  the  engagement. 

8  About  106,U0U  sides  of  leather  are  annually  manufactured  in 
this  town. 

»  Incorp.  by  law,  April  12, 1S48;  the  Hon.  John  D.  Watkins, 
the  founder,  being  sole  corporator. 

10  Among  the  other  first  settlers  were  Nathaniel  Pinney,  Josiah 
Whipple,  and  Nathan  Staunton,  who  came  from  Preston,  Conn., 
in  the  spring  of  1795,  and  settled  on  lot  12;  John  Groton  and 
Edward  Swan,  who  settled  on  lot  3 ;  Ebene/.er  Green,  on  lot  4 ; 
Isaiah  Whipple,  on  lotlO.oftnict  known  astheSOOO  aero  lot;  and 
Stephen  Benton,  who  locntnd  at  Benton  Hollow.  A viar  Whipple 
taught  the  first  school,  at  Blue  Mountain  Settlement;  Kotiwell 
Russell  kept  the  first  inn,  Stephen  Russell  the  first  store;  and 
Chas.  Broadhead  built  the  first  grist  and  saw  mill,  on  the  moun- 
tain, in  1797.  The  first  child  born  wtts  Sally  Staunton,  in  1797; 
the  first  marriage,  that  of  David  Rowland  and  Aviar  Wliij^ple,  in 
1797 ;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Sally  Staunton,  or  a  son  of  Wil- 
liam  Aby,  in  1798.  The  first  house  was  erected  about  Imlf  amile 
8.  of  where  the  Presb.  ch.  now  stands.  Most  of  the  first  settlers 
afterward  removed  west. 

u  The  census  reports  4  churches;  1  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  apd  1  Presb. 


646 


SULLIVAN    COUNTY. 


troken,  and  much  of  it  is  yet  a  wilderness.  The  name  of  the  town  still  suggests  the  leading  pur- 
suit of  the  people.  A  large  numher  of  small  lakes,  with  their  outlets,  form  the  principal  waters. 
The  principal  of  these  lakes  are  Lebanon  Pond  in  the  n.,  Kound,  Sand,  and  llogais  Ponds  in  the  w., 
and  Long  Pond  in  the  center.  Metauques  Pond,  in  the  E.,  lies  about  2  mi.  w.  of  the  Mongaup, 
and  300  feet  above  it.  On  its  outlet  is  a  beautiful  cascade.  Mongaup  and  Pond  Eddy  are 
p.  offices.  There  is  but  one  church,  (M.  E.)  The  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  extends  through  the 
town  along  the  course  of  the  river.  It  is  supposed  that  settlement  was  commenced  before  the 
Revolution ;  but  the  names  of  the  first  settlers  are  not  preserved.'  In  the  survey  of  the  Miuifcink 
Patent  by  Charles  Webb  in  1762,  mention  is  made  of  "Reeve's  Sawmill."^ 

MAMAHLATISIG,'  said  to  have  been  named  in  honor  of  an  Indian  chief,  was  erected  into  a 
precinct  by  the  General  Assembly,  Dec.  17,  1743,  and  embraced  all  the  present  territory  of  Sulli- 
van CO.  and  a  portion  of  Orange.  It  continued  as  a  precinct  until  organized  as  a  town,  March  7, 
1788.  It  was  reduced  to  its  present  limits  by  the  erection  of  Deerpark  (Orange  co.)  and  Lumber- 
land  in  1798,  Thompson  in  1803,  and  a  part  of  Forestburgh  in  1837.  It  lies  upon  the  highlands 
between  Neversink  and  Shawangunk  Creeks.  Two  parallel  ridges,  separated  by  the  valley  of 
Bashers  Kil,  extend  through  the  town  in  a  x.  E.  and  s.  w.  direction.  The  eastern  of  these  ridges  is 
known  as  Shawangunk  Mt.  The  declivities  of  this  mountain  are  gentle  upon  the  E.,  but  abrupt 
and  broken  on  the  w.  It  attains  an  elevation  of  1100  feet  above  the  summit  level  of  the  canal, 
and  about  1700  feet  above  tide.  In  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  town  is  a  mountain  of  nearly  equal  eleva- 
tion, known  as  Panther  IIUl.  The  principal  streams  are  Shawangunk,  Bashers,  and  Pine  Kils,  the 
last  of  which  is  the  outlet  of  a  small  lake  in  the  w.  part  of  the  town,  known  as  Yankee  Pond. 
The  summit  level  of  the  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal,  17  mi.  long  and  525  feet  above  tide,  is  con- 
structed through  the  valley  of  Bashers  Kil.  Masten  Pond,  in  the  w.  part,  is  used  as  a  reservoir. 
About  2  mi.  n.  of  Wurtzboro  a  vein  of  lead  was  discovered  several  years  since,  and  was  worked 
to  a  considerable  .extent.  After  an  abandonment  of  several  years,  preparations  are  again  being 
made  to  work  it.  The  soil  is  a  sand  and  gravel  loam,  in  some  places  intermixed  with  clay,  and 
best  adapted  to  pasturage.  The  census  of  1855  shows  that  this  town  is  second  only  to  Thompson 
in  the  amoimt  of  dairy  products.  Bloouiiugburgll'  (p.  v.)  contains  365  inhabitants, 
and  Wurtzboro*  (p.  v.)  491,  Sumniitville  (Mamakating  p.  o.)  20  houses,  and  Pbillips- 
port  (p.  0.)  10;  the  three  last  named  lie  upon  the  canal.  Burling-bani  (p.  v.)  contains  130 
inhabitants.  West  Broofevllle  {p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet,  and  HoniOfvack  is  a  p.  o.  The  early 
settlement  of  this  town  has  already  been  noticed,*  but  most  of  the  details  have  been  lost.  On  the 
approach  of  the  Revolution  the  Indians  became  hostile,  and  several  blockhouses  were  erected  on 
the  frontiers  of  Ulster  co.,  one  of  which  was  at  Wurtzboro.  On  account  of  the  distressed  con- 
dition of  the  people  by  reason  of  Indian  hostilities,  they  were  favored  by  the  supervisors  in  the 
apportionment  of  taxes.  Many  persons  in  those  days  accounted  wealthy  were  reduced  to  poverty, 
and  but  little  that  could  be  destroyed  remained  on  the  return  of  peace.  Gonzales,  the  pioneer 
settler,  is  said  to  have  built  the  first  sawmill,  at  Wurtzboro.  In  1792  this  town  contained  182 
taxable  persons,  of  whom  34  were  in  the  present  towns  of  Lumberland,  Tusten,  and  Highland.  In 
1794,  Capt.  David  Dorrance  removed  from  Windham,  Conn.,  and  purchased  1000  acres  imme- 
diately s.  of  the  site  of  Wurtzboro.'  John  Dorrance,  with  Elijah  Perry,  also  from  Conn.,  erected 
the  first  bark  mill  in  Sullivan  co.  Rev.  Mr.  Freleigh  was  tlie  first  pastor  of  the  Ref  Prot.  D.  Church, 
built  in  1793.« 

]«ETERSI]VH.'— was  formed  from  Rochester,  (Ulster  co.,)  March  16, 1798.  Rockland  and 
a  part  of  Shandaken  were  taken  ofi"  in  1809,  and  a  part  of  Fallsburgh  in  1826.     The  surface 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  since  tbe  Revolution  were  .Tohn 
Showers  and  Joshua  Knight,  at  Mongaup,  S.  Gardner  and  El- 
nathan  Corey,  at  Pond  Eddy,  P.  Van  Vauken,  above  Monf;aup. 
and  John  Rinck  and  Wm.  Ryarson,  in  other  parts  of  the  town. 
The  tirst  school  was  kept  in  a  barn  by  Mr.  Famham;  the  first 
inn  W.13  kept  by  E.  Corey,  at  Pond  Eddy. 

»  Mr.  Webb  lived  at  Otisville,  (Orange  co.,)  and  died  at  an  ad- 
vanced age  in  1S14. 

»  Written  Mame- Eating,  Mame-Cotink,  4c.  in  early  records. 

*  This  village  was  settled  by  J.  Newkirk,  about  1780,  and  was 
Incorp.  AprU  26, 1833.  It  contains  3  churches,  4  hotels,  and  6 
stores. 

6  Named  from  Maurice  Wurtz,  grantee  of  a  canal  privilege  in 
Penn..  afterward  merged  in  Del.  and  Hudson  Canal  Co. 

*  See  page  642. 

7  A  road  was  constructed  at  an  early  day,  by  Ananias  Saeket, 
from  Mamakating  westward, passingabout  three-fourths  of  a  mi. 
B  of  L-jrds  I'ond,  and  continuing  to  Xathan  Kinne's  Flats,  from 
wLich  place  Capt.  Dorrance  made  a  road  to  Cochecton  for  £5  per 


mi.  This  road  opened  a  communication  from  the  Hollow  to 
the  Delaware  River,  a  distance  of  about  33  mi.  A  portion  of  it  is 
still  in  use.  bnt  the  greater  part  was  taken  up  by  the  Xewburgh 
&  r'ochecton  Turupilie.  The  village  of  Wurtzboro  is  built  upon 
a  tract  of  1000  acres  bought  by  Johannes  Masten.  who  cle.ired 
the  land  and  erected  a  sawmill.  Westbrookville  (formerly 
*^  Bashshusi-nh^^)  was  settled  about  the  same  time,  and  the  first 
house  was  built  of  stone  and  used  as  a  fort  to  shelter  the  set- 
tlers. Mr.  Felton  was  a  pioneer  near  Burlin,iiham,  and  J.  New- 
kirk at  Bloomingburgh.  The  early  town  records  have  been  lost. 
The  first  school  was  kept  at  Bloomingburgb  in  17S4.  by  Mr. 
Campbell.  Wm.  Harlow  kept  the  first  inn,  2  mi.  N.  of  Blooming- 
burgh;  Wm.  Wighton  opened  tbe  first  store,  J  mi.  s.  of  the  same 
place;  and  H.  Newkirk  built  the  first  gristiujll,  on  the  Shawan- 
gunk, within  this  town. 

8  The  census  reports  11  churches;  6  M.  E.,  2  Kef  Prot.  D.,  1 
Bap..  1  R.  C,  1  Asso.  Ref  Presb. 

»  This  name,  first  applied  to  tbe  river,  is  said  by  some  to  be 
derived  from  the  Indian  ''iV'c-ica-sinA-,"  or  Mad  River,  and  by 


SULLIVAN    COUNTY. 


647 


is  very  hilly  and  U)  a  consideraLle  degree  covered  with  forests.  It  is  watered  by  the  Neversink 
and  its  branches,  and  by  the  Lackawack,  or  w.  branch  of  the  Rondout,  which  flows  to  the  Hudson. 
Deuman  Hill,  3300  feet,  and  Thunder  Hill,  2500,  above  tide,  are  the  principal  elevations:  the  latter 
received  its  name  from  the  fact  that  one  of  the  early  settlers  was  frightened  away  from  the  place  by 
loud  thunder.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  loam,  and  best  adapted  to  pasturage.  The  people 
are  chiefly  engaged  in  lumbering,  tanning,'  and  dairying.  GrataaniSVille^  (p.  v.)  contains  40 
houses,  IVeversink  Flats  (Neversink  p.o.)  35,  and  Claryville  (p.  v.)  30.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  commenced  on  the  Lackawack,  2  mi.  below  Grahamsville,  by  the  Hornbeoks,  Clines, 
Clearwaters,  and  Lowes,  who  obtained  an  Indian  title  in  1743,  and  were  driven  off  during  the 
Revolution.  Mr.  Larrabee,  on  Thunder  Hill,  and  Benj.  Gillett,  John  Hall,  and  Wm.  Parks,  on  the 
1000  acre  lot,  were  the  pioneer  settlers  after  the  war.'  The  first  church  (Meth.)  was  located  at 
Grahamsville ;  and  the  first  preacher  was  Rev.  Samuel  M.  Knapp.* 

ROCKIjAB^D — ^was  formed  from  Neversink,  March  29,  1809.  It  lies  upon  the  headwaters 
of  the  Pepacton,  or  E.  branch  of  the  Delaware,  in  the  extreme  N.  part  of  the  co.  It  is  a  rough,  wild 
region,  very  hilly  and  mostly  covered  with  forests.  Its  principal  streams  are  Beaver  Kil  and 
Williwemack  Creek.  A  chain  of  small  lakes  extends  through  the  town,  the  principal  of  which  are 
Upper,  Mongaup,  and  Hodge  Ponds  in  the  e.,  Big  and  North  Ponds  in  the  s.  E.,  Shaw  Pond  in  the 
s..  Burnt  Hill  and  Jenkins  Ponds  in  the  w.,  and  Sand,  Rlud,  and  Knapp  Ponds  in  the  center. 
Lumbering,  farming,  and  tanning^  are  the  principal  pursuits  of  the  people.  Westfield  Flats 
(Rockland  p.o.)  contains  28  houses,  and  Morsstou  (p.  v.)  about  12.  Beaver  Kill,  Purvis, 
and  Sllin  Creek  are  p.  oflices. '  Settlement  was  begun  in  1789,  by  two  families  named  Stewart 
and  West,  from  Middletown,  Conn. ;  they  located  near  the  middle  of  the  Big  Beaver  Kil  Flat.' 
Rev.  Mr.  Conkey  (Meth.)  was  the  first  preacher.' 

TIIOMPSOM' — was  formed  from  Mamakating,  March  9, 1803,  and  named  in  honor  of  Wm.  A. 
Thompson,  first  judge  of  the  co.  A  part  of  Fallsburgh  was  taken  off  in  1820,  and  a  part  of  Forest- 
burgh  in  1837.  It  lies  principally  upon  the  highlands  between  Neversink  and  Mongaup  Rivers, 
and  is  less  hilly  than  most  of  the  to\vns  of  the  co.  The  hills  rise  100  to  300  feet  above  Monticello. 
Neversink  and  Mongaup  Rivers,  with  several  small  lakes  and  streams,  constitute  the  waters  of  the 
town.  Kiamesha,  or  "  Clearwater,"  better  kno^vn  as  Pleasant  Pond,  is  a  beautiful  little  lake  near 
Monticello.  The  other  principal  ponds  are  Dutch  in  the  n.  E.,  Lords  and  Mud  in  the  E.,  Wolf  in  the 
S.  E.,  and  Sackets  (named  from  Ananias  Sacket,  an  early  settler  near  it)  in  the  s.  w.  The  quiet 
scenery  of  these  lakes  is  becoming  appreciated  by  the  lovers  of  nature  and  those  seeking  a  retreat 
from  the  heat  and  dust  of  cities  in  summer.  The  soil  is  a  reddish  loam.  The  people  are  principally 
engaged  in  stock  raising,  lumbering,  and  tanning.*  Monticello/  (p.  v.,)  the  principal  village,  was 
incorp.  April  20,  1830.  Pop.  629.  It  is  beautifully  situated  upon  a  ridge  of  highlands  1387  feet 
above  tide,  and  is  surrounded  by  hills.  It  is  finely  laid  out,  the  main  street  being  1  mi.  long  and 
8  rods  wide,  with  flagged  walks  and  ornamented  with  shade  trees.  It  contains  a  courthouse,  jail,  co. 
clerk's  and  surrogate  offices,  and  a  banking  house,  all  of  stone ;  3  churches,  the  Monticello  Academy, 
3  hotels,  10  stores,  3  printing  oflices,  and  an  iron  foundery.  TllOUipsouville  (p.  v.)  and 
Brid^eville  (p.  v.)  each  contain  about  a  dozen  houses.  Gales  and  Gleu  Wild  are  p.  oflices. 
The  first  settlers  were  Wm.  A.  Thompson,  John  Knapp,  and  Timothy  Childs,  at  Thompsonville.'" 
Rev.  John  Boyd  (Presb.)  was  the  first  preacher." 

TUSTE^ — was  formed  from  Lumberland,  Dec.  17,  1853,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Col. 


others  to  be  so  named  because  the  stream  is  less  affected  by 
drought  than  others. 
I  About  95,000  sides  of  leather  are  manufactured  each  year. 

*  Named  in  honor  of  Lieut.  Graham,  who  was  Itilled  in  a 
skirmish  with  the  Indians  near  the  present  site  of  the  village. 

*  The  first  child  born  was  Elijah  Parks.  Christopher  Darrow 
taught  the  first  school:  Mr.  Larrabee  kept  the  first  inn.  on 
Thunrler  Hill:  Richard  Childs  kept  the  first  store;  and  Wm. 
Parks  built  the  first  gristmill.  3  mi.  s.  E.  of  the  Flats.  There 
are  no  town  records  earlier  than  1814. 

*  The  census  reports  5  churches;  3  M.  E.,  2  Ref.  Prot.  D. 

*  One  of  the  most  extensive  tanneries  in  the  State  is  in  the  w. 
part  of  the  town.  Alwut  170,000  Bides  of  leather  are  manu- 
factured each  year  in  town. 

*  Another  account  says  the  first  settlors  were  Robert  Cochran, 
Jehiel  and  Luther  Stewart.  In  the  following  year,  Peter  Wil- 
liams and  Cornelius  Cochran  came  in  from  Mass.  Mr.  Rascom 
settled  1  mi^.  of  Purvis  p.  oflice.  and  Thnnia-s  Nott  and  .Tames 
Overton  1  mi.  s.  of  the  same.  The  first  child  bom  was  Susan 
Thorn ;  the  first  marriage  was  that  of  Kbenezer  White  and  Cla- 
rigsa  Field;  and  the  first  death  was  that  of  Sylvaaus  Stewart. 


SylTinns  Bascora  taught  the  first  school,  at  Westfield  Flats ; 
Jehiel  Stewart  kept  the  first  inn.  Mr.  Loveland  the  first  store ; 
and  Luther  Stewart  built  the  first  mill,  at  Westfield  Flats,  The 
settlers  are  said  to  have  obtained  their  first  seed  corn  fnrm  tita 
Indians  on  the  Susquehanna  Flats,  and  this  stock  ha"  been  con 
tinned  till  the  present  time.    The  lumber  trade  began  in  1798. 

'  The  cen.'sus  reports  3  churches;  M.  E.,  Presb.,  and  Union. 

8  About  35,000  sides  of  leather  are  mainifactured  annually. 

0  Named  by  J.  P.  Jones,  from  the  residence  of  Thos.  Jefferson. 
The  first  settlement  of  this  village  w-ss  made  in  1S04.  by  Samuel 
F.  and  Jolin  P.  Jones,  from  New  Lebanon,  (Columbia  co.,)  who 
located  at  this  place  in  anticipation  of  its  becoming  the  co.  scat 
ofanewco.  to  be  erected  from  Ulster.  J.  P.  Jones  erected  the  first 
house,  in  1804,  and  opened  the  first  store;  Ctirtis  linsley  kept  the 
first  inn. 

10  A.  Sacket  and  A.  D.  Kinne  were  the  first  settlers  in  the  w. 
part  of  the  town,  and  John  Wetherlow  and  John  Simson  on  the 
Neverf-ink.  .\«a  Hall  kept  the  first  school,  at  Bridgeville;  Judge 
Thompson  built  the  first  mill  and  factory,  at  Thompsonville. 

u  The  census  reports  4  churches;  M.  E.,  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  and 
UnioD. 


648 


SULLIVAN   COUNTY. 


Benjamin  Tusten,  who  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Miniaink,  in  1779.'  Thia  town  lies  upon  the  n 
bank  of  Delawjire  River.  The  w.  and  s.  parts  are  very  hilly,  and  the  e.  portions  belong  to  the 
plateau  of  rolling  lands  which  comprises  the  greater  part  of  Tusten,  Highland,  and  Lumberland. 
The  average  height  of  this  region  is  about  750  feet  above  the  Delaware,  or  1400  feet  above  tide. 
The  principal  streams  are  Ten  Mile  River  and  its  branches :  Half  Moon  and  Mill  Ponds  in  the  e., 
and  Mill,  Davis,  and  Canfield  Ponds  in  the  center,  are  the  principal  sheets  of  water.  The  soil  is  a 
gravelly  loam,  and  best  adapted  to  pasturage.  The  people  are  generally  engaged  in  farming  and 
lumbering.  IVarrowsburgb,  (p.  v.,)  containing  about  35  houses,  is  the  only  village.  It  derives 
its  name  from  the  fact  that  the  Delaware  is  here  compressed  by  two  points  of  rock  into  a  deep,  narrow 
channel.  Over  this  is  a  wooden  bridge,  with  a  single  span  of  184  feet.^  The  place  is  known  to  lum- 
bermen by  the  name  of  "  Big  EdJy."  Below  the  narrows  the  river  expands  into  a  wide  basin,  which 
in  time  of  a  freshet  exhibits  a  stirring  scene.  Delavrare  Bridge  and  Beaver  BrOOk 
are  p.  offices.  John  Moore  kept  the  first  inn  and  store,  and  R.  Moore  built  the  first  mill.  The 
Baptist  is  the  only  church  in  town. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,   Freeholders,    Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Sullivan  County. 


Namis  of  Towns. 


Bethel 

Cochecton — 

Calticoon 

Fallsburgh. .. 
Forestburgh. 

Fremont 

Highland 

Liberty 

Lumberland., 
Mamakating, 

Nevereink 

Rockland 

Thompson 

Tusten 

Total, 


Acres  opLajid. 


13,46S 
7.596 
6,5S0 

18,651J 
1.914 
3,1 7Ch} 
1,-4MJ 

15,1474 
l,714i 

17.073i 

14,366t 
6,S30 

17,43B 
1,087 


38.855 
33.175 
121,475 
26.350 
26,040i 
27.852 
7,449 
30,745i 
34,416 
43,652J 
24,176 
47,003f 
28,303 
7,328 


125,489}   494,829: 


Taldatios  op  1858. 


$371,020 
360,170 
140,627 
316,690 
117,920 
128.967 
164,774 
380,945 
191.270 
612,928 
231.651 
106,767 
615,680 
131,260 


I 
If 


$42,226 

19.800 

6,450 

29,200 

13,900 

6,400 
43,860 

2.200 
46,860 
28,676 

6,817 
255.800 

4,950 


$414,145 
379,970 
147,07' 
346,890 
131.820 
128,96: 
170.174 
424,796 
193,470 
658,778 
2l»,226 
113,584 
771.480 
136.210 


$3,771.469  $605.117    $4,276.586!  15.491    13.996 


1,362 

1,040 

1,118 

1,686 

468 

729 

464 

1,477 

497 

2,110 

1,136 

674 

1,801 

439 


s; 


1,249 
1,431 

974 
1,443 

371 

672 

411 
1,389 

405 
1,974 
1,044 

698 
1,749 

386 


623 
414 
637 
132 
237 
158 
620 
186 
748 
413 
227 
619 
161 


486 
650 
416 
690 
140 
246 
168 
632 
162 
793 
420 
237 
630 
158 


1,136 
1,218 

871 
1.271 

326 

4,84 

369 
1,240 

398 
1,616 
1,034 

618 
1,445 

315 

6,517    4,070    167    12.330 


301 
411 
328 
414 
83 
184 
112 
472 
115 
611 
318 
204 
614 
103 


St 


Names  of  Towss. 


Bethel 

Cochecton 

Callicoon 

Fallsburgh 

Forestburgh... 

Fremont 

Highland 

Liberty.. , 

Lumberland... 
Mamakating.. 

Neversink 

Rockland 

Thompson 

Tusten. 

Total 


Live  Stock, 

AORICDLTDRAL  PRODUCTS. 

II 

s 
la 

111 
gS5 

a 

1,042 

i 

Bush,  op  Gkaik. 

2 

•5,  . 
5.= 

la 

DllBY  PeODDCTS. 

■1 

1 

u 

ft.e 

294 

1,779 

1,171 

844 

10.791 

36,734J 

4.453 

8.783 

4,210 

95.030 

176 

1,197 

741 

228 

496 

10.214 

24,636 

2.082 

9.861 

2,062 

48.785 

160 

78 

932 

486 

166 

363 

6.565 

13,1385 

1,5204 

6,777 

416 

24.589 

377 

2,448 

1,470 

1,934 

1,099 

6,251  i 

41,686 

6,240 

13,417 

11,046 

126,329 

228 

69 

186 

161 

140 

86 

983i 

2,3074 

8634 

2,603 

877 

17,936 

65 

490 

264 

145 

162 

2.670 

7,3544 

940 

5,321 

322 

17,616 

210 

67 

277 

221 

117 

225 

2,102J 

4,409i 

6454 

4.02BJ 

329 

15.601 

396 

2,463 

1,285 

2,131 

891 

7,4911 

36,5064 

6.1664 

11,669 

11,679 

106,646 

2,935 

65 

321 

189 

.31 

194 

2,613 

3,8664 

6674 

3,818 

37 

14,166 

687 

1,219 

1,653 

1,369 

1,761 

12.886J 

33,6184 

4,4864 

8,030 

13,543 

127,648 

344 

2.099 

989 

2,450 

694 

7,370 

29,411 

4,712 

9.720 

14,646 

110,866 

150 

168 

1.011 

659 

1,135 

297 

1,049 

12,216 

2.474 

6.945 

4,6,S5 

60.814 

676 

440 

2,026 

1,721 

1,.674 

1,096 

6,216 

30,8104 

6,2244 

12.314 

9,153 

168,845 

250 

6 

124 

104 

44 

1,362 
76,6264 

3,373 

362 
40,7164 

2.102 

535 

8.280 

3,092 

16,571 

10,775 

12,591 

8,231 

280,066} 

103,188} 

73,298 

931,927 

4,698 

=i.S 


1,078 

2354 

129 

247 

73 

82 

72 

1,574 

60 

392 

3.659 

960 

984 


1  See  pages  603,  643. 

*  The  "  ^.^r^cwsburgh  Bridge  Co."  was  incorp.  April  5, 1810, 


with  a  capital  of  $5,000.    The  bridge  was  to  be  25  feet  wide,  well 
covered  with  plank,  and  secured  by  railings. 


TIOGA  COUNTY. 


This  county  was  fonned  from  Montgomery,  Feb.  16,  1791.  A  part 
of  Chenango  was  taken  off  in  1798 ;  Broome  in  1806  ;  a  part  of 
Tompkins  in  1822 ;  and  Chemung  in  1836.  It  lies  near  the  center 
of  the  s.  border  of  the  State,  centrally  distant  135  mi.  from  Albany, 
and  contains  542  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  is  broken  by  a  series  of  ridges 
extending  northerly  through  the  co.  from  the  Penn.  line  and  form- 
ing a  northerly  continuation  of  the  Allegany  Mts.  The  summits 
of  these  ridges  have  a  nearly  uniform  elevation  of  1,200  to  1,400  ft. 
above  tide.  The  valley  of  the  Susquehanna  cuts  them  diagonally 
and  breaks  the  continuity  of  the  general  system  of  highlands. 
Numerous  lateral  valleys  extend  in  a  general  N.  and  s.  direction 
from  the  river,  separating  the  ridges  and  giving  a  great  variety  to 
the  surface.  These  valleys  vary  in  width  from  a  few  rods  to  a  mile  and  sometimes  more,  and  are 
generally  bordered  by  steep  declivities  which  rise  250  to  400  ft.  above  them.  The  summits  of  the 
hills  are  generally  broad  and  rolling,  and  in  some  places  are  broken  and  rocky. 

The  rocks  of  this  co.  belong  to  the  .Chemung  and  Catskill  groups.  The  former  occupies  all  the 
surface  n.  of  the  river  and  forms  the  underlying  rock  of  the  hills  s.,  and  the  latter  crowns  all  the 
summits  s.  of  the  river.  The  sandstone  of  the  Chemung  group  is  quarried  for  flagging  ;  and  some 
of  the  red  sandstone  is  sufficiently  compact  to  make  good  building  stone.  Limestone,  from  which 
lime  is  manufactured,  is  found  along  the  Penn.  border.  There  are  no  other  minerals  of  import- 
ance. The  river  valleys,  and  many  of  the  hills  adjoining,  are  covered  deep  with  drift,  consisting 
of  sand,  clay,  and  gravel.  This  deposit  near  Factoryville  is  80  ft.  thick,  and  a  wide  belt  of  it 
seems  to  extend  northerly  in  an  almost  unbroken  line  from  the  latter  place  to  Cayuga  Lake.  The 
principal  streams  are  Susquehanna  River,  and  Owego,  Catatunk,  Cayuta,  Pipe,  and  Apalachin 
Creeks  and  their  branches.  These  creeks  have  generally  rapid  currents,  though  few  waterfalls ;  and 
they  furnish  all  necessary  water-power  for  local  purposes.  Their  valleys  are  usually  narrow  and 
rocky  in  their  upper  courses,  but  toward  the  Susquehanna  they  expand  into  broad  and  beautiful 
level  intervales.  The  valleys  of  the  Susquehanna  and  several  of  its  tributaries  are  celebrtted  for 
their  beauty. 

The  soil  along  the  valleys  is  a  rich,  deep,  gravelly  loam,  with  an  occasional  intermixture  of  clay 
and  sand.  The  intervales  along  the  Susquehanna  are  especially  noted  for  their  fertility.  Tho 
uplands  are  gravelly  and  sandy  and  moderately  fertile.  Upon  the  summits  the  soil  is  hard  and 
unproductive,  and  in  many  places  the  rocks  are  entirely  bare.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  up- 
lands is  still  covered  with  forests. 

The  prominent  intereSt  of  the  co.  is  agricultural,  and  its  various  branches  are  successfully  pui 
sued.     Winter  and  spring  grains,  corn,  and  the  root  crops,  are  mostly  cultivated  on  the  lowlands 
or  river  bottoms,  and  the  uplands  are  devoted  to  stock  and  wool  growing  and  dairying.     Consider- 
able commercial  interest  has  grown  up  in  connection  with  the  rail  roads,  and  manufactures  have 
also  been  established  to  a  limited  extent.' 

The  county  seat  is  located  at  Owego,  upon  the  Susquehanna.''  The  courthouse,  a  wooden 
structure,  was  erected  about  40  years  since,  at  a  cost  of  $8,000.  It  is  in  a  good  state  of  preserva- 
tion. The  jail,  jailor's  house,  and  barn,  all  of  brick,  were  built  in  1851,  at  a  cost  of  about  $6,000. 
The  jail  contains  8  double  cells.  The  clerk's  office  is  a  fireproof  brick  building,  erected  in  1858, 
at  a  cost  of  $2,200.  The  courthouse,  clerk's  office,  jail,  jailor's  house,  and  barn  occupy  a  square 
in  the  center  of  the  village. 


1  A  lar^e  Inmber  and  tanning  business  was  formerly  carried 
on;  but  it  ha*i  dr-^lined,  from  the  scarcity  of  material. 

2  By  the  ortianic  act  of  1791,  Tioga  was  formed  a  half-shire 
connty.  It  provided  that  the  courts  should  be  held  alternately 
at  •'  Cfimaitgo"  in  the  town  of  Union,  and  at  "iWit-MivH  Point,*' 
in  the  town  of  Chemung,  the  former  now  Binghaniton,  Broomo 
CO..  and  the  latter  Klmira,  Chemung  co.  The  half-shire  was 
abolished  upon  the  OFL'ani/ation  of  Broome  co.  in  1S06 ;  Feb. 
17,  1810,  Nathaniel  Locke,  Anson  Cary,  and  Samuel  Campbell 
were  appointed  commis.^ioners  to  locate  the  courthouse  site,  and 
Joshua  Ferris.  Isaac  Swartwout,  and  Samuel  Westbrook  to 
superintend  the  erection  of  the  building;  and  in  1811-12  the 
county  seat  wafl  removed  from  Elmira  to  Spencer  ViUage.   June 


8,  1S12,  the  CO.  was  divided  into  2  Jury  Districts,  and  the  courta 
were  held  at  Elmira  and  Spencer.  The  East  Jury  District  em- 
braced the  towns  of  Tioga.  Spencer,  Danby,  Caroline,  Candor. 
Berkshire,  and  Owego;  and  the  We.st,  the  towns  of  Cayuta, 
Catharines.  Chemung,  and  Elmira.  The  courthouse  at  Spencer 
was  burned  in  1821.  and  by  an  act  of  1822  the  half-shire  of  the 
county  was  re-established,  and  Owego  and  Elmira  became  tho 
half-shire  towns.  Upon  the  organization  of  Chemung  co.  in 
183fi,  Elmira  became  its  county  seat,  and  Owego  the  county 
seat  of  Tioga.  The  first  county  officers  were  Abr.im  Miller, 
Pird  Jwi(]<'- ;  Wm.  Stuart.  Z>t.</!Wci  Attormy ;  Thomas  Niclu  Ison, 
Cnuniy  cUrk;  James  McMasters,  Sfierijff';  and  John  Merseroau, 
Surrogate. 

^  643 


650  TIOGA    COUNTY. 

The  county  poorhouse,  a  stone  building,  is  located  near  Owego,  upon  a  farm  of  62  acres,  which 
yields  an  annual  income  of  $600.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  62,  and  the  -whole  number 
of  rooms  for  their  accommodation  is  15.  No  school  is  connected  with  the  establishment,  and  no 
means  are  provided  for  religious  instruction. 

The  principal  works  of  internal  improvement  are  the  N.  Y.  &  E.  R.  R.,  extending  along  the  river 
valley  through  Owego,  Tioga,  and  Barton  ;  and  the  Cayuga  &  Susquehanna  R.  R.,  extending  from 
Owego  northward  through  Tioga  and  Candor  to  Ithaca.'  These  roads  furnish  ample  facilities  for 
transportation,  and  bring  the  products  of  the  county  into  close  proximity  to  the  Eastern  markets. 

Three  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.^ 

The  first  settlement  in  this  county  was  made  upon  the  Susquehanna  intervales,  soon  after 
the  Revolution,  by  emigrants  from  the  Wyoming  Valley  in  Penn.  These  settlers  originally  came 
from  Conn,  and  Mass.,  and  left  Wyoming  in  consequence  of  troubles  growing  out  of  the  Indian 
hostilities  and  of  controversies  in  regard  to  title.  They  located  here  before  the  Indian  title  to  the 
lands  was  extinguished.  The  greater  part  of  the  present  territory  was  comprised  in  the  Boston 
Ten  Towns.  The  title  of  this  tract,  comprising  230,400  acres  between  Chenango  River  and  Owego 
Creek,  was  vested  in  the  State  of  Mass.  in  1786,  and  in  1787  it  was  sold  to  a  company  of  60  per- 
Bons,  mostly  residents  of  that  Stale.  The  greater  part  of  the  proprietors  immediately  took  posses- 
sion of  these  lands  ;  and  thus  it  happened  that  the  county  was  filled  up  with  a  New  England  popu- 
lation while  the  fertile  region  of  Western  New  York  was  yet  an  unbroken  wilderness. 

BARTOA^ — was  formed  from  Tioga,  Jlaroh  23,  1824.  It  lies  w.  of  the  Susquehanna,  in  the 
s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  generally  hilly.  A  small  portion  of  level  land  lies  along  the 
s.  border.  The  highlands  on  the  w.  rise  abruptly  from  the  valley  of  Cayuta  Creek,  and  are  divided 
into  two  ridges  by  the  valley  of  Ellis  Creek.  Their  summits  are  broad  and  rolling  and  generally 
covered  with  forests.  The  highest  points  are  400  to  600  ft.  above  the  river.  The  soil  is  a  rich 
aUu\-ium  in  the  valleys  and  a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam  upon  the  hills.  A  sulphur  spring  is  found 
on  Ellis  Creek,  near  the  center  of  the  town.  Waverly,  (p.  v..)  situated  upon  the  Erie  R.  R.,  in 
the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town,  was  incorp.  in  1854.  It  contains  the  Waverly  Academy,  5  churches,  and 
several  manufactories.  Pop.  1,067.  Factory  ville,  {p.  v.,)  on  Cayuta  Creek,  1  mi.  e.  of  Waverly, 
contains  180  inhabitants;  and  Barton,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  s.  E.  corner,  on  the  Susquehanna,  30 
dwellings.  JVortli  Barton  is  a  p.  o.  Ualsey  Valley  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  in  the  x.  e.  part,  on 
the  line  of  Tioga.  The  first  settlement  was  begun  by  Ebenezer  Ellis  and  Stephen  Mills,  who 
located   in   this   district   in   the  year   1791.'     There  are  lOchurches  in  town.* 

BERKSIIIRE:— was  formed  from  Tioga,  Feb.  12,  1808.  Newark  was  taken  off  in  1823,  and 
Richford  in  1831.  It  lies  upon  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  n.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a 
hilly  and  broken  upland,  with  a  mean  elevation  of  1,200  to  1,400  ft.  above  tide.  A  high  hill,  with 
steep  declivities,  lies  e.  of  the  center  of  the  town.  The  streams  are  the  East  and  West  Branches 
of  Owego  Creek  and  their  tributaries.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  and 
upon  the  hills  it  is  a  tough  clay  and  hardpan.  Berksllire  (p.  v.)  con*.ains  3  churches  and  34 
dwellings.  East  Berkshire  and  Vf  ilson  Creek,  are  p.  offices.  The  pioneer  settlers  of 
the  town  were  Daniel  Ball  and  Isaac  Brown,  who  came  in  1791.^  Rev.  Seth  Williston  conducted 
the  first  religious  services  in  town.* 

I  This  road  cost  $500,000,  and  it  was  sold,  in  1852,  for  $4,500.    I  The  Owego  Times,  under  which  title  he  still  continnes 


*  The  Ammcan  Farmer  was  commenced  at  Owego  in  ISIO 
by  Stephen  Mack.  In  1813  it  was  Bold  to  Stephen  B. 
Leonard,  who  changed  its  name  to 

Tfie  Owego  Gazette,  and  continued  it  until  1835,  when  he  sold  to 
j.  B.  Shurtliff.  In  1S41  ttie  office  was  burned,  and  the 
paper  was  discontiiiuttl  a  short  time ;  out  soon  after  it 
was  rp<3o3citjited  by  E.  P.  Marble,  and  in  1S43  it  was 
sold  to  Thomas  Woods.    In  1S44  it  was  changed  to 

The  Tioga  Firemun.  John  Dow,  publisher,  and  in  a  few  years 
W.1S  discontinued.  A  local  party  dispute  having  arisen, 
aniithor  pa|)er.  called 

TUe  Owego  Gazette,  was  started  in  1844  by  H.  A.  Beebe, 


its  publication. 
Tlie  ^Vaverly  Advocate  was  commenced  at  Waverly 

Village  in  1852  by  F.  11.  Baldwin.    It  is  now  published 

by  Baldwin  &  Pulley. 
Tfie  St.  Nicholas,  a  monthly  literary  magazine,  was  published 

about  1  year  in  1853. 
8  Among  the  other  e.irly  settlers  were  Benj.  Aikens.  Ezekiel 
Williams,  John  llanna,  Wm.  Bensley,  Luke  Saunders,  Jamea 
Swartwood,  Charles  Bingham.  Layton  Newell.  Lyon  C.  Hedges, 
Philip  Crans,  Justice  Lyon,  John  Manhart,  Ste.  Reed,  and  SiKia 
Wolcott.  A  number  of  these  were  from  the  Wyoming  Valley, 
and  some  of  them  from  the  adjoining  towns  of  this  co.    Georgo 


and  the  two  papers  were  published  under  the  same  name  1  W.  Buttson  erected  the  first  sawmill,  at  Barton  Village. 

for  several  months.     In  1845  Tholuiis  Peasall  became        <  5  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  Prot.  E.,  Cong,  and  11.  C. 

proprietor,  and  in  1846  the  paper  was  sold  to  David        6  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Stephen  and  Samuel  Ball.  Peter 

Walter  and  son.   In  18+8  it  again  passed  into  the  hands    Wilson,  and  Josiah  Ball,  from  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  in  1792-93. 

of  II.  A.  Beebe,  by  whom  it  is  still  published.  "j  John  Brown,  Capt.  Asa  I.^onard,  Eben.  C<X)k,  Daniel  Carpenter, 

The  Republican  Wiis  published  1  year  at  Owego  iu  1833  by Consider  Lawrence.  David  Williams,  Joseph  Waldo,  Nathaniel 

Chatterton.  Ford.  Abel.  Azel,  and  Nathaniel  Ilovey.  Jeremiah  Campbell,  and 

Th£  Owego  Advertiser  was  commenced  in  1836  by  Andrew  H.    Samuel  Collins.— all  from  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.. — came  in  soon 

Calhoun,  and  wiis  continued  by  him  until  1852,  when    after.    W.  II.  Moore  kept  the  first  inn  and  store;  David  Wil. 

he  sold  to  Powell  &  Barnes,  who  cbauged  its  name  to  liams  erected  the  tirst  mill ;  and  Miss  T.  Moore  taught  the  first 
rV  Southern  Tifr  Times.    In  1854  Wm.  Smyth  purchased  the    school. 

establishment  and  changed  the  name  of  the  paper  to        |     «  The  census  reports  4  churches;  2  M.  E.,  Cong.,  and  Bap. 


TIOGA    COUNTY. 


651 


C.4IVDOR — was  formed  from  Spencer,  Feb.  22,  1811.  It  is  a  large  town,  extending  from  the 
center  to  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  consists  of  high,  liroad,  rolling  uplands,  separated 
mto  ridges  by  the  narrow  valleys  of  streams  flowing  in  a  southerly  direction.  Their  declivities  are 
generally  abrupt,  and  their  summits  are  mostly  covered  with  forests.  Catatunk  Creek  flows  through 
the  center  of  the  town,  and  the  West  Branch  of  Owego  Creek  forms  the  e.  boundary.  The  waters 
of  Catatunk  Creek  enter  the  town  near  the  center  of  its  w.  border  and  flow  s.  E.,  its  valley  com- 
pletely dividing  the  western  ridge  into  two  parts.  The  soil  is  a  gravelly  loam,  fertile  in  the 
valleys  and  moderately  so  upon  the  hills.  The  settlements  are  mostly  confined  to  the  valleys. 
Candor  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  Catatunk  Creek,  near  the  center  of  the  town.  It  is  a  station  on 
the  C.  &  S.  R.  R.,  with  3  churches,  a  tannery,  woolen  factory,  flouring  mill,  a  sawmill,  and  about 
70  dwellings.  Candor  Center,  i  mi.  w.  of  Candor,  contains  1  church,  a  flouring  mill,  2  saw- 
mills, and  20  dwellings.  Willseyville,  (p.  v.,)  a  station  on  the  C.  &  S.  R.  R.,  in  the  n.  w.  part 
of  the  town,  contains  20  dwellings.  South  Candor,  on  Catatunk  Creek,  near  the  s.  border 
of  the  town,  contains  a  church  and  about  20  dwellings.  fFeltonville  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  at 
the  mouth  of  Dolittle  Creek.  East  Candor  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlers  were  Thos.  IloUistcr, 
Job  Judd,  C.  Luddington,  and  Isaac  Judd,  from  Conn.,  who  came  into  town  in  1793.'  Rev.  Daniel 
Loring  was  the  first  preacher.     The  census  reports  10  churches.* 

WEWARK. — was  formed  from  Berkshire,  as  "Westville,"  April  12,  1823.  Its  name  was 
changed  March  24,  1824.  It  lies  upon  the  center  of  the  E.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly 
a  hilly,  upland  region,  with  a  mean  elevation  of  about  1,200  ft.  above  tide.  Its  streams  are  the 
West  Branch  of  Owego  Creek,  forming  the  w.  boundary,  and  the  East  Branch,  flowing  s.  w. 
through  near  the  center  of  the  town.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  fine,  gravelly  loam,  but  upon  the 
hills  it  is  an  unproductive  hardpan.  The  greater  part  of  the  uplands  are  yet  unsettled.  JVcvrarU. 
Valley,  (p.  v.,)  located  in  the  valley  of  East  Owego  Creek,  contains  2  churches,  mills,  an  ex- 
tensive tannery,  and  75  dwellings.  Ketcliumville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  town,  7 
mi.  N.  E.  of  Newark  Valley,  contiiins  a  church,  sawmill,  and  26  dwellings.  fVest  IVewark  is 
a  p.  0.  Jenksville,  in  the  n.w.,  is  a  p.  o.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  1791,  by  emigrants 
from  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.'  First  religious  association  (Cong.)  was  formed  in  1798,  by  Rev.  Scth 
WiUiston,  a  missionary  from  Conn. ;  Rev.  Jeremiah  Osborn  was  the  first  settled  preacher,  in  1803.* 

HflCIIOLiS — was  formed  from  Tioga,  March  23,  1824.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  bank  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna, near  the  center  of  the  s.  boundary  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  upland,  excepting 
the  broad  valley  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  broken  by  the  narrow  valleys  of  small  streams.  The  sum- 
mits of  the  hills  are  broad  and  300  to  500  ft.  above  the  river.  Many  of  them  are  still  covered  with 
forests.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  gravelly  loam  and  very  productive  ;  upon  the  hills  it  is  a  mode- 
rately fertile,  gravelly  and  clayey  loam,  underlaid  by  red  sandstone.  KiollOlK,  (p.  o.,)  Hoopers 
Valley,  (p.  o.,)  and  Canflelds  Corners  (p.  o.)  are  hamlets  upon  the  Susquehanna.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  by  Ebenezer  Ellis,  Pelatiah  Pierce,  Stephen  Mills,  and  James  Cole,  in 
1787.     There  are  2  churches  in  town ;  M.  E.  and  Union.* 

OWEGO* — was  organized  Feb.  16,  1791.  Spencer  was  taken  off  in  1806.  It  is  a  large  town, 
occupying  the  s.  E.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  upland,  separated  into  two  distinct  parts 
by  Susquehanna  River  and  broken  by  the  narrow  valleys  of  small  creeks.  The  summits  of  the 
ridges  are  broad  and  rolling,  and  300  to  500  ft.  above  the  river.  The  intervale  along  the  river 
in  some  places  is  an  unbroken  flat  more  than  a  mile  in  width.  Owego  Creek,  flowing  through  ii 
broad  and  beautiful  valley,  forms  the  w.  boundary  of  the  town  n.  of  the  Susquehanna.  The  other 
streams  are  Nanticoke  Creek,  from  the  N.,  and  Apalachin  Creek,  from  the  s.,  and  a  great  number 
of  smaller  brooks  and  creeks.  The  declivities  bordering  upon  these  streams  are  generally 
eteep.      The  soil   is   principally  a  gravelly  loam.      A  considerable   portion  of  the   hilly  re- 


1  They  were  followed  in  179-t  by  Joel  and  Elijah  Smith,  Israel 
Meud.  aiKl  hii  BOn  Isratd, — the  former  two  from  Conn,  and  the 
latter  from  Vt.  Families  named  CollinB.  Sheldon,  Marsh,  Bates, 
and  Ellis  were  also  among  the  early  settlers.  The  first  inn  was 
kept  by  Thomas  Ilollister ;  the  first  store  by  Philip  Case ;  and 
the  lirst  gristmill  was  erected  by  Elijah  Hart. 

2  6  Bap.,  2  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.  Cong.,  and  Union. 

*  Among  the  settlers  in  1791  were  Elisha  Wilson,  (living  upon 
the  pla<"e  of  his  original  settlement  in  185S.  at  the  age  of  87,) 
Daniel  Ball,  Isajic  and  Abram  Brown. Dean,  and Nor- 
ton,— all  from  Stockbridge,  Mass., — most  of  them  settling  in  the 
valley  of  Owego  Creek.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Wm.  Ball. 
Miss  E.  Moore  taught  the  first  school;  Enos  Slawson  kept  tho 
first  store  and  inu ;  and  £.  Wilson  built  the  first  mill. 


*  The  census  reports  5  churches ;  3  M.  E.,  Cong.,  and  Presb. 

^  Among  those  who  settled  later  were  Judge  Emanuel  Coryell, 

Isaiah  Junes, Bass,  and Emmons,  in  1791 ;  and  aliout 

the  same  time  Caleb  Wright,  on  the  site  of  Nichols  Villaj;e, 
and  Stephen  Dodd,  a  short  distance  below.  In  1793  Jon.4tbaa 
Piatt  and  his  son  Jonathan,  Col.  Richard  Sackett,  Lewis  Brown, 
and  Miles  Forman, — all  from  Westchester  Co., — settled  in  the 
valley.  Major  John  Smyth  and  his  sons  John,  Gilbert,  and 
Nathan,  from  Monroe  co.,  Penn.,  Benjamin  Louusbury.  Ziba 
Evans,  Jonathan  Hunt,  Richard  Sarles,  Asahel  I'ricli.^rd, 
Jonathan  Pettis,  Joseph  and  John  Annibal,  Joseph  Morey.  aud 
David  Brigsa,  were  also  among  the  pioneer  settlers.  The  first 
birth  was  that  of  Daniel  Pierce,  in  1787. 

«  Owego,  "Swift  River."— ^n/wls  of  BinghamUm,  p.  110. 


652 


TIOGA    COUNTY. 


gions  is  yet  covered  with  forests.  Manufactures,  and  commerce  to  a  limited  extent,  engage 
the  attention  of  the  people.  Owego,  (p.  v.,)  the  co.  seat,  was  incorp.  April  4,  1827.  It  is 
finely  situated  upon  the  Susquehanna,  near  the  mouth  of  Owego  Creek.'  It  is  the  com- 
mercial center  of  a  large  agricultural  and  lumbering  district;  and  since  its  first  settlement  it 
has  been  one  of  the  most  important  villages  in  the  southern  tier  of  counties.^  It  contains 
the  Owego  Academy,  a  female  seminary,  7  churches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper  oifices,  and  several 
manufacturing  establishments.'  A  bridge  80  rods  in  length  here  crosses  the  Susquehanna. 
Pop.  3,041.  Apalacbln,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  s.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  8  mi.  above  Owego, 
contains  1  church  and  200  inhabitants.  Cauipville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  river, 
J  mi.  above  Owego,  contains  1  church  and  20  dwellings.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Erie  R.  R. 
Fleniin^ville  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the  town,  on  Owego  Creek;  South 
0\Te§ro  is  a  p.  o.  near  the  Pennsylvania  line.  Amos  Draper,  an  Indian  agent  and  trader, 
from  the  Wyoming  Valley,  erected  the  first  house  in  town,  at  Owego  Village,  in  1786,  and 
moved  in  his  family  in  1787.*  The  first  religious  services  were  conducted  by  Rev.  Seth  Wil- 
liston.  The  first  religious  association  (Presb.)  was  formed  in  1810,  and  a  church  was  organized 
in  1817;  Rev.  Horatio  I.  Lombard  was  the  first  settled  minister,  in  1818.  There  are  13 
churches  in  town.* 

RICHFORD — was  formed  from  Berkshire,  as  "Arlington,"  April  18,  1831.  Its  name  was 
changed  April  9,  1832.  It  is  the  N.  E.  corner  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  upland,  broken 
by  a  few  narrow  valleys.  It  contains  the  highest  land  in  the  CO.,  estimated  to  be  1,400  to  1,600  ft. 
above  tide.  Its  streams  are  the  head  branches  of  Owego  Creek.  Its  soil  is  a  moderately  fertile, 
gravelly  loam.  About  one-third  of  the  surface  is  yet  covered  with  forests.  Leather  and  lumber  are 
manufactured  to  some  .extent.  Rlcllford,  (p.  v.,)  s.  of  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  a 
church  and  about  60  dwellings.  West  Rictarord  is  a  p.  o.  The  first  settlements,  made  at  a 
later  period  than  those  in  Berkshire,  from  which  the  town  was  taken,  were  since  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  century ;°  but  the  exact  date  could  not  be  ascertained.  There  is  a 
Presb.  church  in  town. 

SPEIVCER — was  formed  from  Owego,  Feb.  28, 1806.  Candor,  Caroline,  Danby,  and  Newfield 
(the  last  three  now  in  Tompkins  co.)  were  taken  off  Feb.  22,  1811,  and  Cayuta,  March  20,  1824. 
It  is  the  N.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  an  upland,  broken  by  the  valleys  of  small 
streams.  The  N.  w.  portion  forms  the  watershed  between  Susquehanna  River  and  Cayuga  Lake. 
The  ridges  have  a  general  n.  and  s.  direction.  Their  declivities  are  generally  steep  and  their 
summits  broad  and  broken.  Catatunk  Creek,  flowing  e.,  breaks  through  these  ridges  at  nearly 
right  angles,  forming  a  deep  and  narrow  valley.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and 
upon  the  hills  it  is  a  har*,  shaly  loam.  Spencer,'  (p.  v.,)  on  Catatunk  Creek,  w.  of  the  center 
of  the  town,  contains  3  churches,  2  tanneries,  a  valuable  mineral  spring  and  75  dwellings.  The 
first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1795,  by  Benj.  Drake  and  Joseph  and  John  Barker.*  The  first 
religious  meeting  was  held  by  P.  Spaulding,  at  his  own  house ;  and  the  first  religious  association 
(Bap.)  was  formed  by  Elder  David  Jayne.' 

TIOGA — was  formed  from  Union,  (Broome  co.,)  March  14,  1800.  Berkshire  was  taken  off 
in  1808,  a  part  of  Union  in  1810,  and  Barton  and  Nichols  in  1824.  It  lies  on  the  Susquehanna, 
s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co. '  Its  surface  is  principally  upland,  terminating  in  bluffs  along  the  river 
intervale.    The  streams  are  Catatunk  and  Pipe  Creeks  and  numerous  smaller  creeks  and  brooks. 


1  Glen  Mary,  for  several  years  the  residence  of  N.  P.  Willis,  is 
Bituated  on  Owego  Creek,  near  the  w.  bounds  of  the  village.  It 
was  here  that  his  exquisite  Rural  Letters  wore  written. 

2  For  many  years  the  p.  o.  here  was  one  of  the  four  distri- 
buting; offices  of  the  State.  From  this  place  also  were  shipped 
salt,  plaster,  lumber,  and  wheat  for  the  Penn.  and  Md.  markets. 
Sept.  7,  1S49,  a  destructive  fire  occurred,  burning  75  buildings. 

8  The  principal  of  these  are  manufactories  of  steam  engines 
and  boilers,  machinery,  castings.  Bash  and  blinds,  silverware, 
lumber,  leather,  flour,  and  plaster. 

*  John  McQuigg  and  .Tames  McMaster,  from  New  England, 
the  original  patentees  of  the  half-township  on  which  the  village 
of  Owego  stands,  settled  there  in  1788.  A  clearing  was  made 
and  grain  sowed  on  an  Indian  improvement  at  Owego,  in  the 
FCison  of  1786,  by  Wm.  McMaster.  Wm.  Taylor.  Robert 
McMaster,  John  Nealy,  and  Wm.  M'ood.  who  entered  the  valley 
from  the  E.  by  way  of  (Itsego  Lake  and  the  Susquehanna.  The 
first  birth  in  town  was  that  of  Selecta,  daughter  of  Amos  Dra- 
per. .Tune  19,  1788 ;  the  first  school  was  taught  by Kelly, 

in  1702;  the  first  store  and  hotel  wore  kept  at  Owego,  by  Wm. 
J]tates. 


6  5  M.  E.,  2  Presb.,  Prot.  E.,  Bap.,  Ck>ng.,  Wes.  Meth.,  R.  C 
and  Union. 

6  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Evan  Harris.  Samuel  Smith, 

Samuel    Gleason,  Nathaniel  .Tohnson.  Stevens.  Jeremiah 

Campliell.  Beriah  Wells.  Caleb  and  .Tesse  Gleason.,  Ezekiel  Itich, 
and  William  Dunham, — many  of  them  from  the  adjoining  town 
of  Berkshire. 

'  This  village  was  the  co.  seat  of  Tioga  co.,  then  including 
Chemung,  from  1812  to  1821. 

8  Among  the  early  settlers  at  Spencer  Village  were  Joshua 
Ferris.  Henry  Miller,  Edmund  and  Rodney  Ilobart,  from  Conn., 
Andrew  Purdy.Thos.  Mosher.  from  Westchester  co..  and  George 
Fisher.  The  first  birth  was  thjit  of  Deborah,  daughter  of  Ben- 
jamin Drake;  the  first  m.arriage.  that  of  John  B.  Underwood 
and  Polly  Spaulding;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  Prescott 
Hobart.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Joseph  Barker,  in  hia 
own  house,  at  Spencer  Village;  the  first  inn  was  kept  by 
Andrew  Purdy;  the  first  store  by  Samuel  Doolittle;  and  the 
first  gristraili  was  built  by  Benj.  Drake. 

9  The  cepsus  reports  3  churches  in  town ;  Cong.,  Bap.,  and 
M.  E. 


TIOGA    COUNTY. 


653 


The  soil  is  a  fine,  dark  loam  in  the  valleys  and  a  gravelly  loam  upon  the  hills.  Slost  of  the  sum- 
mits are  still  covered  with  forests.  Tioga  Center,  (p.  v.,)  at  the  mouth  of  Pipe  Creek,  con- 
tains a  church,  several  mills,  and  60  dwellings.  It  is  a  station  on  the  N.  Y.  &  Erie  R.  R. 
SmitUsboro,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  N.  Y  &  E.  R.  R.,  contains  230  inhabitants.  Ualsey  Talley 
(d.  0.)  is  a  hamlet,  in  the  N.w.  corner  of  the  town,  on  the  line  of  Barton.  Straights  Cor- 
ners is  a  p.  0.  on  the  n.  border.     The   lirst  settlement  was   made  on  Pipe  Creek,  in  17^5,  liy 

Samuel  and  AVilliam  Ransom, Primmer,  and  Andrew  Alden,  from  Wyoming,  Penn.     Col. 

David  Pixley,  from  Mass.,  and  Abner  Turner,  from  N.II.,  made  the  first  settlement  on  the  river, 
in  1791.'    There  are  2  churches  in  town  :  M.  E.  and  Union. 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,  Popidation,    DiceUings,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Tioga  County. 


Names  of  Towns. 


Barton 

Berkshire- 
Candor 

Newark 

Nichols  — 

Owego 

Richford... 

Spencer 

Tioga 


Total.. 


Acres  of  Land. 


16,629i 
9,283 
30,709 
13,038 
12,050 
33,801J 
8.898 
13,445 
16,980J 


154,894i 


15.8764 
9,613 
27,521 
16,182 
7,3634 
26.0464 

6,947 
12.367 
16,608 


138.4234 


Valuation  of  1858. 


$713,367 
145.990 
690.945 
311,688 
321,025 

1,680,121 
166.016 
247,830 
648,234 


4,816,114 


o-a. 


$134,460 
3,665 
37,760 
25,675 
29,900 
618,440 
11,600 
16,925 
21,360 


799,745 


$847,817 
149,6)5 
728,695 
337.261 
360,926 

2,198,661 
167,616 
264,765 
669,584 


1.876 
633 

1,997 
983 
945 

4,223 
69S 
911 

1,660 


6,614,859  13,616  13,346 


1,966 
636 

1,897 
962 
926 

4,10.'i 
684 
894 

1,477 


•& 

_i_ 

770 
203 
744 
387 
319 
1,467 
231 
367 
671 


6,049 


775 
219 
787 
403 
347 
1,376 
242 
879 
679 


5.107 


653 
213 
624 
365 
170 
1,115 
189 
328 
369 


3,926 


22 

6 
26 
13 
13 
39 

9 
12 
20 
159     10,875 


Names  of  Towns. 


Barton 

Berkshire.. 

Candor 

Newark 

Nichols 

Owego 

Richford... 

Spencer 

Tioga 


Total.. 


Lite  Stock. 

Agricultural  Products. 

1 

1 

11  . 
161 
£55 

O 

i 

1.414 

Bush. 

ov  Grain. 

«  0 

oja, 

Daikv  Pboddcts. 

■| 

1 

664 

1,850 

1,621 

3,266 

9,43S4 

102.11074 

4,093 

9.907 

14,400 

167,686 

1,610 

293 

1,165 

949 

2,230 

614 

426} 

34,334 

2,7094 

8,795 

17,586 

126,340 

14,209 

1,125 

2,905 

2,303 

7,258 

2,019 

6,9154 

160.266 

6,7684 

27,519 

23.681 

287,692 

16,996 

683 

1,558 

1,386 

3,645 

907 

775 

61.7894 

4,108 

17,191 

16,445 

145,189 

6,210 

384 

1,372 

1,026 

2,776 

1,202 

6,1274 

83.848J 

2.9074 

12.116 

16,896 

102,186 

1.800 

1,383 

3,680 

2,813 

8.176 

2,837 

12,353 

185.384} 

8,404 

46,52.84 

29,694 

235,444 

4,644 

284 

783 

788 

2,143 

445 

775 

42,208 

2,047 

6.009 

10,927 

84,021 

1.626 

426 

1,608 

913 

3.061 

673 

2,658 

68,140 

3,0784 

9,021 

14,197 

90,803 

2,200 

636 

1,789 

1,155 

3.698 

1.137 

6.770 

91.827 

4,296 

13,432 
160,5184 

25.467 

120.424 

2,303 

6,678 

16.710 

12,954 

36,162 

11,248 

45,2394 

828.8054 

38.401} 

169,183 

1,366.783 

60,367 

•^■3 


99U 

699 

4,275 

1,238 

2.396 

3.1754 

W4 

962 

2,012 


16,3901 


1  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Joel  Farnham,  Jeremiah 
White,  Abel  Stafford,  Eii/.ur  Wrigiit,  Samuel  Giles.  Ilnt,'h  E. 
Fiddis;  John  Hill,  from  Ma.«s. ;  William  Taylor,  from  Saratoga 
CO, :  Nathaniel  Catlin,  Cornelius  Taylor,  Beriiih  Muudy,  John 

Smith,  James  Schnunover, Taylor,  and  Hnugerford, 

from  Wyoming,  Penn, ,  Daniel  Morsoreau,  from  Staten  Island;  ] 


FrancisGragg,  Nath'l  Onodspeed,  Jesse.  Ziba,  and  Amos  Miller, 

Enos  Cantield,  Lodowyck  Li;:ht, Lyou.and  Ezra  Smith.  IVum 

Westchester  CO..  N.Y.:  Geo.  Horton.  M'.liean,  \.  Brink,  Dr.  Tink- 
ham,  0.  Leach,  K.  Curtis,  Wm.  S.  Jones,  T.  Madison,  C.  Schuou- 
over,  and  James  Brooks  with  5  sous. 


TOMPKINS  COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Cayuga  and  Seneca,  April  17,  1817. 
Three  towns  were  annexed  from  Tioga,  March  22,  1822,  and  a  part 
of  Schuyler  co.  was  taken  oif  in  1854.  It  lies  around  the  head  of 
Cayuga  Lake,  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  State,  is  centrally  distant 
141  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  506  sq.  mi.  Its  surface  consists 
principally  of  an  upland,  broken  by  a  series  of  ridges  extending  N. 
'  and  s.  The  watershed  between  Cayuga  Lake  and  Tioughnioga 
River  occupies  the  E.  border  of  the  co.,  and  that  between  the  same 
lake  and  Susquehanna  River  the  s.  border.  The  deep  valley  of 
Cayuga  Lake,  700  ft.  below  the  summits  of  the  ridges,  separates 
the  N.  portions  of  the  co.  into  two  distinct  parts.  The  E.  portion, 
declining  toward  the  n.,  gradually  loses  its  hilly  character  and 
spreads  out  into  the  beautifully  rolling  lands  so  common  in  Central  N.  Y.  West  of  the  lake  the 
land  does  not  lessen  in  height  within  the  limits  of  the  co. ;  but  the  rough,  broken  hills  change  into 
smooth  ridges,  with  long,  gradual  slopes. 

The  deep  valley  of  Cayuga  Lake  affords  a  fine  opportunity  to  examine  the  geological  structure 
of  this  region.  Upon  the  shore  in  the  extreme  N.  part  are  found  the  Hamilton  shales,  the  lowest 
rock  in  the  co.  Next  above  them  on  the  shore  appear  the  TuUy  limestone,  Genesee  slate,  and 
Portage  or  Ithaca  shales  and  sandstones.'  The  summits  of  all  the  hills  are  formed  of  the  rocks 
belonging  to  the  Chemung  group,  usually  covered  deep  with  drift  deposits.  The  streams,  in  their 
course  from  the  table  lands  to  the  lake,  have  worn  deep  channels  into  the  rocks,  and  waterfalls 
which  once  were,  probably,  at  the  face  of  the  bluffs,  have  receded  one  to  two  miles,  forming  below 
deep,  rocky  chasms  bordered  by  perpendicular  walls.  As  the  rocks  are  composed  of  strata  of 
different  degrees  of  hardness,  the  water  has  worn  them  irregiilarly, — the  soft  and  yielding  shales 
generally  forming  a  declining  surface,  while  the  hard  and  compact  limestone  retains  its  perpen- 
dicular forms.^ 

The  streams  are  Salmon,  Fall,  Cascadilla,  Six  Mile,  and  Taughanick  Creeks  and  Cayuga  Inlet 
and  their  branches,  flowing  into  the  lake,  and  several  branches  of  Owego  Creek  and  other  small 
streams,  flowing  s.  The  cascades  upon  these  streams  form  one  of  the  most  peculiar  and  interesting 
features  of  the  landscape. 

The  soil  in  the  n.  part  is  generally  a  gravelly  or  clayey  loam,  formed  by  the  drift  deposits ;  and 
that  in  the  s.  is  a  gravelly  or  slaty  loam,  derived  from  disintegration.  It  is  all  best  adapted  to 
grazing.  In  the  n.  part  the  people  are  generally  engaged  in  grain  raising,  wheat  forming  the 
staple  production.  In  the  s.  towns  the  principal  branches  of  agriculture  pursued  are  stock  raising 
and  dairying.     Considerable  manufacturing  is  carried  on  at  Ithaca  and  other  places. 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  the  village  of  Ithaca.  The  courthouse  is  a  brick  edifice,  built  upon  a 
fine  lot  near  the  center  of  the  village.'  The  jail,  contiguous  to  the  courthouse,  is  a  well  built 
stone  edifice,  with  ample  accommodations  for  the  health  of  the  prisoners.  The  cells  are  clean  and 
well  ventilated.  The  co.  clerk's  office  is  a  fireproof  building,  fronting  upon  Tioga  St.  The  poor- 
house  is  situated  upon  a  farm  of  100  acres  in  Ulysses,  6  mi.  n.  w.  of  Ithaca.  The  average  number 
of  inmates  is  63,  and  the  revenue  derived  from  the  farm  is  about  $1,500.  No  school  is  provided 
for  the  children,  and  they  are  not  admitted  to  the  public  schools.  The  house  is  pleasantly  situated, 
and  will  compare  favorably  with  other  poor-houses  throughout  the  State. 

The  Cayuga  &  Susquehanna  R.  R.  extends  from  Ithaca  to  Owego,  connecting  with  the  Erie 
R.  R.  at  the  latter  place.  Cayuga  Lake  is  navigable  and  connects  with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Monte- 
zuma.    A  daily  line  of  steamers  plies  between  Ithaca  and  Cayuga  Bridge,  on  the  N.  Y.  C.  R.  R., 


1  The  Tully  linieBtone  furniahes  an  aViundance  of  lime ;  buf  e 
fragments  of  tliis  rock  are  found  Gcattercd  over  the  land  severiil 
hundred  feet  above  the  regular  veins  of  the  rock,  ehowing  that 
Borne  great  force  had  been  in  operation  here  at  some  former 
period.  The  CJenesee  slate  is  about  100  ft.  thick,  and  the  Portage 
group  300  ft, 

2  The  Taughanick  Falls,  below  Trumansburgh,  have  receded 
Bomethirg  more  than  a  mile  from  the  lake.  "In  its  passage, 
the  stream  first  produced  a  series  of  f;ills  and  rapids,  but  flually 
receded  so  as  to  form  but  a  single  fall.  This  is  caused  hy  the 
nigher  strata  being  bo  much  harder  than  those  below  that  a 
firm  table  la  formed  of  these,  while  those  below  are  under- 
uiiD*^d."     About  1  mi.  N.  of  these  lulls  is  a  cascade.  wber«,  from 

654 


j  the  absence  of  a  resisting  stratum  at  the  surface,  the  rock  has 
I  been  worn  down  in  a  continuous  slope. — Geo/.  IV.  IHst.,  n  378. 
I  379.  •!■        f 

3  The  act  of  incorporation  fix^d  the  courthouse  at  Ithaca,  tho 
exact  locality  to  be  designated  by  the  Surveyor  General,  or,  if  ho 
neglected  to  do  it.  by  the  judges  of  the  co.  court.  Unless  a  8it« 
was  conveyed  to  the  Supervisors  and  $7,000  secured  to  be  psid, 
the  CO.  wad  to  be  reannexed  to  the  cos.  from  whence  it  waa 
taken.  Luther  Gere,  Wm.  R.  Collins,  and  Daniel  Bates  were 
appointed  to  superintend  the  erection  of  the  co.  buildings.  The 
first  CO.  officers  were  Oliver  C.  Comstock,  First  Judge. ;  Archer 
Green,  Cterk;  Henry  Bloom,  Sherif;  aild  Andrew  D,  W,  Bmyn, 
Surrvffate. 


TOMPKINS    COUNTY. 


655 


touching  at  all  the  landings  on  the  lake.  The  railroad  and  canal  and  lake  constitute  one  of  the 
principal  routes  for  supplying  the  West  with  the  anthracite  coal  of  E.  Penn. 

Four  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.* 

The  three  s.  towns  of  this  co.  were  included  in  the  Watkins  and  Flint's  Purchase,  and  the  re- 
mainder in  the  Military  Tract.  A  public  road  was  built  from  Oxford,  on  Chenango  River,  directly 
through  to  Ithaca,  by  Joseph  Chaplin,  in  1791-92-93,  and  this  became  the  great  highway  for  immi- 
gration in  the  s.  part  of  the  State  for  many  years.  As  a  consequence,  the  co.  immediately  bor- 
dering upon  the  road  was  rapidly  settled.  The  first  immigrants  were  mostly  from  New  England. 
At  the  place  where  Ithaca  now  stands  were  found  cleared  fields  which  had  previously  been  culti- 
vated by  the  Indians  ;  and  these  lands  were  among  the  first  occupied  in  the  co.  The  next  settle- 
ments were  made  in  Ulysses,  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  lake,  and  along  Chaplin's  road  in  Dryden.  The 
opening  of  the  rich  lands  of  the  Genesee  country  to  settlers  diverted  immigration  from  this  region, 
and  the  co.  for  many  years  did  not  increase  in  population  with  the  same  rapidity  as  the  regions 
further  w.  The  growth  of  the  co.,  however,  has  been  gradual  and  continuous ;  and  now  in  every 
element  of  real  prosperity  it  is  fully  on  an  average  with  the  other  cos.  in  tlie  State, 


CAROLiIjVE — was  formed  from  Spencer,  (Tioga  co.,)  Feb.  22,  1811,  and  was  transferred  to  this 
CO,  March  22,  1822.  A  part  was  annexed  to  Danby  in  1839.  It  is  the  s.  e.  corner  town  of  the  co. 
Its  surface  is  an  upland,  broken  by  a  series  of  ridges  extending  n.  w.  and  s.e.  500  to  700  ft.  above 
the  valleys  and  1,500  to  1,700  ft.  above  tide.  The  summits  of  the  hills  are  usually  rounded  and 
rolling  and  their  declivities  steep.  The  streams  are  Owego  Creek,  forming  the  e.  boundary,  and 
Six  Mile  Creek  and  their  branches.  These  streams  flow  in  deep,  narrow  valleys  bordered  by  steep 
hillsides.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  loam,  and  is  well  adapted  to  grazing.  Caroline 
Center  (p.  v.)  contains  2  churches  and  14  houses;  Motts  Corners,  (p.  v.,)  on  Six  Mile  Creek, 
in  the  n.  w.  corner  of  the  town,  1  church,  several  manufacturing  establishments,^  and  40  houses-, 
Speedsville,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Boycr  Creek,  in  the  s.  e,  corner,  contains  3  churches  and  30  houses  ; 
and  Slaterville,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  n.  border,  1  church  and  30  houses.  Caroline  Depot 
(p.  0.)  is  a  station  on  the  C.  &  S.  K.  R.  Caroline  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  in  the  n.  e.  corner  of  the 
town.     Ra^TSOn  Ilollow,  on  the  e.  line,  is  a  p.  o.     The  first  settlement  was  begun  by  Capt. 


'  The  Seneca  Eepuhlicav.  tbe  first  paper  publishod  in  the  co., 
was  stHrt'-il  at  Itliaca,  July  4, 1815,  by  JoDuthan  Inger- 
soU.    In  ISU)  it  was  changed  to 
The  Rhaca  JmimuL  and  in  1S17  Mack  &  Shepherd  became  pro- 
prietors.  It  xvas  successively  issued  by  Mack  k  Searing. 
Ebenezer    Mack,  and    Mack    &  Morgnn,    until   18"J4, 
when  \Vm.  Andnls  became  partner,  and  the  paper  w.is 
IpeuL'd  by   Mack  &  Andrua.    In  1827   the  name  was 
cbangf'd  to 
Ithaca  Journal,  Literary  Gazette,  and  General  Jdverti^er,  and 
about  H  year   afterward  a   portion  of  the   title  was 
dropped,  Hml  it  w.is  iseued  as 
Tbe  Itliaca  Journal  and   Advertiser*    Tn  Dec. 
1833.  Mack  &  Andrua  sold  to  Nathau  Itandall;  in  1837 
Randall  Bold  to  Mattison  &  Barnaby ;  and  in  1S>39  A. 
E.  Barnabv  became  8ole  proprietor.    In  1841  Barnaby 
Bold  to  Alfred  Wells,  and  snon  after  Welle  sold  to  J.  H. 
SelkreK,  the  present  puldi-her. 
The  Republican  Cfironi'.k  was  started  at  Ithaca  in  June.  1820, 
by   Spencer  A   Stockton.     Tn   1^*2.3  David  D.  Spencer 
became   Siile   proprietor.     In   1826    S-    S.   Chatterton 
bonffht  an  interest,  and  in  182S  he  became  sole  pro- 
prietor, and  soon  nfter  changed  the  name  to 
The.  Ithaca  Republican.    In  1831  or  '32  he  again  changed  the 

name  to 
The  Tompkins  American,  and  in  1834  the  paper  wae  discon- 
tinued. 
7%e  Western  MessengT  was  started  at  Ithara  in  1S26  by  A.  P. 

Searing,  and  was  continued  about  2  years. 
The  rhilanihrofiit,  <\  Unirersali^^t  paper,  was  started  at  Ithaca 
in  1S31  by  O.  A.  Brownson,  and  wjis  continued  abont 
1  year. 
The  Ithaca  Chronicle  was  started  by  D.  D.  k  A.  Spencer  in  Feb. 
1828,  and  was  continued  by  thenj  jmtil  18S3.  when 
Anson  Spencer  became  sole  proprietor.    In  1805  it  was 
changed  to 
Tike  American  Citizen,  publistied  by  A.  E.  Barnaby  k 
Co.     It  is  now  published  by  An -on  Spencer,  who  has 
ben  one  of  the  proprietors  from  the  commencement 
of  the  pipLT  in  1S2S. 
The  Lake  Li;iht  was  stnrted  at  Trumanshurgh  in  1S27  by  Wm. 

W.  i'lielp*!,  and  w.'m  continui'd  about  2  years. 
The  Truman^f"ir'/h  Advertiser  was  published  a  short  time  In 

1833  by  h.  FairrliiM. 
T/ie  Jeffersoni'in  and  7)nnpK-ins  Times  was  slartcd  in  1836  by 
C.  Bobbins.     He  soon  after  fluid  to  G.  G.  Freer,  who 
changed  the  name  to 


The  Ithaca  Herald.   In  1837  Nathan  Randall  became  proprietor. 

and  merged  the  paper  in  the  Ith;ica  Journal  and  Ad- 
vertiser. 
The  Christian  Doctrinal  Advocate  and  Spiritual  M^nftfir  v::]n 

started  at  Motfs  fVjrnera  in  18;i7,  under  the  Jinsjiices  of 

the  7th  Day  Baptist  denomination,  and  was  continued 

several  years. 
The  Tompkins  Volunteer  was  started  at  Ttha'-a  by  IT.  C.  God- 
win in  1840.     Hb  soon  after  sold  to  J.  Hunt.  jr.    In 

1841  the  title  was  changed  to 
The  Anti-Masonic  Sentiud,  started  at  Trumansbiirgh  Feb.  1S29, 

K.  St.  Jidin.  etlitor,  enntinued  only  a  few  weeks. 
T/ie  Trumamhvrgh  Sim,  started  Dec.  1840,  John  Gray,  editor, 

was  published  about  3  years. 
T/ie    Truman.sburffh    Ilrald,   started   March,  1846,  S.  M.  Day, 

editor,  w«ji  published  about  1  vear. 
Trumanshurgh  Weelbj  /»(/''/«wif?i(, started  1851, was  publiehed 

but  a  short  time. 
The  Trum'insbiirfth  Gazette  was  published  a  short  time  in  1840 

by  J.  H.  Ilawes.  65,5 

The  Flag  of  the  Union  was  started  at  Ithaca  in  1848  by  J.  B. 

Gosman.     In  1860  it  was  merged  in  the  Ithaca  Journal 

and  Advertiser. 
The  Templar  and  Watchman  was  started  at  Ithaca  in  1853  by 

Orlando  Lund.     It  afterward  passed  into  the  hands  of 

Myron  S.  Barnes,  and  was  continued  a  short  time, 
Rumsey^s  Companion  was  started  at  Dryden  in  3Sd6  by  H.  D. 

Bumsey.    It  was  soon  after  changed  to 
The  Firr.ride  Oanpaninn,  and  again  in  a  few  months  to 
The  Dryden  N'-wn.     In  1857  it  was   sold  to  G.  Z.  House  and 

chan^ied  to 
The  New  Toric  (hnfederacyy  and  was  soon  after  discontinued. 

In  1*^58  it  was  rosuscitatt-d.  as 
The  Dryden  Ne%v8,  by  Asabel  Clapp,  by  whom  it  is  still 

pul)lishi-d. 
The  Tompkins  C«unty  Democrat  was  started  at 

Itha-.a  inSept.l85tJ,  by  Timothy  Malony,  by  whom  it  ia 

still  publi^h.'d. 
a  Two  flouring  mills,  two  sawmills,  a  tannery,  and  woolen  fac- 
tory. One  mile  below  the  village  is  the  extensive  gun  barrel 
manufaetury  of  J.  k  B.  I/oscy,  and,  with  one  exception,  the  only 
one  in  the  State.  This  establishment  was  started  50  years  ago, 
by  Abiel  J^sey,  father  of  the  present  proprietors,  at  Otsego; 
thence  it  was  removed  to  Fall  Creek,  near  Ithuca;  thence  to 
Owego;  and  thence  to  its  present  location. 


C56 


TOMPKINS    COUNTY. 


David  Rich,  who  came  from  Tt.  in  1795  and  located  near  Willoiv  Bridge ;  Widow  Earsley,  with 
five  sons  and  five  daughters,  from  N.  J.,  came  in  the  next  year ;  and  for  several  years  these  were 
the  only  families  in  town.'  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  at  an  early  period;  the 
first  pastor  was  Rev.  Garrit   Mandeville.     The  census  reports  10  churches  in  town.' 

DAIVBY — was  formed  from  Spencer,  (Tioga  co.,)  Feb.  22,  1811,  and  was  transferred  to  this 
CO.  March  22,  1822.  Part  of  Caroline  was  annexed  April  29,  1839,  and  a  part  was  annexed  to 
Caroline  in  1856.  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  by  range 
of  hills  extending  N.  and  s.  300  to  400  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Their  sunuaits  are  rounded  and  thei 
declivities  generally  steep.  The  valleys  are  mere  ravines.  The  principal  streams  are  Cayuga 
Inlet,  flowing  N.,  and  numerous  small  streams,  the  latter  being  tributaries  either  to  this  or  to 
Owego  Creek.  The  soil  is  a  mixed  gravelly  and  shaly  loam,  with  occasional  patches  of  clay,  and 
is  well  adapted  to  grazing.  Danbf ,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  part,  contains  3  churches  and  50  houses  ; 
Beers  Settlement,  (South  Danby  p.  o.,)  near  the  center,  about  a  dozen  houses.  West 
Danby  is  a  p.  o.,  near  the  w.  border.  The  first  settlers  were  J.  D.  Yaple,  Dr.  Lewis  Beers, 
Jabez  Beers,  and  Joseph  Judson,  who  located  at  Beers  Settlement  in  1797.'  The  first  church 
(Cong.)  was  formed  in  1807 ;  Rev.  Daniel  Loring  was  the  first  pastor.  There  are  8  churches  in 
town.* 

DRYDEK' — was  first  erected  as  a  separate  town  on  Feb.  22,  1803.  It  is  a  large  town, 
occupying  the  central  portion  of  the  E.  border  of  the  eo.  The  surface  of  the  n.  half  is  rolling 
or  moderately  hilly,  and  that  of  the  s.  half  hilly  and  broken.  The  E.  border  forms  the  water- 
shed between  Tioughnioga  River  and  Cayuga  Lake.  The  highest  ridge,  in  the  s.  E.  part,  is 
1,700  to  1,800  ft.  above  tide.  The  principal  stream  is  Fall  Creek,  flowing  s.  w.  through  near  the 
center  of  the  town,  on  its  course  affording  several  millsites.  Several  small  streams,  tributaries 
to  Owego  Creek,  take  their  rise  in  the  s.  part.  Dryden  Lake  is  a  small  sheet  of  water  1  mi. 
long  and  about  J  mi.  wide,  lying  in  an  elevated  valley  near  the  E.  border  and  1,500  ft.  above 
tide.  A  mineral  spring,  strongly  impregnated  with  sulphur,  magnesia,  and  iron,  is  situated  one 
mi.  w.  of  Dryden  Village,  and  has  a  local  notoriety  for  medicinal  virtues.  In  the  m.  e.  part  are  two 
Bwamps,  each  covering  an  area  of  several  hundred  acres.  Dryden,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  s.  branch  of 
Fall  Creek,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  is  a  flourishing  inland  village.  It  contains  2  churches,  a 
large  gristmill,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  522.  Etna,  (p.  v.,)  on  Fall 
Creek,  near  the  center,  contains  2  churches,  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  an  iron  foundery,  and  machine 
shop.  Pop.  230.  West  Dryden,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  w.  part,  contains  93  inhabitants  ;  Varna, 
(p. v..)  on  Fall  Creek,  near  the  w.  border,  170  inhabitants;  Malloryvllle,  Freeville,  and 
California  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1797,  by  Amos  Sweet,  on  the 
present  site  of  Dryden  Village."  Joseph  Chaplin  built  a  road  from  Oxford,  Chenango  CO.,  to  Ithaca, 
passing  through  this  town,  in  1791-92-93.     There  are  9  churches  in  town.' 

EXFIEIiD'— was  formed  from  Ulysses,  March  16,  1821.  It  lies  upon  the  center  of  the  w. 
border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling,  and  it  has  a  mean  elevation  of  500  to  700  ft.  above  Cayuga 
Lake.  The  principal  streams  are  Ten  Mile  Creek  and  the  s.  branch  of  Taughanick  Creek.  Upon 
the  former,  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  the  tovra,  is  one  of  the  finest  of  the  beautiful  cascades  so  common 
in  tliis  CO.  It  is  in  a  deep  gorge,  and  has  a  total  fall  of  230  ft.  The  soil  is  principally  a  gravelly 
loam.    Enfield  Center  (p. v.)  contains  2  churches  and  about  40  dwellings;  Enfield  (p. v.) 

25  dwellings.     Enfield  Falls  is  a  hamlet.     Among  the  first  settlers  were Geltner,  John 

Whitlock,  Jas.  Rumsey,  Lewis  Owen,  and  Isaac  and  John  Beech.'  There  are  5  churches  in  town." 


1  Among  other  early  settlers  were  T.  Tracy,  S.  Yatee,  A.  Boyer, 
and  M.  Keed,  from  Mass. :  .Joseph  Chambers.  Kichard  Bush,  and 
Ilartmore  Earnest. from  Ulster  co..  in  1798 ;  Levi  Slater,  (formerly 
of  Slaterville.lChas.  and  John  Miilk8,.John  Cantine.  (flrst  settler 
at  Motts  Corners.)  and  James  Bishop,  all  from  Ulster,  and  John 
KonnceTille.  from  Mass.,  in  1801.  The  first  child  born  was  Har- 
riet Rounceville.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  John  Robinson. 
Richard  Bush  kept  the  first  inn.  Isaac  Miller  the  first  store,  and 
Gen.  Cantine  built  the  first  gristmill,  in,lSOO. 

s  4  M.  E.,  Prot.  E.,  Cong.,  Bap.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  F.  W.  Bap.,  and 
Vmv. 

3  The  first  settlers  of  W.  Danby  were  Ph.  Ppanlding.Wm.  HuEp:, 
and  M.  Barker.  Tlie  first  death  was  an  infant  son  of  Lewis  Beanls- 
ley.  Joseph  Judson  taught  the  first  school,  Dr.  Bp.-rs  kept  the 
first  inn  and  store,  and  Peter  Yaple  built  the  tirst  gristmill. 

<  3  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  Cong..  Prot.  E.,  and  Swedenborgian. 

&  Named  in  honor  of  John  Dryderj,  the  English  poet. 

•i  The  nest  settlers  were  Ezckiel  Sandford,  David  Foot,  and 


Ebenezer  Chausen.  who  located  at  Willow  Glen  in  1708.  A 
single  yoke  of  oxen,  at  one  load,  brought  these  three  families, 
consisting  of  14  persons,  and  all  their  household  goods,  from  the 
Chenango  River.  Capt.  Geo.  Robertson  fsometimes  called  the 
"  father  of  the  town"')  came  in  the  same  year,  and  settled  on  Lot 
53.  Among  the  other  earlv  settlers  were  Lyman  Hurd.  from  Vt., 
Dr.  Sheldon.  Dr.  Wolf,  Irona  Peat.  Wra.  Daley.  Joel  Hull,  and 
Jas.  Wood.  The  first  child  born  was  Robert  Robertson ;  and  the 
first  death  was  that  of  the  mother  of  Amos  Sweet.  Daniel 
Lasey  taught  the  first  school,  in  1804.  Amos  Lewis  kept  the 
first  "inn.  Joel  Hull  the  first  store,  and  Col.  Hopkins,  from  Homer, 
built  the  flrst  mill,  in  1800. 

I  6  M.  E.,  2  Presb..  2  Eap,,  and  R,  C. 

8  Named  from  Enfield.  Ct. 

0  John  Apjilegate  kept  thefirst  inn,  Samuel  lugerBoU  the  flrst 
store,  and  Benj.  Ferris  built  the  first  mill. 

10  2  M,  E,,  Christian,  Bap.,  and  Presb. 


TOMPKINS    COUNTY.  657 

CrROTOIV' — wa8  formed  from  Loclce,  (Cayuga  co.,)  as  ^'Division,^*  April  7, 1817,  and  its  name 
was  changed  March  13,  1818.  It  is  the  n.  e.  corner  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling  or 
moderately  hilly.  From  the  valleys  the  land  rises  by  long  and  gradual  elopes  to  a  height  of  100 
to  300  ft.  The  highest  point  in  town  is  about  1,500  ft.  above  tide.  The  principal  streams  are 
Owasoo  Inlet  and  Fall  Creek.  Bear  Swamp,  in  the  w.  part,  contains  an  area  of  several  hundred 
acres.  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  gravelly  loam,  underlaid  by  slate.  Gi'Oton,  {p.  v.,)  on  Owasco 
Inlet,  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  3  churches,  the  Groton  Academy,  and  several  manu- 
facturing establishments.*  Pop.  587.  McLeo,!!,  (p.  v.,)  on  Fall  Creek,  in  the  s.  e.,  contains  5 
churches,  several  factories,*  and  40  houses.  PeruTille^  (p-"^-*)  near  the  s.  border,  contains  2 
churches,  a  saw  and  grist  mill,  pail  factory,  and  30  houses.  Groton  City,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  e. 
cnrner,  and  West  Groton,  (P^'^^m)  ^^  the  n.  w.,  contain  about  11  houses  each.  Bensons 
Corners  is  a  hamlet,  in  the  s.  w.  corner.  Among  the  first  settlers  were  Saml.  Hogg,  at  West 
Groton  ;  Ichabod  Brown,  John  Guthrie,  and  — ■ —  Perrin,  at  Groton  ;  and  J.  Williams,  J.  Houghtal- 
ing,  and  W.  S.  Clark,  at  East  Groton.     The  census  reports  11  churches.* 

ITHACA^ — was  formed  from  Ulysses,  March  16,  1821,  It  is  the  central  town  in  the  co.,  lying 
at  the  head  of  Cayuga  Lake.  A  tract  of  land  2  mi.  long  and  IJ  broad,  low  and  nearly  level, 
extends  s.  from  the  lake  shore ;  and  from  this  the  valley  of  Cayuga  Inlet  opens  to  the  s.  w.  and 
that  of  Six  Mile  Creek  to  the  s.  e.  Ridges  400  to  700  ft.  high,  with  steep  declivities,  separate 
these  valleys  and  surround  the  low  land  and  the  head  of  the  lake.  From  the  summits  the  surface 
spreads  out  into  a  rolling  upland.  A  marsh  ^  mi.  wide  borders  immediately  on  the  lake.  The 
streams  are  Fall,  Cascadilla,  Six  Mile,  Buttermilk,  and  Ten  Mile  Creeks,  and  Cayuga  Inlet.  In 
their  course  from  the  uplands  each  of  these  streams  plunges  down  the  wall-like  precipices  which 
surround  the  lake,  forming  series  of  cascades  which  for  beauty  and  variety  are  scarcely  equaled 
elsewhere.®  The  soil  is  a  fertile,  gravelly  loam  upon  the  uplands,  and  a  deep,  rich  alluvium  in  the 
valleys.  Ittiaca,  (p. v.,)  1^  mi.  s.  of  the  head  of  Cayuga  Lake,  is  the  co.  seat,  and  the  com- 
mercial center  of  the  co.  It  is  beautifully  situated  upon  a  fine  alluvial  plain,  bordered  on  3  aidea 
by  lofty  hills,  and  on  the  fourth  by  the  lake,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  navigable  inlet.  It  con- 
tains the  Ithaca  Academy,'  9  churches,*  2  banks,  4  printing  offices,  and  a  large  number  of  manu- 
facturing establishments.*  The  commercial  interests  of  the  place  are  extensive  and  important.  A 
daily  line  of  steamboats  on  the  lake  running  between  this  place  and  Cayuga  Bridge,  in  connection 
with  the  C.  &  S.  R.  R.,  serves  to  connect  the  Erie  R.  R.  on  the  s.  with  the  N.  Y.  Central  on  the  n.*° 
The  lake  is  also  a  link  in  the  great  chain  of  the  internal  water  navigation  of  the  State,  and  upon 
it  a  large  amount  of  canal  commerce,  centering  at  Ithaca,  is  carried  on.  The  transhipment  of 
Scranton  and  Lackawanna  coal  brought  by  the  C.  &  S.  R.  R.  forms  an  important  and  constantly 
growing  branch  of  business.  A  large  proportion  of  the  anthracite  coal  for  the  Northern  and  Western 
markets  is  supplied  through  this  avenue.*^  The  public  schools  erf  the  village  are  graded,  and  are 
in  a  flourishing  condition.  The  annual  attendance  is  about  1,200.^^*  The  village  was  incorp,  April 
2,  1821.    Pop.  4,908.     The  first  settlement  of  the  town  was  made  by  Jacob  Yaple,  Isaac 


1  Named  from  Groton,  Ct. 

'  Three  carriage  shops,  a  foundery,  machine  shop,  and  tbrash- 
ine  machine  factory. 

8  Thrashing  machine  factory,  pail  factory,  two  fnrnacea,  flour- 
ing mills,  and  2  sawmilla. 

*  2  Bap.,  3  M.  E.,  3  Con;..  Wes.  Meth.,  Prot.  E.,  and  TTniT. 
6  Name  applied  by  Simeon  De  Witt,  and  borrowed  from  one 

of  the  Ionian  Isles,  the  home  of  Clyseea.  It  was  originally 
called  "  The  Flats,"  and  its  name  was  brought  into  use  by  being 
placed  upon  a  tavern  sign. — Kind's  Early  Hist,  of  Iihaca.  Mr. 
be  Witt,  who  for  more  than  50  years  held  the  office  of  Surveyor 
Oeneral,  became  the  owner  of  the  site  of  Ithaca  and  the  sur- 
rounding country  about  the  time,  or  soon  after,  the  first  settle- 
ment. He  died  at  this  place  Dec.  3, 1834;  hia  remains  have 
since  been  removed  to  the  Albany  Rural  Cemetery, 

•  Upon  Fa\l  Cre^k.  witb'n  the  space  of  1  mi.,  are 
ing  in  height  from  44  to  12.^  ft.  The  deep  gorge  through  which 
the  stream  flows  is  bordered  by  perpendicular  cliffs.  A  tvinnel 
2'.>0  ft.  long.  10  to  12  ft.  wide,  and  13  ft.  high  was  excavated 
through  the  rock  for  hydraulic  purposes  in  1831-32,  by  J.  S. 
Beebo.  Upon  Cascadilla,  Six  Mile,  and  Buttermilk  Creeks  are 
also  successions  of  fine  cascades,  within  the  limits  of  the  town. 
At  Buttermilk  Falls  the  water  rushes  down  at  an  angle  of  about 
45  degrees,  in  a  sheet  of  perfectly  white  foam,  the  appearance 
of  the  water  furnishing  a  name  to  both  the  cascades  and  the 
stream. 

T  In  J822  the  Genesee  Conference  of  the  M.  E.  Church  applied 
for  the  Incoiporation  of  a  college,  to  be  located  at  Ithaca,  and 
cotiaidorablo  sums  were  pledged  for  this  object;  but  the  project 
{oiled  of  accomplishment. 

?  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Preab.,  Cong.,  Prot.  E.,  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  Af. 
Meth.,  ftttd  R.  C. 


*  The  manufactories  are  as  follows:-^  flouring  mills,  3  paper 
mills,  5  plaster  railla,  1  oil  mill,  1  oilcloth  factory,  1  brewery, 

1  lead  pipe  factory,  1  rake  factory,  4  carriage  shops,  2  tanneries, 

2  sewing  silk  factories,  4  furnaces  and  machine  shops,  2  saw- 
mills, 1  manufactory  of  collars,  bosoms,  and  neckties,  and  8  boat- 
yards: 25  to  30  boats  are  annually  built,  at  an  aggregate  cost  of 
$50,000  to  $60,000.  The  silk  manufiictoriea  employ  ItK)  persous, 
and  produce  600  lbs.  of  sewing  silk  per  week. 

10  The  Ithaca  A  Owego  R.  R. — the  second  R.  R.  chartered  in  the 
State— was  incorp. in  1828, and  opened  in  the  spring  of  18,i4.  It 
was  29  mi.  long,  and  had  2  inclined  pl.-ines  ascending  from  Ithaca, 
The  first  was  1,73^1  ft.  long,  with  405  ft.  rise,  and  the  second 
2.225  ft.  lone;,  with  a  rise  of  1  ft.  in  21.  The  total  elevation  In  8 
mi.  was  602  fl.,— which  was  602  ft.  above  its  8.  terminus  at 

u^.,  ^.v.^..  ......... ^..  .^,  v..-^  ..^^..^j  ..1^.^.  ^. J.  Ithaca.     Horse-power  was  at  first  used  throughout  the  entire 

•  Upon  Fa\l  Crcpk.  within  the  space  of  1  mi.,  are  5  falls,  vary- '  length  of  the  road.      In  the  first  6  months  it  transported 

*         "  "  '  '■  '      *  ■  '     12.n00  tons  of  freight  and  3,300  passengers.    The  State  having 

a  lien  upon  the  road,  the  Comptrollt^r  sold  it  at  auction  on 
the  20th  of  May.  1842,  for  $1,500,  to  Archibald  McTntyre  and 
others.  For  $13,500  it  was  put  in  operation,  under  the  name  of 
the  Cayuga  k  Susquehanna  R.  R.  The  inclined  plane  was  sub- 
sequently changed  to  a  circuitous  grade  roiid.  and  horses  were 
superseded  by  locomotives.  This  road  is  now  leased  to  the  Del;'- 
ware,  Lackawanna  k  Western  R.  K.,  and  it  is  extensively  used 
for  the  transportation  of  coal. 

11  During  the  past  few  years  the  coal  trade  has  averaged 
90.000  tons  per  annum.  This  trade  will  probably  largely  iajreaao 
with  the  increased  facilities  for  moving  the  coal  forward. 

12  A  Lancasterian  school  was  early  established  here,  and  was 
continued  to  within  a  few  years,  when  it  was  supersedeil  by  tb« 
present  system  of  pabhc  scboob. 


42 


658 


TOMPKINS    COUNTY. 


Dumond,  and  Peter  Ilinepaw,  who  located  on  the  present  site  of  Ithaca  Village  in  1789.  The 
land  that  they  occupied  had  previously  been  partially  cultivated  by  the  Indisns.'  The  first 
church  (Presb.)  was  organized  in  1804-05,  with  seven  members. 

IiAmSIlVG — was  formed  from  Genoa,  (Cayuga  co.,)  April  7,  1817.  It  lies  upon  the  E.  bank 
of  Cayuga  Lake,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  principally  a  rolling  upland,  500  ft.  above 
the  lake,  bordered  by  steep  declivities.  Salmon  Creek,  the  principal  stream,  flows  s.  through  near 
the  center  of  the  town.  Its  valley  is  narrow  and  bordered  by  steep  hillsides.  Gulf,  Townly, 
and  Iledden  Creeks  are  its  principal  tributaries.  The  soil  is  generally  a  fertile,  gravelly  loam. 
lylldlowville,  (p.  V.,)  on  Salmon  Creek,  about  1  mi.  from  its  mouth,  contains  2  churches, 
several  factories,^  and  about  50  dwellings.  I^ansiug^ville,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  ridge  w.  of  Salmon 
Creek,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  town,  contains  1  church  and  25  dwellings.  IVortll  Lansing,  (p.  o.,) 
in  the  N.  E.  corner,  Lake  Ridge,  (p.  o.,)  on  the  bluff  above  the  lake,  in  the  N.  w.  corner,  and 
Iilbertyville  (South  Lansing  p.  o.)  are  hamlets  of  about  a  dozeu  houses  each.  East  l<an- 
Siillg  and  Forest  City  are  p.  offices.  Forest  City  Water  Cure  is  finely  situated  on  the  bluff 
overlooking  the  lake,  in  tlie  a.  part  of  the  town.  The  first  settlement  was  begun  in  1769,  by  emi- 
grants from  N.  J.'     The  census  reports  7  churches  in  town.* 

NEWFIEliD— was  formed  from  Spencer,  (Tioga  co.,)  as  "Capita,"  Feb.  22,  1811.  It«  name 
was  changed  March  29,  1822,  and  a  part  was  annexed  to  Catharines  (Schuyler  co.)  in  1853.  It  ia 
the  s.  w.  corner  town  in  the  co.  The  surface  is  high  and  hilly,  the  ridges  being  400  to  600  ft. 
above  the  valleys  and  1,500  to  1,700  ft.  above  tide.  The  streams  are  Cayuga  Inlet  and  Ten  Mile 
Creek  and  their  branches.  The  valleys  of  these  streams  are  usually  narrow  and  bordered  by 
steep  hillsides.  A  portion  of  the  w.  part  of  the  town  is  yet  uncultivated.  The  soil  is  a  shaly  and 
clayey  loam,  best  adapted  to  grazing.  IVe^Tfield,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  town,  contains 
3  churches,  2  flouring  mills,  2  carriage  shops,  a  woolen  factory,  an  oilcloth  factory,  and  about  80 
dwellings.  Trumbull  Corners,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  n.  border,  contains  1  church  and  20  dwellings. 
Poney  Hollow  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet  in  the  s.  w.  part.  The  first  settler  was  Jas.  Thomas,  who 
locateil  at  Poney  Hollow.'     The  census  reports  3  churches  in  town.' 

UliYSSES — was  formed  March  5,  1799.  Dryden  was  taken  off  in  1803,  and  Ithaca  and 
Enfield  in  1821.  It  lies  upon  the  w.  bank  of  Cayuga  Lake,  on  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  A  range 
of  bluffs  000  ft.  high,  with  steep  declivities,  borders  upon  the  lake ;  tad  from  their  summits  the 
surface  spreads  out  in  an  undulating  upland.  The  only  considerable  stream  is  Taughanick 
(Ti-kaw-nik)  Creek,  which  crosses  the  town  from  the  w.  In  its  descent  from  the  plateau  to  the 
lake  this  stream  forms  a  series  of  cascades,  the  principal  of  which  is  known  as  Taughanick  Falls. 
These  falls  have  receded  about  1  mi.  from  the  shore  of  the  lake,  and  have  worn  a  deep  gorge  in 
the  yielding  shales,  with  banks  380  ft.  high.  The  stream  now  falls,  in  an  unbroken  sheet,  over  a 
limestone  terrace  210  ft.  in  height.  About  J  mi.  farther  up  the  gorge  is  another  fall,  of  40  fl.  The 
soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  gravelly  loam.  TruDiiansburg'h,'  (p.  v.,)  near  the  n.  border  of  the 
tovm,  is  the  secuud  village  in  the  co.  in  amount  of  business  and  population.  It  contains  4  churches, 
the  Trumansburgh  Academy,  and  several  manufacturing  establishments.'  Pop.  1,052.  JacU> 
sonville,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  center  of  the  town,  contains  1  church  and  50  houses.  Water- 
.  burgta,  near  the  w.  border,  contains  1  church,  mills,  and  40  dwellings.  Ilalseyville'  is  a 
hamlet.  The  first  settlements  were  commenced  by  Samuel  Weyburn,  at  the  mouth  of  Taughanick 
Creek,  and  by  Abner  and  Philip  Tremaine,  on  the  site  of  Trumansburgh,  in  1792.'°  The  first  church 
(Presb.)  was  formed  by  Jedediah  Chapman,  in  1803.     There  are  now  6  churches  in  town." 


^  Amonf*  the  otherearly  settlors  were  families  named  McPowel, 
imvenport.  Hloon),  Kins- Patcliin,  Star,  Conrad,  iM.^rIde,  Sayers, 
and  Blink.  The  ftret  child  born  waaa  daui;hter  of  John  Dumond, 
Sept.  1789.  The  first  death  wa«  that  of  Rachel  Allen,  in  1790. 
A  man  named  Liphtfoot  brout;ht  a  boat  laod  of  goods  up  the 
lake  in  1792,  and  he  continued  a  kind  of  itinerating  trade  for 
tKiYerai  yejirs.     David   Qiiii?;^  opened   the  first   regular   ptoro: 

Hartshorn  kept  the  first  inn ;  and  .la-'ob  Yaple  built  the  first 

mill,  in  179t).  Dr.  Friebee  was  the  first  physician,  and  — .—  Howe 
the  first  teacher.  The  first  families  were  a  montli  in  getting 
from  Kinfrston  (Ulster  co.)  to  Owego,  ipid  19  days  from  thODce 
to  their  destination. 

8  Grist  and  saw  mills  and  an  ax  helve  factory. 

3  Amonj  the  early  settlers  were  Wra.  Goodwin,  Silas  Ludlow, 
Abram  Bloom,  and  families  nrimed  Beardsley,  Depny.  Miaier, 
Allen,  Atwater,  and  Bowker,  who  came  in  1791;  .Sam'lGibbs  and 

Holmes,  in  1792;  and  .\bram  Van  Wapner,  in  1797.    The 

first  m.arri.age  was  that  of  Henry  Blo<im  and  Miss  Goodwin ;  and 
thi  first  death,  that  of  the  wife  of  Henry  Bloom,  in  1798.  Wm. 
itoyse  kept  the  first  inn,  at  Liberty  vilJe.    The  first  night  of  his 


stay  in  the  house  a  rattlesnake  crept  into  1  he  bed  and  slept  with 

his  children.    Tooker  kept  the  first  store;  Henry  Ludtow, 

of  I.udlowville,  built  the  first  mill,  in  1798. 
»  4  M.  E.,  2  Bap.,  and  Presb. 

*  Among  the  early  settlers  were  S.  Chambers,  Eli.iali  Moorft, 

Ciirter,  and  Dan'l  B.  Swartwood.    Jeremiah  Hail  bept  the 

first  inn,  George  Dudley  the  first  store;  and  John  Greene  built 
the  first  mill. 

*  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Presb. 

'  Name  derived  and  corrupted  from  Tremaine,  the  first  &mny 
of  settlers. 
8  ."J  flouring  mills  and  2  fnmaces  and  machine  shops. 

*  Named  from  Nicoll  Halsey.  the  first  settler. 

^o.Tohn  McLallen.  a  young  man.  accompanied  the  Tremaines 
!n  the  capacity  of  teamster.  The  first  child  bora  wajj  Calvin 
Tremaine,  in  1794;  and  the  first  m-arriajre,  that  of  John  Mcl.iaIleQ 
and  Mary  King,  Dec.  12, 1799.   John  MeLallon  kept  the  first  inn, 

Henshaw  the  first  store;  Abner  Tremaine  built  the  first 

mill;  and  Stephen  Woodworth  taught  the  first  school,  all  at 
Tmnunsbargb.       u  3  al  k.,  Bap.,  Presb.,  and  R-  O. 


TOMPKINS    COUNTY. 


659 


Acres  of  Landy   Valuation,   Population,   DwelUnrjs,   Families,    Freelwlders,    Schools,   Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  ProductSy  and  Domestic  ManvfoA^tureSy  of  Tompkins  County, 


Names  op  Towns. 


Caroline... 

Banby 

Dry  den  .... 

£nfield 

Qroton 

Ithaca 

Landing... 
Newfield .. 
Ulyesea.... 

Total. 


AcBBS  OF  Land. 


1 
I. 


20,120i 

•21,993i 

39,sm 

17,611J 

•23,681} 

16,395 

29,363 

20,984) 

16,762 


205.6168 


12,004 
11.445 
19,021} 
6,267 
7,981 
3,S2si 
7.912 
14,040i 
3,474i 


84,963} 


Valuation  of  1868. 


$366,248 
393.929 
968.i;i4 
302,687 
612,615 

1,341,890 
918,765 
419,731 
611,260 


6,916,617 


$23,761 
32.850 
132.650 
16,000 
18ti,95D 
841,708 
135,275 
23,000 
174,025 


1,666,219 


$380,007 
426,779 

1,091,264 
318,587 
799,566 

2,183,698 

1,054,030 
442,731 
785,276 


7,481,836 


Population. 


1,260 
1,182 
2,497 
942 
1,721 
3,485 
1,636 
1,440 
1,666 


16,719 


1,216 
1,149 
2,606 
970 
1,683 
3,668 
1,620 
1,360 
1,625 


16,797 


_i_ 

477 
487 
968 
392 
664 
1,304 
616 
667 
596 


6,061 


S 


496 
468 

1,035 
392 
733 

1,322 
643 
671 
626 


6,30« 


466 
424 
918 
331 
486 
812 
414 
482 
442 


Schools. 


4,766     166   11,913 


?^ 


el 


1,005 
880 
1,790 
720 
1,215 
2,477 
1,340 
1,239 
1,187 


Names  op  Towns. 


CaroIiDe... 

Danby 

Dryden .... 
Enfield.... 

Qroton 

Ithaca..... 
Lansing... 
Newfield.. 
Ulysses.... 

Total 


LivB  Stock. 

AORIOntTORAL   PBOODCTS. 

II 

p 

5- 

s 

BiraH.  OP  Grain. 

2 

■sa 

'  1^ 

Daisy  Pboddcts. 

i 

.§■ 

L^ 

•S    .J 

^ 

feStS 

1,766 

5 

§ 

^ 

'g 

* 

S 

Rta, 

l«^ 

i:  .g 

«  g 

734 

1,676 

6,868 

1,466 

2,332i 

135.231} 

3,702} 

9,6294 

33,834 

191,160 

6.343 

964 

1,946 

1,342 

7,051 

1,467 

7,838i 

148,763 

3,453 

17.791 

49,142 

130,978 

4,019 

1,870 

3,120 

3,316 

12,327 

2,638 

ll,629i 

263,806i 

7,466i 

19,567 

85,870 

390,214 

10,094 

867 

1,616 

968 

6,214 

1,436 

10,278 

141,325 

2,3801 

13,032 

31,721 

107,925 

496 

1,162 

1,733 

2.660 

6,248 

1.905 

2,319 

159,884 

4,714i 

16,343 

86,169 

326,616 

36,001 

919 

1,234 

871 

4,494 

1,111 

19,310  i 

85,6905 

l,973i 

8,420J 

23,631 

79,626 

160 

1,270 

1,706 

1,617 

9,340 

1,847 

13,676 

208,043i 

3,083  J 

7,923 

48,677 

168,125 

1,388 

962 

2,024 

1,268 

6,373 

1,367 

13,428i 

119,267 

3,022 

13,614 

29,768 

146,146 

1,300 

725 

1,232 
16,276 

964 

6,133 

1,123 

21,105 

102,177i 

2,07  7  i 

4,786 

29,055 
417,767 

106,169 
1,646,947 

1,310 

9,443 

14,572 

61,036 

14,368 

101,916i 

1,364,167} 

31,843} 

III4O6 

60,128 

14,847 


ULSTER   COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  Nov.  1,  1683/  and  included  the  country 
between  the  Hudson  and  the  Delaware,  bounded  n.  and  s.  by  due 

E.  and  w.  lines  passing  through  the  mouths  of  Sawyers  and  Mur- 
derers Creeks.  A  part  of  Delaware  was  taken  off  in  1797,  a  part 
of  Greene  in  1800,  and  Sullivan  in  1809.  A  portion  was  annexed 
to  Orange  in  1798,  and  the  town  of  Catskill  was  annexed  from 
Albany  co.  the  same  year.  It  lies  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
centrally  distant  68  mi.  from  Albany,  and  contains  1,204  sq.  mi. 
Its  surface  is  mostly  a  hilly  and  mountainous  upland.  The  Cats- 
kill  Mts.  occupy  the  n.w.  part;  and  the  Shawangunk  Mts.  extend 
N.  E.  from  the  s.  w.  corner  nearly  through  the  co.  The  mountain 
region  consists  of  irregular  ridges  and  isolated  peaks  with  rocky 
sides  and  summits  too  steep  and  rough  for  cultivation.  The  summits  are  1,500  to  2,000  ft.  above 
the  Hudson,  The  remaining  parts  of  the  co.  are  generally  broken  and  hilly.  Esopus  Creek  flows 
in  a  tortuous  course  through  the  n.  part  and  discharges  its  waters  into  the  Hudson.  It  receives 
Platte  Kil  from  the  n.  Rondout  Creek  enters  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.  and  flows  n.  e.  along  the  w. 
declivity  of  the  Shawangunk  Mts.  and  enters  the  Hudson  at  Rondout.  It  receives  as  tributaries 
Sandburgh  Creek  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  co.,  and  Walkill  near  its  mouth.  The  latter  stream  flows 
along  the  e.  foot  of  the  Shawangunk  Mts.     The  remaining  streams  are  small  brooks  and  creeks. 

The  rocks  of  the  co.  are  composed  of  the  Portage  and  Chemung  shales,  in  the  e.  part,  and  the 
Shawangunk  grit  or  Oneida  conglomerate,  in  the  w.  part.  Drift  deposits  are  found  in  nearly  every 
part.     Lead  ore  is  found  to  some  extent  among  the  Shawangunk  Mts.'' 

At  an  early  period  the  Esopus  grit  was  largely  quarried  and  manufactured  into  millstones.' 
Water-limestone  of  an  excellent  quality  is  found  and  largely  quarried.*  The  Ulster  co.  Cement 
has  an  excellent  reputation  throughout  the  United  States,  and  is  used  in  immense  quantities  on 
fortifications  and  other  Government  works  requiring  solidity.  It  was  used  on  Croton,  Brooklyn, 
Cochituate,  Albany,  Washington,  and  other  water-works.  It  finds  a  ready  market  in  every  port 
on  the  seaboard  from  New  Brunswick  to  Texas.  It  has  been  exported  to  California  and  South 
America,  and  is  largely  used  in  and  around  New  York,  Boston,  and  Philadelphia,  upon  public 
and  private  buildings.  The  cement  rocks  are  quaruied  usually  on  the  hillsides,  and  these  openings 
often  extend  in  galleries  under  the  overlying  rock.  The  rock  outcrops  in  a  belt  running  n.  e.  and 
8.  w,,  first  appearing  on  the  Hudson  a  few  miles  n.  of  Kingston  Point,  and  extending  20  to  25  mi, 
to  the  town  of  Rochester,  but  is  lost  from  view  at  the  surface  in  several  places  between  these 
points.  In  the  section  occupied  by  the  Portage  group  of  rocks  are  found  extensive  outcrops  of 
thin  bedded  sandstone,  yielding  a  fine  quality  of  flagging,  which  is  largely  quarried  and  exported.* 
Tho  soil  is  generally  a  good  quality  of  sandy  and  gravelly  loam,  in  some  places  intermixed  with 
clay.     Most  of  the  valleys  are  covered  with  a  deep,  rich  alluvium. 

Most  of  the  land  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.     Dairying  is  extensively  pursued,  and  spring  grain 


1  In  its  charter  it  is  eaid  to  "  contain  the  towns  of  Kingston, 
Hurley,  and  Marbletown,  Foxhall.  and  tho  New  Paltz,  and  all 
Tillajiiea,  neighborhoods,  and  Christian  habitations  on  the  w.  side 
of  the  Iludsuu's  River, from  the  Murderers  Oieek,  near  the  Uifj;h- 
landri,  to  the  Sawyers  Creek."  It  was  named  from  the  I  rish  title 
uf  the  Duke  of  York.  The  bounds  between  this  a,nJ  Albany  co. 
were  nut  fully  settled  at  the  Revolution.  An  act  was  passed 
in  1774,  but  nothing  was  done  under  it  toward  a  settlement,  aod 
it  was  repealed  in  1788.  An  act  wjis  also  passed  in  1774  to  run 
and  mark  the  boundary  of  this  and  Oranj^e  counties  from  E.  of 
the  Shawangunk  Mts.  to  the  Delaware. 

s  A  mine  was  opened  near  EUenville  more  than  40  years  ago. 
It  was  never  worked  to  profit,  and  is  now  abandoned.  The 
Ulster  Mine,  near  Sullivan  co.  line,  was  opened  in  1837.  It  is 
tiOO  or  700  feet  above  the  valley.  The  galena  in  these  mines  is 
associated  with  blende,  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  calcite,  and 
quartz.  There  are  indications  and  vague  traditions  that  these 
mines  were  worked  at  a  much  earlier  period  and  yielded  profits 
beyond  computation. 

8  In  Smith's  History,  written  in  1732.  this  co.  is  said  to  bo 
noted  for  fine  flour,  beer,  and  a  good  breed  of  draft  horses.  The 
millstones — then  quarried  about  10  mi.  from  tho  river — had  ac- 
qnired  celebrity,  and  were  said  to  far  exceed  those  from  Colen, 
iu  Europe,  formerly  imported  at  £80  tho  pair,  while  Esopus 
660 


stones  did  not  cost  a  fourth  part  of  that  sum.  Small  millstones 
fur  family  use  are  still  made  for  the  Southern  market;  but  the 
business  has  lost  niuchof  its  former  importance.  A  finer  quality 
of  these  grits,  when  calcined  uud  crushed,  furnishes  the  silex 
used  in  the  glass  manufacture  at  EUenville. 

^  Water-limestone  was  acciditntally  discovered  on  the  line  of 
the  Erie  Canal,  by  Canvass  White,  an  engineer,  in  1818.  In  1820 
he  obtained  a  patent,  and  subsequently  obtained  Judgment 
against  one  or  more  of  the  contractors  for  using  it.  The  first 
waterlime  or  cement  made  in  Ulster  co.  was  alx)ut  the  time  the 
Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  was  commenced.  Its  manufacture  has 
now  become  a  leading  and  profitable  pursuit,  employing  about 
$1,000,000  of  capital  and  1,000  men.  In  March,  1859,  there  were 
Id  establishments  in  the  co.,  owned  by  individuals  and  com- 
panies. 

6  The  Btone  is  of  a  bluish  gray  color  and  slaty  texture,  and 
maybe  split  into  slabs  of  almost  any  manageable  size  and  from 
1  to  4  inches  in  thickness.  The  rock  is  traversed  by  Joints  or' 
seams,  that  divide  very  smoothly  and  gre-atly  facilitate  the  labor 
of  quarrying.  It  is  brought  down  to  the  river  and  shipped  in 
immense  quantities  at  every  lauding  in  the  co.  and  transported 
to  New  York  and  other  places  along  the  coast.  The  busiueaa 
employs  a  large  number  of  hands. 


% 


ULSTER    COUNTY. 


C61 


is  raised  to  some  extent.  Fruit  growing  is  becoming  an  important  branch  of  business.  Manu- 
factures of  sole  leather  and  lumber  are  located  in  the  western  towns,^  and  water-lime  in  the  eastern. 
The  commerce,  carried  on  by  means  of  the  river  and  canal,  is  large,  and  is  constantly  increasing. 

The  CO.  seat  is  located  at  Kingston.'*  The  courthouse  is  a  fine  stone  edifice,  situated  upon  Wall 
St.'  The  jail  is  a  stone  building  in  rear  of  the  courthouse.  It  is  well  arranged  and  furnished  and 
is  kept  in  good  order.*  The  clerk's  ofiice  is  in  a  fireproof  one  story  building  on  the  corner  of 
Fair  and  Main  Sts.^  The  poorhouse  is  located  upon  a  farm  of  140  acres,  on  the  s.  line  of  New 
Paltz,  16  mi,  s.  w.  of  Kingston.  It  is  poorly  constructed,  not  ventilated  at  all,  and  is  entirely  unfit 
for  the  purposes  for  which  it  is  used.  The  average  number  of  inmates  is  175,  supported  at  a  weekly 
cost  of  $1.25  each.  A  school  is  taught  6  months  in  the  year.*  The  farm  yields  a  revenue  of  $500. 
The  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  is  the  only  important  work  of  internal  improvement  in  the  co. 
It  extends  from  Rondout,  on  the  Hudson,  up  Rondout  and  Sandburgh  Creeks,  through  Kingston. 
Rosendale,  Marbletown,  Rochester,  and  Wawarsing.  It  opens  a  direct  communication  between  the 
coal  mines  of  Penn.  and  the  Hudson.  The  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Co.  was  incorp.  April  23. 
1823,  and  the  canal  was  finished  in  1828.' 

One  daily  and  7  weekly  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.® 

The  Dutch  established  a  trading  post  upon  the  present  site  of  Rondout  in  1614,  and  probably  a 
few  Dutch  families  settled  in  the  immediate  vicinity  soon  after.  This  early  settlement  was  broken 
up  by  Indian  hostilities,  and  a  new  one  was  commenced  between  1630  and  '40.  This  was  again 
attacked  by  the  Indians,  and  in  1655  was  abandoned.  Before  1660,  settlers  had  again  located  at 
Kingston  and  vicinity.  In  1660  a  treaty  had  been  concluded  with  the  Indians  ;  and  the  people  were 
BO  unsuspicious  of  danger  that  they  left  open  the  gates  to  their  fort  both  day  and  night.  June  7, 
1663,  the  Indians  came  into  the  fort  at  AViltwyck  in  great  numbers,  apparently  to  trade,  while  the 
greater  part  of  the  people  were  engaged  in  their  usual  avocations  out  of  doors.  At  a  given  signal 
the  Indians  commenced  the  work  of  destruction.  Recovering  from  their  first  panic,  the  whites 
rallied,  under  the  leadership  of  Thomas  Chambers,  and  finally  drove  the  Indians  out  of  the  fort; 
18  whites  were  killed,  and  42  were  carried  away  prisoners.  The  out  settlements  were  all  destroyed. 
A  destructive  war  ensued,  in  which  the  Ulster  Indians  were  nearly  exterminated.  During  this  war 
the  valley  of  the  Wall  Kil  was  discovered,  and  soon  after  the  peace  of  1663  it  was  occupied  by  a 
colony  of  French  Huguenots.^     The  settlements  gradually  extended  along  the  valleys  of  Esopus, 


1  The  principal  tanneries  are  in  Shandaken,  Olive,  Woodstock, 
Denning,  Hardenburgh,  and  Wawarsing. 

3  A  courthouse  and  jail  were  built  eoon  after  the  incorp.  of  the 
CO..  and  an  appropriatiriQ  was  made  for  their  repair  .July  21, 1715. 
These  buildings  proving  inadequate,  an  act  of  General  Assembly, 
passed  Oct.  14, 1732,  allowed  the  old  buildings  and  lot  to  be  sold 
and  new  buildings  to  be  erected.  Repairs  were  authorized  in 
1745,  17i)0,  1765,  and  1773;  and  in  1775  a  further  Bum  was 
granted  to  complete  them.  The  courthouse  and  jail  were 
burned  by  the  British  Oct.  16,1777,  and  a  lottery  was  granted  6 
months  after  to  rai?;e  £2,000  to  rebuild  them.  By  act  of  March 
19, 1778,  the  yheriffa  mileage  was  directed  to  be  computed  from 
the  house  of  Mrs.  Ann  DuBi'ise.an  innkeeper  in  New  Pultz. 

8  The  first  county  officers  under  State  government  were  Levi 
Pauling,  First  Judge;  Kgbert  Duraond,  Sheriff;  and  Joseph 
Gasherie,  Surrwjate. 

*  The  Senate  Committee  in  1857  report  this  jail  as  one  of  the 
best  in  the  State;  hut,  as  15  or  20  prisoners  escaped  In  the  winter 
of  1858  and  '59,  the  correctness  of  the  committee's  couclusious 
may  well  be  questioned. 

6  Dutchess  and  Ulster  cos.  were  incorp.  at  the  same  time,  and 
were  united  for  about  30  years.  The  records  of  Dutchess  co.  for 
that  period  are  found  in  the  Ulster  co.  clerk's  office. 

*  The  Senate  Committee  of  1857  report  that  they  found  12  cells 
for  lunatics  in  an  old,  dilapidated  building  so  open  that  it  was 
scarcely  possible  to  keep  the  inmates  from  perishing. 

'  See  page  63.  The  Canal  Company  owns  a  e.  e.  over  the 
mountain  from  Honesdale  to  Carbondale,  Penn.,  and  the  co.tl 
mines  at  the  latter  place.  It  formerly  owned  most  of  the  boats 
on  the  canal,  and  leased  them  to  boatmen.  About  1850  the 
Penn.  Coal  C'<impany  made  an  arrangement,  by  which  upon 
payment  of  toll  they  were  allowed  to  transport  coal  in  their 
own  boats  from  Hawley  to  Port  Ewen. 

*  Tfie  Nrw  Tork  Journal  and  Advertiser — published  by  John 

Holt,  and  which  was  removed  from  New  York  to  Pough- 

keepsie  in  1776  in  consequence  of  British  occupation — 

v/AB  published  at  Kingston  from  July  to  Oct.  1777. 
The  Farmers'  Jfeffister  was  commenced  at  Kingston  in  1792  by 

Nicholas  Power  and  Wm.  Copp. 
The  Hisinff  Sun  was  commenred  at  Kingston  in  1793  by  Wm. 

Copp  and  Sam'l  S.  Freer. 
TTie  UtstfT  Gazette  was  commenced  at  Kingston  in  1798  by  Sam'l 

S.  and  A.  Freer. 
The  Plebeian  was  commenced  at  Kingston  In  Nov.  1805,  t^ 

Jesse  Buell,  who  continued  as  editor  until  1313.   In  1827 

its  muDe  was  changed  to 


The  Plebeian  avd  Vlster  Co.  Jdvcrtiser. 

The  Ulster  Sentinel  was  published  at  Kingston  about  1826-2S 

by  Charl-8  G.  De  Witt. 
The  Ulster  Republican  was  commenced  at  Kingston 

in  1S28  by  b.  Curtiss,  jr.    It  is  D0wj»ublished  by  iiom- 

mell  &  Lounsbery. 
The  Ulster  Palladium  was  commenced  at  Saugerties  in  1828  by 

P.  J.  Fish  and  C.  Frary.     Its  name  was  eubsequently 

changed  to 
T?ie  Ulster  Palladium  and  Manufacturers*  Journal. 
The  Katifmal  Pioneer  was  published  at  Milton  in  1830  by  Dan'i 

S.a'uthill. 
The  Ulster  Star  was  commenced  at  Saugerties  in  Jan.  1833,  by 

Wm.  Cully. 
The  Ulster  Cnuiity  Whig  was  commenced  at  Kingston  in  1835 

by  Wallace  &.  Brown. 
The   Kingston   Democratic   <ToixrnaI   was  com- 

menccil  iul837by  Wm.ILKomeyn.  its  prc-sentpublii^hei. 
The  Political  litformer  was  commenced  at  Kingston  in  1S40  by 

H.  M.  Komeyn. 
Tlte  Ulster  Huguenot  was  commenced  at  Kingston  in  1S43  by 

J.  Cully  and  T.  F.  Baldwin. 
The  Hickory  Jjemocrat  was  issued  at  Kingston,  as  a  campaign 

piiper,  in  1844. 
The  tJlster  Democrat  wa-s  commenced  at  Kingston  in 

1846  by  A.  A.  Bensall.    It  is  now  publisbed  by  S.  R. 

Harlow. 
The  Kingston  Dally  Chronicle  is  issued  from  the 

same  office. 
The  Ulster  'SVhgraph  was  commenced  at  Saugerties  in  184G  by 

Sohimon   S.   Uommell.      Its   name  was   subsequently 

chanced  to 
The  Sanger!  les  Telegraph,  Elting  &  Rosepaugh,  pubn. 
The  Rondont  Kreeman,  started  in  1S59,  iti  now  issued 

by  Vaiiraiiren  k  (iilderslefve. 
The  Rondout  Courier  was  commenced  in  1847.    It  is 

now  irtililiphc'd  by  J.  P.  Ilageman, 
The  Ellenvllle  Journal  was  commenced  in  1847.    It 

is  now  publislied  byO.  A.  Campbell. 
The  People's  Press  is  published  at  Kingston  by  Daniel 

Bradbury. 
8  After  the  peace  of  1660  the  Director  General  of  New  Nethn 
hinds  shipped  11  Indians  prisoners  to  Cura^oa  to  be  sold  uit 
slaves.  Tbia  outrage  led  to  the  attack  made  in  Hiii-'i,  and  tb« 
bloody  war  that  followed.  Nine  days  after  the  retront  (»f  thft 
Indians  from  the  attack  upon  Wiltwyck,  in  June,  1663,  a  ruin- 


662 


ULSTER    COUNTY. 


Rondout,  and  Walkill  Creeks  and  their  tributaries.  Besides  the  manorial  grant  of  Fox  Hall,'  the 
English  made  township  grants  of  Kingston,  New  Paltz,  Marbletown,  Rochester,  Hurley,  Shawan- 
gunk,  and  Marlborough.  During  the  Revolution  the  frontier  settlements  were  exposed  to  Indian 
hostilities,  and  before  the  close  of  the  war  were  all  de8tro3-ed  or  abandoned.  The  river  towns  were 
taken  by  the  British  in  1777,  and  most  of  them  were  piDaged  and  burned.  The  Provincial  Con- 
gress and  State  Legislature  held  several  sessions  at  Kingston  during  the  war  and  soon  after.  The 
people  were  nearly  all  ardent  patriots  ;  and  there  were  probably  fewer  tories  in  this  co.  than  in  any 
other  section  of  the  State.  Since  the  Revolution  the  oo.  has  steadily  progressed  in  wealth  and 
population.  The  completion  of  the  Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  was  a  marked  era  in  the  history 
of  the  industry  of  the  co. ;  and  the  commencement  of  the  cement  manufacture  and  stone  quarrying 
have  greatly  added  to  its  permanent  prosperity. 


DEWIVIBIG' — was  formed  from  Shandaken,  March  6,  1849.  A  part  of  Hardenburgh  -was 
taken  off  in  1859.  It  lies  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  the  co.,  upon  the  border  of  Sullivan.  Its  surface  is 
a  broken  and  mountainous  upland.  A  spur  of  the  Catskill  Mts.  extends  through  the  town,  with  a 
mean  elevation  of  1,500  to  2,000  ft.  Its  streams  are  head  branches  of  Rondout  Creek  and  Never- 
sink  River.  The  valleys  are  narrow  ravines  bordered  by  steep  and  rocky  hillsides.  The  soil  upon 
the  uplands  is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  sandy  loam.  The  settlements  are  chiefly  confined 
to  the  valleys.  Denning  is  a  p.  o.  near  the  center.  Dewittsville  is  a  hamlet  near  the  s.  line. 
This  town,  though  large,  has  the  least  population  of  any  town  in  the  co.  Its  chief  wealth  consists  in  its 
heavy  growth  of  hemlock  and  hard  wood.    Settlements  were  made  at  a  compai-atively  recent  period.' 

ESOPUS— was  fbrmed  from  "  Kingston,"  April  5, 1811.  A  part  was  set  off  to  Kingston,  and  a 
part  of  Hurley  was  annexed,  in  1818,  and  a  part  of  New  Paltz  was  annexed  April  12,  1842.  It 
lies  upon  the  Hudson,  and  is  the  central  town  upon  the  E.  border  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  rolling 
in  the  e.  and  moderately  hilly  in  the  w.  A  range  of  hills  extends  n.  and  s.  through  near  the  center 
of  the  town,  the  highest  peak  being  1,632  ft.  above  tide.  Huzzys  Hill,  s.  of  Rondout,  is  1,000  ft.  high. 
Wall  Kil  forms  the  w.  and  N.  boundaries,  and  Swarte  Kil  and  Black  Creek  flow  through  the  s.  part.* 
The  soil  is  a  light,  clay  loam.  Fruit  growing  is  becoming  an  important  branch  of  business.  Ce- 
ment is  largely  manufactured,  and  an  extensive  commerce  is  carried  on  by  means  of  the  river  and 
Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal.*  Port  Efven,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Hudson,  s.  of  tlie  mouth  of  Ron- 
dout Creek,  is  a  village  built  up  by  the  Penn.  Coal  Co.  A  large  part  of  the  coal  bTought  forward 
by  the  canal  is  here  shipped  upon  barges  for  the  Northern  market.  Pop.  1,300.'  Arnoldton, 
(p.v.,)  upon  Walkill  Creek,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town,  contains  a  church,  woolen  factory,  cotton 
factory,  and  150  inhabitants.  South  Rondout,  upon  Rondout  Creek,  in  the  n.  part,  contains 
an  extensive  cement  and  lime  factory,  a  lager  licer  brewery,  a  brickyard,  several  boatyards,  and 
568  inhabitants.  Dasliville,  upon  Walkill  Creek,  in  the  s.  part,  contains  a  cement  factory  and 
20  houses.  SIeig'htsbur§^h,  upon  the  Hudson,  at  the  mouth  of  Rondout  Creek,  contains  an 
extensive  shipyard  and  40  houses.  EllniorosC'oi'nei*S,  (Esopus  p.  o.,)  upon  the  Hudson,  con- 
tains a  church  and  40  houses.  AniesTllle  (p.  o.)  and  Atkarton  are  hamlets.  Freerville, 
in  the  n.  part,  contains  a  gristmill  and  20  houses.  Settlements  were  made  by  the  Dutch,  soon 
after  their  first  occupation  of  the  co.'  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  of  which  there  is  any  record 
was  formed  in  1751;  Rev.  G.  W.  Mancius  was  the  first  preacher.' 

GARDIIVER'— was  formed  from  Rochester,  New  Paltz,  and  Shawangunk,  April  2,  1853.  It 
is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  of  the  center  of  the  co.    The  surface  is  rolling  in  the  E.  and  hilly  in  the 


forcement  of  40  men,  under  Ensign  Mysgon,  arrived,  and  re- 
lieved the  fort.  Capt.  Krygier,  with  a  cannon  and  a  force  of  210 
men,  pursued  the  Indians  to  their  furts  and  destroyed  their 
grain.  In  Sept.  another  expedition  surprised  an  Indian  fort.  36 
mi.  B.  w.  of  Wiltwyck.  killed  the  chief  and  20  others,  and  re- 
stored 22  captives.  The  Indians  were  eftectually  broken  and 
Bcattered,  and  late  in  the  fall  they  sued  for  peace  and  restored 
all  the  remaining  prisoners  except  3. 

1  Tiiomas  Chambers,  the  original  proprietor  of  this  patent, 
endeavored  by  will  to  entail  it  in  his  family;  but  it  passed  to 
atrangere  before  the  Revolution. 

2  Named  in  honor  of  Wm.  H.  Denning,  former  proprietor  of  a 
large  part  of  the  town. 

3  The  first  sawmill  was  built  in  1827,  and  the  first  tannery  in 
1850,  at  DevvittsviUe,  by  De  Witt  i  Reynolds. 

*  "Sirpiis,"  as  known  by  the  Dutch,  included  both  Kingston 
and  the  country  s.  of  the  Rondout.  Their  descendants  slill  de- 
Rignate  Kingston  as  "iSl>piiS,"  and  the  corporate  town  above 
named  as  ''Klein  Supusi'  or  Little  Sopua.   The  word  is  of  Indian 


origin.  The  Esopua  Indians— who  lived  in  this  region  when 
first  linown  to  the  whites — were  of  the  Algonquin  stock,  and 
were  allied  to  the  Mohepan  and  the  other  river  tribes. 

6  Along  the  bluffs  that  overlor>k  the  Hudson  are  several  fine 
country  residences.  Two  Ughtliouses  are  built  in  the  rivei  op- 
posite this  town. 

0  Named  from  .Tohn  Ewen,  President  of  the  Penn.  Coal  Com- 
pany.  The  village  was  laid  out  in  1S51:  nearly  all  of  the  in- 
habitants are  more  or  iess  interested  in  the  coal  trade. 

t  .lohannes  Louw  was  born  in  1681 ;  Baltus  Terpening  and 
Tryntje  A'an  Vliet  were  married  in  1682.  These,  so  far  as  ia 
known,  were  the  first  birth  and  marriage  in  town.  Wui.  Hin- 
man  taught  a  school,  at  the  Ilook.  in  1763.  A  mill  was  built 
on  Black  Creek  prior  to  ISOO.  A  cotton  taetory  was  built  at 
D.oshville  in  182$,  and  the  one  now  at  Amoldton  in  1830;  th« 
former  is  standing  idle. 

»  There  are  6  churches  in  town ;  3  F>ef.  Prot.  D.,  M.  E.,  Prot.  E, 
and  Friends. 

«  Named  in  honor  of  Addison  Gardiner,  formerly  Lieut.  Gov. 


ULSTER    COUNTY. 


663 


center  and  w.  The  Shawangunk  Mts.  extend  along  the  w.  border.*  The  Wall  Kil  flows  x.  e.  through 
near  the  center  and  receives  Shawangunk  Kil  from  the  s.  w.  The  soil  is  principally  a  gravelly  loam, 
with  clay  and  alluvium  along  the  streams.  Lumber  and  leather  are  manufactured  to  some  extent. 
Tuthillto^vn^  (Tuthill  p.  o.,)  upon  Shawangunk  Kil,  near  its  mouth,  contains  20  dwellings.' 
Eiibertyville,  (p.  o,,)  on  the  n.  line,  and  Jcnklnstown  are  hamlets.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  at  an  early  period,  by  a  colony  of  French  Huguenots.  The  first  church  was  formed  in 
1833 ;  Rev.  Wm.  Brush  was  the  first  preacher. 

nARDEIVBtJRGD^— was  formed  from  Denning  and  Shandaken,  April  15,  1859.  It  lies 
in  the  extreme  w.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  broken  and  mountainous  upland,  the  highest 
suKimits  being  2,000  ft.  above  tide.  It  occupies  a  portion  of  the  watershed  between  the  Hudson 
and  Delaware.  Beaver  Kil,  Mill  Brook,  and  Dry  Brook  take  their  rise  in  the  town.  I>ry 
Brook  (West  Shandaken  p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet. 

UrRl^EY*— was  granted  by  patent  Oct.  19,  1708.^  A  part  of  the  Uardenburgh  Patent  was 
released  by  Margaret  Livingston,  and  was  annexed  March  3,  1789  ;  and  a  part  of  New  Paltz  was 
taken  off  in  1809,  a  part  of  Esopus  in  1818,  a  part  of  Olive  in  1823,  a  part  of  Rosendale  in  1844, 
and  a  part  of  Woodstock  in  1853.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  n.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The 
surface  is  a  rolling  and  moderately  hilly  upland,  the  highest  summits  being  about  700  ft.  above 
tide.  Esopus  Creek  flows  n.  e.  through  the  s.  part.  Along  its  course  are  extensive  fertile  flats. 
The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  a  considerable  portion  lying  n,  of  the  creek  being  unfit  for  cultivation. 
Stone  quarrying  is  extensively  carried  on.^  Blurley,  (p.  v.,)  on  Esopus  Creek,  contains  a  church 
and  160  inhabitants;'  and  West  Hurley,  (p-v-O  in  the  n.  part,  2  churches  and  25  dwellings. 
The  first  settlements  were  made  by  the  Dutch,  about  1680.®  This  town  became  the  refuge  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Kingston  when  the  latter  place  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1777.  The  first  church 
(Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  in  1800 ;  Rev.  Thos.  G.  Smith  was  the  first  pastor.* 

KIIVGISTO^ — was  incorp.  by  patent  May  19,  1667,  and  was  recognized  as  a  town  May  1, 
1702.^*'  Fox  Hall  Patent  was  annexed  March  12, 1787.^^  Esopus  and  Saugerties  were  taken  off  in 
1811;  a  part  of  Esopus  was  annexed  in  1818,  and  a  part  was  annexed  to  Saugerties  in  1832.  It 
lies  upon  the  Hudson,  n.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  hilly,  the  highest 
summit  being  Kuykuyt  or  Lookout  Mt,,  hbout  600  ft.  above  tide.  Esopus  Creek  flows  n.  e,  through 
near  the  center,  receiving  Saw  Kil  from  the  w,  as  tributary.  Rondout  Creek  forms  the  s.  boundary. 
The  soil  is  principally  a  clayey  loam.  A  large  business  in  coal,  ice,  and  stone  is  carried  on  by 
the  canal  and  river.  Kiugston,  (p.  v.,)  upon  Esopus  Creek,  2  mi.  w.  of  the  Hudson,  was 
incorp.  April  6,  1805.  Besides  the  co.  buildings,  it  contains  8  churches,  the  Kingston  Academy, 
several  private  seminaries, ^^  3  banks,  1  savings  bank,  4  newspaper  offices,  and  several  small 
manufactories.^*  Pop.  3,971.  Rondout,^^  (P-v.,)  upon  the  Hudson,  at  the  mouth  of  Rondout 
Creek,  was  incorp.  April  4, 1849.    It  is  the  center  of  an  extensive  trade  upon  the  river  and  canal.'* 


1  "■The  Traps"  is  a  deep  pass  or  gully,  650  ft.  wide,  extending 
through  these  mountains. 

*  A  woolen  factory  \v:is  built  at  tliis  place  at  an  early  period. 
8  Named  in  honor  of  Johannes  Haidenburgh,  the  patentee  of 

an  immense  tract  in  this  and   adjoining  cos.    This  town  has 
been  formed  since  the  etatistics  for  this  work  were  ubtained. 

♦  Namt-d  from  Geo.  Lovelaces  family,  who  were  Uarons  Hurley 
in  Ireland. — Benson's  Memt/ir,  p.  49.  In  early  times  it  was 
called  "HurUy  t^mmo7i." 

6  The  patentees  of  this  tract  were  Cornelius  Kool.  Adrien  Gar- 
retsie,  Matthew  Ten  Eyck,  Jacobus  Bu  Bois,  Johannes  Schep- 
moes,  Roeloff  Swartwout,  Cornelius  Lammerse,  Petor  Petersies, 
lrfiwrenceOsterh(iudt.and  Jauneiie  Newkirk.  The  successors  of 
the  original  truateea  afterward  bought  300  acres  for  the  benefit 
of  the  corporatinn.  An  at:!  of  April  -i,  18015,  appointed  John  A. 
De  Witt.  Levi  Johnston,  and  a  third  person,  to  be  named  by  the 
freeholders,  to  sell  these  lands  and  make  a  partition  among  the 
owners. 

«  The  stone  obtained  from  these  quarries  is  used  for  building 
and  flagging.  The  business  gives  employment  to  several  hun- 
dred men. 

'  Some  of  the  buildings  at  this  place  are  nearly  200  years  old. 
A  wij-e  Buspensiou  bridge  160  ft.  long  here  crosses  the  Esopus. 

8  Among  the  early  settlers  were  families  named  Crispell,  Du 
Bois,  Cole,  Newkiik.  Schepmoes,  Ten  Eyck,  Wynkoop,  Klmeu- 
dorf,  Roosa,  Constable,  Louw,  Delamater.  and  others, — mostly 
from  lli'Uand  and  lSel;:ium.  In  1719  the  following  peisons  held 
theoflice  of  trustees  of  thecorporHtien: — Cornelius  Kool,  Adrien 
Garretaie,  Jacob  Du  Hois.  Barnabas  Swartwout,  Jacub  Rutse, 
Nicolaes  Rooea,  and  Charles  Wyle.  The  firMt  inn  of  which  there 
is  definite  knowledge  was  kept  about  ITtiO,  by  Charles  he 
Witt,  at  Hurley  Village.  Two  gristmills  were  erected  soon  after 
the  first  settlement. 

»  There  are  3  churches  in  town;  2  Ref.  I'rot.  D.,  and  M.E. 


10  Called  by  the  Indians  "Alkanlarten," — paid  to  signify  smooth 
land.  It  was  more  commonly  called  Esopus,  from  a  tribe  of  In- 
dians that  inhabited  it.  Guv.  Stuyvesant  granted  it  a  charter. 
May  16,  1601,  under  the  nauie  of  VViltwyck,  (Indian  Town.)  and 
relieved  it  from  dependence  upon  Fort  Orange.  Its  affairs  were 
to  be  managed  by  a  sheriff  and  3  schepeus.  Roeloff  Swart- 
wout was  appointed  first  sheriff,  and  Evert  Pels,  Corneliu.-i 
Barentsen  Sleight,  and  Elbert  Heymans  Roosa,  the  first 
Bchepens.  Appeals  from  their  decisions  might  be  made  to 
the  Director  General  and  Council  in  New  Netherlands.  The 
sheriff  and  commissioners  were  to  hold  a  court  every  fortnight, 
except  in  harvest  time,  unless  occaslbn  or  necessity  might  other- 
wise require.  All  criminal  cases  were  to  be  referred  directly  to 
the  Director  General  and  Council,  except  the  lesser  crimes, — as 
quarrels,  injuries,  scolding,  kicking,  beating,  threaten  ings,  simply 
drawing  a  knife  or  sword,  without  assault  or  bluodjshed, — which 
might  be  prosecuted  in  the  lower  court. 

11  Fox  Hall  Patent  was  issued  to  Thomas  Chambers,  May  21, 
1667,  with  manorial  privileges.  Chambers  first  settled  ou  tha 
tract  now  occupied  by  Troy,  as  a  tenant  under  Van  Rensselaer 
He  removed  in  16,'>2  to  Esopus,  acquired  a  large  estate  by  trade, 
and  rendered  efficient  service  in  the  war  against  the  Indians. 
He  died  in  1698.    The  district  still  bears  the  name  of  •*  Fox  Hall." 

1^  The  Golden  Hill  Seminary  and  the  Brookside  Female  Semi 
nary,  two  private  boarding  schools,  are  located  at  this  place. 

13  The  Newark  Lime  and  Cement  Manufaituring  Co.,  organized 
in  1848,  has  2  manufactories  at  Newark.  N.  J.,  and  one  at  Kou 
dout,  N.Y.,  producing  in  the  aggregate  750,000  barrels  annually 

1*  The  principal  trade  is  that  of  stone,  obtaiued  fl.cu  the  neigh 
boring  quarries. 

15  Formerly  named  "The  Strand''  and  ^^Kinffxtrm  Landing!* 
When  the  canal  was  located,  it  was  named  "li'ilirm,"  from  Uia 
then  president  of  the  canal  company ;  but  it^  present  name  waa 
adopted  soon  after.    It  ib  the  l>utch  name  for  redout.    It  waa, 


664 


ULSTER    COUNTY. 


It  contains  8  churches,  a  bank,  and  newspaper  office.  The  people  are  principally  engaged  in  the 
coal  trade ;  aad  a  large  number  of  steamers,  barges,  and  sailing  vessels  are  constantly  engaged 
in  freighting  coal,  stone,  and  cement  from  thia  place.^  The  Newark  Lime  and  Cement  Manufac- 
turing Co.  manufacture  a  larger  amount  of  waterlime  and  cement  annually  than  is  produced  at 
any  similar  establishment  in  the  country.  Pop.  5,978.  Eddyville,  upon  Rondout  Creek,  2J 
mi.  from  its  mouth,  contains  a  cement  factory^  and  about  50  dwellings.  It  is  the  n.  terminus  of 
the  D.  &  H.  Canal.  Wilbur^  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Rondout,  below  Eddyville,  contains  ai)out  100 
houses.  It  is  the  center  of  an  immense  trade  in  flagging  atones.^  Fly  ]>IOunt£iin  is  a  p.  o. 
Dutcb  Settlement  is  a  hamlet  in  the  n.  part.  Flatbusb  contains  a  cement  factory.' 
The  Dutch  built  a  trading  and  military  post  here  as  early  as  1614;  but  every  thing  was  swept 
away  in  the  wars  of  1611  15.  Another  settlement  was  commenced  in  1652,  and  abandoned  in 
1655.  The  first  permanent  settlers  came  in  soon  after,  but  suffered  much  from  Indian  hos- 
tilities for  several  years.^  Feb.  19,  1777,  the  first  State  Convention  adjourned  from  Fishkill  to 
Kingston.  On  the  9th  of  September  following,  the  State  Legislature  convened  here,  but  dispersed 
upon  the  approach  of  a  British  force  under  Sir  Henry  Clinton  on  the  7th  of  Oct.  At  that  time 
the  public  records  were  hastily  removed  to  the  back  settlements,  and  the  place  was  burned.^  The 
first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  May  30,  1658.     There  are  IS  churches  in  town.' 

EiLOYD — was  formed  from  New  Paltz,  April  15,  1845.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  s.  of  the 
center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  rolling  and  hilly  upland,  terminating  in  a  bluff  upon  the 
river;  and  the  average  height  of  the  surface  above  tide  is  about  200  ft.  Swarte  Kil  flows  n.  along 
its  w.  boundary  and  Black  Brook  n.  through  the  center.  The  soil  is  generally  a  clay  and  gravelly 
loam.  The  bluffs  along  the  river  are  principally  occupied  by  fine  country  seats.  H^eiV  Paltz 
I^anding*,  (p-'^-»)  upon  the  river,  contains  2  churches  and  50  houses;^  Centerville  (Lloyd 
p.  0.)  a  cliurch  and  17  houses.  Levi^isbur^b  is  a  hamlet  on  the  river,  s.  of  New  Paltz  Landing. 
I(i  vcrside  is  a  p.  o.  in  the  n.  e.  part.  The  date  of  first  settlement  in  this  town  is  quite  ancient ; 
but  most  of  the  details  of  the  first  years  are  lost.  It  was  originally  named  "  Paltz."  The  first 
church  (M.  E.)  was  formed  in  1787.     There  are  3  churches  in  town  ;  2  M.  E.  and  Presb. 

M4RBL<ETOWiV — was  formed  by  patent  June  25, 1703.^  It  was  first  recognized  as  a  town 
March  7, 178S.  A  part  of  Olive  was  taken  off  in  1823,  and  a  part  of  Rosendale  in  1844.  It  is  near 
the  geographical  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  upland,  broken  by  the  valleys  of  the 
streams.  Stone  Ridge,  near  the  center,  the  highest  summit,  is  about  400  ft.  above  tide.  Eeopus 
Creek  flows  through  the  n.  part,  and  Rondout  Creek  through  the  s.  e,  corner.  The  soil  is  chiefly 
a  clay  and  sandy  loam.  A  quarry  of  Shawangunk  grit  has  been  opened,  and  a  sulphur  spring  has 
been  found  near  the  line  of  Rosendale.  Stone  Ridg^e,  (p-"^-*)  s.  e.  of  the  center,  contains  2 
churches  and  80  houses ;  Kripplebusb,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part,  a  church  and  12  houses.  Iljglt 
Falls^"  is  a  hamlet  upon  the  canal.  Marbletown  is  a  p.  o.  Bruceville  (High  Falls  p.  o.) 
is  a  small  canal  village  on  the  line  of  Rosendale,  in  the  s.  e.  corner.  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot. 
D.)  was  formed  in  1738,^^ 

MARLBOROUGH — was  formed  as  a  precinct,  from  Newburgh  Pi'ecinct,  March  12,  1772, 


at  an  early  period  of  its  growth,  a  maz.e  of  crookpd  lanea,  bor- 
dered by  rude  shantiea  and  inhabited  by  a  floating  population 
of  Irish  laborers.  The  vjllaK'*  still  rbntains  a  large  proportion 
of  Irish,  and  has  a  large  and  increasing  number  of  German  in- 
habitants. Its  appearance  has  much  improved  within  a  few 
yeara. 

1  About  20  Btoamers  are  engaged  in  the  freighting  business  of 
this  place.  Lines  of  steamers  also  run  regularly  to  Albany, 
New  York,  and  intermediate  pla^-es.  A  steam  ferry  connects 
the  pliice  with  Uhinebeck,  on  the  p.  bank  of  the  HudVon. 

2  The  Lawrence  Cement  Co.  manufacture  90,000  barrels  of 
cement  annually. 

3  The  aggregate  amount  of  this  trade  is  more  than  $250,000 
per  annum. 

*  Tho  Kingflt/in  and  Rosendale  Cement  Co.  manufacture  70,000 
barrels  of  cement  annually. 

6  The  site  of  the  first  Dutch  fort  is  t^nid  to  be  upon  a  plateau 
In  the  w.  bounds  of  Kondout.  The  locality  is  still  called  by  Its 
Indian  name,  Ponkhockie,  said  to  pi^'nify  "Canoe  Harbor."  On 
the  7th  of  Junn.  1663,  aa  most  of  the  people  were  at  work  in  the 
fields,  the  Indiana  ninde  a  sudden  attack  upon  the  fort,  (which 
was  carelessly  left  open,)  killed  18. and  carried  away  42  as  prison- 
ers. Capt.  Chambers  rallied  the  men,  drove  out  the  Indians,  and 
commenced  a  war  in  which  the  captives  were  mostly  reclaimed 
and  the  Indians  nearly  exterminated.  The  first  marriage  on  the 
church  record  was  that  of  Jan  Janse  Timmermans  and  Catha^ 
rine  Mattyson.  Oct.  3,  lB6n. 

*  The  British  force  under  Gen.  Vaughan.  consisting  of  3.000 
ooeo,  was  sent  up  the  river  to  co-operate  with  Burgoyne.    For 


todays  after  passing  the  barriers  at  the  High  lands  they  amused 
thcineelves  by  burning  and  plundering  the  places  along  the 
river.  They  took  possession  of  Kingston  Oct.  17,  and,  after  plun- 
dering it  several  hours,  they  burned  every  house  but  one.  The 
houses  were  mostly  of  stone,  and  the  woodwork  was  easily  re- 
phured  after  the  retreat  of  the  British.  Several  of  the  early 
meetings  of  the  Legislature  were  held  at  this  place ;  and  the  first 
State  Constitution  was  formed  here. 

7  2  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  2  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Prot.E.,  Presb.,  and  Jewish,  at 
Kingston;  2M.E.,  Presb.,  Germ.  Evang.  Luth.,  B.C.,  Bap.,  Prot. 
E..  Kef.  Prot.  D.,  and  Jewish,  at  Rondout ;  and  M,  E.  at  Eddy- 
ville. 

8  A  ferry  connects  this  place  with  Poughkeepsie. 

8  This  patent  was  granted  to  Col.  Henry  Beekman,  Capt, 
Thos.  Gaston,  and  Capt.  Chas.  Brodhead.  in  trust  for  the  in- 
habitants. Trustees  continued  to  be  annually  elected  until 
1808.  The  records  of  1703  contain  the  names  of  the  following 
petitioners  for  grants  of  land: — Slosys  Du  I^iy,  Thomas  Vande- 
marke,  Loondart  Kool,  Richard  Wilson,  Jeremy  Kettell,  jr., 
Gysbert  Roosa,  Wm.  Nottingham,  John  Cock,  sen.,  and  Capt. 
Richard  Brodhead. 

10  The  Ogden  Rosendale  Cement  Co.  manufactures  100,000 
barrels  annually,  and  employs  70  men;  D.  tf.  Ogden.  President. 
The  falls  on  the  Rondout  are  here  about  50  feet  high,  affurding 
a  great  amount  of  water-power. 

11  The  census  reports  5  churches  in  town;  3  Ref.  Prot.  D. 
and  2  M.  E.  Rev.  Derick  Ronieyn  and  Rav.  J.  R.  Hardenburgh 
(afterward  Pres.  of  Rutgers  College)  were  both  paators  of  tho 
Kef.  I'rot.  D.  church  at  Stone  Kidge. 


ULSTER    COUNTY. 


665 


and  as  a  town,  March  7,  1788.  Plattekill  was  taken  off  in  1800.  It  lies  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the 
s.  E.  corner  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  broken  and  hilly.  Marlborough  Mt.,  a  rocky  ridge  along  the 
w.  border,  is  about  1,000  ft.  above  the  river.  The  streams  are  principally  small  brooks  flowing 
directly  into  the  Hudson.  The  soil  is  a  slaty  loam.  ]Ylilton/(p.  v.,)  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  n. 
part,  contains  5  churches  and  about  75  dwellings.  Iflarlborougb,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  part, 
contains  2  churches,  several  manufactories,^  and  about  50  dwellings.  I^attingto^vn  is  a 
hamlet.  The  date  and  statistics  of  the  early  settlement  have  not  been  ascertained.  The  first 
church  (Presb.)  was  formed  Jan.  1,  1764.'   Antwerp  Raspberries  are  extensively  raised. 

IVEIV  PALTZ*— was  granted  by  patent  by  Gov.  Andres,  Sept.  29,  1677.*  Its  bounds  were 
enlarged  April  1,  1775,  and  a  part  of  Hurley  was  annexed  Feb.  2,  1809.  A  part  of  Esopus  was 
taken  off  in  1842,  a  part  of  Rosendale  in  1844,  Lloyd  in  1845,  and  a  part  of  Gardiner  in  1853.  It 
is  an  interior  town,  lying  s.  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  hilly  upland.  The 
Shawangunk  Mts.  extend  along  the  w.  border.  Paltz  Point,  the  highest  summit,  is  700  ft.  above 
tide.  Wall  Kil  flows  n.  e.  through  near  the  center;  it  is  bordered  l)y  wide,  fertile  flats.  The  soil 
is  generally  a  fine  (|uaUty  of  sandy  loam.  Hay  is  one  of  the  principal  products  and  exports. 
IVew  Paltz,  (p.  V.,)  upon  Walkill,  near  the  center,  contains  the  New  Paltz  Academy,  2 
churches,  and  45  dwellings.  Butterville,  Oliioville,  and  8pringtown  are  hamlets. 
The  first  settlements  were  made  by  a  colony  of  French  Huguenots,  a  few  years  before  the  date  of 
the  patent.®  The  oldest  church  record  is  in  French,  and  bears  date  of  1683.  There  are  3  churches 
in  town  ;  Ref.  Prot.  D.,  M.  E.,  and  Friends. 

OLIVE — was  formed  from  Shandaken,  Marbletown,  and  Hurley,  April  15, 1823.  A  part  was 
annexed  to  Woodstock,  and  a  part  of  Woodstock  was  annexed,  in  1853.  It  is  an  interior  town, 
lying  a  little  n.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  n.  and  w.  and  hilly 
in  the  s.  and  e.^  A  considerable  portion  of  the  mountainous  region  is  too  rough  for  profitable  cul- 
tivation. Esopus  Creekflowss.E.  through  the  town,  a  little  s.  of  the  center.  The  soil  is  a  sandy, 
gravelly,  and  clayey  loam.  Lumbering  and  tanning^  are  largely  carried  on.  Shokan,^  (p.  v.,) 
upon  the  creek,  n.  of  the  center,  contains  2  churches  and  20  houses  ;  Samsonville,^"  (p.  v.,)  on 
the  s.  line,  a  church,  tannery,  and  30  houses;  Olive,  (p-"^-')  ^^  the  n.  e.  corner,  a  church  and 
25  houses;  and  Olive  City,  (Olive  Bridge  p.  o.,)  on  the  creek,  near  the  center,  a  tannery  and  20 
houses.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in  the  Esopus  Valley,  in  1740.^'  The  first  church  (Ref. 
Prot.  D.)  was  formed  at  Shokan,  in  1800." 

PL.ATTEKIL.r<^'— was  formed  from  Marlborough,  March  21,  1800.     A  part  of  Shawangunk 

was  annexed  April  3*  1846,  but  was  restored  March  28, 1848.  It  lies  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co., 
near  the  s.  e.  corner.  Its  surface  is  broken  by  a  series  of  ridges  of  an  average  elevation  of  300  ft. 
above  the  valleys.  Its  streams  are  small  brooks  and  creeks.  The  soil  is  a  fine  quality  of  sandy 
and  gravelly  loam.  Plattekill,  (P-^-O  iiear  the  s.  line,  contains  a  church  and  25  dwellings; 
Clintoudale,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  on  the  line  of  Lloyd,  a  church  and  20  dwellings;  Flint, 
(New  Hurley  p.  o.,)  in  the  s.  w.  corner,  on  the  line  of  Shawangunk,  a  church  and  15  dwellings, 
and  lUodena,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  n.  w.  corner,  16  dwellings.    The  first  settlements  were  made  about 


J  This  place  is  situated  at  the  head  of  a  deep,  rocky  gorge 
opening  down  toward  the  Hudson. 

2  About  15,000  wheelbarrows  and  $40,000  worth  of  agricultu- 
ral implemeuta  are  mftnufactured  annually. 

8  The  census  rt'portR  9  churches  in  town;  2  Presb.,  2  M.  E., 
2  Friends,  Prot.  K.,  Kap..  and  Chrietian. 

*  Pronounced  New  Psiwltz,  and  named  from  Pfalz,  the  Ger- 
man name  of  the  I'atatinate. 

5  The  patentees  of  this  tract  were  Lewis  Da  Bois,  Christian 
Deyo,  Abraham  Haabroecq,  Andries  Le  Fevre,  Jean  Brocq, 
Pierre  Deyo,  Lawrens  Bevorie,  Anthony  Crespel,  Abraham 
Du  Roia,  Hugo  Frere.  Isaac  Du  Bois.  and  Simon  Le  Fevre. 

*  The  valley  of  Wall  Kil  was  discovered  by  one  of  the  par- 
ties engaged  in  pursuing  the  destroyers  of  Wiltwyck.  in  the 
summer  of  16t33.  The  persecuted  exiles  from  France,  who  first 
Bonght  refuge  in  flermany,  and  thence  emigrated  to  America, 
df'cided  upon  settling  here.  They  bought  the  land  of  the  In- 
diftue  May  2t>,  lfi77,  and  sof^n  after  thi-y  settled  iu  their  new 
homes.  In  172S,  the  owners  of  the  pitent  intrusted  its  care  to 
12  trustees,  known  as  "The  Twelve  Men."  These  trustees  were 
elected  annually,  until  the  organization  of  the  town  under  the 
Strito  Government.  The  Twelve  Men  iu  17S.S  were  Simon  Du 
Bois.  Jacobus  Haabrouck.  .Tohannis  Fn-er.  .lacob  Hasbrouck, 
jr.,  Abraham  Donaldson.  Abraham  Eltinge.  Petris  Hasbrouck, 
Bamutd  Revii-r,  Benjamin  Deyoi*.  Isaac  Le  Fever,  Matthew  I>e 
Fever,  and  Abraham  Eiu.    By  act  of  March  31, 1785,  the  allot- 


ments made  by  the  Twelve  Men  were  confirmed.  Their  "Com- 
mon Book"  was  to  be  retained  by  the  Surveyor  General  until  a 
convenient  time,  and  then  it  was  to  be  deposited  with  the  co. 
clerk  of  Ulster  co.,  to  be  forever  preserved.  Its  records  are 
deemed  authentic  evidence  in  court. 

7  The  towns  of  Olive.  Rochester,  and  Denning,  corner  on  a 
hill  which  is  about  2,700  feet  above  tide.  Shokan  Point  ia 
about  3.100  feet  high;  and  the  average  elevation  of  the  low- 
lands is  800  feet  above  tide. 

8  There  are  4  extensive  tanneries  in  town,  one  of  which, 
owned  by  Pratt  &  Samson,  is  the  largest  oak  tannery  in  the  co. 
It  produces  70,000  sides  of  sole  leather  annually. 

8  Pronounced  Sho-kan'. 

"*  Named  from  Gen.  Henry  A.  Samson. 

"  Geo.  Middagh  settled  in  1740;  Samuel  Cox,  in  1742;  William 
Nottingham,  in  1745. — all  near  Olive  Bridge;  John  Crispell,  in 
1747,  a  little  E.  of  Shokan;  Hendrick  Crispell,  at  Shokan,  in 
1760;  John  Coons,  in  1775;  and  Thos.  Bush,  in  1755.  a.  of 
Olive  City.  The  first  inn  was  kept  at  Olive  Bridge,  by  Conrad 
Du  Bois;  and  the  first  store,  sawmill,  and  gristniill.  by  Lemuel 
Winchell,  at  Winchella  Fails.  Three  sons  of  Frederick  llnsh 
were  carried  off  by  the  In'Iians  in  1781.  Two  were  killed,  and 
the  third  returned.  The  early  history  of  this  town  is  bleuded 
witii  that  of  Marbb'town. 

12  The  census  reports  4  churches;  2  Ref.  Prnt.D.,  Pap„  M.E. 

1*  Pronounced  Piaw-ta-kill,  and  signifles  "Flat  Brook." 


666 


ULSTER    COUNTY. 


the  commencement  of  the  last  century.     The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  fonned  in  1770; 
Rev.  Stephen  Goetschius  was  the  first  pastor.' 

ROCHESTER^ — was  incorp.  by  patent  June  25,  1703,'  and  organized  as  a  town  March  7, 
1788.  A  part  of  Middietown  (Delaware  co.)  was  taken  off  in  1789,  Neversink  (Sullivan  co.)  in 
1798,  Wawarsing  in  1806,  and  a  part  of  Gardiner  in  1853.  A  part  of  Wawarsing  was  annexed 
March  21,  1823.  It  is  an  interior  town,  lying  a  little  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Ranges  of 
mountains  extend  along  the  E.  and  w.  borders,  and  a  rolling  upland  occupies  the  central  portions. 
Rouduut  Creek  flows  N.  E.  through  the  s.  part,  and  receives  as  tributaries  Sander  Kil,  Peters  Ki!, 
and  several  other  streams.  Vernooy  Creek  flows  s.  through  the  w.  part.  The  soil  upon  the  up- 
lands is  a  gravelly  loam,  and  in  the  valleys  a  sandy  loam  mixed  with  clay.  The  Delaware  & 
Hudson  Canal  extends  along  the  valley  of  Rondout  Creek.  Esopus  millstones  are  largely  quar- 
ried in  this  town.  An  extensive  cave  near  Kyserike  has  been  explored  about  half  a  mile. 
Alligervllle  and  Port  Jackson  are  small  villages  upon  the  canal.  Accord  and  Ky- 
serike are  p.  offices.  The  first  settlements  were  made  about  1700,  by  the  Dutch.*  The  first 
church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  soon  after  the  first  settlement.  There  are  now  2  churches  in 
town ;  Ref.  Prot.  D.  and  M.  E. 

ROSEKDAEE— was  formed  from  Marbletown,  New  Paltz,  and  Hurley,  April  26,  1844.  It 
is  an  interior  town,  lying  e.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  a  rolling  and  broken  upland, 
the  highest  summits  being  200  to  500  ft.  above  the  valleys.  Rondout  Creek  flows  n.  e.  through 
near  the  center,  and  receives  Coxing  Kil  from  the  s.  and  Kottie  Kil  from  the  N.  The  Delaware  & 
Hudson  Canal  extends  along  the  valley  of  the  Rondout.  The  soil  is  principally  a  sandy  loam. 
The  manufacture  of  cement  has  become  one  of  the  most  important  branches  of  business.'  There 
are  SIX  cement  manufactories  in  town.  Rosendale,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  creek  and  canal,  contains  2 
churches  and  450  inhabitants ;  Eawrenceville,  1  mi.  w.,  40  houses;  Bruceville,  (High 
Falls  p.  0.,)  upon  the  line  of  Marbletown,  about  30  houses.  Creek  Eocks,  a  canal  village,  on 
the  E.  border,  and  Wlliteport,  in  the  n.  part,  each  contains  about  20  houses.  The  first  settle- 
ments were  made  by  the  Dutch,  about  1700."  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  in  1797 ; 
Rev.  Thos.  G.  Smith  was  the  first  preacher.' 

SAUGERTIES' — was  formed  from  Kingston,  April  5,  1811.  An  error  in  the  boundary  was 
corrected  June  8,  1812,  and  a  part  of  Kingston  was  annexed  April  2,  1832.  It  lies  upon  the 
Hudson,  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  rolling  in  the  E.  and  hilly  in  the  center  and 
w.  The  hills  upon  the  river  and  extending  2  mi.  back  are  underlaid  by  limestone,  from  which 
quicklime  and  cement  are  manufactured.  Farther  w.  are  quarries  of  fine  flagging  stone.  Platte 
Kil  flows  through  the  town  in  a  tortuous  course  and  forms  the  principal  drainage.  Kaaters  Kil 
flows  along  the  N.  border.  The  soil  along  the  river  is  a  clayey  loam,  and  upon  the  uplands  a  sandy 
and  gravelly  loam.  Quarrying  is  extensively  carried  on.'  Sau^erties,  ( p.  v., )  upon  the  Hudson, 
at  the  mouth  of  Esopus  Kil,  was  incorp.  April  26,  1831,  as  "  Ulster."  Its  name  was  changed 
April  10,  1855.  It  contains  the  Saugerties  Academy,  7  churches,  a  newspaper  office,  and  several 
extensive  manufactories.  Pop.  3,334.  Maiden,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Hudson,  2  mi.  N.  of  Sauger- 
ties, is  the  seat  of  an  extensive  stone  trade.  Pop.  350.  Glasco,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Hudson, 
3  mi.  s.  of  Saugerties,  is  the  seat  of  an  extensive  brick  manufactory  and  stone  trade.     Pop. 

8  Thi3  name  is  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Dutch  "  Zagger,"  a 
sawyer,  from  a  sawmill  built  by  Robert  Livingston  on  Saw  Kil. 
Ebenezer  Wooster  first  used  the  name  in  1749,  when  enrvejing 
the  bounds  of  the  Hardenburgh  Patent. 

In  1826.  Henry  Barclay,  of  N.  Y.,  purchased  the  present  site 
of  the  village,  and  the  water-power.  Ue  built  a  dam^aud  con- 
structed a  race  which  made  a  fall  of  47  feet.  Ue  soon  after  built 
a  rolling  mill,  paper  mill,  and  cotton  factory.  The  laet  named 
has  since  been  changed  to  a  white  lead  factory.  The  Ulster  Iron 
Works  employs  300  hands  night  and  day,  and  manufactures 
6.000  tons  of  bar  and  hoop  iron  annuslly.  The  paper  mill  em- 
ploys 125  hands,  and  turns  out  GOO  tons  of  paper  annually.  The 
White  Lead  Works  employs  40  men,  and  manufactures  1,500 
tons  of  paint  annually.  A  steam  mill  for  dressing  stone  turns 
out  IJ  tons  daily.  The  village  is  also  largely  engaged  in  com- 
merce. About  30  Bail-vessels  are  employed  in  e-vporting  stone 
and  brick.  A  steam  ferry  plies  between  this  place  and  Tivoli 
station  on  the  Hudson  River  R.  R.,  and  a  daily  steamer  runs  to 
New  York. 

*  It  is  estimated  that  2.000  persons  are  employed  in  quarry- 
ing, dressing,  drawing,  and  shipping  stone  from  this  town.  The 
varieties  are  chiefly  flagging  and  curb  stone;  but  cut  stone  for 
many  uses  is  also  sold.  About  a  half  million  of  doUain'  worth 
of  stone  is  shipped  annually  from  Saugerties,  Maiden,  and 
Qluaco. 


1  There are7  churches  in  town;  3  M.E.,Wes.Meth., Ref. Prot. 
D.,  Presb..  and  Friends. 

s  Named  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Rochester.  The  Indian  name 
is  said  to  be  Mom-bac-cus. 

3  The  first  trustees  under  the  patent  were  Col.  Henry  Beek- 
Jnan,  Joachim  Schoonmaker.  and  Mosys  Du  Puy. 

*  In  170.3  the  following  persons  resided  in  town : — Van  Gerritse 
Decker.  Lodewyck  llornbeck.  Leendart  Kool.ar.,  Anthony  Ilorn- 
beck,  Wm.  De  La  Montaigne, Tennis  Oosterhont,  Jan  Cartwright, 
Gysbert  Van  Garde,  Andries  Davies.  and  David  Dn  Bois.  Tennis 
Oosterhont  had  a  "corne  mill"  on  MomhLiccus  Kil.  in  1743. 

'»  More  than  one-half  of  the  cement  made  in  the  co.  is  manu- 
factured in  tiiis  town.  The  water-limestone  quarries  may  be 
said  to  constitute  the  wealth  of  the  town.  The  cement  manu- 
factories are  as  follows : — 

Barrels. 

Niwark  and  RnsmdaJe  Lime  avd  Cement  Cb.,  at  White- 

port,  manuftctures  annually 125,000 

LawrencevilU  M'ln'g  C\nunt  fh.,  annually 50.000 

Jt'fSendaU  Omnit  0>.,  Rosendale,  manufact's  annually       40.000 
Clmrwatrr  ct  Martin,  "  "  "  40.000 

David  S.  Ogden,  "  "  "  28,000 

Luther  Huffman,  "  "  "  8,000 

0  An  inn  was  kept  at  the  old  "Rosendale  Farm"  in  1711. 

7  There  are  5  churches  in  town;  2  Ret  Prot.  D.,  Bap.,  Friends, 
and  K.  C. 


ULSTER    COUNTY. 


C67 


about  300.  West  Camp,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Hudson,  in  the  n.  part,  contains  a  church  and  1-5 
houses.  Quarry ville,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  and  Unionville,  near  the  center,  each  con- 
tains about  300  inliabitants,  who  are  mostly  eugaged  in  getting  out  stone  from  the  neighboring 
quarries.  Olenerle,  upon  the  s.  line,  Tan  Akens  Mills,  near  the  center,  and  Asll- 
bary,  are  small  villages.  The  first  settlements  were  made  by  the  Dutch,  at  an  early  period ;  but 
the  largest  immigration  was  that  of  the  German  Palatinates,'  a  colony  of  whom  located  at  West 
Camp  in  1710.  The  first  church  (Luth.)  was  organized  at  West  Camp,  in  1711.  There  are  now 
15  churches  in  town.^ 

SIIARfDAKEW — was  formed  from  Woodstock,  April  9,  1804.  A  part  was  annexed  from 
Neversink  (Sullivan  co.)  in  1809.  A  part  of  Olive  was  taken  off  in  1823,  Denning  in  1849,  and 
a  part  of  Hardenburgh  in  1859.  It  ia  the  K.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a 
mountainous  upland,  broken  by  deep  ravines.  The  declivities  are  steep  and  rocky,  and  a  largo 
share  of  the  surface  is  too  rough  for  profitable  cultivation.  The  town  is  not  inhabited  except 
along  the  valleys,  the  mountain  region  being  left  to  wild  beasts  and  hunters.  The  soil  in  the 
valleys  is  a  clay  and  sandy  loam.  The  principal  branches  of  business  pursued  are  lumbering, 
shingle  making,  and  tanning.  Sbandaken,*  (p.  v.,)  in  the  n.  part,  contains  a  church,  a  large 
tannery,  a  sawmill,  gristmill,  and  20  houses;  Pine  Hill,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  N.  w.  part,  a  sawmill, 
gristmill,  tannery,  and  15  houses.  liadeivs  Corners,  (The  Corner  p.  o.,)  in  the  extreme  E. 
angle  of  the  town  ;  Pboenlcia,  (p.  o.,)  in  the  n.  e.  corner ;  and  Woodland,  (p.  o.,)  s.  B.  of 
the  center,  are  hamlets.  At  each  of  these  places,  and  at  several  other  points  in  town,  are  exten- 
sive tanneries.'  The  first  settlements  were  made  before  the  Revolution.'  There  are  2  churches 
in  town  ;  Ref  Prot.  D.  and  M.E. 

SHAW AUfGUlVK'— was  formed  as  a  precinct  Dec.  17,  1743,  and  as  a  town  March  7,  1788. 
A  part  of  Gardiner  was  taken  off  in  1853,  a  part  was  annexed  to  Plattekill  in  1846  and  restored  in 
1848.  It  is  the  central  town  upon  the  s.  border  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  a  hilly  and  broken  up- 
land. The  Shawangunk  Mts.,  extending  along  the  w.  border,  are  about  2,000  ft.  above  tide.  The 
Shawangunk  River  forms  about  i  of  the  s.  boundary,  and  flows  N.  E.  through  near  the  center,  re- 
ceiving Dwaars  KiF  from  the  w.  AVall  Kil  flows  n.  e.  through  the  e.  part,  receiving  Muddy  Kil  from 
the  E.  and  Dwaars  Kil  from  the  w.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  loam.  Sba^rangunk, 
(p.  V.,)  in  the  s.  e.  part,  contains  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  spoke  factory,  and  20  hou'ses  ;  lllsterville, 
(p.o.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part,  10  houses;  and  Galeville  Mills,  (p.o.,)  on  Wall  Kil,  a  chuich, 
sawmill,  gristmill,  and  10  houses.  Dwraarskill,  near  the  center,  is  a  p.  o.  Bruynstvick, 
(p.o.,)  on  the  N.  line,  contains  a  church  and  10  houses ;  Jamesburg^ta,  (p.  v.,)  near  the  extreme 
w.  angle,  a  church  and  12  houses.  ISe^w  Hurley  (p.  o.)  is  a  hamlet,  on  the  line  of  Plattekill. 
The  first  settlements  were  made  along  the  valley  of  Shawangunk  River,  by  the  Dutch,  between 
1680  and  1700.'  New  Fort  is  a  locality  where  two  Indian  battles  were  fought  in  1663.  The  first 
church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  Oct.  10,  1753  ;  Rev.  V.  Vrooman  was  the  first  pastor.'" 

WAWARSING" — was  formed  from  Rochester,  March  14,  1806.  A  part  was  re-annexed  to 
Ro.'hester  in  1823.  It  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  in  the  co.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  mountainous 
upland,  broken  by  several  deep  valleys.  The  Shawangunk  Mts.  extend  along  the  e.  border;  and 
spurs  of  the  Catskills  occupy  the  central  and  w.  parts.  The  highest  peaks  are  2,000  to  3,000  ft. 
above  tide.     The  mountainous  portions  in  the  e.  and  s.  w.  corners  are  rocky  and  precipitous  and 


1  Christ'n  Myers  and  brotht^ra  settled  at  a  place  called  "  Church- 
land,"  just  w.  of  Sau^erties  Village.  Martin  Snyder  settled  at 
the  same  place,  and  G.  W,  Dedrick  at  West  Camp.  Aaron  \ew- 
kirk  and  Felte  Fiero  in  the  same  vicinity, — all  in  1700,  Dedrick 
Marrtesstock  settled  at  "  Kmitshiin"  in  172S.  Peter  Winne, 
Edward  Woods,  Myndert  Mynderse.  B.  Barhanl,  Jacobus  Pearsen, 
Myndert  Schutt.  Godfrey  Denolfen,  and  others,  were  early 
eclth-rs.  On  the  18th  of  May,  1711.  there  were  14  Palatinates  at 
*'Elizabethtown,"  111  at  '-Georgetown,"  and  321  at  •'^ew  Vil- 
lage." in  this  town.  The  settlers  afterward  mostly  removed  to 
the  valleys  of  the  Schoharie  and  Mohawk. 

-  4  Ilef.  Prot.  D.,  4  M.  E.,  Germ.  Moth.,  Bap.,  Cong.,  Prot.  E., 
R.  C,  Luth.,  and  Pre.sb. 

3  Said  to  signify  '*  Rapid  Water." 

*  The  road  from  Shandaken  to  Lexington  is  constructed 
through  a  pass  4  mi.  long  and  in  some  places  scarcely  500  feet 
wide,  and  abounding  in  picturesque  scenery.  It  ia  through  the 
watershed  between  Ksopus  and  Schoharie  Creeks. 

^  200,000  sides  of  leather  are  annually  manufactured  in  this 
town. 

"  John  Longyear,  Cornelius  Furlough,  Jacob  Brink,  Coooradt 

Wisner.  and  Frederick  Markle,  all  settled  before  the  war.    

Witherspoon  taught  school  at  The  Corner  at  an  early  period. 


^  Pronounced  Shawn-gum,  and  said  to  mean  "  white  rocks." 
The  kil  or  creek  receives  this  name  from  large  white  rocks  at 
its  junction  with  Wall  Kil ;  and  it  was  applied  from  the  stream  to 
the  mountain  and  town.  Another  version  is  that  it  ia  named 
from  the  Shaw.in,  a  southern  tribe,  and  gunk,  a  mountain, 
or,  The  mountain  that  extends  toward  the  south. 

8  The  Dutch  applied  the  term  Dwjmr  to  streams  that  flowed 
sometimes  in  one  direction  and  sometimes  in  another.  This 
phenomenon  is  true  of  waters  at  the  mouth  only  of  the  stream, 

•.Among  the  early  settlers  were  Jacol'us  Bmyn,  Cornelius 
Schoonmaker,  Abram  Schutt,  Zachariah  Hoffman,  Bei^amia 
Smedes,  Jacob  Decker,  John  Terwilliger,  and  Johannes  Decker. 
Along  Wall  Kil,  Robert  Kain,  Robert  Grahitm,  David  Davis, 
Daniel  Wintield,  Hendrick  Van  Wegen,  and  James  Penneck 
settled  from  1710  to  '30.  A  school  waa  taught  near  Bruyns- 
wick  p.  o..  between  1730  and  "40.  The  first  mill  was  probably 
at  the  junction  of  Wall  and  Dwaars  Kils,  1  mi.  below  Shawang- 
unk Village, 

^^  There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  2  Kef,  Prot.  D,  and  2  M, 
E. 

u  Usually  abbreviated  to  ''  War-sink."  It  is  an  Indian  word, 
an  1  said  to  signify  "  black  bird's  nest." 


668 


ULSTER    COUNTY. 


too  rough  for  cultivation:  The  s.  w.  portion  is  a  hilly  upland.  Rondout  Creek  flows  m  a  deep 
valley  from  the  w.  border  s.  E.  to  near  the  center ;  thence  it  turns  at  nearly  right  angles  ajia  flows  N. 
E.  to  the  E.  border.  It  receives  from  the  s.  Sandburgh  Creek,  a  stream  which  drains  the  w.  declivi- 
ties of  the  Shawangunk  Mts.,  Beer  Creek,  and  the  outlet  of  Cape  Pond,  which  flows  thjough  near 
the  center  and  empties  into  Sandburgh  Creek.  The  Delaware  &,  Hudson  Canal  extttids  along 
the  valleys  of  Rondout  and  Sandburgh  Creeks,  at  the  w.  foot  of  the  Shawangunk  Mts.  The  soil 
in  the  valleys  is  principally  a  sandy  loam.  Lumber,'  leather,  glass,  earthenware,  iron,  and  axes 
are  extensively  manufactured  in  different  parts  of  the  town.  Elleni'ille,  (p. v.,)  upon  Sand- 
burgh Creek,  at  the  mouth  of  Beer  Kil,  was  incorp.  in  Sept.  1858.  It  is  an  important  canal 
village,  and  contains  several  churches,  a  high  school,'  newspaper  office,  and  an  extensive  glass 
factory.'  Pop.  1,700.  IVapanock,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Rondout,  above  its  junction  with  the  Sand- 
burgh, contains  several  churches  and  manufactories,*  and  a  population  of  about  700.  flomo- 
fvack,  (p.  V.,)  a  canal  village,  upon  the  lino  of  Sullivan  co.,  contains  a  church,  glass  factory, 
woolen  factory,  and  20  houses.  Kerlionkson,  (p.  v.,)  a  canal  village,  on  the  line  of  Rochester, 
contains  a  church  and  30  houses.  Lackan'ack,  (p.  v.,)  upon  the  Rondout,  in  the  w.  part,  con- 
tains 2  churches,  extensive  tannery,  and  about  40  houses.  Greenfield,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s.  w.  part, 
contains  2  churches,  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  tannery,  and  about  25  houses.  'Wawarsing,  (p.  v.,^ 
in  the  n.  e.,  contains  a  gristmill,  sawmill,  tannery,  and  about  25  houses.  Port  Benjamin, 
a  canal  village,  south  of  Wawarsing,  contains  about  25  houses.  Port  Klxon,  a  village  upon 
Rondout  Creek  and  the  canal,  in  the  n.  e.  part,  contains  a  church  and  about  25  houses.  The  first 
settlements  were  made  about  the  commencement  of  the  last  century,  principally  by  the  Dutch.' 
During  the  Revolution  the  inhabitants  were  killed,  captured,  or  driven  off  by  the  tories  and 
Indians.*  The  first  church  (Ref.  Prot.  D.)  was  formed  in  1745  ;  Rev.  J.  Fryenmoet  was  the  first 
preacher.' 

WOODSTOCK— was  formed  April  11,  1787,  from  the  settlements  of  Great  and  Little 
Shandaken,  which  had  been  attached  to  Hurley.  A  part  of  Middletown  (Delaware  co.)  was 
taken  off  in  1789,  Windham  (Greene  co.)  in  1798,  and  Shandaken  in  1804.  A  part  of  Olive  was 
taken  off,  and  parts  of  Olive  and  Hurley  were  annexed,  Nov.  25,  1853.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border 
of  the  CO.,  E.  of  the  center.  Its  surface  is  mostly  a  mountainous  upland,  too  rough  for  profitable 
cultivation.  Several  fine  valleys  extend  through  the  town,  separating  the  upland  into  several  dis- 
tinct ridges  and  peaks.  Overlook  Mt.,  in  the  n.  e.  corner,  is  3,500  ft.  above  tide.  Near  its  sum- 
mit is  Shues  Lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  clear  water.  The  scenery  in  this  vicinity  is  among  the 
finest  in  Eastern  N.  Y.  Saw  Kil  and  Beaver  Kil  are  the  principal  streams.  The  soil  is  a  clay  and 
slaty  loam  upon  the  uplands  and  a  gravelly  loam  in  the  valleys.  Woodstock,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  s. 
E.  part,  contains  2  churches,  a  tannery,  and  20  houses ;  Bearsville,  (p.  o.,)  2  rai..w.  of  Wood- 
stock, is  a  hamlet;  Liake  Ilill  is  a  p.  o.,  near  the  center.  The  first  settlements  were  made  just 
before  the  commencement  of  the  Revolution.*     The  first  church  (Luth.)  was  formed  in  180G.' 


"  About  10,000,000  ft.  of  lumber  are  sent  from  this  town 
annually. 

2  The  Ellenville  High  School,  establiBhed  in  1S53.  It  is  a 
boarding  and  day  school. 

3  The  EllenviUe  Iron  ^Vork« — Wm.  TT.  Blonmfr,  proprietor — 
msnnfactures  bark  mills,  leather  rollers,  and  mill  gearing.  It 
employs  2o  men. 

♦  The  Napanock  Ax  Factory  employs  about  100  men,  and 
manufactures  150.000  axes  annually.  The  Napanock  Iron 
Works  employs  50  or  60  men,  and  manufactures  pig  and  wrought 
iron  and  R.  a.  car  axles. 

6  The  first  settlers  were  Abram  BeTier.  John  Bevler,  from 
New  Paltz,  in  1708,  Egbert  De  Witt,  Peter  Kernoony,  and 
Andries  De  Witt.  An  inn  was  kept  by  Johannes  Bevier  before 
the  Revolution.  The  first  store  at  Wawarsing  was  kept  by 
Abram  Vernooy;  the  first  gristmill  was  built  by  Cornelius 
Vernooy. 

*  On  the  12th  of  Aug.  1781,  a  large  party  of  tories  and  Indians, 
nnder  one  Caldwell,  appeared  in  this  town.  They  had  formed 
the  design  of  falling  upon  Napanock,  but,  being  informed  that 
♦hat  place  was  defended  by  a  cannon,  they  came  to  Wawarsing 
jefore  the  inhabitants  were  up  in  the  morning.    At  this  place 


was  a  stone  fort  on  the  site  of  B.  C.  Hornbeck's  1  ouse.  Two 
men  and  a  young  woman  discovered  the  enemy  before  they 
reached  the  fort,  and  the  young  woman  succeeded  in  closing 
the  door  just  in  time  to  prevent  it  from  being  burst  open  by 
the  savages.  The  latter,  finding  further  nttjick  dangerous, 
dispersed  for  burning  and  plundering  the  out  settlements. 
Some  5  or  6  dwellings,  7  barns,  and  a  gristmill  were  burned, 
and  on  the  next  day  the  enemy  withdrew,  laden  with  spoils. 
.Several  lives  were  lost  on  both  sides,  and  much  property  was 
destroyed. — The  Imtians ;  tyr  Narratives  of  Massacres  and  Itepre- 
datietns  on  the  Frontiers  of  Wawarsink  and  Vicinity,  p.  21. 

7  The  census  reports  11  churches  in  town;  4  M.  E.,  3  Ref. 
Prot.  D..  2  R.  C,  Bap.,  and  Friends. 

8  Philip  Bonesteel,  first  innkiK-per,  settled  in  1770;  Edward 
Short,  in  1776;  Peter  Short,  in  17S4;  Jacobus  Du  Boia.  Ephraim 
Van  Keuren,  Philip  Shultis.  and  Henry  Shultis.  sen.,  in  178S ;  Jno. 
Hutchens.  in  1790;  Wm.  Elling.  in  1786 ;  Mathew  Keip,  in  1787  ; 
and  Ja^ob  Montrose  at  an  early  day.  Robert  Livingston  built 
the  first  sawmill,  and  J.  Montrose  the  first  gristmill.  These 
settlements  were  much  harassed  by  the  Indians  during  the  war. 

9  There  are  6  churches  in  town ;  3  M.  E.,  Luth.,  B^P-,  luid 
Friends. 


ULSTER    COUNTY. 


665 


Acres  of  Land,  Vahtaiton,  Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,    Sehools,  Live 
Slock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Ulster  County. 


NuiEs  OF  Towns. 

Acres  OF  Land.  || 

VilOATlOM  OF  1858.               1 

POPULATIOS.  1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

Schools. 

^ 

1 
1 

1 

■3S 

5 

1 

« 

5 

m 

.J 

a 

■& 

•s- 

0 

Vn 

si 

1 

s 

1 

ft.lt 

1 

^ 

1 

4 

,0 

1 

5 

el 

327 

Denoiog 

910 

76,9134 

$71,195 

$450 

$71,645 

385 

307 

132 

131 

86 

Esopus 

13,0+1, 

8,439 

82o,45( 

72,636 

898,085 

2,252 

2,035 

6V9 

837 

605 

16 

1,562 

18,697 

662,979 

73,800 

630,779 

964 

969 

;m 

354 

249 

9 

822 

Hardeuburgh".. 

Hurley 

7,268) 

9,858 

399,254 

15,440 

414.694 

1,094 

1,021 

3S0 

395 

181 

8 

766 

KiDgaton 

8,622 

16,812 

3,066,701 

1.260,918 

4,316,625 

7,162 

6,822 

1,829 

1 

,(73 

746 

15 

4,838 

Llovd 

12,018 

6,613J 

483,685 

87,350 

671,03.5 

1,106 

1,086 

379 

42S 

269 

8 

905 

Marbletown 

17,946- 

1-     14,787 

954,631 

66,700 

1,011,230 

1,887 

1,840 

620 

699 

639 

13 

1,M6 

Marlborough.... 

13,103 

2,874J 

368,S1S 

68,650 

427,369 

1,302 

1.366 

426 

514 

255 

10 

981 

New  Paltz. 

14,428 

6,497i 

614,881 

166.600 

680,481 

1,009 

1,012 

317 

326 

252 

6 

698 

14,663 
15,342 
18,087 

-     22,474 
4.190i 
25,966i 

339,120 
642.644 
800.611 

23,780 
45,200 
34,483 

302.870 
687,844 
836,099 

1,496 

981 

1,768 

1,428 

951 

1,707 

516 
348 
617 

691 
369 
Ml 

367 
265 
391 

14 

9 
13 

1,347 

713 

1,301 

Rocheater- 

Rosendale... 

7,877 

3,371 

694,460 

40,200 

634.660 

1,333 

1,239 

3Vo 

491 

163 

b 

890 

Saugerties 

17,816 

\     14,931} 

1,468,940 

372,660 

1,841,690 

4.R12 

4,506 

l,4.s7 

1,788 

1,020 

22 

3,280 

Shaudaken 

12,7&i 

79,891 

260,87: 

7,600 

268,471 

1,298 

1,164 

461 

454 

266 

20 

1,060 

Shawangunk.... 

21,360 

r       8,097 

742.588 

77,145 

819,734 

1,293 

1,338 

478 

484 

316 

12 

1,140 

Wawarsing 

17,974- 

-     48,052 

871,68i 

71,656 

943,237 

3,729 

3,498 

1,391 

1,436 

716 

30 

2,783 

Woodatock 

8,828 

}     24,253 

239,881 

28,488 
2,482,619 

268,369 

906 

900 

306 

340 

218 

6 

608 

Total 

240,6395  '378.202J 

13,207,29? 

15,689.817 

34,767  133,179 

11,068 

13,051 

6,894 

222 

25,566 

Names  of  Towns. 

Live  Stock.                  1 

Agricultural  Products.                             1 

1 

c'S 

Bush,  of  Gbain. 

1 

■g.  . 

Daisy  Products. 

187} 

1 

153 

s 

e 

1 

1 

I 
4,3964 

1 
643 

11 

05  a, 

2,1-0 

la 

24 

1^1 

31 

314 

14i 

206 

72 

629 

16,160 

Eaopus 

649 

628 

59i 

463 

1,981 

13,122 

36,195  S 

3,282 

11,662 

72,130 

63,287 

727 

604 

818 

1,66£ 

4,449 

2,948 

15,462 

38,8201 

4,428 

3,850 

6,692 

156,649 

459 

llardeuburgh".. 

Hurley 

351 

666 

47'. 

387 

913 

7,648 

22,589 

2,006 

8,324 

3,315 

39,081 

267} 

Kingston 

1,018 

442 

691 

3,260 

2.977 

12.335i 

32.296 

2,8.il 

12,442 

4,460 

28,752 

100 

469 

Lloyd 

636 

554 

W^ 

682 

1,783 

19,709 

27,358J 

3,86S 

3,564 

4,864 

84,634 

208 

718 

v.m 

1,43 

!      1,662 

2,850 

23,4745 

53,080 

4,649 

I    12,916 

18,390 

110,870 

2,778} 

Marlborough. ... 

386 

658 

89 

i         739 

1,821 

20,306J 

30,065J 

3,835 

,      2,940 

4,782 

99,925 

.30 

New  Paltz 

448 

99 

J      1,991 

2,066 

19,809 

38,215 

4,419 

3,759 

8,070 

95,7  S5 

659 

Olive 

437 

1,304 

94- 

,      1,147 

1,019 

11,158} 

26,293i 

3,727 

i      7,469 

208,996 

84,966 

3,068 

Plattokill      .  ... 

518 
664 

767 
1,436 

1,30 
1,29 

1      1.632 
5      2,056 

2,678 
2,230 

21,004 
22,610 

36,434 
49,618} 

4,974 
178 

i      8,559 
I      8,943 

10,024 
3,051 

119,695 
110.773 

90 
1,4.51} 

317 

382 

53 

\         262 

969 

8,252i 

17,772 

1,806 

6,251 

6,465 

32,715 

447 

Saugerties 

1.211 

1,071 

1,72 

I      1,210 

2,664 

14,649J 

41,656i 

6,759 

1,162} 

11.253 

131,887 

1,605} 

Shandaken 

366 

1,262 

81 

0      1,678 

519 

2,089 

17,070 

.1,369 

8,000 

10,616 

63,290 

2,048 

Sbawaugunk.... 

618 

1.294 

1,02 

7      4,599 

3,671 

20,143 

46,182 

4,979 

6,116 

11,936 

235,000 

321 

Wawarfliiig 

797 

2,129 

1,48 

7      2,265 

1.840 

13,623 

69.286i 

6,422 

20,523 

11,613 

152,846 

S!0 

369 

Woodstock 

334 

1,181 
16,808 

■;v 

0      1,368 

1,034 

8,849 

16,455 
692,785} 

2,698 
64.795 

6,889 

3,084 

64,527 

190 

1,291 
16,446} 

Total 

9.893 

17,33 

2    29.841 

34,025!  1264,764{ 

134,639} 

397,764 

1,669,631 

520 

/ 


o  Formed  since  1S55. 


WARREN  COUNTY. 


This  county  was  formed  from  Washington,  March  12,  1813,  and 
■was  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Joseph  Warren,  of  the  Revohition. 
It  lies  s.  and  w.  of  Lake  George,  near  the  e.  border  of  the  State. 
It  is  centrally  distant  65  miles  from  Albany,  and  contains  968  sq. 
mi.  The  surface  is  very  broken  and  mountainous,  less  than  one- 
half  being  susceptible  of  cultivation.  The  mountain  ranges  are 
continuations  of  the  great  mountain  masses  which  culminate  in 
Essex  CO.  The  characteristic  features  of  Essex  are  somewhat  softr 
ened  and  subdued  in  this  co.  The  mountains  are  broader,  less 
pointed,  and  generally  less  precipitous ;  the  valleys  are  wider  and 
more  connected ;  and  there  are  larger  expanses  of  comparatively 
level  land.  With  all  these  modifications,  however,  a  great  part  of 
the  surface  is  wild  and  rugged.  High,  serrated  ridges  traverse  the  entire  extent  of  the  co.,  often 
rising  thousands  of  feet  above  the  valleys.  These  mountains,  being  principally  composed  of  primary 
rocks,  which  strongly  resist  the  action  of  the  elements,  have  a  steepness  of  declivity  and  sharpness 
of  outline  in  marked  contrast  with  the  gradual  slopes  and  beautifully  rounded  summits  of  the 
highlands  of  the  slate  and  limestone  regions.  The  soil  formed  by  the  exceedingly  slow  process 
of  disintegration  is  either  washed  directly  into  the  valleys,  or  in  the  course  of  ages  it  collects  in 
thin  layers  upon  the  hillsides,  giving  nutrition  to  a  scanty  vegetation.  Three  of  the  five  moun- 
tain ranges  n.  of  the  Mohawk  Valley  extend  through  this  co.  The  Palmertown  Range  enters 
the  extreme  E.  part  of  Queensbury  from  Washington  co.  French  Mt.,  a  spur  of  this  range,  at 
the  s.  E.  extremity  of  Lake  George,  rises  almost  precipitously  from  the  lake  and  attains  an  eleva- 
tion of  2,500  to  3,000  ft.  above  tide.  Another  spur  of  this  range  forms  the  Luzerne  Mts.,  which 
extend  through  the  s.  part  of  Luzerne  and  the  e.  part  of  Caldwell, — a  n.  branch  extending  n. 
and  forming  the  whole  series  of  high  blufiFs  which  border  the  w.  shore  of  Lake  George.  The 
second  or  Kayaderosseras  Range  extends  N.  E.  through  Stony  Creek,  Th*rman,  Chester,  and  Ho- 
ricon,  sending  spurs  both  N.  and  s.  Crane  Mt.,  in  the  s.  e.  corner  of  Johnsburgh,  the  highest  peak 
of  this  range,  has  an  elevation  of  3,000  ft.  above  the  surrounding  valleys.  The  third  or  Scbroon 
Range  occupies  the  central  and  northerly  part  of  Johnsburgh  and  the  n.  w.  angle  of  Chester.  It 
consists  of  a  great  number  of  rocky  peaks  rising  to  a  height  of  2,500  to  3,000  ft.  above  tide ;  most 
of  these  have  never  yet  been  named.  The  rocks  that  compose  these  great  mountain  masses  are 
principally  gneiss.  Granite,  white  crystalline,  limestone,  and  serpentine  are  found  in  considerable 
quantities  in  the  fbrm  of  injected  veins.  A  belt  of  this  limestone  extends  along  the  course  of  the 
Kayaderosseras  Mts.,  and  from  it  a  good  quality  of  lime  is  manufactured.  In  the  valleys  and  in 
the  s.  part  of  the  co.  are  found  layers  of  Potsdam  sandstone,  black  marble  of  the  Black  River 
limestone  strata,  Trenton  limestone,  and  Dtica  slate.  Many  of  these  rocks  are  useful  for  building 
materials ;  and  the  limestone  furnishes  an  abundance  of  excellent  lime.  At  the  foot  of  a  granito 
ledge  upon  Crane  Mt.  is  found  a  bed  of  very  pure  porcelain  clay,  supposed  to  have  been  formed 
by  the  slow  disintegration  of  the  feldspathic  rock.  Graphite  and  magnetic  iron  ore  have  also 
been  discovered,  but  not  in  sufficient  quantities  to  be  profitably  worked. 

The  drainage  of  the  co.  is  mostly  through  the  Hudson  River.  This  stream  enters  the  co.  from 
Essex,  in  two  branches  about  10  mi.  apart,  and  these,  after  flowing  through  nearly  parallel 
valleys  for  about  30  mi.,  unite  in  one  stream.  The  E.  branch  is  the  outlet  of  Schroon  Lake,  and 
the  w.  forms  the  drainage  of  the  Adirondack  Mts.'  This  river  has  a  very  rapid  course;  and 
upon  it  are  several  rapids  and  falls,  two  of  which  are  worthy  of  especial  note.'    Lake  George'  is 


*  The  w.  branch  of  the  Hudson  was  called  by  the  Indians 
Tfro-hoken ;  the  e.  br-inch,  At-a-teTta. 

•  Tlie  Ilif^h  Falls  are  situated  ju^t  below  the  great  easterly 
bend  of  the  river  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  Luzerne.  The  water  flows 
in  a  series  of  rapids  for  three-fourths  of  a  mi.  over  a  declining 
rocky  bottom,  and  is  then  compressed  into  a  narrow  gorge  for 
80  roils,  at  the  bottom  of  which  it  shoots  down  a  nearly  perpen- 
dicular descent  of  60  ft.  The  gneiss  ledge  over  which  it  falls 
19  convex  inform. and  the  w.ater  is  broken  into  perfect  sheets 
of  snow- white  foam.  A  few  rods  above  the  last  leapof  the  water, 
and  where  it  is  rushing  with  the  greatest  velocity,  the  river  is 
spanned  by  a  single  plunk  13  ft.  in  length.    At  Glens  Falls  the 

670 


river  flows  over  a  shelving  rock  with  a  trtal  descent  of  60  fl. 
The  fall  is  broken  into  three  channels  by  natural  piers  of  black 
limestone  standing  upon  the  brow  of  tlie  precipice  over  which 
the  water  flows. 

s  Called  by  the  Indians  Can-i-a-de'ri-oit,  the  tail  of  the  lake. 
Tho  name  "Horicon"  has  been  applied  by  some  modern  writers 
to  Lake  George,  and  it  is  said  to  he  an  Indian  word  meaning 
"7 fie  Lak-e  of  Silver  Waters  However  poetic  and  appropriate 
this  designation  may  appear,  or  however  euphonious  it  may 
sound,  it  may  be  qnestioned  whether  a  term  suggested  by  fancy 
alone,  and  never  used  by  the  aborigines,  will  ever  find  place 
among  the  geographical  aajues  of  the  State  as  one  of  Indias  orijiln. 


WARREN    COUNTY. 


671 


situated  npon  the  e.  border,  and  receives  the  drainage  of  the  e.  part  of  the  co.     It  is  3G  mi.  long 
and  1  to  3  mi.  wide.* 

The  soil  of  this  co.  is  mostly  a  thin,  sandy  loam.  The  level  lands  n.  of  Glens  Falls  are  very 
sandy,  and  are  known  as  '*pine  plains.'*  The  declivities  of  the  mountains  have  a  very  thin  soil, 
and  usually  a  scanty  vegetation.  In  the  valleys  is  some  clay  mixed  with  the  sand  and  disinte- 
grated primitive  rocks,  forming  a  deep  and  excellent  soil.  Farming  and  the  manufacture  of  lumber 
and  leather  fbrm  the  leading  pursuits  of  the  people.  Farming  is  mostly  confined  to  stock  raising 
and  dairying.  Immense  quantities  of  logs  are  floated  down  the  Hudson  and  manufactured  into 
lumber,  shingles,  hoops,  staves,  and  heading,  at  Glens  Falls  and  other  places.  Black  marble  is 
quarried  at  Glens  Falls,  and  feldspar  and  kaolin  for  the  manufacture  of  porcelain,  graphite  and 
serpentine  are  also  found  in  different  places.  Peat  exists  in  abundance;  but  it  has  never  been 
extensively  used, 

Caldwell,  at  the  head  of  Lake  George,  is  the  county  seat.^  The  courthouse  was  built  in  1816-17, 
with  the  jail  in  the  basement.    The  poorhouse  is  located  on  a  farm  of  200  acres  in  "Warrensburgh.* 

The  works  of  internal  improvement  are  the  Glens  Falls  Navigable  Feeder,  7  mi.  in  length, 
feeding  the  summit  level  of  the  Champlain  Canal,  and  the  improvement  in  the  log  navigation 
of  the  Hudson.     There  is  no  r.  r.  in  the  co.*     Three  newspapers  are  now  published  in  the  co.* 

This  CO.  was  the  scene  of  some  of  the  sanguinary  battles  between  the  French  and  English  long 
anterior  to  its  settlement.  In  1755,  a  provincial  army  of  5,000  men,  under  Sir.  "Wm.  Johnson, 
designed  to  act  against  the  French  posts  on  Lake  Champlain,  assembled  at  Albany  early  in  June, 
and  were  there  joined  by  a  large  number  of  Mohawks  under  King  Ilendrick.  Forts  Lyman 
(afterward  Fort  Edward)  and  Miller  were  built,  and  a  road  was  opened  to  Lake  George.  The 
news  of  Braddock's  defeat  was  received  before  this  army  left  Albany.  The  expedition  set  out  on 
the  8th  of  Aug.,  by  way  of  Lake  George,  for  Ticonderoga,  with  the  design  of  erecting  a  fort  there. 
Learning  that  the  French  had  anticipated  them  and  had  already  fortified  Ticonderoga,  they  en- 
camped near  the  head  of  Lake  George.  About  the  1st  of  Sept.,  Baron  Dieskau,  the  French  com^ 
mander,  with  a  force  of  200  grenadiers,  800  Canadian  militia,  and  300  Indians,  passed  up  South 
Bay  and  across  the  rocky  peninsula,  with  a  view  of  falling  upon  the  rear  of  the  English 
and  of  cutting  off  their  supplies  from  Fort  Lyman.  On  the  8th,  a  force  of  1000  troops  under  Col. 
Ephraim  Williams,  and  of  200  Indians  under  King  Hendrick,  were  sent  out  to  meet  them ;  but, 
falling  into  an  ambuscade,  the  greater  part  of  the  troops  and  the  two  commanders  were  killed. 
The  survivors  fled,  and  were  immediately  followed  by  the  French.  The  firing  alarmed  the 
camp,  and  a  breastwork  of  logs  was  immediately  thrown  up,  and  300  men,  under  Col.  Cole,  were 
despatched  to  cover  the  retreat  of  the  flying  fugitives  of  the  first  party.  Flushed  with  victory,  the 
French  assailed  the  English  camp  with  great  fury,  and  a  sanguinary  conflict  ensued,  which  lasted 


1  This  lake  has  long  hpen  celebrated  for  itfS  wild  and  pictn- 
re«fine  beauty.  It  ia  almost  completely  surrounded  by  pr©- 
cipitouB  and  rocky  mountainB,  and  is  studded  with  little,  green 
islHnds.  Us  winding  course  ia  marked  by  a  panorama  of  heauti- 
ful  and  distinct  views.  At  some  points  high  rocky  bluffs  rise 
precipitously  from  the  very  edge  of  the  water,  and  at  others  a 
little  basin  seems  scooped  out  among  the  hills.  Most  of  the 
mountain  declivities  are  covered  with  verdure;  but  a  few  of 
them  are  masses  of  naked  rocks.  This  whole  region  is  full  of 
hinturic  interest.  Each  mountain,  precipice,  and  cape  has  its 
own  tales  and  reminiscences  of  the  olden  time.  Some  of  the 
fiprcest  conflicts  of  the  last  long  wars  between  the  French  and 
English  colonists  took  place  upon  its  shores,  and  the  pure  and 
peaceful  waters  of  this  besntiful  lake  were  often  ensanguined 
with  the  blood  of  fierce  combatants.  Again  during  the  Revolu- 
tion war  held  hii;h  carnival  here:  but  eince  that  period  its  visi- 
tors have  been  principally  the  lovers  of  the  wild  and  beautiful 
in  nature.  Sabbath-Day  Point  and  Lord  Howes  Point  are  two 
low  beaches  upon  the  w.  shore,  near  the  foot  of  the  lake;  and 
Rngers  Slide  Jaa  pn-cipic©  upon  the  W.  shore,  200  feet  hich.  rising 
at  an  angle  of  nbout  25  degrees.  Tongue  Mt.,  forming  a  pro- 
montory upon  the  w.  shore.  Anthonys  Nose,  upon  the  b.  shore, 
and  French  Mt.,  n^itr  the  head  of  the  lake,  have  each  an  eleva- 
tion of  mnre  than  2,000  feet. 

*  The  first  courts  worn  hi-ld  at  the  '^Ldke  Hforge  Coffee  nnuse." 
Thw  clerk's  office  was  located  !»y  law  within  1  mi.  of  this  place; 
and  this  was  made  the  point  fmm  which  the  eherifT'sniilfnge  was 
reckoned.  By  an  act  passed  March  31,  1>!15,  three  commission- 
ers were  to  be  appointed  by  th"*  governor  to  locate  the  site  of  the 
e^iurthouse  and  jaii  and  to  superintend  its  erection.  The  first 
CO.  officers  were  Wm.  Kobards,  First  Jitftpf ;  Ilonry  Pjiencer, 
S'tfriff:  John  Beebe,  f^lirl:  ;  Robert  Wilkinson,  Surrnrjatfi  ;  Ar- 
chibald McMurphy,  Wm.  Stover.  Richard  Cameron,  and  Jirah 
Skinner,  CorcmTs.  Thom:i8  Archibald,  the  present  co.  clerk, 
has  held  the  office  without  interruption  since  Feb.  1S21. 

8  The  poorhouse  is  a  tw*  story  wooden  building.  ItisflOyears 
old  and  in  a  very  dilapidated  condition.  Tlie  annual  revenue 
ftwn  the  farm  \%  about  {'JOO.    The  average  number  of  himates 


is  54,   who   are    supported    at  a  weekly  expense  of  90    cts. 
each. 

*  The  Lake  Ontario  <t  Hudson  River  R.  R.  (late  the  Sacketa 
Harbor  k  Saratoga  R.R.)  Is  laid  out  through  tlie  c<i.  along  the 
w.  side  of  the  Hudson,  and  a  large  part  of  the  grading  has  been 
done;  but  the  work  is  now  suspended. 

6  Tht  WaTny.n  Co.  Patriot^  commenced  at  ttlens  Fallsabont  1S13 

by  John  Cunningham,  was  the  first  paper  in  the  co, 
A  newspaper  was  begun  at  Caldwell  in  1S17  or  18  by  Timothy 

Haskins,  which  in  four  or  five  years  was  changed  to 
Tlie  Guardian.    It  was  a  few  years  after  sold  to Broadwell, 

its  name  again  changed,  and  in  two  years  after  it  was 

removed  to  Glens  Falls. 
7%e  Gfens  Falls  Ohnfri'fr  was  started  in  1S2.S  by  E.  0.  Sidney. 

In  about  two  years  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Abiel 

Smith,  who  changed  its  name  to 
Thfi  Glens  Falls  Republican^  and  afterward  to 
The  Warrfin  Co.  Ates:s€7iger.    In  lfi35  it  was  again  changed  to 
The  Warren  On.  JifesaeTig'-r  and  Glens  Fulls  Jdvrrtiser,  by  which 

name  it  was  continued  until  1840,  when  it  appeared  an 
77(6  Glens  Falh  GmeUe,  and  in  two  years  after  as 
The  Glens  Falls  Clarion.    In  1850  it  passed  info  the  hands  of 

Zabina  Kills,  its  present  publisher,  by  whom  its  name 

was  changed  to 
The  Glens  Falls  Free  Press. 
The  Glens  FtiUs  ^ectator  was  publi.-^hed  in  1840  by  D.  Ellis. 
T)it  WarrenOn.  Tr/nV?  wasstartcdby  JamesA.  Kellogg.and  con- 

finu''d  one  year. 
The  Glens  Falls  Messenger  was  established  by  A.  D. 

Milne. and  is  still  continued. 
The  Glens   Falls   Republican  was  cstahliFhod  In 

1842  by  M.   A  T.  J.  Strong,   v.-ho  cnndnctod  it  until 

1^51.    It  haspa-'isi'd  through  several  hands,  and  is  now 

published  l)y  H.  M.  Uarri.s. 
The  Kechal lite  and  Temperance  Bvgle,  semi-mo.,  was  commi^nped 

in   1845  by  M.  &  T.  J.  Strong,  and  conliuued  several 

months. 
The  Star  of  Destiny  was  nublished  In  185C  bv  A.  D.  MiIo«. 


672 


WARREN    COUNTY. 


from  12  M.  to  4  p.m.  and  resulted  in  the  total  defeat  of  the  French.*  Col.  Blanchard,  who  commanded 
at  Fort  Lyman,  learning  the  result  of  the  first  engagement  In  the  morning,  sent  a  party  of  about  300 
N.  H.  and  N.  Y.  militia  to  the  scene  of  the  conflict.  This  party  surprised  the  French  camp,  and, 
after  dispersing  the  troops  left  to  guard  it,  they  hastened  on  to  the  English  camp  and  arrived  in 
season  to  assist  materially  in  gaining  the  victory.  This  engagement  "was  the  only  one  fought 
during  the  campaign  of  1755  that  reflected  the  slightest  credit  upon  the  British  army. 

The  remainder  of  the  season  was  spent  in  erecting  Fort  Wm.  Ilenry,'  on  the  site  of  the  English 
camp.  A  projected  attack  upon  Ticonderoga  during  the  winter  was  prevented  by  the  uncommon 
severity  of  the  season.  In  the  summer  of  1756  a  provincial  force  of  6,000  men  assembled  here, 
but  too  late  to  effect  their  purpose.*  On  the  17th  of  March,  (St.  Patrick's  day,)  1757,  the  French, 
under  Longee,  a  famous  partisan  officer,  attempted  to  surprise  the  fort,  but  were  successful  only 
in  burning  a  few  buildings  and  several  vessels  on  the  lake.*  Soon  after,  a  party  of  400  English, 
under  Col.  Parker,  marched  to  attack  Ticonderoga;  but,  falling  into  an  ambuscade,  only  72 
escaped.  Early  in  the  summer  of  1757,  Montcalm,  the  French  commander,  made  extensive 
preparations  to  capture  Fort  Wm.  Henry.  On  the  last  day  of  July,  Maj.  Putnam  discovered  a 
large  body  of  the  enemy  encamped  on  an  island  about  18  mi.  down  the  lake.  Gen.  Webb,  who 
had  immediate  command,  upon  being  apprized  of  the  matter,  enjoined  Putnam  to  keep  the  intelli- 
gence secret  and  to  prepare  to  escort  him  (Webb)  back  to  Fort  Edward,  leaving  Col.  Munro  in 
command  at  Fort  Wm.  Henry.  The  enemy  soon  landed  in  force  and  proceeded  to  invest  the  fort. 
The  garrison  consisted  of  2,500  men,  and  the  attacking  force  amounted  to  nearly  9,000.  Gen. 
Webb  had  a  force  of  4,000  regulars  at  Fort  Edward,  only  9  mi.  distant,  and  the  militia  were 
rapidly  collecting  to  afford  further  aid.  Col.  Munro  sent  pressing  and  repeated  messages  for 
relief;  but  Gen.  Webb  paid  no  attention  to  the  request,  and  appeared  totally  indifferent  to  every 
thing  but  his  own  personal  safety.  At  length,  upon  the  ninth  day  of  the  siege,  he  allowed  Gen. 
Johnson  to  march  with  a  body  of  volunteers  to  the  relief  of  the  garrison ;  but  before  the  party 
had  proceeded  3  mi.  they  were  recalled,  and  Gen.  Webb  sent  a  letter  to  Col.  Munro  advising  him 
to  surrender  on  the  best  terms  he  could  obtain.  This  letter  was  intercepted  and  given  to  Col. 
Munro  by  Montcalm  in  person.  Thus  cut  off  from  hope,  and  assured  by  Montcalm  that  the 
garrison  should  march  out  with  the  honors  of  war,  with  their  arms,  and  one  of  the  four  cannon 
of  the  fort,  with  their  baggage  and  baggage  wagons,  and  an  escort  of  500  men  to  Fort  Edward, 
he  surrendered.  The  Indians  soon  began  to  pillage  the  baggage,  and,  not  being  checked,  fell 
upon  the  sick  and  wounded,  whom  they  killed  and  scalped.  Excited  by  carnage,  they  next 
surrounded  and  attacked  the  disarmed  and  defenseless  troops;  and,  although  Montcalm  was 
implored  to  furnish  a  guard,  as  promised,  the  massacre  was  allowed  to  proceed  until  a  large 
number  were  killed  or  hurried  away  prisoners  for  more  deliberate  torture.* 

In  the  summer  of  1758  an  army  of  7,000  regulars  and  10,000  provincials,  under  Gen.  Aber- 


1  Gen.  Jobnson  ■was  wounded  early  in  the  action,  and  the  com- 
mand devolved  upon  Gen.  Lyman.  The  former  in  his  oflRcial 
report,  probably  from  jealousy,  avoided  mentioning  the  muna  or 
BerviceB  of  the  latter,  altliough  they  were  efficient  and  v.ihiable. 
Popular  report  stated  the  French  loss  at  700  to  800  ;  but  Johnson 
reported  it  from  300  to  400.  Official  acconnts  place  the  English 
)o88  at  120  killed,  80  wounded,  and  62  missing.  Dieskau  died 
in  England  several  years  after,  from  wounds  received  in  the  en- 
gagement. 

2  Named  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland,  brother  of  the 
heir  apparent,  afterward  George  III. 

8  Several  incidents  worthy  of  note  occurred  during  this  expe- 
dition. At  Halfway  Brook  a  party  of  teamsters  were  Kurprised 
ftnd  captured  by  GOO  of  the  enemy,  who  immediately  retreated 
down  Sfouth  Bay.  A  hundred  men,  under  Capta.  Israel  Put- 
nam and  Robert  Rogers,  set  out  from  Fort  Wm.  flenry,  crossed 
over  to  Lake  Champlain,  and  from  an  ambuscade  poured  a  de- 
Btructive  fire  upon  the  en^-my  as  they  passed.  A  number  were 
killed,  and  the  English  immediately  retreated  across  to  Lake 
George.  The  next  morning  they  embarked  on  the  lake,  and  at 
8abbath-Day  Point  they  were  met  ty  aforce  of  French  and  Indians 
three  times  their  own  number.  The  English  dashed  forward 
to  the  attack ;  and.  by  ^ese^^■iDp  their  fire  until  they  came  into 
close  quarters,  they  threw  the  enemy  into  confusion,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  escaping,  with  the  loss  of  one  killed  and  two  wounded. 
In  the  winter  of  IT-'ie-ST,  Maj.  Kogere,  with  74  men,  went  down 
Lake  George,  and  crops'?'d  over  to  Lake  Champlain,  where  he  cap- 
tured a  small  narty  of  /rench.  On  his  return  he  was  met  on  the 
Bummit  of  the  hill  by  aparty  of  200  French;  and  a  desperate  con- 
flict ensued.  RIaJ.  Rogers  was  wounded,  and  the  command  de- 
volved upon  Capt.8tark.  (afterward  Gen.  Stark  of  the  Revolution.) 
The  conflict  continued  until  nightfall,  when  the  French  re- 
treated, leaving  half  of  their  number  dead  upon  the  field.  Of 
the  rangers,  48  remained  unwounded ;  and  the  company  pushed 
forward  through  deep  snows  and  reached  the  lake  in  the  morn- 
ing. They  were  now  quite  exhausted ;  and  Staik,  with  two  others, 


pushed  on  to  Fort  Wm.  Henry,  arriving  in  the  evening.  He  pro- 
cured sleds  and  returned  to  bis  suffering  comrades,  whom  he 
reached  the  next  morning.  The  party  finally  reached  the  fort, 
after  extreme  suffL-ring. — Fognrs's  Jwir.,  p.  36. 

<  A  part  of  the  garrison  were  Irish,  and  could  not  be  restrained 
from  celebrating  the  day  by  getting  drunk.  The  fort  was  de- 
fended by  the  vigilance  of  the  rangers,  who  repulsed  the  French 
while  the  other  troops  were  coming  to  their  senses. — Sogers'a 
Jour.,  pp.  43, 109. 

6  Humanity  sickens  at  the  revolting  scenes  of  this  day,  which 
have  stained  thememoryof  Montcalm  with  the  blackest  infamy. 
A  few  sur\ivors  of  the  massacre  fled  for  their  lives,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  reaching  Fort  Edward  in  safety.  The  next  day  Maj. 
Putnam  was  sent  with  his  rangers  to  watch  the  motions  of  thb 
enemy  ;bnt  he  arrived  just  attfr  they  embiuked  and  were  beyond 
reach  of  pursuit.  As  he  came  to  the  shore,  the  demolished  fort, 
the  burning  buildings,  and  the  ghastly  and  mangled  corpses  of 
the  dead  and  the  feeble  groans  of  the  dying,  quickly  told  the 
dismal  story  of  treachery  and  barbarity,  scarcely  less  chargeable 
to  the  cowardice  of  "Webb  than  to  the  perfidy  of  Montcalm. 
AVriters  differ  as  to  the  number  murdered  on  this  occasion,  the 
estimates  varying  from  300  to  1,500.  It  is  probably  nearer  the 
latter  number.  There  was  a  tendency  among  the  provincials  to 
exaggerate,  and  among  the  regulars  to  palliate,  the  occurrences 
above  related.  The  massacre  occurred  Aug.  9,  1767.  Among 
the  accounts  given  by  eyewitnesses  of  the  scene,  that  of  Jonathan 
Carver,  the  well-known  traveler,  has  perhaps  been  most  fre- 
quently quoted.  The  feelile  attempts  that  have  been  made  to 
defend  the  reputation  of  Montcalm,  undt/r  the  plea  that  he  ex- 
erted himself  to  restrain  the  Indian  barbarities,  find  ample  refu- 
tation in  the  fact  that  with  five  or  six  times  more  whites  than 
savages  the  latter  were  allowed  to  proceed  unmolested.  If  this 
relatively  small  number  could  not  be  restrained,  there  must 
have  existed  a  degree  of  insubordination  incompatible  with  mili- 
tary success  and  sti-angely  at  variance  with  the  condition  of 
other  armies  under  Montcalm. 


WARREN   COUNTY. 


673 


crombie,  proceeded  against  Ticonderoga  by  way  of  Lake  George.  On  the  5th  of  July  the  army 
embarked  on  board  of  900  bateaux  and  135  boats,  and  passed  down  the  lake  with  all  the  pomp 
and  pageantry  of  war ;  and  four  days  after  they  returned,  shattered  and  broken,  with  a  loss  of  nearly 
2,000  in  killed  and  wounded.  Such  of  the  latter  as  admitted  of  removal  were  sent  to  Fort  Edward ; 
and  the  main  army  lay  inactive  in  camp  at  the  head  of  the  lake  during  the  remainder  of  the  season. 
In  June,  1759,  Maj.  Gen.  Amherst,  with  an  army  of  12,000  men,  advanced  to  Lake  George,  and, 
while  waiting  to  complete  his  arrangements,  he  commenced  building  Fort  George,  about  half  a  mile 
F  from  Fort  Wm.  Henry.'  As  Gen.  Amherst  advanced  to  Ticonderoga,  the  French  withdrew  to 
Orown  Point,  and  soon  after  to  the  Isle  Aux-Noix.  Quebec  fell  soon  after,  and  the  conquest  of 
(!aiuida  was  completed  the  following  year,  rendering  the  vast  military  works  at  Fort  George,  Ti- 
conderoga, and  Crown  Point  of  no  further  utility,  and  allowing  the  hardy  pioneers  of  civilization 
to  advance  and  occupy  the  fertile  valleys  which  as  provincial  soldiers  they  had  previously  traversed. 


B01.T01V— was  formed  from  Thurman,  March  25,  1799.  Hague  was  taken  off  in  1807,  a  part 
of  Caldwell  in  1810,  and  a  part  of  Horicon  in  1838.  It  lies  E.  of  the  center  of  the  co.,  between 
Schroon  River  and  Lake  George.  The  e.  shore  of  the  lake  constitutes  the  e.  line,  so  that  more 
than  one-half  of  the  lake  is  within  the  limits  of  this  town.  The  surface  is  principally  occupied 
by  the  high  mountainous  ridges  which  lie  between  the  lake  and  Hudson  River.  There  are  3 
principal  peaks  belonging  to  this  range  within  the  limits  of  the  town, — Tongue  Mt.,'  on  the 
peninsula  between  the  lake  and  North  West  Bay,  2,000  ft.  above  tide ;  Pole  Hill,  in  the  N.  part, 
2,500  ft.  high ;  and  Cat  Head,  in  the  center,  1,500  to  1,800  ft.  above  tide.  The  mountains  gene- 
rally rise  precipitously  from  the  lake;  but  toward  the  w.  the  surface  assumes  the  character  of  a 
high,  rolling  upland.  High  up  among  the  hills  are  numerous  little  crystal  lakes,  the  principal 
of  which  are  Trout  Lake,  Marsh  Pond,  and  Edgecomb  Pond.  Trout  Lake  is  1,000  ft.  above  Lake 
George.  Not  more  than  one-half  of  the  town  is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  The  soil  is  a  thin, 
sandy  loam.'  Bolton,  (p.  o.,)  situated  on  Lake  George,  opposite  Green  Island,*  is  a  small  vil- 
lage. The  settlement  of  the  town  was  commenced  in  1792,  principally  by  New  England  people.* 
The  improvements  are  confined  mostly  to  the  vicinity  of  Lake  George.     The  first  church  (Presb.) 

was  formed  in  1804 ;  the  Rev.  Armstrong  was  the  first  settled  minister.     There  are  2 

churches  in  town;  Bap.  and  M.  E. 

CAl.D'WEIiIi' — (Col'-well)  was  formed  from  Queensbury,  Bolton,  and  Thurman,  March  2, 
1810.  It  lies  around  the  s.  extremity  of  Lake  George.  A  range  of  mountains  occupies  the  ex- 
treme w.  part.  The  central  portion  is  a  high,  hilly  region,  descending  abruptly  to  the  lake. 
Prospect  Hill,  w.  of  the  s.  extremity  of  the  lake,  has  an  elevation  of  2,000  ft.  above  tide.  Soutli 
of  this  hill  a  low  valley  extends  s.  w.,  through  Caldwell  and  Luzerne,  to  the  valley  of  the  Hud- 
son near  the  mouth  of  Sacandaga  River.  This  depression  seems  to  be  a  continuation  of  the  valley 
in  which  Lake  George  is  situated,  and  shows  that  a  change  of  a  few  feet  in  the  elevation  would 
cause  the  waters  of  the  lake  to  flow  into  the  Hudson.  In  this  valley  is  a  chain  of  smalt  lakes. 
A  narrow  strip  of  low  land  lies  immediately  upon  the  border  of  the  lake.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam 
among  the  hills,  and  a  dark,  rich,  sandy  and  clayey  loam  on  the  lowlands.  Caldtfell,  (p.  v.,) 
the  county  seat,  is  situated  near  the  head  of  Lake  George.  It  contains  2  churches,  several  hotels, 
and  about  50  dwellings.  This  place  is  the  annual  resort  of  great  numbers  of  tourists  and  pleasure 
seekers,  who  are  attracted  hither  by  the  beautiful  scenery  of  the  lake  and  the  surrounding  region. 
During  the  summer  the  steamer  Minnehaha  plies  daily  between  Caldwell  and  the  foot  of  the  lake. 
Fort  William  Henry  and  Fort  George  were  situated  near  Caldwell,  at  the  head  of  Lake  George  and 
Bloody  Pond,  in  the  s.  part.  Settlement  commenced  at  the  head  of  Lake  George,  soon  after  the 
conquest  of  Canada;  but  its  progress  was  arrested  by  the  Revolution.  Soon  after  the  close  of  the 
war,  settlement  was  recommenced.'     There  are  2  churches  in  town;  Presb.  and  Union. 


1  Scarcely  a  vestige  of  thin  fort  remains,  most  of  the  Btones  of 
which  it  was  built  having  been  burned  for  lime. 
s  Indian  name.  At-al'a-po'sa,  a  eliding  place. 

*  Within  the  limits  of  this  town  is  the  most  beautiful  scenery 
of  the  lake.  Its  channel  is  studded  with  a  multitude  of  small 
islands,  some  of  them  ronsisting  of  barren,  desolate  rocks,  while 
others  are  clothed  with  the  richest  verdure.  Diamond  Island, 
near  the  8.  extremity  of  the  lake,  derives  its  name  from  the 
beautiful  quartz  crystals  that  have  been  found  upon  it. 

♦  During  the  Revolution  this  isliind  was  fortitied,  and  Gen. 
Bargoyne,  when  he  advanced  to  the  Hudson,  left  upon  it  a  large 
amount  of  public  property,  guarded  by  two  companies  of  the 
47th  regiment,  commiind^d  by  Capt.  Aubrey.  After  the  partial 
success  wliii-li  atb^nded  the  attt^mpt  upon  Ticomieroga  in  1777, 
Cols.  Warren  and  Brown,  on  the  ^th  of  Sept.,  made  an  attack 


13 


upon  this  place  with  the  gnoboats  they  had  captured.  They 
were  repulsed  with  loss,  and  retreated  to  the  E.  shore.  The 
enemy  being  in  pursuit,  they  burned  their  boats,  crossed  the 
mountains  to  Lake  Champlain,  and  returned  to  Gen.  Lincoln's 
camp  at  Pawlet.  Vt. 

ft  Among  the  first  settlers  were  .lames  Ware,  Joseph  Tuttle, 
Rufus  Randall,  BenJ.  Pierce,  David  and  Reul>en  Pniitli,  Eleazer 

Goodman,  Daniel  Nims,  Frederick  Miller, Boyd, Wright, 

and  Thomas  McGee.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Lydia  Ware  ; 
and  the  first  death,  that  of  Mrs.  John  Pierce.  Sally  Boyd  t^iught 
the  first  school. 

*  Named  from  Gen.  James  Caldwell,  a  merchant  of  Albsny. 
who  became  a  patentee  of  1,595  acres,  in  4  pai-cels  by  gr.uivn 
dated  Sept.  18--J9,  1787, 

'  Among  the  early  settlers  were  Danlol  Shaw,  Bononi  Burtch« 


674 


WARREN    COUNTY. 


CHESTER— was  formed  from  Thurman,  March  25,  1799.  It  lies  upon  the  n.  border  of  the 
CO.,  between  Hudson  and  Schroon  Rivers.  The  surface  is  broken.  The  Kayaderosseras  Mts.  extend 
through  the  s.  part,  and  the  Schroon  Range  occupies  the  n.  w.  portion.  A  continuation  of  the 
valley  of  Schroon  Lake,  extending  in  a  s.  w.  direction  to  the  w.  branch  of  the  Hudson  and  sepa- 
rating the  mountain  ranges,  contains  a  chain  of  small  lakes.  Loon  Lake  is  the  principal  one  in 
this  valley;  and  s.  of  it,  among  the  hills,  is  another  sheet  of  water,  called  Friends  Lake.  Schroon 
Luke  is  about  1,000  feet  above  tide,  and  the  hills  that  surround  it  are  500  to  800  feet  above  its 
surface.  The  soil  is  generally  light  and  sandy.  A  cave  in  Mt.  Moxon  is  quite  a  curiosity,  and 
has  some  local  notoriety.  Near  the  N.  border  of  the  town,  upon  Stone  Bridge  Creek,  is  a  natural 
bridge.'  Feldspar  has  been  quarried  to  a  considerable  extent  and  exported  for  the  manufacture 
i)f  pnrcel.'iin.  Cbestertown  (p. v.)  contains  the  Chester  Academy  and  246  inhabitants;  sind 
PottersviHe  (p.  v.)  126.  The  .settlement  of  this  town  commenced  toward  the  close  of  the  lost 
century.^  The  first  church  (Bap.)  was  organized  in  1796;  and  the  Rev.  Jehiel  Fox  was  the  first 
pasbir.     There  are  now  6  churches  in  town.* 

HAGUE — was  formed  from  Bolton,  Feb.  28,  1807,  as  "  Rochester."  Its  name  was  changed 
April  6,  1808,  and  a  part  of  Horicon  was  taken  off  in  1838.  It  lies  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  George, 
in  the  n.k.  corner  of  the  co.  The  surface  is  very  mountainous,  not  above  one-fourth  being  suscep- 
tible of  cultivation.  The  mountains  along  the  lake  generally  descend  abruptly  to  the  very  edge 
of  the  water.  The  narrow  valleys  of  Trout  and  North  West  Bay  Brooks  form  the  line  of  separation 
between  the  two  mountain  ranges.  Ash  Grove  Hill,  upon  the  w.  border,  is  2,000  to  2,500  feet  above 
tide;  and  upon  the  shore  of  the  lake,  in  the  N. e.  corner,  is  another  mountain  peak  of  nearly  the 
same  elevation.  Rogers  Rock  is  on  the  lake  shore,  in  the  n.  e.  corner.  It  rises  from  the  water's 
edge  at  an  angle  of  about  45°  and  attains  an  elevation  of  300  feet.*  Sabbath-Day  Point  is  a  head- 
land projecting  into  the  lake  near  the  s.  border.^  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam.  Iron  ore  has 
been  found  near  Seventh  Pond;  and  mines  have  been  worked  to  some  extent,  but  they  are  now 
abandoned.  The  beauty  of  the  lake  and  the  solitary  grandeur  of  the  mountain  scenery  of  this 
town  render  it  a  favorite  resort  for  hunting  and  fishing  parties  and  the  lovers  of  the  beautiful  in 
nature.'  Hague,  (p.o.,)  on  McDonalds  Bay,  and  Wardboro  (p.o.)  are  hamlets.  The  prin- 
cipal improvements  are  along  the  lake.  The  first  settlement  was  made  about  1796.'  There  is  a 
union  church  in  the  town. 

HORICOIV — was  formed  from  Bolton  and  Hague,  March  29,  1838.  It  lies  upon  the  N.  border 
of  the  CO.,  E.  of  Schroon  Lake.  The  greater  part  of  its  surface  is  occupied  by  the  two  branches  of 
the  Kayaderosseras  Mts.,  which  are  here  divided  by  the  valley  of  Brant  Lake.  In  the  n.  and  E. 
these  ranges  rise,  in  numerous  sharp,  rocky  peaks,  1,600  to  2,000  feet  above  tide;  but  in  the  s.  and 
w.  they  sink  into  a  hilly  plateau  region.  About  one-half  of  the  surface  is  arable.  Among  tho 
hills  are  great  numbers  of  small  lakes,  laving  with  their  cryfstal  waters  the  base  of  the  huge,  rocky 
ma.8ses  which  tower  above  them.  Brant  Lake,  the  principal  of  them,  is  10  mi.  long  and  is  every- 
where surrounded  by  precipitous  hills.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam.  Horicon,  (p.  v.,)  situated 
on  Schroon  River,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town,  contains  about  20  houses;  and  IHill  Brook, 
(p.  V.,)  on  Schroon  Lake,  15  houses.  Aaron  Harris,  Joseph  Gregory,  Bishop  Carpenter,  and  Timo- 
thy Bennett  were  some  of  the  earliest  settlers.'  The  first  church  (Wes.  Meth.)  was  formed  in  1820 ; 
Nathaniel  Streeter  was  the  first  minister.    There  are  4  churches  in  town ;  2  Bap.,  M.  E.,  and  Wes.  Meth. 

JOH]«SBIJRC}H°— was  formed  from  Thurman,  April  6,  1805.     It  lies  upon  the  bank  of  the 


—  Tierce,  Andrew  Edmonfis,  Reed  Wilbnr,  Obadiah  TTTint, 
Thaddeus  Bradley,  Eliaa  Proaaer,  Nathan   Burdick,  Geo.  Van 

Deusen. Butler,  and  Christopher  Potter.    The  first  inn  and 

gristmill  wore  erected  by  Gen.  Caldwell. 

1  The  stream,  after  falling  into  a  basin,  enters  a  passage  in 
two  branches  under  a  natural  arch  40  feet  hish  and  about  80 
broad,  and  emerges  in  a  single  stream  from  under  a  precipice 
54  feet  high.  247  feet  from  it.y  entrance.  This  bridge  is  described 
in  Morse's  Oeogi-aphy  (1796)  as  follows: — "In  the  county  of 
Montgomery  is  a  small,  rapid  stream  emptying  into  Schroon 
Lake,  west  of  Lake  George :  it  runs  under  a  hill,  the  base  of  which 
is  60  or  70  yards  in  diameter,  fbrming  a  most  curious  and  beauti- 
ful arch  in  tb>'  rock,  as  white  as  snow.  The  fury  of  the  water 
and  the  roughness  of  the  bottom,  added  to  the  terrific  noise 
within,  have  hitherto  prevented  any  person  from  passing  through 
the  chasm." — Am.  Univ.  Ge/y.y  503. 

8  The  first  settlers  were  Titus,  Jabez,  Levi,  Gideon,  Enos,  Jona- 
than. Daniel,  and  Caleb  Mead, Beman,  Isaac  Bennett.  .Tolin 

Haskins,  Obadiah   and  Benj.   Rnapp,  Noel  Wightman.  James 

Ptorbuck, Steward,  and  D.  and  J.  Punderson.    The   first 

birth  was  that  of  a  son  oi'  Caleb  Mead ;  and  the  first  death,  that 
pf  Martin  Wightman. 

•  3  M.  E.,  Bap.,  Preab.,  and  ProL  B. 


*  This  rock,  sometimes  called  Rogers  Slide,  receives  its  name 
from  an  incident  traditionally  related  of  the  escape  of  Maj,  Robert 
Rogers  at  this  place  in  the  winter  of  175S,  He  was  surprised 
at  the  top  of  the  rock  by  a  band  of  Indians,  and  most  of  his  party 
were  cut  off;  but  he  escaped  by  sliding  down  the  rock  to  the 
frozen  surface  of  the  lake. 

^  It  is  generally  supposed  that  this  name  was  derived  from  the 
fact  that  Gen,  Amherst  and  his  suite,  while  passing  down  the 
lake  on  their  way  to  Ticonderoga  in  the  summer  of  1759,  stopped 
here  to  refresh  themselves  upon  the  Sabbatii ;  but  this  deriva- 
tion of  the  name  is  doubtful,  for  it  is  mentioned  in  Rogers's  Jour- 
nal, June  28,  1768, — the  season  before. 

8  On  the  20th  of  July.  1S56,  the  steamer  John  Jay.  while  on 
her  way  up  the  lake,  was  burned  near  Garflelds.  Six  persons 
jumped  overboard  and  wore  drowned ;  but  the  rest  wore  rescued 
by  boats  from  the  shore. 

^  Among  the  first  settlers  wore  Abel  Rising,  .\bner  Briggs, 
Elijah  Bailey,  Samuel  Cook,  Ellis  Denton,  Samuel  Patchin,  John 
Holman,  Isaac  and  Urial  Balcom.  and  Uri  Waiste. 

6  Howard  Waters,  Nathan,  Benj..  and  James  Hayes,  Benj. 
Hayes  2d,  John  Bobbins.  .lames  Frazier,  and  Benj.  Wright  we!« 
also  early  settlers,     Hannah  I'.eynolds  taught  the  first  schooL 

*  Named  from  John  Thurman,  an  early  settlor. 


WARREN    COUNTY. 


675 


Hudson,  and  is  the  n.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Its  surface  is  very  broken  and  mountainous.  The 
Schroon  Range  occupies  the  n.  and  central  parts;  and  a  spur  of  the  Kayaderosseras  Range  extends 
into  the  s.  Crane  Mt.,'  the  highest  peak  of  the  latter,  is  about  3,500  feet  above  tide.  Tlie  greater 
part  of  the  town  is  too  rough  and  broken  for  cultivation.  The  arable  land  is  confined  to  the  narrow 
valleys.  The  soil  is  a  sandy  and  gravelly  loam.  Kaolin,  serpentine  iron  ore,  and  otlicr  minerals 
are  found.  There  are  3  large  tanneries  in  town.  Jobnsburg'b,  (p.  v.,)  on  Mill  Creek,  contains 
20  houses;  Kobles  Corners,  on  the  same  stream,  25  ;  IVortb  Creek,  (p.  v.,)  on  the  Hudson, 
at  the  mouth  of  North  Creek,  15;  and  The  Glen,  (p.  o.,)  on  the  Hudson,  in  the  s.  E.  corner  of 
the  town,  7.  The  first  settlement  was  made  soon  after  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  by 
John  Thurman,  the  proprietor  of  extensive  tracts  in  this  part  of  the  State.''  The  first  church  (Bap.) 
was  organized  in  1793.     There  are  4  churches  in  town.' 

IjUZERME — was  formed  from  Queensbury,  April  10,  1792,  as  "  Fairjidd."  Its  name  was 
changed  April  6,  1808.  A  strip  of  territory  1  mi.  wide  was  set  ofi"  to  Queensbury,  March  30, 
1802.  It  lies  upon  the  e.  bank  of  Hudson  River,  in  the  s.  extremity  of  the  co.  Two  branches  of 
the  Luzerne  Mts.  extend  through  the  town,  respectively  occupying  the  N.  and  s.  portions.  They 
are  separated  by  the  valley  which  extends  s.  w.  from  the  s.  end  of  Lake  George.  A  chain  of  small 
lakes  lies  along  its  course ;  and  in  them  two  streams  take  rise,  one  of  which  flows  to  Lake  George 
and  the  other  to  the  Hudson.*  About  one-half  of  the  surface  bordering  upon  the  river  is  a  high, 
hilly  region,  but  arable.  Kettle  Bottom,  in  the  s.  part,  and  several  peaks  of  the  ridge  which 
extends  along  the  e.  border,  are  2,000  to  2,500  feet  above  tide.  The  soil  is  a  light,  smdy  loam. 
liUZerne  (p.  v.)  is  situated  on  the  Hudson,  above  its  confluence  with  Sacandaga  Rifcr.  Pop. 
280.  The  first  settlements  were  made  about  1770,  along  the  Hudson.  Most  of  the  early  settlers 
occupied  lands  leased  from  Ebenezer  Jessup,  the  patentee.     There  are  3  churches  ir.  town.' 

CJUEESfSBUIlY — was  incorporated  by  patent'  as  a  township,  May  20,  1762,  and  recognized 
as  a  town,  March  13,  1786.  Luzerne  was  taken  o8"  in  1792,  and  a  part  of  Caldwell  in  1810.  A 
strip  of  territory  1  mi.  wide  was  taken  from  Luzerne  and  added  to  this  town  in  1802.  It  lies 
between  Lake  George  and  the  Hudson,  and  is  the  s.E.  corner  tovm  of  the  co.  The  w  part  is  occu- 
pied by  the  Luzerne  Mts.,  and  the  extreme  N.  part  by  French  Mt.,  a  high,  rocky  bluff  which  rises 
precipitously  from  the  surface  of  Lake  George  to  a  height  of  2,500  to  3,000  feet  above  tide.  The 
central  and  s.  parts  are  rolling,  gradually  declining  toward  the  s.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam 
in  the  interior,  and  a  deep,  tough  clay  upon  the  river.  The  fall  in  the  Hudson  at  Glens  Falls  is 
about  50  feet  high,  and  affords  valuable  mill  privileges.  Below  the  fall  is  a  small  island,  through 
which  is  a  cave  extending  from  one  channel  to  the  other.  The  manufacture  of  lumber  is  largely- 
carried  on.'  Glens  Falls,*  (p.  v.,)  incorp.  April  12,  1839,  is  situated  on  the  Hudson,  in  the  s. 
part.  It  contains  9  churches,  the  Glens  Falls  Academy,  3  newspaper  oflices,  2  banks,  and  several 
manufactories.'  Pop.  3,420.  West  Glens  Falls,  on  the  Hudson,  contains  25  houses;  and 
Queensbury,  (p.  v.,)  in  the  e.  part  20.  Freucb  Mountain  (p. o.)  is  a  hamlet.  The 
summit  level  of  the  Champlain  Canal  is  fed  through  the  Glens  Falls  navigable  feeder  vrith  water 
taken  from  the  Ilud.son  above  the  falls.  The  settlement  was  commenced  in  1766 ;  but  its  progress 
was  very  slow  until  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution.'"  The  first  house  of  worship  was  erected  by 
the  Society  of  Friends,  in  1786.     There  are  now  11  churches  in  town." 

STOIVY  CREEK— was  formed  from  "Atho?.,""  Nov.  3,  1852.  It  lies  upon  the  w  bank  of 
Hudson  River,  and  is  the  s.  w.  corner  town  of  the  co.  Nearly  the  whole  town  is  still  a  wilderness. 
Through  the  center  of  the  town  extend  mountain  ranges,  several  peaks  of  which  attain  an  eleva- 
tion of  more  than  2,000  feet.  The  valleys  of  E.  and  w.  Stony  Creeks  are  narrow  ravines,  forming 
a  natural  pass  between  the  valleys  of  the  Hudson  and  Saeandaga.     The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loemi. 

*  This  patent  embraced  2,300  acres. 
^  An  itumenw  number  of  lojrs  ip  annually  fixated  down  frx/m 

the  pine  forests  of  the  Upper  Hudson  to  Oiens  Falls  and  Foit 
Edward.  At  one  mill  upon  the  State  dam  at  the  former  place 
are  12  gates  and  250  saws. 

8  The  Indian  name  of  this  place  is  said  to  liave  been  Kay-au- 
do-ros-sa.     It  was  called  ''  Glftiiilh'^  for  some  time. 

*  This  place  contJiina  4  sawmills,  a  flouring  mill,  and  an  eal**- 
blishment  fur  sawing  marble. 

10  Among  the  first  settlers  were  .Abraham  Wing,  Feed  Fen  in, 
Asajih  and  Benajah  Putnam.  Jeffrey  Cooper,  Icliabod  Merritt, 
and  Caleb  Dowell.  Immediately  after  the  war.  Benj.  Wing.  Neho- 
miah  Seelice.  Phineas  Babcock,  Wni.  Roland,  David  Bennett, 
James  Ilougbson,  Silas  Brown,  and  Jeremiah  Briggs  .sultK.d  iu 
town. 

11  2  Friends,  2  R.  C.  Bap.,  M.  E,  Presh.,  Pnit.  E,  Ol.  of  Mes- 
eiali,  Asso.  Presb.,  and  Univ.  1*  See  Thuruian. 


J  There  is  a  small  pond  near  the  summit  of  the  mountain 
which  is  much  frequented  by  cranes;  and  from  this  circum- 
Btanoe  it  derives  its  name.  Seen  from  Warrensburgh,  11  mi. 
distant,  the  mountain  presenta  a  striking  reFembtance  to  the 
profile  of  the  human  face. 

2  Among  t!  e  early  settlers  wore  Robt.  Woddell,  Geo.  Hodgson. 
John  Wilkinson,  Reuben  and  Calvin  Washliurn.  and  Samuel 
Bonierrille.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  Polly  Woddell:  the  first 
marriage,  thai  of  Calvin  Washburn  and  Betsey  Woddell;  and 
the  first  death,  that  of  Enos  Grover.  The  first  mills  were  erected 
in  1789  or  '90,  by  Mr.  Thurman.  He  opened  a  store  and  built  a 
distillery;  and  in  1795  he  erected  a  woolen  factory.  This  was 
Boon  after  changed  to  a  cotton  factory ;  and  as  early  as  1797  he 
erected  calico  printing  works,  the  first,  it  ia  believed, in  America. 

>  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Free  Will  Bap.,  and  Wes.  Meth. 

*  Hadley  and  Jessup  Falls,  upon  the  Hudson,  are  within  this 
town.    See  page  688.  ^  Bap.,  M,  E.,  and  Union. 


676 


"WARREN    COUNTY. 


Creek  Center  (p.  o.)  and  Stony  Creefe,  (p.o.,)  both  upon  Stony  Creek,  are  hamlets.  The 
first  .settlement  Tras  made  about  179.5.'  The  iirst  preacher  was  Jonathan  Paul,  a  Christian  Indian. 
The  first  church  (Presb.)  was  formed  about  1800.^ 

THURMAW— was  formed  April  10,  1792.  Bolton  and  Chester  were  taken  off  in  1799,  Johns- 
burgh  in  1805,  and  a  part  of  Caldwell  in  1810.  The  town  was  divided  into  "Athol"  and  Warren.s- 
burgh  Feb.  12, 1813  ;  and  '•  Athol"  was  divided  into  Thurman  and  Stony  Creek,  Nov.  3, 18.52.  It  lies 
upon  the  w.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  s.  w.  of  the  center  of  the  co.  The  w.  part  is  a  high,  broken 
upland,  almost  unknown  except  to  hunters.  The  e.  portion,  along  the  Hudson,  is  a  hilly  plateau, 
with  several  peaks  rising  1,000  feet  above  the  valley.  Among  the  hills  are  numerous  small  lakes. 
The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam.  AtllOl  (p.  o.)  and  Ttaurman,  (p.o.,)  both  in  the  E.  part,  are 
hamlets.  Settlement  was  commenced  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century.*  A  Bap.  church  was 
tir,st  formfed ;  Elder  Jehiel  Fox  was  the  first  preacher.     There  are  now  4  churches  in  town.' 

WAKREIVSBURGH— was  formed  from  Thurman,  Feb.  12,  1813.  It  lies  between  the  two 
branches  of  the  Hudson,  near  the  center  of  the  co.,  and  upon  the  ridges  s.  of  the  junction.  The 
peninsular  portion  is  a  rolling  plateau  600  to  1,000  feet  above  the  river.  The  s.  w.  part  is  occupied 
by  an  immense  mountain  mass  with  several  summits  2,400  to  3,000  feet  above  tide.  Nearly  two- 
thirds  of  the  land  in  town  is  arable.  The  soil  is  a  light,  sandy  loam  among  the  hills,  and  upon  the 
river  it  is  nearly  the  same,  mixed  with  some  clay.  'Warrensburgb  (p.  v.)  is  on  Schroon  River, 
3  mi.  from  its  junction  with  the  Hudson.  Pop.  700.  Across  the  Hudson,  below  the  mouth  of 
Schroon  River,  is  a  long  bridge  connecting  tliis  town  with  Thurman.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  a  few  years  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution.*  A  M.  E.  church,  the  first  in  town,  was  organ- 
ized in  1796;  and  the  Rev.  Henry  Ryan  was  the  first  minister.     There  are  4  churches  in  town.' 


Acres  of  Land,  Valuation,   Population,  Dwellings,  Families,  Freeholders,   Schools,  Live 
Stock,  Agricultural  Products,  and  Domestic  Manufactures,  of  Warren  Coxmty. 


Names  op  Towns. 

Acres  of  Lato).  1 

Valuation  op  1858.          | 

Population.  | 

i 

s 

.1 

ScHOOia. 

^ 

1 

11,  l£ 

5 
c 

1 

e 

§ 

1 

oi 

449 

1 

0. 
1 

1 

i 

2 

4 

o 

4l 

10 

Bolton 

9.5S3J 

21,868 

113,972 

6,050 

120,022 

625 

542 

216 

232 

196 

CaldwelL 

4,891J 

9,081 

75,628 

16..326 

91,963 

452 

428 

164 

170 

138 

6 

378 

Chester 

16,498 

20,428 

198,333 

13,250 

211,683 

993 

943 

359 

385 

363 

20 

957 

Ila^ue 

6.154i 

29,6561 

69,449 

6.259 

64.708 

309 

806 

96 

110 

67 

7 

277 

7,492 

28,655 

101,580 

17,275 

118,866 

678 

568 

226 

335 

176 

12 

651 

Johnsburgh 

12.954J 

80,846} 

209,463 

6,102 

214.665 

1,059 

924 

356 

396 

293 

14 

800 

Luzerne 

10.281J 

n,187i 

91,418 

9.350 

100,768 

666 

620 

265 

265 

208 

13 

622 

21,288J 

16,674i 

1,002,430 

344,300 

1,316.730 

3,237 

3,201 

1,182 

1,294 

848 

24 

2,273 

Stonv  Creek 

3,618 

8,695 

10,845 

45,113 
41,922 
20,010 

65.492 

63,400 

172,485 

1,450 

600 

13,160 

66,942 

64,000 

186,636 

491 

687 
987 

422 
672 
969 

178 
238 
3.34 

180 
247 
365 

12.3 
168 
238 

7 

7 

11 

131 

3.59 

424 

722 

7,812 

Warrenaburgh 

Total 

111,202J 

331,341 

2443,650 

432,111 

2,576,761 

10,184 

9,485 

3.614  1  3,979  1  2,807 

Lite  Stock.                  j 

Ageictltokai  Pkoducts. 

1 

6C9H.  OF  GbUW. 

1 

V  ■ 

■g. 

DAiRr  Prodcctb. 

1| 
l,629i 

i5 

1 

i 

1 

I 

1 

^1 

ma. 

11 
5    6.592 

O   3 

0,(13 

fcS 

Bolton. 

277 

1,000 

58 

B    2.065 

454 

706 

10,721 

2,445 

12,41 

4S,606 

11,171 

Caldwell 

171 

288 

29 

3       856 

.347 

872 

10,683 

767 

7,18 

-    4,211 

27.632 

1,294 

460 

1.121 

70 

3    2,270 

694 

811 

31,855 

2,778 

26,14 

9    6,705 

43,030 

4.425 

1,406 

Hague 

132 

665 

26 

9       601 

aw 

648 

9,601  i 

1.123 

8.10 

5    6,292 

27,300 

1.290 

161 

180 
358 

728 
1.064 

36 
91 

6    1,094 
3    2.034 

385 
7.'M 

638 

858 

20,7874 
,       32.246 

1,768 
2.962 

13.31 

'      457} 

44,200 
63.606 

1,290 
6.940 

1,291J 
2,023 

Johnsburgh 

Luterne 

28.175    6.150 

282 

777 

48 

I       9.30 

4.1-4 

686 

20,362, 

l,492j 

9.a55    3,473 

40.600 

1,800 

61 6i 

960  i  1.039 
143       336 
128       600 
260       703 

1,36 
26 
30 
60 

3  3,164 
9       601 
8    1.148 

4  1.819 

1,452 
222 
220 
603 

6,173 
189 
330 
352 

85,90SJ 

i       10,165 

13,075, 

16,483i 

3,720- 

998 

2.074 

1.961 

36,40 
9.43 
11.84 
12.93 

5  20,744 
7       635 
■    3.511 

102.982 
21,470 
26..575 
36,886 

30,920 

658 

4.700 

2,440 

1,505 
698 
247 
674 

11,434J 

Warrenaburgh 

5    2,10 

2 

ToUl 

3,341 

8 

121 

6,16 

i  16,472 

5,703 

12.164 

\     270,889 

22.088}'173,328'68,77 

a 

482,7 

86 

64,634 

»  The  first  settlers  were  James  Ferguson,  James.  John,  and 
(le<>.  Donald,  Wm.  Riley.  Wm.  and  Alex.  Murray,  Hugh  McMiller. 
and  John  and  Jae.  E.  Cameron.  The  first  birth  was  that  of 
Annjt  Murray. 

2  Tho  census  reports  4  churches ;  Bap.,  M.  E.,  Presb.,  VI ^.  Meth. 

*  Nanieti  in  honor  of  John  Thurman. 

*  AniODg  the  early  settlers  were  Thurston  Kingston,  Wm. 
■ohoson,  Zebadiah  Burdick,  Elisha  Kendall,  Oliver  Brooks, 


Richardson  Moore.  Benajah  Wells,  Amoa  Bowen,  Abiel  Frost, 
and  John  King.  The  first  marria;;e  was  thnt  of  Duncan  Mcfiuen 
and  Miss  Cameron;  and  the  first  death,  that  of  John  Roynoldfi. 

6  Bap.,  M.E..  Prot.  Meth..  and  Wes.  Meth. 

6  Wm.  Bond,  Joseph  Hutchinson,  Wm.  Lee.  .Tnsiah  Wood- 
ward,  Varnum.  Richard.'^on  Thurman.  and  Wni.  Jnlmson 

were  some  of  the  first  settlers.  The  first  death  was  that  i)f  Wm- 
Johnson.  '  2  M.E.,  Wea.  Meth.,  and  Presb. 


WASHINGTON   COUNTY. 


This   countj'  was  formed  from  Albany  as  "  Charlotte   County,^''' 
March  12,  1772.     Its  name  was  changed  April  2,  1784;  Clinton 
CO.  was  taken  off  in  1788  ;  the  E.  portion  was  ceded  to  Vermont  in 
1790 ;'  a  strip  along  its  s.  border  was  annexed  from  Albany  Feb.  7. 
[1791;  and  Warren  co.  was  taken  off  in  1813.     It  lies  on  the  E. 
1  border  of  the  State,  is  centrally  distant  from  Albany  45  ijiiles,  and 
I  contains  an  area  of  850  sq.  mi.     The  surface  consists  principally  of 
|r        'ii^-_     ---T  ' '  jc'       'S3  a  series  of  ridges  extending  n.  e.  and  s.  w.,  and  tlie  valleys  between 
\  /  them.     The  remarkable  depression  which  extends  southerly  from 

the  s.  extremity  of  Lake  Champlain  divides  these  ridges  into  two 
distinct  groups, — the  N.  belonging  to  the  Palmertown  Mt.  Range, 
and  the  s.  constituting  one  of  the  connecting  links  between  the  high- 
lands of  Southern  New  York  and  those  of  Western  Vermont.  The  s.  group  is  subdivided  into  three 
principal  ranges,  which  are  all  related  and  of  the  same  general  character.  The  most  southerly  of 
these  ranges  is  a  northerly  continuation  of  the  Taghkanick  Range  of  Rensselaer  co.,  occupying  the 
greater  part  of  White  Creek  and  the  e.  part  of  Jackson.  The  declivities  are  usually  steep,  and  the 
summits  broad,  broken,  and  rocky.  The  second — sometimes  described  as  a  continuation  of  the 
Petersburgh  Mts.  of  Rensselaer — constitutes  the  highlands  of  Cambridge,  Jackson,  Salem,  and  the 
E.  part  of  Hebron  and  Granville.  In  Salem  it  spreads  out  like  a  fan  between  the  streams.  The 
third  comprises  the  highlands  of  Easton,  Greenwich,  Argyle,  Hartford,  Granville,  Hampton,  and  the 
E.  part  of  Whitehall.  It  might  with  propriety  be  called  Cossayuna  Range,  from  the  principal  lake 
which  it  incloses.  The  declivities  of  these  ranges  are  usually  steep,  and,  except  where  broken 
by  ledges,  are  arable  to  their  summits.  They  gradually  rise  toward  the  E.,  reaching  thoir  culmi- 
nating point  near  the  E.  border  of  the  co.  The  highest  summits  are  1000  to  1200  feet  above 
tide.  These  three  ranges  belong  to  one  general  group  and  are  of  the  same  geological  formation. 
They  are  composed  of  slate  rock,  ledges  of  which  crop  out  along  their  whole  extent.  Many  of 
these  ledges  in  Granville  and  Hebron  are  quarried,  and  furnish  stone  much  valued  for  roofing, 
building,  and  ornamental  purposes.  Among  the  slate  quarries  are  found  numerous  veins  of  injected 
quartz,  intersecting  the  slate  strata  in  every  direction,  varying  from  the  thickness  of  paper  tu 
several  inches.  They  often  present  cavities  and  surfaces  beautifully  studded  with  transparent 
crystals  of  quartz.  The  edges  of  the  slate  are  sometimes  bent  and  distorted  by  the  quartz  dikes, 
showing  the  extreme  heat  and  great  force  of  the  injected  veins.  The  soil  in  this  system  of 
highlands  consists  chiefly  of  disintegrated  slate,  and  is  very  fertile. 

The  second  group  of  highlands,  belonging  to  the  Palmertown  Mt.  Range,  occupy  the  towns  ot 
Fort  Ann,  Dresden,  Putnam,  and  the  e.  part  of  Whitehall.  They  belong  to  the  primary  format 
tion,  their  rocks  consisting  principally  of  gneiss,  granite,  sandstone,  and  impure  limestone.  Their 
sides  are  very  precipitous  and  broken,  and  their  summits  are  wild  irregular  masses  of  naked, 
barren  rocks.  The  valleys  between  them  are  narrow  and  rocky,  often  bordered  by  precipices 
many  hundred  feet  in  height.  The  soil  is  cold  and  unproductive,  like  that  of  all  regions  of  a 
similar  geological  formation.  A  narrow  valley  extending  s.  w.  from  the  s.  extremity  of  South 
Bay  divides  the  group  into  two  ranges.  Saddle  Mt.,  overlooking  South  Bay  and  1000  ft.  above 
tide,  is  the  highest  peak  in  the  s.  range ;  and  Black  Mt.,  2878  ft.  above  tide,  is  the  highest  peak 
in  the  N.  range.    Diameter  Rock,  on  the  N.  shore  of  South  Bay,  is  1300  ft.  above  tide.* 


'  The  oriirinal  bounds  of  thisco.  were  as  follows: — All  that  part 
of  the  State  N.  of  the  present  co.  of  Saratopa,  and  of  a  line  ex- 
tending; from  the  mouth  of  Stony  Creek  510  chains  E. ;  thence 
8.  to  the  Batten  Kil.  and  alontr  that  stream  to  the  8.  line  of 
Princetowu.  and  thence  to  ^^Oumhf.rhtntf^  co.  Its  w.  line  was  the 
present  w.  line  of  Sarato^ra  co.  continued  to  Canada,  and  its  E. 
line  the  w.  lines  of '•Cu»i/yfr/«0(/"  and '*(??oMCe5(.T"  coa.  These 
limits  embraced  the  w.  h.Tlf  of  Vermont.  N.  of  the  Batten  Kil, 
and  the  present  cos.  of  Warren,  Essex,  Clinton,  and  a  part  of 
Fmnklin. 

3  Named  from  Princess  Charlotte,  eldest  daughter  of  Geo.  III. 

8  The  act  of  cession,  by  commissioners  appointed  for  the  pur- 
pose, WM  dated  Oct.  7,  1790.  and  the  line  was  finally  settled  by 
commisiiioaers  frol»>  both  States  in  1812.     The  N.Y.  commis- 


sioners were  Smith  Thompson,  Simeon  He  Witt  and  Geo.  Tib- 
bitts.    See  Notes  to  N.  Y.  .Session  Laws.  April  15. 1814. 

*  The  following^  table  of  elevations  is  mostly  from  Dr.  Fitch's 
Survey  of  Washington  co. ; — 

FRBT. 

Black  Mountain,  in  Dresden,  the  highest  peak 2,87S 

Wiiiards  Mountain.  Easton 1,605 

Bald  .Mt..  Greenwich 9V^ 

Summit  between  Hudson  and  Champlain  Valleys.- 891 

Mt  Defiance  (Spafford's  Gazetteer) 720 

Pinnacle,  North  Granville 694 

Batten  Kil,  Vt.  Line  (Sargeant's  Canal  Survey) 502 

Summit  between  Lake  and  Hudson  River 469 

Eagle  Bridge  E.  It.  level,  above  Troy  (S.  M.  Johnson  1 401 

677 


678 


WASHINGTON    COUNTY. 


The  Hudson  River  forms  the  s.  half  of  the  w.  border  of  the  co.  A  rich  intervale,  from  half  a 
mi.  to  a  mi.  in  width,  bordered  by  a  series  of  clay  bluifs  20  to  60  ft.  high,  extends  along  its  course. 
Most  of  the  other  streams  of  the  co.  are  tributaries  of  the  Hudson,  and  among  them  are  the 
Hoosick,  Batten  Kil,  Moses  and  Fort  Edward  Creeks,  and  many  smaller  streams.  Wood  Creek^  is 
a  deep,  sluggish  stream,  flowing  into  Lake  Champlain  and  draining  the  valley,  which  here  extends 
from  the  lake  to  the  Hudson.  The  soil  along  the  valley  is  mostly  a  hard,  stiff  clay.  The  Metto- 
woe,  or  Pawlet,  and  the  Poultney  Rivers,  from  Vt.,  are  tributaries  of  Wood  Creek.  In  the  co.  are 
several  other  streams  important  as  mill  streams.^  Lake  Champlain  s.  of  Ticonderoga  is  scarcely 
more  than  a  ship  canal  through  a  reedy  marsh  bordered  by  rocky  cliffs.  Lake  George  lies  along 
the  N.  w.  border  of  the  co.  Among  the  hills  in  the  interior  are  several  small  lakes,  the  principal 
of  which  is  Cossayuna  Lake,  in  Argyle.^ 

The  various  branches  of  agriculture  form  the  leading  pursuits  of  the  people.  The  principal 
grains  raised  are  rye,  spring  wheat,  oats,  buckwheat,  and  corn.  Peas,  beans,  flax,  and  potatoes 
are  also  extensively  cultivated.  Stock  raising,  dairying,  and  wool  growing  are  also  extensively 
pursued.     The  manufactures  of  the  co.  are  principally  along  the  Hudson  and  Batten  Kil. 

The  county  offices  are  divided  among  several  towns.  The  courts  are  held  alternately  at  Salem  and 
Sandy  Hill,  and  the  clerk's  office  and  co.  poorhouse  are  located  at  Argyle.*  The  jail  is  connected 
with  the  courthouse  at  Salem,  and  all  prisoners  sentenced  for  more  than  two  months  are  sent  to  the 
penitentiary  at  Albany. 

The  principal  public  works  in  the  co.  are  the  Champlain  Canal,^  extending  in  and  along  Wood 
Creek  and  the  Hudson  to  Greenwich ;  the  Saratoga  &  Whitehall  R.  R.,  extending  through  Fort 
Edward,  Kingsbury,  Fort  Ann,  and  Whitehall,  with  a  branch  to  Lake  Station  and  another  to 
Castleton,  Vt.  ;  and  the  Rutland  &  Washington  R.  R.,  extending  from  Eagle  Bridge,  through  White 
Creek,  Jackson,  and  Salem,  to  the  State  line. 

The  first  newspaper  in  this  co.  was  established  at  Salem,  in  1788.® 

Upon  the  advent  of  the  whites,  few  Indians  were  found  within  the  limits  of  this  co. ;  but  Indian 


Sandy  Hill  Center,  green  and  street  (W.  T.  Baker) 2S0 

Glens  Falls  Feeder,  summit  level  *'         229 

Champlain  Canal  "  (Spafford) 140 

Iludson  River,  Ft.  Edward  to  Ft.  Miller  *■        110 

''  above  Saratoga  Dam  "        92 

Lake  Champlain  (various  authorities) 86to93 

Lowest  point  on  Hudson  in  Easton 75 

Fort  Edward  (R.  R.  Survey) 143 

Fort  Ann  "  121 

Comstocks  Landing  "  114 

Whitehall  Junction  "  121 

Lake  Champlain  "  « 88.2 

fcitateLine  "  328 

1  i?.  du  Chicnt.  or  *' River  of  Logs"  of  the  French. 

2  At  Sandy  Hill  a  dam  8  to  10  ft.  high  and  1200  ft.  long  crosses 
the  Uudson,  the  water  setting  back  to  the  foot  of  the  rapids 
below  Glens  Falls.  At  Fort  Edward  a  dam  27  ft.  hiuh  and  900 
feet  long  was  built  by  the  State  in  1821,  as  a  fee<ier  to  the 
canal,  but,  the  Glens  Falls  feeder  superseding  it,  it  whs  sold  to 
a  company  in  1840  and  cut  down  to  16  ft.  The  Saratoga  Dam 
(where  the  Champlain  Canal  cros-ses  the  Hudson  into  Saratoga 
CO.)  is  1390  feet  Ion?.  Batten  Kil  is  crossed  by  9  dams.  White 
Creek  furnishes  a  large  number  of  mill  sites,  once  improved,  but 
now  mo.«tlv  abandfint-d.  Black  Creek  has  several  valuable  and 
improved  mill  sites.  Mettowee  or  Pawlet  River  has  also  several 
valuable  mill  sites. 

a  The  following  estimates  are  taken  from  Dr.  Fitch'a  Ag.  Sur- 
vey of  Wash.  Co.  :— 

ACBEft. 

Surface  of  Lake  Champlain  (within  the  co.). 6,400 

"      of  Hudson  River  "  - 1.56(» 

Kingsbury  Swamp 9,600 

Aggregate  amount  covered  by  water  or  marshes. 27,229 

•'  «  «      by  roads 8,200 

"  "       unimproved  private  lands 188,052 

"  '*       lands  in  cultivation 310.760 

*  The  first  co.  officers  under  the  State  Government  were  Wm 

Daer,  First  Jwlge, ;  Ebenezer  Clarke,  Cb.  Clerk  ;  John  Thomas, 

Sheriff;  and  Richard  Hatfield,  Surrogate. 

5  The  channel  of  the  Hudson  was  first  used  from  Saratoga 
Dam  to  Fort  Edward,  except  a  short  canal  with  locks  around 
the  falls  .^t  Fort  Miller.  The  summit  level  is  fed  by  the  Glens 
Falls  navigable  feeder. 

6  The  Times.    It  was  published  by  Mr.  Gerrish ;  and  in  1795 

it  was  changed  to 

The  Washington  Patriot.  From  1810  to  1818  it  bore  the  name  of 

The  Northern  Post,  and  was  published  successively  by  Dodd  A 
Rnmsey  and  Dodd  &  Stevenson.  About  1827  it  ap- 
peared as 

The  O).  Pout  atifl North  Star;  and  in  1840  aa 

Tlie  Washington  Co.  Post.  It  is  now  published  at 
North  White  Creek  by  R.  K.  Crocker. 


The  Washington  Register  was  started  at  Salem  in  1802  by  John 

P.  Reynolds,  and  continued  several  years. 
The  Salem  Messenger  w us  commenced  about  1S19. 
The  Salem  Pre.^s  was  issued  May  21, 185U,  by  VV.  B.  Harkness^ 

and  is  still  continued. 
T}ie  Whitehall  Emporivm  was  published  froml822  until  about  1828, 
Th'i  Wliit'hall  Republican  was  published  in  lSo2  by  J.  K.  Averill. 
The  "Whitehall  Chronicle  was  started  in  June,  1840, 

;inil  is  now  publislied  by  H.  D.  Morris. 
The  IVhitehall  Democrat  was  founded  in  1845,  and 

is  now  published  by  11.  Dudley  and  J.  B.  Wilkins. 
TliA  Wliilehall  Telegraph  (tri-w.)  was  commenced  in  1847,  and 

continued  a  short  time. 
The  Whitehaller  was  published  by  W.  S.  Southmaid  in  1849. 
The  American  Sentinel  was  established  in  June,  1855, 

by  Jolin  K.  M'atkins. 
The  Sandy  Hill  Herald  was  started  in  1824,  and  is 

now  published  by  E.  D.  Baker. 
The  Sun  was  published  at  Sandy  Hill  in  1826  by  A.  Emmons. 
The  Free  Press  was  issued  by  the  same  publisher  in  is;j2. 
T/ie  Indepiynient  Politician  was  published  at  Sandy  Hill  in  1832 

by  C.  Y.  Haynes  &.  Co. 
The  Temperance  Advocate  was  published  at  Sandy  Hill  the  same 

year  b}'  S.  P.  Hines. 
The  Anti  Masonic  Champifm  was  started  at  Tnion  Village  In 

1S30  by  L.  Dewey,  and  published  by  him  until  1S36, 

when  Wells  &  Ljinsing  became  the  proprietors. 
The  Banner  was  published  at  Union  Village  in  1836  by  Wells  & 

Lansing. 
The  Union  Village  Q)urant  was  published  in  1836  by  Ormsby  k 

Holmes. 
The  Union  Village  Deniocrat  was  started  in- 1S39  by  John  W. 

Lawton.  and  in  1S41  John  C.  Osborn  became  the  pub- 
lisher.   Id  1>42  hf  was  succeeded  by  Joseph  Holmes, 

by  whom  it  was  styled 
The  Democratic  Chawpion.  aud  continued  until  1846. 
TA^  WTi.'!/lI>J'?^'?^^'^.  .^'''i'"''/ Wits  puMif^hcd  at  Union  Villageinl840. 
The  AV.Co.  People's  Journal  wa^  i-.niid-d  in  1843  by 

John  W.  Curtis,  by  whom  it  is  still  (ml'lisbed. 
The  Champion  was  st^Artedat  Union A'illise  in  1n4    I  y  -i  Hi^lniea. 
The  Eagle  was  started  by  J.  L.Cramer  in  1845.    Inls4tiit  became 
The  Union  Vdlaoe  Eagle,  and  was  published  about  2yeai-8  by 

McCall  &  Bailey. 
The  Union  Vdlage  Democratic  Standard  v/aB  published  in  1849 

by  Wm";  A.  McCall. 
The  Wash'ingfon  Tdrgraph  was  established  in  1849,  aud  is  n>*w 

pulilish'-d  by  C.  M.  Haven,  as 
The  Granville  Register. 
The  J*itbhr  LMqer,  started  at  Fort  Edward  in  ISM  by  H.  F. 

ISlnnchard.  is  n ■«■  c:illi'<l  the 
Port  Edward  Ledger. 
The  Fort  Edward  Institute  Monthly  was  started 

ju  1  li*>  L.y  W  m.  A.  Ilolley.  uud  is  atill  publi.-hed. 


WASHINGTON    COUNTY. 


679 


trails  and  implements  of  Indian  art  frequently  found  show  that  it  had  been  inhabited  at  a  former 
period.  The  n.  portion  of  the  co,,  lying  in  the  natural  channel  of  communication  between  Hudson 
Kiver  and  Lake  Champlaln/  became  the  great  highway  of  hostile  parties  passing  between  the 
Five  Nations  and  the  Canada  Indians,  and  at  a  later  day  by  the  more  formidable  armies  of  disci- 
plined troops  in  the  sti'uggles  which  ended  in  the  conquest  of  Canada.  The  French  made  incur- 
sions upon  the  English  and  Five  Nations  in  16G5,  1688,  and  1093  ;  and  these  were  returned  by 
attacks  upon  the  French  and  Indians  in  Canada  in  1091  and  1692.  For  several  years  after,  the 
passage  of  small  hostile  parties  was  of  frequent  occurrence.  In  1709,  Forts  Ann  and  Nicholsuu 
were  erected  by  the  English  and  garrisoned  for  the  protection  of  the  northern  frontier;  but 
upon  the  return  of  peace  they  were  abandoned.^  Frequent  incursions  of  small  parties  were  made 
in  the  AVar  of  1748,  and  many  persons  were  murdered, — though  no  regular  engagement  took  place. 
Again,  during  the  French  War  of  1755,  forts  were  built  at  Ft.  Ann,  Ft.  Edw^ard,  and  the  whole 
region  around  the  head  of  Lakes  George  and  Champlain  became  the  theater  of  stirring  military 
events.  The  armies  that  attacked  Ticonderoga,  and  those  that  finally  effected  the  conquest  of  all 
the  French  posts  upon  the  lakes,  marched  through  this  region  ;  and  it  formed  a  portion  of  the  great 
battle-ground  between  the  armies  of  two  nations  contending  for  the  sovereignty  of  a  continent.  In 
the  summer  and  fall  of  1777,  upon  the  advance  of  Burgoyne,  war  again,  for  a  brief  space,  spread 
terror  and  desolation  over  the  whole  region  **  Skcneshorough^*  was  burned  and  abandoned  on  the 
7th  of  July,  Fort  Ann  was  taken  on  the  8th,  Fort  Edward  on  the  28th,  and  the  country  was  over- 
run by  the  enemy  soon  after.  On  the  13th  and  14th  of  Sept.  the  British  army  crossed  the  Hudson 
into  Saratoga  co. ;  and  about  the  10th  of  Oct.  Fort  Edward  was  re-taken  by  the  Americans,  thus 
effectually  cutting  off  the  retreat  of  the  army,  already  disheartened  by  their  defeat  at  Bemis 
Heights.  The  surrender  of  Burgoyne  put  an  end  to  the  war  in  this  section  ;  and  the  subsequent 
history  of  the  co.  is  but  the  record  of  the  continued  and  progressive  triumphs  of  peaceful  industry. 


ARGYLE^ — was  granted  by  patent,  March  13, 1764,*  and  formed  as  a  town,  March  23,  1786. 
Greenwich  was  taken  off  in  1803,  and  Fort  Edward  in  1818,  It  lies  near  the  center  of  the  co.  Its 
surface  is  rolling  in  the  n.  and  w.  and  broken  and  hilly  in  the  s.  and  e.  The  highlands  are  divided 
into  broad  ridges  with  abrupt  declivities.  In  the  n.  part  Tamerack  Swamp  covers  several  hundred 
acres.  The  principal  stream  is  the  Moses  Kil,^  which  flows  in  a  s.  w.  direction  through  near  the 
center  of  the  town.  The  other  streams  are  small  brooks,  which  flow  into  the  Hudson,  Batten  Kil, 
and  Wood  Creek.  Cossayuna  Lake®  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  3  mi.  long,  situated  in  a  narrow 
valley  in  the  s.  e.  part  of  the  town.  It  is  everywhere  surrounded  by  steep  hill  slopes,  and  contains 
several  beautiful  green  islands.  To  the  n.  e.  of  this  lake,  high  up  among  the  hills,  is  Argyle  Lake,' 
a  small  sheet  of  water,  half  a  mile  in  circumference.  The  soil  of  the  town  is  generally  a  pro- 
ductive, slaty  or  gravelly  loam.  A  mineral  spring,  1  mi.  n.  w.  from  South  Argyle,  is  said  to  re- 
semble those  at  Saratoga.  Ar^Ie  (p.  v.)  was  incorp.  March  27,  1838.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
Argyle  Academy.  Pop.  375.  ]\orf  li  Argyle  and  Soutb  Arg"yle  (p.  offices'!  each  contains 
about  20  houses,  and  TUe  Hook.  10.  Argyle  was  conveyed  to  83  families,  and  in  1765  the  first 
settlement  commenced.®  The  family  of  John  Allen,  a  tory  living  on  Lot  25,  was  murdered  by 
Indians  belonging  to  Burgoyne's  army,  July  26,  1777,^  The  first  church  (Asso.  Ref.  Presb.)  was 
formed  in  1793  ;^°  Rev.  Geo.  Mairs  was  the  first  preacher. 


1  There  were  three  distinct  routes, — one  from  Fort  Edward, 
down  Wood  Creek,  with  a  portage  of  6  to  10  mi.,  one  from  Fort 
Ann  to  the  bead  of  South  Bay,  and  one  from  Giens  Falls  to 
Lake  George.  2  goe  page  682. 

3  Named  in  honor  of  the  Scottish  Duke  of  Argyle. 

*  This  patent  was  granted  to  Scotch  immi^'rantfl  (who  came 
over  under  Laughlin  Campbell  in  1738-40)  and  to  their  descend- 
ants. It  embraced  47.450  acres,  and  granted  township  privileges. 
Duncan  Read.  Neal  Shaw,  Alexander  McNachten.  (McNauph- 
ton.)  and  Neal  Gillespie  were  appointed  trustees.  A  stately 
avenue,  called  "  The  Sfrftt,"  7  mi.  in  lenpth  and  24  rods  in 
width,  was  laid  out  (on  paper)  and  surveyed  E.  and  w.  through 
the  center  of  the  township,  and  lots  were  laid  out  on  each  side. 
In  the  rear  farm  lots  were  laid  out,  thus  affording  accommoda- 
tions for  proprietors  and  tenants.  In  the  summer  of  17ft4  this 
tract  was  surveyed  and  divided  into  141  lots,  in  accordance  with 
this  plan,  by  Arch.  Campbell,  of  N.  J.,  and  Chris.  Yates,  of  Sche- 
nectady. The  natural  impediments  in  the  way,  however,  pre- 
cluded the  possibility  of  building  the  street  or  in  any  way  real- 
izing the  plan. 

*  Formerly  "^^Moss  Kil,'"  probably  from  Capt.  Moss,  who  settled 
opiHMite  its  mouth. 


*  Called  at  different  times^JWi^,"  ''Legbrauts,^'  ".VcEochrons." 
"Cowans,"  and  "i^?^  Lal'e."  The  name  given  on  the  uiapand  in 
the  text,  after  having  gone  out  of  use.  was  restored  by  Dr.  Fitch 
in  his  survey.  Cossayuna  is  said  by  the  St.  Fran^nis  Indians  to 
signify  '*  The  Lake  at  our  pines"  and  is  highly  expressive  of  its 
original  scenery. 

J  Summit  Lake  is  a  picturesque  sheet  of  water  in  the  co.,  upon 
the  vei-y  summit  of  the  central  range  of  hills.  Two  sawmills 
are  supplied  by  its  outlet. 

8  Alex.  McNaiighton,  Arch.  Livingston,  Duncan  Campbell, 
and  Koger  Read  settled  on  the  Bj^tten  Kil;  and  .James  Gilles. 
Duncan  Taylor,  and  George  Kilmer,  near  the  center  of  thu 
town.  Many  of  the  lots  were  never  visited  or  claimed  by  theii- 
proprietors,  and  they  were  taken  up  by  squatters.  The  first 
death  was  that  of  Mrs.  Arch,  Drown. 

^This  family  had  been  assured  of  protection  by  Burgoyne. 
Their  murder,  together  with  that  of  .lane  McCrea,  had  the  ten 
dency  to  convert  many  persons  who  had  hitherto  been  torie» 
into  active  partisans  in  the  Anterican  cause. 

w  The  census  reports  5  churches;  2  Aaso.  Presb.,  M.  E.,  Ref. 
Presb.  or  Cong.,  and  I'rot.  E. 


680  WASHINGTON    COUNTY. 

CAI^BRIDGE — was  incorp.  by  patent,^  July  21,  1701.  It  was  formed  as  a  town^  in  Al- 
bany CO.  Mareh  7,  1788,  and  annexed  to  Washington  co.  Feb.  7,  1791.  White  Creek  and  Jackson 
were  taken  off  in  1815.  The  surface  of  the  town  is  hilly  in  the  n.  and  rolling  in  the  s.  The 
summits  of  the  hills  are  200  to  300  ft.  above  the  valleys.  The  e.  part  embraces  a  portion  of  the 
valley  of  Owl  Kil,  which  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery.  Upon  the  w.  of  this 
valley  are  high  undulating  hills,  the  broad  sweeps  of  which  show  alternate  patches  of  green  wood- 
land and  cultivated  farms ;  and  upon  the  E.  rise  the  Taghkanick  Mts.,  rough  and  broken,  while 
the  valley  itself  is  very  smooth  and  level.  The  other  streams  are  Wampecack  Creek,  Whiteside 
Brook,  and  several  other  small  brooks.  The  soil  is  generally  a  gravelly  and  sandy  loam.  Flax  is 
extensively  cultivated.  Cambridge  (p.  v.)  contains  100  houses  and  the  Cambridge  Washingt<tn 
Academy;  Center  Cambridge  (p.  v.)  13  houses;  IVortb  Canibridg-e  (p.  o.)  10;  and 
BusKirk^  Bridge^  (p.  v.)  15.  The  first  settlers  consisted  of  30  families,  who  located  in  1761, 
'62,  and  '63  and  who  each  received  100  acres  of  land  as  a  gift  from  the  proprietors.*  Phineas 
Whiteside,^  from  Penn.,  settled  8  mi.  w.  of  the  Colerain  Colony,  in  1766.  The  expedition  against 
Bennington,  under  Baum,  passed  through  the  town  Aug.  13,  1777 ;  and  the  remnant  of  the  fugi- 
tives returned  on  the  night  of  the  16th.  The  first  church  (Asso.  Presb.)  was  organized  in  1789; 
Rev.  Thos.  Beverly  was  the  first  pastor.* 

DR£$DEX — was  formed  from  Putnam,  as  "South  Bat/,''  March  15,  1822;  its  present  name 
was  adopted  April  17, 1822.  It  lies  between  Lake  George  and  the  s.  extremity  of  Lake  Champlain. 
Nearly  its  entire  surface  is  covered  by  steep  mountain  ridges,  several  peaks  of  which  are  1500  ft. 
above  the  lake.  The  declivities  of  the  mountains  are  steep,  sometimes  forming  perpendicular  preci- 
pices several  hundred  feet  high.  Upon  the  side  of  Lake  George  the  mountains  rise  abruptly  from 
the  very  edge  of  the  water ;  but  upon  the  borders  of  Lake  Champlain  is  a  narrow  strip  of  arable 
land.  The  principal  mountain  peaks  are  Black'  and  Sugar  Loaf  Mts.  and  Diameter  Precipice. 
Pike  Brook  and  the  head  branches  of  Mill  Brook  take  their  rise  in  these  mountains.  All  of  the 
surface  in  the  interior  is  covered  with  forests  or  naked  rocky  peaks.  The  soil  is  hard  and  sterile,  and 
is  unfit  for  agricultural  purposes.  The  town  was  principally  conveyed  to  non-commissioned  officers 
and  privates  of  the  Colonial  British  army ;  and  settlement  was  begun  about  1784,  by  Jos.  Phippeny, 

at  the  foot  of  South  Bay.     Ebenezer  Chapman, Boggs,  and  Daniel  Huff  came  soon  after,  and 

settled  along  the  bay  and  lake.  Lumbering  has  formed  a  prominent  pursuit.  In  several  localities 
iron  and  other  ores  have  been  noticed,  but  none  worked  to  any  extent.  The  town  is  without  a  p.  o. 
A  bridge  was  built,  at  the  expense  of  the  State,  across  South  Bay,  near  its  outlet,  in  1856. 

EASTOX — was  formed  from  Stillwater  and  Saratoga,  March  3,  1789,  while  a  part  of  Albany 
CO.,  and  so  named  from  being  the  e.  town  in  the  Saratoga  Patent.  It  was  annexed  to  Washington 
CO.  Feb.  7,  1791.  It  lies  upon  the  e,  bank  of  the  Hudson.  A  broad  intervale  extends  along  the 
course  of  the  river,  which  is  succeeded  by  a  plateau  region,  embracing  the  central  and  s.  portions 
of  the  town.  The  e.  part  is  broken  by  several  lofty  hills.  The  principal  highlands  are  Willards 
Mt.^  and  Harrington  Hill.  The  streams  are  Hudson